Bactericidal

Langenbecks Arch Chir, 1981, 353(4), 233 - 40
{Parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis or oral antimicrobial bowel preparation for colorectal surgery (author's transl)}; Aeberhard P et al.; A prospective randomized trial was designed to establish whether parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis was as effective as oral antimicrobial bowel preparation in preventing sepsis after colorectal surgery . Patients scheduled for elective resection of colorectal cancer received metronidazole and kanamycin either orally in the preoperative phase or parenterally as a short-term perioperative prophylaxis . The former regimen resulted in reduction of the microbial concentrations in the bowel contents in the absence of therapeutic serum concentrations at the time of operation, whereas the latter achieved therapeutic intraoperative serum levels without altering the colonic microflora . 72 patients were studied . There was no significant difference in the occurrence of postoperative sepsis between the two groups (a total of 72 patients) . These results differ from those obtained at the Birmingham General Hospital using the same protocol, in which postoperative sepsis was significantly more common in the group of patients having oral bowel preparation . This difference was most probably due to an overgrowth of kanamycin-resistant coliforms during the period of oral antibiotic preparation . The presence of resistant organisms did not, however, result in failure of systemic prophylaxis . The authors conclude that short-term parenteral application is the safer method of antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery and is to be preferred to oral antimicrobial bowel preparation.

Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1981 Jan-Feb, 3(1), 29 - 32
Evaluation of cephradine-chemoprophylaxis in Cesarean section; Papaloucas A et al.; The clinical efficacy of the prophylactic use of cephradine was evaluated prospectively in 118 women who underwent cesarean section . The patients of the cephradine group had a significantly lower (p less than 0.01) postoperative morbidity rate (17.79%) as compared with the control group (51.06%) . The mean hospitalization time was also significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) in the cephradine group (7.2 +/- 0.13) than in the control group (10.9 +/- 0.23) . Cephradine was proved to be an effective antimicrobial agent for chemoprophylaxis, due to its wide antimicrobial spectrum, beta-lactamase resistance, low percentage protein binding, large volume of distribution and non metabolic degradation.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 41(1), 233 - 6
Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila to three cooling tower microbicides; Grace RD et al.; Investigation of epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaires disease by Center for Disease Control personnel has resulted in the isolation of Legionella pneumophila from water in the air-conditioning cooling towers or evaporative condensers at the site of the outbreak . It is suspected that improperly maintained open, recirculating water systems may play a role in the growth and dissemination of this pathogen . The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of three chemically different, commercially available, cooling tower microbicides against L . pneumophila . Using two in vitro test systems, a combination of N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide was found to kill L . pneumophila at a concentration 25 times less than the minimum recommended use concentration, whereas N-alkyl 1,3-propanediamine and methylene bis (thiocyanate) were active at concentrations equal to or greater than the concentrations recommended for use by the manufacturer.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Jan-Feb, 3(1), 19 - 27
Kinetics of antimicrobial action; Mattie H; To better quantify the relative antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro, mathematical descriptions of bacterial growth were developed . Growth curves for the initial 2-to 4-hr period of exposure to antibiotic can be expressed as quadratic functions of time . Moreover, the rate of change of growth (a) shows a linear dependence on the logarithm of the antibiotic concentration . For some drug-organism interactions, the initial growth rate (k0) is also a concentration-dependent variable . This mathematical quantitation of the antibacterial action of a drug in vitro covers a range of concentrations above and below its minimal inhibitory concentration . The slope of the regression line of a on log concentration may vary for different microorganisms and antibiotics . However, several analogues yield parallel concentration-effect slopes, a circumstance allowing for the calculation of potency ratios . Two murine models were used to determine if these in vitro studies could predict activity in vivo . The relative efficacy in vivo also was expressed as a potency ratio, which was measured in terms of the number of bacteria in either homogenized kidney after intravenous challenge or an infected thigh muscle . For drugs with similar pharmacokinetics, the potency in vivo could be predicted from the value in vitro . However, for drugs with concentration curves in serum of different shapes, the potency in vivo varied from the value in vitro . A more prolonged course of drug in serum, which yielded a flatter concentration curve, appeared to be associated with greater activity in vivo.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Jan-Feb, 3(1), 125 - 31
Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in serum and in dermal suction blisters after oral administration of bacampicillin; Schreiner A et al.; After oral administration of 0.8 g of bacampicillin, the median concentration of ampicillin in serum peaked at 1-2 hr and reached 8.4 and 12.3 micrograms/ml in two groups of 13 and four healthy volunteers, respectively . In the fluid of dermal blisters produced by suction, the peak values were 2.6 and 2.7 micrograms/ml, respectively . After oral administration of 1.6 g of bacampicillin to four healthy individuals, the median peak concentrations were 15.5 micrograms/ml in serum and 3.8 micrograms/ml in blister fluid . The rate of penetration of ampicillin into the blister fluid was lower than the rate of gastrointestinal absorption of bacampicillin, and the elimination of ampicillin from the blister fluid was slower than from serum; the half-life in blister fluid was approximately twice that in serum . Concentrations of ampicillin in the blister fluid exceeded those in serum at greater than or equal to 3 hr . Concentrations of less than 0.7 micrograms/ml were observed in blister fluid 11 hr after administration of the dose . The bioavailability of ampicillin was relatively greater after a 1.6-g dose of bacampicillin than after a 0.8-g dose . Inflammation in the blister fluid that was induced by endotoxin, which provoked a strong cellular response but cased no increase in the concentration of protein in the fluid, did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin . The results suggest that the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents in serum and in extravascular foci may be relevant to the setting of breakpoints between sensitivity and resistance of pathogens of antimicrobial agents.

Hum Pathol, 1981 Jan, 12(1), 16 - 22
Toxic shock syndrome: clinicopathologic findings in a fatal case; Abdul-Karim FW et al.; A 15 year old girl presented with a painful desquamative rash, fever, and profound hypotension . Despite antimicrobial therapy and intensive supportive measures, she died 80 hours after admission . The premortem skin biopsy and autopsy findings, which included subepidermal edema and blister formation, subacute vasculitis, and striking interstitial edema involving several organs, are consistent with a toxin mediated process . Current knowledge of the pathogenesis of the toxic shock syndrome and its differential diagnosis are discussed in light of the clinicopathologic findings in this case.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(12), 2123 - 6
New alpha-aryl-beta,N-imidzolylethyl benzyl and naphthylmethyl ethers with antimycotic and antibacterial activity; Nardi D et al.; A new series of alpha-aryl-beta,N-imidazolylethyl benzyl and naphthylmethyl ethers was synthesized and tested for antimycotic and antimicrobial activity . All compounds showed antifungal activity; most of them were also active against gram-positive bacteria, whereas no activity was detected against gram-negative bacteria . Structure-activity relationships are discussed . The alpha-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-beta,N-imidazolylethyl 4-phenylthiobenzyl ether nitrate (8), which showed good skin tolerability and in vivo antimycotic activity comparable with or better than 1-{2,4-dichloro-beta-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)phenethyl}imidazole (miconazole) and 1-(alpha-(o-chlorophenyl)benzhydryl}imidazole (clotrimazole), was selected for further researches.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(8A), 1311 - 6
{The chemistry of antimicrobially active 1-hydroxy-2-pyridones (author's transl)}; Lohaus G et al.; The unsaturated delta-keto esters (3) obtained by condensation of acid chlorides with esters of di- or trialkyl-acrylic acids can be cyclized with hydroxylamine to yield 1-hydroxy-2-pyridones (4) . However, in many cases a two-steps synthesis may be of advantage in preparative respect, the ketoesters being cyclized to 2-pyrones (7), which then are reacted with hydroxylamine in the presence of certain bases to give 4 . The hydroxy-pyridones show pronounced antifungal activity in vitro as well as in experimental guinea pig dermatophytosis.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(5), 828 - 30
Influence of biological fluids on the release of 125I from povidone-iodine; Abdullah ME et al.; A study on the influence of vaginal smear, blood cells and human plasma on the release of 125I from povidone-iodine was conducted . The total amounts of iodine released from povidone-iodine in presence of saliva and vaginal smear are 9.51% and 5.99%, respectively, as compared to 5.9 in normal saline solution . Blood cells and plasma were found to take up 54.2 and 80.1% of iodine released from povidone-iodine . The possible effect of these fluids on the antimicrobial activity of povidone-iodine is discussed.

J Int Med Res, 1981, 9(4), 277 - 82
The use of antimicrobials in the mouth; Cannell JS; The use of antimicrobials in the mouth, particularly in the form of antiseptic mouth-washes, is widely practised . The purposes for which such treatment is used are very diverse and reports are widely scattered throughout the literature . It is the purpose of this review to bring together diverse literature references and to present a short but comprehensive survey of the subject.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1981, 54, 209 - 18
Pharmacological control of inflammatory connective tissue diseases; Lorenzen I; The primary cause of the most common inflammatory rheumatic diseases in unknown . Microbial infection combined with an increased susceptibility due to genetically determined alterations in the immune system is probably of importance . Non-specific processes of inflammation and repair are the immediate causes of the clinical symptoms, and anti-inflammatory therapy is at present the corner stone in the control of these diseases . The highest priority in research should be given to drugs, which in controlled clinical trials have demonstrated ability to cause remission of disease activity . Important examples are D-penicillamine, glucocorticoids and the cytostatic drugs . The effects of these drugs on the metabolism of proteoglycans and collagen in granulation tissue and normal connective tissue may explain some of the beneficial effects, but also some of the side effects . Rational pharmacotherapy in the inflammatory rheumatic diseases may be a combination of anti-inflammatory drugs with immunotherapy and possibly antimicrobial therapy.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Jan-Feb, 3(1), 12 - 8
Current practices in antimicrobial dosing; Neu HC; There has been minimal utilization of pharmacologic principles in the establishment of treatment programs for many infectious diseases . Drugs with markedly different half-lives and peak levels in serum have been prescribed at the same dosage intervals . No attempt has been made to determine if the efficacy of dosing programs in which levels in serum that exceed bactericidal levels are achieved but in which doses are administered infrequently is greater than or equal to that of current programs . Double-blind studies of therapeutic programs in which drugs with different pharmacokinetic properties are compared are the only means of eliminating the current confusion regarding dosing practices.

Clin Toxicol, 1981 Jan, 18(1), 41 - 5
Clinical toxicology of clotrimazole when administered vaginally; Wolfson N et al.; Clotrimazole, a tritylimidazole and a new antimicrobial agent, produced itching and irritation of the vulva and vaginal area in less than 1% of the population (N = 131) studied . No abdominal cramps, headache or lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were observed when 200 mg of clotrimazole was inserted deep in the vagina for several days.

Vet Med Nauki, 1981, 18(4), 85 - 93
{Preclinical studies of Pharmachem's teravit}; Dilov P et al.; Studied was the preparation Teravit Pharmachim in terms of its physical and chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, resorption, retention, and distribution, within the body of chickens and albino rats . It was found that Teravit Pharmachim was strongly sensitive to light, slightly hygroscopic, and relatively heat resistant . It showed good antimicrobial activity with regard to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms . At 60-day feed application to albino rats at the rates of 30 and 300 mg/kg it stimulate the growth of test animals, and at the rate of 1500 mg/kg it delayed their development but did not produce negative effects on the red and white blood picture . Teravit Pharmachim was shown to bind the proteins of the body liquids and tissues, which depended on the biologic substrate and the antibiotic concentration . At the single oral application (chickens) or the administration with feed in the course of 60 days (albino rats) Teravit Pharmachim was resorbed depending on the dose, was retained in the blood, and was further followed up in the internal organs . It was eliminated from the body for about 3 to 5 days, did not cumulate in the ovarian follicles, and was not excreted with the eggs.

G Ital Cardiol, 1981, 11(5), 643 - 9
{Surgical treatment of infectious endocarditis in the active phase . Experience in 40 cases}; Scalia D et al.; Despite recent advances in antimicrobial therapy infective endocarditis (IE) still remains a major surgical problem . All patients undergoing surgical treatment for IE at our Institution since 1970 were reviewed; among these in 40 IE was considered to be active at time of operation . Thirty patients were males and 10 females, ranging in age from 11 to 66 years (average 41); indications for operation were heart failure in 31, mycotic emboli in 5, and sepsis in 4 . Nine were in NYHA functional class 11, 18 in NYHA class III, and 13 in class IV . Aortic valve replacement (AVR) was performed in 24 cases, mitral valve replacement (MVR) in 5 and multiple valve replacement (PVR) in 11 . Overall hospital mortality was 15% (4.2% in the AVR group, 40% in the MVR group, and 27% in the PVR group) . Postoperative follow-up was available in all survivors . Four patients died in the late postoperative period for not infective causes . Almost long-term survivors show, from 7 months to 10 years (average 58 months) postoperatively, a significant improvement . No complications related to the initial infective process were recorded . According to the results of the present study the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) active IE does not represent a contraindication to open heart surgery and prosthetic valve replacement; 2) the surgical results depend not only on the degree of cardiac failure, but mainly on its duration; 3) early surgical intervention affects favourably the prognosis, especially in cases of isolated aortic valve involvement; 4) the surgical management of IE removes the focus of infection.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1981, 15(3-4), 179 - 87
{Formulation studies of the wetting solutions for hard contact lenses . 1 . Microbiological studies}; Unlu N et al.; The purpose of this study was to develop hard contact lens wetting solutions which would contain suitable and sufficient antimicrobial agents for preventing contamination . In the first part of the formulation studies, microbiological methods were employed to determine the adequate antibacterial concentrations of benzalkonium chloride and disodium EDTA.

Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 1981 Jan, 6(1), 23 - 33
Influence of medium and diluent pH and diffusion time on antibiotic bioassay; Yamada Y et al.; The effects of pH assay medium and diluents and of diffusion time on antibiotic bioassays were investigated to determine optimal assay conditions . Assays of penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolide derivatives were found to be little affected by the pH of the diluent, whereas the pH of the diluent exerted a noticeable influence on aminoglycoside assays, in which, therefore, it is essential to use a diluent at approximately p H 8.0 . The data obtained have also demonstrated that the assays of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolide derivatives and aminoglycosides were influenced by the pH of the assay medium . It is important to carry out penicillin or cephalosporin assays on plates of medium adjusted to approximately pH 6.0 and macrolide derived or aminoglycoside assays on a medium which is adjusted to approximately pH 8.0 . The optimal duration of preculturing of assay plates for diffusion at 4 degree C after addition of the sample was determined to be 2 hours for the penicillins and cephalosporins . Diffusion of more than 2 hours was inadequate for assays of these antimicrobial agents . Diffusion times of less than 2 hours . For the macrolide derivatives and aminoglycosides, preculturing of 2 hours for diffusion at 4 degrees C was noted to be optimal, while preculturing for less than 2 hours proved inadequate . Diffusion times exceeding 2 hours had little effect on the assay of these antibiotics.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 76 - 9
Isolation of mycobacteria from undecontaminated specimens with selective 7H10 medium; Rothlauf MV et al.; Media containing antimicrobial agents have been formulated for use as an adjunct to the standard media in an effort to reduce contamination and improve isolation of mycobacteria from clinical specimens . Selective 7H10 (S7H10) was developed for use in the isolation of mycobacteria from undecontaminated material . During a 33-month period, 10,782 clinical specimens were cultured in parallel on S7H10 without decontamination and on 7H11 after treatment with 2% sodium hydroxide-N-acetyl-L-cysteine . Results of this study show the overall contamination rate to be threefold lower on S7H10 than on 7H11 (304 versus 1,000) . The number of specimens negative on NaOH-treated, 7H11-cultured specimens and contaminated on S7H10 was 282, whereas that negative on S7H10 but contaminated on NaOH-7H11 was 923 . There were 6 positive cultures missed due to contamination on S7H10, compared with 61 on 7H11 . Positive cultures on S7H10 outnumbered those on 7H11 by 106 . This evaluation of S7H10 shows that it can be used with undecontaminated specimens in conjunction with standard methods and media for isolation of mycobacteria from clinical specimens.

J Biomed Mater Res, 1981 Jan, 15(1), 9 - 18
Gelatin-based sprayable foam as a skin substitute; Neumann PM et al.; Physical and antimicrobial properties of a newly developed gelatin based spray-on foam bandage for use on skin wounds have been evaluated . The aqueous foam is sprayed from aerosol containers and effectively covers and washes uneven wound surfaces . The foam dries to form an adherent and stable three-dimensional matrix which diminishes evaporative water losses . The foam possesses antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal contaminants.

J Int Med Res, 1981, 9(6), 453 - 8
Comparative merits of two topical corticosteroid antimicrobial drugs; Barba-Rubio J et al.; The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of two topical creams, one containing halcinonide, neomycin and nystatin (HNN), and the other betamethasone valerate, gentamicin, iodochlorhydroxyquin and tolnaftate (BGI), were compared in a randomized, parallel study of 154 patients (eighty-seven secondarily infected eczematous dermatoses; sixty-seven cutaneous candidiasis) . Repeated clinical assessments showed that the two creams produced equivalent therapeutic responses both in patients with infected eczematous lesions and candidiasis . HNN and BGI creams eradicated the bacterial pathogens isolated prior to treatment in 80% and 76%, respectively, of the patients with eczematous dermatoses . The organism most frequently isolated in these patients was S . aureus . Local irritation prompting discontinuance of therapy occurred in just one patient receiving HNN, and two patients receiving BGI.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(7), 1157 - 62
{Pharmacokinetic studies on the penetration of azlocillin and mezlocillin into bone and tissue fluid (author's transl)}; Wittmann DH et al.; During and after hip replacement arthroplasty antimicrobial concentrations in serum, bone and tissue-fluid were determined microbiologically using agar diffusion assay technique after 15-min infusion of 5 g 6-{D-2-(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenylacetamido} - penicillanic acid (azlocillin) and 5 g 6-{D-2-(3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxoimidazolin-1-ylcarboxamido)-2-phenylacetamido}-penicillanic acid (mezlocillin) and after i.v . bolus injection of 2 g mezlocillin . Serum pharmacokinetic data on the individual patients are computer derived using a modified open two-compartment model . The geometric mean of bone level determinations at defined intervals with deviation factor are presented . These results are related to the organic bone compartment and are expressed in mg/l . From the tissue fluid-concentration curve, peak concentration CP and its time were calculated . The time for which one-fourth of the peak concentration CP 1/4 was maintained in tissue fluid was determined graphically . This concentration is compared with the cumulative minimum inhibitory concentrations of representative bacteria causing bone and joint infections . These results are focused as criteria of valuation of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1981, 135, 139 - 54
Antimicrobial properties of iron-binding proteins; Bezkorovainy A; The transferrins are iron-binding proteins with molecular weights of around 80,000, which interact with a maximum of two ferric atoms per each protein molecule . The best known transferrins are the serotransferrins from animal sera, lactoferrins from milk, and conalbumin from egg-white . The iron-deficient transferrins will inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi by making iron unavailable for bacterial metabolism . Such activity is abolished if the transferrin is saturated with iron . Many organisms can produce small molecular-weight iron-binding compounds called siderophores that can successfully utilize the iron sequestered by the transferrins . Such organisms are very virulent . Overwhelming evidence is now available to indicate that the transferrins play an important role in mammalian host-defense mechanisms . Thus, iron injections into animals infected with virulent bacteria result in increased death rates, and parenteral iron administration to human infants predisposes them to fatal septicemia . On the other hand, in cases of systemic infection, the organism responds by lowering its total serum iron, so as to make the serotransferrin present less saturated with iron . This phenomenon is called nutritional immunity . The iron apparently moves into the storage tissues from the circulation, and furthermore, it is withheld from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system . Laboratory results in such cases indicate low total serum iron levels and high unsaturated iron-binding activity values, thus increasing the bacteriostatic effects of the serotransferrins . Increased lactoferrin levels are observed in the milks of mastitic cattle.

Microbios, 1981, 30(120), 73 - 85
Antimicrobial activity of some alkyl esters of gallic acid (3,4,5,-trihydroxybenzoic acid) against Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 with particular reference to n-propyl gallate; Boyd L et al.; The growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities of eight alkyl esters of gallic acid towards Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 have been determined . A previously suggested role for gallic acid and its esters as shikimate antimetabolites could not be substantiated . No induction of gross changes in cell morphology was observed . Bactericidal activity was accompanied only be very slight leakage of general ionic materials from the bacteria . Propyl gallate did not appear to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from respiration as indicated by its failure to stimulate proton translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane.

Infection, 1981, 9(6), 296 - 9
A comparison of the use of antimicrobials with other common peroral drugs in the pediatric population of Helsinki; Peltola H; 7,068 children treated in 1978 aft the emergency room of the outpatient department at the Aurora City Hospital, Helsinki, took part in a survey to investigate their previous use of medication . On average, each child had received at least 1.5 complete courses of a drug during the preceding 12 months . The use of antimicrobial agents (3,952 complete courses) was alarming . They were prescribed more frequently than antitussives (3,678 courses) or peroral anticoryzeal preparations (2,498 courses) . A marked reduction in the use of antimicrobials, antitussives and peroral antihistamines, but not of antipyretics, was observed in late summer.

Int J Fertil, 1981, 26(3), 161 - 9
A review of cervical mucus and sperm interactions in humans; Fordney-Settlage D; Cervical mucus is an aqueous or gel mixture of fluids, ions and compounds, and cells, primarily produced by the endocervical epithelium . The amount secreted varies with menstrual phase and compositions changes under hormonal influence . Sodium shows the greatest concentration change at ovulation but does not change early enough to be of value in natural family planning practice . Dried mucus has a fern appearance due to NaCl crystals at ovulation . Other substances, less clearly related, are too difficult to analyze or in too low concentration . Soluble proteins, amino acids, and simple sugars show wide fluctuation and probably influence sperm penetration and nutrition . One function of mucus is antimicrobial activity of leukocytes, which decreases at midcycle . Another, sperm transport, is a function of estrogen's effect on mucus rather than ovulation . Sperm concentration in the mucus column is maximal from 15 minutes to 2 hours after vaginal deposition . Rapid penetration into cervical mucus favors sperm survival because of its optimal pH . Infertility may be caused by immunoglobulins or spermagglutinins in cervical mucus . To date, no constituent of cervical mucus has been identified which undergoes an easily detectable change 4 days before ovulation . Several potential methods for use in natural family planning are suggested.

Eur J Nucl Med, 1981, 6(6), 245 - 8
125I-beta-iodo-D-alanine-synthesis, biodistribution and antimicrobial activity; Shiue CY et al.; Methyl N-carbobenzoxy-beta-iodo-D-alaninate (1) served as an intermediate to synthesize methyl beta-iodo-D-alaninate (2) and beta-iodo-D-alanine (3) . The 125I-labeled compound 1 was synthesized by the melt method and used to synthesize 125I-labeled compounds 2 and 3 . Compound 3 was shown to be substrate for D-amino acid oxidase . It was also shown that compounds 2 and 3 were rapidly eliminated from normal mammalian tissues and that compound 3 inhibited the Escherichia coli growth in a dose-dependent manner at 100-500 microgram/ml while compound 2 showed no effect at 500 microgram/ml level . Therefore, it was suggested that compound 3 may serve as an abscess localizing agent.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Dec 1, 138(7 Pt 2), 845 - 7
Pelvic inflammatory disease, 1980; St John RK et al.; PIP: The term pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is used to refer to diseases caused by acute ascending genital tract infection . Over 500 of the world's leading researchers met at the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1980, to review many facets of PID from their various perspectives . Since PID occurs more frequently among women younger than 25, its economic and social consequences are very serious . The risk of PID increases among women who use IUDs; in some Asian countries illegally induced abortions are among the most common causes of PID: in some African countries PID is associated most frequently with female circumcision . The microbiologic causes of PID are highly controversial . An accurate differential diagnosis of PID is very difficult since the clinical symptoms and signs are highly variable; laparoscopy is essential for accurate diagnosis . Antimicrobial treatment requires an extremely accurate microbiologic diagnosis; there is a great need for careful, therapeutic studies . Prevention of PID is tied to the design and implementation of control policies for sexually transmitted diseases .

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Dec 1, 138(7 Pt 2), 1048 - 54
Computer-assisted analysis of the therapy of acute salpingitis; Bell TA et al.; Isolation rates of microorganisms recovered by culdocentesis and/or laparoscopy in nine studies of salpingitis were multiplied by the proportions of each species which would be inhibited in vitro at peak and 1/2 peak serum levels of 13 antimicrobial drugs to yield a prediction of efficacy for the drugs . Efficacies of several hundred combinations of two and three of these drugs were estimated also . Some pairs of oral drugs were predicted to be as efficacious as some parenteral regimens of two or three drugs now in use . The predictions with this model parallel the results of some recently reported studies of therapy for salpingitis, and the model may prove to be a useful tool for future trials and therapy.

Klin Wochenschr, 1980 Dec 1, 58(23), 1271 - 81
{Oxidative metabolism of phagocytes: physicochemical events and clinical relevance (author's transl)}; Block LH et al.; The microbicidal activity of phagocytes is primarily dependent upon two intracellular processes: degranulation and respiratory burst . The latter one is associated with a partial reduction of molecular oxygen leading to the production of highly reactive oxydizing agents with microbicidal activity . Since an efficiant intracellular antimicrobial function of phagocytes is mainly based on the intracellular process of fusion of lysosomes with the phagocytic vesicles and the production of highly reactive oxygen radicales, disturbances of both these events will cause increased susceptibility against microorganisms and in most of the cases severe infections.

J Exp Med, 1980 Dec 1, 152(6), 1610 - 24
Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity . IV . Role of endogenous scavengers of oxygen intermediates; Murray HW et al.; The activities of the endogenous O2- and H2O2 scavenging enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathionine peroxidase (GP), and catalase, were measured in lysates of the intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, and in various macrophage populations . During 72 h of cultivation in standard medium alone, the catalase activity of in vivo-activated toxoplasma-immune macrophages (IM) and immune-boosted macrophages (IB) progressively increased by eight- to ninefold, and correlated with the previously observed parallel decline in these cells' antitoxoplasma activity and capacity to release H2O2 . SOD and GP activities either remained constant or decreased during this 3-d period . Lymphokine exposure, which preserved the antitoxoplasma activity and oxidative capacity of 48- and 72-h cultures of IB and IM cells, blunted the rise in catalase levels and had no effect on SOD or GP . Inhibition of IB and IM macrophage catalase by aminotriazole maintained toxoplasmastatic activity otherwise lost after 48 h of cultivation . In addition, IB and IM cells from acatalasemic mice contained 20- to 30-fold less catalase, and showed comparatively little decline in either H2O2 release or antitoxoplasma activity during 72 h in culture . In vitro-(lymphokine) activated resident macrophages from normal mice had the highest levels of SOD, GP, and catalase, and these cells failed to kill or inhibit T . gondii despite enhanced extracellular release of O2- and H2O2 . Toxoplasmas were also found to contain all three enzymatic scavengers . Aminotriazole inhibition of lymphokine-activated cells' catalase or of toxoplasma catalase was effective in inducing these macrophages to display antitoxoplasma activity . Moreover, and in contrast to normocatalasemic resident cells, those from acatalesemic mice were readily induced by lymphokine to inhibit the replication of untreated virulent toxoplasmas . These results suggest that endogenous O2- and H2O2 scavenging enzymes, which function within both T . gondii and activated macrophages as host cell antioxidant protective mechanisms, may reduce the effectiveness of phagocyte antimicrobial activity . Thus, the presence of SOD, GP, and especially catalase within both target and effector cell may be important determinants of macrophage oxygen-dependent processes.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Dec, 33(12), 1443 - 8
Dnacins, new antibiotics . I . Producing organism, fermentation, and antimicrobial activities; Tanida S et al.; Dnacins are new antibiotics produced by an actinomycete, strain No . C-14482 (N-1001) . The characteristic features of the organism are: the formation of coremia on solid media, production of rod-shaped motile spores with peritrichous flagella from mature aerial mycella, fragmentation of the mature organism (at later stage of growth) in liquid media in which some fragmented elements have motility, lysozyme resistance, meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, and a guanine-cytosine content of 71 +/- 1 mol% . The organism has been designated as Nocardia sp . No . C-14482 (N-1001) . Dnacins show strong activity against various GRam-negative, Gram-positive, and acid-fast bacteria, but slight activity against fungi . The antibiotics hardly affect the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 under anaerobic condition even at concentrations more than five times that of the minimum inhibitory concentrations under aerobic conditions.

Pharmazie, 1980 Dec, 35(12), 748 - 51
Dihydroxybenzene derivatives of antimicrobial activity; Badawi A et al.; For possible antimicrobial activity, catechol-3,5-disulphonyl-chloride resercinol-4,5-disulphonylchloride and resorcinol-2,4,6-trisulphonylchloride were condensed with amines, phenols, 8-hydroxyquinolin and hydrazine hydrate.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Dec, 144(3), 884 - 90
Overproduction of outer membrane protein suppresses envA-induced hyperpermeability; Grundstrom T et al.; A quantitative study on outer membrane components was performed in a number of envelope mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 exhibition different permeability properties for antimicrobial agents . The envA1 allele causing an increased influx for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs was found to be associated with a deficiency in the amount of lipopolysaccharides . The sefA1 envA1 double mutant was found to have a higher outer membrane buoyant density, apparently due to an increase in protein content . This double mutant was still low in lipopolysaccharide content.

J Clin Periodontol, 1980 Dec, 7(6), 463 - 78
Effect of selective antimicrobial therapy on plaque and gingivitis in the dog; Heijl L et al.; The present investigation was performed to assess the effect of selective antibiotic therapy on developing plaque and gingivitis in dogs, which at the start of the study had normal gingiva . Fifteen beagle dogs were used . Throughout the entire observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation . A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate . The subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark-field microscopy . Subsequently the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque . A careful tooth-cleaning program was maintained in the left jaws . Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and subgingival plaque sampled in the right jaws after 14 and 28 days . On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated . The dogs were randomly distributed into three groups of five animals each . A new baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which all tooth cleanings were terminated . During the subsequent 28 days each group of dogs was treated with one of three antimicrobial compounds (vancomycin, metronidazole or clindamycin) . Examinations were repeated after 14 and 28 days . The results demonstrated that systemic administration of antimicrobial substances can reduce the rate of plaque formation, change the composition of the developing subgingival microbiota and prevent (or retard) the onset of gingivitis . A comparison of the ability of the three compounds to prevent the formation of a "gingivitis-inducing" plaque revealed that metronidazole and clindamycin were markedly more effective than vancomycin . In fact, in dogs receiving metronidazole and clindamycin treatment, the initiation of gingivitis was almost entirely prevented during the 28 days of treatment.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1980 Dec, 104(12), 617 - 20
Complement-induced vascular leukostasis . Its role in tissue injury; Jacob HS; The plasma complement system evolved as a beneficial antimicrobial mechanism . However, this system can be activated chaotically in such situations as extracorporeal perfusion, trauma, sepsis, or acute pancreatitis . When so activated, the complement component C5a may aggregate granulocytes and cause leukoembolization; it is suggested that such leukoembolization is an important, previously unsuspected mechanism of tissue damage . In addition, toxic oxygen species, such as superoxide, that are produced by granulocytes that have been triggered by C5a can damage the endothelium, an event that may, if it occurs in the lungs, contribute to the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . Hence the previously empiric use of high doses of corticosteroids in treating shock states, particularly in cases of the ARDS, may have a physiologic basis since very high concentrations of such drugs have been shown to inhibit both superoxide production and granulocyte aggregation.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Dec, 33(12), 1425 - 30
C-19393 S2 and H2, new carbapenem antibiotics . II . isolation and structures; Harada S et al.; Two new beta-lactam antibiotics, C-19393 S2 (1) and H2 (2), were isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus subsp . cryophilus nov . subsp . The structures were determined by spectral analysis as shown in Fig . 2 . The antibiotics have broad antimicrobial activity and strongly inhibit beta-lactamases . The minor product (2) is more stable than cephalosporin C in aqueous solution.

J Anim Sci, 1980 Dec, 51(6), 1347 - 51
Effects of the dietary inclusion of copper and(or) antibiotics on the performance of weanling pigs; Stahly TS et al.; Five trials involving 518 pigs were conducted to determine the effects of the dietary addition of copper (0 or 250 ppm as copper sulfate) with and without antibiotics (55 ppm chlortetracycline, CTC, or 27.5 ppm virginiamycin VIR) on the rate and efficiency of gain and survival of early-weaned pigs . The experimental animals consisted of all pigs weaned from each of 67 litters at 28 +/- 2 days of age, regardless of weight or condition . In trials 1 through 4, single additions of copper, CTC or VIR to the corn-soybean meal-based diet improved (P less than .05) daily gains by 22, 22 and 17%, respectively, and feed to gain ratios by 5.1, 8.9 and 8.2% compared with those of pigs fed the unsupplemented diet during the 28-day trials . However, only the addition of copper to the diet increased (P less than .05) postweaning pig survival . Dietary inclusion of both copper and an antibiotic (CTC or VIR) further improved daily gains (P less than .05) by 10 to 11% and feed to gain ratios by 2 to 5% compared with the single addition of each antimicrobial agent . In trial 5, 125 ppm of copper were found to optimize daily gain and feed intake, whereas 250 ppm were required to maximize pig survival . These data demonstrate that high levels (125 to 250 ppm) of dietary copper increase the growth rate and reduce the incidence of mortality among weanling pigs . The data also indicate that the growth-promoting effects of copper and CTC, a broad spectrum antibiotic, or VIR, a gram-positive antibiotic, are additive in nature.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Dec, 142(6), 825 - 34
Antibodies to mycobacteria in human tuberculosis . I . Development of antibodies before and after antimicrobial therapy; Kaplan MH et al.; Circulating antibodies were detected before treatment in the serum of 18 of 40 patients with newly acquired tuberculosis and of eight of 12 patients with reactivated tuberculosis by microimmunodiffusion tests with unheated mycobacterial culture filtrate, arabinogalactan, arabinomannan, and a specific culture filtrate fraction . Some patients responded to a single antigen, while others responded to two and at times four or more . Some of these antibodies reacted with polysaccharides, but many reacted with protein . Antibiotic treatment increased the percentage of responders from 46% to 60% in new cases and from 66% to 75% in relapse cases and increased the concentration of antibodies . In evaluation of serologic tests in tuberculosis, the effect of prior chemotherapy must be weighed . These microimmunodiffusion tests appear to be specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Dec, 151(6), 747 - 52
Topical antimicrobial cream sensitivity testing; Rodeheaver GT et al.; These gratifying results have made topical antimicrobial sensitivity testing an integral part of bacteriologic monitoring of the burn wound . Presently, we use the needle extrusion test routinely on all burn patients at our center . Its selection over the other antimicrobial tests is based on technical considerations . The needle extrusion test can be completed by an experienced technician within five minutes, but the disk diffusion test and agar-well diffusion test take two and five times longer, respectively . This time saving is an important consideration when the microflora of ten or more burn patient at our center are being monitored by this test every other day . This test system may prove useful for the topical antibiotic selection for the treatment of other wounds beside the burn wound . Its potential value in these other conditions must await the results of carefully controlled clinical studies.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Dec, 33(12), 1545 - 50
Urea treatment and pronase digestion of antitumor protein antibiotics, auromomycin and neocarzinostatin; Suzuki H et al.; Low molecular weight substances were separated from antitumor protein antibiotics, auromomycin and neocarzinostatin, by Sephadex G50 column chromatography, after denaturation with 8 M urea . The low molecular weight fraction of auromomycin, but not the protein fraction, showed antimicrobial and DNA-cleaving activities . More than 90% of the auromomycin and neocarzinostatin proteins were digested with a high concentration of pronase E . The digested samples of both antibiotics exhibited the same degree of activities as the original drugs in the inhibition of growth and DNA synthesis of mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells and in causing strand scission of isolated PM2 phage DNA . The low molecular weight chromophores were recovered on Sephadex G50 column from the pronase-digested antibiotics . The results suggest that the in vitro biological activity of auromomycin and neocarzinostatin are principally attributed to the non-protein compounds of low molecular weight.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Nov 7, 122(45), 1591 - 4
{Urethro-adnexitis}; Hofstetter A; Urethroadnexitis in the male is one of the most frequent diseases with which the urologist has to deal and, because of the complex anatomical and physiological connections as well as the polymicrobial genesis, to which he must devote particular care in diagnosis in order to be able to carry out rational treatment . To avoid unnecessary antimicrobial therapy, congestive states and psychovegetative complaints must be differentiated . The pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of the acute and chronic forms are discussed.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980 Nov, 122(5 Pt 2), 79 - 87
Clinical indications for and effects of bland, mucolytic, and antimicrobial aerosols; Wanner A et al.; The clinical usefulness of bland, mucolytic, and antimicrobial aerosols in the management of obstructive airway disease or bronchopulmonary infections was critically reviewed at th last Conference on th Scientific Basis of Respiratory Therapy in 1974 . From the information available at that time, it was cocluded that there was little scientific basis for these therapeutic modalities . It was also suggested that the value of aerosol therapy should be evaluated by objective tests . The relatively few studies reported during the last 5 years have not generated new data in support of such aerosol therapy . Three criteria have been used to assess the efficacy of bland and mucolytic aerosols: respiratory function, mucociliary function, and subjective symptoms . Although respiratory and mucociliary function have generally been found to remain unaltered or to deteriorate after administration of bland or mucolytic aerosols, some investigators have observed facilitated expectoration or improved cough efficiency . The effectiveness of antimicrobial aerosols is more difficult to evaluate, and their value in patients with bacterial or fungal pulmonary infections remains to be demonstrated . Considering the cost and potential hazards of aerosol therapy, its use should be restricted to forms of aerosols whos clinical value has been objectively demonstrated; a reassessment of the literature suggests that bland and currently used mucolytic and antimicrobial aerosols do not meet this requirement.

J Chir (Paris), 1980 Nov, 117(11), 643 - 6
{Comparative study of the in vitro- and vivo- antimicrobial activity of seven antiseptic solutions for use on surgeon's hands (author's transl)}; Bernard J et al.; The antibacterial activity of 7 antiseptic solutions has been studied both "in vitro en in vivo" . The results obtained in both case were necessary and complementary since some products (e . g . Solubacter) show an irregular activity either "in vitro or in vivo" but show specific actions which can explain those result . Others (e . g . Betadine scrub), very active in vitro react slowly in vivo . The 3 solutions that have been shown to be the most antibacterial in both cases are 90 degrees alcohol . Remanol and Hibiscrub . Their efficacy has been shown to be fast, regular and relatively long lasting.

South Med J, 1980 Nov, 73(11), 1527 - 9
Rocky Mountain spotted fever: diagnostic dilemma of the atypical presentation; Tenenbaum MJ et al.; Two patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever presented with atypical manifestations which led to a delay in diagnosis and treatment . Such clinical manifestations occurring in endemic areas during warm months should not eliminate consideration of the proper diagnosis . If RMSF cannot be ruled out, therapeutic regimens should include appropriate antimicrobial coverage.

Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Nov, 56(5), 629 - 34
Cefoxitin for prophylaxis in premenopausal women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy; Hemsell DL et al.; To determine the unbiased incidence and types of postoperative infection and their alteration(s) by antimicrobial prophylaxis, a prospective double-blind study was performed using perioperative intramuscular cefoxitin or placebo given to premenopausal women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy at Parkland Memorial Hospital . The clinical and surgical profiles of the 2 groups of women were similar, but there were marked differences in their postoperative clinical courses . Only 8% of the 50 women given cefoxitin had major postoperative infection, compared to 57% of the 49 women given placebo (P < .001); this was associated with a 2.8-day reduction in the hospital stay for those given cefoxitin (P < .001) . No clinically significant side effects were observed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Nov, 33(11), 1289 - 99
Chemical modification of fortimicin A; Suami T et al.; Chlorination of antibiotic fortimicin A with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride has been attempted, and 2-chloro-, 2,5-dichloro-, and 2-chloro-4-ene derivatives have been obtained . Successive dehalogenation of the chlorinated fortimicins A with tributylstannane gave the corresponding deoxyfortimicins A . Among five deoxyfortimicins A, 2-deoxyfortimicin A exhibits improved antimicrobial activity, compared to the parent fortimicin A.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Nov, 33(11), 1281 - 8
Synthesis of demethyl derivatives of istamycin A; Ikeda D et al.; 4-N,6'-N,3-O-Tridemethylistamycin A0 (9) and 6'N,3-O-didemethylistamycin A0 (15) were synthesized from 3,2',6'-tri-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-3',4'-dideoxyneamine 1,6-carbamate (1) through an aziridine derivative 6 by an analogous procedure employed in the total synthesis of istamycin A0 (19) . Acylation of 15 with glycine at the 4-methylamino group gave 6'-N,3-O-didemethylistamycin A (18) having interesting activities especially against pseudomonas, but 4-N,6'-N,3-O-tridemethylistamycin A (12) derived from 9 showed only weak activity . Therefore, the 4-N-methyl group of istamycin A (20) is essential for the antimicrobial activity.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Nov, 33(11), 1163 - 5
Phlebitis associated with the intravenous use of cephapirin and cephalothin in the combination therapy of antibiotics; Meguro S et al.; Phlebitis related to antibiotic infusion is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity in the debilitated patients with severe infection . There are a number of causes of infusion-induced phlebitis such as pH of intravenous fluid, needle used, and contamination of venipuncture site . Vein used to play an important role, particularly in patients with granulocytopenia receiving intravenous infusion . Cephalothin is an effective antibiotic in the treatment of granulocytopenic infection and is widely used currently . When cephalothin was introduced commercially, the frequency of phlebitis was as high as 50% . The main reason was thought to be acidity of the antibiotic solution . The cephalothin solution used currently is neutral in pH, but prevention of phlebitis is still not perfect . In contrast, cephapirin recently developed cephalosporin antibiotic, which resembles cephalothin in the antimicrobial activity and pharmacological properties caused less phlebitis than cephalothin in initial clinical studies . The patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant diseases frequently die of infections . A cephalosporin antibiotic is administered intravenously for a prolonged time in the presence of thrombocytopenia, and under such circumstances, other antibiotics such as carbenicillin (CBPC) and aminoglycoside are usually used in combination . The influence of these antibiotics injected through the same vein must be considered, but the possibility of phlebitis due to CBPC and aminoglycoside is negligible . In the present clinical study, 24 granulocytopenic patients were treated with the combination of antibiotics, cephapirin-carbenicillin-amikacin and cephalothin-carbenicillin-amikacin . Besides the clinical effect of the antibiotics, the incidence and severity of phlebitis were studied.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 Nov, 41(11), 1905 - 11
Host metabolic alterations during inflammatory stress as related to nutritional status; Powanda MC; Malnutrition predisposes to infection, whereas infection can exacerbate malnutrition, resulting in hindered growth and development . This interplay between infection and nutrition suggests that host metabolism has a role in host defense during infection . Infection occasions profound alterations in host trace metal, nitrogen, and hormone metabolism and redistribution as a result of factors {leukocyte endogenous mediator (endogenous pyrogen)} released from stimulated phagocytes . Many of these alterations occur even in malnourished, protein-restricted, and zinc-deficient animals and persons, bespeaking the essential nature of these changes . Although these metabolic sequelae of infection appear to be of value to the host during acute illness, a metabolic deficit is often incurred which may persist long after resolution of clinical illness . Understanding host-parasite sequences will allow formulation of an integrated approach to the care of infected patients, combining the appropriate elements of nutrition with the best features of antimicrobial therapy.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 Nov, 41(11), 1882 - 3
Sensitivities of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine and porcine enteric infections to antimicrobial antibiotics; Coates SR et al.; The antibiotic sensitivities of Escherichia coli isolated from 91 diarrheal pigs and 98 diarrheal calves were determined to 19 different microbials by the Kirby-Bauer method . Virtually all E coli isolated from pigs and calves were sensitive to amikacin, colistin, gentamicin, and polymyxin B . In vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations for these 4 antibiotics were determined for isolates from both pigs and calves.

J Pharm Sci, 1980 Nov, 69(11), 1292 - 5
Antimicrobial activity of N-chloramine compounds; Kohl HH et al.; Cellular mechanisms of action of two representative N-chloramines were studied . Both compounds, 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (I) and N-chlorosuccinimide (III), inhibited bacterial growth and exerted profound inhibition of bacterial DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis at a concentration of 10(-5) M . Enzymes containing sulfhydryl groups generally were significantly inhibited by these chloramines at 10(-4) M . Dihydrofolate reductase, which contains no sulfhydryl groups, also was inhibited but at much higher chloramine concentrations (10(-2) M); ribonuclease, which also contains no sulfhydryl groups, was unaffected . All of these inhibitory effects of the chloramines could be prevented if sulfhydryl-containing reagents (mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol) were added before or together with the chloramine . Once inhibition was produced by the chloramine, it was not reversible by later addition of the sulfhydryl reagents . These results suggest that these chloramines act at sulfhydryl sites as well as at other sites in both cells and purified enzymes.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Nov, 33(11), 1341 - 7
Biosynthesis of anthracycline antibiotics by Streptomyces galilaeus . II . Structure of new anthracycline antibiotics obtained by microbial glycosidation and biological activity; Matsuzawa Y et al.; New anthracycline antibiotics derived from epsilon-, gamma- and beta-rhodomycinones and epsilon-isorhodomycinone by the microbial glycosidation using an aclacinomycin-negative mutant, the strain KE303, of Streptomyces galilaeus MA144-M1 were studied to elucidate their structures and biological activities . These antibiotics were the products in which the anthracyclinones added as precursors were linked at C-7 or C-10 position with the same trisaccharide moiety (cinerulosyl-2-deoxyfucosyl-rhodosaminyl group) as in the parental antibiotic aclacinomycin A . In addition to antimicrobial activity, they exhibited the growth inhibition of cultured L1210 leukemia cells and the marked inhibition against DNA and RNA synthesis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Nov, 33(11), 1224 - 30
Lonomycins B and C, two new components of polyether antibiotics . Fermentation, isolation and characterization; Mizutani T et al.; Lonomycin B (II), C44H75O14Na, m.p . 181-182 degrees C, and lonomycin C (III), C43H73O14Na, m.p 186-187 degrees C, were isolated as their sodium salts from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces ribosidificus TM-481 . Their physicochemical properties demonstrated that II and III are closely related congeners of lonomycin A (I) . The identical mass spectra of methyl esters of I and II indicated that II is a stereoisomer of I . On the other hand, the mass spectrum of a methyl ester of III showed a peak at m/e 810 due to M+-H2O which is smaller by 14 mass units than the maximum peak at m/e 824 due to M+-H2O of the methyl esters of I and II . This result together with the elemental analysis strongly suggested that III is a demethyl derivative of I or II . II and III are slightly less active than I in their antimicrobial activities.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Oct, 33(10), 1087 - 97
BBM-928, a new antitumor antibiotic complex . I . Production, isolation, characterization and antitumor activity; Ohkuma H et al.; A complex of the antitumor antibiotic BBM-928 was produced by an actinomycete strain No . G455-101 . Four components, BBM-928 A, B, C and D, were isolated in crystalline form and characterized . They were shown to be cyclic depsipeptide antibiotics containing a quinoline nucleus as the chromophore . BBM-928 A is a monoacetyl derivative of BBM-928 B and a diacetyl derivative of BBM-928 C . BBM-928 components exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and acid-fast bacteria . BBM-928 A is highly active in mice against various experimental tumors including leukemia P388, leukemia L1210, melanoma B16, LEWIS lung carcinoma and sarcoma 180 . BBM-928 B is less active than BBM-928 A, and BBM-928 C has no antitumor activity.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Oct, 18(4), 529 - 31
In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium marinum to eight antimicrobial agents; Sanders WJ et al.; The in vitro susceptibilities of 16 Mycobacterium marinum strains to eight antimicrobial agents were determined by the agar dilution technique . The most active drugs were amikacin and kanamycin . Tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline were inhibitory, predominantly at concentrations slightly below the expected blood and tissue levels . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin demonstrated activity only at concentrations greater than those usually attained in serum and tissues . Gentamicin was relatively inactive.

Br J Vener Dis, 1980 Oct, 56(5), 332 - 6
Tetracycline in nongonococcal urethritis . Comparison of 2 g and 1 g daily for seven days; Bowie WR et al.; In a previous study treatment with minocycline 100 mg orally every day for seven days was as effective for nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) as 200 mg for seven days or 100 or 200 mg for 21 days . In this prospective, randomised study men with NGU received tetracycline either 500 mg or 250 mg four times daily for seven days . of 200 men initially enrolled, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 40% and Ureaplasma urealyticum from 48% . Eight of 10 homosexual men compared with 39 (21%) of 190 bisexual or heterosexual men had negative culture results for both C trachomatis and U urealyticum (x2 = 15.5, P < 0.0005) . U urealyticum was isolated more frequently from chlamydia-negative men and from men with 10 or fewer sex partners during their lifetime . Both regimens were equally effective in their in-vivo activity against C trachomatis and U urealyticum . Failure rates were similar with the two regimens . More obvious failure with purulent or profuse mucoid discharge and pyuria occurred more frequently with the 250-mg regimen (20% of 76 men on the 250-mg regimen compared with 7% of 67 men on the 500-mg regimen; x2 = 4.45, P < 0.05) . Failure occurred more frequently in men who were initially chlamydia-negative and in men in whom U urealyticum persisted after medication . Thus, the 250-mg regimen appeared to be as effective as the 500-mg regimen in the initial treatment of NGU . However, one-third of men had persistent or recurrent urethritis with these regimens, and there is a need for antimicrobial agents with greater in-vivo activity, especially against chlamydia-negative NGU.

Dent Clin North Am, 1980 Oct, 24(4), 813 - 26
Chemotherapeutics in periodontics; Ciancio SG; In this article emphasis has been placed on the major chemotherapeutic aspects of periodontal therapy in the 1970s . During this decade investigations of chlorhexidine stimulated many studies relevant to the role of topical antimicrobial agents to prevent or treat gingivitis . Major attention focused on the effect of these agents on supragingival plaque . In the 1980s attention will be focused on the effect of antimicrobial agents on subgingival plaque and gingivitis . Already, innovative methods of delivering medications into the gingival crevice are being evaluated . The use of antibiotics systemically to treat periodontal disease will reach its peak in the next decade . It is most likely that antibiotics that concentrate in gingival crevicular fluid and have minimal side effects will become useful adjuncts in periodontal therapy.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1980 Oct, 61(5), 465 - 70
Antibiotic cross-resistance patterns of ambodryl and promazine resistant mutants; Ray S et al.; The antihistaminic drug ambodryl (Am) and the tranquillizer promazine (Pr), which had previously shown significant antimicrobial activities, were used to select bacterial mutants representing different levels of resistance to their action . These Am and Pr mutants were found to have simultaneously developed cross-resistance to penicillin (Pe), streptomycin (Sm), chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline (Tc) and kanamycin (Km) . Certain first-step Am mutants of sensitive wild-type bacteria which were also sensitive to these antibiotics developed resistance to Pe and Sm as well as to Pr and the antihistamine benadryl (Bn) . The next-step mutant of Am resistance not only doubled its resistance to these antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, but broadened its resistance-spectrum to cover Tc and Cm . These observations on cross-resistances seem to be best explained on the basis of a reduction in cell-membrane permeability acting in a nonspecific manner . The role of such cross-resistance in accounting for an overall increase in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of many drugs against several groups of bacteria is evaluated.

Br Med J, 1980 Sep 20, 281(6243), 765 - 9
Collecting and banking human milk: to heat or not to heat?
Bjorksten B, Burman LG, De Chateau P, Fredrikzon B, Gothefors L, Hernell O.
Data on human breast milk and its handling when fed to babies who cannot be breast-fed were reviewed to determine whether the method of processing and storage affected the properties of the milk . Breast milk is normally contaminated by potential pathogens, which seem to produce no ill effects, but it also contains antimicrobial properties which protect against infection . The evidence suggests that pasteurisation not only eliminates pathogenic bacteria but also damages bacteriostatic mechanisms, so making the milk more susceptible to later contamination . Pasteurisation also affects the nutritional properties of milk . Freezing has little effect on milk proteins, while a study on the effect of refrigeration showed that there was little bacterial growth at temperatures below 8 degrees C . Several years' experience of feeding donated raw milk to newborn infants has confirmed that it produces no ill effects . These findings suggest that pasteurisation of donated breastmilk is unnecessary, and it is not recommended, while the decision whether or not to freeze the milk may be made on practical grounds . Raw breast milk can be safely stored at 4-6 degrees C for 72 hours.

Farmakol Toksikol, 1980 Sep-Oct, 43(5), 628 - 31
{Relationship between cationic structure and the biological activity of cationic surface-active substances}; Pis'ko GT et al.; The paper concerns the toxicity and antimicrobial activity of the derivatives of ethylene-, hexamethylenediamine, piperidine and guanidine containing an alkyl group with 10-12 carbon atoms adjacent to nitrogen ones . Alkyl derivatives of hexamethylenediamine and guanidine exhibit less toxicity compared to those of piperidine and ethylenediamine . Antimicrobial activity of the compounds is cation is cation structure-dependent and is most pronounced in guanidine and piperidine derivatives having a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action . A series of polymethylene derivatives showed decreased antibacterial activity and emergence of an antifungal effect with increase in the number of methylene groups between nitrogen atoms.

Am J Med Sci, 1980 Sep-Oct, 280(2), 73 - 80
Polymicrobial sepsis: an analysis of 184 cases using log linear models; Mackowiak PA et al.; Polymicrobial sepsis is a common and frequently fatal clinical condition that has received relatively little attention in published reports . Retrospectively, we reviewed the case records of 184 patients with polymicrobial sepsis seen at three Dallas hospitals between 1972 and 1977 . Analysis of clinical data using log linear models enabled us to identify significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) between mortality resulting from polymicrobial sepsis and underlying disease category, failure to manifest fever, a pulmonary portal of entry, hypotension, and hospital-associated sepsis . No significant correlation with outcome could be demonstrated for age, hospital service, species of infecting microorganisms, number of microorganisms isolated from blood, WBC count, or antimicrobial therapy . In spite of indirect evidence for synergistic relationships between microorganisms responsible for polymicrobial sepsis in man, we could not resolve whether antimicrobial regimens that are effective against all of the microorganisms participating in polymicrobial infections are required to insure a favorable outcome.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 403 - 8
Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila to twenty antimicrobial agents; Edelstein PH et al.; Thirty-three isolates of Legionella pneumophila, all except one of which were clinical isolates, were tested against 20 antimicrobial agents by using an agar dilution technique . Erythromycin, rifamp}in, and rosaramycin were the most active agents tested . Aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and cefoxitin also inhibited the organisms at low concentrations . Other agents, including moxalactam, cefoperazone, and cephalosporins, exhibited moderate to little activity . Tetracycline, doxycycline and minocyeline were apparently inactivated by charcoal-yeast extract medium . There was slight inoculum dependence noted with most of the antimicrobials tested, particularly the beta-lactam agents . There was no consistent difference in susceptibility between Center for Disease Control-supplied stock strains and recent clinical isolates, but there were marked differences with some agents . Susceptibility testing needs to be standardized in view of the influence of inoculum size, strain variation, and the medium used.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Sep, 151(3), 349 - 52
Short term chemotherapeutic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal operations; Giercksky KE et al.; In a prospective, randomized study on surgical prophylaxis in elective gastrointestinal operations, 145 adults were allocated to either one of three groups . Those in group 1 received one single preoperative dose of 200 milligrams of doxycycline and 2 grams of tinidazole . Those in group 2 were given three doses of 80 milligrams of gentamicin and 600 milligrams of clindamycin with eight hour intervals, beginning one hour preoperatively . Group 3 patients served as controls and obtained no antimicrobial agent . The prophylactic regimens significantly reduced the infectious complications, as evidenced by fewer infections, less total antibiotic dosage and shorter hospitalization . In the prophylactically treated groups, anaerobic infections were less frequent than in those in the control group.

Z Hautkr, 1980 Sep 1, 55(17), 1162 - 71
{Interactions between amphotericin B and hydroxytetracycline}; Raab W et al.; By means of the Warburg assay (manometric technique), investigations were performed to elucidate interactions between amphotericin B, a polyene antifungal antibiotic, and hydroxytetracycline . Those two compounds were combined in clinical therapy . On resting yeasts and bacteria, interactions could be ruled out . On the contrary, on both types of microbes a significant increase in antimicrobial actions could be seen in the presence of the second substance . The antimycetic activity of amphotericin B was significantly increased in the presence of hydroxytetracycline (in five-fold concentrations) . The antibacterial activity of hydroxytetracycline was significantly higher in the presence of amphotericin B (same concentrations) . The clinical implication of these results is briefly discussed.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980 Sep, 50(3), 273 - 6
9-Aminoacridine--its present status and current recommendations for use as a surgical and endodontic irrigant in dentistry; Schmitz JP; Evidence is presented to support the use of 9-aminoacridine as a safe and effective surgical irrigant in dentistry . The available literature confirms that 9-aminoacridine is a potent antimicrobial agent, effective against a wide range of microorganisms commonly found in septic wounds and causing minimal tissue irritation . The use of 9-aminoacridine for routine root canal irrigation and as an antiseptic in the management of maxillofacial abscesses is recommended.

J Dent Res, 1980 Sep, 59(9), 1466 - 72
Hypothiocyanite ion: detection of the antimicrobial agent in human saliva; Thomas EL et al.; The median concentration of hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) in freshly collected whole saliva was 10 microM . The OSCN- concentration increased to a median value of 36 microM during incubation for one h at 37 degrees in vitro . This increase was partially inhibited by adding certain sugars (especially sucrose) . The results suggest that OSCN- is a naturally occurring component of human saliva . Also, dietary carbohydrate may inhibit OSCN- accumulation and antimicrobial action in saliva.

Ann Intern Med, 1980 Sep, 93(3), 480 - 9
Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes; Klebanoff SJ; The products of oxygen reduction (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals) and excitation (singlet oxygen) have been implicated in the toxic properties of phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear phagocytes) . Enzymes that potentiate (such as peroxidase) or limit (such as catalase, superoxide dismutase) the toxicity of these agents contribute to the complexity of the oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems of phagocytes . These toxic systems are dormant when the phagocyte is at rest but are activated when the need arises and directed to the destruction of invading microorganisms and other foreign cells . Occasionally, the toxic systems are directed against normal host cells and in this way contribute to the pathogenesis of disease.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 437 - 42
Carbenicillin plus cefazolin with or without mecillinam as an early treatment of bacteremia caused by gram-negative organisms: randomized double-blind study; Klastersky J et al.; Mecillinam or a placebo was added to a combination of cefazolin and carbenicillin as an early therapy of septicemia caused by gram-negative organisms in patients with serious underlying diseases, none of whom was neutropenic, however . Patients in whom infection was caused by pathogens against which mecillinam and cefazolin or mecillinam and carbenicillin were synergistic might have responded more often than patients treated with nonsynergistic combinations . However, overall results did not show any benefit from combining mecillinam with cefazolin and carbenicillin . This study suggests that in nonneutropenic patients with septicemia caused by gram-negative organisms, there is no need to intensify antimicrobial therapy beyond a certain point of efficacy . The measurement of the bactericidal activity in the serum of treated patients might serve as guide for adequate therapy.

Pharmazie, 1980 Aug, 35(8), 466 - 8
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some anthranilic acid derivatives; Kar A et al.; The synthesis of eight derivatives of anthranilic acid is described . Investigation of their antimicrobial activity showed that four of the compounds, viz; anthranilohydrazide, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine, triazine-beta-naphthol adduct and N-phenyl anthranilic acid showed significant antibacterial activity . None of the compounds showed any noticeable antifungal effect.

Pharmazie, 1980 Aug, 35(8), 458 - 60
Biologically active Mannich bases derived from nitroxoline; Movrin M et al.; A series of compounds with various basic side chains were derived from 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline (nitroxoline) . Aminomethylation of nitroxoline led exclusively to the formation of o-substituted phenolic Mannich bases . Depending on the kind of the primary or secondary amine participating in the Mannich reaction differently substituted compounds were prepared in order to study the influence of the basic side chain on their biological activity . The compound with N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino group exhibited the highest mitodepressant activity determined in a phyto test on Lepidium sativum L . Preliminary test for antibacterial and antifungal activities using standard test microorganisms indicate rather strong antimicrobial properties of several synthesized compounds.

Am J Dis Child, 1980 Aug, 134(8), 744 - 6
Infectious mononucleosis complicated by severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection; Dearth JC et al.; A 14-year-old girl with infectious mononucleosis and secondary immunosuppression had severe dyspnea and cough, spiking fever, rales, and diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates . The pulmonary disease progressed rapidly, necessitating empiric trials of antimicrobial agents . Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from a lung biopsy specimen, transtracheal aspirate, and expectorated sputum, but the relatively long period required to isolate the organism delayed the microbiologic diagnosis . Serologic study of acute and convalescent serum samples confirmed the M pneumoniae infection . Clinical improvement was gradual, and the immunosuppression was transient . The patient's illness appeared to represent microbial synergism, with severe M pneumoniae infection complicating transient immunosuppression induced by infectious mononucleosis.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Aug, 18(2), 353 - 4
Effect of clavulanic acid on minimal inhibitory concentrations of 16 antimicrobial agents tested against Legionella pneumophila; Pohlod DJ et al.; A total of 15 Legionella pneumophilia isolated were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid . When combined with clavulanic acid, 4 of the 16 antimicrobial agents produced no enhanced effect . However, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 of the antimicrobial agents were reduced by one-half to one-third when in combination with clavulanic acid . These reductions reflected only a one-dilution decrease, however, in the original minimal inhibitory concentrations . Thus, clavulanic acid combinations appear to be only nominally effective beta-lactamase inhibitors against L . pneumophilia.

Ann Surg, 1980 Aug, 192(2), 237 - 43
Impending aortoenteric hemorrhage: the effect of early recognition on improved outcome; Perdue GD Jr et al.; Aortoenteric hemorrhage is the result of enteric erosion and necrosis of aortic wall or anastomotic site . Mechanical or bacteriologic causes may occur singly or in combination . The temporal sequence is such that warning symptoms, often including back pain, fever, hemotochezia, and anemia, are present long before exsanguinating hemorrhage occurs . Vigorous diagnostic efforts, including gallium-67 citrate nuclear scan and computerized axial tomography, lead to a correct diagnosis . This allows planned semielective corrective operation before severe hemorrhage begins . The ideal operation consists of extra-anatomic revascularization, excision of the infected prosthesis, bowel repair with decompression, and sump drainage . Appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be continued until healing is complete . With aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic intervention according to this plan, marked improvement in survival and limb preservation can be anticipated in patients having this complication of aortic surgery . In this series, 15 of 18 patiets having operation recovered, though delayed limb loss occurred in two.

Lancet, 1980 Jul 26, 2(8187), 192 - 5
High prevalence of penicillin-insensitive pneumococci in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea; Gratten M et al.; One-third of 57 strains of pneumococci isolated from patients with severe pneumococcal infections in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, in 1978 were penicillin-insensitive (PR) . The infections were community-acquired and comprised cases of bacteraemia, bacteraemic pneumonia, and meningitis . The prevalence of invasive PR strains in children was significantly greater than in adults . Twenty-one serotypes were identified, of which ten types (6, 9, 10, 12-14, 18, 19, 23, 24) showed diminished sensitivity to penicillin; with types 12 and 18 penicillin-insensitivity has not been met with previously in Papua New Guinea and only rarely elsewhere; seven of the 19 PR strains belonged to type 6 . Amongst insensitive strains, minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/ml (resistance ratios 5 to 50) . Resistance to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobial drugs was not encountered.

Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Jul 15, 75(3), 126 - 8
{Chronic ulcerative colitis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (author's transl)}; Vilaseca J et al.; A 27-year-old male developed an autoimmune hemolytic anemia during the initial episode of chronic ulcerative colitis . Laboratory studies revealed a positive direct Coomb's test (IgG + C), and the presence of specific anti-Hr antibody . Salicylazosulfapyridine was tested by means of immunohematologic techniques, but results discarded this drug as the responsible agent for autoimmune hemolytic anemia . Association of ulcerative colitis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia is an uncommon finding; around 36 cases have been published in the literature . Hemolytic anemia may develop as a consequence of treatment with salicylazosulfapyridine, the antimicrobial of choice in the management of inflammatory diseases of the bowel.

Biochemistry, 1980 Jul 8, 19(14), 3307 - 14
Characterization of octapeptin-membrane interactions using spin-labeled octapeptin; Swanson PE et al.; Octapeptin is a membrane-active peptide antibiotic that contains a C10 fatty acid covalently attached to the peptide through an amide bond . Interactions of octapeptin with bacterial membranes and phospholipids were characterized by using spin-labeling techniques and octapeptin derivatives containing fatty acids of varying chain length . Acyl modification of octapeptin demonstrated that the fatty acid of the antibiotic contributed to the antimicrobial activity of octapeptin and its affinity for membranes . The influence of octapeptin and C2 acyloctapeptin on the rates of ascorbate reduction of several membrane-bound doxyl stearates was also examined . These studies demonstrated that octapeptin increaed the rate of diffusion of ascorbate into the lipid bilayer and suggested that the acyl chain contributed to this activity . In addition, an acyl spin-labeled analogue of octapeptin was prepared and shown to retain biological activity . Spectral analysis showed that octapeptin does not aggregate in solution over a wide concentration range . However, the isotropic splitting constant indicated that the acyl chain of octapeptin is not completely exposed to water . It is proposed that the acyl chain of octapeptin in solution interacts with hydrophobic amino acids in the peptide, which partially shields the acyl chain from water . Spectral features of the spin-labeled antibiotic bound to phospholipid dispersions were consistent with directional binding of octapeptin to lipid bilayers with insertion of the fatty acid into the hydrocarbon domain.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Jul, 55(7), 568 - 9
Varicella arthritis in a child; Shuper A et al.; A 2 1/2-year-old girl developed arthritis in a metatarsophalangeal joint concomitantly with varicella . As she recovered within 2 days without antimicrobial treatment, it was considered that the arthritis was directly due to the viral infection . The importance of differentiating viral arthritis from septic arthritis, a well-known complication of varicella, is stressed.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 126(3), 223 - 30
Metabolic products of microorganisms . 185 . The anthraquinones of the Aspergillus glaucus group . I . Occurrence, isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity; Anke H et al.; The occurrence of emodin, erythroglaucin, physcion, physcion-9-anthrone, questin, catenarin, and catenarin-8-methyl ether in different species of the Aspergillus glaucus group (genus Eurotium) was investigated . So far catenarin-8-methyl ether (1, 4, 6-trihydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methylanthraquinone) has not been described as a natural product; it was therefore given the name rubrocristin . The chemical and physical properties of rubrocristin are reported . In addition a new violet pigment (C16H12O5) was isolated and characterized by its MS-, IR- and UV-spectra . The antimicrobial properties of all substances were examined in the agar diffusion assay . Gram-positive bacteria were the most sensitive organisms and catenarin was the most active naturally occurring substance . Synthetically obtained 1, 4, 6, 8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone was slightly more active than catenarin, whereas rubrocristin showed no antibacterial activity.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Jul, 142(1), 77 - 82
The influence of protein binding upon tissue fluid levels of six beta-lactam antibiotics; Wise R et al.; The effect of protein binding upon the penetration of six-beta-lactam (three penicillins and three cephalosporins) antibiotics into tissue fluid was studied in humans . A cantharides blister technique was used . It was found that there was a linear relationship between the percentage of protein binding and the penetration into the blister fluid of the antibiotic as measured by the area under the curve of the protein-free fraction . This finding is further evidence that protein binding may have important influence upon the likely efficacy of an antimicrobial agent.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1980 Jul, 62(5), 826 - 8
The antimicrobial effectiveness of operative-site preparative agents: a microbiological and clinical study; Ritter MA et al.; Eight wound preparative agents (one triclosan compound, one hexachlorophene compound, and six iodophors) were evaluated under actual operating-room conditions for efficacy in de-germing the operative site prior to the performance of 310 total hip arthroplasties . All of the preparations tested achieved a significant reduction (p less than or equal to 0.001) of indigenous skin microflora compared with the pre-scrub level in both the post-scrub and the postoperative cultures . Two iodophors, when applied as sprays, demonstrated excellent bactericidal action, were less time-consuming and easier to use than the compounds that were applied as scrubs, and did not alter the low (0.42 per cent) infection rate that we have recorded over a period of four years.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Jul, 151(1), 89 - 92
Prospective evaluation of combinations of antimicrobial agents for endometritis after cesarean section; Sen P et al.; Two hundred and thirty-six women were studied for the development of endometritis following cesarean section . Cultures were taken of the amniotic fluid and endocervix through the internal os during the operative procedure . Of the 236 patients, clinical evidence of endometritis developed in 105 . Positive cultures of the amniotic fluid or the endocervix, or both, were not helpful in predicting significant clinical infection . The patients with endometritis were treated with a combination of either clindamycin and gentamicin or cefazolin and gentamicin . All of the 54 patients, receiving clindamycin and gentamicin improved, but eight of the 51 patients in the cefazolin group failed to respond but, subsequently, improved after the administration of clindamycin . No serious toxicity was observed in either group.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980 Jul, 122(1), 101 - 5
Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from clinical specimens: salutary effects of lung tissue dilution; Lattimer GL et al.; Diagnosis of legionnaires' disease is seldom confirmed by isolation of Legionella pneumophila . In 2 cases, isolates were obtained using inoculums of diluted lung tissue suspension, even though no growth ocurred when undiluted suspensions were used . It is speculated that tissue dilution decreases the concentration of antimicrobial agents and antibacterial properties associated with lung host defense mechanisms, which allows improved recovery rates . This technique is recommended when attempting isolation of L . pneumophila from clinical specimens.

Ann Intern Med, 1980 Jul, 93(1), 62 - 89
Drug therapy in renal failure: dosing guidelines for adults . Part I: Antimicrobial agents, analgesics; Bennett WM et al.; Data are presented in tabular form that provide guidelines for drug use in adult patients with renal insufficiency . The data are derived from the current medical literature . If specific information about a drug is unavailable or conflicting, emphasis is given to normal pharmacokinetic variables in arriving at recommendations for therapy . Nephrotoxicity or adverse effects in patients with renal disease are noted and adjustments for dialysis suggested.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980 Jul, 122(1), 61 - 4
Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Hemophilus influenzae from adults; Saginur R et al.; Hemophilus influenzae isolates from sputum of 111 patients with chronic bronchitis were tested for susceptibility to 8 antimicrobial drugs . A new beta-lactam, LY-127935, was the most active agent tested . Ampicillin, cefamandole, tetracycline, and cefuroxime showed good activity against most isolates . Two strains, both nontypable, were resistant to ampicillin and produced beta-lactamase . Cefaclor was somewhat less effective, although most strains were susceptible . Erythromycin and cephalexin were of limited utility.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 9 - 12
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Slots J et al.; The agar dilution technique was used for determination of the antibiotic susceptibilities of 57 oral isolates and 2 nonoral isolates of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . Tetracycline, minocycline, and chloramphenicol inhibited more than 96% of the strains tested at a concentration of less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml; 89% of the strains were inhibited by 2 micrograms of carbenicillin per ml . The other antimicrobial agents tested were less active . Approximately 10% of the A . actinomycetemcomitans strains were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin G at concentrations of 32 to 64 micrograms/ml . These data suggest that tetracycline and minocycline may be valuable drugs in the treatment of A . actinomycetemcomitans infections.

J Urol, 1980 Jul, 124(1), 60 - 1
The clinical use of epididymal aspiration cultures in the management of selected patients with acute epididymitis; Berger RE et al.; Culture and sensitivity testing of specimens obtained by percutaneous and intraoperative needle aspiration of the epididymis have been of clinical importance in choosing proper antimicrobial therapy in selected patients with acute non-venereal epididymitis . We have found aspiration cultures to be valuable in patients 1) with indwelling urethral catheters, 2) who fail to respond to initial antimicrobial therapy, 3) who have epididymitis found on surgical exploration for torsion of the teticle and 4) with recurrent epididymitis in whom the etiologic agent is uncertain.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Jul, 142(1), 83 - 6
An in vitro model for investigation of chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis; Berman JD et al.; Clinically achievable concentrations of the three major antileishmanial drugs in use--pentavalent antimony, pentamidine, and amphotericin B--eliminated 90%--100% of the mammalian forms (amastigotes) of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani from in vitro infected human monocyte-derived macrophages . This is apparently the first report of in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania to pentavalent antimony or to pentamidine . The insensitivity of insect forms (promastigotes) multiplying in cell-free media to thee drugs suggests that amastigotes are more sensitive than promastigotes to these antileishmanial agents . Alternatively, macrophages may concentrate or metabolize the drugs to increase their toxicity . In contrast, amphotericin B was toxic to both amastigotes and promastigotes . The sensitivities of Leishmania within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to clinically achievable concentration of antileishmanial agents suggests that this model may be useful for investigation of mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance of antimicrobial agents against Leishmania.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jun, 17(6), 943 - 6
Susceptibility of Bacterium actinomycetem comitans to 45 antibiotics; Hoffler U et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 45 antimicrobial agents were determined for 14 strains of Bacterium actinomycetem comitans (Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans) . All the strains showed good susceptibility to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol, but not to lincomycins . Some strains were clearly resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and nitroimidazoles . The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were observed with tetracycline, rolitetracycline, methacycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 Jun, 37(6), 829 - 32
Effect of pharmacist consultation on rational antimicrobial therapy; Witte KW et al.; The incidence of rational decisions concerning antimicorbial therapy before and after the establishment of clinical pharmaceutical services in a hospital was compared . A protocol was designed to determine the rationality of physician orders for antimicrobial therapy . This ptocol was used to analyze retrospectively the medical records for patients admitted to a 30-bed surgical unit and a 30-bed medical unit during two months before and after clinical pharmaceutical services were initiated . The results showed that exposure to routine clinical pharmaceutical services appeared to improve prescribing rationality only of drugs used to treat infectious conditions . Since the study design had no control group, the causal effect of clinical pharmaceutical services on the rationality of antimicrobial therapy could not be determined; however, the use of an organized protocol in monitoring antimicrobial therapy allowed an assessment of the use and misuse of antimicrobials in hospitals.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Jun, 55(6), 458 - 60
Antimicrobial activity of colostrum after administering killed Escherichia coli O111 vaccine orally to expectant mothers; Dluholucky S et al.; An attempt was made to see if it was possible to produce antimicrobial activity in colostrum after killed Escherichia coli O111 vaccine had been given orally to expectant mothers . The colostral samples were used in vitro for the inhibition test immediately after the start of lactation . The colostrum from 7 of the 47 vaccine-treated mothers inhibited the growth of E . coli O111 compared with only one colostrum from 101 controls . No complication has occurred either in the vaccine-treated mothers or their suckling babies . The association between the presence of antimicrobial activity in the colostrum and the time of vaccine application was insignificant.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jun, 33(6), 604 - 13
Effect of sodium chloride on gentamicin accumulation by Escherichia coli: correlation with bacterial growth and viability; Heller AH et al.; The kinetics of gentamicin accumulation by a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli were investigated at gentamicin concentrations from 0.02 to 200 microgram/ml . Accumulation with time shows two energy-dependent phases and is saturable . Sodium chloride delays the onset of the second more rapid energy-dependent phase and decreases the magnitude of gentamicin accumulation for incubations up to 60 minutes at all gentamicin concentrations tested . Simultaneous determinations of accumulation, cell viability, and growth inhibition indicate that antimicrobial activity is correlated with the magnitude of gentamicin accumulation . These observations suggest that altered bacterial accumulation of gentamicin explains the effect of sodium chloride on the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jun, 25(6), 429 - 32
{Spread and transfer of plasmid resistance in Escherichia coli}; Rudneva SN et al.; Drug resistance of 186 E . coli strains isolated in 1977-1978 from patients and carriers, as well as from the environment was studied with respect to 8 widely used antimicrobial drugs, i.e . tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, neomycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid and sulfanilamides . All of the strains were resistant to sulfanilamides, 39% of the strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 5.2% of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid . Multiple resistance was observed in 60% of the isolates . II variants of various combinations of r-determinants were found . Strains resistant to 2 or 3 antibiotics and combinations of tetracycline + streptomycin and tetracycline + kanamycin + neomycin were most frequent . The number of the antibiotic resistant strains isolated from the humans and environment was 40.5 and 36.8% respectively . The multiple resistance spectra of the strains isolated from the humans were more variable . No transmissive r-determinants were found in the strains resistant to one antibiotic . However 85% of polyresistant E . coli carried conjugative R plasmids . Transmission of the determinants of resistance to ampicillin (90%), streptomycin (80%), chloramphenicol (71.4%), neomycin and kanamycin (55.5%) was most frequent, while the determinants of resistance to tetracycline (37%) were least frequent . The frequency of transmissive R plasmids in the strains isolated from the humans was higher than that in the strains isolated from the environment . It was shown that most of the conjugative plasmids were of fi- character.

Arch Intern Med, 1980 Jun, 140(6), 818 - 26
Human nocardiosis . A clinical review with selected case reports; Curry WA; Nocardiosis is an illness caused by several species of the genus Nocardia . Although it is seen in immunocompromised hosts, infection frequently occurs in persons with no recognized predisposition . Infection may be localized to the skin, or it may involve the lungs, disseminating to virtually any organ . Pathogenesis is only beginning to be understood, but, at least in laboratory animals, there seems to be a host-parasite relationship that depends on inadequate clearing of the organism by processes of cell-mediated immunity . Clinical manifestation varies widely according to the sites involved . Diagnosis is principally by culture and may require an aggressive approach . Although sulfonamides remain the mainstay of therapy, preliminary data for other antimicrobial agents are promising.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1980 Jun, 65(6), 454 - 64
Nonantibiotic effects of macrolide antibiotics of the oleandomycin-erythromycin group with special reference to their "steroid-sparing" effects; Selenke WM et al.; Certain macrolide antibiotics, such as troleandomycin (TAO), oleandomycin, and erythromycin estolate (Ilosone), can lower the maintenance dose of glucocorticoids required by severely asthmatic patients . These effects were postulated to be caused by an as yet undefined steroid-sparing effect . In this study, TAO in combination with methylprednisolone, when compared with methylprednisolone alone, was demonstrated to significantly increase liver glycogen deposition in adrenalectomized mice, intact mice, and adrenalectomized rats; protect histamine-sensitized mice following beta adrenergic blockade or adrenalectomy; further decrease the steroid-lowered glucose tolerance of mice and significantly increase the plasma corticosteroid levels in rats . TAO alone did not have these effects . TAO plus betamethasone, and erythromycin estolate plus methylprednisolone also increased liver glycogen deposition . However, TAO did not appear to potentiate the effects of hydrocortisone . Erythromycin stearate and to a lesser degree erythromycin ethylsuccinate when combined with methylprednisolone also decreased histamine lethality in mice . Leucomycin and tetracycline did not enhance the effects of methylprednisolone . TAO, alone or with methylprednisolone, did not alter serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels in rats . Thus, TAO and some other macrolides did not exert their effects on corticosteroids as antimicrobial agents, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)--like compounds, or quasisteroids, but as steroid-sparing agents by some undefined mechanism.

Neurosurgery, 1980 Jun, 6(6), 691 - 714
Antimicrobial agents and the central nervous system; Everett ED et al.; There is an ever-expanding number of antimicrobial agents available for the clinician to use to combat infections . We review the majority of such agents that are currently available relative to their theoretical or proven efficacy in the treatment of CNS infections . Due to the unique ability of the CNS to exclude many agents delivered via the blood stream, easily administered and efficacious therapy remains a problem . Based on the pharmacokinetics of anti-infective drugs and their antimicrobial spectrum, at present a penicillin derivative or chloramphenicol should be used whenever possible because parenteral therapy will usually achieve the desired results . In many neurosurgery-associated infections, intrathecal or intraventricular antibiotics may be required to supplement parenteral treatment and/or surgical intervention . Some of the more promising agents (such as rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and metronidazole) await further clinical trials to establish their place in the therapeutic armamentarium . Careful, randomized, prospective studies of prophylactic antibiotics must be performed in the neurosurgical setting . A group of tables are included that summarize the expected spinal fluid levels, the sensitivities of organisms commonly causing neurosurgical infections, doses of drugs given intrathecally or intraventricularly, and recommended regimens for certain infections.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1980 May 15, 176(10 Spec No), 1061 - 8
Pharmacotherapeutics of the newer tetracyclines; Aronson AL; The newer tetracyclines are defined as those tetracyclines available in the United States but not approved for veterinary use . These include demeclocycline, methacycline, doxycycline, and minocycline . Of these, doxycycline and minocycline appear to offer advantages that would render them useful in certain situations in veterinary medicine . Their major advantage lies in their greater lipid solubility relative to other tetracyclines . This characteristic probably accounts for their enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness for some organisms, more efficient absorption after oral administration, and enhanced distribution in the body . The principal excretory organ for doxycycline is the intestine, where the drug diffuses through the intestinal mucosa into the intestinal tract . This unique characteristic makes this drug useful in cases of preexisting renal dysfunction and may render this drug superior to other tetracyclines in the treatment of intestinal infections . Doxycycline is used in other countries for respiratory tract and intestinal tract diseases of poultry . The usefulness of doxycycline and minocycline in food-producing animals may be limited because of persistent drug residues . Minocycline has, in large doses, been used with streptomycin in the elimination of the carrier state of canine brucellosis . The superiority of doxycycline and minocycline, relative to other tetracyclines, in their distribution to areas of he body such as the eye, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and prostate gland suggests that trials of their efficacy in tetracycline-sensitive infections of these areas are indicated . Pharmacokinetic studies designed to determine optimal dosage schedules have not been made for domestic animals . These determinations are necessary to evaluate most effectively the usefulness of the newer tetracyclines in veterinary medicine.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 May, 26(5), 583 - 7
A streptomycete antagonist to Phellinus weirii, Fomes annosus, and Phytophthora cinnamomi; Rose SL et al.; An actinomycete isolated from the rhizoplane of nitrogen-fixing nodules of Ceanothus velutinus was identified as a variety of Streptomyces griseoloalbus . Streptomyces griseoloalbus is a strong antagonist to three destructive root pathogens, Phellinus weirii, Fomes annosus, and Phytophthora cinnamomi, inhibiting all three on several culture media and preventing establishment of F . annosus on hemlock wood disks . The stability and longevity of the antimicrobial substance produced by it, its consistent effect on the pathogens on all substrates, its ability to colonize wood, and its ability to grow at 10 degrees C suggest biological control possibilities for this organism in the Pacific Northwest.

Antibiotiki, 1980 May, 25(5), 333 - 8
{Synthesis and properties of the N-acyl derivatives of carminomycin and rubomycin}; Olsuf'eva EN et al.; Synthesis of N-acetylcarminomycin (III) is performed for the first time and the method of selective aminoacylation of 3'-NH2 group of carminomycin (I) and rubomycin (II) is elaborated . The method is based on interaction of N alpha-protected amino acid activated with respect to the carboxyl group with one of the antibiotics followed by removal of the protective group under mild conditions . O-Nitrophenylsulphenyl group (NPS) is used as the protective agent . In case of rubomycin (II), N alpha-NPS-amino acid is attached with the carbodiimide method . In case of carminomycin (I) the similar reaction proceeds inconsistently and carminomycin is acylated with the method of activated ethers and the use of N-hydroxysuccinimide ether of N alpha-NPS-protected amino acid . The following substances were prepared: N-(N alpha-NPS-D-phenylalanyl)-carminomycin (IVa), n-(n alpha-NPIa) and N-(N alpha-NPS-L-alanyl)-rubomycin (VIIa) . Removal of NPS-group is performed under mild conditions (2 equiv . HCl in acetone, 20 degrees C, 2 min) without significant destruction of the antibiotic glucoside bond and results in formation of respective water-soluble hydrochlorides of N-aminoacyl derivatives of carminomycin and rubomycin (IV-VII) . Teh structures of the new compounds are confirmed by the analytical and spectral data (Rf, {alpha} D, IR-, UV- and VO-, PMR-spectra, elementary analysis) and their chemical transformations . Antimicrobial activity of N-acetylcarminomycin (III) and water-soluble hydrochlorides of carminomycin and rubomycin derivatives (IV-VII) against Bas . mycoides is 5-10% of that of the respective initial antibiotics (I) and (II).

J Med Chem, 1980 May, 23(5), 469 - 74
Soft drugs . 1 . Labile quaternary ammonium salts as soft antimicrobials; Bodor N et al.; Strategies for the design of safer drugs are discussed . The various classes of "soft drugs" are designed to avoid undesired metabolic disposition (primarily various oxidative routes, occurring via possible toxic intermediates) and to be metabolized by a predictable manner with controlled rates . As a first example for the "soft analogue" type drugs, a new class of antimicrobial, surface-active quaternary salts of the type RCOOCHR1--N+ comes from X- was developed . These "soft" quaternary salts are isosteric analogues of known "hard" quaternary surfactants and are characterized by predictable and controllable cleavage (metabolism) to nontoxic components, while showing good activity against a wide range of bacteria . Due to their soft nature (low toxicity), the new antimicrobials are much safer than the conventional, hard analogues.

Am J Med, 1980 May, 68(5), 643 - 8
Improved prognosis for granulocytopenic patients with gram-negative bacteremia; Love LJ et al.; The grave prognosis associated with gram-negative bacteremia occurring in granulocytopenic patients with cancer suggests that granulocyte transfusions are frequently indicated . We have evaluated 67 episodes of gram-negative bacteremia, studied in four consecutive antibiotic trials, in order to correlate prognostic determinants of recovery . These patients had a median absolute granulocyte count of 100/microliter at the time of bacteremia . Empiric antibiotic regimens were begun at the first evidence of suspected infection . Granulocyte transfusions were employed only as clinically indicated by inadequate patient response to antibiotic therapy . Among the 29 patients who had an increase in their granulocyte count of greater than or equal to 100/microliter over the subsequent 14 days, 27 (93 per cent) recovered whereas among 38 patients who had no appreciable increase in their granulocyte count, 21 (55 per cent) improved (p = 0.006) . In this latter group of patients with no granulocyte recovery, the susceptibility of the pathogen(s) to the initial empiric antibiotic regimen was of major importance . None of four patients responded when the pathogen was resistant to both antibiotics initially utilized, six of 14 (44 per cent) patients responded when there was susceptibility to one antibiotic, and 15 of 20 (75 per cent) patients responded when there was susceptibility to both antibiotics (p less than 0.025) . We conclude that patients with gram-negative bacteremia and persistent granulocytopenia will often respond to antimicrobial therapy alone provided the initial choice of empiric antibiotics is appropriate and that their use is instituted promptly . Granulocyte transfusions need not be added unless clinical evaluation indicates inadequate response.

South Med J, 1980 May, 73(5), 627 - 30
Approach to the management of fever and granulocytopenia; Delgado DG et al.; In recent years, advances in chemotherapy for malignant disease have resulted in a greater population of patients with granulocytopenia whose course in often complicated by fever . We reviewed the current medical literature in an attempt to identify the most appropriate management of this special patient population . Our findings suggest that patients with fever and granulocytopenia and without a diagnosis of infectious disease who improve on empiric antimicrobial therapy should continue to receive empiric therapy until their granulocytes recover . Patients in this same category who remain febrile probably do not have an infectious cause of their fever, and discontinuation of empiric antibiotics should be considered if they appear clinically stable . A guideline to the management of these patients is presented.

Neurosurgery, 1980 May, 6(5), 529 - 39
Ethylene oxide sterilization of bone, dura mater, and fascia lata for human transplantation; Prolo DJ et al.; The use of allogeneic human bone, dura, and fascia has achieved an enduring and accelerating role in the augmentation of spinal fusions and the repair of skeletal and dural defects . Primary sterilization of these nonviable cadaveric tissues magnifies the potential sources and ensures the microbiological sterility of the implant . Subsequent lyophilization facilitates preservation and distribution and reduces the immunogenicity of the graft . The evaluation of gaseous ethylene oxide (EO) as a sterilant was suggested by the delerious effects of alternative methods . Through a series of experiments, the following properties of EO sterilization were studied: (a) surface and interstitial sterilization; (b) the diffusion of EO into tissue, the formation of the reaction products ethylene chlorohydrin (EC) and ethylene glycol (EG), and the desorption of all three from tissues; (c) lyophilization and aeration in the removal of residues; and (d) minimization of residues through pretreatment . Gaseous EO is a very effective surface sterilant of wet bone, dura, and fascia and does not grossly alter these tissues . Its partial penetration through compact bone renders it less reliable for an interstitial antimicrobial effect, unless access to the interior is provided by serial openings . The toxicity of EO, EC, and EG mandates the desorption through lyophilization of these compounds (EC and EG are formed during sterilization with EO) . Before sterilization, bone must be rid of marrow by vigorous irrigation with deionized water . The resultant reduction of the number of cells and of the available chloride decreases antigenicity and the formation of EC . Freeze-drying for more than 72 hours, in some cases augmented by prolonged aeration at room temperature, reduces EO, EC, and EG to acceptable levels . The accurate assay of residues in tissue requires acetone extraction for gas chromatography on rehydrated tissues because extraction of dry tissues gives falsely low results . Rigorous adherence to a protocol incorporating these findings justifies the acceptance of gaseous EO as a safe, relatively rapid, and inexpensive sterilant of bone and soft tissues.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1980 May, 59(3), 188 - 205
Legionnaires' disease: report of sixty-five nosocomially acquired cases of review of the literature; Kirby BD et al.; Sixty-five cases of nosocomially acquired Legionnaires' disease are reported and the world literature is reviewed . The etiologic agent, Legionnella pneumophila, has been isolated from several environmental sources at outbreak sites . Legionnaires' disease appears to be acquired by inhalation and is primarily manifested by severe, potentially fatal, pneumonia . Characteristic clinical disease consists of high fever with relative bradycardia, dry cough, chills, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain . Although no single feature is pathognomonic, the clinical presentation is usually sufficiently characteristic to suggest the diagnosis . The diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease during acute illness may be established by culture of Legionella pneumophila, or by demonstration of the bacterium using special stains . However, in most instances, the physician must make a presumptive diagnosis based on the clinical presentation in order to institute appropriate antimicrobial therapy . Retrospective confirmation of the diagnosis may be made by serologic studies in most instances . Erythromycin is, at this time, the drug of choice for the treatment of Legionnaires' disease . A prompt salutory response following institution of erythromycin therapy is typical.

Med Clin North Am, 1980 May, 64(3), 385 - 94
Aspiration pneumonia, anaerobic infections, and lung abscess; Johanson WG Jr et al.; Anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections are common in the setting of aspiration . Treatment is with penicillin or in mixed infections, penicillin and other appropriate antimicrobial agents . Four syndromes are commonly recognized . Simple pneumonitis resolves promptly with antibiotic therapy . If treatment is delayed, simple pneumonitis may evolve into a more fulminant process of necrotizing pneumonia with a significant mortality despite antibiotic therapy . Lung abscess, typically a subacute or chronic infection, responds well to antibiotic therapy so long as the cavity is drained via the communicating bronchus . Empyema requires surgical drainage by either closed or open thoracostomy if resolution is to be achieved.

Obstet Gynecol, 1980 May, 55(5 Suppl), 193S - 202S
Antibiotic prophylaxis in vaginal hysterectomy: a review; Duff P et al.; Recent experimental studies in laboratory animals have elucidated the pathogenesis of operative site infections and have defined the mechanism by which prophylactic antibiotics enhance host defenses against infection . On the basis of these experimental observations, several investigators have conducted well-designed studies to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in reducing the risk of infection associated with vaginal hysterectomy . Without exception, these studies have demonstrated a dramatic decrease in the incidence of pelvic infections when antimicrobial agents are administered for a limited time in the perioperative period . To date, short courses of prophylactic antibiotics have not been shown to create selective pressures for the emergence of drug-resistant organisms or to lead to the development of more serious superinfections.

Obstet Gynecol, 1980 May, 55(5 Suppl), 121S - 127S
Current principles of antimicrobic therapy; Hoeprich PD; The bases for successful antimicrobial therapy are reviewed . The impact of antimicrobics on the resident microbiota of the body and the development of resistance are considered . The phenomenon of tolerance to antimicrobics is described and a pharmacotherapeutic response is outlined . The distribution and penetration of antimicrobics is related to therapeutic needs . Finally, the choice of antimicrobics for use in obstetric and gynecologic infections is discussed.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 1980 May-Jun, 89(3 Pt 2), 296 - 300
Use of a short course of prednisone for treating middle ear effusion . A double-blind crossover study; Schwartz RH et al.; This report presents findings of a double-blind crossover prospective study involving the use of a short course of prednisone for the treatment of otitis media with effusion (OME) . Subjects were 41 children with persistent OME for three weeks or more despite the use of antimicrobial and/or decongestant therapy . Pulverized prednisone tablets (5 mg) or lactose powder (placebo) were packed in unmarked gelatin capsules and placed in identically coded vials . The dosage schedule was 1 mg/kg/day for the first two days in a divided dose; 0.75 mg/kg/day for the next two days; followed by 5-10 mg/kg/day as a single morning dose for the remaining three days . In addition, all children received concomitant sulfisoxazole suspension of 50 mg/kg/day twice daily . Results for 40 children treated with steroids either initially or following crossover revealed that 70% demonstrated resolution of OME via pneumo-otoscopy and 64% via tympanometry . In addition, we examined the relationship between the ability to resolve effusion with corticosteroids and six variables: 1) duration of OME prior to entry into study, 2) month of year at entry into study, 3) bilateral versus unilateral disease, 4) child's sex, 5) prior use of ventilating tubes and 6) personal or family history of allergy . The results of these comparisons are discussed.

J Reprod Med, 1980 May, 24(5), 185 - 90
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetric and gynecologic surgery: a critical review; Berger SA et al.; Thirty-three human studies concerned with antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetric-gynecologic surgery were analyzed, with particular attention to experimental design . Eighty-two percent of the studies were prospective, 70% randomized and 39% double-blind . Patients were stratified according to underlying disease in 15%, complications of prophylaxis were mentioned in 61% of the studies, and statistical analysis was done in 55% of the studies . There was considerable variation in antibiotics employed and in the types of infection encountered . Twenty-seven of the 28 papers published after 1966 advocated prophylaxis . In contrast, less than two thirds of the papers concerned with general surgery support the use of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics . Despite some variability in methodology and antibiotic agents used, there is little controversy among the studies analyzed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 May, 11(5), 462 - 4
Rapid isolation of bacteria from septicemic patients by use of an antimicrobial agent removal device; Wallis C et al.; The new Antimicrobial Removal Device increased the efficacy of conventional methods for isolating bacteria from the blood of septicemic patients . The device removes as much as 100 microgram of antibiotics per ml from whole blood without a significant decrease in bacteria . Of 51 patients studied, 31 yielded positive cultures, and the Antimicrobial Removal Device permitted earlier isolation of the causative agent from blood . Subcultured within the first 12 h yielded 12 positive isolates, as the 31 agents were isolated more rapidly after Antimicrobial Removal Device permitted earlier isolation of the causative agent from blood . Subcultures within the first 12 h yielded 12 positive isolates, as compared to 2 when subcultured without processing in the device . Overall, 21 of the 31 agents were isolated more rapidly after Antimicrobial Removal Device treatment, and four samples were positive only after such treatment . One agent was not isolated in the treated culture.

J Pharm Sci, 1980 May, 69(5), 575 - 80
Syntheses and evaluation of ketals, hemithioketals, and dithioketals of conjugated styryl ketones principally for antineoplastic activity; Dimmock JR et al.; Ketals, hemithioketals, and dithioketals of nuclear-substituted styryl ketones were prepared as latentiated forms of the ketones . This undertaking was based on the premise that there is increased acidity in tumors compared to normal tissue, and thus preferential regeneration of the ketone in neoplastic tissue may occur . Attempts to form 1,3-dioxolans of Mannich bases were unsuccessful . The prepared compounds did not possess significant anticancer properties, but analgesic, antiinflammatory, antihistaminic, and antimicrobial activities were found in the prepared Mannich bases.

Ann Clin Res, 1980 Apr, 12(2), 45 - 8
Prophylactic antibiotics in Caesarean section: effect of a short preoperative course of benzyl penicillin or clindamycin plus gentamicin on postoperative infectious morbidity; Rehu M et al.; The efficacy of a narrow-spectrum (benzyl penicillin) versus broad-spectrum (clindamycin + gentamicin) preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis was studied in a series of 147 consecutive patients undergoing Caesarean section at the State Maternity Hospital, Helsinki, Finland . Both regimens proved effective in reducing postoperative endometritis: from 33% (19/57 cases) to 6.5% (3/46 cases) in the penicillin treated group, and to 9.5% (4/42 cases) in the clindamycin + gentamicin treated group . The reduction in the incidence of endometritis was not reflected in the duration of hospital stay, which was 7.7 days in the untreated group, 7.8 days in the penicillin treated group, and 7.6 days in the clindamycin + gentamicin treated group . No significant differences between the groups were detected in the incidence of wound infections.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 675 - 8
Cefoxitin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluids of patients with meningitis; Humbert G et al.; The concentrations of cefoxitin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured simultaneously in three groups of patients, 12 with aseptic meningitis (group 1) and 17 and 14 with bacterial meningitis (groups 2 and 3) . The patients in group 1 received a single intravenous dose of 2 g of cefoxitin without other antimicrobial therapy . In addition to conventional doses of ampicillin or benzyl penicillin, patients in groups 2 and 3 received repeated infusions of 2 g of cefoxitin every 4 h for the first 3 or 4 days of the study and again on day 10 . Additionally, group 3 received probenecid in a loading dose of 1 g followed by 0.5 g every 6 or 8 h . Concentrations of cefoxitin in CSF and serum were determined 1 or 2 h after infusion in group 2 and 2 h after infusion in group 3 . The concentrations of cefoxitin in CSF did not reach detectable levels (1.56 microgram/ml) in 11 of the 12 patients in group 1 . A level of 2.8 microgram of cefoxitin per ml of CSF was found, with an accompanying level of 30 microgram/ml of serum, in patient 12 . In the group 2 patients with bacterial meningitis, the mean CSF concentrations were 3.3, 4.7, and 2.9 microgram/ ml on days 1, 3, and 10 of treatment, with simultaneous serum levels of 8, 9, and 8 microgram/ml . At similar times periods, the mean levels of cefoxitin in group 3 patients (with concomitant probenecid) were 8.6, 12.3, and 4.3 microgram/ml of CSF and 57, 35, 27 microgram/ml of serum.

J Reprod Med, 1980 Apr, 24(4), 153 - 7
Antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine on bacteria of groin, perineum and vagina; Vorherr H et al.; The antimicrobial effects of two chlorhexidine preparations, Hibiclens and Hibitane Tincture, were evaluated in 154 obstetric patients . Both agents produced bacterial kills of over 99% on skin bacteria of groin and perineum ten and 30 minutes after their application . Five minutes after vaginal cleansing with Hibiclens more than 99% of bacteria originally present were destroyed . Even though both preparations proved to be potent bactericidal agents, Hibitane Tincture cannot be recommended as a perigenital antiseptic since it causes vulvar irritation due to its high isopropanol content . With Hibiclens application to groin and perineal skin no side effects were observed . In one of 51 patients treated vaginally with Hibiclens a rather strong burning sensation occurred, without any aftereffect . Hibiclens seems to be a promising antiseptic for obstetric and gynecologic patients.

Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1980 Apr, 2(3), 139 - 43
Plasmid determined drug resistance in clinically isolated Escherichia coli; Michopoulos D et al.; The results of a survey for the presence of R plasmids in 100 clinically isolated strains of Escherichia coli are presented . Sixty-nine per cent of the strains were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial agents tested and 63.7% of the resistant strains transferred all or part of their resistance genes to Escherichia coli k 12.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 Apr, 37(4), 523 - 9
Computer-assisted customized antimicrobial dosages; Bennett SW et al.; The use of a computer-based consultation program to customize dosage regimens of antimicrobials for patients with meningitis or bacteremia is described . Using clinical and laboratory information entered by the user, the program determines causative organisms, recommends therapeutic regimens, and generates a graph depicting the expected blood level of each drug as a function of time . During therapy selection, the program considers the site of infection, the susceptibility of the organism to antibiotics, and the patient's clinical status and drug history . Individualized pharmacokinetic values allow for dosage adjustments in renal failure and estimation of blood levels . If renal impairment is present, dosage regimens for drugs excreted by the kidneys are adjusted to assure the desired steady-state blood levels . To help in selection of the optimal regimen, estimated blood levels for each regimen are graphed along with the minimum inhibitory concentration for the organism and the toxic level of the drug . A bulit-in knowledge base in conjunction with patient-specific information enables the computer program to determine appropriate treatment specific to a patient's age, renal function, and prior drug reactions.

Experientia, 1980 Mar 15, 36(3), 312 - 3
Induction of an antimicrobial biotin-binding egg white protein (avidin) in chick tissues in septic Escherichia coli infection; Elo HA et al.; The induction of avidin in chick tissues was found in septic Escherichia coli infection . Avidin concentrations in the plasma roughly corresponded to those in the other tissues studied which suggests that avidin in chicks is a secretory protein.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1980 Mar-Apr, 73(2), 131 - 9
{Cerebrospinal meningitis in Bamako from 1969 to 1978 strategic modifications}; Simaga SY et al.; The observation of cerebrospinal meningitidis at Bamako from 1969 to 1978 show that the incidence of morbidity and the lethality of meningitidis are raised specially . Because there epidemiologic factors, the reflection beared on the measures of wrestling antimicrobial and vaccinal prepossession to propose for control this situation.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 464 - 9
Evaluation of the Sensititre system for quantitative antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing: a collaborative study; Gavan TL et al.; This three-center collaborative study was conducted to evaluate samples of Sensititre antimicrobial microdilution panels (GIBCO/INVENEX) . Sensititre minimum inhibitory concentrations of 27 bacterial isolates were compared with those obtained by a reference microdilution method . The Sensititre and microdilution minimum inhibitory concentrations were equivalent within +/- 1 dilution in 87.6% of the comparable test results . Intralaboratory reproducibilities of the Sensititre and microdilution endpoints were equivalent with 80.4 and 82.4%, respetively, of on-scale endpoints in absolute agreement . Sensititre was more reproducible among laboratories, with nearly a 10% greater agreement of triplicate results . The Sensititre microdilution test as evaluated gave results which were essentially equivalent to those obtained with a standardized microdilution method.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1980 Mar-Apr, 89(3-4), 283 - 94
Immunodefence of the inner ear? Lymphocyte-macrophage interaction in the endolymphatic sac; Rask-Andersen H et al.; Owing to their proximity to areas exposed to infection, the sensory organs of the inner ear are probably dependent on an efficient antimicrobial defence . The longitudinal flow of endolymph to the endolymphatic sac may be of major importance in this context . Substances entering the ear can be automatically carried to the distal part of the endolymphatic duct, where lymphoid cells are present and endolymphatic phagocytosis occurs . In the intermediate part of the epithelium of the sac morphological signs marking the incoming substances are present . A vigorous interaction between lymphocytes and macrophages, similar to that observed in antigen-activated lymphoid tissue, may be seen . The sac is here surrounded by a rich network of lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels.

Early Hum Dev, 1980 Mar, 4(1), 15 - 21
A human milk formula; Lucas A et al.; In view of the possible deficits in the energy value and protein content of human milk when used for feeding low birth weight preterm neonates, a method has been devised suitable for use in a human milk bank for making milk formulae from human milk products . Human milk formula (HMF) is produced by adding, to whole human milk, human cream, obtained by separation by centrifugation, together with salt-free and lactose-free human milk protein, extracted by simple dialysis and freeze-drying . This human milk formula is, therefore, enriched in energy, human milk fat, protein and salts (which may be added), to approach the current concept of an ideal milk formula(e) for preterm infants . In addition, the increased concentration of antimicrobial proteins achieved in HMF may offset any losses in these proteins caused by pasteurisation.

J Pharm Sci, 1980 Mar, 69(3), 340 - 2
Antimicrobial activity of N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides and triethylammonium (organocyanoamino)chlorotriphenylstannates; Kupchik EJ et al.; N-Substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides were studied and found to be better antifungal agents than the previously tested N-substituted N'-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothioureas and N-substituted N'-cyano-O-(triphenylstannyl)isoureas . They were similar in activity to the previously tested ethyl N-aryl-S-(triphenylstannyl)-isothiocarbamates . The antifungal activity of triethylammonium (organocyanoamino)chlorotriphenylstannates, which are the triethylammonium chloride complexes of N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)-cyanamides, was similar to or better than that of the N-substituted N-(triphenylstannyl)cyanamides . Triethylammonium (acetylcyanoamino)chlorotriphenylstannate and triethylammonium dichlorotriphenylstannate were highly inhibitory toward Gram-positive bacteria.

J Nat Prod, 1980 Mar-Apr, 43(2), 259 - 69
Antimicrobial agents from higher plants . Antimicrobial isoflavanoids and related substances from Glycyrrhiza glabra L . var . typica; Mitscher LA et al.; Bioassay-directed fractionation of Glycyrrhiza glabra L . var . typica resulted in the isolation and characterization of glabridin (I), glabrol (2), glabrene (3), 3-hydroxyglabrol (4), 4'-O-methylglabridin (5), 3'-methoxyglabridin (6), formononetin (7), phaseollinisoflavan (8), hispaglabridin A (9), hispaglabridin B (13), salicylic acid and O-acetyl salicylic acid . Of these, hispaglabridin A, hispaglabridin B, 4'-O-methylglabridin, glabridin, glabrol and 3-hydroxyglabrol possess significant antimicrobial activity in vitro; hispaglabridin A, hispaglabridin B, 3'-methoxyglabridin, 4'-O-methylglabridin 3-hydroxyglabrol, phaseollinisoflavan, salicylic acid, and O, acetyl salicylic acid are newly found in Glycyrrhiza sp.; and hispaglabridin A, hispaglabridin B, 3'-methoxyglabridin, 4'-O-methylglabridin, and 3-hydroxyglabrol are new to the literature and their structures are proposed herein.

Dis Colon Rectum, 1980 Mar, 23(2), 102 - 5
Sepsis following operation for inflammatory intestinal disease; Higgens C et al.; The incidence and pathogenesis of sepsis following 107 elective operations in 87 patients with inflammatory bowel disease has been studied . Eighteen per cent developed wound sepsis and 13 per cent developed intra-abdominal abscess postoperatively . The prophylactic antimicrobial regimens used did not reduce the overall postoperative sepsis rates . The risk of developing postoperative sepsis was increased in patients with preoperative enterocutaneous or entero-enteric fistulas, pre-existing abscess and those with evidence of active disease (serum albumin less than 3.0 g/dl and serum seromucoids greater than 400 mg/gl) . The incidence of postoperative sepsis was not affected by corticosteroid therapy at the time of surgery.

Tubercle, 1980 Mar, 61(1), 39 - 40
In vitro susceptibility of atypical mycobacteria to cephalosporins; Garcia-Rodriguez JA et al.; The sensitivity of atypical mycobacteria to cephalosporins was investigated . Cephradine showed the highest degree of antimicrobial activity but further investigation is necessary to establish its clinical usefulness.

J Am Acad Dermatol, 1980 Mar, 2(3), 207 - 11
Therapy of infected dermatitis: comparative response to two corticosteroid antimicrobial creams; Wilkinson RD et al.; In a double-blind, parallel trial which lasted 1 week and comprised eighty-eight patients, a study of the response to topical therapy of the infected component of four common eczematous processes showed that the treatment outcome with corticosteroid antimicrobial creams was not influenced by the type of dermatitis . The cream with fluocinonide 0.05% was significantly better than the cream with triamcinolone 0.1% . Both creams were clinically superior to a cream containing only the antimicrobial agents but exerted a similar antimicrobial activity.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Mar, 25(3), 188 - 93
{Search for antimicrobial agents and their various combinations that are effective in relation to the main microfloral representatives in the burn wound}; Kataev SV et al.; Activity of 10 antibiotics, 6 surface active substances, 1 antioxidant and boric acid against P . aeruginosa, E . coli, Pr . vulgaris and Staph . aureus most frequently vegetating in burn wounds was studied . It was found that gentamicin had the highest antibacterial effect on the above organisms . Polymyxin M had a pronounced antimicrobial action on P . aeruginosa and E . coli . A significant antibacterial effect with respect to Staph . aureus, E . coli and Pr . vulgaris was observed with the use of the drugs of the nitrofuran line, i.e . salaful, furagin and furacillin . These drugs were not active against P . aeruginosa . A high antimicrobial effect with respect to all of the test-microbed used was recorded with methacyl, a surface active substance . To show the synergistic effect on the microbes most frequently vegetating in burn wounds, the antibacterial action of the drug combinations was studied . The synergistic effect (16 to 100 times) was observed with the use of polymyxin M combination with mafenide, carbenicillin with gentamicin, methacide with fenozan . The microorganisms tested were resistant to boric acid . On the basis of the study the most effective drugs and their combinations were chosen for their addition to the algipores (polymer coatings) used in treatment of burns infected with the above microbes.

Chem Biol Interact, 1980 Mar, 29(3), 315 - 25
Cultured human fibroblasts as a model for evaluation of potential in vivo toxicity of membrane damaging antibiotics; Thelestam M et al.; The toxic side effects of certain antimicrobial agents are probably related to their membrane damaging properties . Thus it should be possible to use measurement of membrane damage in vitro for evaluation of the potential toxicity in vivo of such antibiotics . We estimated the membrane damage induced in cultured human fibroblasts by anti-microbial agents, such as polyene antibiotics, sodium fusidate and polymyxin B as well as derivatives of some of these . Degree and character of membrane damage was determined on basis of leakage of three defined cytoplasmic markers from prelabelled cells after treatment with test substance . By comparing the minimal inhibitory concentrations against the target microbial cells (MIC) with the amounts needed to cause membrane damage of human cells (ED50) a 'therapeutic dose range' was obtained (ED50/MIC) . The therapeutic dose range and the character of induced membrane damage were compared with the relative toxicities in vivo of each test substance . Highly toxic agents caused large functional 'holes' and/or showed a narrow therapeutic dose range, whereas less toxic substances induced smaller functional holes and/or had a larger therapeutic dose range . These parameters, evaluated in the presented model system, should be useful for an indication of potential toxicity in vivo.

J Lab Clin Med, 1980 Mar, 95(3), 429 - 39
Antibiotic uptake by alveolar macrophages; Johnson JD et al.; Optimal therapy of infections caused by bacteria able to survive within phagocytes requires the use of antibiotics which inactivate these intracellular organisms . To define characteristics that determine entry of antimicrobial agents into phagocytes, we studied the uptake of 14 radiolabeled antibiotics by rabbit AM . Cell-antibiotic mixtures were incubated for 2 hr, and at intervals antibiotic uptake was determined by velocity-gradient centrifugation (separation of cells from extracellular antibiotic) . Many drugs failed to penetrate AM readily . Cellular concentrations of penicillin G and three cephalosporin antibiotics were much lower than extracellular levels (C/E = less than 0.1 to 0.4) . Gentamicin, isoniazid, and tetracycline attained C/E values of 0.5 to 0.8 . The more lipid-soluble antibiotics, refampin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol, were concentrated approximately twofold (C/E = 2) in AM . Ethambutol (C/E = 7) and two erythromycin preparations (C/E = greater than 20) were markedly accumulated by macrophages . In comparison with other antibiotics tested, the uptake of clindamycin was both massive and rapid (C/E = 50 by 30 min) . Ethambutol, erythromycin and clindamycin uptakes by AM are dependent upon oxidative metabolic processes . Detailed characterization of clindamycin uptake confirmed that the drug is accumulated by an active transport system . These findings, in association with studies of antibiotic-mediated influence on phagocytes, should provide information useful in establishing guidelines for optimal antibiotic usage.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Mar, 33(3), 375 - 409
{Double-blind comparison of cefamandole and cefazolin in the therapy of respiratory tract infections (author's transl)}; High-pressure liquid chromatography for quantitation of antimicrobial agents; Several methods are currently available for quantitation of antimicrobial drugs in serum and body fluids, e.g., microbiological, radioenzymatic, and radioimmune assays . Recently, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been implemented for quantitation of a variety of drugs, including antimicrobial drugs . The general principles of chromatography, particularly in reference to HPLC, are reviewed . The methods and procedures for extraction, separation, detection, and quantitation of antimicrobial drugs by HPLC are discussed . Current HPLC techniques for measuring antimicrobial drugs in biological fluids are also summarized.

Am J Med Sci, 1980 Mar-Apr, 279(2), 105 - 9
Aortotomy site infections: case presentation and review of the literature; Middleton J et al.; A patient with Aspergillus fumigatus infection involving an aortotomy site with multiple peripheral emboli following implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for rheumatic heart disease is described . Eleven aortotomy site infections are reviewed from the literature . Eight cases were caused by fungi with Aspergillus sp accounting for four cases . Presenting symptoms were nondiagnostic and multiple . However, the diagnosis of aortotomy site infection should be entertained in patients who have had aortic valve surgery who develop fever and embolic phenomena with or without positive blood cultures coupled with no evidence of valve dysfunction, and who respond inappropriately to antibiotic therapy . Ten of the 11 patients reviewed from the literature died . Therapy should be directed at early recognition followed by prompt early surgery combined with the use of proper antimicrobial agents directed against the isolated microorganism.

Am J Surg, 1980 Mar, 139(3), 348 - 51
Use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgical procedures: peer review guidelines as a method for quality assurance; Weiner JP et al.; Concomitant with the development of guidelines for the use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery, the Veterans Administration undertook a survey of its surgical chiefs in which the likelihood of peer review guidelines being an effective method of quality assurance was assessed . The scope of the present problem was also assessed in terms of the misuse of antimicrobial agents in surgical units . The implications of this study for quality assurance are:(1) Chiefs of surgery can be influenced by peer review guidelines, but other sources can also have impact . (2) The control practices used by chiefs to influence their staffs are limited . (3) The mechanisms used by chiefs to monitor adherence to their policies are mostly informal . The implications of this study in relation to surgical antibiotic prophylaxis are: (1) The practices of surgical chiefs differ significantly from peer review guidelines . (2) The problem is far more serious for certain surgical procedures than for others . (3) Most misuse errors are errors of commission rather than omission.

Am J Med, 1980 Mar, 68(3), 344 - 55
Gram-negative bacteremia . IV . Re-evaluation of clinical features and treatment in 612 patients; Kreger BE et al.; Clinical features and specific aspects of treatment were evaluated in 612 patients with gram-negative bacteremia observed over a 10 year period . Coagulation abnormalities or thrombocytopenia were observed in 64 per cent of the patients . Evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was found in approximately 10 per cent of them but was of sufficient severity to be associated with subcutaneous or visceral bleeding in 3 per cent of them . The frequency of coagulation abnormalities, other than DIC, was greater in patients with more severe underlying disease but DIC occurred with similar frequency irrespective of the severity of underyling host disease . Coagulation abnormalities of all types were associated with increased fatality rates . Hypothermia was noted in 13 per cent of the patients at the onset of bacteremia but was transient and was not associated with increased fatality . Failure to mount a febrile response greater than 99.6 degrees F within the first 24 hours of bacteremia was associated with a significant increase in fatality rates . Prior corticosteroid therapy diminished the febrile response to bacteremia . Age, underlying host disease, granulocytopenia, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, nosocomial infections, and antecedent treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids, and antimetabolites significantly increased fatality rates . Appropriate antibiotic treatment reduced the fatality rate of those with bacteremia by approximately one-half among patients in each category of severity of underlying host disease . In addition, it was shown that early appropriate antibiotic therapy also reduced the frequency with which shock developed by one half . Even after development of shock, appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly reduced fatality rates . The use of combinations of antibiotics could not be demonstrated to significantly improve survival rates . Minimal differences in therapeutic efficacy could be demonstrated between individual antibiotics and various combinations of antimicrobials . Shock occurred in approximately 40 per cent of the patients and its frequency was not influenced by the species of etiologic agent . Contrary to previous reports, corticosteroid therapy in patients with shock did not enhance survival and treatment with an average of 4.0 g/day of hydrocortisone or its equivalents was associated with a significant increase in fatality rates.

Blut, 1980 Mar, 40(3), 187 - 95
The efficiency of strict reverse isolation and antimicrobial decontamination in remission induction therapy of acute leukemia; Kurrle E et al.; The efficiency of strict reverse isolation and antimicrobial decontamination in remission induction therapy of acute leukemia was studied retrospectively in 47 patients who were treated with a standardized aggressive chemotherapy of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside . Twenty-two patients were treated in strict reverse isolation with antimicrobial decontamination and 25 patients in the open ward without any measures against infections . In the patients in isolation the incidence of new infections per patient was 0.77 compared to 1.42 in the control group . The rate of complete remissions was 77% in the patients in isolation vs . 56% in the control patients.

J Oral Surg, 1980 Mar, 38(3), 223 - 9
Ludwig angina, empyema, pulmonary infiltration, and pericarditis secondary to extraction of a tooth; Strauss HR et al.; A case of Ludwig angina after extraction of a mandibular third molar, progressing to pleural effusion and empyema, pericarditis, pulmonary infiltration, and pericardial effusion has been presented . The importance of early diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate antibiotic and surgical therapy have been discussed . The practice of empirically prescribed antimicrobial agents has also been discussed, and the relevance of the organism E corrodans in oral infections has been emphasized.

Vet Med (Praha), 1980 Mar, 25(3), 179 - 92
{The occurrence of foreign substances in food products from animals fed food supplements of animal excrement}; Gilka J et al.; The products of the animal origin (meat, organs, adipose tissue, eggs) from bulls, pigs and poultry which had been given animal excrements as supplements to their feeds (mostly pig excrements, in one case poultry excreta) were studied as to the content of foreign substances . The almost complete absence of aflatoxin and antimicrobial substances, and the determined levels of pesticide residues and chemical elements demonstrated that the studied foreign substances did not accumulate in the tested food as a result of the presence of non-traditional components in the diets of the animals.

J Prosthet Dent, 1980 Mar, 43(3), 309 - 12
Antimicrobial action of dental cements; Schwartzman B et al.; It was observed that some of the cements tested had bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal action . The cements listed in decreasing order of effectiveness are (1) zinc oxide-eugenol, (2) silicophosphate, (3) zinc phosphate, and (4) silicate . The two newer cements, polycarboxylate and composite resin, exhibited no measurable antimicrobial action.

Can J Hosp Pharm, 1980 Mar-Apr, 33(2), 51 - 6
Antibiotic utilization monitoring--study and review in a Canadian teaching hospital; Brandvold JL; Patients receiving gentamicin, cephalosporins and penicillinase-resistant penicillins were monitored by pharmacists in a 536-bed university hospital . Of the 217 cases monitored 56% were considered to be rational therapy, 34% were irrational therapy and 10% were questionable . The guidelines used for evaluation of cases were The Audits of Antimicrobial Usage . Guidelines for Peer Review, Kunin and Efron 1977 . Treatment was the indication for antibiotic use for the remaining 32% of cases . Sixty-seven per cent of prophylactic therapy was considered to be irrational.

S Afr Med J, 1980 Feb 9, 57(6), 208 - 12
Subacute bacterial endocarditis; Pollack S et al.; Two patients in whom various immunological phenomena obscured and delayed the diagnosis of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) are described . Immunological abnormalities usually correlate well with the chronicity and severity of the disease, as is demonstrated here . The mechanisms underlying the various immunological phenomena are discussed . The importance of alertness to the possibility of SBE in cases of disease manifesting itself as an immunological disorder, thus achieving early diagnosis and early antimicrobial treatment, is stressed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Feb, 33(2), 213 - 20
BN-183B, a new antitumor antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas . Taxonomy, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties; Ezaki N et al.; BN-183B is a new antitumor antibiotic with chlorine in its molecule found in the culture broth of Pseudomonas sp . BN-183 . The compound was weakly basic and isolated as a hydrochloride in a pure state . The molecular formula of its free base was determined as C14H20N2O6Cl2 . The antibiotic showed not only strong antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but also marked activity toward experimental tumors such as lymphoid leukemia L-1210 and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 in mice . No mutagenicity of BN-183B was noted.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Feb, 33(2), 199 - 204
Macbecins I and II, new antitumor antibiotics . I . Producing organism, fermentation and antimicrobial activities; Tanida S et al.; New antibiotics, macbecins I and II, have been found in the culture fluid of an actinomycete, which has the following properties: delayed fragmentation of vegetative mycelia, formation of coremia on solid media, the occurrence of meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, lysozyme resistance, and guanine-cytosine content of 71 +/- 1 mol% . The organism has been designated Nocardia sp . No . C-14919 (N-2001) . A marked enhancement of the production of macbecins I and II was observed in cultures containing L-tyrosine . The antibiotics are moderately active against several Gram-positive bacteria and fungi . The antibiotics also inhibit the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis W at 2 microgram/ml but show no activity against the regeneration of cilia in partially deciliated Tetrahymena at 10 microgram/ml.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Feb, 33(2), 125 - 31
FR-900130, a novel amino acid antibiotic . I . Discovery, taxonomy, isolation, and properties; Kuroda Y et al.; A new antibiotic, designated FR-900130, has been discovered in the culture filtrate of Streptomyces . The producing organism has been identified as Streptomyces catenulae . The antibiotic was purified by adsorption onto Duolite C-20, passage through Amberlite IRC-50, final purification and desalting on Sephadex G-25 . It shows antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and synergy with D-cycloserine . The antibiotic is very labile in alkaline solution above pH 8.0 and decomposed during lyophilization or solvent precipitation . It was converted to an acetyl derivative and the biological properties of the derivative were examined.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 Feb, 37(2), 211 - 5
Stability of cefazolin sodium admixtures in plastic bags after thawing by microwave radiation; Tomecko GW Jr et al.; The effect on antibiotic stability of thawing, with microwave radiation, cefazolin sodium admixtures frozen in polyvinyl chloride minibags was studied . Two brands of cefazolin sodium (Ancef and Kefzol) were reconstituted and placed in 50-, 100- and 250-ml polyvinyl chloride minibags of 5% dextrose in water or 0.9% sodium chloride . The resulting solutions were assayed for antibiotic stability, using an agar disk diffusion technique, and for pH . The solutions were then stored at -20 degrees C for 48 hours, thawed to room temperature in a microwave oven, and kept at room temperature for four hours, after which they were reassayed for potency and pH . The results indicated that after the freeze-thaw process, the cefazolin sodium minibag admixtures retained at least 90% of their initial antimicrobial activity . The minimal pH changes could not be related to changes in antimicrobial activity, and no color changes could be detected visually . Using a microwave oven can greatly reduce thawing time of antibiotic admixtures . To maintain solution stability and prevent accidents, it is important to calibrate the oven, avoid solution overheating, and observe full precautions in oven operation.

J Pharm Sci, 1980 Feb, 69(2), 169 - 73
Effect of polyols on interaction of paraben preservatives with polysorbate 80; Blanchard J; A quantitative study of the interaction of the methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with polysorbate 80 in the presence and absence of two polyols (propylene glycol and glycerol), which were potential competitors, was performed . The results indicate that neither competitor displaced significant amounts of the parabens from their binding sites on polysorbate 80 . The previously observed synergistic antimicrobial effects of these polyols appear to be due to a mechanism other than the displacement of the parabens from their micellar binding sites.

J Exp Med, 1980 Feb 1, 151(2), 328 - 46
Failure to trigger the oxidative metabolic burst by normal macrophages: possible mechanism for survival of intracellular pathogens; Wilson CB et al.; As previously reported, normal human monocytes (11) and activated mouse macrophages (9) are able to kill or inhibit intracellular replication of Toxoplasma that are not antibody coated, whereas normal human and mouse macrophages are not (7, 9) . Each of these types of mononuclear phagocytes is able to kill antibody-coated Toxoplasma . In our studies, phagocytosis of antibody-coated Toxoplasma stimulated the respiratory burst by each of these types of mononuclear phagocytes, whereas phagocytosis of organisms that were not antibody coated stimulated the respiratory burst only by human monocytes and by activated mouse macrophages . Phagocytosis of Toxoplasma did not inhibit production of reactive oxygen metabolites by normal macrophages; rather, it failed to stimulate their production . Killing of Toxoplasma by monocytes from a child with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease and his heterozygote mother was impaired . Thus, reactive oxygen metabolites, perhaps in conjunction with lysosomal contents, appear to be first-line mechanisms whereby mononuclear phagocytes kill this organism . We were not able to determine the exact mechanisms whereby mononuclear phagocytes inhibit the replication of those Toxoplasma that were not killed, although both oxygen-dependent and other nonlysosomal mechanisms may be involved . The differences we observed in oxidative response to phagocytosis of Toxoplasma appear to be one determinant of the antimicrobial activity of these cells and may account for the ability of some intracellular pathogens to survive within phagocytes . These differences may be membrane related . Further studies of Toxoplasma membranes, phagocyte membrane receptors for Toxoplasma, and membrane-related mechanisms for activation of the respiratory burst are needed to define their true basis.

Arch Androl, 1980 Feb, 4(1), 63 - 9
Techniques for culturing and determining antimicrobial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis; Rota TR; The application of cell culture techniques to the study of chlamydiae have led to isolation of C . trachomatis from a variety of syndromes, among which are nongonococcal urethritis, post-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, acute salpingitis, neonatal conjunctivitis, and pneumonia of infants . The methods currently employed fo chlamydia isolation are described, as well as the conditions which affect the infectivity of these organisms to cells in vitro . Cell culture methods applicable to the study of the effect of antibacterial drugs on C . trachomatis are also presented.

Postgrad Med, 1980 Feb, 67(2), 227 - 35
Perioperative care of patients with cardiac disease; Feinberg LE; Patients with cardiovascular disease commonly present with problems requiring surgical treatment . They are more vulnerable than patients without cardiovascular disease to the cardiovascular stresses associated with general anesthesia and surgery--hypotension, hypoxemia, sepsis, and thromboembolism . Their risk of morbidity and mortality is higher . Certain clinical factors have a profound impact on the patient's likelihood of serious cardiac complications or death: Overt heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias are the most worrisome . A careful clinical evaluation and formal assessment of the patient's risk dictate better perioperative monitoring and treatment . Early hospital admission provides time for control of other health problems . Prophylaxis with heparin and antimicrobial agents minimizes problems of thromboembolism and sepsis, respectively . Overaggressive treatment of hypertension is avoided, and withdrawal of propranolol or clonidine is carefully supervised . The use of digoxin is restricted to patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias or heart failure . Hemodynamic monitoring via a Swan-Ganz catheter or temporary transvenous pacing may be necessary for selected high-risk patients . Such careful evaluation, monitoring, and treatment are the clinician's methods for improving the chance for patients with heart disease to benefit from surgery.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1980 Feb, 79(2), 269 - 74
Aspergillus terreus infective endocarditis on a porcine heterograft valve; Drexler L et al.; We present the first reported case of Aspergillus endocarditis occurring on a porcine heterograft prosthesis and discuss the literature regarding both Aspergillus endocarditis and endocarditis on a porcine valve . A 65-year-old man underwent aortic valve replacement with a porcine heterograft . Several weeks later he exhibited signs of infection and then of valve failure . Upon removal, the porcine valve substance was found to be grossly infiltrated and destroyed by the Aspergillus organism . The porcine valve has an excellent reputation of being resistant to infection and relatively easy to sterilize by medical management alone . Several surveys attest to the low incidence of endocarditis . Because of our experience with the destruction caused by Aspergillus, however, and because antimicrobials generally fail to eradicate this organism, we urge prompt operation to remove the heterograft valve involved with infection by this organism . The valve diseased with Aspergillus should be replaced with a mechanical prosthesis . In the aortic position, extra-anatomic replacement should be considered to facilitate eradication of periannular infection postoperatively.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1980 Feb, 19(2), 109 - 12
Chlamydial pneumonia of infancy: further clinical observations; San Joaquin VH et al.; Two patients with chlamydial pneumonia of infancy are described . One recovered spontaneously without any specific antichlamydial treatment . The other, prior to a belated antimicrobial therapy, developed a persistent and protracted respiratory illness characterized by wheezing . Our observations suggest that: (1) untreated chlamydial pneumonia of infancy may spontaneously resolve, or may become a persistent and protracted disease, and (2) wheezing may be a very prominent manifestation of the disease and should be differentiated from wheezing due to bronchiolitis and bronchial asthma.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Feb, 246(1), 98 - 111
Response of developing branched bacteria to adverse environments . I . Membrane-transfer techniques for assessment and SEM visualization of drug activity against Nocardia asteroides; Locci R; Membrane-transfer technique (MTT) is proposed as a method for assessing antimicrobial activity against branched bacteria at different phases of development . After preliminary cultivation up to the desired stage, colonies developing on membranes are transferred onto media containing various concentrations of drugs to be tested . Different exposure times and drug combinations are possible . Following exposure to the toxicant, membranes can be examined macroscopically, by light or electron microscopy and/or transferred to drug-free media to evaluate viability and possible recovery . Some results on the effects of benzylpenicillin, fusidic acid, gentamicin and sulfadiazine on the morphology of Nocardia asteroides, as detected by scanning electron microscopy, are presented . The progression of alterations, due to increasing exposures to various concentrations of gentamicin, has also been followed . Minimal inhibitory concentration values for the same antibiotic vary according to the growth phase; in particular in the early developmental stages they appear directly related . Advantages of MTT over classical "antigermination" tests in assessing susceptibility to different toxicants and its possible application to the study of environmental effects on morphogenesis of branched bacteria are discussed.

Am J Med Technol, 1980 Feb, 46(2), 85 - 90
Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial mixtures using agar dilution technique; Athar MA; Antimicrobial susceptibilities of artificially created bacterial mixtures were investigated using an agar dilution technique with a standardized inoculum . Three types of combinations, ie, mixtures containing a susceptible and a resistant organism, and those containing two susceptible or two resistant organisms were tested . Organisms used in the study were previously isolated from a variety of clinical specimens . Both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms were included in the evaluation . Of the 42 combinations containing a susceptible and a resistant organism, 30 (73.8 percent) appeared as resistant, and 12 (26.2 percent) as susceptible . Of the 50 susceptible-susceptible combinations, 8 (16 percent) appeared as resistant and 42 (84 percent) as susceptible . However, in the case of 17 resistant-resistant combinations, 16 (94.2 percent) appeared as resistant and only 1 (5.8 percent) as susceptible . "Direct" or "primary" antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the clinical specimens, which are likely to contain a variety of microorganisms, can be unreliable and should not be used as a guide to antimicrobial therapy.

Scand J Dent Res, 1980 Feb, 88(1), 34 - 9
In vivo effect of four antibacterial agents upon the acidogenicity of dental plaque; Oppermann RV et al.; The present study was carried out to compare the effect of chlorhexidine, iodine, alcohol and hydrogen peroxide on the acidogenicity of dental plaque in vivo . Plaque pH changes after application of sucrose were measured before and at various time intervals after the topical application of the agents . The MIC values of the different agents were assessed against plaque bacteria in vitro . The antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and iodine were similar whereas alcohol and hydrogen peroxide were less effective in the concentrations employed . The results showed that chlorhexidine 2%, iodine 2%, and alcohol 70% inhibited pH drops for a 24-h period after treatment whereas 3% hydrogen peroxide had no effect . Chlorhexidine 0.2% inhibited acid production to a greater extent than did alcohol 50% and iodine 0.2% . It is suggested that retention of chlorhexidine in plaque may explain the observed prolonged effect.

AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1980 Feb, 134(2), 233 - 40
Anaerobic pleural and pulmonary infections; Landay MJ et al.; Radiographic findings are reviewed for 69 patients with bacteriologically proven anaerobic infections in the thorax . On the initial films, the disease was confined to the lung parenchyma in 50%, and to the pleura in 30% of patients . The other 20% had combined pleural and parenchymal disease . Over 50% of cases had lung necrosis on the initial films, and many patients who began with a noncavitary pneumonia developed necrosis during hospitalization despite antimicrobial therapy . Once necrosis developed, resolution was slow with an average closure of 65 days for lung abscesses . Parenthymal disease was usually confined to one anatomic site . This site was almost always in a basal or posterior part of the lungs . Pleural effusions tended to progress very rapidly and always proved to be empyemas . Many empyemas occurred without recognizable pneumonic disease . A few were nosocomial, occurring as a complication of surgery, penetrating chest wounds, or subphrenic abscesses . Many patients developed empyemas as a complication of parenchymal disease, frequently while on antimicrobial therapy . Almost all empyemas required surgical drainage with either a rib resection or decortication.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1980 Jan 31, 58(6), 478 - 87
{Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of antimicrobial drugs on the development of Chlamydia trachomatis in cells cultured in vitro}; Falcieri E et al.; The Authors report the results of an ultrastructural study of the developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis in cell cultures in vitro in the presence of inhibitors of te synthesis of DNA (mitomycin-C), RNA (actinomycin-D and rifampin) and proteins (oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol) . The chlamidiae were grown to IUDR-pre-treated McCoy cell cultures and the drugs were added to the medium either immediately after the infection (in the presence of "elementary bodies" only) or after the appearance of the first "initial bodies" (14 hours after infection) . The appearance of "initial bodies" or their multiplication was completely prevented in the infected cell cultures in the presence of mitomycin-C, actinomycin-D, rifampin and oxytetracycline added immediately after the infection or 14 hours after the infection, respectively . In the presence of chloramphenicol the appearance of "initial bodies" or their multiplication was possible, but their differentiation into "elementary bodies" was completely inhibited.

Pharmazie, 1980, 35(11), 698 - 701
Antimicrobial activity of volatile oils; Yousef RT et al.; The bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities of 22 volatile oils were evaluated . The results showed that the oils tested varied in their antimicrobial activity . Cinnamon oil showed the highest activity against the tested bacteria and fungi . A comparison was made between the biostatic and biocidal activity of each oil . The results also showed that the bacteriostatic results as obtained by the agar-diffusion and serial dilution methods were not always parallel . The data obtained can be made use of clinically as well as for the preservation of liquid preparations liable to microbial contamination.

Immun Infekt, 1980, 8(3), 79 - 88
{Antibiotics and immune-response-concomitant effects of chemotherapy (author's transl)}; Gillissen G; The clinical effectivity of an antimicrobial chemotherapy substantially depends on a functionally intact immune system . Among the antibiotics, however, there are many which can impair the cellular and/or humoral immune defence . The actually published but by no means complete data of this relatively new field of research suggest that a conconcomitant immunosuppressive effect correlates less with the (as far as known) antibacterial mode of action than--but even here with certain exceptions--with the chemical classification . A clinical significance of these observations seems to be at hand in borderline immunological defence situations . To optimize the antimicrobial chemotherapy, it is becoming evident that only only the sensitivity of the isolated infective agents but also the concomitant effect of antibiotics should be taken into account . There are antibiotics being neutral or even stimulating in respect to the immune system . On the other hand, substances given additionally to antibiotics or certain kinds of treatment have been described equalizing the immunosuppressive effect of antibiotics.

Zentralbl Chir, 1980, 105(16), 1033 - 41
{Preoperative phase of colonic surgery (author's transl)}; Baumann V et al.; The existing possibilities to prepare colon and rectum for surgery are discussed, optimal nutrition just before operation is particularly stressed . The efficiency of oral and parenteral antimicrobial prophylaxis ist pointed out . Apart from contra-indications, orthograde lavage of the bowel is the method of choice.

J Fr Ophtalmol, 1980, 3(4), 263 - 7
{Essay about lacrymal proteins during sicca syndromes (author's transl)}; Liotet S et al.; Most of sicca syndromes are expressed in a modification of specifically lacrimal proteins . These modifications are involving:--perturbations in tears-electrophoresis, residing in a more or less important decrease of one or several lacrimal proteins,--a frequent sinking in rate of total lacrimal proteins,--a slump of antimicrobial property in tears . The electrophoretic modifications could serve for base to biological classification of sicca syndromes.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1980, 12(3), 215 - 9
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila Serogroups I--IV; Saravolatz LD et al.; Strains of Legionella pneumophila from 10 geographic areas were evaluated for their in vitro susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents . Included in this study were clinical and environmental isolates as well as strains from all 4 known serogroups . The minimal inhibitory concentration was established by agar dilution with a Steers replicator . The inhibitory index was then calculated considering the mean peak serum level for the associated antibiotic . Rifampicin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, ticarcillin, and parenteral erythromycin had the highest inhibitory indices . The only difference among serogroups was the increased susceptibility among serogroup II isolates to the penicillins and the increased susceptibility of serogroups III and IV to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim . Though there have been recent reports of the inadequacy of oral erythromycin in clinical cases of Legionnaires' disease, there was no erythromycin resistance noted among the 14 isolates tested.

Pharmazie, 1980, 35(9), 547 - 9
{Microbiological purity of pharmaceutical preparation . Part 2: External remedies; the effects of antimicrobial agents in various contaminated creams (author's transl)}; Melichar M et al.; To study the efficiency of antimicrobial agents in contaminated creams, a complete four-factor trial was performed with Oleocremor leniens, Oleocremor syndermani and Hydrocremor stearini . These creams were prepared with and without the addition of antimicrobial agents (parabene combination, potassium sorbate), contaminated with 5 genera of micro-organisms and bacteriologically examined immediately after preparation and after storage for 14 and 28 d, respectively . It was found that all four factors considered in this trial (type of cream, type of antimicrobial agent, genus of microorganism, time) are interdependent . The efficiency of the antimicrobial agents depends above all upon the type of cream (which acts on the availability of the antimicrobial agents) and upon the micro-organisms . The global recommendation of anti-microbial agents is unsuitable . The test organisms and the test methods as well as the evaluation of their results should be standardized.

Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 3, S 276 - 9
Tissue binding of antimicrobial agents in vitro: a critical study focusing on the concentration of the tissue homogenate used; Gerber A et al.; In vitro tissue binding of clindamycin, trimethoprim and rifampin to serial dilutions of canine tissue homogenates was studied . For all three drugs tested, the percentage of bound drug tended to be linearly related to the logarithm of the percentage of tissue homogenate . Tissue binding studies of antimicrobials looking at a single concentration or tissue homogenate may give erroneous results that do not reflect tissue binding in vivo.

Dermatologica, 1980, 161(2), 116 - 23
Recurrent chronic pyoderma with cellular immunodeficiency . Successful therapy by levamisole; Djawari D et al.; In a 21-year-old male patient afflicted with widespread recurrent pyoderma resistent to antimicrobial therapy since 3 years, a deficient state of cellular immunity including dysfunctions of both microphages and T lymphocytes was disclosed . After 6 weeks of systemic treatment with levamisole all lesions cleared completely, whereas appropriate long-term antibiotic therapy previously administered had failed to succeed . The immunological parameters, as far as being reexamined, also returned to normal levels during levamisole therapy.

Pharmazie, 1980 Jan, 35(1), 14 - 6
Structural analogues of isatin and their antimicrobial activity; Maysinger D et al.; A series of 5-haloisatins were aminomethylated in position 1 and hydrazino groups were introduced in position 3 . Synthesized N-Mannich bases and hydrazones were biologically tested against various kinds of bacteria and fungi . Results from these in vitro studies showed a considerable growth inhibition of some gram negative bacteria caused by chlorinated N-Mannich bases of isatin . Comparing the inhibition zones of the halogenated isatin N-Mannich bases with structural analogues of nonhalogenated ones as well as with isatin itself, an increase in antimicrobial activity was observed, thus, indicating the importance of both substituents, namely, halogen in position 5 and an amino moiety in position 1 . The most biologically active compound was found to be diisopropylamino-N-Mannich base of 5-chloroisatin.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1980 Jan, 63(1), 137 - 42
Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection for determinging phenolic preservatives; King WP et al.; Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection is a rapid and sensitive method for determining commonly encountered phenolic antioxidants including 3(2)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, tert-butylhydroquinone, n-propyl gallate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (Ionox-100), and the antimicrobial parabens, in a variety of commercial products . Sample extracts are chromatographed directly with few interferences on the reverse phase system . The typical linear range extends from 10(-11) to 10(-6) mole of injected analyte . Pertinent experimental factors are discussed with regard to the requirements of the detector and optimizing the determination of this class of compounds.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1980, 89(1), 40 - 2
{Cooperation of antigens, immunoglobulins, complement and antimicrobial enzymes in the regulation of blood granulocyte locomotion}; Barabash RD et al.; The cooperation of specific and nonspecific factors of humoral immunity in the regulation of granulocyte locomotion was studied . Bacterial antigens of dental plaque, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, peroxidase, ribonuclease and trypsin were found to moderately stimulate chemotaxis and granulocyte chemokinesis . Of these, the most pronounced chemotactic effect is induced by ribonuclease and chemokinetic one by lysozyme . The strongest chemotactic stimulus is generated during activation of complement by the classical pathway . Production of the complement chemotactic factor by the classical pathway was dramatically increased by lysozyme and decreased by ribonuclease and trypsin . The treatment of granulocytes with antimicrobial enzymes diminishes their susceptibility to the chemotactic factor.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 9 - 12
Griseorubins, a new family of antibiotics with antimicrobial and antitumor activity . II . Biological properties and antitumor activity of the antibiotic complex griseorubin; Dornberger K et al.; The antibiotic complex griseorubin has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive as well as -negative bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and protozoa in vitro but it is not active against yeast and fungi . Tests with transplantable rodent tumors indicate that griseorubin is inhibitory to the growth of lymphatic leukemia L1210 in mice and Zajdela ascites hepatoma in rats . The acute LD50 of griseorubin in mice is 50 mg/kg of body weight when given intraperitoneally . Attempts to potentiate the antitumor activity by complexing with DNA proved to be unsuccessful.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 61 - 71
Modifications of a macrolide antibiotic midecamycin . II . Reaction of midecamycin and 9-acetylmidecamycin with dimethylsulfoxide and acetic anhydride; Inouye S et al.; Treatment of 9,2'-diacetylmidecamycin (2) with DMSO and acetic anhydride afforded 3''-methylthiomethyl derivative (3) preferably in the presence of pyridine . Reaction of midecamycin (1) with DMSO and acetic anhydride gave 2'-acetyl-9-dehydro-3''-methylthiomethyl derivative (9) indicating that the three hydroxyl groups reacted in a different way to the reagent . When compound 2 was reacted with DMSO and acetic anhydride in the presence of CCl4, 3''-acetoxymethyl derivative (13) was a major product, which was formed via 3 through the Pummerer rearrangement . The structures of 3, 9 and 13 were confirmed by examining NMR and mass spectra of these compounds and their deuterio analogue . They showed antimicrobial spectra similar to 1 but superior in vivo activity.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 1 - 8
Griseorubins, a new family of antibiotics with antimicrobial and antitumor activity . I.Taxonomy of the producing strain, fermentation, isolation and chemical characterization; Dornberger K et al.; A new antibiotic complex has been obtained from the cultures of Streptomyces strain No . IMET 20978 isolated from the shrimp Crangon crangon L . On the basis of taxonomic studies the producing microorganism is described as Streptomyces fimicarius (Duche) Waksman et Henrici, 1948, type strain IMET 20978 . The antibiotic complex, designated as griseorubin, belongs to the polycyclic C-glycosyl antibiotics . It is a red-coloured amorphous material which consists of eight closely related fractions including griseorubins A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H . The griseorubin complex exhibits antibiotic activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as against mycoplasma and protozoa . The griseorubin complex is also effective on leukemia L1210 AND Zajdela ascites hepatoma.

Br J Pharmacol, 1980 Jan, 68(1), 19 - 21
Prophylactic administration of antibiotics compromises reticuloendothelial system function and exacerbates shock mortality in rats; Altura BM et al.; The effects of short-term (3 days) administration of three different antimicrobial agents (i.e., kanamycin, cephalothin and polymyxin B) on reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function and mortality after bowel ischaemic shock was studied in intact rats . All three antibiotics significantly depressed RES phagocytic function and exacerbated mortality after shock . The degree of antibiotic-induced inhibition of RES function seemed to parallel the antimicrobial effects on shock mortality; the greater the degree of RES inhibition, the greater the degree of exacerbation of shock mortality . In view of such findings, caution should be exercised in administering antibiotics prophylactically to patients and animals.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1980, 28(5), 717 - 25
Antitumor properties of selected 1,2,4-triazine derivatives; Mordarski M et al.; Several new 3-thio-1,2,4-triazine derivatives were synthesized and investigated for antimicrobial and antitumor activity in in vitro and in vivo systems . Some of the investigated compounds inhibited growth of gram-positive bacteria and fungi at the concentration of 5-20 microgram/ml . Two methyl-nitro-imidazole-triazine derivatives (XI and XIII) inhibited the development of chicken fibroblast at 0.1 microgram/ml . Three out of fourteen compounds tested (V, XII and XIII) inhibited by 75% growth of sarcoma 180 when injected s.c . for 14 consecutive days in the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg . At the same doses no effect was noted on leukemia L 1210 and P 388 . Correlation between chemical structure, cytotoxic activity, antitumor effect and antimicrobial activity is discussed.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(9), 543 - 51
{Naphthoquinone antibiotics from Streptomyces lateritius . I Fermentation, isolation and characterization of granatomycins A, C, and D}; Fleck WF et al.; The fermentation and isolation procedures of the antibiotic granatomycin produced by Streptomyces lateritius are described . Furthermore, the producing strain ZIMET 43 627 and the main constituents of granatomycin will be characterized . Granatomycin is a red-violet pigment antibiotic of the naphthoquinone type . The physicochemical properties of granatomycin resemble those of granaticin . The antibiotic can be isolated from culture filtrates and from the mycelium by extraction with lower aliphatic alcohols . It can be purified by gel filtration methods . Granatomycin displays antimicrobial activity, particularly against grampositive and gramnegative bacteria, and antiviral activity against fowl-plaque-virus in mammalian cells . Granatomycin is useful in selection of resistant mutants of bacteria and viruses with decreased virulence but high immunogenity suitable for use as life vaccines against infection diseases . The physicochemical properties of the main constituents of granatomycin studied confirm the identity of granatomycin C with granaticin and the identity of granatomycin D with dihydrogranaticin Granatomycin A is identical with the well-known semisynthetic methylester of dihydrogranaticin . Therefore, the production of granatomycin A is the first possibility to produce this derivative of granaticin biosynthetically.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(5), 767 - 71
{Phytobiological (phytopharmacological) studies on phenylpropane derivatives from Asarum europaeum L . 10th Communication: Active principles of Asarum europaeum L . (author's transl)}; Gracza L; Phenylpropanoids of Asarum europaeum L . were examined on their phytobiological activity . The active principles of Asarum show an inhibiting activity dependent on their structure, correlative with their antimicrobial activity . In several phenylpropanoid substances a coherency between phyto- and zootoxicity was established . Therefore phytobiological tests appear particularly useful for examination of the acute toxicity and the antimicrobial activity . The method delivers no informations beyond specific pharmacological activities, is however, recommended accordingly as a supplementary method in general pharmacology and in applied microbiology.

Rev Fr Mal Respir, 1980, 8(3), 239 - 46
{Effect of antimicrobial vaccination in the prevention of infectious episodes of chronic bronchial diseases (bacterial suspension, ribosomal extracts, placebo)}; Tessier JF et al.; The aim of this work was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of antimicrobial vaccination in patients suffering from chronic bronchopathies . We proposed this vaccination to 40 patients divided into two groups: one received either the bacterial suspension or ribosomal extracts; the other was given a Placebo . The effectiveness of the vaccination in reflected mainly by the statistically significant decrease in the number of infectious outbreaks and in antibiotic consumption in winter as compared to a control group receiving only a Placebo.

J Foot Surg, 1980 Summer, 19(2), 105 - 8
Oral antibiotics in pedal infections; Green RA; A culture and sensitivity test is essential before starting antibiotic therapy . If the infection is serious, a bacteriocidal agent should be selected in preference to a bacteriostatic agent . Also, it is important to determine the proper dosage of the antimicrobial drug to be used . If a penicillin is indicated, it is the single most effective antibiotic . If a penicillin is not indicated, erythromycin is safe and effective against most pedal infections.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(12), 1199 - 209
Cell growth and antimicrobial activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in response to glucocorticoids, choleragen and lipopolysaccharide; Nozawa RT et al.; Normal, thioglycollate-stimulated and BCG-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultivated in vitro with the conditioned medium of mouse L-929 cells . The thioglycollate- and BCG-macrophages rapidly proliferated, whereas normal macrophages grew more slowly . A clear morphological difference between the three types of macrophages in the culture was observed . Glucocorticoids inhibited the growth of the macrophages at pharmacological concentrations . Other steroids, progesterone, diethylstilbestrol and testosterone in that order, had a far lower growth-inhibiting effect . Macrophages cultured with 10(-6) M dexamethasone had a reduced antimicrobial effect on Candida parapsilosis compared with that of the untreated cells . Choleragen had the same effect on the macrophages as glucocorticoids . The toxin inhibited growth at a concentration as low as 10 pg/ml and cells treated with 1 ng of choleragen per ml had decreased antifungal activity . Similarly, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide at 10 ng/ml inhibited the growth of thioglycollate-macrophages . However, macrophages incubated with the lipopolysaccharide had enhanced anticandida activity . Thus, the immunosuppressors glucocorticoid and choleragen inhibited both the increase in the number of macrophages and the microbicidal activity of the phagocytes . Lipopolysaccharide, an immunostimulant, stimulated macrophage activity, but was toxic for cell growth.

Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1980, 69(5), 217 - 9
Some aspects of quantitative bacteriology in burn wounds; Renkonen OV; There is clinical evidence that it is important to follow the concentrations of bacteria in burn wounds . This can be done either by quantitative cultures from wound biopsies or from quantitative swab samples or by microscopy . Monitoring by culture is probably better because it gives evidence of the different types of bacteria involved and their antimicrobial sensitivities in advance.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 246(4), 562 - 6
{Improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of fosfomycin by addition of glucose-6-phosphate in the treatment of intraperitoneally infected mice (author's transl)}; Hirschl A et al.; The increase of antimicrobial activity of Fosfomycin by glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) has often been demonstrated by in vitro studies . However, this effect was never sufficiently established in vivo . Our study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of the addition of G-6-P to Fosfomycin in white mice (strain G.P . of N.I.H.), which were intraperitoneally infected with a strain of S . typhimurium (10(3) c.f.u/0.5 ml i.p.) . One and six hours after the infection, 0.1 ml consisting of increasing doses of G-6-P (0, 5, 25, 50, 250 and 500 micrograms/g) and decreasing doses of Fosfomycin (15.6, 7.8, 3.9, 1.95, 0.98 and 0.49 micrograms/g) were applied i.m., using 10 animals for each combination . Tables 1 and 2 show the results of this therapy with regard to the reduction of the ED50 of Fosfomycin . It can be seen that the addition of 25 micrograms G-6-P/g body-weight significantly reduces the ED50 within the first days (Tab . 1), while doses of 50 and more micrograms G-6-P/g significantly reduce the ED50 during the whole investigation period (Tab . 2) . These results justify the proposal to use a combination of Fosfomycin and G-6-P in clinical studies for the treatment of human infections.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1980, 12(4), 303 - 70
The biochemistry and technology of tea manufacture; Bokuchava MA et al.; This review surveys tea-production technology, chemistry of raw and manufactured tea as well as tea tasting appraisal and chemical analysis of manufactured tea . The paper describes the healthful properties of tea, gives general information on the tea plant and manufactured tea, and presents classification of teas as related to the processing of black green, yellow, and red tea, green pressed tea as well as instant tea and tea dyes . The paper discusses the chemical composition of raw and manufactured tea as well as approaches to the evaluation of tea quality--tea tasting appraisal and chemical analysis . The paper is supplied with the conclusions and references . The section on the healthful properties of tea discusses various aspects of catechin effects--vitamin P, antimicrobial, antioxidative and radioprotective effects . Also described are favorable effects of tea alkaloids--caffeine, theobromine, theophylline that dilatate cerebral vessels and alleviate headaches . The section on the production of different teas (black, green, yellow, red, instant teas, and tea dyes) considers technological methods and biochemical bases of various types of tea manufacture . The role of tea leaf enzymes in the oxidative processes determining the tea quality is discussed in detail . This section also describes the contribution of thermochemical processes into the formation of tea flavor . The compounds dictating tea taste and aroma are discussed, particularly tannins and catechins, volatile oils, nitrogen compounds, and some other substances.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 5 - 9
On the effect on antimicrobial use and postoperative hospital stay of prophylactic treatment with doxycycline in colorectal surgery; Hoejer H et al.; The effects of prophylactic treatment with doxycycline on additional antimicrobial use and on postoperative hospital stay in elective colorectal surgery were evaluated in a prospective and randomized study, where the incidence of abdominal sepsis was significantly reduced from 45% in the control to 12.1% in the doxycycline group . Results from a subsequent comprehensive series, where prophylaxis was used routinely in elective intestinal surgery are also reported . With prophylaxis the average number of postoperative days decreased with 7 days (p less than 0.01) . In cases with abdominal sepsis this difference was more prominent . With prophylactic treatment it prolonged hospital stay with 7 days compared to 22 days without . Without prophylactic treatment 65% of the patients received antimicrobial treatment during the postoperative course, whereas less than 20% among the treated patients did so . The period of exposure to antimicrobials was longer in patients in the control group than among patients receiving prophylaxis . Thus prophylaxis significantly reduced the rate of abdominal sepsis, the time of and the need for postoperative nursing, the total use of and time of exposure to antimicrobials . Furthermore, microbiological disturbances have not been observed during four years of extensive use of doxycycline.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 41 - 4
Combined tinidazole and doxycycline short term chemotherapeutic prophylaxis in gastro-intestinal surgery; Giercksky KE et al.; Infectious complications following gastro-intestinal surgery can be reduced with properly administered antimicrobial agents . One single preoperative dose of doxycyline (200 mg) and tinidazole (2 g) gave a highly significant reduction of infectious complications in a controlled clinical study of 307 patients undergoing elective gastro-intestinal surgery.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 29 - 35
Tinidazole and doxycycline as antimicrobials in elective colorectal surgery . A randomized multicentre trial; Ofstad E et al.; A prospective randomized study on the effect of doxycycline alone, tinidazole alone and the two antimicrobials in two different combinations as prophylactic antimicrobials on elective colorectal surgery is presented (Table II) . The number of patients included in the study was 265 . Of the four different treatment groups, the one which consisted of a single preoperative dose of tinidazole 2 g and doxycycline 200 mg, seemed to give the most favourable result . In this treatment group (n = 70), wound sepsis was recorded in 7.2% and perineal sepsis in 34.8% of the cases . Only one serious, but non-fatal intra-abdominal complication (1.4%) was observed in this group . The trial did not include a placebo group.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 21 - 4
Tinidazole and doxycycline compared to doxycycline alone as prophylactic antimicrobial agents in elective colorectal surgery; Viddal KO et al.; Forty-two patients admitted for elective colorectal surgery were given tinidazole and doxycycline or doxycycline alone as prophylactic antimicrobials in a double-blind study . There was altogether one abdominal wound infection (2.4%), and one patient developed a perineal fistula three months after the operation . No significant difference in postoperative infections between the two groups could be demonstrated . It is concluded that doxycycline seems effective in reducing wound sepsis after operations on the large intestine and that additional administration of tinidazole will yield little in prophylaxis.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 17 - 20
The value of the prophylactic use of doxycycline and tinidazole in elective colorectal surgery; Moen OO et al.; The present study was undertaken in order to compare the effect of different antimicrobial regimens on the incidence of postoperative wound infections after elective colorectal surgery . The series consists of 84 patients, randomized in the following three groups: Group I was treated with bacitracin/neomycin tablets during the 3 days immediately prior to operation . Group II received doxycycline 200 mg orally 12-18 hours preoperatively and 200 mg intravenously during the subsequent 4 days . Group III is identical with group II, but in addition, 2 grams of tinidazole were given orally as a single dose 12-18 hours preoperatively . The ordinary preoperative treatment with low residue diet and bowel cleansing was the same for all groups . The wound infection rate was 37% (10 patients) in group I, 18.2% (6 patients) in group II, and 8.3% (2 patients) in group III . No serious side effects were observed in any of the groups.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 12 - 6
Prophylaxis with doxycycline (Vibramycin) in colorectal surgery; Wetterfors J et al.; A prospective randomized double-blind study comprising 118 patients was performed to evaluate the effects of doxycycline as a prophylactic antimicrobial in elective colonic surgery . Fifty-eight patients were treated and 60 were controls . 200 mg of active substance or placebo was given 4-6 hours before operation and 100 mg daily for the next five postoperative days . Levels of doxycycline in serum and tissues were determined and related to the MIC-values of the contaminants . A significantly lower incidence of abdominal wound sepsis, intra-abdominal complications and septicaemia was found in the doxycycline group (12.4%) compared to the controls (45%) . The positive effects were most pronounced in the non-contaminated cases, and especially in the cases with negative wound culture at operation . In order to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis in clinical routine an open study comprising 182 patients was carried out . In the group of patients receiving adequate prophylaxis (159 patients) the abdominal wound sepsis rate was 8.1% . 11 other patients who had received doxycycline preoperatively for some time because of intra-abdominal infection developed wound sepsis in 63.4% . In 12 patients where incomplete or no prophylaxis was given, the wound sepsis rate was 33.2% . The frequency of abdominal septic complications did not differ between non-contaminated, 10.9%, and contaminated operations, 13.8%, partly because of the topical application of ampicillin in some of the patients belonging to the latter category . Preoperative treatment with doxycycline because of some intra-abdominal was evidently the single risk factor associated with a high septic complication rate . No adverse ecological effects were seen during the 19 months study.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1980 Jan, 59(1), 50 - 65
Splenic abscess; Chun CH et al.; Fourteen cases of splenic abscess are reported and 159 cases previously cited in the literature are reviewed . The incidence, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, bacteriology and radiologic findings are discussed . Infective endocarditis was the most common single antecedent infection . Hemoglobinopathies, non-penetrating abdominal trauma, and gastrointestinal malignancy appear to predispose the spleen to abscess formation . Emphasis is placed on clinical features and radiologic findings to aid practitioners in diagnosing this uncommon but often fatal infection . Also emphasized is the necessity for prompt surgical intervention when splenic abscess is suspected . An approach to the antimicrobial therapy in different clinical settings is outlined.

Ann Intern Med, 1980 Jan, 92(1), 45 - 52
The rickettsia-like organisms TATLOCK (1943) and HEBA (1959): bacteria phenotypically similar to but genetically distinct from Legionella pneumophila and the WIGA bacterium; Hebert GA et al.; Two "rickettsia-like organisms," TATLOCK and HEBA, isolated from human blood via guinea pigs and embryonated eggs in 1943 and 1959, respectively, have been cultured on artificial media (charcoal yeast extract agar) for the first time and characterized . TATLOCK and HEBA have identical cultural, biochemical, and antigenic characteristics, as well as identical cellular fatty-acid composition and antimicrobial susceptibilities . These two bacteria have most of the cultural and biochemical characteristics of Legionella pneumophilia, and their gas-liquid chromatography cellular fatty-acid profile is similar to that of WIGA, another bacterium similar to L . pneumophila . Direct fluorescent-antibody reagents prepared for HEBA and TATLOCK gave equal high-titered reciprocal staining and were negative on 220 other bacteria, including L . pneumophila . Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness studies, however, showed that these bacteria are not genetically related to either L . pneumophila or the WIGA bacterium.

J Med, 1980, 11(4), 255 - 62
Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance; Palmer DL; Antimicrobial resistance has been found since 1910 . Mechanisms responsible for the resistance antedate introduction of antibiotics . However, proliferation of resistant strains can be closely linked to patterns of antibiotic use . This is seen most often in the hospital setting . Infection control personnel should monitor: (1) antibiotic resistance at least four times per year; (2) key bacteria for multi-drug resistance; and (3) certain index drugs where emergence of resistance may be critical . If a problem with resistant strains develops, the following steps should be taken: (1) identify and decrease inappropriate antibiotic use; (2) segregate patients harboring resistant strains; and (3) consider elimination of certain or all antibiotics.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1980, 4, 396 - 8
Modification of toxicity of violamycin BI (VBI) by complex formation with DNA, metal ions, and by pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol; Hartl A et al.; In connection with studies on lowering the toxicity of violamycin BI (VBI) the intravenous (i.v.) LD50 values were determined in mice for VBI, VBI complexed with DNA, Fe3+ or Pt2+, and after pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol . The results indicate that the toxicity of VBI is reduced by complex formation with DNA or ferric ions including a partial decrease of the antimicrobial and antiviral activity.

Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1980, 5(1-2), 25 - 33
Anticaries and antiplaque potential of free-fatty acids in vitro and in vivo; Schuster GS et al.; The efficacy of several fatty acids as antimicrobial, antiplaque, and anticaries agents, as well as their ability to inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution were examined . All effectively inhibited bacterial growth . Lauric, linoleic, and oleic acids decreased plaque formation and lauric acid inhibited hydroxyapatite dissolution . When used in the food, lauric acid decreased caries in rats, but not significantly.

Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs, 1980, 26, 533 - 6
Delivery of the topical antimicrobial agents silver sulfadiazine, gentamicin and nystatin to infected burn wounds in rats from preloaded synthetic dressings; Robb EC et al.; 1 . A synthetic burn dressing made from polyethylene glycol - 400 (PEG) and poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) can be prepared to contain topical antimicrobial agents . 2 . Sheets of these antimicrobial loaded dressings may be applied to the wounds or alternatively, the synthetic dressing incorporating the active drugs may be formed directly on the burn wound from the PEG-PHEMA drug mixture . 3 . The antimicrobials (silver sulfadiazine, gentamicin and nystatin) are continuously and effectively released from the solid dressing over 2-11 days.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(4), 263 - 7
Antibacterial and antifungal activities of nitroxoline Mannich bases; Medic-Saric M et al.; The in vitro activity of nitroxoline and its Mannich bases against bacteria and fungi was investigated . Nitroxoline and its derivative with diisopropylamine as an amino component, exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity . The optimum hydro/lipophilic properties (log P), both for antibacterial and antifungal activity, are about log P values of 2 . The least effective compound was this nitroxoline Mannich base which has diethanolamine as an amino component.

Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 1980 Jan, 5(1), 91 - 5
Septicemia during compromised host treated in a protected isolation unit; Nagao T et al.; Bacteriological, hematological and immunological data were evaluated in patients with septicemia in a protected isolation unit . Patients were randomly given antimicrobial prophylaxis . Three out of four episodes of septicemia occurred 2 to 4 days after discontinuing oral nonabsorbed antibiotics at the stage of leukopenia and immunodeficiency induced by chemotherapy . Death occurred within 10 days in two patients whose peripheral white blood counts did not recover . In the other patients sepricemia was suppressed and complete remission was achieved in one of them . Parentheral administration of antibiotics is necessary after discontinuing oral prophylactic antibiotics in a protected isolation unit.

Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl, 1980, 68(4), 345 - 57
{Pyogenic infections of the jaws and adjacent soft parts - retrospective analysis of 9,069 patients treated on an outpatient basis between 1969 and 1978 at the Clinic of Stomatology, University of Halle/Saale (author's transl)}; Schulz S; Of 162.338 patients who between 1969 and 1978 received treatment at the Clinic of Stomatology, University of Halle-an-der-Saale, 9.069 (or 5.6 percent) were treated on an outpatient basis after having been diagnosed as having actinomycosis, osteomyelitis, lymphadenitis, difficult dentition, and nonspecific pyogenic soft-part infections (abscesses or infiltrates) . A retrospective analysis by electronic data processing of case histories provided valuable information about morbidity, disposition, cause, localization, and the tendency for dental surgeons to refer certain cases to specialty clinics . There are pathognomonic differences in indexical systems for the different clinical pictures . Cases of osteomyelitis and soft-part infection with suspected actinomycosis were found to increase in correlation with the proportion of antimicrobially pretreated patients . About 60 percent of all patients receiving treatment at this Clinic were not referred thereto by dentists . Of the documents presented by patients referred to the Clinic of Stomatology by other dental surgeons, some 42.5 percent were filled out incompletely.

Agents Actions Suppl, 1980, 7, 180 - 4
Role of hydroxyl radical in polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated bactericidal activity; Rosen H; Among the antimicrobial systems of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are those that are oxygen-dependent . Recent interest has been directed at the hydroxyl radical(OH.), a highly reactive reduction product of oxygen, as a possible mediator of microbicidal activity . The role of OH . in PMN microbicidal activity is discussed in relation to the observations that (1) an enzymic OH . generating system consisting of xanthine oxidase plus acetaldehyde is bactericidal, (2) phagocytosing PMNs convert substrates like methional and 5,5-dimethyl pyrroline-1-oxide to products suggestive of OH.-mediated reactions and (3) PMN-mediated microbicidal activity is partially inhibited by scavengers of OH.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 247(2), 259 - 75
{Mediators of inflammation and of antimicrobial activity secreted by macrophages (author's transl)}; Brade V; Macrophages are highly differentiated mononuclear phagocytes which originate from stem cells of the bone marrow . The secretory potential of these cells has been recognized in recent years . Major secretory products comprise lysosomal enzymes, complement proteins, prostaglandins and interferon . Secretion of lysosomal hydrolases and proteinases is most prominent in macrophages stimulated in vivo or in vitro (Fig . 4) . Lysosomal enzyme secretion may be an important factor in the induction and maintenance of inflammatory reactions . Complement (C) proteins secreted by macrophages belong to the classical activation unit (C1, C4 and C2), alternative activation unit (C3, B, D, P) and to the group of delayed-acting C proteins (Fig . 7) . Therefore macrophages produce at local sites the C component C3 from which biologically active C3 fragments (C3a, C3b, C3e) can be generated . These C3 fragments mediate inflammatory and cytotoxic reactions and also promote phagocytic processes (Fig . 6) . Cleavage of secreted C3 into the active fragments may occur by enzymes derived from both C activation units or by secreted lysosomal proteinases (Fig . 8) . Stimulated macrophages also synthesize and release prostaglandins . These compounds which have inflammatory as well as antiinflammatory effects (Fig . 12) may play an important regulatory role in inflammatory processes . Interferon has been also recognized as a secretory product of macrophages . This substance supports antimicrobial resistance by its phagocytosis-increasing effect and its antiviral activity . The secretory function of macrophages as well as the biological effects of secreted mediators are highly susceptible to modulation . Thus, C3 fragments stimulate the secretion of lysosomal enzymes (Fig . 6) whereas prostaglandins inhibit their release (Fig . 12) . The inflammatory reactions induced by lysosomal enzymes may be further increased by the generation of C3b which stimulates additional lysosomal enzyme release (Fig . 4) . These and other examples suggest that endogenous control mechanisms may have a strong influence on the secretory function of macrophages as well as on the biological activity of secreted mediators.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Dec 15, 109(48), 1931 - 6
{Use of antibiotics in a surgical clinic . A prospective study of the Waid Community Hospital, Zurich}; Eijsten A et al.; A study was performed to analyse antibiotic usage in a surgical department, with the object of providing a basis for improving antibiotic policies . Patients admitted to the Department of Surgery (134 beds) of the Waid Community Hospital in Zurich (400 beds) after 1st Jan . 1979, and who received antibiotics during the period between 22 Jan . and 31 March were included in the study (n = 154) . Daily chartreview provided all necessary information on clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data of the patients included . 154 patients had 178 treatment courses which were reviewed according to guidelines proposed by the "audits of Antimicrobial Usage" (1977) and categorized as follows: I . agree with indication, appropriate choice and use of antibiotics; II . same, inappropriate choice and/or use of antibiotics; III . administration not justified . 83 of 178 treatment courses were prophylactic and 95 therapeutic . 58% of the prophylactic treatment courses were not justified (cat . III), and the remaining 42% were inappropriate in choice and/or use of antibiotics (cat . II) . 41% of therapeutic treatment courses were adequate (cat . I), 43% were indicated, but these patients would have benefited from a more appropriate choice and/or use of antibiotics (cat . II), and in 16% the use of an antibiotic was not justified (cat . III) . These results are compared with similar studies . On the basis of our findings, appropriate propositions for improvement of antibiotic policies are discussed.

JAMA, 1979 Dec 7, 242(23), 2585 - 7
Surveillance of antibiotics use in a community hospital; Latorraca R et al.; An ongoing system of antibiotic surveillance was initiated in a community hospital . The system was based on the guideline audits of antimicrobial use published by the Veterans Administration Ad Hoc Interdisciplinary Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage . The surveillance is accepted well by the medical staff . It has proved to be cost-effective and educational . A changing pattern of antimicrobial drug use has been recognized that has resulted in decreased antimicrobial drug costs.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1979 Dec, 123(12), 7 - 11
{Clinical characteristics of sepsis today}; Diiachenko PK et al.; Two sources of septic toxemia--microbial and metabolic--were found in a detailed analysis of 37 patients with pronounced symptoms of sepsis . The proposed three-degrees classification of septic toxemia based upon the degree of clinical signs and humoral reactions, gives sufficient information, partically useful for a more objective estimation of the patients' state, to choose a purposeful therapy of sepsis and real ideas of the prognosis . In addition to the active antimicrobial therapy with using powerful antiseptics (sulfamilon, chlorophilipt, gentamycin, ceporin etc.) the authors insist on hemotransfusions (direct hemotransfusions included) in order to liquidate progressing anemia and to perform nonspecific detoxication by means of forced diuresis or peritoneal dialysis according to the techniques developed by the authors.

Pharmazie, 1979 Dec, 34(12), 805 - 6
Synthesis and antimicrobial testing of 2-substituted styryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones; Shady HA et al.; Condensation of 2-methyl-6-nitro-4-quinazolone with different aldehydes was achieved by fusing the reactants in the presence of zinc chloride, affording 2-substituted styryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones . 2-(3-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxystyryl-6-nitro-4-quinazolones were also prepared through the Mannich reaction . The antimicrobial testing of five of the compounds prepared showed that some of them produce promising effects.

Am Surg, 1979 Dec, 45(12), 760 - 5
The use of bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics in hypothermic pulsatile perfusion and the effects on canine renal autograft function; Hunter CE Jr et al.; Although cadaver allograft contamination occurs frequently, the potential danger to the transplant recipient varies . Usually the results of culture from the donor and kidney perfusates are not available at the time of transplantation . A positive culture result often necessitates the use of prophylactic antibiotics . The antibiotic may be potentially nephrotoxic, and in the setting of minimal or changing renal function this effect may be potentiated . If significant contamination with virulent organisms is found prior to transplantation, clinical judgment often dictates that the graft be discarded . Perfusion and storage with solutions containing broad-spectrum antibiotics would substantially reduce the incidence of contamination in perfused kidneys . This would in turn reduce the requirement for potentially nephrotoxic antimicrobial therapy in the transplant recipient . Since the antibiotics tested are effective against a wide range of contaminants and apparently cause no detrimental effects, it would seem reasonable to add them routinely to the perfusate solution.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Dec, 83(3), 531 - 8
The occurrence of plasmids carrying genes for both enterotoxin production and drug resistance in Escherichia coli of human origin; Scotland SM et al.; Twenty-three of 89 enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents . Eleven strains transferred resistance directly and five transferred resistance after mobilization . In three cases a resistant recipient was enterotoxigenic . One of these strains contained a conjugative plasmid carrying genes for both drug resistance and enterotoxin production . In the two other strains genes for drug resistance and enterotoxin production were carried on separate co-transferable plasmids.

J Dent Res, 1979 Dec, 58(12), 2404 - 12
Clinical and microbiological aspects of chemotherapeutic agents used according to the specific plaque hypothesis; Loesche WJ; Certain forms of dental decay and periodontal disease appear to be due to specific bacterial infections following overgrowth of certain indigenous plaque bacteria, i.e., the specific plaque hypothesis, If so, then antimicrobial treatment based on a diagnosis of elevated levels or proportions of these organisms should be considered . Such treatment cannot be administered according to concepts of the non-specific plaque hypothesis . A treatment philosophy is presented which is based upon considerations long established in medical infections following overgrowth of certain indigenous plaque bacteria, i.e., the specific plaque hypomicrobial to the site of the infection for periods long enough to suppress or destroy the pathogenic agent . Examples of this treatment philosophy are given.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Nov 16, 121(46), 1521 - 6
{Complement: function . Biological significance and clinical aspects (author's transl)}; Brade V; The term complement comprises approximately twenty serum proteins . Activation of these components can be started by antigen-antibody complexes or even without the participation of antibodies . The activated complement proteins bring about a number of important biological actions . They produce vigorous local inflammatory reactions, exert phagocytosis--increase effects, destroy microbial and animal cells and affect the immune response to antigen stimulus . Congenital lack of individual complement components may considerably impair the antimicrobial defense or even be the cause of excessive inflammatory reactions . The activation of complement may also have harmful effects on the organism.

APIC, 1979 Dec, 7(4), 12 - 5
Development and application of an antimicrobial-susceptibility guide; Friedman C; Computer analysis of results of hospital antimicrobial susceptibility tests had lead to the development of a tabular-form clinical guide . The tables allow comparison of differences due to variables, such as hospital service and source of specimen . They also provide a basis for the initial selection of an antimicrobial agent . Several of these applications are discussed in this paper.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Nov, 34(11), 967 - 78
{Bile acid derivatives with antimicrobial activity}; Bellini AM et al.; A series of condensation products of cholic and dehydrocholic acids with (L)-aminoacids was prepared and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity . The derivatives of cholic acid with basic aminoacids showed significant activity, especially marked when (L)-arginine was the condensed aminoacid.

J Nat Prod, 1979 Nov-Dec, 42(6), 633 - 42
Comprehensive survey of indigenous Iraqi plants for potential economic value . 1 . Screening results of 327 species for alkaloids and antimicrobial agents; Al-Shamma A et al.; Three hundred and twenty-seven indigenous Iraqi plant species were screened for their antimicrobial activities and for the presence of alkaloids . The plants represent 221 genera and 49 families . Ethanolic extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids with both Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents . Of these, 146 species, belonging to 109 genera distributed among 32 families, showed positive alkaloid tests to both reagents . Of these, 26 genera have not been previously reported in the literature as containing alkaloid-bearing plants . The extracts were also tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by an agar dilution-streak method against six economically significant microbes . Five species were highly active, while another 90 species showed weak activity against one or more microorganisms.

J Med Chem, 1979 Nov, 22(11), 1354 - 7
Quinolone antimicrobial agents . 2 . Methylenedioxy positional isomers of oxolinic acid; Mitscher LA et al.; The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of the methylenedioxy positional isomers, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-5,6-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (9) and 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (17), of oxolinic acid (18) have been accomplished . Isomer 9 was prepared by the reaction of N-ethyl-6,7-methylenedioxyisatoic anhydride with sodioethyl formylacetate {L . A . Mitscher, H . E . Gracey, G . W . Clark III, and T . Suzuki, J . Med . Chem., 21, 485 (1978)}, while isomer 17 was prepared by thermal cyclization of diethyl 2-{(2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)methylene}malonate {D . Kaminsky and R . I . Meltzer, J . Med . Chem., 11, 160 (1968)} . Both of the new isomers are less active in vitro when compared to oxolinic acid (18) itself.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Nov, 32(11), 1089 - 95
Studies on antibiotics BN-227 and BN-227-F, new antibiotics . I . Taxonomy, isolation and characterization; Itoh J et al.; The two new antibiotics, BN-227 and BN-227-F, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp . BN-227 . BN-227 has a molecular formula C7H9NO3, and melts at 115 degrees C . BN-227-F has a molecular formula C21H24N3O9Fe, and melts at 156 degrees C . BN-227-F is a chelate compound consisting of three similar ligands (antibiotic BN-227) and ferric ion . The two antibiotics have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Nov, 16(5), 611 - 4
Disk diffusion testing of susceptibility of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei to antibacterial agents; Wallace RJ Jr et al.; Although recent studies have suggested that some antibacterial agents have good activity against the rapidly growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei, an easily applicable method for susceptibility testing of clinical isolates is not yet available . We evaluated a disk diffusion method with Mueller-Hinton agar and 48-h readings with 59 strains of M . fortuitum and 11 strains of M . chelonei and compared the results to agar dilution susceptibilities for nine antimicrobial agents . All isolates were susceptible to 16 micrograms of amikacin or kanamycin per ml with minimum zone diameters of 14 and 18 mm, respectively . Amikacin inhibited 100% of isolates of M . fortuitum at 2 micrograms/ml, whereas 10 of 11 (91%) of M . chelonei strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4.0 micrograms/ml or greater . Doxycycline and minocycline had almost identical activities, inhibiting 44% of strains at 4.0 micrograms/ml, and both allowed easy differentiation between susceptible and resistant strains by disk diffusion . Although most isolates of M . chelonei grew better on 7H10 agar, this media gave two- to eight-fold higher minimum inhibitory concentrations than were obtained with Mueller-Hinton agar . Disk diffusion susceptibility testing appears to be a simple and reliable means of predicting susceptibility results for M . fortuitum and most isolates of M . chelonei by the agar dilution method.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Nov, 16(5), 579 - 83
Rapid assay for determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole levels in serum by spectrofluorometry; Lichtenwalner DM et al.; A rapid spectrofluorometric method for determining the levels of both trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from the same specimen of serum is described . The method involves stepwise extraction of the specimen first with chloroform at an alkaline pH (pH 9.0) for trimethoprim followed by n-butyl chloride at an acidic pH (pH 2.0) for sulfamethoxazole . To quantitate trimethoprim, the chloroform layer was subjected to fluorometry by exciting the specimen at 295 nm and measuring the relative intensity at 330 nm . To determine sulfamethoxazole levels, the n-butyl chloride layer was subjected to fluorometry by exciting the specimen at 285 nm and measuring the relative intensity at 330 nm . Relative intensities were linear (r greater than 0.99) over the concentration ranges of 0.5 to 40 microgram/ml for trimethoprim and 1 to 400 microgram/ml for sulfamethoxazole . Values obtained by this spectrofluorometric procedure were in excellent agreement with those obtained by a conventional fluorometric assay for trimethoprim and a colorimetric assay for sulfamethoxazole . Elevated levels of endogenous metabolic products and numerous other drugs, including a number of antimicrobial agents, did not interfere with the method . Although salicylates interfere with the determination of sulfamethoxazole, an appropriate correction can be made . This method can also be used to determine the drug levels in cerebrospinal fluid.

Arch Dermatol, 1979 Nov, 115(11), 1311 - 4
Wound healing . The effects of topical antimicrobial agents; Geronemus RG et al.; The effect of four commonly used topical antimicrobial agents on the rate of reepithelialization of clean wounds was evaluated in white domestic pigs . Neosporin Ointment was found to significantly increase the rate of reepithelialization by 25%, while Furacin significantly retarded the healing rate by 24% . Pharmadine, a preparation containing povidone-iodine, did not affect the rate of healing . Both Silvadene and its vehicle significantly increased the rate of reepithelialization by 28% and 21%, respectively . The effects of these agents cannot be explained on the basis of their antimicrobial activity.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Nov, 140(2), 359 - 68
Fertility properties and regulation of antimicrobial substance production by plasmid SCP2 of Streptomyces coelicolor; Troost TR et al.; Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) possesses two plasmids (SCP1 and SCP2) that act as sex factors . The plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from S . coelicolor A3(2) SCP1- strains A617 and A585 had the same molecular weight and endonuclease cleavage pattern as the SCP2 plasmid . The plasmidless strain S18 SCP2- was isolated from the A617 X A585 cross . SCP2 plasmid-containing strains acted as donors of chromosomal markers, whereas the plasmidless strain acted as recipient . The transfer of SCP2+ donor strain markers into the SCP2- recipient occurred at high frequencies (approximately 75%), was unidirectional, was initiated from a fixed region of the chromosome, and had the SCP2 fertility factor transferred first . The introduction of the SCP2 plasmid into a recipient strain greatly reduced the recombination frequency . These fertility properties differed from those previously reported, thereby suggesting that the SCP2 plasmid examined in this investigation may be an additional variant to those described in the literature . The SCP2 plasmid also regulated production of three antibacterial substances and conveyed resistance for S . coelicolor A3(2) strains against growth inhibition by one of them.

Pediatrics, 1979 Nov, 64(5), 573 - 8
Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals: IV . Infants and children; Townsend TR et al.; The use of antimicrobial drugs was studied among 933 randomly selected infants and children who were hospitalized in 20 short-stay general hospitals in Pennsylvania . Twenty-two percent of pediatric patients received antimicrobial drugs: 5% of neonates and 57% of patients aged 12 to 18 months . Sixty-eight percent of the 265 antimicrobial courses administered to these children consisted of a penicillin or a penicillin analogue . Ampicillin was the single drug most frequently administered and was given in 32% of all courses . In contrast to the findings in older children, penicillin or penicillin analogues and aminoglycosides were the only antimicrobial drug groups administered to neonataes . Seventy-nine percent of courses were initiated for proved or suspected infections and 17% were initiated to prevent infections associated with surgical or nonsurgical invasive procedures . Cultures were associated with the initiation of 84% of courses among neonates and 39% of courses among children 6 to 9 years of age . This study provides the initial information, from data derived from randomly selected general hospitals, to permit a statement of norms of practice with respect to use of antimicrobial drugs in pediatric populations.

Pharmazie, 1979 Nov, 34(11), 720 - 1
Synthesis and antimicrobial action of some bis-thiazolidines; Salama HM et al.; alpha, delta-Bis(thiazolidinidione-2,4-hydrazone-4-yl-3)butane (1) was reacted with heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes in boiling glacial acetic acid, where the corresponding analogs of alpha, delta-bis (thiazolidindione-2,4-N-arylidenehydrazone-4-yl-3)butane (2) were separated . While with some other heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes, and under the same conditions, the corresponding analogs of alpha, delta-bis(thiazolidinidione-2,4-N-arylidenehydrazone-4-arylidene-5-yl-3) butane (3) were obtained . The synthesized compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity.

Am J Med Sci, 1979 Nov-Dec, 278(3), 235 - 42
Mycoplasma pneumonia presenting as meningoencephalitis and hemolytic anemia; Plotkin GR et al.; Simultaneous occurrence of cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia and central nervous system disease due to Mycoplasma pneumonia is extremely rare . A patient is described who initially presented with severe hemolysis and diffuse neurologic dysfunction which appeared during the period of roentgenographic resolution of her pneumonia . Spectrum, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial treatment of the neurologic complications are reviewed.

Br Med J, 1979 Oct 13, 2(6195), 898 - 9
Immunological effect of co-trimoxazole on platelets; Claas FH et al.; Diminished survival of transfused platelets occurred in two patients given co-trimoxazole, and a third patient taking this drug developed thrombocytopenia . By means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay antibodies against donor platelets coated with co-trimoxazole were found in the sera in all cases . These antibodies were directed against the trimethoprim component of co-trimoxazole and not against sulphamethoxazole . Co-trimoxazole is a potent antimicrobial agent and is advocated for treatment and prophylaxis in leukaemia . Hence its adverse effect on platelets is of great importance.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1979 Oct, 11(10), 1517 - 28
Antimicrobials and the corneal endothelium; Lavine JB et al.; The effects of various intraocular antibiotics and preservatives on the rabbit corneal endothelium were evaluated using vital staining, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy after topical application of the drugs and up to 2 days following anterior chamber injection . Benzalkonium chloride consistently produced the most severe and probably irreversible damage . Some changes which persisted for 2 days were found with methicillin . Gentamicin produced a moderate amount of cellular edema which disappeared after 2 days . Minimal changes were produced by dexamethasone and amphotericin B . Although these results should not be directly interpolated to the human situation, the face that some of these agents did produce changes in the rabbit corneal endothelium, which is well known to be heartier than human endothelium, indicates that caution should be taken when one considers injecting antibiotics intraocularly.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Oct, 13(4), 407 - 16
{Ocular toxoplasmosis (author's transl)}; Ozcan K; Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease characterised by inflammation of posterior part of uvea . It can be either congenital or acquired . However, ocular toxoplasmosis is mostly congenital . The frequency of ocular involvement is 1/4 in ratio after invasion of central nervous system . Ocular and serological findings must be considered together for diagnosis . Pyrimethamine and sulphonamides are effective in the treatment of acute cases; however, they have no effect on chronic cases . It is not advised to use corticosteroids alone, but they may be used together with their depo-forms and other antimicrobial drugs . In addition, physical methods such as, laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy can be employed when drug treatment is not effective.

Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 1006 - 8
Studies of the pathogenic avian Haemophili; Rimler RB; The biochemical and physiological characteristics of 35 strains of avian haemophili from 7 countries were examined . All strains required V-factor but not X-factor for growth on artificial media . They produced acid in phenol-red broth containing fructose, glucose, and mannose . Acid production from other carbohydrates was variable or did not occur . Thirty-two strains were pathogenic to chickens . Pathogenicity varied with method of exposure . Hyaluronic acid was found in 9 strains . Hemagglutination of human or chicken erythrocytes was inhibited by its presence . Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns showed all strains to be sensitive to chloromycetin, erythromycin, furoxone, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, novobiocin, spectinomycin, and tetracycline.

Clin Plast Surg, 1979 Oct, 6(4), 545 - 51
The use of antimicrobial agents; Heggers J; Antibiotics are potent preventive and therapeutic agents . However, they do not render humans germ-free . The incidence of infection in most operations has changed little in the decades since antibiotics have been available . These drugs should be used with therapeutic precision with recognition of their limitations and, as pointed out in this article, their dangers . "Shoot with a rifle--not a shotgun."

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Oct, 16(4), 486 - 90
Lipid composition and sensitivity of Prototheca wickerhamii to membrane-active antimicrobial agents; Sud IJ et al.; The lipid composition of Prototheca wickerhamii ATCC 16529 is presented and discussed in relation to the unique susceptibility of the organism to drugs of three membrane-active antimicrobial classes: the polyenes, the polymyxins, and the imidazoles . The presence of ergosterol in the neutral lipid fraction of the membrane is likely responsible for the exquisite susceptibility to amphotericin B . The presence of a large quantity of free fatty acids in the membrane appears responsible for imidazole susceptibility . The membrane determinants of polymyxin B susceptibility are less well defined.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Oct, 16(4), 452 - 7
Agar medium for use in susceptibility testing of bacteria from human periodontal pockets; Walker CB et al.; An agar medium (medium V) was formulated to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for bacteria encountered in human periodontal pockets . The medium contained (per liter) Trypticase, 15 g; yeast extract, 5 g; sodium chloride, 5 g; glucose, 2 g; sodium pyruvate, 2 g; sodium formate, 1 g; sodium fumarate, 1.5 g; sodium succinate, 0.1 g; Tween 80, 0.25 ml; agar, 15 g; hemin, 5 mg; and menadione, 0.5 mg . The growth of 50 oral strains was compared on this and six other media which included: Wilkins-Chalgren agar, Schaedler agar, Brucella agar, Trypticase-soy blood agar, and Schaedler and Brucella agars supplemented with whole blood . Growth, for most strains, was greatest on medium V . Medium V was also compared with Wilkins-Chalgren agar, using the same oral strains, to determine the MICs of the following antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and erythromycin . The MICs of these antibiotics were essentially the same on both media when growth was quantitatively similar.

J Pharm Sci, 1979 Oct, 68(10), 1216 - 21
Syntheses and bioactivities of 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones and related ethers and esters; Dimmock JR et al.; A number of nuclear hydroxy styryl ketones and related compounds were prepared and evaluated for antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities as well as for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antianaphylactic properties . The second-order rate constants for the reaction of several esters with hydroxide ion in aqueous dioxane (50% v/v) at 36.9 degrees were determined . The screening results showed that activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia was found solely with the ethers and that antimicrobial properties were obtained virtually exclusively with the phenolic derivatives . All compounds showed analgesic properties, except for four that were algesic . While little anti-inflammatory activity was found, several compounds showed some antianaphylaxis.

J Exp Med, 1979 Oct 1, 150(4), 950 - 64
Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity . II . The role of oxygen intermediates; Murray HW et al.; The capacity of three populations of mouse peritoneal macrophages to generate oxidative metabolites (as judged by extracellular release of H2O2) was compared to their ability to influence the intracellular fate of virulent Toxoplasma gondii . Macrophages from normal mice released little H2O2 and allowed unrestricted multiplication of intracellular toxoplasmas . Cells from chronically infected, immune (IM) mice released 4 times more H2O2 and displayed microbistatic activity . In contrast, macrophages from immune-boosted (IB) mice released 25 times more H2O2 than normal cells and rapidly killed the bulk of ingested toxoplasmas within 1 h . When macrophage monolayers were exposed to scavengers of O2-, H2O2, OH., and 1O2, both the inhibition of intracellular toxoplasma multiplication by IM macrophages and the killing of toxoplasmas by IB macrophages were reversed . Depriving cells of glucose, which markedly reduced H2O2 release, resulted in similar reversal of IM and IB macrophage anti-toxoplasma activity . As judged by the effect of the individual oxygen intermediate scavengers, O2- and H2O2 appeared to serve as precursors for the key toxic agents which may include OH . and 1O2 . Providing normal macrophages with an exogenous source of oxidative metabolites generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase, but not glucose and glucose oxidase, resulted in inhibition of intracellular toxoplasma growth . These findings suggest the presence of an oxygen-dependent antimicrobial system in mononuclear phagocytes beyond the production of O2- and H2O2, and indicate an important role for oxygen intermediates in macrophage resistance to the intracellular pathogen T . gondii.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1979 Oct, 36(10), 1334 - 7
Relationship of inappropriate drug prescribing to increased length of hospital stay; Knapp DE et al.; The relationship of inappropriate drug prescribing to increased length of hospital stay was studied . The medical records of 77 cases of pyelonephritis were reviewed retrospectively . Appropriateness of antimicrobial drug therapy was judged by three types of explicit screening criteria: drug-specific, patient-specific, and match of drug to infecting organism . Patients whose therapy passed all the criteria were hospitalized, on the average, two days less than those whose therapy failed one or more of the criteria . This was a significant difference (p less than 0.05) . Age, seriousness of the pyelonephritis, or method of payment appeared to have no significant moderating effect on this result . However, the increased length of stay may not have been associated with only inappropriate prescribing, because the inappropriately prescribing physicians kept their patients hospitalized longer beyond the point of symptom remission than did the appropriately prescribing physicians . The study suggest that successful interventions for improving drug therapy could result in large cost savings.

Am J Med, 1979 Oct, 67(4), 646 - 56
Necrotizing colitis in patients with cancer; Dosik GM et al.; Necrotizing lesions of the colon occur in patients with malignancy . We identified 26 patients with cancer (23 with acute leukemia and three with solid tumors) who died from necrotizing colitis . Autopsies revealed three pathologic categories: pseudomembranous colitis in 69 per cent, agranulocytic colitis in 19 per cent and ischemic colitis in 12 per cent . Most died from sepsis . A comparison of characteristics was made with a control population matched for diagnosis, age, cause of death and duration of neoplasia . Nearly all patients in both groups had fever and were granulocytopenic secondary to chemotherapy . Most received antineoplastic and antimicrobial regimens during the month prior to their terminal illness . Abdominal pain and distention, stomatitis and necrotizing pharyngitis were frequently associated with colitis . Hyperbilirubinemia was a frequent late complication in those with colitis and the control group . Single and multiorganism septicemia were found more frequently in patients with colitis . As antemortem diagnosis was unusual, aggressive attempts at diagnosis are necessary to assess the true incidence of this disorder and the best therapy.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Oct, 72(4), 633 - 6
Propylene glycol as a cause of an elevated serum osmolality; Bekeris L et al.; Two severely burned patients experienced the onset of marked hyperosmolality during topical treatment with a cream containing silver sulfadiazine as an antimicrobial agent . Serum samples from both patients were studied for the presence of substances absorbed from the vehicle of the cream . Prophylene glycol, in concentrations which were high enough to account for the difference between calculated and measured osmolality, was demonstrated in the sera of these patients by gas chromatography.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Oct, 87(5), 265 - 9
Quantitative microbiological assay of thiomersal using agar diffusion from paper discs; Christensen TE et al.; A quantitative assay method for determination of thiomersal in biological products is described and evaluated . A microbiological method using agar diffusion from filter paper discs is used . The advantages of the method in terms of low cost and reliability for determining the actual antimicrobial activity in the preparation are discussed . The assay method is in routine use in the production control of vaccines at our Institute.

J Exp Med, 1979 Oct 1, 150(4), 938 - 49
Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity . I . Susceptibility of Toxoplasma gondii to oxygen intermediates; Murray HW et al.; A sensitive method for evaluating extracellular parasite viability was used to determine the in vitro susceptibility of virulent Toxoplasma gondii to selected oxygen intermediates . By acridine orange fluorescent staining criteria, toxoplasmas were resistant to up to either 10(-3) M reagent H2O2 or H2O2 generated by glucose-glucose oxidase . In keeping with a lack of sensitivity to H2O2, toxoplasmas contained endogenous catalase (5.7 x 10(-4) Baudhuin units/10(6) organisms) . The addition of a peroxidase and halide, however, markedly accelerated killing and lowered the H2O2 requirement by 1,000-fold . In contrast, toxoplasmas were promptly killed after exposure to products generated by xanthine (1.5 x 10(-4) M) and xanthine oxidase (50 micrograms) . The inhibition of this system's microbicidal activity by scavengers of O2- (superoxide dismutase) and H2O2 (catalase) indicated that although neither O2- nor H2O2 were toxoplasmacidal, their interaction was required for parasite killing . Quenching OH . and 1O2, presumed products of O2--H2O2 interaction, by mannitol, benzoate, diazabicyclooctane, and histidine, also inhibited toxoplasma killing by xanthine-xanthine oxidase . These findings suggested that O2- and H2O2 functioned in precursor roles and that OH . and 1O2 were toxoplasmacidal . The capacity of normal peritoneal macrophages to pinocytose an oxygen intermediate scavenger, soluble catalase, was also demonstrated . Appreciable extraphagosomal concentrations of catalase were achieved by exposing macrophages to 1 mg/ml of the enzyme for 3 h . Maintenance of high intracellular levels required constant exposure because interiorized catalase was rapidly degraded.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 229 - 39
Antimicrobial activity of crude juices of Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa and Allium sativum; Dankert J et al.; Crude juices of garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa) and shallots (Allium ascalonicum) were tested in an agar diffusion test for their growth inhibitory effect on five gram negative and three gram positive bacterial species and two yeast species . All test organisms were inhibited by garlic juice, whilst onion and shallot juice showed no effect upon gram negative bacteria . Garlic juice was investigated in more detail . Addition of complex-forming agents and organic matter to the crude juice reduced its activity on all test organisms . Volatile substances showed a strong inhibitory activity after exposure for 8 hours or longer at 23 degrees C or 37 degrees C . Minimal inhibition concentrations determined in a dilution test were found to be high for gram negative bacteria and low for both yeast species . The D-values of the different test organisms in undiluted garlic juice were calculated . P . aeruginosa had a very low D-value, whilst the bacteriostatic concentration was high . This indicates a large concentration exponent of crude garlic juice for this organism . The opposite was found for S . aureus . In view of the strong antibiotic properties and the complete absence of development of resistance further investigation upon the principles of the antimicrobial activity of juices from Allium species merits consideration.

JAMA, 1979 Sep 21, 242(12), 1279 - 82
Antimicrobial selection by a computer . A blinded evaluation by infectious diseases experts; Yu VL et al.; An evaluation of a computer-based consultation system called MYCIN was made . Eight independent evaluators with special expertise in the management of meningitis compared MYCIN's choice of antimicrobials with the choices of nine human prescribers for ten test cases of meningitis . MYCIN received an acceptability rating of 65% by the evaluators; the corresponding ratings for acceptability of the regimen prescribed by the five faculty specialists ranged from 42.5% to 62.5% . The system never failed to cover a treatable pathogen while demonstrating efficiency in minimizing the number of antimicrobials prescribed . The study design may be useful in assessing the performance of other computer-based clinical decision-making systems.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1108 - 10
Antibiotic production by Pseudomonas reptilivora as a phage conversion; Martinez-Molina E et al.; The ability of Pseudomonas reptilivora to produce three broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances is easily lost when bacteria are subcultured . The study of the antibiotic production under defined culture conditions has shown that the biosynthesis of these substances depends upon the presence of a temperature-sensitive temperate phage . Antibiotic production is lost after phage induction.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979 Sep, 62(5), 1188 - 90
Long-term storage of microorganisms used in antimicrobial effectiveness tests; Cosgrove RF; Liquid nitrogen storage of organisms designated in the U.S . Pharmacopeia (XIX) for the assessment of antimicrobial effectiveness is described . By use of simple apparatus and procedures, 85-95% viabilities of pre-frozen cells are attained immediately upon freezing . Viability levels have remained constant over a 3-year period and the use of such inocula has considerably improved the reliability of the test . The superiority of liquid nitrogen storage for microbial test inocular over other types of storage is discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Sep, 32(9), 884 - 90
4-N-Aminoacylfortimicins E; Kurath P et al.; The conversion of fortimicin E, a minor metabolite from the Micromonospora olivoasterospora fermentation which also produces fortimicin A and fortimicin B, to four 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E was accomplished . The new 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E showed only weak antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms.

J Pharm Sci, 1979 Sep, 68(9), 1116 - 20
Simple analogs of the toxin callicarpone; McChesney JD et al.; Callicarpone, a component 10 times as toxic to fish as rotenone, has been isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa candicans . It is reasonable to assume that callicarpone will act as an insecticidal agent as does rotenone . Therefore, the structure-activity relationship of callicarpone was examined by synthesizing a series of compounds having certain of its structural features . Those compounds were tested for insecticidal and antimicrobial activities . A study of synthetic analogs elucidated the functional group chemistry of callicarpone so that a synthesis might be undertaken . Piperitone oxide showed approximately 1/100th the activity of rotenone against Daphnia magna . 1-(alpha-Hydroxyisopropyl)-3-oxocyclohexene oxide showed activity against myobacterium while 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione showed inhibitory activity against the mycobacterium and two yeasts.

Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1979 Sep, 8(3), 233 - 5
Biliary excretion of erythromycin after parenteral administration; Chelvan P et al.; 1 The biliary excretion of erythromycin has been studied following parenteral administration in 23 patients . 2 Mean bile levels of the drug were approximately ten times higher than corresponding serum concentrations 1 h after i.v . (erythromycin lactobionate) and i.m . (erythromycin ethylsuccinate) injection . 3 Thus, unlike many antimicrobial agents, these compounds are well concentrated in the bile.

Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Sep, 54(3), 345 - 9
Vaginal epithelialization with human amnion; Tancer ML et al.; Human amnion is a readily available and inexpensive allograft with low antigenicity, high antimicrobial potential, and the ability to foster epithelialization . It has been used to reconstruct the vagina in 2 patients following vaginectomy for diffuse carcinoma in situ (CIS) and in 1 patient following severe, corrosive, vulvovaginal burns . It was also used to construct the vagina in 1 patient with mullerian agenesis . In all 4 cases, epithelialization was complete within 8 weeks.

Contraception, 1979 Sep, 20(3), 201 - 23
Steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling; Adlercreutz H et al.; PIP: The present knowledge on absorption and enterohepatic recycling of contraceptive steroids in human subjects is outlined and some recent results obtained are discussed in this review . The new experimental data relate to the effects of antimicrobial agents on steroid hormone metabolism The plasma levels of steroids may be influenced if the intestinal microflora are altered (as in antibiotic therapy) . Some formation of biologically active steroids, such as estradiol, may occur in the intestinal tract and this may be consequential both biologically and pathologically, influenced by factors such as diet and sex . Knowlege of bioavailability of natural and synthetic hormones in terms of their metabolism in the intestine and enterohepatic circulation is scanty . Further studies are called for .

Urology, 1979 Sep, 14(3), 237 - 40
In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from prostatic fluid; Drach GW; Bacterial isolates from expressed prostatic secretions were tested in vitro for susceptibility to five antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of prostatitis . Comparisons of susceptibility and resistance were made between minocycline and each of the other four agents: tetracycline, cephalexin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . A high percentage of the isolates from patients with prostatitis which were resistant to tetracycline and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole were susceptible to minocycline.

Surv Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep-Oct, 24(2), 97, 105 - 16
Initial therapy of suspected microbial corneal ulcers . II . Specific antibiotic therapy based on corneal smears; Jones DB; The encounter of the microorganism with the cornea is a complex event which generates tissue destruction through multiple host and organism-derived mediators . Suspicion of microbial invasion, proper utilization of the microbiology laboratory, and initiation of effective antimicrobial agents are the crucial measures in controlling the replicating organism and preserving visual function.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1979 Sep, 120(3), 481 - 502
Pneumonia and pneumococcal infections, with special reference to pneumococcal pneumonia . The 1979 J . Burns Amberson lecture; Finland M; An etiologic classification of acute pneumonia was presented and the relative importance of some of the causative agents was briefly reviewed . The early developments of the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia with type-specific antisera, sulfonamide drugs, and antimicrobial drugs were reviewed, mostly from the experiences of the author at Boston City Hospital . Changes in the occurrence and relative importance of the pneumococcus as a cause of infections associated with bacteremia, empyema, and meningitis were demonstrated, based on cases observed at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972 . These findings, among others, indicate that the pneumococcus is still one of the most important causes of serious bacterial infections and of mortality from such infections, particularly in the elderly . Some possible indications for polyvalent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine were discussed, and the need for further extensive clinical and field trials to demonstrate its range of effectiveness was stressed.

N Engl J Med, 1979 Aug 16, 301(7), 351 - 5
Use of antimicrobial drugs in general hospitals: patterns of prophylaxis; Shapiro M et al.; The patterns of prophylactic use of antimicrobial drugs were reviewed in 5288 charts drawn by a random method from 20 randomly selected short-stay general hospitals in Pennsylvania . About 10 per cent of hospitalized patients received antimicrobial drugs for prophylaxis in operations or nonsurgical procedures, and prophylaxis accounted for about 30 per cent of all antimicrobial drugs administered in hospitals . The drugs used most often for prophylaxis were cephalosporins, followed by benzyl penicillins, ampicillin and tetracyclines, in that order . Despite indications that prophylaxis, when useful at all, is effective only when given concurrently with and for 24 to 48 hours after operation, it was usually continued throughout hospitalization . Almost 80 per cent of prophylactic antimicrobial drugs were administered at least 48 hours after an operation or procedure -- suggesting that limiting prophylaxis to the first 24 to 48 hours, as currently recommended, would substantially reduce expenditures for antimicrobial drugs in hospitals.

Experientia, 1979 Aug 15, 35(8), 1044 - 5
Antimicrobial effect of bis-quaternary ammonium salts derived from 1,3-propanediamine; Mlynarcik D et al.; Antimicrobial activity of bis-quaternary ammonium salts derived from 1,3-propanediamine and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol is described . Effect of the length of alkyl chain and the substitution in the connecting chain on this activity was studied.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Aug, 32(8), 786 - 90
Herquline, a new alkaloid produced by Penicillium herquei . Fermentation, isolation and properties; Omura S et al.; A new alkaloid named herquline has been isolated from culture broth of Penicillium herquei Fg-372 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography . The molecular formula of herquline has been determined as C19H26N2O2 on the basis of elemental analysis and its high resolution mass spectrometry . The compound does not possess antimicrobial activities, but weakly inhibits blood platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Aug, 32(8), 781 - 5
Neoxaline, a new alkaloid produced by Aspergillus japonicus . Production, isolation and properties; Hirano A et al.; A new alkaloid named neoxaline has been isolated from culture broth of Aspergillus japonicug Fg-551 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography . The compound does not possess antimicrobial activities, but weakly stimulates the central nervous system . The molecular formula of neoxaline has been determined as C23H25N5O4 on the basis of elemental analysis and its mass spectrometry.

Arch Surg, 1979 Aug, 114(8), 883 - 6
Further definition of antibiotic use and abuse in the surgical setting; Gardner FT et al.; Surveys of the use of antimicrobial agents were conducted at three university-affiliated teaching hospitals to ascertain the current use of antibiotics associated with surgery and to compare this use to the presently accepted standards . The survey included 300 consecutive surgical patients representing three surgical specialities . Evaluation was based on accepted therapeutic criteria with respect to the presence of an infection, appropriate in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing, and recognized forms of prophylaxis . The results of our survey disclosed that although nonuse was usually appropriate, more often than not use of antibiotics was inappropriate . Errors, in order of frequency, included (1) misjudgments in attempted prophylaxis of operative wound infection, such as failure to use preoperative administration or use in clean operations without implanted foreign bodies, such as prosthesis, and (2) attempted treatment of undefined and undiagnosed fever.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Aug, 140(2), 183 - 91
Susceptibility of Escherichia coli K1 to four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful for treatment of neonatal meningitis; Paisley JW et al.; The synergy of four combinations of antimicrobial agents potentially useful in the treatment of neonatal meningitis was examined with 19 strains of Escherichia coli K1 . The effect on antimicrobial activity of changes in E . coli concentration and in pH to values similar to those of cerebrospinal fluid from infected neonates was also assessed . The degree of synergy, assessed by checkerboard agar dilution of the antimicrobial agents in combination with gentamicin, decreased in the following order: trimethoprim, cefamandole, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol . Significant variation in activity against different strains of E . coli was not observed . In broth dilution tests, the individual antimicrobial agents, but not the combinations, were notably less active at pH 7.00 with an inoculum of 10(7) cfu/ml than at pH 7.40 with 10(5) cfu/ml . Bactericidal activities of the beta-lactam and trimethoprim combinations were similar . Chloramphenicol antagonized the bactericidal effect of gentamicin and of ampicillin plus gentamicin.

J Pharm Sci, 1979 Aug, 68(8), 1033 - 9
Nuclear-substituted styryl ketone analogs: effects on neoplasms, microorganisms, and mitochondrial respiration of tumorous and normal cells; Dimmock JR et al.; Analogs of some antineoplastic and cytotoxic Mannich bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones were prepared and evaluated for activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screen . Most of the new compounds had lower antineoplastic and murine toxicity than the parent compounds . Antimicrobial evaluation of some oximes and alcohols related to the Mannich bases revealed activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria and fungi . Primary pharmacological evaluation showed that some compounds containing a dimethylaminomethyl group displayed analgesic and antihistaminic properties . Five of the Mannich bases were evaluated as respiratory inhibitors in mitochondria derived from hepatic tumors, liver tissue from tumor-bearing animals, and normal rat liver . No statistical difference between the sensitivity of the three tissues to the compounds was obtained.

J Dent Res, 1979 Aug, 58(8), 1824 - 9
The antimicrobial effect of fluorides (acidulated phosphate, sodium and stannous) on Actinomyces viscosus; Yoon NA et al.; The effect of three commercially prepared fluoride compounds (acidulated phosphate fluoride 1.23% F-, stannous fluoride 0.4%, and sodium fluoride 0.05%) diluted to various concentrations with brain heart infusion broth, on the growth of five strains of Actinomyces viscosus following 1 and 24 hours' exposure to the fluorides was studied . Results demonstrated that SnF2 was the most effective growth inhibitor of the organisms at 500 ppm F- after 1 hour and at 100 ppm F- after 24 hours' exposure . APF and NaF were not effective within a 1 hour exposure period, but did suppress growth of the organisms at 200 ppm in the cultures exposed for 24 hours.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 32(7), 679 - 84
New antibiotic pigments related to fusarubin from Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc . I . Fermentation, isolation, and antimicrobial activities; Ammar MS et al.; A cholesterol-decomposing fungus, Fusarium solani (Mart.) SACC . strain PP 96, was found to produce several different naphthaquinone pigments in a glycerol-mineral salts medium . Three novel compounds structurally related to fusarubin were isolated by chloroform extration followed by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography . The purified compounds were found to have relatively low activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 376 - 87
Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in experimental rat pneumonia: antibiotic treatment schedules in rats with impaired phagocytosis; Bakker-Woudenberg IA et al.; Pneumococcal pneumonia in rats with intact host defense mechanisms could be successfully cured by penicillin . The efficacy of this antibiotic therapy was lost in cobra venom factor-treated rats which had selectively impaired phagocytic functions . In these animals the effect of penicillin therapy was improved by increasing the daily dose and the frequency of injections and by earlier initiation of the therapy . The efficacy of penicillin in the cobra venom facttor-treated rats was restored either by markedly increasing the daily dose of penicillin or by increasing the daily dose in combination with a reduced interval of the penicillin injections.

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