Mutat Res, 1987 Sep, 180(1), 11 - 20 Effects of UV repair, error-prone repair and critical site of mutation on mutagenesis induced by N-nitrosamines; Zielenska M et al.; Many N-nitrosamines have been assayed for mutagenic activity in bacteria but few have been systematically compared in a series of strains . In this study through the use of several Salmonella tester strains, we have examined the effects of Uvr repair, error-prone repair, and the critical site for mutation (GC or AT base pair) on the mutagenic activities of a diverse group of N-nitrosamines . We have employed the histidine autotrophs, TA1975 (uvrB+), TA1535 (uvrB-) and TA100 (uvrB-/pKM101) which are hisG46 strains, sensitive mainly to G-C base damage, and TA104 (uvrB-/pKM101), a hisG428 strain, which can be reverted at the hisG428 locus by damage to A-T base-pairs, or by suppression at G-C base pairs . The N-nitrosamines studied were, N-nitroso: dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, methylbenzylamine, bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)amine, bis-(2-oxopropyl)amine and 3,4-dichloropyrrolidine . For all of the nitrosamines larger than diethylnitrosamine (except for methylbenzylnitrosamine) mutagenesis was greatly enhanced (3-20 X) by the lack of uvrB activity, indicating that the DNA adducts produced by these nitrosamines can be classified as "bulky adducts" . For most nitrosamines the plasmid, pKM101, enhanced mutagenesis in hisG46 strains, several fold, suggesting that error-prone DNA repair plays a role in mutagenesis by these compounds . All of the compounds tested were more mutagenic in TA100 than TA104 except diethylnitrosamine and methylbenzylnitrosamine which were more potent in TA104 . Revertants induced by all of the nitrosamines in TA100 were due predominantly to damage at G-C base pairs . Revertants induced by all the nitrosamines except diethylnitrosamine and dibutylnitrosamine resulted mainly from damage to G-C base pairs in TA104. Medicine (Baltimore), 1987 Sep, 66(5), 349 - 88 Extra-intestinal manifestations of salmonella infections; Cohen JI et al.; While salmonellosis is often considered to affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract, infection at other sites may occur, producing characteristic clinical syndromes . We reviewed cases from our institutions and the literature on focal manifestations of salmonella infections . In the past, most extra-intestinal salmonella infections were caused by S . choleraesuis; however, we found S . typhimurium to be the predominant serotype . The mortality rate for patients in our series was considerably lower than the rate described for focal infections in other reviews . This may in part be due to lower proportion of infections due to S . choleraesuis, improved microbiologic and diagnostic techniques, increased use of ampicillin, and improved surgical techniques . Salmonella endocarditis usually occurs in patients with preexisting heart disease . Unlike other salmonella infections, S . choleraesuis is the most frequent serotype . Salmonella endocarditis is often very destructive, with a fatality rate of 70% . Nonvalvular (mural) endocarditis occurs in one-fourth of patients and survival has not been reported . While antibiotic therapy should be tried initially, if response is not prompt the clinician should look for an associated site of infection (intra- or extra-cardiac abscess), which will often require surgery . Salmonella pericarditis often presents with cardiac or pulmonary symptoms, but typical signs of pericardial disease (pulsus paradoxus, friction rub) or characteristic electrocardiographic changes (low voltage, elevated ST segments) are uncommon . Early diagnosis, before infection involves other areas of the heart, is crucial for survival . In addition to antibiotic therapy, pericardiocentesis or pericardiectomy is required . Salmonella may infect the peripheral or visceral arteries, but the abdominal aorta is the most frequent site of vascular infection . Most patients are men over age 50 with preexisting atherosclerosis of the aorta who do not have a previous history of gastroenteritis . About one-fourth of patients have associated lumbar osteomyelitis . No patients have been reported to survive with medical therapy alone . Specific guidelines for surgical removal of infected aneurysms have been proposed and these (in addition to increased use of ampicillin) may be responsible for higher survival rates in recent years . Due to the high incidence of relapses, postoperative blood cultures should be done routinely . Arterial infection should be considered in any elderly patient with salmonella bacteremia especially with prolonged fever or bacteremia after an "adequate course" of antibiotic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Infect Immun, 1987 Sep, 55(9), 2052 - 6 Plasmid-encoded expression of lipopolysaccharide O-antigenic polysaccharide in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Riley LW et al.; The role of a plasmid in the virulence activity of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain belonging to serotype 0111:NM was examined . EPEC strain B171, which is resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, and tetracycline, harbors a 54-megadalton plasmid, pYR111, and exhibits localized adherence (LA) with HeLa cells . Curing the plasmid yielded strain B171-4, which had lost the ability to exhibit LA, resistance to the antibiotics, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigenic polysaccharide . To confirm that these phenotypic characteristics were specified by pYR111, the plasmid was transferred by conjugation into a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E . coli HB101 . LA and antimicrobial resistance were expressed in most of the transconjugants examined . The O-polysaccharide side chains, antigenically reactive with O111-specific antiserum, were also expressed by the transconjugants . Although EPEC plasmids coding for both drug resistance and LA have been described, an EPEC plasmid encoding the expression of an LPS O antigen has not been previously reported . Similar findings described for some Shigella and Salmonella strains suggest that plasmid-encoded modification of the LPS in some enteric bacterial species may be more common than previously recognized and may contribute to the characteristic virulence activity of the organism. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 Sep-Oct, 70(5), 903 - 6 Evaluation of penicylinders used in disinfectant testing: bacterial attachment and surface texture; Cole EC et al.; Two possible deficiencies in the AOAC use-dilution method for registration of chemical disinfectants by the Environmental Protection Agency are examined: (1) the physical disparities among brands of penicylinders and (2) the variability of bacterial numbers on penicylinders depending upon test strain and penicylinder surface texture . Textural differences of 2 brands of stainless steel penicylinders, one brand of porcelain, and one brand of glass were assessed by scanning electron microscopy . A considerable variation in smoothness of both inner and outer surfaces of stainless steel and porcelain penicylinders was observed . Glass penicylinders were very smooth . Numbers of bacteria attached to a penicylinder were assessed by vortexing the penicylinders 30 s at No . 4 after using the AOAC method of bacterial inoculation and drying 40 min at 37 degrees C . With this methodology, stainless steel carriers retained the 3 AOAC-recommended bacterial test strains differentially: ca 10(7) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 X 10(6) for Staphylococcus aureus, and 10(6) for Salmonella choleraesuis; glass retained 10(6)-10(7) organisms of all 3 test strains; porcelain retained about that amount of S . aureus but 10(5)-10(6) P . aeruginosa and 10(3)-10(4) S . choleraesuis . These data suggest that disinfectants are not similarly challenged with the AOAC-recommended test bacteria and that an alternative method should be considered to ensure comparable numbers of bacteria on penicylinders. Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 1987 Sep, 29(1), 61 - 9 Effects of calmodulin inhibitors on rabbit synoviocyte phospholipase A2; Rothenberg RJ; The effect of calmodulin inhibitors on synoviocyte phospholipase A2 activity was evaluated . Cells were incubated with {3H}arachidonic acid after 24 hours to label phospholipids . {3H}prostaglandin E2 synthesis was stimulated by Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (100 micrograms/ml) . Trifluoperazine, 35 microM, reduced lipopolysaccharide-stimulated {3H}prostaglandin E2 synthesis by 50% . In sonicated suspensions of cells, calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity was inhibited by trifluoperazine 3-100 microM and by compound 48/80 (3 micrograms/ml) . These agents inhibit calmodulin-dependent enzyme activity . The addition of calmodulin, 1 or 2.5 microM, to compound 48/80-treated suspensions reversed this inhibition in a dose-dependent manner . Agents which inhibit calmodulin-dependent enzymes can reversibly inhibit synoviocyte phospholipase A2 and thus prostaglandin E2 production. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Sep, 25(9), 1779 - 81 Association between specific plasmids and relapse in typhoid fever; Gotuzzo E et al.; We studied isolates from 73 patients hospitalized with typhoid fever in Lima, Peru . Of these 73 patients, 11 (15%) suffered a clinical relapse, with fever and positive blood cultures, within 3 months of their original illness . Using plasmids as epidemiologic markers, we found that three patients who subsequently relapsed were initially infected with more than one strain of Salmonella typhi . There was a highly significant association between relapse and isolation of a strain containing either a 24- or a 38-kilobase plasmid at the time of the original infection; however, we were unable to show any evidence of homology between these two plasmids . Our data indicate that infection with multiple strains is not uncommon in this endemic area and suggest that relapse may be partly strain dependent. J Gen Microbiol, 1987 Sep, 133 ( Pt 9), 2679 - 87 Electrophoretic and immunochemical study of the lipopolysaccharides produced by chemostat-grown Escherichia coli O157; Dodds KL et al.; Two chemically different O-polysaccharides, a low molecular mass form of LPS and core LPS produced by chemostat-grown E . coli O157, were analysed by SDS-PAGE, silver staining and immunoblotting . The reactivities of the different O-polysaccharides with antisera prepared against E . coli O157 grown in batch culture, Salmonella O30 or Brucella abortus were very similar, showing that the O-polysaccharides share at least some antigenic determinants . The reactions of the low molecular mass LPS with the antisera indicated it was semi-rough LPS having one repeat unit of the O-polysaccharide attached to core LPS. Bioorg Khim, 1987 Sep, 13(9), 1275 - 81 {Antigenic bacterial polysaccharides . 23 . The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Salmonella arizonae 059 lipopolysaccharide}; Vinogradov EV et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O59 (Arizona 19) is composed of D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-L-fucosamine (FucNAc, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose) in the ratio 1:1:1 . The computerized calculation of the 13C NMR spectrum of the polysaccharide, based on the monosaccharide composition, spectra of the free monosaccharides and glycosydation effects, together with the chemical analysis (methylation and Smith degradation) showed that the polysaccharide is built up of trisaccharide repeating units of the following structure: ----3)-alpha-L-FucNAcp(1----3)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1----2)-beta- D-Galp-1(---- . The molecular basis of serological interrelations between S . arizonae O59 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa O7 (Lanyi) is discussed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Sep, (9), 67 - 71 {Quantitative determination of the soluble O antigen of Salmonella serogroup B and of specific antibodies in different classes by using immunoenzyme analysis}; Tregub AV et al.; The results of measurements of S . typhimurium O-antigen and specific IgA-, IgG- and IgM-antibodies in 115 serum samples from patients with salmonellosis induced by group B salmonellae are analyzed . As determined in this study, the concentrations of IgA-antibodies ranged 0-15 micrograms/ml, the minimal diagnostically significant value being 3.6 micrograms/ml; the concentrations of IgG-antibodies ranged 0-13 micrograms/ml, the minimal diagnostically significant value being 1.3 micrograms/ml; and the concentrations of IgM-antibodies ranged 0-50 microgram/ml, the minimal diagnostically significant value being 5.0 micrograms/ml . The minimal diagnostically significant concentration of O-antigen, determined in selected serum samples obtained from healthy donors, was 0.1 microgram/ml . There is a significant correlation between the concentrations of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-antibodies, but the concentrations of these antibodies do not correlate with the concentration of soluble O-antigen . The study showed that the simultaneous determination of S . typhimurium O-antigen and specific antibodies in the material under test significantly enhances the effectiveness of the serodiagnosis of the disease. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Sep, (9), 64 - 7 {Isolation and study of active peptides in Salmonella H antigens}; Vaneeva LI et al.; The monomer forms of Salmonella H-antigens a, b, d, i, 1, 2 have both specific antigenic determinants, characteristic of each H-antigen, and common determinants . The presence of two types of determinant groups leads to the appearance of cross reactions in the enzyme immunoassay . In this work the method for the isolation of peptides carrying only specific antigenic determinants is proposed. Biochem Pharmacol, 1987 Aug 15, 36(16), 2637 - 9 Evidence for the involvement of a reperfusion injury in galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice; Wendel A et al.; Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration of 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 33 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin to male NMRI albino mice resulted in fulminant hepatitis as assessed after nine hours by measurement of serum transaminases as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase activities . Intraperitoneal pretreatment of animals with 2 X 100 mg/kg allopurinol, or intravenous pretreatment with 33 kU superoxide dismutase or 1 MU catalase fully prevented hepatitis . Administration of 10 micrograms/kg of the prostacyclin analogue iloprost antagonized liver injury when given simultaneously with galactosamine/endotoxin but did not protect when given 90 min later . Tocopherol or desferal pretreatment of the animals had no significant protective effect . Together with our recent finding that hepatic leukotriene D4 production is likely to be responsible for galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis we interpret these results as evidence for a leukotriene-induced hepatic ischemia followed by a reperfusion syndrome. J Mol Biol, 1987 Aug 5, 196(3), 445 - 55 Isolation and characterization of IS elements repeated in the bacterial chromosome; Matsutani S et al.; Shigella sonnei contains repetitive sequences, including an insertion element IS1, which can be isolated as double-stranded DNA fragments by DNA denaturation and renaturation and by treatment with S1 nuclease . In this paper, we describe a method of cloning the IS1 fragments prepared by the S1 nuclease digestion technique into phage M13mp8 RFI DNA . Several clones contained IS1, usually with a few additional bases . We isolated and characterized five other repetitive sequences using this method . One sequence, 1264 base-pairs in length, had terminal inverted repeats and contained two open reading frames . This sequence, called IS600, showed about 44% sequence homology with IS3 and was repeated more than 20 times in the Sh . sonnei chromosome . Another sequence (named IS629, 1310 base-pairs in length), which was repeated six times, was found also to be related to IS3 and thus IS600 . Two other sequences (named IS630 and IS640, 1159 and 1092 base-pairs in length, respectively), which were repeated approximately ten times, had characteristic terminal inverted repeats and contained a large open reading frame coding for a protein . The inverted repeat sequences of IS630 were similar to the sequence at one end of IS200, a Salmonella-specific IS element . The fifth sequence, repeated ten times in Sh . sonnei, had about 98% sequence homology with a portion of IS2 . The method described here can be applied to the isolation of IS or iso-IS elements present in any other bacterial chromosome. Can J Microbiol, 1987 Aug, 33(8), 718 - 24 Acquisition of Salmonella flora by turtle hatchlings on commercial turtle farms; Izadjoo MJ et al.; A commercial turtle pond in South Louisiana was studied to identify the mechanism by which turtle hatchlings acquire Salmonella flora . The visceral organs and mature eggs removed from 31 adult gravid female turtles over the course of two egg-laying seasons and from 37 adult females during one winter dormant period were examined bacteriologically for Salmonella . Pond water, egg nest soil, and hatchlings produced by eggs removed from the oviducts and nest soil were also tested . Eighty-eight turtles hatched from eggs removed from the oviducts of 15 turtles at necropsy did not excrete or harbor systemically Salmonella, nor were these pathogens isolated from ovarian tissue or immature eggs . The findings suggest transovarian transmission of these pathogens does not occur frequently . Turtles hatched from eggs retrieved from soil nests 1 to 2 h after deposition harbor and excrete these organisms . This result coupled with the isolation of these pathogens from the cloaca, colon contents, and bursal fluid from 18 females captured in the act of egg laying supports the cloaca to egg and nest soil to egg mode for salmonellae infection in the resultant hatchling . Salmonella arizonae and Salmonella serogroups B, C2, and E1 were isolated from the cloaca, colon contents, pond water, and nest soil, and were excreted by hatchlings produced from eggs removed from the soil nests . These same serogroups were isolated from the colon contents of 19 of 37 females tested during the dormant period, suggesting the salmonellae persist in the pond environment in the adult throughout the year. J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 Aug, 63(2), 139 - 46 Influence of continuous challenge via the feed on competitive exclusion of salmonellas from broiler chicks; Impey CS et al.; In three replicate trials, chicks were treated orally with a culture of caecal contents from an adult hen and then exposed to continuous challenge from a strain of Salmonella kedougou incorporated in feed at a level of ca 10(2)/g . The contaminated feed was introduced at intervals from 0 to 48 h after treatment . Under these conditions, only one of 119 chicks in 12 separate groups was salmonella-positive at 7 d, compared with 36 of 119 controls, but thereafter protection was less consistent and in some cases the subsequent incidence of infected birds increased during the 3-week rearing period . At 21 d, 14 of 60 treated chicks were positive and 32 of 59 controls . Protection was more evident in chicks challenged 24 or 48 h after treatment than in those groups which received the salmonella-contaminated feed at 0 or 5 h and even untreated, control chicks showed greater resistance to salmonella infection from 24 h onwards . In some control and treated groups containing salmonella-positive birds, contamination of the litter reached ca 10(6) salmonellas/g, thus providing a considerable secondary challenge . Introduction of salmonellas via contaminated feed probably reduces the efficacy of protective treatment under field conditions and helps to explain the more limited success in commercial use. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1987 Aug, 9(2), 329 - 38 Contaminant and nutrient concentrations of natural ingredient rat and mouse diet used in chemical toxicology studies; Rao GN et al.; The NIH-07 open formula natural ingredient rat and mouse ration is the standard diet for chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity studies conducted for the National Toxicology Program (NTP) . Contaminant and nutrient concentrations were determined in 2 to 94 lots of this diet used in the NTP toxicology studies . All nutrient concentrations were equivalent to or greater than the requirements for rats and mice as set forth by the National Research Council . Aflatoxins, Hg, chlorinated hydrocarbons except methoxychlor, organophosphates except malathion, estrogenic activity, and Salmonella sp . were not present at the detectable levels . Fluorine, As, Cd, Pb, Se, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosomorpholine, nitrate, nitrite, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylene dibromide, methoxychlor, malathion, and trypsin inhibitor activity were present at or above the detectable levels . Five lots of diet had nitrosamine content of 100 to 273 ppb and 7 lots had 2.08 to 3.37 ppm of Pb . All other lots of NIH-07 diet used for NTP toxicology studies contained low levels of the contaminants . After determination of the contaminant concentrations in the 94 lots of diet and the contaminant concentrations in natural ingredients used in formulating NIH-07 diet, maximum allowable levels of contaminants were established and a flexible scoring system for acceptability of each lot of diet for chemical toxicology studies was developed . By prescreening ingredients such as fish meal for heavy metals and nitrosamines, and applying the flexible scoring system proposed, more than 95% of the lots of NIH-07 diet produced during the last 3 years had scores of greater than or equal to 95 out of 100 points and were considered acceptable for toxicology studies. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Aug, 25(8), 1516 - 8 Bacteremia caused by a lactose-fermenting, multiply resistant Salmonella typhi strain in a patient recovering from typhoid fever; Cohen SL et al.; A female patient suffered a typical attack of typhoid fever due to a lactose-negative, fully susceptible Salmonella typhi strain . During convalescence she became febrile, and a lactose-fermenting S . typhi strain resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim was isolated from blood culture . This isolated was shown to harbor a plasmid which cotransferred lactose fermentation and antibiotic resistance. S Afr Med J, 1987 Aug 1, 72(3), 184 - 7 Membranous glomerulonephropathy in childhood; Wiggelinkhuizen J et al.; Membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN) in South African black and mixed race children with the nephrotic syndrome is much commoner than in First-World countries . In this survey of 388 nephrotic children MGN was found in 51.9% of black and 20.9% of mixed race boys, and 25% of black and 5.6% of mixed race girls respectively, but was not present in 53 white and Asiatic nephrotic children . Aetiological or associated factors were documented in 84%: hepatitis B virus infection in 73%, congenital syphilis in 6% and systemic lupus erythematosus, D-penicillamine toxicity and Salmonella infective endocarditis in 1 case each . The prognosis depends on the cause and is much better than for adults with idiopathic MGN . After an average follow-up period of 4.5 years the overall remission rate was 78% and mean time to remission 30 months . One patient with syphilitic MGN died 15 years later; 3 patients are in mild renal failure . Corticosteroids and other immuno-suppressive therapy were ineffective and may do harm . The frequent occurrence of MGN is related to the high prevalence of predisposing infections in the affected population groups, and socio-economic rather than ethnic factors are important. Genes Dev, 1987 Aug, 1(6), 565 - 72 DNA specificity determinants of Escherichia coli tryptophan repressor binding; Bass S et al.; We have analyzed the sequence-specific interaction between the Escherichia coli tryptophan (Trp) repressor and its operator using challenge phage vectors . These phages, derivatives of Salmonella phage P22 that have substitutions of synthetic, symmetric trp operators for the P22 mnt operator, provide a genetic assay for DNA binding in vivo . Phages carrying operators that retain the determinants of Trp repressor binding efficiently lysogenize cells producing repressor; in contrast, phages with operators missing critical determinants kill such hosts . The binding determinants revealed by this assay corroborate a simple docking model for the Trp repressor-operator interaction postulated from the repressor crystal structure, and account for both the specificity of repressor binding and the ability of Trp repressor to recognize multiple, tandem DNA sites. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Aug, 48(8), 1199 - 205 Immunologic memory responses induced in BALB/c mice by cross-linked outer membrane extracts of four Salmonella serotypes; Kudrna DA et al.; Outer membrane proteins (OMP), extracted from Salmonella enteritidis, S anatum, S typhimurium, and S infantis, were cross-linked to form a large immunogen (4-OMP-lipopolysaccharide {LPS}) . Vaccinations with 4-OMP-LPS dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline solution and 4-OMP-LPS emulsified with muramyl dipeptide were capable of eliciting specific and sustained primary IgM and IgG responses in BALB/c mice, as well as inducing immunologic memory for 130 days . In addition to 4-OMP-LPS-specific responses, substantial IgM and IgG responses specific for each live homologous organism were detected over the 130-day trial . In comparison with vaccination with 4-OMP-LPS dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline solution, responses specific for the antigen or the homologous Salmonella were not markedly increased in mice vaccinated with 4-OMP-LPS emulsified with muramyl dipeptide . Seemingly, cross-linked OMP, without the inclusion of muramyl dipeptide, may have potential as vaccine components and may induce immunologic memory. Mutat Res, 1987 Aug, 179(2), 115 - 21 Electronic factors and acridine frameshift mutagenicity--a pattern recognition study; Henry DR et al.; Using the ADAPT and CHEMLAB-II systems for structure-activity analysis, computer-calculated electronic properties of molecules were used to derive structure-activity relationships for predicting the mutagenicity of a set of substituted acridines in strain TA1537 of the Ames Salmonella assay . A collection of 40 acridines, with a variety of substituents, was examined . A set of 4 electronic descriptors was found which could be used to correctly classify all but two of the compounds as mutagenic or nonmutagenic . A negative correlation was found between the sum of the Hammett aromatic substituent parameters and the level of mutagenicity of the structures, expressed as log(number of revertants/plate + 1) at a 20-micrograms dose . This correlation, however, was not high enough to allow precise estimation of the mutagenicity values. Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Aug, 99(1), 143 - 7 Comparison of procedures based upon Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium with those using Muller-Kauffmann medium containing Teepol for the isolation of Salmonella sp; Vassiliadis P et al.; A total of 308 samples of different types were examined for the presence of salmonellas by means of three different procedures . The first consisted of pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water followed by enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (P/RV) . The second differed only in that 1% Teepol was added to the pre-enrichment medium (PT/RV) . In the third, buffered peptone water with 1% Teepol was followed by enrichment in Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth also containing 1% Teepol (PT/MKT) . The first of these combinations (P/RV) proved superior to the others both in terms of isolation rates and in the appearance of suspicious colonies. J Urol, 1987 Aug, 138(2), 395 - 6 Renal abscess owing to salmonella septicemia: percutaneous drainage; Kaneti J et al.; Renal salmonella abscess is an unusual entity . We report a case in which percutaneous pigtail catheter drainage was performed with computerized tomography guidance. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1987 Aug, 184(6), 470 - 82 {Bacteriologic quality of water from the Rhine and its tributaries in the Rhine-Neckar region . II . Salmonellas--public health significance and health risks}; Mersch-Sundermann V et al.; Salmonella-infections, the epidemiology and the spread of these germs into the environment are a serious hygienic problem even today . Probably one of the most important reservoirs of germs is the water of rivers and lakes . Its relevance for the infective chain in the overcrowded region Rhein-Neckar was examined very insufficiently until now . Even though, the municipal, two-stepped purification-plants are widely improved, the pollution of the pre-floating compartments with Salmonellae seems to be always a problem . In 1982, 1983 and 1986 164 water-specimens were collected at 34 sites along the river Rhine and its affluxes in the Rhine-Neckar-Region and tested for the occurrence of Salmonellae . 35 serotypes could be isolated 156 fold in a 200-ml-specimen . Along the collecting-sites with a higher concentration of waste-water they could be found even in smaller volumes of water (2.5 ml, 12 isolates) . Especially those species could be identified, which had been reported at the public-health-departments in Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg as the cause of gastroenteritis during the test-period . Some divergences were observed due to the different resistance of the serotypes . The negligent deal with quite often high-contaminated surface-water (in agriculture, for private purposes) and the high environmental stability of many Salmonella-serotypes results in many infect-chains in the tested Rhine-Neckar-Region . This is one of several explanations for the still high incidence of gastroenteritis. Environ Health Perspect, 1987 Aug, 73, 191 - 9 The nature of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrated, aromatic compounds in the environment; Tokiwa H et al.; Gaseous substances such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulate the process of nitration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the transformation products display a broad spectrum of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity . Bacterial mutation by nitroarenes is specific . Tetracyclic nitroarenes are thought to be the most mutagenic compounds in the Salmonella test system, and some are carcinogenic in rats and mice . Furthermore, it was found that the mutational nitroarenes produced mostly DNA damage, which is subject to recombination repair in the rec assay system using Bacillus subtilis . Nitroarenes in the environment seem to be ubiquitous; the majority of the compounds are emitted directly from diesel emissions, kerosene heaters, and gas and liquefied-gas burners or heaters . In nitroarenes induced during incomplete combustion, nitropyrene and nitrofluoranthene derivatives are the most important mutagens/carcinogens for determining the chronic toxicity of nitroarenes overall. Am J Dis Child, 1987 Aug, 141(8), 862 - 5 Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in 192 hospitalized children in Thailand; Thisyakorn U et al.; From 1977 to 1984, Salmonella typhi was isolated from 85% and Salmonella paratyphl A was isolated from 15% of 192 Thai children with enteric fever at Children's Hospital, Bangkok . Children with enteric fever presented with sudden onset of fever and gastrointestinal symptoms . of fever presented with sudden onset Diarrhea occurred in 62% of children with paratyphoid fever and 36% of children with typhoid fever . Rose spots were seen in 15% of patients with typhoid and 7% of patients with paratyphoid fever . There were no deaths . Bronchitis and pneumonia occurring in 11% of patients were the most common complications . Acute hemolysis occurred in 3% of the patients with typhoid fever who had thalassemia or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency . Chloramphenicol-resistant S typhi, which accounted for 70% of the isolates in 1977, has since 1982 accounted for less than 2% of isolates. Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1987 Aug, 32(8), 591 - 7 {Genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of the genus Salmonella}; Blokhina IN et al.; Distribution of genetic determinants of resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfanilamides and trimethoprim in strains of Salmonella isolated from studied . The majority of the resistant strains carried the genes of aminoglycoside-3"-phosphotransferase, type I aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotransferase, type I chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and type II dihydropteroate synthetase . Tetracycline resistance in the strains was often due to the class B tetracycline resistance genetic determinants . It was suggested that the resistance mechanisms controlled by these genes provided higher levels of resistance to the above drugs in Salmonella as compared to the other mechanisms . Plasmid resistance genes were detected in more than 90 per cent of the clinical strains and in 35 per cent of the sporadic strains of S . typhimurium . The antibiotic resistance of the Salmonella strains of other serovars was not as a rule controlled by the plasmid genes. Mutat Res, 1987 Aug, 182(4), 193 - 201 Induction of prophage lambda by chlorinated pesticides; Houk VS et al.; Chlorinated organics represent an important class of environmental carcinogens . However, only a small percentage of the carcinogens of this chemical class are genotoxic in prokaryotic bioassays such as the Salmonella assay . In an effort to identify a short-term assay sensitive to chlorinated carcinogens, we have tested a group of chlorinated pesticides, most of which are carcinogenic in rodents, in a prophage-induction assay developed by Rossman et al . (1984) . The Microscreen phage-induction assay is a rapid, inexpensive, miniaturized system that uses the induction of prophage lambda in Escherichia coli as an indicator of genetic damage . It has been used successfully to screen complex environmental samples for genotoxicants and has detected carcinogenic metals that are refractory in the Salmonella assay . The pesticides tested were malathion, monuron, p,p'-DDT, mirex, lindane, nitrofen, chlordane, toxaphene, captan, and dichlorvos . All but the first 4 induced prophage . The remaining pesticides were ranked as follows according to induction potency in the presence of S9: captan greater than dichlorvos greater than toxaphene greater than lindane greater than nitrofen greater than chlordane . Rankings were similar in the absence of S9 . Of these 6 pesticides, only nitrofen required S9 to induce prophage . Comparisons with mutagenesis data in Salmonella indicated that the Microscreen assay detected as genotoxic each of the pesticides that were mutagenic in Salmonella; moreover, it detected 2 additional carcinogens (chlordane and lindane) that were not mutagenic in the Salmonella assay . The possible use of the Microscreen phage-induction assay to detect chlorinated organics is discussed. Gut, 1987 Aug, 28(8), 1008 - 12 Sulphasalazine induced seminal abnormalities in ulcerative colitis: results of mesalazine substitution; Riley SA et al.; Seminal abnormalities are commonly found during sulphasalazine treatment . Although these changes appear reversible after drug withdrawal this may result in colitis relapse . Animal studies suggest that 5-aminosalicylic acid, the active component of sulphasalazine, does not impair fertility . Sixteen patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis were studied . Each patient produced three samples of semen at weekly intervals . Of the 48 samples analysed 39.6% showed oligospermia, 41.7% showed an increased number of abnormal forms and 91.7% showed impaired motility . Nine patients substituted enteric coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) for sulphasalazine for a minimum period of three months . During this time one patient developed a salmonella associated colitis relapse; the others remained well . Improvement in sperm count (p less than 0.02), motility (p less than 0.001) and morphology (p less than 0.02) occurred in all cases . To date, four successful pregnancies have resulted, three in couples complaining of long term infertility . Treatment with enteric-coated mesalazine allows the recovery of seminal abnormalities induced by sulphasalazine in patients with colitis. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Aug, (8), 64 - 7 {Solid-phase method of immunoradiometric determination of the O antigen of Salmonella typhi}; Kulakov VN et al.; The solid-phase variant of radioimmunoassay for the determination of S . typhi O-antigen has been developed . The sensitivity of this method is 0.1 microgram/ml of the antigen in the blood serum of patients . The study of a number of blood serum samples collected from patients with typhoid fever has confirmed the possibility of using this method in clinical practice. Med Trop (Mars), 1987 Jul-Sep, 47(3), 287 - 91 {Diarrhea and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the tropics (tropical AIDS) . The place of digestive endoscopic examinations in diagnosing opportunistic infections}; Aubry P et al.; A.I.D.S . has revealed some parasitic, microbiotic, mycotic or viral diseases causing diarrhea or has given a revival of interest to them . So are Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Salmonella typhi murium, Cytomegalovirus . Some easy techniques lead to the diagnosis of some pathogenic agents, such as parasitologic diagnosis of Cryptosporidium . Some other pathogenic agents call for a biopsy in view of an histopathology test: it is the case of Cytomegalovirus of which the diagnosis is stated positively by the histological picture with virus intranuclear inclusions . Then, it is necessary to make clear the actual indications of digestive endoscopic scanning when confronted by a diarrhea of tropical A.I.D.S. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1987 Jul, 102(1), 59 - 67 Application of liposomes to generation of monoclonal antibody to glycosphingolipid: production of monoclonal antibody to GgOse4Cer; Watarai S et al.; Liposomes were applied to the immunization with GgOse4Cer and screening for production of monoclonal antibody to GgOse4Cer . Four-week-old and 22-week-old Balb/c mice were immunized with GgOse4Cer and Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharides incorporated liposomes which were composed of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol . Since antibody response to GgOse4Cer was higher in 22-week-old than 4-week-old Balb/c mice after immunization, 22-week-old Balb/c mice were used for the immunization prior to generation of the monoclonal antibodies to GgOse4Cer . The screening of monoclonal antibodies was performed by complement-dependent liposome immune lysis assay using GgOse4Cer-containing liposomes . Six kinds of monoclonal antibodies, AG-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6, of the IgM class were established . The specificities of the monoclonal antibodies obtained were defined by complement-dependent liposome immune lysis assay using various glycosphingolipids incorporated in liposomes and by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with immunostaining . All of the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with GgOse4Cer in the liposome immune lysis assay . In addition, the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with GgOse4Cer in the TLC immunostaining . However, none of the monoclonal antibodies obtained was capable of removing natural killer activity from C3H/He mice spleen cell suspensions in vitro . Liposomes may be useful in the procedures of immunization and screening for generation of antiserum and monoclonal antibody to GSLs. Am J Med, 1987 Jul, 83(1), 137 - 8 Ceftriaxone treatment of multidrug-resistant Salmonella osteomyelitis; Sherman JW et al.; Empiric treatment of serious Salmonella infections has been complicated by the emergence of strains resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole . Recent reports suggest that the third-generation cephalosporins may be effective therapy for Salmonella infections . This report describes a case of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella heidelberg prosthetic hip infection successfully treated with prosthesis removal and once-daily ceftriaxone . Tube dilution sensitivity testing of the organism demonstrated minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of 0.12 microgram/ml . Serum bactericidal activity, 30 minutes after infusion, was inhibitory and bactericidal at 1:512 . It is concluded that the favorable preliminary results reported in the literature and the outcome in this patient suggest that the third-generation cephalosporins may be effective therapy for Salmonella infections and should undergo clinical trials. Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 185 - 96 Mutagenicity of selected aniline derivatives to Salmonella following plant activation and mammalian hepatic activation; Gentile JM et al.; We compared several phenylenediamines (4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, NOP; 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, NPD; o-phenylenediamine, OPD; p-phenylenediamine, PPD; m-phenylenediamine, MPD) and aniline (ANL) for mutagenicity to Salmonella directly and following activation by plant and mammalian hepatic S9 using plate incorporation and preincubation protocols . In addition, we assayed each chemical for activation by intact plant cells using the plant cell/microbe coincubation protocol . At the concentrations tested, NOP, NPD, OPD, MPD and ANL were active in one or more assays . NPD, OPD and MPD were activated by mammalian hepatic S9 in one or more assay and each was activated by plant S9 or intact plant cells . ANL was mutagenic only in the presence of plant S9 . PPD was not active under any of the test conditions. Carcinogenesis, 1987 Jul, 8(7), 1017 - 20 Synthesis, purification and mutagenicity of 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo{4,5-f}quinoline; Snyderwine EG et al.; Synthesis of 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo{4,5-f}quinoline (N-hydroxy-IQ), a reactive metabolite of 2-amino-3-methylimidazolo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), was achieved by a modification of an earlier method . N-Hydroxy-IQ was purified by a two-step procedure involving C18 Sep-Pack and semi-preparative h.p.l.c . Additional h.p.l.c . methods were developed to monitor the synthesis of N-hydroxy-IQ, and to measure IQ and other IQ derivatives on the same h.p.l.c . profile . The structure of N-hydroxy-IQ was confirmed by mass spectral analysis following derivatization to azoxy-IQ, phenyl-azoxy-IQ and acetoxy-acetamido-IQ, and by chemical reactivity studies . Mutagenicity studies with the nitro-reductase-deficient strain of Salmonella TA98 showed that N-hydroxy-IQ is directly mutagenic, having a specific activity of 2 X 10(4) revertants/nmol . The data confirm that N-hydroxy-IQ is a mutagenic metabolite of IQ and further implicate the hydroxylamine in the carcinogenicity of IQ. Rev Infect Dis, 1987 Jul-Aug, 9(4), 841 - 5 Control of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, by annual immunization of schoolchildren with parenteral typhoid vaccine; Bodhidatta L et al.; The number of cases of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, began to increase sharply in 1974 and peaked in 1976 . In 1977, as part of a national typhoid immunization program, Thai schoolchildren aged seven to 12 years began to receive annually a single 0.25-ml subcutaneous dose (2.5 x 10(8) organisms) of a heat/phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccine . Isolations of Salmonella typhi in Bangkok decreased from 880 (4.6% of all blood cultures) in 1976 to 54 (0.3% of all blood cultures) in 1985 . The case ratio of S . typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A infection declined from 4.1:1 before the epidemic (1970-1973) to 0.9:1 after the epidemic (1984-1985), and the proportion of cases of typhoid fever occurring among children aged seven to 12 years significantly decreased from 30% to 10% . During the same periods S . paratyphi A isolation rates did not significantly decrease (in terms of either total number or percentage of cases) in school-aged children . Thus, mass vaccination of schoolchildren in Thailand with the heat-inactivated typhoid vaccine has been closely associated with a sharp decline in typhoid fever in Bangkok during an epidemic and with continuous control after the epidemic. Mutat Res, 1987 Jul-Aug, 191(3-4), 151 - 5 Plant cells at different stages in their growth curve differentially activate promutagens; Gentile JM et al.; Mutagenic activity of the promutagens 2-aminofluorene (2AF) and a contaminant of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP-X) was followed in Ames Salmonella strain TA98 following metabolism by cotton and carrot cell suspension cultures using the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay . Both cell lines were capable of activating each chemical . However, activation capacities of the cell lines differed relative to their respective stage of growth when used . For 2AF activation early-log phase cotton cells and mid-log phase carrot cells proved superior while mid-log phase cotton cells and stationary phase carrot cells proved superior for NOP-X activation . These data indicate that the phase of the growth cycle at which plant cells are harvested can significantly affect their promutagen activation potential. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 Jul-Aug, 70(4), 635 - 7 Standardization of bacterial numbers of penicylinders used in disinfectant testing: interlaboratory study; Cole EC et al.; An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate a method of standardizing bacterial numbers on penicylinders used in the AOAC use-dilution method (4.007-4.015) of disinfectant testing . Eight participating laboratories followed a broth adjustment method using their media and stock cultures of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 . The culture broths that were used to inoculate the penicylinders were incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C after several (4-6) 24 h passages . McFarland turbidity standards of 1.0 and 0.5 were used to adjust visually the cultures of S . aureus and P . aeruginosa, respectively . S . choleraesuis was used undiluted . The results showed significant variability in numbers of test bacteria which adhered to the penicylinders, with mean values of 1.6 X 10(6) for S . choleraesuis, 3.5 X 10(6) for S . aureus, and 8.2 X 10(6) for P . aeruginosa . The results from collaborating laboratories attempting standardization of bacterial numbers on penicylinders demonstrated significant interlaboratory and cylinder variation for all 3 test organisms. Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 197 - 200 Genetic activity of trimethoprim in the Salmonella/microsomal screening system; Rasool SA et al.; Trimethoprim, a widely used antibacterial drug was tested for its mutagenic potential in the Ames Salmonella/microsomal test system . The results indicated that, when used in the recommended dose range, the drug produced a several-fold increase in the reversion mutations on his(-)----his+ marker in some of the tester strains, compared with the spontaneous reversions . Dose-dependent curves were also obtained for reversion mutations caused by the drug . Ethyl methanesulfonate and benzo{alpha}pyrene were used a control mutagens. Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 169 - 74 Structure-activity relationships for unsaturated dialdehydes . 1 . The mutagenic activity of 18 compounds in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Sterner O et al.; A considerable number of terpenes that contain an "unsaturated dialdehyde" functionality, and possess various biological activities, such as antimicrobial activity, pungency, antifeedant activity, and/or mutagenicity, have been isolated from natural sources . However, large qualitative and quantitative activity differences have been observed for the natural unsaturated dialdehydes, and small structural changes (e.g., stereoisomerization) seem to dramatically affect the biological activity . As part of a general attempt to study structure-activity relationships for unsaturated dialdehydes, the activity of compounds 1-18 (Table 1) in the Salmonella/microsome assay (strains TA98, TA2637 and TA100) has been investigated . 10 of the compounds were found to possess direct-acting mutagenic activity, although the mutagenic potencies vary considerably in this group (from 430 to 0.32 revertants per nmole in the Salmonella strain TA2637) . Some structural features that appear to moderate the activity are discussed . The necessity of an intact unsaturated dialdehyde functionality for the mutagenic activity of isovelleral (1) (see Scheme 1 for names, numbers, and chemical structures) in the Salmonella/microsome assay was demonstrated by chemical conversions: modification of either aldehyde group or reduction of the double bond led to loss of activity. J Vasc Surg, 1987 Jul, 6(1), 81 - 3 Mycotic carotid aneurysm; Grossi RJ et al.; Mycotic aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery are rare; they usually appear as an enlarging pulsatile neck mass with associated pain, tenderness, and fever . This case report illustrates the need for prompt diagnosis and urgent surgical intervention . The most common organisms found with these aneurysms have been Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes . We report a case of a mycotic internal carotid artery aneurysm resulting from Salmonella enteritidis . A 20-year review of both the foreign and English language literature revealed only one other case of a mycotic carotid aneurysm resulting from Salmonella infection . The cornerstone of therapy in the past had been proximal ligation . More recently, primary reconstructive procedures with either an end-to-end anastomosis or an interposition vein graft have been described . The present case was managed with an end-to-end technique with the use of a Pruitt-Inahara shunt. Infect Immun, 1987 Jul, 55(7), 1668 - 73 Endotoxin neutralization with rabbit antisera to Escherichia coli J5 and other gram-negative bacteria; Warren HS et al.; To study the mechanisms of protection against endotoxin challenge offered by antisera to smooth and rough gram-negative organisms, we have developed an assay to quantitate endotoxin neutralization based on inhibition of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test . Dilutions of different bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were incubated with hyperimmune rabbit sera against Escherichia coli O113, E . coli O18, and rough mutants E . coli J5 and Salmonella minnesota Re595 and were then combined with limulus lysate . The gelation reaction induced by LPS in the lysate was monitored spectrophotometrically, and the concentration of LPS resulting in a 50% lysate response was determined and correlated with antibody titers measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Antisera to smooth organisms neutralized homologous LPS markedly and heterologous LPSs only minimally relative to neutralization by preimmune serum . Neutralization of homologous LPS occurred immediately without preincubation of serum and LPS . Antisera to rough mutants neutralized more heterologous LPS than did antisera to smooth organisms . However, this heterologous neutralization required preincubation of serum and LPS and did not appear to be correlated with antibody concentrations . We conclude that antisera to LPS rapidly neutralize the biological activity of the homologous LPS, as detected by limulus lysate, and that neutralization is at least in part antibody mediated . Antisera to rough-mutant organisms slowly neutralized the activity of heterologous LPSs, but this effect appeared not to be correlated with concentrations of antibody to the LPS of the rough mutant, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rev Infect Dis, 1987 Jul-Aug, 9(4), 719 - 36 Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and other newer cephalosporins; Soe GB et al.; Third-generation cephalosporins have been considered for the treatment of systemic salmonelloses because of emerging resistance among Salmonella species to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Twelve patients with typhoid/paratyphoid fever, nine with nontyphoid salmonella bacteremia, and two with Salmonella meningitis were treated with cefotaxime; one leukemic patient with Salmonella dublin bacteremia received ceftizoxime . All infections were cured except for one in a patient with sickle cell anemia; this patient's illness recurred but was cured with a second course of cefotaxime followed by ceftriaxone . A review of the literature documented cures with cefotaxime in 50 of 61 patients with typhoid/paratyphoid fever, all of four with salmonella osteomyelitis, 12 of 14 with salmonella meningitis, and 44 of 49 with non-typhoid salmonella bacteremia . Ceftriaxone and cefoperazone cured, respectively, 23 of 25 and 32 of 33 patients with typhoid/paratyphoid fever . The relapse rates of typhoid fever treated with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefoperazone were 6%, 4%, and 0%, respectively . Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefoperazone are acceptable alternative antibiotics for the treatment of salmonelloses caused by multiresistant organisms. Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 161 - 8 Investigations on DNA binding in rat liver and in Salmonella and on mutagenicity in the Ames test by emodin, a natural anthraquinone; Bosch R et al.; Emodin (1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), an important aglycone found in natural anthraquinone glycosides frequently used in laxative drugs, was mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames test) with a specificity for strain TA1537 . The mutagenic activity was activation-dependent with an optimal amount of S9 from Aroclor 1254-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats of 20% in the S9 mix (v/v) for 10 micrograms emodin per plate . Heat inactivation of the S9 for 30 min at 60 degrees C prevented mutagenicity . The addition of the cytochrome P-448 inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone (18.5 nmoles per plate) reduced the mutagenic activity of 5.0 micrograms emodin per plate to about one third, whereas the P-450 inhibitor metyrapone (up to 1850 nmoles per plate) was without effect . To test whether a metabolite binds covalently to Salmonella DNA, {10-(14)C}emodin was radiosynthesized, large batches of bacteria were incubated with {10-(14)C}emodin and DNA was isolated . {G-3H}Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was used as a positive control mutagen known to act via DNA binding . DNA obtained after aflatoxin treatment could be purified to constant specific activity . With emodin, the specific activity of DNA did not remain constant after repeated precipitations so that it is unlikely that the mutagenicity of emodin is due to covalent interaction of a metabolite with DNA . The antioxidants vitamin C and E or glutathione did not reduce the mutagenicity . Emodin was also negative with strain TA102 . Thus, oxygen radicals are probably not involved . When emodin was incubated with S9 alone for up to 50 h before heat-inactivation of the enzymes and addition of bacteria, the mutagenic activity did not decrease . It is concluded that the mutagenicity of emodin is due to a chemically stable, oxidized metabolite forming physico-chemical associations with DNA, possibly of the intercalative type . In order to check whether an intact mammalian organism might be able to activate emodin to a DNA-binding metabolite, radiolabelled emodin was administered by oral gavage to male SD rats and liver DNA was isolated after 72 h . Very little radioactivity was associated with the DNA . Considering that DNA radioactivity could also be due to sources other than covalent interactions, an upper limit for the covalent binding index, CBI = (mumoles chemical bound per moles DNA nucleotides)/(mmoles chemical administered per kg body weight) of 0.5 is deduced . This is 10(4) times below the CBI of AFB1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Microbiologica, 1987 Jul, 10(3), 265 - 9 A molecular study of Salmonella strains identified from two food-poisoning outbreaks; Nastasi A et al.; A molecular epidemiology study was carried out on Salmonella mbandaka and Salmonella corvallis strains identified from two food-poisoning outbreaks which occurred in August 1985 in Pistoia and in October 1985 in Sant'Ilario d'Enza (RE) . All the Salmonella mbandaka strains were plasmid-free; all the epidemic Salmonella corvallis strains, in contrast to the non epidemic isolates, carried a small plasmid of approximately 2 MDa molecular weight . Restriction enzyme cleavage pattern analysis revealed that the plasmids of the epidemic strains were closely related. Genetics, 1987 Jul, 116(3), 359 - 69 Physical analysis of Tn10- and IS10-promoted transpositions and rearrangements; Shen MM et al.; We have investigated by Southern blot hybridization the rate of IS10 transposition and other Tn10/IS10-promoted rearrangements in Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains bearing single chromosomal insertions of Tn10 or a related Tn10 derivative . We present evidence for three primary conclusions . First, the rate of IS10 transposition is approximately 10(-4) per cell per bacterial generation when overnight cultures are grown and plated on minimal media and is at least ten times more frequent than any other Tn10/IS10-promoted DNA alteration . Second, all of the chromosomal rearrangements observed can be accounted for by two previously characterized Tn10-promoted rearrangements: deletion/inversions and deletions . Together these rearrangements occur at about 10% the rate of IS10 transposition . Third, the data suggest that intramolecular Tn10-promoted rearrangements preferentially use nearby target sites, while the target sites for IS10 transposition events are scattered randomly around the chromosome. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1987 Jul, 79(1), 185 - 8 Tumorigenicity test of 1,3- and 1,8-dinitropyrene in BALB/c mice; Otofuji T et al.; 1,3-Dinitropyrene (DNP) and 1,8-DNP (CAS: 42397-65-9) are very potent mutagens and induce a frameshift-type mutation in the Salmonella test system . Each compound was tested for tumorigenicity in BALB/c mice by sc inoculation of 0.05 mg of the compound once a week for 20 weeks . Tumors developed at the site of injection of 1,8-DNP in 6 of 15 mice up to 60 weeks after the first injection . The incidence of tumors was statistically significant at a P-value of less than .05 but not of less than .01 . Therefore, the carcinogenicity of 1,8-DNP in BALB/c mice was concluded to be weaker than that of benzo{a}pyrene {(BP) CAS: 50-32-8}, which induced a 100% tumor incidence when it was injected at the same dose as that of 1,8-DNP . No tumors occurred at the injection site in mice given 1,3-DNP . Most of the tumors induced by 1,8-DNP and BP showed histologic features characteristic of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jul, (7), 25 - 8 {Results of an epidemiological study of familial foci of salmonellosis in the Western Urals}; Faidysh AI et al.; The study of 449 family foci of salmonellosis demonstrated the possibility of detecting cases of salmonellosis, not diagnosed by clinical and bacteriological methods, in the passive hemagglutination test . Such undetected Salmonella carriers, not observing the rules of personal hygiene, contributed to the contamination of household articles, foodstuffs and the environment . The formation of the family foci of salmonellosis was facilitated by the belated detection and hospitalization of salmonelloses cases, as well as by the inadequate observance of the rules for infant care and feeding. J Hosp Infect, 1987 Jul, 10(1), 67 - 72 Salmonella screening of pregnant women; Roberts C et al.; Over a 9-year period all maternity patients were screened by rectal swab for salmonella excretion at the time of delivery . 30,471 mothers were screened and 60 (0.2%) yielded salmonellas, 43 (72%) of whom were symptomless excretors . Seven of the 60 babies (12%) excreted salmonellas, all of which were the same organism as in the mothers . Five had uncomplicated gastroenteritis in the neonatal period, but no mother or child suffered invasive disease and no incidents of hospital cross-infection occurred . These results show that screening is unjustified unless there are problems of cross-infection. J Infect, 1987 Jul, 15(1), 61 - 3 Abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis within a glioblastoma multiforme; Noguerado A et al.; Focal intracranial infections due to Salmonella species are rare . We report a case of brain abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis within a glioblastoma multiforme. Clin Exp Immunol, 1987 Jul, 69(1), 148 - 56 A sulfhydryl-rich IgM protein with multiple serological specificities; Merlini G et al.; A monoclonal IgM lambda protein from a patient (E.T.) suffering from a lymphocytic lymphoma agglutinated Salmonella typhi bacteria and uncoated acryl particles . The antigenic determinant on Salmonella typhi bacteria was found to be 0-12 (alpha-D-Galp-(1-2)-alpha-D-Manp) while the structure on acryl particles recognized by IgM ET has not been defined . Both binding sites for bacteria and acryl particle determinants are localized on the same IgM molecule . The uncommon affinity of this IgM protein for some divalent heavy metal ions led to the finding of an unusually high content of sulfhydryl groups in the Fab portion of the molecule. J Infect Dis, 1987 Jul, 156(1), 136 - 43 Demonstration of cross-reactive antibodies to smooth gram-negative bacteria in antiserum to Escherichia coli J5; Baumgartner JD et al.; We investigated the discrepancy between the broad cross-protection against gram-negative infections afforded by antiserum to Escherichia coli J5 and its apparently narrow cross-reactivity in vitro . Rabbits immunized with J5 bacteria produced antibodies to both the J5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS; titer by ELISA, 1:60,000) and LPS from the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota (i.e., to the ketodeoxyoctonate {KDO} and lipid A determinants; titer, 1:3,200) . In highly diluted antiserum, titers of antibody to J5 LPS were reduced by 28%-41% after adsorption with seven strains of smooth gram-negative bacteria and by only 4% after adsorption with the Re mutant . Smooth gram-negative bacteria adsorbed virtually all antibody to Re LPS . Therefore, rabbit antiserum to J5 contains type-specific antibodies to core determinants distal to KDO that can obscure highly cross-reactive antibodies to lipid A-KDO in vitro . Cross-reactive antibodies are demonstrable by adsorption with whole bacteria at limiting concentrations of antibody. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1987 Jun, 65(6), 1402 - 7 Responses of baboons to traditionally pyrogenic agents; Zurovsky Y et al.; It is not clear whether baboons develop fever in response to endotoxin or other pyrogens . We injected various pyrogens intravenously in 12 unrestrained baboons (Papio ursinus) and measured their body temperature using intra-abdominal radiotelemeters . Serum iron concentration was also measured . The baboons developed fever after injection of killed Staphylococcus aureus (5 X 10(7) organisms/kg) . No significant fever was measured after injection of lipopolysaccharide (Salmonella typhosa) (0.1, 8, 40, and 100 micrograms/kg), bovine serum albumin (4 mg/kg), killed Salmonella minnesota (5 X 10(7) organisms/kg), and killed Salmonella typhi (5 X 10(7) organisms/kg) . A significant decrease in serum iron concentration was found only after injection of S . aureus and lipopolysaccharide, 100 micrograms/kg . The phagocytic synthesis of interleukin-1 following pyrogen stimulation in baboons and some other primates appears to differ from that in man and in nonprimates. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1987 Jun, 65(6), 1261 - 6 Thermoregulatory responses of guinea pigs with anteroventral third ventricle lesions; Blatteis CM et al.; Guinea pigs with anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V) lesions fail to develop fever and the associated rise in acute-phase plasma protein levels following systemic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . Since endogenous pyrogen (EP) injected directly into the preoptic area of animals with AV3V lesions causes appropriate elevations in core temperature (Tco) and acute-phase plasma proteins levels, the blocked responses to LPS probably are not due to damage to the adjacent preoptic area . We proposed, therefore, that EP may pass from blood into brain in the AV3V, presumably through the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis . However, the possibility that a more generalized impairment due to damaged pathways within the AV3V could account for the observed effects was not examined . To investigate this possibility, guinea pigs were given AV3V lesions . Pending histological verification of the ablated sites, AV3V lesions were presumed to be placed correctly if the animals did not develop fever following LPS (Salmonella enteritidis, 2 micrograms/kg i.p., at ambient temperature (Ta) 22 degrees C); those failing to meet this criterion were designated as sham-operated . Two experiments were conducted . In the first, metabolic rates, Tco, and two skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured at Ta 12 degrees, 22 degrees, and 32 degrees C over an 8-month postlesion period during which failure to fever persisted; the data were collected during a 30-min period after thermal balance had been achieved at any given Ta . There were no differences in the variables measured between sham-operated and AV3V-lesioned animals at Ta 22 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 379 - 83 Does chloramphenicol remain the drug of choice for typhoid? Rowe B, Threlfall EJ, Ward LR. Of 2356 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Britain in the 8-year period 1978-85, 2345 (99.53%) were sensitive to all antibiotics tested and 11 (0.47%) were chloramphenicol-resistant; chloramphenicol resistance was plasmid-mediated in 6 strains . It is concluded that chloramphenicol remains a satisfactory first-line choice of drug for typhoid fever in Britain. Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 323 - 30 Effect of time in lairage on caecal and carcass salmonella contamination of slaughter pigs; Morgan IR et al.; A longitudinal study of the effect of time spent in lairage on salmonellas in the caecum and on the skin surface of 450 slaughter pigs from a single producer was conducted . Pigs were tested in 6 groups at 2 abattoirs, with one-third of a group being slaughtered after 18 h, one-third after 42 h and one-third after 66 h spent in lairage . The salmonella isolation rate from caeca and carcass surfaces increased significantly with increasing time spent in lairage . Salmonellas were isolated from the caeca of 18.5% of pigs held less than 24 h in lairage, 24.1% of pigs held a further 24 h and 47.7% of pigs held for 66 h in lairage before slaughter . The salmonella isolation rates from carcasses were 9.3%, 12.8% and 27.3% for the same groups . Thirteen salmonella serotypes were isolated from the caecal contents and carcasses over the 6 weeks of the trial . One abattoir had a higher salmonella isolation rate from pigs than the other and this was probably related to lairage management . It appeared that lairage is an important factor in the manipulation of the salmonella contamination of pig carcasses. Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 271 - 6 A comparative study of strains of salmonella isolated from irrigation waters, vegetables and human infections; Garcia-Villanova Ruiz B et al.; A total of 181 samples of irrigation water from the farmlands of Granada were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp . At the same time 849 samples of the crops from these farmlands and of vegetables sold in city market-places were studied . Sampling was done regularly over the period of study which ran from March 1981 to February 1983 . Isolates from these sources were compared with 93 salmonellas isolated from human pathological material at various hospitals of the city of Granada from 1979-80, and again from 1981-3 . The most commonly isolated serotypes of human origin were S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis . In irrigation waters and in crops, S . typhimurium, S . kapemba, S . london and S . blockley were found to be the most common . The results indicate a close relationship between the isolates from the irrigation waters and those from the vegetables, but their relationship to prevalent human infections is less clear. J Infect Dis, 1987 Jun, 155(6), 1254 - 9 Natural history of oral Salmonella dublin infection in BALB/c mice: effect of an 80-kilobase-pair plasmid on virulence; Heffernan EJ et al.; BALB/c mice were infected orally with Salmonella dublin strains Lane and LD842, an isogenic derivative of the former that is avirulent because it was cured of its 80-kilobase-pair virulence plasmid pSDL2 . Both strains colonized the intestine and invaded Peyer's patches with equivalent efficiency . However, the parent strain multiplied in mesenteric nodes and in the spleen; the plasmid-cured strain reached these organs, but the infection was low grade and remained relatively static until the mice developed active immunity and cured themselves . The histological response to plasmid-free strain LD842 was mononuclear, whereas the virulent parent strain produced abscesses . Sublethal irradiation of the mice before infection with strain LD842 prevented the mononuclear infiltrate in the liver and made the animals susceptible . Thus the virulence plasmid of S . dublin allows multiplication within the reticuloendothelial system and does not have any effect on the organism's ability to colonize the intestine or invade Peyer's patches. Biochem Pharmacol, 1987 Jun 1, 36(11), 1829 - 35 1,2-Dibromo compounds . Their mutagenicity in Salmonella strains differing in glutathione content and their alkylating potential; Zoetemelk CE et al.; The mutagenic activities of several structurally related dibromo compounds were compared in Salmonella strains sensitive to base substitution mutagenesis (TA1535 and/or TA100) and in the glutathione (GSH)-deficient derivative TA100/NG-57, using a preincubation procedure . The compounds tested were 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), 1,2-dibromopropane (DBP), 1,2-dibromo-1-phenylethane (DBPE) and model compounds for the half-mustards resulting from their conjugation with GSH, i.e . the N-acetyl-S-2-bromoalkyl-L-cysteine methyl esters SBE, SBP, and SBPE, respectively . The alkylating potential of all compounds was assayed with the 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) alkylation test . Five of the compounds showed a good correlation between relative mutagenic activity in TA100 and electrophilic reactivity in the NBP-test, the order of decreasing potency being SBE greater than SBP greater than DBPE greater than DBP . SBPE displayed the highest reactivity in the NBP-test, but was devoid of mutagenic activity . The mutagenic activity of DBE was substantially decreased in the GSH-deficient strain TA100/NG-57 and could be restored by pretreating the cells with GSH . None of the other chemicals showed different mutagenic activities in TA100 and TA100/NG-57 . From the results it can be concluded that 2-bromothioethers possess higher alkylating activities than the 1,2-dibromo compounds . Methyl substitution has a deactivating effect on the mutagenic activity . The results with the phenyl-substituted analogue, DBPE, show that a higher alkylating activity does not always lead to a higher mutagenic activity. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jun, (6), 66 - 71 {The function of Salmonella typhi at different stages in the pathogenesis of typhoid infection}; Obgol'ts AA et al.; The complex study of the adhesive, colicinogenic and antigenic properties of S . typhi of different origin has revealed that adhesive properties can be observed more frequently in the strains isolated from the blood and bile and are completely absent in the strains isolated from feces . S . typhi strains of various origin do not essentially differ in their sensitivity to colicins and in the capacity for their production . Among the strains isolated from feces and bile, agents in the W-form occur more frequently than among the strains isolated from the blood . Escherichia coli, isolated from typhoid patients and carriers at the moment of the persistence of S . typhi in the body, are characterized by faintly pronounced antagonistic properties, enhanced sensitivity to colicins and rather pronounced hemagglutinating activity. Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Jun, 37(3), 326 - 30 Investigations of the pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis serotype Amsterdam following a naturally occurring infection in rats; Seps SL et al.; A naturally occurring infection of an unusual Salmonella sp . was detected in research rats during routine health monitoring procedures . The organism, Salmonella enteritidis serotype Amsterdam appeared to have a low pathogenicity and did not cause clinical disease in adult rats . Experimental mouse and guinea pig inoculations suggest that the organism is more pathogenic in mice. Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 301 - 10 Assessment of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of salmonellas in foods and animal feeding stuffs; Todd LS et al.; The Salmonella Bio-EnzaBead Screening Kit, in its modified form with both the MOPC 467 and the 6H4 antibodies, was used for the detection of salmonellas in naturally contaminated foods and animal feeding stuffs in parallel with a traditional cultural procedure . Initial results showed an 82% agreement between the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and cultural methods when using the criterion recommended by the manufacturer as a cut-off for all types of foods . By adjusting the cut-off for each type of food, the number of EIA positive, culture negative samples was reduced although the number of EIA negative, culture positive samples increased . The EIA may be more sensitive than the cultural methods as in many cases the EIA positive, culture negative results could be real positives which were not detected by the cultural methods . The screening kit provides a simple and convenient method for the detection of salmonella in foods and feeds and a presumptive positive result can be reported within 48 h . The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. Mutat Res, 1987 Jun, 188(2), 97 - 104 Bacterial mutagenicity of some methyl 2-cyanoacrylates and methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates; Rietveld EC et al.; The mutagenic potential of three alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives, three commercial alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives and three methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates, was assessed using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . Compounds were tested with and without Aroclor 1254-induced rat-liver homogenate (S9 mix) . The methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were mutagenic in the standard plate test with S . typhimurium strain TA100 with and without S9 activation . Methyl 2-cyano-3-(2-bromophenyl)acrylate revealed a direct mutagenic action to S . typhimurium strain TA1535 . The compounds most toxic towards the bacterium S . typhimurium, were the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives (greater than 500 micrograms/plate) . All alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were tested in a modified spot test for volatile compounds with tester strain TA100 . Mutagenic and toxic effects were observed with the three methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives . It can be concluded from the results that the bacterial toxicity and mutagenicity of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives may be due to the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer. Environ Health Perspect, 1987 Jun, 72, 183 - 7 Results of in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity tests on methyl isocyanate; Shelby MD et al.; Methyl isocyanate (MIC) was tested for genetic toxicity in a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays . Negative results were obtained in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay using five bacterial strains in a preincubation protocol . The Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test also gave negative results in studies that involved three routes of administration: inhalation, feeding, and injection . Positive results were obtained for three endpoints in cultured mammalian cells . Reproducible, dose-related increases in trifluorothymidine-resistant clones were induced in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, and the frequencies of both SCE and chromosomal aberrations increased in Chinese hamster ovary cells . These effects were independent of exogenous metabolism . In mice exposed to methyl isocyanate by inhalation, cytogenetic analyses were carried out on bone marrow, blood, and lung cells . A single, 2-hr exposure to concentrations of 0, 3, 10, and 30 ppm MIC produced no evidence of chromosomal effects in the bone marrow, although significant cell cycle delay was observed . In four experiments involving exposures on 4 consecutive days to 0, 1, 3, or 6 ppm, delays in bone marrow cell cycle were again observed . Increases in SCE and chromosomal aberrations were observed in bone marrow cells, and a dose-related increase in SCE occurred in lung cells but not in peripheral blood lymphocytes . A significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood was observed in male mice in one experiment . From these results, it appears that methyl isocyanate has the capacity to affect chromosome structure but not to induce gene mutations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Semin Oncol, 1987 Jun, 14(2 Suppl 3), 40 - 7 Opportunistic infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Armstrong D; The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) results in a T lymphocyte deficiency and, consequently, a susceptibility to opportunistic infections with organisms that previously were better known as causes of disease in patients with Hodgkin's disease or recipients of immunosuppressive therapy . Pneumocystis carinii, Candida albicans, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are among the most frequently observed pathogens in AIDS patients, followed by atypical mycobacteria, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella sp, and herpes simplex virus . Cryptosporidia sp, rarely encountered in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients, have also emerged as important pathogens in the setting of AIDS . Although some opportunistic infections in AIDS patients can be effectively treated, others are only temporarily suppressed or do not respond to the drugs currently available . The severity of the underlying immune deficit remains the most important prognostic factor, and opportunistic infection remains the cause of death in most AIDS patients. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jun, (6), 33 - 6 {Routes of salmonellosis spread beyond the confines of a swine-breeding farm complex}; Okladnikov NI et al.; Salmonella contamination of swine and morbidity rates among the workers of swine-breeding complexes and the members of their families, as well as among the population inhabiting the zone of possible influence rendered by such complexes on the environment, have been studied as exemplified by 4 complexes for large-scale swine breeding, differing in their technology of swine raising and fattening, their systems of the purification and utilization of manure-containing sewage . Besides, the influence of the raw meat (pork) and meat products, contaminated with salmonellae, sold in town, on salmonellosis morbidity among the urban population has been analyzed . The study has revealed that salmonellae are spread from swine-breeding complexes with the fluid and solid fractions of manure-containing sewage, as well as with the animals supplied to the meat-packing plant; the contamination of the workers of swine-breeding complexes with salmonellae becomes possible due to the low culture of the production and to the breach of sanitary and epidemic-control regulations and the contamination of the population occurs through meat and meat products. Afr J Med Med Sci, 1987 Jun, 16(2), 97 - 102 Transduction of citrate-utilization genes into Escherichia coli K12; Olukoya DK; Genes for citrate utilization were transferred by transduction into Escherichia coli from Salmonella and Klebsiella strains . The genes appear to take chromosomal positions at 6-10 min on the K12 linkage map . Growth on citrate medium by Cit+ K12 hybrids was poor . Incorporate of glycine or L-serine into citrate minimal media improved growth of K12 Cit+ hybrids on citrate . The significance of these findings is discussed. Ann Trop Paediatr, 1987 Jun, 7(2), 113 - 7 Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhoea in children; Wittenberg DF et al.; Over a 3-month period during summer, 30 out of a group of 194 children admitted with a primary diagnosis of gastro-enteritis with dehydration were found to excrete cryptosporidium oocysts in their stools . On retrospective analysis, children with cryptosporidia in their stools had a significantly higher mortality than those without . They spent a longer time in hospital and were more likely to have intestinal salmonella infection . They also had a higher incidence of bronchopneumonia . They were not significantly different from the group of children without cryptosporidia in respect of age, mass for age, duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization, prior treatment, or severity of metabolic derangement on admission . Since cryptosporidiosis has a recognized association with immune deficiency, the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts in the stools of our children with diarrhoea may be a pointer to morbidity and mortality. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jun, 25(6), 1088 - 93 Systemic and intestinal immunities after natural typhoid infection; Sarasombath S et al.; A 2-year study of systemic and intestinal immunity to Salmonella typhi was performed in 14 patients who were suffering from typhoid fever in an attempt to extrapolate the mechanism of immune responses in this disease . The methods employed were the leukocyte migration inhibition agarose test for the measurement of systemic cell-mediated immunity . The systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM that were specific to S . typhi and anti-O and anti-H agglutinins were measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Widal test, respectively . The immunobead ELISA was used to measure total secretory IgA (SIgA), and indirect ELISA was used to measure SIgA that was specific to S . typhi in the intestinal lavage fluid . The results revealed that the patients developed various types of immune response to S . typhi that had various magnitudes and durations . After the onset of illness, the cell-mediated immunity persisted for 16 weeks; IgG, IgM, and anti-O and anti-H agglutinin persisted for 2 years, 16 weeks, 16 weeks, and 36 weeks, respectively . SIgA can persist in the gut for about 48 weeks . Thus, the immunities as a whole can barely persist beyond 1 year after the onset of illness, unless there are persistent booster stimulations by S . typhi bacilli that exist in the environment, and then the immunities may be lifelong. J Infect Dis, 1987 Jun, 155(6), 1260 - 5 Prevention of shigellosis by a Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei bivalent vaccine; Black RE et al.; We genetically modified attenuated Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a to express the form I O polysaccharide antigen of Shigella sonnei . Three doses of this bivalent, live oral vaccine strain (1-8 X 10(9) organisms/dose) were given to young adults who, along with unvaccinated controls, were challenged one month later with pathogenic S . sonnei . The vaccinees had 40% protection against diarrhea and 56% against Hematest-positive diarrhea . Two of three vaccine lots provided higher levels of protection (53% against diarrhea and 71% against Hematest-positive diarrhea), but the third lot, prepared for a large-scale field trial, demonstrated no protective efficacy . Vaccinees had serum and local intestinal immune responses to S . sonnei lipopolysaccharide, and the presence of specific serum IgA or IgG antibody before challenge with pathogenic S . sonnei was correlated with protection from illness . Some lots of this bivalent vaccine strain provide significant protection against S . sonnei disease, but the problem of lot-to-lot variability must be overcome. Science, 1987 May 22, 236(4804), 933 - 41 Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rodents from in vitro genetic toxicity assays; Tennant RW et al.; Four widely used in vitro assays for genetic toxicity were evaluated for their ability to predict the carcinogenicity of selected chemicals in rodents . These assays were mutagenesis in Salmonella and mouse lymphoma cells and chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells . Seventy-three chemicals recently tested in 2-year carcinogenicity studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute and the National Toxicology Program were used in this evaluation . Test results from the four in vitro assays did not show significant differences in individual concordance with the rodent carcinogenicity results; the concordance of each assay was approximately 60 percent . Within the limits of this study there was no evidence of complementarity among the four assays, and no battery of tests constructed from these assays improved substantially on the overall performance of the Salmonella assay . The in vitro assays which represented a range of three cell types and four end points did show substantial agreement among themselves, indicating that chemicals positive in one in vitro assay tended to be positive in the other in vitro assays. Experientia, 1987 May 15, 43(5), 586 - 8 Induction of chromosomal aberrations by the anthracycline antitumor antibiotics N,N-dimethyldaunomycin and aclacinomycin A; Steinheider G et al.; The clastogenic effect of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotics, N,N-dimethyldaunomycin and aclarcinomycin A, was studied in a murine hemopoietic cell line (Friend leukemia cells) . A dose-dependent increase in chromatid lesions, i.e., achromatic lesions, chromatid breaks, chromatid deletions and triradial or quandriradial chromosomal exchange fiqures, was found . It appears that the clastogenicity of N,N-dimethyldaunomycin and aclacinomycin A is lower than that of the classic anthracycline, daunomycin, which is also a potent mutagen and carcinogen . The data demonstrate that the capacity of chemicals to induce point mutations and chromosomal aberrations may not necessarily be correlated: aclacinomycin A is devoid of mutagenic activity in bacterial (Salmonella typh.) and mammalian cell (HGPRT) mutagenesis assays, and is non-carcinogenic in rats . Nevertheless, it was now found to possess clastogenic activity. Biochem J, 1987 May 15, 244(1), 63 - 8 Cyclic AMP-regulating agents inhibit endotoxin-mediated cartilage degradation; Bednar MS et al.; The influence of cyclic AMP on cartilage degradation was investigated by using phosphodiesterase inhibitors {theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)}, forskolin (which activates the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase) and cyclic AMP analogues (dibutyryl and 8-bromo) . Breakdown was assessed by quantification of proteoglycans released into the media of 8-day bovine nasal-septum cartilage cultures . Theophylline (1-20 mM), IBMX (0.01-2 mM) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0.1-2 mM) had little or no influence on the rate of proteoglycan release from unstimulated (no-endotoxin) cartilages . A small but detectable increase in breakdown was observed with 8-bromo cyclic AMP (0.5-2 mM) and forskolin (50-75 micrograms/ml) . To examine potential inhibitory influences of these agents, the cyclic AMP modulators were added to cultures simultaneously treated with Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (12-25 micrograms/ml), a potent stimulator of cartilage degradation . The 3-4-fold stimulation of breakdown by endotoxin was strikingly inhibited by all three classes of cyclic AMP regulators . Optimal inhibition was found at 10-20 mM-theophylline, 1-2 mM-IBMX, 50-75 micrograms of forskolin/ml, 2 mM-dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 2 mM-8-bromo cyclic AMP . Inhibition was shown to be reversible, indicating that cartilages were viable after treatment . Sepharose CL-2B chromatography of proteoglycan products released from treated cartilages showed that the endotoxin-stimulated shift to lower average Mr was significantly prevented by cyclic AMP analogues and phosphodiesterase inhibitors . Together, these results show that agents which increase cyclic AMP inhibit both quantitative and qualitative aspects of endotoxin-mediated cartilage degradation. Lancet, 1987 May 9, 1(8541), 1049 - 52 Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation; Levine MM et al.; Three doses, given within one week, of Ty21a attenuated Salmonella typhi oral vaccine in an enteric-coated formulation provided 67% efficacy for at least 3 years in a randomised, placebo-controlled field trial involving 109,000 schoolchildren in Santiago, Chile . Increasing the interval between doses to twenty-one days did not enhance protection . Significantly less protection followed administration of vaccine in gelatin capsules with sodium bicarbonate . Ty21a provides the same level of protection as the heat/phenol-inactivated whole cell parenteral vaccine but differs in not causing adverse reactions . Ty21a may now be regarded as a practical public health tool. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1987 May-Jun, 138(3), 343 - 8 {Supplement 1986 (No . 30) to the Kauffmann-White classification}; Le Minor L et al.; This supplement reports the characters of 28 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1986 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 14 serovars belong to subspecies, I, 5 to subspecies II, 2 to subspecies IIIa, 4 to subspecies IIIb and 3 to subspecies IV . One serovar formerly considered as "atypical subspecies I" and 8 as "atypical subspecies II" are now classified in the new subspecies VI. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 May-Jun, 70(3), 521 - 9 DNA hybridization assay for detection of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 11 laboratories to validate a DNA hybridization (DNAH) procedure for detection of Salmonella in foods . The DNAH procedure was compared to the standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in 6 foods: ground pepper, soy flour, dry whole egg, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey . With the exception of turkey which was naturally contaminated, uninoculated and inoculated samples of each food group were analyzed . Results for the DNAH method were significantly better than for the standard culture method at the 5% probability level for the detection of Salmonella in turkey . There was no significant difference between the methods for the other 5 foods . The method has been adopted official first action. J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 May, 62(5), 429 - 32 A new scheme for phage typing Salmonella bareilly and characterization of typing phages; Jayasheela M et al.; A new phage typing scheme using wild bacteriophages isolated from sewage for phage typing Salmonella bareilly is described . Six hundred and thirty-seven strains of Salm . bareilly could be separated into 11 different phage types using five wild phages . Overall typability was 94.5% . These phages belonged to two different morphotypes . A1 and B1, and showed varying host range. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 May, 53(5), 1118 - 24 Multiyear study of sludge application to farmland: prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens and antibody status of farm families; Ottolenghi AC et al.; We describe our experience with the isolation of salmonellae from sewage sludge from four treatment plants in different geographic areas of Ohio . Over 3 years, we isolated salmonellae 50 times from 311 sludge samples . Most isolations were made after enrichment in Selenite broth (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) . The largest proportion of isolations came from the plant serving the population of Columbus, a large metropolitan area . A significantly greater number of isolations from this plant were made during the first quarter of the year . Twenty-one different serotypes were isolated, along with five untypable strains . The most frequently isolated serotype was Salmonella infantis . Five of the strains were multiply resistant to antibiotics . We also describe the prevalence of antibodies to salmonellae in members of the families residing on the farms in the study . It was found that antibodies to group C salmonellae predominated. Clin Radiol, 1987 May, 38(3), 325 - 6 Computed tomography and ultrasound diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Salmonella; Wilde CC et al.; The case of a 56 year old diabetic Chinese male, with a Salmonella bovismorbificans (serogroup C) mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is presented . The lesion was seen by computed tomography and ultrasound and the patient was successfully treated by primary resection, debridement and grafting . Computed tomography criteria for the diagnosis of mycotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are discussed . Ultrasound identified the aortic aneurysm correctly but was unable to demonstrate the associated psoas abscess in this case. Mutat Res, 1987 May, 188(1), 13 - 9 Investigation of the mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke; Balansky RM et al.; The genotoxic effect of whole tobacco smoke was studied employing the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow and UDS in peripheral human lymphocytes . It was established that tobacco smoke (120-480 cm3 in a 16-1 glass chamber, at 1-10 min exposure time) induced a 3-9-fold increase of spontaneous his+ reversion mutation rate in S . typhimurium TA98, but not in strains TA97a, TA100 and TA102 . Addition of S9 mix obtained from the liver of Aroclor 1254-treated rats was necessary to reveal the mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke . Treatment of BDF1 mice placed in a 14-1 glass chamber with tobacco smoke (600 cm3 smoke, 2 exposures of 30 min each, with a 1-min interval between them) caused a 2-fold dose-dependent elevation of the number of micronucleated PCE in bone marrow . No cumulative effect was detected when mice were treated with tobacco smoke during 2-28 consecutive days . The effect observed 24 h after tobacco-smoke exposure was abolished 48 h later . Tobacco smoke (180 or 360 cm3) passed through the culture medium (with or without S9 mix) of human peripheral lymphocytes (the cells were then incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C) did not increase the spontaneous rate of UDS . Both the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay employing S . typhimurium TA98 strain and the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow might be useful in studying tobacco smoke-induced mutagenesis. Mutat Res, 1987 May, 178(1), 25 - 32 Identification of the mutagenic quinoxaline isomers from fried ground beef; Knize MG et al.; Two mutagens isolated from fried-beef patties were compared to a series of synthetic structural isomers of 2-aminodimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-aminotrimethylimidao{4,5-f}quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) . Comparison by NMR spectrometry and HPLC coelution showed that one beef mutagen (molecular weight of 213) was identical to the 8-MeIQx isomer not the 7-Me isomer . Another quinoxaline beef mutagen, having 3 methyl groups (molecular weight of 227), had an NMR spectrum different from the 5,8- or 7,8-DiMeIQx isomers, but not clearly distinguishable from the 4,8- or 4,7-DiMeIQx isomers . The HPLC separation of the DiMeIQx isomers and subsequent addition of the beef mutagen showed the beef-derived compound to coelute with the 4,8-DiMeIQx and not with the 4,7-DiMeIQx . The number and position of methyl groups was responsible for a 7-fold range of mutagenic response in the Ames/Salmonella assay . In conclusion, the major quinoxaline mutagens isolated from fried beef were identified as 8-MeIQx and 4,8-DiMeIQx isomers. J Clin Invest, 1987 May, 79(5), 1498 - 509 Platelet-activating factor mediates hemodynamic changes and lung injury in endotoxin-treated rats; Chang SW et al.; Within 20 min after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in rats, blood platelet-activating factor (PAF) increased from 4.3 +/- 1.3 to 13.7 +/- 2.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and lung PAF from 32.3 +/- 4.9 to 312.3 +/- 19.6 ng (P less than 0.01), but not lung lavage PAF . We tested the effect of PAF receptor antagonists, CV 3988 and SRI 63-441, on endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes and lung vascular injury . Pretreatment with CV 3988 attenuated systemic hypotension, preserved hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and prolonged survival of awake catheter-implanted endotoxin-treated (20 mg/kg) rats . Pretreatment with SRI 63-441 prevented the depressed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction after low dose (2 mg/kg) endotoxin . Both CV 3988 and SRI 63-441 blocked the increased extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water in perfused lungs isolated from endotoxin-treated rats . We conclude that PAF is produced in the lung during endotoxemia and may be an important mediator of the systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic changes as well as the acute lung vascular injury after endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1987 May, 84(9), 2911 - 5 Vaccines containing purified GM2 ganglioside elicit GM2 antibodies in melanoma patients; Livingston PO et al.; GM2, GD2, and GD3 gangliosides are expressed on the surface of human melanoma cells and represent potential targets for immunological control of melanoma growth by monoclonal antibodies and active immunization . The immunogenicity of GM2 was investigated by analyzing the humoral immune response of melanoma patients to vaccination with cell lines selected for high GM2 expression and with vaccines containing purified GM2 . The whole-cell vaccine and vaccines containing purified GM2 and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) elicited GM2 antibody in a high proportion of patients, particularly in GM2/BCG-vaccinated patients pretreated with cyclophosphamide and given a GM2/BCG booster immunization . Vaccines containing purified GM2 and Salmonella minnesota R595 as the adjuvant were also effective, but only in patients pretreated with cyclophosphamide . GM2 antibodies in vaccinated patients were of the IgM class and were cytotoxic for GM2-positive targets in the presence of human complement. Mutagenesis, 1987 May, 2(3), 161 - 71 Evaluation of potential mammalian genotoxins using Drosophila: the need for a change in test strategy; Vogel EW; Recent developments in the field of genetic toxicology testing, in particular the outcome of several international collaborative studies, necessitate a re-appraisal of the potential use of Drosophila assays for mutagen testing . For an evaluation of the test performance of the classical sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) assay to detect as mutagens mammalian carcinogens, the parameters sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were compared, using as a database the Gene-Tox Report and the results of two international collaborative studies (CSSTT and IPCS) . A characteristic of the assay's performance is its low sensitivity (0.33-0.79) and low accuracy (0.50-0.73), when genotoxins other than direct-acting agents and simple promutagens (single-step activation) were included in the analysis . However, the high specificity (0.86-1.0) of the SLRL assay means that in general a positive result has considerable value for prediction of potential genotoxicity in mammals . Experience in the field of carcinogenesis dictates that organ specificity in one species cannot be predicted on the basis of observations in another . It is concluded here that any attempt to use Drosophila assays on the basis of just exposure dose as predictors of effects likely to occur in specific organs in mammals will fail . Examples are provided by the procarcinogens diethylnitrosamine (DEN), vinyl chloride (VC) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), as well as by the direct-acting mutagens diethylsulphate (DES), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and hycanthone . This view is that it would be highly desirable to compare the Drosophila results on germ cells with in vivo mammalian germ-line tests on the basis of molecular dosimetry studies as proposed by Lee . This approach then should enable the comparison on an adequate basis of mechanism of mutagenesis in Drosophila and rodents . It is specifically concluded that the potential value of the SLRL and any other Drosophila germ-cell assay should be judged against their capability of predicting mammalian genotoxicity in a broad sense but certainly not in specific organs . In this function, germ-line assays will have to compete with the novel tests measuring somatic mutation/mitotic recombination (SMART) in Drosophila . The values obtained for sensitivity (0.75-0.78) and accuracy (0.83-0.86) for the latter tests were clearly better than those found for the SLRL test, suggesting that SMART assays present a promising new development . However, the final judgement of their probable role as complementary or confirmatory methods of genotoxic activity observed in Salmonella must await the outcome of the evaluation studies in progress in several laboratories. J Heart Transplant, 1987 May-Jun, 6(3), 177 - 9 Septic arthritis by Salmonella enteritidis after heart transplantation; Martin-Santos JM et al.; A 13-year-old boy underwent orthotopic heart transplantation for end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone, and antithymocyte globulin . Endomyocardial biopsies revealed persistent moderate rejection, which was treated aggressively . In the sixth week, septic arthritis by Salmonella enteritidis developed . We discuss our management of this exceptional complication and the poor results obtained because of superimposed cytomegalovirus infection. Res Vet Sci, 1987 May, 42(3), 287 - 93 The pathology and pathogenesis of Salmonella stanley infection in experimental chicks; Rao V et al.; Experimental infection with Salmonella stanley was produced by oral, intravenous and intramuscular routes in day-old chicks . The earliest evidence of the presence of the organisms was in duodenal mucosa six hours after oral infection . Following oral infection the organisms were detected in the duodenum from six hours to five days, in the caecum from 12 hours to nine days, liver, spleen and blood from 24 hours to seven days . The resistance to infection was found to be significant after 10 days old, but not up to six days old . The work confirmed that the survival time of birds given S stanley by the intravenous or intramuscular routes was inversely proportional to the dose up to a maximum beyond which the survival time was not further decreased by dose increase . The presence of S stanley in tissues and blood was detected by isolation and by the fluorescent antibody technique. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 May-Jun, 70(3), 530 - 5 Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Salmonella in low-moisture foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 15 laboratories to evaluate a modification of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for detection of Salmonella in foods (46.B21-46.B29) . The modified EIA requires 18-24 h pre-enrichment, 6-8 h selective enrichment, and 14-18 h M-broth post-enrichment prior to performing the assay, which requires 1-2 h . Total assay time is 40-52 h . The modified method was compared with the standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in 5 low-moisture foods: nonfat dry milk, milk chocolate, meat and bone meal, dry whole egg, and ground pepper . The modified method has been adopted official first action for use with low-moisture foods. J Infect, 1987 May, 14(3), 225 - 8 Five years' experience of bacteraemia in sickle-cell anaemia; Rao KR et al.; In a review of all adults admitted with sickle-cell anaemia to Cook County Hospital between January 1980 and April 1985, 15 instances of bacteraemia were identified . In these patients, bacteraemia was characterised by slow onset, an identifiable focus of infection and lack of hypotension or abnormal coagulation of the blood . The organisms, most often isolated were Escherichia coli and Salmonella species . Two patients died, both with Salmonella enteritidis bacteraemia . Neither death could be attributed to the acute effects of infection . The outcome of bacteraemia in adults with sickle-cell anaemia appears to be more favourable than that in children. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1987 May-Jun, 138(3), 303 - 11 Molecular characterization of a conjugative R-lac plasmid in Salmonella typhi isolated from a patient with typhoid fever; Ezaki T et al.; In a strain of Salmonella typhi isolated from a patient with post-operative typhoid fever, a 217-Kb conjugative plasmid has been detected which codes for lactose fermentation and drug resistance to sulphonamides (SA), chloramphenicol (CP), ampicillin (AP), kanamycin (KM) and trimethoprim (TP) . The physical and genetic map was constructed . The lac region containing the lacI gene, the regulatory region and the lacZ and lacY genes was shown to be structurally identical to that of Escherichia coli K12 . A transposon carrying genes for resistance to CP and AP, as well as four copies of IS1-like elements, were detected and localized on the plasmid . Their role in the emergence of such a large plasmid is discussed. Mol Gen Genet, 1987 May, 207(2-3), 402 - 5 Isolation of stable aroA mutants of Salmonella typhi Ty2: properties and preliminary characterisation in mice; Dougan G et al.; Derivatives of the Salmonella typhi strain Ty2 carrying stable mutations in the aroA gene were isolated . The mutations were generated by transducing an aroA::Tn10 marker into Ty2 and selecting for derivatives which were tetracycline sensitive and dependent on aromatic compounds for growth . Isolates that did not revert to aromatic compound independence at a detectable frequency were obtained . An S . typhimurium derived aroA specific DNA probe was used to demonstrate the presence of DNA rearrangements in the aroA region of the chromosome of some of the S . typhi aroA mutants . Most of these isolates still expressed Vi antigen . Aromatic compound dependent mutants of S . typhi were less virulent in mice than S . typhi Ty2 following intraperitoneal challenge with bacteria suspended in mucin . Mice immunised with one of these mutants, named WBL85-1, were protected against a potentially lethal challenge of S . typhi Ty2. Infect Immun, 1987 May, 55(5), 1047 - 50 Role of myeloperoxidase in the killing of Naegleria fowleri by lymphokine-altered human neutrophils; Ferrante A et al.; Previously we have shown that human neutrophils treated with conditioned medium from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes (sCM) in the presence of antisera have amoebicidal properties for Naegleria fowleri, a pathogenic free-living amoeba . The data now presented show that neutrophils which lack myeloperoxidase (MPO) but have a normal oxygen-dependent respiratory burst could not be altered by sCM to express the amoebicidal activity . Catalase inhibited this amoebicidal activity of sCM-treated neutrophils . Various components and products of the neutrophils were examined for effects on naegleriae . A granule extract was found to have no effect at concentrations up to 100-fold that which killed Salmonella minnesota R595 . Hydrogen peroxide appeared to have little effect even at 100 microM . However, in the presence of MPO, H2O2 was amoebicidal at 2.5 microM . The generation of amoebicidal activity required the presence of chloride ions . Azide inhibited the effects of the MPO-H2O2-Cl- system . Arginine, a scavenger of hypochlorite, significantly depressed the ability of sCM-treated neutrophils to kill amoebae and also prevented the amoebicidal properties of the MPO-H2O2-halide system . These results suggest that the MPO-H2O2-halide system is important in the killing of naegleriae by sCM-treated neutrophils and that hypochlorite may be the amoebicidal agent. Ann Vasc Surg, 1987 May, 1(4), 426 - 31 Mycotic suprarenal aortic aneurysm; Suddleson EA et al.; Two cases of mycotic suprarenal aortic aneurysm treated by anatomic reconstruction are presented . Diagnosis was facilitated by 67-Gallium Citrate Scanning, Computer Assisted Tomography (CT), and Angiography . Increasing symptoms with attenuation of the aortic wall identified by CT necessitated urgent resection and reconstruction in both patients . Contained rupture of the aneurysm was found in one patient . Cultures of the resected tissue grew Salmonella dublin and Bacteroides fragilis . The patients were treated with continuous antibiotic therapy . Follow-up demonstrated asymptomatic patients with sterile blood cultured and good anatomic results on CT at one year . No recurrent sepsis nor aneurysmal dilatation is evident to date . Based on our experience and the available literature we conclude that inline reconstruction is the method of choice for treatment on these lesions. Postgrad Med J, 1987 May, 63(739), 373 - 5 Salmonella intracerebral and subdural abscess--report of two cases; Mahapatra AK et al.; Two cases of the rarely encountered Salmonella typhi subdural empyema are reported . The first was in an 11 month old infant and the second in a 25 year old adult . Neither of them suffered from typhoid fever . The causative organism was not suspected until the culture report was obtained . Both patients responded satisfactorily to therapy. J Med Microbiol, 1987 May, 23(3), 239 - 46 Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in mice immunised with Salmonella enteritidis; George A et al.; The effects of diverse factors, such as route of immunisation, composition of immunogen and administration of interferon inducer, on the expression of cell-mediated immune responses against Salmonella enteritidis were investigated in BALB/c and Swiss white mice . Immunisation with live cells of S . enteritidis by the intraperitoneal route (ip) generated both delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and protective cell-mediated immunity (CMI) . However, the two responses showed diametrically opposite time kinetics . The decline and disappearance by 9 weeks after ip immunisation of DTH and the rise of protective immunity in the