Salmonella

Mutat Res, 1987 Sep, 180(1), 11 - 20
Effects of UV repair, error-prone repair and critical site of mutation on mutagenesis induced by N-nitrosamines; Zielenska M et al.; Many N-nitrosamines have been assayed for mutagenic activity in bacteria but few have been systematically compared in a series of strains . In this study through the use of several Salmonella tester strains, we have examined the effects of Uvr repair, error-prone repair, and the critical site for mutation (GC or AT base pair) on the mutagenic activities of a diverse group of N-nitrosamines . We have employed the histidine autotrophs, TA1975 (uvrB+), TA1535 (uvrB-) and TA100 (uvrB-/pKM101) which are hisG46 strains, sensitive mainly to G-C base damage, and TA104 (uvrB-/pKM101), a hisG428 strain, which can be reverted at the hisG428 locus by damage to A-T base-pairs, or by suppression at G-C base pairs . The N-nitrosamines studied were, N-nitroso: dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, methylbenzylamine, bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)amine, bis-(2-oxopropyl)amine and 3,4-dichloropyrrolidine . For all of the nitrosamines larger than diethylnitrosamine (except for methylbenzylnitrosamine) mutagenesis was greatly enhanced (3-20 X) by the lack of uvrB activity, indicating that the DNA adducts produced by these nitrosamines can be classified as "bulky adducts" . For most nitrosamines the plasmid, pKM101, enhanced mutagenesis in hisG46 strains, several fold, suggesting that error-prone DNA repair plays a role in mutagenesis by these compounds . All of the compounds tested were more mutagenic in TA100 than TA104 except diethylnitrosamine and methylbenzylnitrosamine which were more potent in TA104 . Revertants induced by all of the nitrosamines in TA100 were due predominantly to damage at G-C base pairs . Revertants induced by all the nitrosamines except diethylnitrosamine and dibutylnitrosamine resulted mainly from damage to G-C base pairs in TA104.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1987 Sep, 66(5), 349 - 88
Extra-intestinal manifestations of salmonella infections; Cohen JI et al.; While salmonellosis is often considered to affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract, infection at other sites may occur, producing characteristic clinical syndromes . We reviewed cases from our institutions and the literature on focal manifestations of salmonella infections . In the past, most extra-intestinal salmonella infections were caused by S . choleraesuis; however, we found S . typhimurium to be the predominant serotype . The mortality rate for patients in our series was considerably lower than the rate described for focal infections in other reviews . This may in part be due to lower proportion of infections due to S . choleraesuis, improved microbiologic and diagnostic techniques, increased use of ampicillin, and improved surgical techniques . Salmonella endocarditis usually occurs in patients with preexisting heart disease . Unlike other salmonella infections, S . choleraesuis is the most frequent serotype . Salmonella endocarditis is often very destructive, with a fatality rate of 70% . Nonvalvular (mural) endocarditis occurs in one-fourth of patients and survival has not been reported . While antibiotic therapy should be tried initially, if response is not prompt the clinician should look for an associated site of infection (intra- or extra-cardiac abscess), which will often require surgery . Salmonella pericarditis often presents with cardiac or pulmonary symptoms, but typical signs of pericardial disease (pulsus paradoxus, friction rub) or characteristic electrocardiographic changes (low voltage, elevated ST segments) are uncommon . Early diagnosis, before infection involves other areas of the heart, is crucial for survival . In addition to antibiotic therapy, pericardiocentesis or pericardiectomy is required . Salmonella may infect the peripheral or visceral arteries, but the abdominal aorta is the most frequent site of vascular infection . Most patients are men over age 50 with preexisting atherosclerosis of the aorta who do not have a previous history of gastroenteritis . About one-fourth of patients have associated lumbar osteomyelitis . No patients have been reported to survive with medical therapy alone . Specific guidelines for surgical removal of infected aneurysms have been proposed and these (in addition to increased use of ampicillin) may be responsible for higher survival rates in recent years . Due to the high incidence of relapses, postoperative blood cultures should be done routinely . Arterial infection should be considered in any elderly patient with salmonella bacteremia especially with prolonged fever or bacteremia after an "adequate course" of antibiotic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Infect Immun, 1987 Sep, 55(9), 2052 - 6
Plasmid-encoded expression of lipopolysaccharide O-antigenic polysaccharide in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Riley LW et al.; The role of a plasmid in the virulence activity of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain belonging to serotype 0111:NM was examined . EPEC strain B171, which is resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, and tetracycline, harbors a 54-megadalton plasmid, pYR111, and exhibits localized adherence (LA) with HeLa cells . Curing the plasmid yielded strain B171-4, which had lost the ability to exhibit LA, resistance to the antibiotics, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigenic polysaccharide . To confirm that these phenotypic characteristics were specified by pYR111, the plasmid was transferred by conjugation into a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E . coli HB101 . LA and antimicrobial resistance were expressed in most of the transconjugants examined . The O-polysaccharide side chains, antigenically reactive with O111-specific antiserum, were also expressed by the transconjugants . Although EPEC plasmids coding for both drug resistance and LA have been described, an EPEC plasmid encoding the expression of an LPS O antigen has not been previously reported . Similar findings described for some Shigella and Salmonella strains suggest that plasmid-encoded modification of the LPS in some enteric bacterial species may be more common than previously recognized and may contribute to the characteristic virulence activity of the organism.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 Sep-Oct, 70(5), 903 - 6
Evaluation of penicylinders used in disinfectant testing: bacterial attachment and surface texture; Cole EC et al.; Two possible deficiencies in the AOAC use-dilution method for registration of chemical disinfectants by the Environmental Protection Agency are examined: (1) the physical disparities among brands of penicylinders and (2) the variability of bacterial numbers on penicylinders depending upon test strain and penicylinder surface texture . Textural differences of 2 brands of stainless steel penicylinders, one brand of porcelain, and one brand of glass were assessed by scanning electron microscopy . A considerable variation in smoothness of both inner and outer surfaces of stainless steel and porcelain penicylinders was observed . Glass penicylinders were very smooth . Numbers of bacteria attached to a penicylinder were assessed by vortexing the penicylinders 30 s at No . 4 after using the AOAC method of bacterial inoculation and drying 40 min at 37 degrees C . With this methodology, stainless steel carriers retained the 3 AOAC-recommended bacterial test strains differentially: ca 10(7) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 X 10(6) for Staphylococcus aureus, and 10(6) for Salmonella choleraesuis; glass retained 10(6)-10(7) organisms of all 3 test strains; porcelain retained about that amount of S . aureus but 10(5)-10(6) P . aeruginosa and 10(3)-10(4) S . choleraesuis . These data suggest that disinfectants are not similarly challenged with the AOAC-recommended test bacteria and that an alternative method should be considered to ensure comparable numbers of bacteria on penicylinders.

Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 1987 Sep, 29(1), 61 - 9
Effects of calmodulin inhibitors on rabbit synoviocyte phospholipase A2; Rothenberg RJ; The effect of calmodulin inhibitors on synoviocyte phospholipase A2 activity was evaluated . Cells were incubated with {3H}arachidonic acid after 24 hours to label phospholipids . {3H}prostaglandin E2 synthesis was stimulated by Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (100 micrograms/ml) . Trifluoperazine, 35 microM, reduced lipopolysaccharide-stimulated {3H}prostaglandin E2 synthesis by 50% . In sonicated suspensions of cells, calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity was inhibited by trifluoperazine 3-100 microM and by compound 48/80 (3 micrograms/ml) . These agents inhibit calmodulin-dependent enzyme activity . The addition of calmodulin, 1 or 2.5 microM, to compound 48/80-treated suspensions reversed this inhibition in a dose-dependent manner . Agents which inhibit calmodulin-dependent enzymes can reversibly inhibit synoviocyte phospholipase A2 and thus prostaglandin E2 production.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Sep, 25(9), 1779 - 81
Association between specific plasmids and relapse in typhoid fever; Gotuzzo E et al.; We studied isolates from 73 patients hospitalized with typhoid fever in Lima, Peru . Of these 73 patients, 11 (15%) suffered a clinical relapse, with fever and positive blood cultures, within 3 months of their original illness . Using plasmids as epidemiologic markers, we found that three patients who subsequently relapsed were initially infected with more than one strain of Salmonella typhi . There was a highly significant association between relapse and isolation of a strain containing either a 24- or a 38-kilobase plasmid at the time of the original infection; however, we were unable to show any evidence of homology between these two plasmids . Our data indicate that infection with multiple strains is not uncommon in this endemic area and suggest that relapse may be partly strain dependent.

J Gen Microbiol, 1987 Sep, 133 ( Pt 9), 2679 - 87
Electrophoretic and immunochemical study of the lipopolysaccharides produced by chemostat-grown Escherichia coli O157; Dodds KL et al.; Two chemically different O-polysaccharides, a low molecular mass form of LPS and core LPS produced by chemostat-grown E . coli O157, were analysed by SDS-PAGE, silver staining and immunoblotting . The reactivities of the different O-polysaccharides with antisera prepared against E . coli O157 grown in batch culture, Salmonella O30 or Brucella abortus were very similar, showing that the O-polysaccharides share at least some antigenic determinants . The reactions of the low molecular mass LPS with the antisera indicated it was semi-rough LPS having one repeat unit of the O-polysaccharide attached to core LPS.

Bioorg Khim, 1987 Sep, 13(9), 1275 - 81
{Antigenic bacterial polysaccharides . 23 . The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Salmonella arizonae 059 lipopolysaccharide}; Vinogradov EV et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O59 (Arizona 19) is composed of D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-L-fucosamine (FucNAc, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose) in the ratio 1:1:1 . The computerized calculation of the 13C NMR spectrum of the polysaccharide, based on the monosaccharide composition, spectra of the free monosaccharides and glycosydation effects, together with the chemical analysis (methylation and Smith degradation) showed that the polysaccharide is built up of trisaccharide repeating units of the following structure: ----3)-alpha-L-FucNAcp(1----3)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1----2)-beta- D-Galp-1(---- . The molecular basis of serological interrelations between S . arizonae O59 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa O7 (Lanyi) is discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Sep, (9), 67 - 71
{Quantitative determination of the soluble O antigen of Salmonella serogroup B and of specific antibodies in different classes by using immunoenzyme analysis}; Tregub AV et al.; The results of measurements of S . typhimurium O-antigen and specific IgA-, IgG- and IgM-antibodies in 115 serum samples from patients with salmonellosis induced by group B salmonellae are analyzed . As determined in this study, the concentrations of IgA-antibodies ranged 0-15 micrograms/ml, the minimal diagnostically significant value being 3.6 micrograms/ml; the concentrations of IgG-antibodies ranged 0-13 micrograms/ml, the minimal diagnostically significant value being 1.3 micrograms/ml; and the concentrations of IgM-antibodies ranged 0-50 microgram/ml, the minimal diagnostically significant value being 5.0 micrograms/ml . The minimal diagnostically significant concentration of O-antigen, determined in selected serum samples obtained from healthy donors, was 0.1 microgram/ml . There is a significant correlation between the concentrations of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-antibodies, but the concentrations of these antibodies do not correlate with the concentration of soluble O-antigen . The study showed that the simultaneous determination of S . typhimurium O-antigen and specific antibodies in the material under test significantly enhances the effectiveness of the serodiagnosis of the disease.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Sep, (9), 64 - 7
{Isolation and study of active peptides in Salmonella H antigens}; Vaneeva LI et al.; The monomer forms of Salmonella H-antigens a, b, d, i, 1, 2 have both specific antigenic determinants, characteristic of each H-antigen, and common determinants . The presence of two types of determinant groups leads to the appearance of cross reactions in the enzyme immunoassay . In this work the method for the isolation of peptides carrying only specific antigenic determinants is proposed.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1987 Aug 15, 36(16), 2637 - 9
Evidence for the involvement of a reperfusion injury in galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice; Wendel A et al.; Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration of 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 33 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin to male NMRI albino mice resulted in fulminant hepatitis as assessed after nine hours by measurement of serum transaminases as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase activities . Intraperitoneal pretreatment of animals with 2 X 100 mg/kg allopurinol, or intravenous pretreatment with 33 kU superoxide dismutase or 1 MU catalase fully prevented hepatitis . Administration of 10 micrograms/kg of the prostacyclin analogue iloprost antagonized liver injury when given simultaneously with galactosamine/endotoxin but did not protect when given 90 min later . Tocopherol or desferal pretreatment of the animals had no significant protective effect . Together with our recent finding that hepatic leukotriene D4 production is likely to be responsible for galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis we interpret these results as evidence for a leukotriene-induced hepatic ischemia followed by a reperfusion syndrome.

J Mol Biol, 1987 Aug 5, 196(3), 445 - 55
Isolation and characterization of IS elements repeated in the bacterial chromosome; Matsutani S et al.; Shigella sonnei contains repetitive sequences, including an insertion element IS1, which can be isolated as double-stranded DNA fragments by DNA denaturation and renaturation and by treatment with S1 nuclease . In this paper, we describe a method of cloning the IS1 fragments prepared by the S1 nuclease digestion technique into phage M13mp8 RFI DNA . Several clones contained IS1, usually with a few additional bases . We isolated and characterized five other repetitive sequences using this method . One sequence, 1264 base-pairs in length, had terminal inverted repeats and contained two open reading frames . This sequence, called IS600, showed about 44% sequence homology with IS3 and was repeated more than 20 times in the Sh . sonnei chromosome . Another sequence (named IS629, 1310 base-pairs in length), which was repeated six times, was found also to be related to IS3 and thus IS600 . Two other sequences (named IS630 and IS640, 1159 and 1092 base-pairs in length, respectively), which were repeated approximately ten times, had characteristic terminal inverted repeats and contained a large open reading frame coding for a protein . The inverted repeat sequences of IS630 were similar to the sequence at one end of IS200, a Salmonella-specific IS element . The fifth sequence, repeated ten times in Sh . sonnei, had about 98% sequence homology with a portion of IS2 . The method described here can be applied to the isolation of IS or iso-IS elements present in any other bacterial chromosome.

Can J Microbiol, 1987 Aug, 33(8), 718 - 24
Acquisition of Salmonella flora by turtle hatchlings on commercial turtle farms; Izadjoo MJ et al.; A commercial turtle pond in South Louisiana was studied to identify the mechanism by which turtle hatchlings acquire Salmonella flora . The visceral organs and mature eggs removed from 31 adult gravid female turtles over the course of two egg-laying seasons and from 37 adult females during one winter dormant period were examined bacteriologically for Salmonella . Pond water, egg nest soil, and hatchlings produced by eggs removed from the oviducts and nest soil were also tested . Eighty-eight turtles hatched from eggs removed from the oviducts of 15 turtles at necropsy did not excrete or harbor systemically Salmonella, nor were these pathogens isolated from ovarian tissue or immature eggs . The findings suggest transovarian transmission of these pathogens does not occur frequently . Turtles hatched from eggs retrieved from soil nests 1 to 2 h after deposition harbor and excrete these organisms . This result coupled with the isolation of these pathogens from the cloaca, colon contents, and bursal fluid from 18 females captured in the act of egg laying supports the cloaca to egg and nest soil to egg mode for salmonellae infection in the resultant hatchling . Salmonella arizonae and Salmonella serogroups B, C2, and E1 were isolated from the cloaca, colon contents, pond water, and nest soil, and were excreted by hatchlings produced from eggs removed from the soil nests . These same serogroups were isolated from the colon contents of 19 of 37 females tested during the dormant period, suggesting the salmonellae persist in the pond environment in the adult throughout the year.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 Aug, 63(2), 139 - 46
Influence of continuous challenge via the feed on competitive exclusion of salmonellas from broiler chicks; Impey CS et al.; In three replicate trials, chicks were treated orally with a culture of caecal contents from an adult hen and then exposed to continuous challenge from a strain of Salmonella kedougou incorporated in feed at a level of ca 10(2)/g . The contaminated feed was introduced at intervals from 0 to 48 h after treatment . Under these conditions, only one of 119 chicks in 12 separate groups was salmonella-positive at 7 d, compared with 36 of 119 controls, but thereafter protection was less consistent and in some cases the subsequent incidence of infected birds increased during the 3-week rearing period . At 21 d, 14 of 60 treated chicks were positive and 32 of 59 controls . Protection was more evident in chicks challenged 24 or 48 h after treatment than in those groups which received the salmonella-contaminated feed at 0 or 5 h and even untreated, control chicks showed greater resistance to salmonella infection from 24 h onwards . In some control and treated groups containing salmonella-positive birds, contamination of the litter reached ca 10(6) salmonellas/g, thus providing a considerable secondary challenge . Introduction of salmonellas via contaminated feed probably reduces the efficacy of protective treatment under field conditions and helps to explain the more limited success in commercial use.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1987 Aug, 9(2), 329 - 38
Contaminant and nutrient concentrations of natural ingredient rat and mouse diet used in chemical toxicology studies; Rao GN et al.; The NIH-07 open formula natural ingredient rat and mouse ration is the standard diet for chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity studies conducted for the National Toxicology Program (NTP) . Contaminant and nutrient concentrations were determined in 2 to 94 lots of this diet used in the NTP toxicology studies . All nutrient concentrations were equivalent to or greater than the requirements for rats and mice as set forth by the National Research Council . Aflatoxins, Hg, chlorinated hydrocarbons except methoxychlor, organophosphates except malathion, estrogenic activity, and Salmonella sp . were not present at the detectable levels . Fluorine, As, Cd, Pb, Se, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosomorpholine, nitrate, nitrite, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylene dibromide, methoxychlor, malathion, and trypsin inhibitor activity were present at or above the detectable levels . Five lots of diet had nitrosamine content of 100 to 273 ppb and 7 lots had 2.08 to 3.37 ppm of Pb . All other lots of NIH-07 diet used for NTP toxicology studies contained low levels of the contaminants . After determination of the contaminant concentrations in the 94 lots of diet and the contaminant concentrations in natural ingredients used in formulating NIH-07 diet, maximum allowable levels of contaminants were established and a flexible scoring system for acceptability of each lot of diet for chemical toxicology studies was developed . By prescreening ingredients such as fish meal for heavy metals and nitrosamines, and applying the flexible scoring system proposed, more than 95% of the lots of NIH-07 diet produced during the last 3 years had scores of greater than or equal to 95 out of 100 points and were considered acceptable for toxicology studies.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Aug, 25(8), 1516 - 8
Bacteremia caused by a lactose-fermenting, multiply resistant Salmonella typhi strain in a patient recovering from typhoid fever; Cohen SL et al.; A female patient suffered a typical attack of typhoid fever due to a lactose-negative, fully susceptible Salmonella typhi strain . During convalescence she became febrile, and a lactose-fermenting S . typhi strain resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim was isolated from blood culture . This isolated was shown to harbor a plasmid which cotransferred lactose fermentation and antibiotic resistance.

S Afr Med J, 1987 Aug 1, 72(3), 184 - 7
Membranous glomerulonephropathy in childhood; Wiggelinkhuizen J et al.; Membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN) in South African black and mixed race children with the nephrotic syndrome is much commoner than in First-World countries . In this survey of 388 nephrotic children MGN was found in 51.9% of black and 20.9% of mixed race boys, and 25% of black and 5.6% of mixed race girls respectively, but was not present in 53 white and Asiatic nephrotic children . Aetiological or associated factors were documented in 84%: hepatitis B virus infection in 73%, congenital syphilis in 6% and systemic lupus erythematosus, D-penicillamine toxicity and Salmonella infective endocarditis in 1 case each . The prognosis depends on the cause and is much better than for adults with idiopathic MGN . After an average follow-up period of 4.5 years the overall remission rate was 78% and mean time to remission 30 months . One patient with syphilitic MGN died 15 years later; 3 patients are in mild renal failure . Corticosteroids and other immuno-suppressive therapy were ineffective and may do harm . The frequent occurrence of MGN is related to the high prevalence of predisposing infections in the affected population groups, and socio-economic rather than ethnic factors are important.

Genes Dev, 1987 Aug, 1(6), 565 - 72
DNA specificity determinants of Escherichia coli tryptophan repressor binding; Bass S et al.; We have analyzed the sequence-specific interaction between the Escherichia coli tryptophan (Trp) repressor and its operator using challenge phage vectors . These phages, derivatives of Salmonella phage P22 that have substitutions of synthetic, symmetric trp operators for the P22 mnt operator, provide a genetic assay for DNA binding in vivo . Phages carrying operators that retain the determinants of Trp repressor binding efficiently lysogenize cells producing repressor; in contrast, phages with operators missing critical determinants kill such hosts . The binding determinants revealed by this assay corroborate a simple docking model for the Trp repressor-operator interaction postulated from the repressor crystal structure, and account for both the specificity of repressor binding and the ability of Trp repressor to recognize multiple, tandem DNA sites.

Am J Vet Res, 1987 Aug, 48(8), 1199 - 205
Immunologic memory responses induced in BALB/c mice by cross-linked outer membrane extracts of four Salmonella serotypes; Kudrna DA et al.; Outer membrane proteins (OMP), extracted from Salmonella enteritidis, S anatum, S typhimurium, and S infantis, were cross-linked to form a large immunogen (4-OMP-lipopolysaccharide {LPS}) . Vaccinations with 4-OMP-LPS dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline solution and 4-OMP-LPS emulsified with muramyl dipeptide were capable of eliciting specific and sustained primary IgM and IgG responses in BALB/c mice, as well as inducing immunologic memory for 130 days . In addition to 4-OMP-LPS-specific responses, substantial IgM and IgG responses specific for each live homologous organism were detected over the 130-day trial . In comparison with vaccination with 4-OMP-LPS dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline solution, responses specific for the antigen or the homologous Salmonella were not markedly increased in mice vaccinated with 4-OMP-LPS emulsified with muramyl dipeptide . Seemingly, cross-linked OMP, without the inclusion of muramyl dipeptide, may have potential as vaccine components and may induce immunologic memory.

Mutat Res, 1987 Aug, 179(2), 115 - 21
Electronic factors and acridine frameshift mutagenicity--a pattern recognition study; Henry DR et al.; Using the ADAPT and CHEMLAB-II systems for structure-activity analysis, computer-calculated electronic properties of molecules were used to derive structure-activity relationships for predicting the mutagenicity of a set of substituted acridines in strain TA1537 of the Ames Salmonella assay . A collection of 40 acridines, with a variety of substituents, was examined . A set of 4 electronic descriptors was found which could be used to correctly classify all but two of the compounds as mutagenic or nonmutagenic . A negative correlation was found between the sum of the Hammett aromatic substituent parameters and the level of mutagenicity of the structures, expressed as log(number of revertants/plate + 1) at a 20-micrograms dose . This correlation, however, was not high enough to allow precise estimation of the mutagenicity values.

Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Aug, 99(1), 143 - 7
Comparison of procedures based upon Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium with those using Muller-Kauffmann medium containing Teepol for the isolation of Salmonella sp; Vassiliadis P et al.; A total of 308 samples of different types were examined for the presence of salmonellas by means of three different procedures . The first consisted of pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water followed by enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (P/RV) . The second differed only in that 1% Teepol was added to the pre-enrichment medium (PT/RV) . In the third, buffered peptone water with 1% Teepol was followed by enrichment in Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth also containing 1% Teepol (PT/MKT) . The first of these combinations (P/RV) proved superior to the others both in terms of isolation rates and in the appearance of suspicious colonies.

J Urol, 1987 Aug, 138(2), 395 - 6
Renal abscess owing to salmonella septicemia: percutaneous drainage; Kaneti J et al.; Renal salmonella abscess is an unusual entity . We report a case in which percutaneous pigtail catheter drainage was performed with computerized tomography guidance.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1987 Aug, 184(6), 470 - 82
{Bacteriologic quality of water from the Rhine and its tributaries in the Rhine-Neckar region . II . Salmonellas--public health significance and health risks}; Mersch-Sundermann V et al.; Salmonella-infections, the epidemiology and the spread of these germs into the environment are a serious hygienic problem even today . Probably one of the most important reservoirs of germs is the water of rivers and lakes . Its relevance for the infective chain in the overcrowded region Rhein-Neckar was examined very insufficiently until now . Even though, the municipal, two-stepped purification-plants are widely improved, the pollution of the pre-floating compartments with Salmonellae seems to be always a problem . In 1982, 1983 and 1986 164 water-specimens were collected at 34 sites along the river Rhine and its affluxes in the Rhine-Neckar-Region and tested for the occurrence of Salmonellae . 35 serotypes could be isolated 156 fold in a 200-ml-specimen . Along the collecting-sites with a higher concentration of waste-water they could be found even in smaller volumes of water (2.5 ml, 12 isolates) . Especially those species could be identified, which had been reported at the public-health-departments in Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg as the cause of gastroenteritis during the test-period . Some divergences were observed due to the different resistance of the serotypes . The negligent deal with quite often high-contaminated surface-water (in agriculture, for private purposes) and the high environmental stability of many Salmonella-serotypes results in many infect-chains in the tested Rhine-Neckar-Region . This is one of several explanations for the still high incidence of gastroenteritis.

Environ Health Perspect, 1987 Aug, 73, 191 - 9
The nature of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrated, aromatic compounds in the environment; Tokiwa H et al.; Gaseous substances such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulate the process of nitration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the transformation products display a broad spectrum of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity . Bacterial mutation by nitroarenes is specific . Tetracyclic nitroarenes are thought to be the most mutagenic compounds in the Salmonella test system, and some are carcinogenic in rats and mice . Furthermore, it was found that the mutational nitroarenes produced mostly DNA damage, which is subject to recombination repair in the rec assay system using Bacillus subtilis . Nitroarenes in the environment seem to be ubiquitous; the majority of the compounds are emitted directly from diesel emissions, kerosene heaters, and gas and liquefied-gas burners or heaters . In nitroarenes induced during incomplete combustion, nitropyrene and nitrofluoranthene derivatives are the most important mutagens/carcinogens for determining the chronic toxicity of nitroarenes overall.

Am J Dis Child, 1987 Aug, 141(8), 862 - 5
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in 192 hospitalized children in Thailand; Thisyakorn U et al.; From 1977 to 1984, Salmonella typhi was isolated from 85% and Salmonella paratyphl A was isolated from 15% of 192 Thai children with enteric fever at Children's Hospital, Bangkok . Children with enteric fever presented with sudden onset of fever and gastrointestinal symptoms . of fever presented with sudden onset Diarrhea occurred in 62% of children with paratyphoid fever and 36% of children with typhoid fever . Rose spots were seen in 15% of patients with typhoid and 7% of patients with paratyphoid fever . There were no deaths . Bronchitis and pneumonia occurring in 11% of patients were the most common complications . Acute hemolysis occurred in 3% of the patients with typhoid fever who had thalassemia or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency . Chloramphenicol-resistant S typhi, which accounted for 70% of the isolates in 1977, has since 1982 accounted for less than 2% of isolates.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1987 Aug, 32(8), 591 - 7
{Genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of the genus Salmonella}; Blokhina IN et al.; Distribution of genetic determinants of resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfanilamides and trimethoprim in strains of Salmonella isolated from studied . The majority of the resistant strains carried the genes of aminoglycoside-3"-phosphotransferase, type I aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotransferase, type I chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and type II dihydropteroate synthetase . Tetracycline resistance in the strains was often due to the class B tetracycline resistance genetic determinants . It was suggested that the resistance mechanisms controlled by these genes provided higher levels of resistance to the above drugs in Salmonella as compared to the other mechanisms . Plasmid resistance genes were detected in more than 90 per cent of the clinical strains and in 35 per cent of the sporadic strains of S . typhimurium . The antibiotic resistance of the Salmonella strains of other serovars was not as a rule controlled by the plasmid genes.

Mutat Res, 1987 Aug, 182(4), 193 - 201
Induction of prophage lambda by chlorinated pesticides; Houk VS et al.; Chlorinated organics represent an important class of environmental carcinogens . However, only a small percentage of the carcinogens of this chemical class are genotoxic in prokaryotic bioassays such as the Salmonella assay . In an effort to identify a short-term assay sensitive to chlorinated carcinogens, we have tested a group of chlorinated pesticides, most of which are carcinogenic in rodents, in a prophage-induction assay developed by Rossman et al . (1984) . The Microscreen phage-induction assay is a rapid, inexpensive, miniaturized system that uses the induction of prophage lambda in Escherichia coli as an indicator of genetic damage . It has been used successfully to screen complex environmental samples for genotoxicants and has detected carcinogenic metals that are refractory in the Salmonella assay . The pesticides tested were malathion, monuron, p,p'-DDT, mirex, lindane, nitrofen, chlordane, toxaphene, captan, and dichlorvos . All but the first 4 induced prophage . The remaining pesticides were ranked as follows according to induction potency in the presence of S9: captan greater than dichlorvos greater than toxaphene greater than lindane greater than nitrofen greater than chlordane . Rankings were similar in the absence of S9 . Of these 6 pesticides, only nitrofen required S9 to induce prophage . Comparisons with mutagenesis data in Salmonella indicated that the Microscreen assay detected as genotoxic each of the pesticides that were mutagenic in Salmonella; moreover, it detected 2 additional carcinogens (chlordane and lindane) that were not mutagenic in the Salmonella assay . The possible use of the Microscreen phage-induction assay to detect chlorinated organics is discussed.

Gut, 1987 Aug, 28(8), 1008 - 12
Sulphasalazine induced seminal abnormalities in ulcerative colitis: results of mesalazine substitution; Riley SA et al.; Seminal abnormalities are commonly found during sulphasalazine treatment . Although these changes appear reversible after drug withdrawal this may result in colitis relapse . Animal studies suggest that 5-aminosalicylic acid, the active component of sulphasalazine, does not impair fertility . Sixteen patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis were studied . Each patient produced three samples of semen at weekly intervals . Of the 48 samples analysed 39.6% showed oligospermia, 41.7% showed an increased number of abnormal forms and 91.7% showed impaired motility . Nine patients substituted enteric coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) for sulphasalazine for a minimum period of three months . During this time one patient developed a salmonella associated colitis relapse; the others remained well . Improvement in sperm count (p less than 0.02), motility (p less than 0.001) and morphology (p less than 0.02) occurred in all cases . To date, four successful pregnancies have resulted, three in couples complaining of long term infertility . Treatment with enteric-coated mesalazine allows the recovery of seminal abnormalities induced by sulphasalazine in patients with colitis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Aug, (8), 64 - 7
{Solid-phase method of immunoradiometric determination of the O antigen of Salmonella typhi}; Kulakov VN et al.; The solid-phase variant of radioimmunoassay for the determination of S . typhi O-antigen has been developed . The sensitivity of this method is 0.1 microgram/ml of the antigen in the blood serum of patients . The study of a number of blood serum samples collected from patients with typhoid fever has confirmed the possibility of using this method in clinical practice.

Med Trop (Mars), 1987 Jul-Sep, 47(3), 287 - 91
{Diarrhea and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the tropics (tropical AIDS) . The place of digestive endoscopic examinations in diagnosing opportunistic infections}; Aubry P et al.; A.I.D.S . has revealed some parasitic, microbiotic, mycotic or viral diseases causing diarrhea or has given a revival of interest to them . So are Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Salmonella typhi murium, Cytomegalovirus . Some easy techniques lead to the diagnosis of some pathogenic agents, such as parasitologic diagnosis of Cryptosporidium . Some other pathogenic agents call for a biopsy in view of an histopathology test: it is the case of Cytomegalovirus of which the diagnosis is stated positively by the histological picture with virus intranuclear inclusions . Then, it is necessary to make clear the actual indications of digestive endoscopic scanning when confronted by a diarrhea of tropical A.I.D.S.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1987 Jul, 102(1), 59 - 67
Application of liposomes to generation of monoclonal antibody to glycosphingolipid: production of monoclonal antibody to GgOse4Cer; Watarai S et al.; Liposomes were applied to the immunization with GgOse4Cer and screening for production of monoclonal antibody to GgOse4Cer . Four-week-old and 22-week-old Balb/c mice were immunized with GgOse4Cer and Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharides incorporated liposomes which were composed of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol . Since antibody response to GgOse4Cer was higher in 22-week-old than 4-week-old Balb/c mice after immunization, 22-week-old Balb/c mice were used for the immunization prior to generation of the monoclonal antibodies to GgOse4Cer . The screening of monoclonal antibodies was performed by complement-dependent liposome immune lysis assay using GgOse4Cer-containing liposomes . Six kinds of monoclonal antibodies, AG-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6, of the IgM class were established . The specificities of the monoclonal antibodies obtained were defined by complement-dependent liposome immune lysis assay using various glycosphingolipids incorporated in liposomes and by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with immunostaining . All of the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with GgOse4Cer in the liposome immune lysis assay . In addition, the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with GgOse4Cer in the TLC immunostaining . However, none of the monoclonal antibodies obtained was capable of removing natural killer activity from C3H/He mice spleen cell suspensions in vitro . Liposomes may be useful in the procedures of immunization and screening for generation of antiserum and monoclonal antibody to GSLs.

Am J Med, 1987 Jul, 83(1), 137 - 8
Ceftriaxone treatment of multidrug-resistant Salmonella osteomyelitis; Sherman JW et al.; Empiric treatment of serious Salmonella infections has been complicated by the emergence of strains resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole . Recent reports suggest that the third-generation cephalosporins may be effective therapy for Salmonella infections . This report describes a case of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella heidelberg prosthetic hip infection successfully treated with prosthesis removal and once-daily ceftriaxone . Tube dilution sensitivity testing of the organism demonstrated minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of 0.12 microgram/ml . Serum bactericidal activity, 30 minutes after infusion, was inhibitory and bactericidal at 1:512 . It is concluded that the favorable preliminary results reported in the literature and the outcome in this patient suggest that the third-generation cephalosporins may be effective therapy for Salmonella infections and should undergo clinical trials.

Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 185 - 96
Mutagenicity of selected aniline derivatives to Salmonella following plant activation and mammalian hepatic activation; Gentile JM et al.; We compared several phenylenediamines (4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, NOP; 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, NPD; o-phenylenediamine, OPD; p-phenylenediamine, PPD; m-phenylenediamine, MPD) and aniline (ANL) for mutagenicity to Salmonella directly and following activation by plant and mammalian hepatic S9 using plate incorporation and preincubation protocols . In addition, we assayed each chemical for activation by intact plant cells using the plant cell/microbe coincubation protocol . At the concentrations tested, NOP, NPD, OPD, MPD and ANL were active in one or more assays . NPD, OPD and MPD were activated by mammalian hepatic S9 in one or more assay and each was activated by plant S9 or intact plant cells . ANL was mutagenic only in the presence of plant S9 . PPD was not active under any of the test conditions.

Carcinogenesis, 1987 Jul, 8(7), 1017 - 20
Synthesis, purification and mutagenicity of 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo{4,5-f}quinoline; Snyderwine EG et al.; Synthesis of 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo{4,5-f}quinoline (N-hydroxy-IQ), a reactive metabolite of 2-amino-3-methylimidazolo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), was achieved by a modification of an earlier method . N-Hydroxy-IQ was purified by a two-step procedure involving C18 Sep-Pack and semi-preparative h.p.l.c . Additional h.p.l.c . methods were developed to monitor the synthesis of N-hydroxy-IQ, and to measure IQ and other IQ derivatives on the same h.p.l.c . profile . The structure of N-hydroxy-IQ was confirmed by mass spectral analysis following derivatization to azoxy-IQ, phenyl-azoxy-IQ and acetoxy-acetamido-IQ, and by chemical reactivity studies . Mutagenicity studies with the nitro-reductase-deficient strain of Salmonella TA98 showed that N-hydroxy-IQ is directly mutagenic, having a specific activity of 2 X 10(4) revertants/nmol . The data confirm that N-hydroxy-IQ is a mutagenic metabolite of IQ and further implicate the hydroxylamine in the carcinogenicity of IQ.

Rev Infect Dis, 1987 Jul-Aug, 9(4), 841 - 5
Control of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, by annual immunization of schoolchildren with parenteral typhoid vaccine; Bodhidatta L et al.; The number of cases of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, began to increase sharply in 1974 and peaked in 1976 . In 1977, as part of a national typhoid immunization program, Thai schoolchildren aged seven to 12 years began to receive annually a single 0.25-ml subcutaneous dose (2.5 x 10(8) organisms) of a heat/phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccine . Isolations of Salmonella typhi in Bangkok decreased from 880 (4.6% of all blood cultures) in 1976 to 54 (0.3% of all blood cultures) in 1985 . The case ratio of S . typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A infection declined from 4.1:1 before the epidemic (1970-1973) to 0.9:1 after the epidemic (1984-1985), and the proportion of cases of typhoid fever occurring among children aged seven to 12 years significantly decreased from 30% to 10% . During the same periods S . paratyphi A isolation rates did not significantly decrease (in terms of either total number or percentage of cases) in school-aged children . Thus, mass vaccination of schoolchildren in Thailand with the heat-inactivated typhoid vaccine has been closely associated with a sharp decline in typhoid fever in Bangkok during an epidemic and with continuous control after the epidemic.

Mutat Res, 1987 Jul-Aug, 191(3-4), 151 - 5
Plant cells at different stages in their growth curve differentially activate promutagens; Gentile JM et al.; Mutagenic activity of the promutagens 2-aminofluorene (2AF) and a contaminant of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP-X) was followed in Ames Salmonella strain TA98 following metabolism by cotton and carrot cell suspension cultures using the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay . Both cell lines were capable of activating each chemical . However, activation capacities of the cell lines differed relative to their respective stage of growth when used . For 2AF activation early-log phase cotton cells and mid-log phase carrot cells proved superior while mid-log phase cotton cells and stationary phase carrot cells proved superior for NOP-X activation . These data indicate that the phase of the growth cycle at which plant cells are harvested can significantly affect their promutagen activation potential.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 Jul-Aug, 70(4), 635 - 7
Standardization of bacterial numbers of penicylinders used in disinfectant testing: interlaboratory study; Cole EC et al.; An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate a method of standardizing bacterial numbers on penicylinders used in the AOAC use-dilution method (4.007-4.015) of disinfectant testing . Eight participating laboratories followed a broth adjustment method using their media and stock cultures of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 . The culture broths that were used to inoculate the penicylinders were incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C after several (4-6) 24 h passages . McFarland turbidity standards of 1.0 and 0.5 were used to adjust visually the cultures of S . aureus and P . aeruginosa, respectively . S . choleraesuis was used undiluted . The results showed significant variability in numbers of test bacteria which adhered to the penicylinders, with mean values of 1.6 X 10(6) for S . choleraesuis, 3.5 X 10(6) for S . aureus, and 8.2 X 10(6) for P . aeruginosa . The results from collaborating laboratories attempting standardization of bacterial numbers on penicylinders demonstrated significant interlaboratory and cylinder variation for all 3 test organisms.

Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 197 - 200
Genetic activity of trimethoprim in the Salmonella/microsomal screening system; Rasool SA et al.; Trimethoprim, a widely used antibacterial drug was tested for its mutagenic potential in the Ames Salmonella/microsomal test system . The results indicated that, when used in the recommended dose range, the drug produced a several-fold increase in the reversion mutations on his(-)----his+ marker in some of the tester strains, compared with the spontaneous reversions . Dose-dependent curves were also obtained for reversion mutations caused by the drug . Ethyl methanesulfonate and benzo{alpha}pyrene were used a control mutagens.

Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 169 - 74
Structure-activity relationships for unsaturated dialdehydes . 1 . The mutagenic activity of 18 compounds in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Sterner O et al.; A considerable number of terpenes that contain an "unsaturated dialdehyde" functionality, and possess various biological activities, such as antimicrobial activity, pungency, antifeedant activity, and/or mutagenicity, have been isolated from natural sources . However, large qualitative and quantitative activity differences have been observed for the natural unsaturated dialdehydes, and small structural changes (e.g., stereoisomerization) seem to dramatically affect the biological activity . As part of a general attempt to study structure-activity relationships for unsaturated dialdehydes, the activity of compounds 1-18 (Table 1) in the Salmonella/microsome assay (strains TA98, TA2637 and TA100) has been investigated . 10 of the compounds were found to possess direct-acting mutagenic activity, although the mutagenic potencies vary considerably in this group (from 430 to 0.32 revertants per nmole in the Salmonella strain TA2637) . Some structural features that appear to moderate the activity are discussed . The necessity of an intact unsaturated dialdehyde functionality for the mutagenic activity of isovelleral (1) (see Scheme 1 for names, numbers, and chemical structures) in the Salmonella/microsome assay was demonstrated by chemical conversions: modification of either aldehyde group or reduction of the double bond led to loss of activity.

J Vasc Surg, 1987 Jul, 6(1), 81 - 3
Mycotic carotid aneurysm; Grossi RJ et al.; Mycotic aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery are rare; they usually appear as an enlarging pulsatile neck mass with associated pain, tenderness, and fever . This case report illustrates the need for prompt diagnosis and urgent surgical intervention . The most common organisms found with these aneurysms have been Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes . We report a case of a mycotic internal carotid artery aneurysm resulting from Salmonella enteritidis . A 20-year review of both the foreign and English language literature revealed only one other case of a mycotic carotid aneurysm resulting from Salmonella infection . The cornerstone of therapy in the past had been proximal ligation . More recently, primary reconstructive procedures with either an end-to-end anastomosis or an interposition vein graft have been described . The present case was managed with an end-to-end technique with the use of a Pruitt-Inahara shunt.

Infect Immun, 1987 Jul, 55(7), 1668 - 73
Endotoxin neutralization with rabbit antisera to Escherichia coli J5 and other gram-negative bacteria; Warren HS et al.; To study the mechanisms of protection against endotoxin challenge offered by antisera to smooth and rough gram-negative organisms, we have developed an assay to quantitate endotoxin neutralization based on inhibition of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test . Dilutions of different bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were incubated with hyperimmune rabbit sera against Escherichia coli O113, E . coli O18, and rough mutants E . coli J5 and Salmonella minnesota Re595 and were then combined with limulus lysate . The gelation reaction induced by LPS in the lysate was monitored spectrophotometrically, and the concentration of LPS resulting in a 50% lysate response was determined and correlated with antibody titers measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Antisera to smooth organisms neutralized homologous LPS markedly and heterologous LPSs only minimally relative to neutralization by preimmune serum . Neutralization of homologous LPS occurred immediately without preincubation of serum and LPS . Antisera to rough mutants neutralized more heterologous LPS than did antisera to smooth organisms . However, this heterologous neutralization required preincubation of serum and LPS and did not appear to be correlated with antibody concentrations . We conclude that antisera to LPS rapidly neutralize the biological activity of the homologous LPS, as detected by limulus lysate, and that neutralization is at least in part antibody mediated . Antisera to rough-mutant organisms slowly neutralized the activity of heterologous LPSs, but this effect appeared not to be correlated with concentrations of antibody to the LPS of the rough mutant, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Rev Infect Dis, 1987 Jul-Aug, 9(4), 719 - 36
Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and other newer cephalosporins; Soe GB et al.; Third-generation cephalosporins have been considered for the treatment of systemic salmonelloses because of emerging resistance among Salmonella species to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Twelve patients with typhoid/paratyphoid fever, nine with nontyphoid salmonella bacteremia, and two with Salmonella meningitis were treated with cefotaxime; one leukemic patient with Salmonella dublin bacteremia received ceftizoxime . All infections were cured except for one in a patient with sickle cell anemia; this patient's illness recurred but was cured with a second course of cefotaxime followed by ceftriaxone . A review of the literature documented cures with cefotaxime in 50 of 61 patients with typhoid/paratyphoid fever, all of four with salmonella osteomyelitis, 12 of 14 with salmonella meningitis, and 44 of 49 with non-typhoid salmonella bacteremia . Ceftriaxone and cefoperazone cured, respectively, 23 of 25 and 32 of 33 patients with typhoid/paratyphoid fever . The relapse rates of typhoid fever treated with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefoperazone were 6%, 4%, and 0%, respectively . Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefoperazone are acceptable alternative antibiotics for the treatment of salmonelloses caused by multiresistant organisms.

Mutat Res, 1987 Jul, 188(3), 161 - 8
Investigations on DNA binding in rat liver and in Salmonella and on mutagenicity in the Ames test by emodin, a natural anthraquinone; Bosch R et al.; Emodin (1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), an important aglycone found in natural anthraquinone glycosides frequently used in laxative drugs, was mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames test) with a specificity for strain TA1537 . The mutagenic activity was activation-dependent with an optimal amount of S9 from Aroclor 1254-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats of 20% in the S9 mix (v/v) for 10 micrograms emodin per plate . Heat inactivation of the S9 for 30 min at 60 degrees C prevented mutagenicity . The addition of the cytochrome P-448 inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone (18.5 nmoles per plate) reduced the mutagenic activity of 5.0 micrograms emodin per plate to about one third, whereas the P-450 inhibitor metyrapone (up to 1850 nmoles per plate) was without effect . To test whether a metabolite binds covalently to Salmonella DNA, {10-(14)C}emodin was radiosynthesized, large batches of bacteria were incubated with {10-(14)C}emodin and DNA was isolated . {G-3H}Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was used as a positive control mutagen known to act via DNA binding . DNA obtained after aflatoxin treatment could be purified to constant specific activity . With emodin, the specific activity of DNA did not remain constant after repeated precipitations so that it is unlikely that the mutagenicity of emodin is due to covalent interaction of a metabolite with DNA . The antioxidants vitamin C and E or glutathione did not reduce the mutagenicity . Emodin was also negative with strain TA102 . Thus, oxygen radicals are probably not involved . When emodin was incubated with S9 alone for up to 50 h before heat-inactivation of the enzymes and addition of bacteria, the mutagenic activity did not decrease . It is concluded that the mutagenicity of emodin is due to a chemically stable, oxidized metabolite forming physico-chemical associations with DNA, possibly of the intercalative type . In order to check whether an intact mammalian organism might be able to activate emodin to a DNA-binding metabolite, radiolabelled emodin was administered by oral gavage to male SD rats and liver DNA was isolated after 72 h . Very little radioactivity was associated with the DNA . Considering that DNA radioactivity could also be due to sources other than covalent interactions, an upper limit for the covalent binding index, CBI = (mumoles chemical bound per moles DNA nucleotides)/(mmoles chemical administered per kg body weight) of 0.5 is deduced . This is 10(4) times below the CBI of AFB1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Microbiologica, 1987 Jul, 10(3), 265 - 9
A molecular study of Salmonella strains identified from two food-poisoning outbreaks; Nastasi A et al.; A molecular epidemiology study was carried out on Salmonella mbandaka and Salmonella corvallis strains identified from two food-poisoning outbreaks which occurred in August 1985 in Pistoia and in October 1985 in Sant'Ilario d'Enza (RE) . All the Salmonella mbandaka strains were plasmid-free; all the epidemic Salmonella corvallis strains, in contrast to the non epidemic isolates, carried a small plasmid of approximately 2 MDa molecular weight . Restriction enzyme cleavage pattern analysis revealed that the plasmids of the epidemic strains were closely related.

Genetics, 1987 Jul, 116(3), 359 - 69
Physical analysis of Tn10- and IS10-promoted transpositions and rearrangements; Shen MM et al.; We have investigated by Southern blot hybridization the rate of IS10 transposition and other Tn10/IS10-promoted rearrangements in Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains bearing single chromosomal insertions of Tn10 or a related Tn10 derivative . We present evidence for three primary conclusions . First, the rate of IS10 transposition is approximately 10(-4) per cell per bacterial generation when overnight cultures are grown and plated on minimal media and is at least ten times more frequent than any other Tn10/IS10-promoted DNA alteration . Second, all of the chromosomal rearrangements observed can be accounted for by two previously characterized Tn10-promoted rearrangements: deletion/inversions and deletions . Together these rearrangements occur at about 10% the rate of IS10 transposition . Third, the data suggest that intramolecular Tn10-promoted rearrangements preferentially use nearby target sites, while the target sites for IS10 transposition events are scattered randomly around the chromosome.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1987 Jul, 79(1), 185 - 8
Tumorigenicity test of 1,3- and 1,8-dinitropyrene in BALB/c mice; Otofuji T et al.; 1,3-Dinitropyrene (DNP) and 1,8-DNP (CAS: 42397-65-9) are very potent mutagens and induce a frameshift-type mutation in the Salmonella test system . Each compound was tested for tumorigenicity in BALB/c mice by sc inoculation of 0.05 mg of the compound once a week for 20 weeks . Tumors developed at the site of injection of 1,8-DNP in 6 of 15 mice up to 60 weeks after the first injection . The incidence of tumors was statistically significant at a P-value of less than .05 but not of less than .01 . Therefore, the carcinogenicity of 1,8-DNP in BALB/c mice was concluded to be weaker than that of benzo{a}pyrene {(BP) CAS: 50-32-8}, which induced a 100% tumor incidence when it was injected at the same dose as that of 1,8-DNP . No tumors occurred at the injection site in mice given 1,3-DNP . Most of the tumors induced by 1,8-DNP and BP showed histologic features characteristic of malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jul, (7), 25 - 8
{Results of an epidemiological study of familial foci of salmonellosis in the Western Urals}; Faidysh AI et al.; The study of 449 family foci of salmonellosis demonstrated the possibility of detecting cases of salmonellosis, not diagnosed by clinical and bacteriological methods, in the passive hemagglutination test . Such undetected Salmonella carriers, not observing the rules of personal hygiene, contributed to the contamination of household articles, foodstuffs and the environment . The formation of the family foci of salmonellosis was facilitated by the belated detection and hospitalization of salmonelloses cases, as well as by the inadequate observance of the rules for infant care and feeding.

J Hosp Infect, 1987 Jul, 10(1), 67 - 72
Salmonella screening of pregnant women; Roberts C et al.; Over a 9-year period all maternity patients were screened by rectal swab for salmonella excretion at the time of delivery . 30,471 mothers were screened and 60 (0.2%) yielded salmonellas, 43 (72%) of whom were symptomless excretors . Seven of the 60 babies (12%) excreted salmonellas, all of which were the same organism as in the mothers . Five had uncomplicated gastroenteritis in the neonatal period, but no mother or child suffered invasive disease and no incidents of hospital cross-infection occurred . These results show that screening is unjustified unless there are problems of cross-infection.

J Infect, 1987 Jul, 15(1), 61 - 3
Abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis within a glioblastoma multiforme; Noguerado A et al.; Focal intracranial infections due to Salmonella species are rare . We report a case of brain abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis within a glioblastoma multiforme.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1987 Jul, 69(1), 148 - 56
A sulfhydryl-rich IgM protein with multiple serological specificities; Merlini G et al.; A monoclonal IgM lambda protein from a patient (E.T.) suffering from a lymphocytic lymphoma agglutinated Salmonella typhi bacteria and uncoated acryl particles . The antigenic determinant on Salmonella typhi bacteria was found to be 0-12 (alpha-D-Galp-(1-2)-alpha-D-Manp) while the structure on acryl particles recognized by IgM ET has not been defined . Both binding sites for bacteria and acryl particle determinants are localized on the same IgM molecule . The uncommon affinity of this IgM protein for some divalent heavy metal ions led to the finding of an unusually high content of sulfhydryl groups in the Fab portion of the molecule.

J Infect Dis, 1987 Jul, 156(1), 136 - 43
Demonstration of cross-reactive antibodies to smooth gram-negative bacteria in antiserum to Escherichia coli J5; Baumgartner JD et al.; We investigated the discrepancy between the broad cross-protection against gram-negative infections afforded by antiserum to Escherichia coli J5 and its apparently narrow cross-reactivity in vitro . Rabbits immunized with J5 bacteria produced antibodies to both the J5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS; titer by ELISA, 1:60,000) and LPS from the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota (i.e., to the ketodeoxyoctonate {KDO} and lipid A determinants; titer, 1:3,200) . In highly diluted antiserum, titers of antibody to J5 LPS were reduced by 28%-41% after adsorption with seven strains of smooth gram-negative bacteria and by only 4% after adsorption with the Re mutant . Smooth gram-negative bacteria adsorbed virtually all antibody to Re LPS . Therefore, rabbit antiserum to J5 contains type-specific antibodies to core determinants distal to KDO that can obscure highly cross-reactive antibodies to lipid A-KDO in vitro . Cross-reactive antibodies are demonstrable by adsorption with whole bacteria at limiting concentrations of antibody.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1987 Jun, 65(6), 1402 - 7
Responses of baboons to traditionally pyrogenic agents; Zurovsky Y et al.; It is not clear whether baboons develop fever in response to endotoxin or other pyrogens . We injected various pyrogens intravenously in 12 unrestrained baboons (Papio ursinus) and measured their body temperature using intra-abdominal radiotelemeters . Serum iron concentration was also measured . The baboons developed fever after injection of killed Staphylococcus aureus (5 X 10(7) organisms/kg) . No significant fever was measured after injection of lipopolysaccharide (Salmonella typhosa) (0.1, 8, 40, and 100 micrograms/kg), bovine serum albumin (4 mg/kg), killed Salmonella minnesota (5 X 10(7) organisms/kg), and killed Salmonella typhi (5 X 10(7) organisms/kg) . A significant decrease in serum iron concentration was found only after injection of S . aureus and lipopolysaccharide, 100 micrograms/kg . The phagocytic synthesis of interleukin-1 following pyrogen stimulation in baboons and some other primates appears to differ from that in man and in nonprimates.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1987 Jun, 65(6), 1261 - 6
Thermoregulatory responses of guinea pigs with anteroventral third ventricle lesions; Blatteis CM et al.; Guinea pigs with anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V) lesions fail to develop fever and the associated rise in acute-phase plasma protein levels following systemic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . Since endogenous pyrogen (EP) injected directly into the preoptic area of animals with AV3V lesions causes appropriate elevations in core temperature (Tco) and acute-phase plasma proteins levels, the blocked responses to LPS probably are not due to damage to the adjacent preoptic area . We proposed, therefore, that EP may pass from blood into brain in the AV3V, presumably through the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis . However, the possibility that a more generalized impairment due to damaged pathways within the AV3V could account for the observed effects was not examined . To investigate this possibility, guinea pigs were given AV3V lesions . Pending histological verification of the ablated sites, AV3V lesions were presumed to be placed correctly if the animals did not develop fever following LPS (Salmonella enteritidis, 2 micrograms/kg i.p., at ambient temperature (Ta) 22 degrees C); those failing to meet this criterion were designated as sham-operated . Two experiments were conducted . In the first, metabolic rates, Tco, and two skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured at Ta 12 degrees, 22 degrees, and 32 degrees C over an 8-month postlesion period during which failure to fever persisted; the data were collected during a 30-min period after thermal balance had been achieved at any given Ta . There were no differences in the variables measured between sham-operated and AV3V-lesioned animals at Ta 22 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 379 - 83
Does chloramphenicol remain the drug of choice for typhoid?
Rowe B, Threlfall EJ, Ward LR.
Of 2356 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Britain in the 8-year period 1978-85, 2345 (99.53%) were sensitive to all antibiotics tested and 11 (0.47%) were chloramphenicol-resistant; chloramphenicol resistance was plasmid-mediated in 6 strains . It is concluded that chloramphenicol remains a satisfactory first-line choice of drug for typhoid fever in Britain.

Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 323 - 30
Effect of time in lairage on caecal and carcass salmonella contamination of slaughter pigs; Morgan IR et al.; A longitudinal study of the effect of time spent in lairage on salmonellas in the caecum and on the skin surface of 450 slaughter pigs from a single producer was conducted . Pigs were tested in 6 groups at 2 abattoirs, with one-third of a group being slaughtered after 18 h, one-third after 42 h and one-third after 66 h spent in lairage . The salmonella isolation rate from caeca and carcass surfaces increased significantly with increasing time spent in lairage . Salmonellas were isolated from the caeca of 18.5% of pigs held less than 24 h in lairage, 24.1% of pigs held a further 24 h and 47.7% of pigs held for 66 h in lairage before slaughter . The salmonella isolation rates from carcasses were 9.3%, 12.8% and 27.3% for the same groups . Thirteen salmonella serotypes were isolated from the caecal contents and carcasses over the 6 weeks of the trial . One abattoir had a higher salmonella isolation rate from pigs than the other and this was probably related to lairage management . It appeared that lairage is an important factor in the manipulation of the salmonella contamination of pig carcasses.

Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 271 - 6
A comparative study of strains of salmonella isolated from irrigation waters, vegetables and human infections; Garcia-Villanova Ruiz B et al.; A total of 181 samples of irrigation water from the farmlands of Granada were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp . At the same time 849 samples of the crops from these farmlands and of vegetables sold in city market-places were studied . Sampling was done regularly over the period of study which ran from March 1981 to February 1983 . Isolates from these sources were compared with 93 salmonellas isolated from human pathological material at various hospitals of the city of Granada from 1979-80, and again from 1981-3 . The most commonly isolated serotypes of human origin were S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis . In irrigation waters and in crops, S . typhimurium, S . kapemba, S . london and S . blockley were found to be the most common . The results indicate a close relationship between the isolates from the irrigation waters and those from the vegetables, but their relationship to prevalent human infections is less clear.

J Infect Dis, 1987 Jun, 155(6), 1254 - 9
Natural history of oral Salmonella dublin infection in BALB/c mice: effect of an 80-kilobase-pair plasmid on virulence; Heffernan EJ et al.; BALB/c mice were infected orally with Salmonella dublin strains Lane and LD842, an isogenic derivative of the former that is avirulent because it was cured of its 80-kilobase-pair virulence plasmid pSDL2 . Both strains colonized the intestine and invaded Peyer's patches with equivalent efficiency . However, the parent strain multiplied in mesenteric nodes and in the spleen; the plasmid-cured strain reached these organs, but the infection was low grade and remained relatively static until the mice developed active immunity and cured themselves . The histological response to plasmid-free strain LD842 was mononuclear, whereas the virulent parent strain produced abscesses . Sublethal irradiation of the mice before infection with strain LD842 prevented the mononuclear infiltrate in the liver and made the animals susceptible . Thus the virulence plasmid of S . dublin allows multiplication within the reticuloendothelial system and does not have any effect on the organism's ability to colonize the intestine or invade Peyer's patches.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1987 Jun 1, 36(11), 1829 - 35
1,2-Dibromo compounds . Their mutagenicity in Salmonella strains differing in glutathione content and their alkylating potential; Zoetemelk CE et al.; The mutagenic activities of several structurally related dibromo compounds were compared in Salmonella strains sensitive to base substitution mutagenesis (TA1535 and/or TA100) and in the glutathione (GSH)-deficient derivative TA100/NG-57, using a preincubation procedure . The compounds tested were 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), 1,2-dibromopropane (DBP), 1,2-dibromo-1-phenylethane (DBPE) and model compounds for the half-mustards resulting from their conjugation with GSH, i.e . the N-acetyl-S-2-bromoalkyl-L-cysteine methyl esters SBE, SBP, and SBPE, respectively . The alkylating potential of all compounds was assayed with the 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) alkylation test . Five of the compounds showed a good correlation between relative mutagenic activity in TA100 and electrophilic reactivity in the NBP-test, the order of decreasing potency being SBE greater than SBP greater than DBPE greater than DBP . SBPE displayed the highest reactivity in the NBP-test, but was devoid of mutagenic activity . The mutagenic activity of DBE was substantially decreased in the GSH-deficient strain TA100/NG-57 and could be restored by pretreating the cells with GSH . None of the other chemicals showed different mutagenic activities in TA100 and TA100/NG-57 . From the results it can be concluded that 2-bromothioethers possess higher alkylating activities than the 1,2-dibromo compounds . Methyl substitution has a deactivating effect on the mutagenic activity . The results with the phenyl-substituted analogue, DBPE, show that a higher alkylating activity does not always lead to a higher mutagenic activity.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jun, (6), 66 - 71
{The function of Salmonella typhi at different stages in the pathogenesis of typhoid infection}; Obgol'ts AA et al.; The complex study of the adhesive, colicinogenic and antigenic properties of S . typhi of different origin has revealed that adhesive properties can be observed more frequently in the strains isolated from the blood and bile and are completely absent in the strains isolated from feces . S . typhi strains of various origin do not essentially differ in their sensitivity to colicins and in the capacity for their production . Among the strains isolated from feces and bile, agents in the W-form occur more frequently than among the strains isolated from the blood . Escherichia coli, isolated from typhoid patients and carriers at the moment of the persistence of S . typhi in the body, are characterized by faintly pronounced antagonistic properties, enhanced sensitivity to colicins and rather pronounced hemagglutinating activity.

Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Jun, 37(3), 326 - 30
Investigations of the pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis serotype Amsterdam following a naturally occurring infection in rats; Seps SL et al.; A naturally occurring infection of an unusual Salmonella sp . was detected in research rats during routine health monitoring procedures . The organism, Salmonella enteritidis serotype Amsterdam appeared to have a low pathogenicity and did not cause clinical disease in adult rats . Experimental mouse and guinea pig inoculations suggest that the organism is more pathogenic in mice.

Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Jun, 98(3), 301 - 10
Assessment of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of salmonellas in foods and animal feeding stuffs; Todd LS et al.; The Salmonella Bio-EnzaBead Screening Kit, in its modified form with both the MOPC 467 and the 6H4 antibodies, was used for the detection of salmonellas in naturally contaminated foods and animal feeding stuffs in parallel with a traditional cultural procedure . Initial results showed an 82% agreement between the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and cultural methods when using the criterion recommended by the manufacturer as a cut-off for all types of foods . By adjusting the cut-off for each type of food, the number of EIA positive, culture negative samples was reduced although the number of EIA negative, culture positive samples increased . The EIA may be more sensitive than the cultural methods as in many cases the EIA positive, culture negative results could be real positives which were not detected by the cultural methods . The screening kit provides a simple and convenient method for the detection of salmonella in foods and feeds and a presumptive positive result can be reported within 48 h . The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.

Mutat Res, 1987 Jun, 188(2), 97 - 104
Bacterial mutagenicity of some methyl 2-cyanoacrylates and methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates; Rietveld EC et al.; The mutagenic potential of three alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives, three commercial alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives and three methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates, was assessed using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . Compounds were tested with and without Aroclor 1254-induced rat-liver homogenate (S9 mix) . The methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were mutagenic in the standard plate test with S . typhimurium strain TA100 with and without S9 activation . Methyl 2-cyano-3-(2-bromophenyl)acrylate revealed a direct mutagenic action to S . typhimurium strain TA1535 . The compounds most toxic towards the bacterium S . typhimurium, were the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives (greater than 500 micrograms/plate) . All alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were tested in a modified spot test for volatile compounds with tester strain TA100 . Mutagenic and toxic effects were observed with the three methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives . It can be concluded from the results that the bacterial toxicity and mutagenicity of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives may be due to the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer.

Environ Health Perspect, 1987 Jun, 72, 183 - 7
Results of in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity tests on methyl isocyanate; Shelby MD et al.; Methyl isocyanate (MIC) was tested for genetic toxicity in a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays . Negative results were obtained in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay using five bacterial strains in a preincubation protocol . The Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test also gave negative results in studies that involved three routes of administration: inhalation, feeding, and injection . Positive results were obtained for three endpoints in cultured mammalian cells . Reproducible, dose-related increases in trifluorothymidine-resistant clones were induced in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, and the frequencies of both SCE and chromosomal aberrations increased in Chinese hamster ovary cells . These effects were independent of exogenous metabolism . In mice exposed to methyl isocyanate by inhalation, cytogenetic analyses were carried out on bone marrow, blood, and lung cells . A single, 2-hr exposure to concentrations of 0, 3, 10, and 30 ppm MIC produced no evidence of chromosomal effects in the bone marrow, although significant cell cycle delay was observed . In four experiments involving exposures on 4 consecutive days to 0, 1, 3, or 6 ppm, delays in bone marrow cell cycle were again observed . Increases in SCE and chromosomal aberrations were observed in bone marrow cells, and a dose-related increase in SCE occurred in lung cells but not in peripheral blood lymphocytes . A significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood was observed in male mice in one experiment . From these results, it appears that methyl isocyanate has the capacity to affect chromosome structure but not to induce gene mutations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Semin Oncol, 1987 Jun, 14(2 Suppl 3), 40 - 7
Opportunistic infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Armstrong D; The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) results in a T lymphocyte deficiency and, consequently, a susceptibility to opportunistic infections with organisms that previously were better known as causes of disease in patients with Hodgkin's disease or recipients of immunosuppressive therapy . Pneumocystis carinii, Candida albicans, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are among the most frequently observed pathogens in AIDS patients, followed by atypical mycobacteria, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella sp, and herpes simplex virus . Cryptosporidia sp, rarely encountered in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients, have also emerged as important pathogens in the setting of AIDS . Although some opportunistic infections in AIDS patients can be effectively treated, others are only temporarily suppressed or do not respond to the drugs currently available . The severity of the underlying immune deficit remains the most important prognostic factor, and opportunistic infection remains the cause of death in most AIDS patients.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jun, (6), 33 - 6
{Routes of salmonellosis spread beyond the confines of a swine-breeding farm complex}; Okladnikov NI et al.; Salmonella contamination of swine and morbidity rates among the workers of swine-breeding complexes and the members of their families, as well as among the population inhabiting the zone of possible influence rendered by such complexes on the environment, have been studied as exemplified by 4 complexes for large-scale swine breeding, differing in their technology of swine raising and fattening, their systems of the purification and utilization of manure-containing sewage . Besides, the influence of the raw meat (pork) and meat products, contaminated with salmonellae, sold in town, on salmonellosis morbidity among the urban population has been analyzed . The study has revealed that salmonellae are spread from swine-breeding complexes with the fluid and solid fractions of manure-containing sewage, as well as with the animals supplied to the meat-packing plant; the contamination of the workers of swine-breeding complexes with salmonellae becomes possible due to the low culture of the production and to the breach of sanitary and epidemic-control regulations and the contamination of the population occurs through meat and meat products.

Afr J Med Med Sci, 1987 Jun, 16(2), 97 - 102
Transduction of citrate-utilization genes into Escherichia coli K12; Olukoya DK; Genes for citrate utilization were transferred by transduction into Escherichia coli from Salmonella and Klebsiella strains . The genes appear to take chromosomal positions at 6-10 min on the K12 linkage map . Growth on citrate medium by Cit+ K12 hybrids was poor . Incorporate of glycine or L-serine into citrate minimal media improved growth of K12 Cit+ hybrids on citrate . The significance of these findings is discussed.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1987 Jun, 7(2), 113 - 7
Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhoea in children; Wittenberg DF et al.; Over a 3-month period during summer, 30 out of a group of 194 children admitted with a primary diagnosis of gastro-enteritis with dehydration were found to excrete cryptosporidium oocysts in their stools . On retrospective analysis, children with cryptosporidia in their stools had a significantly higher mortality than those without . They spent a longer time in hospital and were more likely to have intestinal salmonella infection . They also had a higher incidence of bronchopneumonia . They were not significantly different from the group of children without cryptosporidia in respect of age, mass for age, duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization, prior treatment, or severity of metabolic derangement on admission . Since cryptosporidiosis has a recognized association with immune deficiency, the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts in the stools of our children with diarrhoea may be a pointer to morbidity and mortality.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jun, 25(6), 1088 - 93
Systemic and intestinal immunities after natural typhoid infection; Sarasombath S et al.; A 2-year study of systemic and intestinal immunity to Salmonella typhi was performed in 14 patients who were suffering from typhoid fever in an attempt to extrapolate the mechanism of immune responses in this disease . The methods employed were the leukocyte migration inhibition agarose test for the measurement of systemic cell-mediated immunity . The systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM that were specific to S . typhi and anti-O and anti-H agglutinins were measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Widal test, respectively . The immunobead ELISA was used to measure total secretory IgA (SIgA), and indirect ELISA was used to measure SIgA that was specific to S . typhi in the intestinal lavage fluid . The results revealed that the patients developed various types of immune response to S . typhi that had various magnitudes and durations . After the onset of illness, the cell-mediated immunity persisted for 16 weeks; IgG, IgM, and anti-O and anti-H agglutinin persisted for 2 years, 16 weeks, 16 weeks, and 36 weeks, respectively . SIgA can persist in the gut for about 48 weeks . Thus, the immunities as a whole can barely persist beyond 1 year after the onset of illness, unless there are persistent booster stimulations by S . typhi bacilli that exist in the environment, and then the immunities may be lifelong.

J Infect Dis, 1987 Jun, 155(6), 1260 - 5
Prevention of shigellosis by a Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei bivalent vaccine; Black RE et al.; We genetically modified attenuated Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a to express the form I O polysaccharide antigen of Shigella sonnei . Three doses of this bivalent, live oral vaccine strain (1-8 X 10(9) organisms/dose) were given to young adults who, along with unvaccinated controls, were challenged one month later with pathogenic S . sonnei . The vaccinees had 40% protection against diarrhea and 56% against Hematest-positive diarrhea . Two of three vaccine lots provided higher levels of protection (53% against diarrhea and 71% against Hematest-positive diarrhea), but the third lot, prepared for a large-scale field trial, demonstrated no protective efficacy . Vaccinees had serum and local intestinal immune responses to S . sonnei lipopolysaccharide, and the presence of specific serum IgA or IgG antibody before challenge with pathogenic S . sonnei was correlated with protection from illness . Some lots of this bivalent vaccine strain provide significant protection against S . sonnei disease, but the problem of lot-to-lot variability must be overcome.

Science, 1987 May 22, 236(4804), 933 - 41
Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rodents from in vitro genetic toxicity assays; Tennant RW et al.; Four widely used in vitro assays for genetic toxicity were evaluated for their ability to predict the carcinogenicity of selected chemicals in rodents . These assays were mutagenesis in Salmonella and mouse lymphoma cells and chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells . Seventy-three chemicals recently tested in 2-year carcinogenicity studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute and the National Toxicology Program were used in this evaluation . Test results from the four in vitro assays did not show significant differences in individual concordance with the rodent carcinogenicity results; the concordance of each assay was approximately 60 percent . Within the limits of this study there was no evidence of complementarity among the four assays, and no battery of tests constructed from these assays improved substantially on the overall performance of the Salmonella assay . The in vitro assays which represented a range of three cell types and four end points did show substantial agreement among themselves, indicating that chemicals positive in one in vitro assay tended to be positive in the other in vitro assays.

Experientia, 1987 May 15, 43(5), 586 - 8
Induction of chromosomal aberrations by the anthracycline antitumor antibiotics N,N-dimethyldaunomycin and aclacinomycin A; Steinheider G et al.; The clastogenic effect of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotics, N,N-dimethyldaunomycin and aclarcinomycin A, was studied in a murine hemopoietic cell line (Friend leukemia cells) . A dose-dependent increase in chromatid lesions, i.e., achromatic lesions, chromatid breaks, chromatid deletions and triradial or quandriradial chromosomal exchange fiqures, was found . It appears that the clastogenicity of N,N-dimethyldaunomycin and aclacinomycin A is lower than that of the classic anthracycline, daunomycin, which is also a potent mutagen and carcinogen . The data demonstrate that the capacity of chemicals to induce point mutations and chromosomal aberrations may not necessarily be correlated: aclacinomycin A is devoid of mutagenic activity in bacterial (Salmonella typh.) and mammalian cell (HGPRT) mutagenesis assays, and is non-carcinogenic in rats . Nevertheless, it was now found to possess clastogenic activity.

Biochem J, 1987 May 15, 244(1), 63 - 8
Cyclic AMP-regulating agents inhibit endotoxin-mediated cartilage degradation; Bednar MS et al.; The influence of cyclic AMP on cartilage degradation was investigated by using phosphodiesterase inhibitors {theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)}, forskolin (which activates the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase) and cyclic AMP analogues (dibutyryl and 8-bromo) . Breakdown was assessed by quantification of proteoglycans released into the media of 8-day bovine nasal-septum cartilage cultures . Theophylline (1-20 mM), IBMX (0.01-2 mM) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0.1-2 mM) had little or no influence on the rate of proteoglycan release from unstimulated (no-endotoxin) cartilages . A small but detectable increase in breakdown was observed with 8-bromo cyclic AMP (0.5-2 mM) and forskolin (50-75 micrograms/ml) . To examine potential inhibitory influences of these agents, the cyclic AMP modulators were added to cultures simultaneously treated with Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (12-25 micrograms/ml), a potent stimulator of cartilage degradation . The 3-4-fold stimulation of breakdown by endotoxin was strikingly inhibited by all three classes of cyclic AMP regulators . Optimal inhibition was found at 10-20 mM-theophylline, 1-2 mM-IBMX, 50-75 micrograms of forskolin/ml, 2 mM-dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 2 mM-8-bromo cyclic AMP . Inhibition was shown to be reversible, indicating that cartilages were viable after treatment . Sepharose CL-2B chromatography of proteoglycan products released from treated cartilages showed that the endotoxin-stimulated shift to lower average Mr was significantly prevented by cyclic AMP analogues and phosphodiesterase inhibitors . Together, these results show that agents which increase cyclic AMP inhibit both quantitative and qualitative aspects of endotoxin-mediated cartilage degradation.

Lancet, 1987 May 9, 1(8541), 1049 - 52
Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation; Levine MM et al.; Three doses, given within one week, of Ty21a attenuated Salmonella typhi oral vaccine in an enteric-coated formulation provided 67% efficacy for at least 3 years in a randomised, placebo-controlled field trial involving 109,000 schoolchildren in Santiago, Chile . Increasing the interval between doses to twenty-one days did not enhance protection . Significantly less protection followed administration of vaccine in gelatin capsules with sodium bicarbonate . Ty21a provides the same level of protection as the heat/phenol-inactivated whole cell parenteral vaccine but differs in not causing adverse reactions . Ty21a may now be regarded as a practical public health tool.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1987 May-Jun, 138(3), 343 - 8
{Supplement 1986 (No . 30) to the Kauffmann-White classification}; Le Minor L et al.; This supplement reports the characters of 28 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1986 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 14 serovars belong to subspecies, I, 5 to subspecies II, 2 to subspecies IIIa, 4 to subspecies IIIb and 3 to subspecies IV . One serovar formerly considered as "atypical subspecies I" and 8 as "atypical subspecies II" are now classified in the new subspecies VI.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 May-Jun, 70(3), 521 - 9
DNA hybridization assay for detection of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 11 laboratories to validate a DNA hybridization (DNAH) procedure for detection of Salmonella in foods . The DNAH procedure was compared to the standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in 6 foods: ground pepper, soy flour, dry whole egg, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey . With the exception of turkey which was naturally contaminated, uninoculated and inoculated samples of each food group were analyzed . Results for the DNAH method were significantly better than for the standard culture method at the 5% probability level for the detection of Salmonella in turkey . There was no significant difference between the methods for the other 5 foods . The method has been adopted official first action.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 May, 62(5), 429 - 32
A new scheme for phage typing Salmonella bareilly and characterization of typing phages; Jayasheela M et al.; A new phage typing scheme using wild bacteriophages isolated from sewage for phage typing Salmonella bareilly is described . Six hundred and thirty-seven strains of Salm . bareilly could be separated into 11 different phage types using five wild phages . Overall typability was 94.5% . These phages belonged to two different morphotypes . A1 and B1, and showed varying host range.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 May, 53(5), 1118 - 24
Multiyear study of sludge application to farmland: prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens and antibody status of farm families; Ottolenghi AC et al.; We describe our experience with the isolation of salmonellae from sewage sludge from four treatment plants in different geographic areas of Ohio . Over 3 years, we isolated salmonellae 50 times from 311 sludge samples . Most isolations were made after enrichment in Selenite broth (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) . The largest proportion of isolations came from the plant serving the population of Columbus, a large metropolitan area . A significantly greater number of isolations from this plant were made during the first quarter of the year . Twenty-one different serotypes were isolated, along with five untypable strains . The most frequently isolated serotype was Salmonella infantis . Five of the strains were multiply resistant to antibiotics . We also describe the prevalence of antibodies to salmonellae in members of the families residing on the farms in the study . It was found that antibodies to group C salmonellae predominated.

Clin Radiol, 1987 May, 38(3), 325 - 6
Computed tomography and ultrasound diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Salmonella; Wilde CC et al.; The case of a 56 year old diabetic Chinese male, with a Salmonella bovismorbificans (serogroup C) mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is presented . The lesion was seen by computed tomography and ultrasound and the patient was successfully treated by primary resection, debridement and grafting . Computed tomography criteria for the diagnosis of mycotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are discussed . Ultrasound identified the aortic aneurysm correctly but was unable to demonstrate the associated psoas abscess in this case.

Mutat Res, 1987 May, 188(1), 13 - 9
Investigation of the mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke; Balansky RM et al.; The genotoxic effect of whole tobacco smoke was studied employing the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow and UDS in peripheral human lymphocytes . It was established that tobacco smoke (120-480 cm3 in a 16-1 glass chamber, at 1-10 min exposure time) induced a 3-9-fold increase of spontaneous his+ reversion mutation rate in S . typhimurium TA98, but not in strains TA97a, TA100 and TA102 . Addition of S9 mix obtained from the liver of Aroclor 1254-treated rats was necessary to reveal the mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke . Treatment of BDF1 mice placed in a 14-1 glass chamber with tobacco smoke (600 cm3 smoke, 2 exposures of 30 min each, with a 1-min interval between them) caused a 2-fold dose-dependent elevation of the number of micronucleated PCE in bone marrow . No cumulative effect was detected when mice were treated with tobacco smoke during 2-28 consecutive days . The effect observed 24 h after tobacco-smoke exposure was abolished 48 h later . Tobacco smoke (180 or 360 cm3) passed through the culture medium (with or without S9 mix) of human peripheral lymphocytes (the cells were then incubated for 60 min at 37 degrees C) did not increase the spontaneous rate of UDS . Both the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay employing S . typhimurium TA98 strain and the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow might be useful in studying tobacco smoke-induced mutagenesis.

Mutat Res, 1987 May, 178(1), 25 - 32
Identification of the mutagenic quinoxaline isomers from fried ground beef; Knize MG et al.; Two mutagens isolated from fried-beef patties were compared to a series of synthetic structural isomers of 2-aminodimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-aminotrimethylimidao{4,5-f}quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) . Comparison by NMR spectrometry and HPLC coelution showed that one beef mutagen (molecular weight of 213) was identical to the 8-MeIQx isomer not the 7-Me isomer . Another quinoxaline beef mutagen, having 3 methyl groups (molecular weight of 227), had an NMR spectrum different from the 5,8- or 7,8-DiMeIQx isomers, but not clearly distinguishable from the 4,8- or 4,7-DiMeIQx isomers . The HPLC separation of the DiMeIQx isomers and subsequent addition of the beef mutagen showed the beef-derived compound to coelute with the 4,8-DiMeIQx and not with the 4,7-DiMeIQx . The number and position of methyl groups was responsible for a 7-fold range of mutagenic response in the Ames/Salmonella assay . In conclusion, the major quinoxaline mutagens isolated from fried beef were identified as 8-MeIQx and 4,8-DiMeIQx isomers.

J Clin Invest, 1987 May, 79(5), 1498 - 509
Platelet-activating factor mediates hemodynamic changes and lung injury in endotoxin-treated rats; Chang SW et al.; Within 20 min after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in rats, blood platelet-activating factor (PAF) increased from 4.3 +/- 1.3 to 13.7 +/- 2.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and lung PAF from 32.3 +/- 4.9 to 312.3 +/- 19.6 ng (P less than 0.01), but not lung lavage PAF . We tested the effect of PAF receptor antagonists, CV 3988 and SRI 63-441, on endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes and lung vascular injury . Pretreatment with CV 3988 attenuated systemic hypotension, preserved hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and prolonged survival of awake catheter-implanted endotoxin-treated (20 mg/kg) rats . Pretreatment with SRI 63-441 prevented the depressed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction after low dose (2 mg/kg) endotoxin . Both CV 3988 and SRI 63-441 blocked the increased extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water in perfused lungs isolated from endotoxin-treated rats . We conclude that PAF is produced in the lung during endotoxemia and may be an important mediator of the systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic changes as well as the acute lung vascular injury after endotoxemia.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1987 May, 84(9), 2911 - 5
Vaccines containing purified GM2 ganglioside elicit GM2 antibodies in melanoma patients; Livingston PO et al.; GM2, GD2, and GD3 gangliosides are expressed on the surface of human melanoma cells and represent potential targets for immunological control of melanoma growth by monoclonal antibodies and active immunization . The immunogenicity of GM2 was investigated by analyzing the humoral immune response of melanoma patients to vaccination with cell lines selected for high GM2 expression and with vaccines containing purified GM2 . The whole-cell vaccine and vaccines containing purified GM2 and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) elicited GM2 antibody in a high proportion of patients, particularly in GM2/BCG-vaccinated patients pretreated with cyclophosphamide and given a GM2/BCG booster immunization . Vaccines containing purified GM2 and Salmonella minnesota R595 as the adjuvant were also effective, but only in patients pretreated with cyclophosphamide . GM2 antibodies in vaccinated patients were of the IgM class and were cytotoxic for GM2-positive targets in the presence of human complement.

Mutagenesis, 1987 May, 2(3), 161 - 71
Evaluation of potential mammalian genotoxins using Drosophila: the need for a change in test strategy; Vogel EW; Recent developments in the field of genetic toxicology testing, in particular the outcome of several international collaborative studies, necessitate a re-appraisal of the potential use of Drosophila assays for mutagen testing . For an evaluation of the test performance of the classical sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) assay to detect as mutagens mammalian carcinogens, the parameters sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were compared, using as a database the Gene-Tox Report and the results of two international collaborative studies (CSSTT and IPCS) . A characteristic of the assay's performance is its low sensitivity (0.33-0.79) and low accuracy (0.50-0.73), when genotoxins other than direct-acting agents and simple promutagens (single-step activation) were included in the analysis . However, the high specificity (0.86-1.0) of the SLRL assay means that in general a positive result has considerable value for prediction of potential genotoxicity in mammals . Experience in the field of carcinogenesis dictates that organ specificity in one species cannot be predicted on the basis of observations in another . It is concluded here that any attempt to use Drosophila assays on the basis of just exposure dose as predictors of effects likely to occur in specific organs in mammals will fail . Examples are provided by the procarcinogens diethylnitrosamine (DEN), vinyl chloride (VC) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), as well as by the direct-acting mutagens diethylsulphate (DES), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and hycanthone . This view is that it would be highly desirable to compare the Drosophila results on germ cells with in vivo mammalian germ-line tests on the basis of molecular dosimetry studies as proposed by Lee . This approach then should enable the comparison on an adequate basis of mechanism of mutagenesis in Drosophila and rodents . It is specifically concluded that the potential value of the SLRL and any other Drosophila germ-cell assay should be judged against their capability of predicting mammalian genotoxicity in a broad sense but certainly not in specific organs . In this function, germ-line assays will have to compete with the novel tests measuring somatic mutation/mitotic recombination (SMART) in Drosophila . The values obtained for sensitivity (0.75-0.78) and accuracy (0.83-0.86) for the latter tests were clearly better than those found for the SLRL test, suggesting that SMART assays present a promising new development . However, the final judgement of their probable role as complementary or confirmatory methods of genotoxic activity observed in Salmonella must await the outcome of the evaluation studies in progress in several laboratories.

J Heart Transplant, 1987 May-Jun, 6(3), 177 - 9
Septic arthritis by Salmonella enteritidis after heart transplantation; Martin-Santos JM et al.; A 13-year-old boy underwent orthotopic heart transplantation for end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone, and antithymocyte globulin . Endomyocardial biopsies revealed persistent moderate rejection, which was treated aggressively . In the sixth week, septic arthritis by Salmonella enteritidis developed . We discuss our management of this exceptional complication and the poor results obtained because of superimposed cytomegalovirus infection.

Res Vet Sci, 1987 May, 42(3), 287 - 93
The pathology and pathogenesis of Salmonella stanley infection in experimental chicks; Rao V et al.; Experimental infection with Salmonella stanley was produced by oral, intravenous and intramuscular routes in day-old chicks . The earliest evidence of the presence of the organisms was in duodenal mucosa six hours after oral infection . Following oral infection the organisms were detected in the duodenum from six hours to five days, in the caecum from 12 hours to nine days, liver, spleen and blood from 24 hours to seven days . The resistance to infection was found to be significant after 10 days old, but not up to six days old . The work confirmed that the survival time of birds given S stanley by the intravenous or intramuscular routes was inversely proportional to the dose up to a maximum beyond which the survival time was not further decreased by dose increase . The presence of S stanley in tissues and blood was detected by isolation and by the fluorescent antibody technique.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 May-Jun, 70(3), 530 - 5
Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Salmonella in low-moisture foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 15 laboratories to evaluate a modification of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for detection of Salmonella in foods (46.B21-46.B29) . The modified EIA requires 18-24 h pre-enrichment, 6-8 h selective enrichment, and 14-18 h M-broth post-enrichment prior to performing the assay, which requires 1-2 h . Total assay time is 40-52 h . The modified method was compared with the standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in 5 low-moisture foods: nonfat dry milk, milk chocolate, meat and bone meal, dry whole egg, and ground pepper . The modified method has been adopted official first action for use with low-moisture foods.

J Infect, 1987 May, 14(3), 225 - 8
Five years' experience of bacteraemia in sickle-cell anaemia; Rao KR et al.; In a review of all adults admitted with sickle-cell anaemia to Cook County Hospital between January 1980 and April 1985, 15 instances of bacteraemia were identified . In these patients, bacteraemia was characterised by slow onset, an identifiable focus of infection and lack of hypotension or abnormal coagulation of the blood . The organisms, most often isolated were Escherichia coli and Salmonella species . Two patients died, both with Salmonella enteritidis bacteraemia . Neither death could be attributed to the acute effects of infection . The outcome of bacteraemia in adults with sickle-cell anaemia appears to be more favourable than that in children.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1987 May-Jun, 138(3), 303 - 11
Molecular characterization of a conjugative R-lac plasmid in Salmonella typhi isolated from a patient with typhoid fever; Ezaki T et al.; In a strain of Salmonella typhi isolated from a patient with post-operative typhoid fever, a 217-Kb conjugative plasmid has been detected which codes for lactose fermentation and drug resistance to sulphonamides (SA), chloramphenicol (CP), ampicillin (AP), kanamycin (KM) and trimethoprim (TP) . The physical and genetic map was constructed . The lac region containing the lacI gene, the regulatory region and the lacZ and lacY genes was shown to be structurally identical to that of Escherichia coli K12 . A transposon carrying genes for resistance to CP and AP, as well as four copies of IS1-like elements, were detected and localized on the plasmid . Their role in the emergence of such a large plasmid is discussed.

Mol Gen Genet, 1987 May, 207(2-3), 402 - 5
Isolation of stable aroA mutants of Salmonella typhi Ty2: properties and preliminary characterisation in mice; Dougan G et al.; Derivatives of the Salmonella typhi strain Ty2 carrying stable mutations in the aroA gene were isolated . The mutations were generated by transducing an aroA::Tn10 marker into Ty2 and selecting for derivatives which were tetracycline sensitive and dependent on aromatic compounds for growth . Isolates that did not revert to aromatic compound independence at a detectable frequency were obtained . An S . typhimurium derived aroA specific DNA probe was used to demonstrate the presence of DNA rearrangements in the aroA region of the chromosome of some of the S . typhi aroA mutants . Most of these isolates still expressed Vi antigen . Aromatic compound dependent mutants of S . typhi were less virulent in mice than S . typhi Ty2 following intraperitoneal challenge with bacteria suspended in mucin . Mice immunised with one of these mutants, named WBL85-1, were protected against a potentially lethal challenge of S . typhi Ty2.

Infect Immun, 1987 May, 55(5), 1047 - 50
Role of myeloperoxidase in the killing of Naegleria fowleri by lymphokine-altered human neutrophils; Ferrante A et al.; Previously we have shown that human neutrophils treated with conditioned medium from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes (sCM) in the presence of antisera have amoebicidal properties for Naegleria fowleri, a pathogenic free-living amoeba . The data now presented show that neutrophils which lack myeloperoxidase (MPO) but have a normal oxygen-dependent respiratory burst could not be altered by sCM to express the amoebicidal activity . Catalase inhibited this amoebicidal activity of sCM-treated neutrophils . Various components and products of the neutrophils were examined for effects on naegleriae . A granule extract was found to have no effect at concentrations up to 100-fold that which killed Salmonella minnesota R595 . Hydrogen peroxide appeared to have little effect even at 100 microM . However, in the presence of MPO, H2O2 was amoebicidal at 2.5 microM . The generation of amoebicidal activity required the presence of chloride ions . Azide inhibited the effects of the MPO-H2O2-Cl- system . Arginine, a scavenger of hypochlorite, significantly depressed the ability of sCM-treated neutrophils to kill amoebae and also prevented the amoebicidal properties of the MPO-H2O2-halide system . These results suggest that the MPO-H2O2-halide system is important in the killing of naegleriae by sCM-treated neutrophils and that hypochlorite may be the amoebicidal agent.

Ann Vasc Surg, 1987 May, 1(4), 426 - 31
Mycotic suprarenal aortic aneurysm; Suddleson EA et al.; Two cases of mycotic suprarenal aortic aneurysm treated by anatomic reconstruction are presented . Diagnosis was facilitated by 67-Gallium Citrate Scanning, Computer Assisted Tomography (CT), and Angiography . Increasing symptoms with attenuation of the aortic wall identified by CT necessitated urgent resection and reconstruction in both patients . Contained rupture of the aneurysm was found in one patient . Cultures of the resected tissue grew Salmonella dublin and Bacteroides fragilis . The patients were treated with continuous antibiotic therapy . Follow-up demonstrated asymptomatic patients with sterile blood cultured and good anatomic results on CT at one year . No recurrent sepsis nor aneurysmal dilatation is evident to date . Based on our experience and the available literature we conclude that inline reconstruction is the method of choice for treatment on these lesions.

Postgrad Med J, 1987 May, 63(739), 373 - 5
Salmonella intracerebral and subdural abscess--report of two cases; Mahapatra AK et al.; Two cases of the rarely encountered Salmonella typhi subdural empyema are reported . The first was in an 11 month old infant and the second in a 25 year old adult . Neither of them suffered from typhoid fever . The causative organism was not suspected until the culture report was obtained . Both patients responded satisfactorily to therapy.

J Med Microbiol, 1987 May, 23(3), 239 - 46
Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in mice immunised with Salmonella enteritidis; George A et al.; The effects of diverse factors, such as route of immunisation, composition of immunogen and administration of interferon inducer, on the expression of cell-mediated immune responses against Salmonella enteritidis were investigated in BALB/c and Swiss white mice . Immunisation with live cells of S . enteritidis by the intraperitoneal route (ip) generated both delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and protective cell-mediated immunity (CMI) . However, the two responses showed diametrically opposite time kinetics . The decline and disappearance by 9 weeks after ip immunisation of DTH and the rise of protective immunity in the same period suggested the possibility that the two responses were mediated by different subsets of T cells . Immunisation by the intradermal (id) route with a sonicate of S . enteritidis generated only DTH; id immunisation also suppressed the development of the protective response following ip immunisation with live S . enteritidis . Both responses were not seen when T cells were eliminated with anti-T cell serum . Oral immunisation with live cells of S . enteritidis induced excellent CMI expressing both DTH and protective responses . On the other hand, oral immunisation with the sonicate of S . enteritidis not only did not induce CMI, but also prevented the development of the DTH and protective response to ip immunisation with live S . enteritidis . Induction of interferon by the administration of poly I: poly C for four consecutive days after id immunisation with killed S . enteritidis suppressed the generation of DTH.

S Afr Med J, 1987 Apr 18, 71(8), 532 - 3
Acute autonomic neuropathy with Salmonella typhi infection . A case report; Blumenfeld AM et al.; Acute autonomic neuropathy is a well-described clinical entity that is easy to diagnose with appropriate bedside tests . This condition is described in a patient who had a concurrent Salmonella typhi infection . The relationship between the two conditions is not entirely clear, but the simultaneous disappearance of the S . typhi from stool, the drop in Widal titres and rather early recovery of the autonomic neuropathy tend to implicate S . typhi as the causative agent.

J Immunol Methods, 1987 Apr 16, 98(2), 249 - 55
Acid-treated, naked bacteria as immune carriers for protein antigens; Bellstedt DU et al.; Salmonella minnesota R595 bacteria were stripped of their natural antigenic determinants to yield acid-treated, naked bacteria . The proteins, human apolipoprotein A1 and carcino-embryonic antigen, were adsorbed to naked bacteria and these complexes were used to immunise rabbits . Although the antibody titres obtained were comparable to those achieved using Freund's adjuvant emulsions, much less antigen was needed for immunisation . This technique could be of great value where the amount of protein available for immunisation is very small.

J Immunol, 1987 Apr 15, 138(8), 2663 - 70
Modulation of the biological activity of bacterial endotoxin by incorporation into liposomes; Dijkstra J et al.; In an attempt to define the mechanism by which endotoxin induces its biological activity, we studied the effect of the incorporation of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A into phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) on the stimulation of the macrophage cell-line RAW 264.7 and on the coagulation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate . The incorporation of Salmonella minnesota smooth-and rough (Re) lipopolysaccharide or primarily monophosphoryl lipid A into multilamellar and small unilamellar vesicles consisting of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and cholesterol (molar ratio 4:1:4) reduced the interleukin 1 inducing potency of these substances about 1000-fold . When corrected for the actual uptake of radiolabeled free and liposome-incorporated lipopolysaccharide by the cells, this difference amounted to 100- to 1000-fold . In addition, liposome-associated Re-lipopolysaccharide was about 1000-fold less potent in stimulating the Fc-receptor mediated uptake of IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes by the cells . The ability of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A to coagulate the Limulus amoebocyte lysate appeared to be at least 100-fold decreased upon incorporation into phospholipid vesicles . Control experiments demonstrated that liposomes prepared without lipopolysaccharide did not reduce the studied activities of free lipopolysaccharide . In conclusion, the incorporation of lipopolysaccharide into the liposomal membrane probably prevents the interaction of the hydrophobic portion of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide with the plasma-membrane structures involved in the activation of macrophages and with the proteins of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate . This indicates that the direct interaction of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide with the macrophage plasma-membrane is required to optimally trigger the studied responses.

Br J Rheumatol, 1987 Apr, 26(2), 99 - 102
Septic arthritis in patients with sickle-cell disease; Ebong WW; The presenting features, modes of treatment and sequelae of septic arthritis of 50 joints in 31 Nigerians with sickle-cell disease were studied prospectively over a 66-month period . Most patients were in the second or first decade of life . Males predominated, and the hip was the commonest site of involvement . Infection was polyarticular in 39% and was associated with osteomyelitis in 84% . Most presented with a long history of local disease . The remainder were toxic and desperately ill patients in whom arthritis occurred later . Gram-negative infection predominated, and the commonest organism was Salmonella . Treatment was conservative in most cases, and arthrotomy was performed in only 12 joints . No deaths resulted, but severe complications occurred in 76%, apparently due to delay in diagnosis, severity of illness and a high incidence of hip-joint infection.

Vet Q, 1987 Apr, 9(2), 185 - 8
An analysis of the possible effects of different feed upon the excretion of salmonella bacteria in clinically normal groups of fattening pigs; van Schie FW et al.; Fattening pigs are frequently contaminated with salmonella bacteria . In 1983 and 1984 some 40 pig fattening farms in the Dutch province of Gelderland were examined to test the hypothesis that acidic byproducts from the dairy industry could influence the degree of contamination in groups of fattening pigs . Clear differences were observed: first salmonella was found in a lower percentage of farms using whey as part of the feed mix (40%) than on farms using only water (80%) . Of the farms on which salmonella bacteria were demonstrated, the percentage of positive samples was lower for the 'whey' farms than for the 'water' farms (19.4% compared with 64.1%).

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Apr, (4), 71 - 6
{Pathogenetic and immunological characteristics of different forms of the Salmonella typhi carrier state}; Obgol'ts AA et al.; Infectious granulomas with macrophages containing Salmonella typhi have been detected in the immune organs of the intestine of typhoid patients by means of morphological investigation techniques, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy . This suggests that typhoid granulomas form the basis of S . typhi primary carriership complicated by the relapses of this infection in cases of weakened cell-mediated immunity, which is proved by a decrease in the level of T-lymphocytes and by increased leukocyte migration index in relapses of typhoid fever and in S . typhi primary carriership . At the same time, the formation of S . typhi secondary carriership occurs in the process of the colonization of the altered organs and tissues of the body by S . typhi . This secondary carriership differs from the primary one by a number of pathogenetic signs . The detailed characterization of these two forms of S . typhi carriership is presented.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Apr, (4), 60 - 3
{Dependence of the intensity of the immune response on the characteristics of the formation of a Salmonella typhi antigen depot on erythrocytes}; Kravtsov EG et al.; Experiments on inbred mice, opposite in the capacity of their erythrocytes for the sorption of S . typhi antigens, have revealed that the intensity of immune response to the antigens depends on the functional potency of immunocompetent cells and the conditions of their priming . The optimal manifestations of the conditions for lymphocyte priming depends on the character of the antigen fixation by erythrocytes and antigen supply from the depot into the blood stream.

Vet Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 13(4), 301 - 11
Plasmid profile analysis of salmonellae in a large-animal hospital; Rumschlag HS et al.; The plasmid profiles of salmonellae isolated from the patients and environment of the Purdue Large Animal Hospital were used as markers to identify strains and to assess the impact of improvements in hospital operation on nosocomial salmonellosis . Plasmid profile analysis proved to be more sensitive than either serotyping or antimicrobial susceptibility testing in identifying Salmonella isolates . During June and July 1983, 29 of 34 salmonellae isolated were one of three strains with distinct plasmid profiles: one S . typhimurium var . Copenhagen, and two S . muenchen . Each of these strains was isolated from at least one patient and two environmental sites, suggesting the possibility that infections were hospital-acquired . Patient and environmental sampling was repeated in June and July 1984, after improvements had been made in hospital traffic flow and sanitation . In contrast to 1983, only seven isolates, representing six strains not seen previously, were obtained in 1984 . None of these strains was isolated from both patient and environmental sources . The results indicate that the high incidence of clinical salmonellosis in 1983 was largely due to nosocomial infections . The decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis and the absence of the 1983 strains from samples taken in 1984 were presumed to be due to improvements made in hospital operation . This study demonstrates the value of plasmid analysis in monitoring nosocomial salmonellosis in a veterinary hospital.

Lab Anim, 1987 Apr, 21(2), 161 - 3
Introduction of Salmonellae into a centralized laboratory animal facility by infected day old chicks; Nicklas W; Fifty deliveries of day old chicks were examined for Salmonellae on arrival as part of the Animal Laboratories' routine microbiological monitoring programme . Paper floor inserts and faeces from the transport boxes were immersed in peptone water and then cultured in two different enrichment media . Salmonellae were isolated in six of the 50 samples; one isolate was identified as Salmonella muenchen and the other five as Salmonella cerro var . siegburg . The relevance of these findings to multispecies animal facilities is discussed.

Arch Fr Pediatr, 1987 Apr, 44(4), 287 - 9
{Neonatal bilateral renal venous thrombosis and Salmonella ibadan infection . Cure with thrombolytic agents}; Velin P et al.; An 11 day-old neonate presented with bilateral renal venous thrombosis in the course of Salmonella Ibadan infection . 36 hours thrombolytic treatment with urokinase was associated with an immediate favorable outcome . Heparin and antibiotic treatment were pursued for 3 weeks . A 6 month follow-up and results of renal ultrasonography, urography and renal scanning allow to assess recovery, with restoration ad integrum for both kidneys.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1987 Apr, 25(4), 287 - 90
Screening of the food additive propionic acid for genotoxic properties; Basler A et al.; Genotoxic properties of the food additive propionic acid were analysed using the Escherichia coli DNA repair assay, the SOS chromotest, the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, the sister chromatid exchange test in vitro and the micronucleus test in vivo . All tests except the DNA repair assay with E . coli yielded negative results . These data support other evidence that propionic acid is not mutagenic and that genotoxic events are unlikely to be the cause of forestomach lesions in rats fed propionic acid in the diet (Griem, Bundesgesundheitsblatt 1985, 28, 322).

Am J Physiol, 1987 Apr, 252(4 Pt 2), R674 - 80
Effect of endotoxic shock on skeletal muscle intracellular electrolytes and amino acid transport; Karlstad MD et al.; Soleus muscle intracellular electrolytes and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake and its regulation by insulin were investigated during endotoxic shock in vivo . Fasted rats (90 g) were injected with {14C}AIB (1-10 mg/kg, iv) and Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (20 mg/kg, iv) or saline and killed 1-5 h later . AIB uptake into muscle was corrected for uptake into extracellular space (measured as insulin distribution in muscle in vivo) and expressed as {AIB}/{AIB} ratios to assess active transport . The maximum level of active AIB cell transport by extracellular endotoxic muscles {3.3 +/- 0.2 (SE)} was lower than control muscles (4.9 +/- 0.3) at the time when plasma insulin concentration in endotoxic rats (16.8 +/- 2.0 uU/ml) was greater than controls (7.9 +/- 1.7 uU/ml) . Insulin-stimulated AIB transport was significantly lower in endotoxic muscles (from a basal value of 3.3 +/- 0.2 to 4.4 +/- 0.5, 5.0 +/- 0.3, and 4.9 +/- 0.3 at 125, 250, and 500 mU/kg intravenous insulin, respectively) than in control muscles (from 4.9 +/- 0.3 to 5.7 +/- 0.2, 8.0 +/- 0.4, and 10.8 +/- 0.8) . The intracellular electrolyte concentrations in endotoxic soleus muscles ({Na} = 15.87 +/- 0.9, {K} = 145 +/- 1.7, {Cl} = 14.61 +/- 0.9) were substantially altered when compared with control muscles ({Na} = 9.33 +/- 1.1, {K} = 164 +/- 1.5, {Cl} = 4.1 +/- 0.6) 5 h postinjection . The membrane potential, estimated from chloride equilibrium potential was lower in endotoxic muscles (-52.7 +/- 1.6 mV) when compared with control muscles (-89 +/- 3.5 mV).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mutat Res, 1987 Apr, 190(4), 229 - 36
Absence of mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of fluoride in Ames salmonella assays; Li Y et al.; The mutagenicity of fluoride (as sodium fluoride, NaF) was investigated with Ames Salmonella/microsome assays in strains of TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 . The concentrations of NaF tested ranged from 0.44 to 4421 micrograms/plate (0.1 to 1000 ppm F), both with and without microsome activation . In addition, the suggested antimutagenic effect of fluoride was evaluated with known mutagens at various concentrations of NaF (0.44-442.2 micrograms/plate, 0.1-100 ppm F) . The data showed that NaF, in amounts from 0.44 to 442.2 micrograms/plate (0.1-100 ppm F), failed to significantly increase the number of the revertants over the number observed in the solvent (distilled deionized water) controls . Increases of NaF to, and beyond, 1100 micrograms/plate (250 ppm F) resulted in a toxic effect and a reduction of the revertants to various degrees among the strains . NaF in the presence of known mutagens did not significantly decrease the number of the revertants . The results of this study indicate that NaF does not have mutagenic or antimutagenic effects in the strains tested with Ames Salmonella assays.

Mutat Res, 1987 Apr, 182(2), 55 - 64
Computer-assisted structure-activity relationships of nitrogenous cyclic compounds tested in salmonella assays for mutagenicity; Walsh DB et al.; Study of the relationship between mutagenicity and molecular structure for a data set of nitrogenous cyclic compounds is reported . A computerized SAR system (ADAPT) was utilized to classify a data set of 114 nitrogenous cyclic compounds with 19 molecular descriptors . All of the descriptors represented at least 10% of the compounds in the data sets . The average correct predictability of the data base was calculated to be 89% after evaluating 100 training/prediction subsets . The actual predictive ability of the discriminants generated by the ADAPT system was demonstrated by predicting the mutagenicity of structurally similar compounds not in the data set . Weight vectors generated in the pattern recognition programs were used to predict the bacterial mutagenicity of 10 compounds which were not included in the data set . All of the compounds were predicted correctly which was actually better than the 89% calculated by the system . This displayed the ability of the system of classify compounds as mutagenic or nonmutagenic by using molecular descriptors and to predict the biological activity of untested chemicals with a high degree of confidence . This paper presents the uses of this type of SAR approach in a research laboratory.

Infect Immun, 1987 Apr, 55(4), 995 - 9
Cecectomy causes long-term reduction of colonization resistance in the mouse gastrointestinal tract; Voravuthikunchai SP et al.; Removal of the cecum from normal mice caused a major perturbation of the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract . There was a permanent reduction in colonization resistance resulting in a 1,000-fold increase in the concentration of facultatively anaerobic coliform bacteria . The animals were significantly more susceptible to peroral challenge by the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enteritidis . Coincident with this increase in coliform counts and susceptibility to salmonellae was a decrease in the numbers of strictly anaerobic fusiform bacteria that dominate the rodent intestinal tract, resulting in reduced levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids . Cecectomized mice are likely to be a useful model for study of the interaction between intestinal pathogens and the normal microbiota and for studies of translocation of bacteria into host tissues after loss of colonization resistance.

Eur J Biochem, 1987 Apr 1, 164(1), 159 - 69
Investigations into the polymorphism of lipid A from lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; Naumann D et al.; The polymorphism of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of the lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria, has been investigated in the fully hydrated state at temperatures between 5 degrees and 58 degrees C via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . These measurements were supplemented by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence intensity techniques and differential thermal analysis . Up to three distinct phase transitions could be detected, with the main transition temperatures lying at approximately 41 degrees, 46 degrees, 44 degrees and 47 degrees C for Escherichia coli lipid A, Salmonella minnesota lipid A, and the synthetic lipid A compounds 506 and 516, respectively . 4'-Monophosphoryl-lipid A samples exhibited their main transition temperatures at considerably higher temperatures (about 52 degrees C for E . coli lipid A) . The analysis of greater than CH2 stretching absorption bands as well as the wide-angle scattering behaviour of the lipid A samples showed that the main transition apparently involved the completion of hydrocarbon chain melting of lipid A, as typically observed for phospholipids . However, the phase transition behaviour was found to be much more complex than that usually observed for model phospholipid systems . Even below the main transition temperature, considerable amounts of the methylene segments of the acyl chains of lipid A were found to assume gauche conformations . These conformational changes might be related to the occurrence of up to two further transitions located at about 22 degrees, 30 degrees, 27 degrees and 25.5 degrees C (first transition) and at about 34 degrees, 42 degrees, 38.5 degrees and 40.5 degrees C (second transition) for E . coli lipid A, S . minnesota lipid A and the synthetic lipid A compounds 506 and 516, respectively . Furthermore, by the analysis of some characteristic infrared absorption bands related to the hydrophilic backbone, it could be demonstrated that the temperature-induced conformational changes occurring within the hydrocarbon chains were constantly and simultaneously accompanied by detectable rearrangements within the interfacial region and the polar head group of lipid A . The following conclusions were drawn: Up to about 30 degrees C the lipid A assemblies were supposed to adopt virtually bilayered, true lamellar arrangements, as revealed by the analysis of greater than CH2 scissoring vibrations and X-ray diffraction pattern . However, as indicated by fluorometric techniques, no stable closed vesicles seemed to be formed even under these conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Infect Immun, 1987 Apr, 55(4), 892 - 8
Salmonella typhi 205aTy, a strain with two attenuating auxotrophic characters, for use in laboratory teaching; Brown RF et al.; The need for p-aminobenzoic acid of a previously reported pab mutant in a Salmonella typhi strain causes loss of virulence (mouse median lethal dose by the intraperitoneal route with mucin, ca . 10(7) CFU, versus less than 200 CFU for related pab+ strains) . This strain, however, gave p-aminobenzoic acid-independent revertants at a low frequency (ca . 4 X 10(-10) per bacterium per generation) . It was therefore given, by transduction and mutation, a transposon-generated, nonreverting (rate, less than 3 X 10(-11) per bacterium per generation) mutation at purA, causing a requirement for adenine; such a mutation in a wild-type strain caused about the same loss of virulence as the pab mutation . The pab purA strain, 205aTy, has mouse median lethal dose of ca . 5 X 10(7) and is expected to be unable to cause typhoid fever . Since strain 205aTy behaves like a typical Vi-positive S . typhi strain in nearly all common tests, we propose that it is a safe strain for use in laboratory teaching, proficiency testing, and the like.

Mol Toxicol, 1987 Apr-Sep, 1(2-3), 143 - 66
Which rules for assembling short-term test batteries to predict carcinogenicity?
Benigni R, Giuliani A.
The main theme of this paper is to describe the basic requirements for assembling reliable batteries of short-term tests for carcinogenicity prediction . For this purpose, a subset of the data base generated by the International Program for Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens (IPESTTC) has been studied by different data-analysis methods . Much attention has been focused on the methodological dimensions of the problem, at the level of selection of both data and statistical techniques . Twenty-one of the most widely used short-term assays were considered . An exploratory study of the data base was first performed by factor analysis, showing similarities and dissimilarities between test performances and confirming our previous results obtained by cluster analysis . In this way the assays were divided into three groups on the basis of their responses to the chemicals . The Salmonella assay was in the central group, characterized by equilibrated performances in respect to sensitivity and specificity for carcinogens . Tests complementary to the Salmonella assay for sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were identified as well . A preliminary comparison of the IPESTTC results with the Gene-Tox data base is also presented . The test performances in respect to carcinogenicity prediction were then evaluated by discriminant analysis . When the subset of data was considered as a whole, the procedure resulted in a linear discriminant function able to correctly identify 84.2% of carcinogens and 83.3% of noncarcinogens . The correctly identified carcinogens summed to about 90% when adequate batteries of tests were used . This analysis yielded a number of observations . (1) Together with the selectivity indices (such as sensitivity and specificity), the operational complementarity between test performances must be ascertained and taken into account . (2) The batteries most effective at predicting carcinogenic activity were composed of three tests, one for each group . This finding converged with the fact that the three classes of assays were clearly differentiated for sensitivity and specificity, and in this sense were complementary to each other . (3) The performances of the batteries were not improved by adding more tests, but in several cases the opposite effect occurred . (4) Estimation of the probability of the chemicals of being carcinogenic, starting from qualitative genotoxicity data, is possible.

Microb Pathog, 1987 Apr, 2(4), 295 - 305
The initial suppression of bacterial growth in a salmonella infection is mediated by a localized rather than a systemic response; Maskell DJ et al.; Mice were infected intravenously with two antibiotic resistance tagged variants of the same S . typhimurium strain given in close succession, or simultaneously with strains of different virulence . The first manifestation of acquired resistance--suppression of exponential bacterial growth in liver and spleen--occurred independently for the different strains in the same individuals, implying that it is due to localized rather than systemic events . This early suppression of bacterial growth was ablated by whole body X-irradiation (800R), whereas the immediately preceding phase of exponential growth (Ity controlled innate resistance) was not affected . Transfer of spleen cell suspensions from infected mice into syngeneic recipients conferred protection by suppressing the growth of an intravenous challenge . Pre-treatment of the suspensions to deplete them of macrophages abolished their protective capacity, while depletion of T-cells did not . Mice deficient in T-cells by adult thymectomy and anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody treatment were able to suppress the growth of an intravenous challenge . Taken collectively, the present data show that the very early phase of acquired resistance to salmonellae, essential for survival, is not the result of systemically developing resistance but a localized event at the site of infection.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Apr, (4), 14 - 21
{Plasmid characteristics of Salmonella strains of various origins}; Iakovleva ON et al.; Salmonella antibiotic-resistant strains, isolated from patients with hospital infections and from various environmental objects, showed lower virulence than antibiotic-sensitive strains in experiments on mice infected by intraperitoneal and enteral routes . Salmonella strains, sensitive to antimicrobial preparations, contained 1-2 plasmids, while those with multiple drug resistance contained 3-10 plasmids varying in their molecular weight . All these strains, with the exception of one laboratory strain, carried a plasmid with a molecular weight of about 60 Md . A decrease in the virulence of Salmonella strains, carrying R-plasmid, with respect to mice, their natural host, in experimental infection by the above-mentioned routes was probably unrelated to the loss of this plasmid . 80% of Salmonella strains with multiple resistance to antibiotics yielded positive results in the keratoconjunctival and conjunctival tests as compared with 42% of sensitive strains . These data suggest that Salmonella strains, carrying R-plasmid, retained pronounced capacity for local colonization.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1987 Apr, 184(1), 34 - 41
Enumeration of salmonellas by most probable number method from sewage and sewage-polluted natural waters, comparing the use of preenrichment versus direct enrichment in NR10 at different temperatures; Alcaide E et al.; Crude sewage and sewage-contaminated natural waters were analysed for the presence of Salmonella by Most Probable Number Procedures, Direct enrichment in NR10 at 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C was compared with preenrichment in buffered peptone water at these two temperatures, followed by selective enrichment in NR10 at 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C . The growth of competing bacteria on Hektoen agar plates was also recorded and quantified . Direct enrichment in NR10 gave higher numbers in both types of waters . The temperature of 37 degrees C was more favourable for the less heavily contaminated waters, whereas 43 degrees C was more efficient for crude sewage . The growth of competing bacteria was restricted at 43 degrees C and enhanced at 37 degrees C . With direct enrichment in NR10/43 degrees C, pure Salmonella cultures can be obtained after 48 h incubation.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 53(4), 633 - 8
Survival of pathogenic bacteria in various freshwater sediments; Burton GA Jr et al.; Four human-associated bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella newport, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were tested for survival in five freshwater sediments . Bacterial survival in continuous-flow chambers was monitored over 14-day periods on sediments ranging from organically rich high-clay fractions to organically poor sandy fractions . Bacterial die-off ranged from 1 to 5 orders of magnitude in sediments . E . coli survived as long as or longer than S . newport . P . aeruginosa and K . pneumoniae tended to survive longer than E . coli . Survival of E . coli and S . newport was greater in sediments containing at least 25% clay . Good reproducibility allowed the development of linear models to describe die-off rates.

Infect Immun, 1987 Apr, 55(4), 955 - 62
Test of the virulence and live-vaccine efficacy of auxotrophic and galE derivatives of Salmonella choleraesuis; Nnalue NA et al.; Aromatic compound-dependent (aro) derivatives of three mouse-virulent strains of Salmonella choleraesuis (Salmonella cholerae-suis) were constructed and shown to be nonvirulent for mice (intraperitoneal {i.p.} 50% lethal dose {LD50}, greater than 5 X 10(6) CFU) . A pur derivative, and a thy derivative, each of a different virulent parent, remained moderately virulent (i.p . LD50S for BALB/c mice, ca . 10(5) and 5 X 10(4) CFU, respectively) . Tested as live vaccines i.p., the aro strains were ineffective in salmonella-susceptible BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice but were somewhat effective in salmonella-resistant CBA/J mice and in outbred CD-1 mice . The pur and thy strains were effective as live vaccines in BALB/c mice when given in sublethal doses . Two previously isolated nonvirulent galE derivatives of S . choleraesuis (i.p . LD50 in BALB/c mice, greater than 10(6) CFU) were also ineffective as live vaccines in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice . The main antigenic difference between S . choleraesuis (O-6,7) and S . typhimurium (O-4,12) is in O-antigen character, thought to largely determine the specificity of protection in salmonellosis . Paired, nearly isogenic O-6,7 and O-4,12 derivatives were constructed from an aro S . typhimurium strain of proven efficacy as a live vaccine . Used as live vaccines, the O-4,12 member protected BALB/c mice against challenge with virulent S . typhimurium, whereas the O-6,7 member did not protect against virulent S . choleraesuis . However, BALB/c mice vaccinated with the O-6,7 member and mice vaccinated with an aro S . choleraesuis strain were protected against challenge with a moderately virulent (LD50, 5 X 10(4) CFU) O-6,7 derivative of an S . typhimurium strain.

Immunology, 1987 Apr, 60(4), 503 - 7
Contribution of the mannan O side-chains to the adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides; Ohta M et al.; Klebsiella 03 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Escherichia coli 09 LPS were previously shown to have potent adjuvant activities in augmenting antibody response and delayed-type hypersensitivity to protein antigens . The R form LPS extracted from the O-specific polysaccharide-less mutants derived from Klebsiella 03 and E . coli 09 strains were characterized by chemical and electrophoretic analyses . The adjuvant activities of the R-LPS in augmenting antibody response and DTH to protein antigens were much weaker than those of the parental LPS . The strength of the adjuvant activities of the R-LPS was similar to that of the activities of Salmonella minnesota LPS and Ra-LPS . By contrast, polyclonal B-cell activation effects of the R-LPS were stronger than those of the parental LPS . The common feature of the parental LPS is that their O-specific polysaccharides are mannose homopolymers (mannans) . From these results, it is suggested that mannose homopolymers as the O side-chains of LPS contribute to the action of LPS in enhancing strongly the T-cell dependent immune responses to protein antigens.

S Afr Med J, 1987 Mar 21, 71(6), 369 - 70
Salmonella isolated from rooibos tea; Swanepoel ML; Various Salmonella serovars were isolated from rooibos tea, a natural, untreated agricultural product . The results of a study to identify the serovars is reported . The possibility of lizard origin is discussed and the low pathogenicity of the salmonellae isolated is highlighted.

Carbohydr Res, 1987 Mar 15, 161(1), 97 - 112
Synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of the repeating unit of Salmonella kentucky O-specific polysaccharide and conversion of the oligosaccharides into the glycosyl phosphates; Torgov VI et al.; alpha-D-Man-(1----2)-alpha-D-Man-(1----3)-D-Gal, a structural fragment of the main chain of Salmonella serogroups C2 and C3 O-specific polysaccharides, and the isomer with the central residue beta have been synthesised, as have some oligosaccharides related to the structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of S . kentucky (serogroup C3), namely, alpha-D-Glc-(1----4)-D-Gal, alpha-D-Man-(1----3)-{alpha-D-Glc-(1----4)}-D-Gal, and alpha-D-Man-(1----2)-alpha-D-Man-(1----3)-{alpha-D-Glc-(1----4)}-D-Gal, and the isomers with the D-Glc unit beta . Each oligosaccharide was converted into the alpha-glycosyl phosphate.

N Engl J Med, 1987 Mar 5, 316(10), 565 - 70
Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms . A major persisting source of human salmonellosis in California; Spika JS et al.; Animal-to-human transmission of drug-resistant salmonella and the role of antimicrobial use in food animals in the emergence of these bacteria are controversial subjects . Investigation of a 4.9-fold increase in Salmonella newport isolations from Californians in 1985 showed that 87 percent of the isolates had an unusual antimicrobial-resistance pattern (including chloramphenicol resistance) and a single, identical plasmid . Interviews of 45 patients and 89 matched controls in Los Angeles County showed that illness was associated with penicillin or tetracycline use during the month before onset (P less than 0.001) and with eating ground beef during the week before onset (P = 0.052) . The epidemic strain was isolated from hamburger products eaten by cases, abattoirs where the animals from which the meat came were slaughtered, dairies that sent cows for slaughter on days when culture-positive products were processed, and ill dairy cows . Isolation of salmonella from beef carcasses in abattoirs correlated with the proportion of dead or moribund animals received for slaughter (r = 0.60, P less than 0.05) . Isolation of chloramphenicol-resistant salmonella from dairy farms was associated with the use of chloramphenicol at those dairies . We conclude that food animals are a major source of antimicrobial-resistant salmonella infections in humans and that these infections are associated with antimicrobial use on farms.

J Clin Invest, 1987 Mar, 79(3), 888 - 902
Safety, infectivity, immunogenicity, and in vivo stability of two attenuated auxotrophic mutant strains of Salmonella typhi, 541Ty and 543Ty, as live oral vaccines in humans; Levine MM et al.; Two Salmonella typhi mutants, 541Ty (Vi+) and 543Ty (Vi-), auxotrophic for p-aminobenzoate and adenine, were evaluated as live oral vaccines . 33 volunteers ingested single doses of 10(8), 10(9), or 10(10) vaccine organisms, while four others received two 2 X 10(9) organism doses 4 d apart . No adverse reactions were observed . Vaccine was recovered from coprocultures of 29 of 37 vaccinees (78%) and from duodenal string cultures of two; repeated blood cultures were negative . The humoral antibody response to S . typhi O, H, Vi, and lysate antigens in serum and intestinal fluid was meager . In contrast, all vaccinees manifested cell-mediated immune responses . After vaccination, 69% of vaccinees overall and 89% of recipients of doses greater than or equal to 10(9) responded to S . typhi particulate or purified O polysaccharide antigens in lymphocyte replication studies but not to antigens of other Salmonella or Escherichia coli . All individuals, postvaccination, demonstrated a significant plasma-dependent mononuclear cell inhibition of wild S . typhi.

J Immunol, 1987 Mar 1, 138(5), 1524 - 9
Approaches to augmenting the immunogenicity of the ganglioside GM2 in mice: purified GM2 is superior to whole cells; Livingston PO et al.; The gangliosides GM2, GD2, and GD3 are differentiation antigens largely restricted to cells of neuroectodermal origin . They are expressed on most melanomas, astrocytomas, and neuroblastomas and have been shown to function as effective targets for monoclonal antibodies . In previous studies, we have immunized melanoma patients and mice with a series of melanoma cell vaccines containing these antigens, but have observed only occasional antibody responses . We report here the results of experiments in which an irradiated whole cell vaccine shown previously to be optimal was compared with a series of vaccines containing purified GM2 . Mice were pretreated with low dose cyclophosphamide (Cy), or not, and were immunized twice with syngeneic melanoma cells (JB-RH) known to contain 60 micrograms of GM2 or with vaccines containing 50 micrograms of purified GM2 . Serum was obtained at regular intervals and was tested by immune adherence, complement dependent cytotoxicity, and protein A assays on the JB-RH cell line . The whole cell vaccine, GM2 alone, GM2 incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant, and GM2 attached to E . coli were all minimally immunogenic . GM2 attached to Salmonella minnesota or BCG, and GM2 attached to certain liposome preparations containing monophosphoryl lipid A, were found to be moderately immunogenic . GM2 attached to the R595 mutant of Salmonella minnesota was found to be significantly more immunogenic . Pretreatment with Cy significantly increased the immunogenicity of this vaccine . The specificities of selected sera were tested in inhibition assays and were limited to GM2 . Antibodies produced after immunization were generally exclusively IgM and mediated potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity on JB-RH cells . These results identify R595 as the most effective adjuvant tested for augmenting the immunogenicity of GM2 and show that with regard to antibody production, purified tumor antigen presented optimally can be more immunogenic than optimally presented whole tumor cells containing the same amount of antigen.

Poult Sci, 1987 Mar, 66(3), 397 - 407
Production, physiological, and behavioral responses of laying hens in different management environments; Koelkebeck KW et al.; Responses of commercial laying hens to 16 management systems were examined for 10 laying periods of 28 days each . Twelve cage treatments consisted of housing three, four, or five hens in deep and shallow cages of different dimensions which provided .035 and .046 m2/hen . Four floor treatments housed 35 hens or 32 hens and three roosters at densities of .094 or .373 m2/bird, in two replicated pens each . Quantitative data were collected simultaneously for 23 production, physiological, and behavioral characteristics throughout the study . When comparing all caged with floor pen hens, caged hens had better (P less than .05) egg production rates (76.3 vs . 73.9%), gained more weight, had better feed efficiency, and had greater egg and egg shell weights than floor hens . All floor pen hens had higher (P less than .01) viability (98.9 vs . 95.0%), higher (P less than .01) plasma corticosterone levels (595.0 vs . 445.4 pg/ml), a greater (P less than .01) response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) challenges, and lower (P less than .01) antibody titers to Salmonella pullorum challenges than all caged hens . Caged hens preened, stood, crouched, and feather pecked more than floor hens, while floor hens drank and moved about more than caged hens . This study attempted to quantify production, physiological, and behavioral traits, all on the same flock of hens, in order to separate stressful from nonstressful management environments . Integration of all measurements indicates that properly managed caged hens were subjected to significantly fewer stressors than laying hens housed in floor pens, although the hens' well-being in the two environments could not be quantitatively compared.

Peptides, 1987 Mar-Apr, 8(2), 385 - 9
Perfusion of the septum of the rabbit with vasopressin antiserum enhances endotoxin fever; Malkinson TJ et al.; The septal region of the brains of conscious, adult, male New Zealand White rabbits were perfused by means of a push-pull system before and after an intravenous administration of bacterial pyrogen extracted from Salmonella abortus equi . Perfusion of the septal area with sucrose solution (260 mM) had no significant effect on the resulting fever (1.13 +/- 0.09 degrees C) when compared to a control fever without the push-pull perfusion (1.06 +/- 0.12 degrees C) . Arginine vasopressin (AVP) added to the perfusing solution (20 micrograms/ml) caused a significant attenuation of the fever (0.81 +/- 0.20 degrees C) . An antiserum specific to AVP when added to the perfusing solution resulted in a fever which was significantly greater (2.38 +/- 0.13 degrees C) than the control . Radioimmunoassay of perfusates collected from the control perfusions before and during fever showed that, as the body temperature rose in response to the pyrogen, the level of AVP in the perfusate collected from the septal area decreased . These results provide further evidence that AVP may act in the septal area of the brain to modulate the febrile response.

Vaccine, 1987 Mar, 5(1), 27 - 32
Simultaneous vaccination by three living attenuated strains of Brucella, Salmonella and Chlamydia in mice; Plommet M et al.; Associations of vaccines for simultaneous administration were successfully developed long ago, in particular in human medicine, although there have been very few attempts to associate living bacterial vaccines . Unfortunately, living vaccines can interact with one another resulting in either a virulent infection or an exclusion of one by the other . Having developed two new low virulence vaccinal strains of Chlamydia psittaci var . ovis and Salmonella abortus ovis for use in veterinary medicine, we studied associations of both and with the Brucella melitensis Rev1 vaccine in mice . There was no interaction between the Chlamydia and the Salmonella vaccines and between the Salmonella and the Brucella vaccines from the point of view of immunogenicity . In contrast, anti-Chlamydia immunity was decreased by about 15-19% when the Chlamydia vaccine was associated with the Brucella vaccine in double or triple association . Surprisingly, the Chlamydia vaccinal strain infection was slightly extended when administered in association . The simultaneous vaccination we tested could be of great interest in veterinary medicine, but special attention must be devoted to anti-Chlamydia immunity and would have to be studied in a ewe model.

J Infect, 1987 Mar, 14(2), 135 - 9
Salmonella infections of the abdominal aorta cured with prolonged antibiotic treatment; Aguado JM et al.; Three cases of endovascular infection of atherosclerotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Salmonella spp . are described . 'Breakthrough' or relapsing bacteraemia were major clues for diagnosis in each case . They were treated with a prolonged course of bactericidal antibiotics before surgery . Resection with an interposed graft was performed in all cases and antibiotic treatment continued . Two of our patients have survived for more than two years and the other for 18 months without evidence of relapse . Thus, it would appear possible at times to treat successfully mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with antimicrobial agents plus resection of the aneurysm followed by in situ bypass grafting . Extra-anatomical grafts should be kept for infections due to antimicrobial-resistant organisms or when periaortic infection is widespread.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Mar, 25(3), 584 - 5
Rapid automated method for screening of enteric pathogens from stool specimens; Villasante PA et al.; A total of 800 colonies suggestive of Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia species isolated on stool differential agar media were inoculated onto both conventional biochemical test media (triple sugar iron agar, urea agar, and phenylalanine agar) and Entero Pathogen Screen cards of the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) . Based on the conventional tests, the AutoMicrobic system method yielded the following results: 587 true-negatives, 185 true-positives, 2 false-negatives, and 26 false-positives (sensitivity, 99%; specificity, 96%) . Both true-positive and true-negative results were achieved considerably earlier than false results (P less than 0.001) . The Entero Pathogen Screen card method is a fast, easy, and sensitive method for screening for Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia species . The impossibility of screening for oxidase-positive pathogens is a minor disadvantage of this method.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1987 Mar, 103(3), 276 - 8
{Changes in the nonspecific factors of body protection in experimental Salmonella infection}; Pokrovskii VI et al.; Cytochemical studies of the components of intracellular microbicidal system of leukocytes were performed on rabbits . Two experimental models of Salmonella infection were used . With the oral infection by S . typhimurium the mild form of experimental salmonellosis was noticed . The decrease in myeloperoxidase activity and cation protein and lipid content, as well as an increase in glycogen content and NBT-test activity were observed . Intravenous injection of S . typhimurium endotoxin produced the clinical pattern of endotoxin shock . The activity of all the variables tested was decreased . It returned to standard values 120-240 hours after endotoxin injection.

Mutat Res, 1987 Mar, 187(3), 113 - 7
Mutagenic substances in red and white wine in Chile, a high risk area for gastric cancer; Bull P et al.; Chilean home-made and commercial wines were analyzed for the presence of mutagenic substances using the Salmonella mutagenicity test with preincubation . Strains TA98 and TA100 were used in the absence and in the presence of S9 mix . 90% of red wines from a total of 30 samples and 54% of white wines from a total of 22 were found to be mutagenic . In all cases, S9 mix did not affect the mutagenicity of the samples . At least in one case, more than one mutagen was present, since the mutagenicity with TA98 could be selectively inactivated without affecting that with TA100 . This study supports the hypothesis that wine consumption may be an important risk factor for upper gastrointestinal cancer, particularly for adenocarcinoma of the stomach, which is highly prevalent in Chile.

Carcinogenesis, 1987 Mar, 8(3), 461 - 4
Marked differences between mutagenicity in Salmonella and tumour-initiating activities of dibenzo{a,e}fluoranthene proximate metabolites; initiation inhibiting activity of norharman; Zajdela F et al.; Dibenzofluoranthene-12,13-dihydrodiol (DBF-12,13-DHD) is six times more mutagenic in Salmonella TA100 than dibenzofluoranthene-3,4-dihydrodiol (DBF-3,4-DHD) . However, these two major dibenzo{a,e}fluoranthene (DBF) proximate metabolites, which are immediate precursors of the corresponding diolepoxides, showed on an equimolar basis nearly identical initiation activities on mouse skin; they induced three times more papillomas than the parent hydrocarbon . On the other hand the epithelioma initiation capacities, i.e . the number of papillomas progressing to malignant tumours, of DBF or the two dibenzofluoranthene dihydrodiols were equivalent . Norharman, a putative vicinal diolepoxidation inhibitor in DBF metabolism when administered topically together with the initiation dose (100 nmol), strongly inhibited the induction of tumours by DBF-3,4-DHD and DBF . The relationship between in vitro mutagenic activity in Salmonella and the carcinogenicity of DBF metabolites in mice appears to be qualitative rather than quantitative.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1987 Mar, 54(1), 21 - 6
Resistance to various antibiotics of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolated from registrable farm feeds; Durand AM et al.; Resistance to 20 antibiotics of 128 Salmonella and 97 Escherichia coli isolates from various registrable farm feeds was determined . A high frequency of comparatively low levels of resistance was found in both the Salmonella and E . coli isolates . This, together with an elevated frequency of multiple resistance, indicates that problems related to an effective transfer in bacterial populations of resistance to certain antibiotics are a distinct possibility . The addition of antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracyclines, to animal feeds can create conditions for rapid selection amongst bacteria resistant to antibiotics . The numbers of resistant bacteria in the animal environment may be increased and may lead to the development of veterinary and human health problems from the possible transfer of antimicrobial resistance from animal pathogens to human pathogens or spreading in the human population of animal pathogens resistant to antibiotics . There is a need for caution in the use of antibiotics, particularly in animal feeds . Extended survey of, and epidemiological research on, farm feeds, manufacturing mills and animal production units are emphasized.

Infect Immun, 1987 Feb, 55(2), 409 - 13
Enhancement of endotoxin lethality and generation of anaphylactoid reactions by lipopolysaccharides in muramyl-dipeptide-treated mice; Takada H et al.; Intravenous injection of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and Salmonella lipopolysaccharides (LPS) enhanced lethal toxicity of the LPS in C57BL/6 mice . This was true for S (smooth)- and R (rough)-form LPS and free lipid A . Enhancement of toxicity was maximum when the LPS was administered 4 h after MDP, at which time the lethal doses for 50% of mice of S- and R-form LPS and free lipid A were between 1 and 10 micrograms, compared with more than 100 micrograms in normal animals . This sensitization was absent in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice . Lethality usually commenced 15 h after LPS injection and was complete after 72 h . Higher doses of some S-form LPS (100 micrograms or more) administered 4 h after MDP led to a strong anaphylactoid reaction within 10 to 20 min of injection, with lethal outcomes in less than 1 h after LPS administration . This early anaphylactoid reaction was observed for various mouse strains, including LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice, but it was very weak or completely absent with R-form LPS or free lipid A even in concentrations of up to 1,000 micrograms . A strong anaphylactoid reaction comparable to that seen with S-form LPS was also obtained, after MDP treatment, with an LPS of low toxicity prepared from Bacteroides gingivalis . It is noteworthy that oral administration of MDP also contributed to the anaphylactoid reaction and enhanced the late-phase lethality of LPS . The present findings strongly suggest that the early- and late-phase reactions induced by MDP and LPS are caused by different mechanisms.

Infect Immun, 1987 Feb, 55(2), 388 - 92
Contribution of Salmonella gallinarum large plasmid toward virulence in fowl typhoid; Barrow PA et al.; Four strains of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from independent cases of fowl typhoid all possessed both an 85-kilobase and a 2.5-kilobase plasmid . Each plasmid was eliminated in turn from one of the strains by transposon labeling and curing at 42 degrees C . Elimination of the small plasmid had no effect on the high virulence of the strain for newly hatched and 2-week-old chickens . Whereas oral inoculation of 2-week-old chickens with the parent strain produced 90% mortality with characteristic signs of fowl typhoid, inoculation of the large-plasmid-minus strain produced 0% mortality . A corresponding increase in the 50% lethal dose from log10 1.1 to greater than log10 7.3 was seen with the large-plasmid-minus strain after intramuscular inoculation . Reintroduction of the large plasmid completely restored virulence . A role for the plasmid-linked virulence genes in both invasion and growth in the reticuloendothelial system is suggested by the failure of the large-plasmid-minus strain to penetrate to the liver and spleen after oral inoculation and by its increased clearance from the reticuloendothelial system after intravenous inoculation . These results clearly demonstrate that the large plasmid of S . gallinarum contributes toward virulence in fowl typhoid of chickens.

Carcinogenesis, 1987 Feb, 8(2), 247 - 51
Covalent binding to DNA and mutagenicity of 2,4-diaminotoluene metabolites produced by isolated hepatocytes and 9000 g supernatant from Fischer 344 rats; Furlong BB et al.; Primary cultures of hepatocytes from adult male F344 rats were used to investigate the activation of the hepatocarcinogen 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) to metabolites which bound covalently to DNA . Covalent binding of 2,4-DAT to DNA was significantly greater than that of a non-carcinogenic isomer, 2,6-DAT . Treatment of male rats with 5,6-benzoflavone (BNF), an inducer of cytochrome P-450c and P-450d, had no effect on the binding of 2,4-DAT to DNA of hepatocytes from these animals . However, treatment of hepatocytes in vitro with metyrapone or piperonyl butoxide, two general inhibitors of P-450 enzymes, inhibited the binding of 2,4-DAT to DNA by approximately 80-85% . Two inhibitors of sulfation, pentachlorophenol and 2,5-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, also inhibited DNA binding in hepatocytes from both BNF-induced (91 and 85% respectively) and control rats (82 and 41% respectively), indicating that sulfation may also be required . 2,4-DAT was a more potent mutagen than 2,5- or 2,6-DAT in the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay using hepatic S9 fractions from F344 rats as an activating system . In contrast to DNA binding, activation of 2,4-DAT to mutagens by S9 fractions from BNF-treated rats was greater than that by S9 from control rats . The present study shows that 2,4-DAT is activated by hepatocytes of F344 rats to products which bind covalently to DNA . Both cytochrome P-450 and sulfation appear to be involved in the activation.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1987 Feb, 80(2), 89 - 91
{Orchitis and epididymitis caused by Salmonella cholerae suis in a premature infant}; Handrick W et al.; It is reported on a premature infant who fell ill with an orchitis and epididymitis by Salmonella cholerae suis in the fourth week of life . The proof of the germs was carried out by means of two blood cultures as well as in the smear from the periorchium . The most important informations from literature concerning this subject are briefly reviewed.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1987 Feb, 32(2), 137 - 9
{Sensitivity to chlorine-containing disinfectants of Salmonella typhi strains with transmissible drug resistance}; Karmanova GI et al.; Sensitivity of 201 S . typhi strains to antibiotics and chlorine containing disinfectants was studied . The strains were isolated in the regions of the Left Bank Ukraine . Among the typhoid cultures the proportion of R+ strains was on the whole equal to 29.3 per cent . Chloramine resistant strains amounted to 21.8 per cent . Among chloramine resistant strains the number of the cultures carrying R plasmids was 3 times higher than that of the strains sensitive to disinfectant . Simultaneous transfer of the R plasmid and chloramine resistance to the recipient strain suggested that resistance of the S . typhi strains to chloramine was of plasmid nature.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1987 Feb, 25(2), 135 - 9
Mutagenicity of proanthocyanidins; Yu CL et al.; Several procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization (dimers, a trimer and a polymer) and extracted from different natural sources were found to be non-mutagenic in the Salmonella mutagenesis assay system . A mutagenic impurity in procyanidin B-4 was isolated by means of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified as rutin with UV spectrometry, co-chromatography on reversed-phase HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Mutat Res, 1987 Feb, 187(2), 47 - 53
Mutagenicity of pan residues and gravy from fried meat; Overvik E et al.; Lean pork meat was fried with or without the addition of frying-fat at 200 or 250 degrees C . The pan residues were collected by washing the hot pan with boiling water . When producing thickened gravy the water was substituted by a mixture of water and flour, milk and flour or cream and flour . The basic extracts were tested for mutagenicity in Ames' Salmonella test on strain TA98 with the addition of S9 mix . High amounts of mutagenicity were found in all samples . The amounts of mutagenicity in the pan residues were at a comparable level of the amounts found in the meat crusts . Thickening of the gravy caused only small changes in the mutagenicity.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1987 Feb, 20(1), 37 - 45
Inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae as virulence-enhancing agent in the toxicity test of Salmonella typhi and the immunity assay of typhoid vaccine in mice; Lu CH et al.; Mucin has been used as virulence-enhancing (VE) agent in estimation of the toxicity of bacteria to mice and the potency of bacterial vaccines such as typhoid vaccine . Discontinuance of the acceptable brand of mucin made it necessary to search for an effective alternative . Five percent inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae (IY) showed a significant higher VE effect on S . typhi in mice (132 colony forming units/LD50) with lower viscosity when compared to 5% mucin (740 colony forming units/LD50), and either one could promote bacterial lethal toxicity in mice more than 10(4) times . The strong correlation (r2 = 0.9765) between the immune dose and the ratio of mouse death was found by using 5% IY as VE agent in the active mouse protection test for typhoid vaccine . The relative potencies of a typhoid vaccine to the reference vaccine obtained by using 5% mucin or 5% IY as VE agent were not significant difference . Therefore, IY was a suitable substitute for mucin as a VE agent in the toxicity test of bacteria and in the immunity assay of typhoid vaccines.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1987 Feb, 103(2), 190 - 2
{Role of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in the development of Salmonella infection in an experiment}; Boichenko MN et al.; The changes in cAMP levels in spleen macrophages of mice infected with low-virulent and virulent Salmonella strains and the effect of propranolol on Salmonella reproduction in the spleen, and the outcome of Salmonella-induced infection have been studied . A persistent increase in cAMP levels in spleen macrophages during Salmonella infection caused by virulent Salmonella strains has been demonstrated . Low-virulent Salmonella strains failed to cause the elevation of cAMP levels in spleen macrophages . Propranolol injection to mice prevented intensive Salmonella reproduction in the spleen and diminished the animal mortality rate.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1987 Feb, 95(1), 57 - 63
Toxins, putative cell adhesins and fibronectin binding properties of Salmonella dublin; Kristiansen K et al.; Fifty Salmonella dublin strains isolated from cattle and human diarrhoeal cases were assayed for toxin production, haemagglutination, cell-surface hydrophobicity and fibronectin-binding properties . Most strains (65% of tested) produced cytotonic toxins and cytotoxic factors when tested on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and rabbit skin test . However, only three strains produced a skin-permeability factor as determined in pig skin intra-dermal tests . None of the strains were positive in pig intestinal loop tests . Six of the 32 strains tested for 125I-fibronectin and its 125I-29 kDa N-terminal domain binding showed 10-17% and 6-10% binding, respectively . Most of the strains expressed mannose-sensitive haemagglutination (MSHA) (76%) and high cell-surface hydrophobicity (74%) when grown at 37 degrees C . At 20 degrees C the expression of MSHA and especially the expression of high cell-surface hydrophobicity were reduced . Twelve strains grown at 37 degrees C did not haemagglutinate erythrocytes from five animal species used in this study, while six of these strains expressed high cell-surface hydrophobicity . Salmonella dublin strains isolated in Denmark appeared to express a higher frequency of fimbriae type 1 (MSHA) and a lower frequency of high cell-surface hydrophobicity than the strains from external sources.

J Bacteriol, 1987 Feb, 169(2), 856 - 63
Lipopolysaccharide size and distribution determine serum resistance in Salmonella montevideo; Grossman N et al.; The survival of Salmonella montevideo during serum treatment depends on the presence of an O antigen (O-Ag) associated with the lipopolysaccharide molecule . In this organism, the O antigen is a polysaccharide composed of 0 to more than 55 subunits, each containing 4 mannose residues together with glucose and n-acetylglucosamine . We used a mutant strain of S . montevideo that requires exogenous mannose for the synthesis of O-Ag . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was prepared from these cells grown under three different conditions where the availability of exogenous mannose was regulated such that the average number of O-Ag units per LPS molecule, the percentage of LPS molecules bearing long O-Ag side chains, and the percentage of lipid A cores bearing O-Ag were all varied . These changes in LPS profiles were monitored on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and cells with different LPS profiles were tested for their ability to survive treatment with pooled normal human serum . Survival in serum was associated with LPS that contained an average of 4 to 5 O-Ag units per LPS molecule, and 20 to 23% of the LPS molecules had more than 14 O-Ag units per LPS molecule . Serum survival was less clearly associated with the percentage of lipid A cores covered with O-Ag . We propose, based on these data and on previous work, that the O-Ag polysaccharide provides the cell protection from serum killing by sterically hindering access of the C5b-9 complex to the outer membrane and that a critical density of long O-Ag polysaccharide is necessary to provide protection.

Infect Immun, 1987 Feb, 55(2), 462 - 6
Use of synthetic antigens to determine the epitope specificities of monoclonal antibodies against the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate region of bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Brade L et al.; Mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against heat-killed bacteria of the Re mutant R595 of Salmonella minnesota and characterized by the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition tests and by double immunodiffusion experiments using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from different rough mutants of S . minnesota and synthetic antigens . The latter were copolymerization products of acrylamide with the alpha- and beta-allylglycosides of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) and the alpha-2,4-linked KDO disaccharide {poly-alpha-KDO, poly-beta-KDO, and poly-(alpha-KDO)2, respectively}, and sodium (3-deoxy-D-manno-octulopyranosyl)onate-(2----6)-(2-deoxy-2-{ (R)-3- hydroxytetradecanoylamino}- beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----6)-(2-deoxy-2-{(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoy lam ino}-D-glucose) {alpha-KDO-(GlcNhm)2}, representing a part structure of Re LPS . One antibody (clone 20, immunoglobulin M) was found to recognize a terminal alpha-linked KDO residue, since it reacted in the passive hemolysis assay with alpha-KDO-(GlcNhm)2 and all LPS tested, it was inhibited by all synthetic antigens containing alpha-linked KDO residues, and it gave a reaction of identity with poly-alpha-KDO and poly-(alpha-KDO)2 in double immunodiffusion experiments . A second antibody (clone 25, immunoglobulin G3) was identified as specific for an alpha-2,4-linked KDO disaccharide, since it reacted in immunodiffusion exclusively with synthetic poly-(alpha-KDO)2 and not with the monosaccharide derivatives in either anomeric configuration, and it was inhibited only with poly-(alpha-KDO)2 and with LPS from S . minnesota R595 (Re) and R345 (Rb2) . The reaction of this antibody with R345 LPS is attributed to the quantitative substitution with KDO disaccharide present as a side chain, which is not present in stoichiometric amounts in the other LPS.

Transfusion, 1987 Jan-Feb, 27(1), 2 - 5
Fatal Salmonella septicemia after platelet transfusion; Heal JM et al.; A thrombocytopenic, leukopenic patient with multiple myeloma who was given 7 units of platelets died 6 days later from complications of Salmonella heidelberg septicemia . A platelet donor who was asymptomatic at the time of donation had group B Salmonella on stool culture . His clinical history and the results of serologic studies and stool culture were consistent with a mild Salmonella gastroenteritis 5 days before donation . Antibiotic sensitivity patterns and plasmid profiles indicated that the organism (S . heidelberg) isolated from the donor's stool was identical to that isolated from the patient's blood and from the platelet bags . It is believed that low-grade, asymptomatic bacteremia in the donor was the source of infection in the recipient . Food and Drug Administration records contain reports of six septic deaths due to platelet transfusions since 1979, compared with none in the preceding 4 years . Increased use of platelet products and the standard practice of storage at room temperature may contribute to the risk of sepsis after platelet transfusion, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Am J Epidemiol, 1987 Jan, 125(1), 150 - 7
Salmonellosis outbreak on transatlantic flights; foodborne illness on aircraft: 1947-1984; Tauxe RV et al.; In March 1984, 186 cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritidis were reported after 29 flights to the United States on an international airline . An estimated 2,747 passengers on flights to the United States were affected . Illness was associated with flying supersonic or first class (odds ratio = 15, p less than 0.001) . Eating food from the first-class menu was associated with illness (p = 0.09), and eating a tourist-class entree was protective (p less than 0.01) . In 23 reported outbreaks of foodborne illness on aircraft, Salmonella has been the most common pathogen (seven outbreaks), followed by Staphylococcus (five outbreaks), and Vibrio species (five outbreaks) . Outbreaks are most often the result of an improper temperature for preparation or for holding food in the flight kitchens . Serving the flight crew meals from one kitchen carries the risk that the entire crew will become ill.

Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(9), 923 - 33
Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against a glycolipid asialo GM1; Shimada S et al.; Five IgM monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MW-1, MW-2, MW-3, MW-4, and MW-5, against a glycolipid asialo GM1 were prepared from hybridoma clones obtained by the fusion of mouse NS-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with asialo GM1 adsorbed to naked Salmonella . All the MAbs reacted only with asialo GM1 when their reactivities were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-immunostaining using structurally related glycolipids . The MAbs showed a complement-dependent lysis of mouse natural killer (NK) cells, but the lytic activities were weaker than that of a rabbit polyclonal anti-asialo GM1 antibody . When they were mixed, the anti-NK activity was increased to a level almost comparable to that of the polyclonal antibody . These results suggest that all the MAbs obtained are specific for asialo GM1 and that they may be different in fine specificity for the glycolipid . Significance of the MAbs in immunological and neurochemical studies is discussed.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987, 81(3), 374 - 7
Predicting enteric fever without bacteriological culture results; Ross IN et al.; We used Bayes' theorem to calculate the probability of enteric fever in 260 patients presenting with undiagnosed fever, without recourse to blood or stool culture results . These individuals were divided into 110 patients with enteric fever (63 culture positive, 47 culture negative) and 150 patients with other causes of fever . Comparison of the frequencies of occurrence of 19 clinical and laboratory events, said to be helpful in the diagnosis of enteric fever, in the two groups revealed that only 8 events were significantly more frequent in enteric fever . These were: a positive Widal test at a screening dilution of 1:40; a peak temperature greater than = 39 degrees C; previous treatment for the fever; a white blood cell count less than 9 X 10(6)/litre; a polymorphonuclear leucocyte count less than 3.5 X 10(6)/litre; splenomegaly; fever duration greater than 7 d; and hepatomegaly . When the probability of enteric fever was determined prospectively in 110 patients, using only 6 of these discriminating events, the probability of patients with a positive prediction having enteric fever (diagnostic specificity) was 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 0.91) and the probability of those with a negative prediction not having enteric fever (diagnostic sensitivity) was 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) . Using all 19 events did not alter the diagnostic specificity or diagnostic sensitivity . This study shows that a small number of clinical and laboratory features can objectively discriminate enteric fever from other causes of fever in the majority of patients . Calculating the probability of enteric fever can aid in diagnosis, when culturing for salmonella is either unavailable or is negative.

IARC Sci Publ, 1987, (84), 129 - 31
Structure-activity relationships in metabolism and mutagenicities of N-nitrosamines; Guttenplan JB; The metabolism of a series of nitrosamines in vitro was monitored by measuring nitrogen production and was compared with mutagenesis by the same compounds, allowing separation of mutagenic potencies into metabolic and postmetabolic terms . The rate of nitrogen production from symmetrical di-n-alkyl and methylalkyl nitrosamines increased with increasing molecular weight . The cyclic nitrosamines N-nitrosopiperidine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine were metabolized slightly less rapidly than the most hydrophobic compounds, and N-nitrosomorpholine was metabolized at about half this rate . N-Nitrosomethylaniline was metabolized to nitrogen relatively slowly . Branching at the alpha-carbons reduced alpha-oxidative metabolism several fold . Substitution at the beta-carbon of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine with hydroxyl, cyano, oxo and methoxyl groups reduced metabolism to an even greater extent . Carboxyl substitution at the 4-position of N-nitrosopiperidine greatly reduced nitrogen formation, but 4-tert-butyl substitution had little effect . Effects of structure on mutagenic activities in Salmonella followed a different pattern . Higher homologue di-n-alkyl nitrosamines were more potent than lower homologues at lower doses, when potencies were taken from slopes of dose-response curves . However, when mutagenic potencies were expressed as 'mutagenic efficiencies' (revertants/mumol nitrogen), regardless of dose, the order of potency was N-nitrosodimethylamine greater than N-nitrosodiethylamine greater than N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine greater than N-nitrosodibutylamine . For the series of methylalkyl nitrosamines, mutagenic potencies were greatest for the higher molecular weight compounds, but they were all similar to that of N-nitrosodimethylamine when expressed as mutagenic efficiencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(7), 81 - 7
{Antibacterial activity of chlorquinaldol esters and 2-styryl-substituted derivatives}; Kolev KK et al.; Studied was the bacteriostatic activity of a total of 17 new esters and replaced 2-styryl derivatives of chlorquinaldol . Determined were also the lowest concentrations that suppressed the growth of organisms . Some of the compounds showed higher activity and broader spectrum of antibacterial qualities, mainly against Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum, and Salmonella cholerae suis as compared to the initial therapeutic preparation chlorquinaldol . It was found that the presence of chlorine atoms either in the second or in the second and fourth place in the benzene nucleus of the esters studied, the presence of a NO2-group in the third place of the same nucleus, and the presence of an extranuclear hydroxyacetyl remainder in the ester grouping could lead to a rise of the antibacterial activity . The presence of an F atom in the second and third place of the benzene nucleus of the sterile grouping also raised the activity of these compounds.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(7), 26 - 31
{Etiology of salmonellosis in swine raised commercially}; Minev MK et al.; A total of 25,561 samples from swine (cadavers, internal organs, rectal swabs, feed, and washings of premises) were investigated microbiologically over the 1981-1985 period via routinely employed methods for the isolation and typing of Salmonella organisms, following the Kauffmann-White pattern . Tested was the susceptibility of 411 strains by the disk-diffusion method, using drugs of the general practice, and the results were recorded after Bauer . In 5.32 per cent of the samples 19 Salmonella serotypes of the B . C . D, and E groups were isolated . Greatest in the etiology of salmonelloses was still the relative share of S . cholerae suis (85.22%), represented by the two-phase var . america and the autochthonous var . kunzendorf . Second ranked S . typhimurium--5.14%, followed by S . agona--2.20%, S . menden--1.25%, S . thompson--1.18%, S . derby--1.10%, S . bovis-morbificans--0.81%, and others . A change was ascertained in the serotypes isolated from pigs with regard to the exotic types . Sensitive to gentamycin proved 89.9%, to chloramphenicol--79.1%, to carbenicillin--71%, to kanamycin--70%, etc; 75% were resistant to ampicillin, 54.6%--to streptomycin, 51.3%--to tetracycline, and 33.8%--to furazolidone.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1987, 19(4), 467 - 8
Successful treatment of typhoid fever in children with parenteral ceftriaxone; Farid Z et al.; Eight children, seriously ill with bacteriologically proven Salmonella typhi septicemia, were successfully treated with a single daily intramuscular injection of 2 g ceftriaxone given for 5-7 days . All children improved clinically within 48 h of starting therapy and all except 1 became afebrile within 5 days . None relapsed during the 4-week follow-up study.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1987, 22(2), 225 - 39
Use of limited protocols to evaluate the genotoxicity of hazardous wastes in mammalian cell assays: comparison to Salmonella; DeMarini DM et al.; Dichloromethane extracts of four diverse hazardous wastes (coke plant, herbicide manufacturing, pulp and paper, and oil refining) were evaluated for mutagenicity in strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella . These extracts also were tested for biological activity in short-term mammalian cell assays, including mutagenicity in L5178Y/TK +/- mouse lymphoma cells, chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, morphological transformation in BALB/c-3T3 cells, and teratogenic potential in mouse limb bud cells . The mammalian cell assays were performed using limited protocols that consisted of a preliminary testing of the extracts for cytotoxicity in CHO cells in order to estimate the appropriate dose range for the other assays . These assays were then performed once with only a few doses of extract; all but the mouse limb bud assay were performed in the presence of metabolic activation . Although all four of the wastes were presumptively positive for either mutation or cytogenetic effects, none of the wastes transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells . Further studies are needed to establish which mammalian cell assays, if any, might be useful complements to the Salmonella assay for the purpose of screening hazardous wastes.

Trop Geogr Med, 1987 Jan, 39(1), 64 - 6
Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi in Durban, South Africa; Coovadia YM et al.; A retrospective survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi in Durban, South Africa . Of the 3313 strains tested over a 7 year period 20 (0.6%) showed intermediate resistance to chloramphenicol and 19 (0.6%) were fully resistant . Resistance to chloramphenicol was found to fluctuate over the period studied (0-2%) . Resistance to ampicillin/amoxycillin was encountered less frequently (0-0.9%) . For the present we would still recommend chloramphenicol or amoxycillin for the initial treatment of typhoid fever in this region.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(5), 44 - 51
{Species structure of Salmonellae isolated from mammals, poultry, feed mixtures and the environment 1976-1980}; Kaloianov I et al.; Studied was the species structure of Salmonella strains isolated in this country from mammals, birds, food products, combined feeds, and objects of the environment over the 1976-1980 period . Differentiated were a total of 10,794 Salmonella cultures, belonging to 67 serotypes of 10 serologic groups after Kauffmann-White's scheme . Most wide-spread proved to be the S . choleraesuis, S . oranienburg, S . dublin, S . typhimurium, S . gallinarum-pullorum, S . enteritidis, S . derby, S . abortusovis, and S . agona serotypes . Combined feeds and individual components were most often found to be the source of S . senftenberg, S . muenster, S . meleagridis, S . oranienburg, S . mission, and S . agona . A dropping trend was established with the relative share of Salmonella organisms isolated from combined feeds and their components as against the total count of isolated Salmonellae in comparison with the 1970-1975 period (2.51 and 8.12 per cent, respectively).

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(5), 33 - 7
{Potential manifestation of fowl typhoid in chicks fed Salmonella gallinarum-contaminated feed}; Giurov B et al.; The possibility was checked to infect young birds with fowl typhoid through feeding them with S . gallinarum--contaminated forage . The three test groups of birds were kept on the floor of one and same premise, and a fourth group was kept separately in isolation . The feed offered to the first and second test group was contaminated at the rate of 5.10(8) and 1.2.10(8) microbial cells, respectively . With the first group, where feed contamination was at the rate of 6.10(6) S . gallinarum cells per bird, mortality rate ran as high as 61 per cent, 53 per cent of the total number of birds dying of typhoid septicaemia . With the second group, where feed contamination was 1.2.10(6) S . gallinarum cells per bird the total rate of mortality was 34 per cent, 32 per cent of the birds dying of typhoid septicaemia . With the third group, exposed to air-borne infection and offered Salmonella-free feed only, 8 per cent of the birds died of typhoid . It was found that the manifestation and the intensity of the epizootic process were in direct dependence on the microbial number, and that air played a part in transmitting S . gallinarum to young birds raised on the floor.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(4), 13 - 20
{Epizootiological evaluation of the peroral and vaginal infection of sheep with S . abortus ovis}; Vodas K; Epizootiologic evaluation is made of the oral and the vaginal Salmonella abortus ovis infection in sheep in view of the occurrence and persistence of the infection within the sheep flocks . It has been established that the presence of carriers of infection depends on the physiologic status of the animals at the time of contracting the infection . Abortion, lambing, and the setting in of estrus were shown to affect favourably the existing carrier status . Salmonella abortus ovis organisms were most commonly isolated from the uterus, ovaries, mesenterial lymph nodes, and the duodenum.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1987, 80(3), 301 - 5
{Prevalence of lysotype No . 3 of Salmonella paratyphi A in Peru}; Vieu JF et al.; Sixty-nine S . paratyphi A strains isolated from Peru were studied with the aid of the phage-typing system of Banker . 55 strains (79.7%) showed specific lytic reactions of the phage-type no 3 and 12 strains (17.3%) those of the phage-type no 1; one strain was atypical and another untypable . All of these strains were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim . These results are compared with the data of the scientific literature on the worldwide distribution of the S . paratyphi A phage-types.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(2), 3 - 10
{Experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves}; Masalski N et al.; Calves, aged 20 days, were experimentally infected with Salmonella dublin . The animals of one-group were treated at the rate of 6.10(8), and those of another--at 2.10(10) up to 4.10(10) live bacterial cells . The calves of the first group showed no clear clinical symptoms of a disease; neither did they manifest regular shedding of bacterial cells . The calves of the second group presented a typical clinical picture, with more regular shedding of bacteria through nasal discharges and the feces . After killing the animals Salmonella dublin organisms were found in all parenchymal organs and in the lymph nodes . Morphologically, the prevalence was established of inflammatory necrobiotic processes in the liver, with activation and proliferation of the sinus endothelium of the lymph nodes, and catarrhal inflammation of varying manifestation in the small intestine.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(1), 24 - 7
{Sensitivity of Salmonellae isolated from poultry to bacteriophage O1}; Stefanov M et al.; Studied were a total of 200 bacterial strains that agglutinated with the group B, C, D and E Salmonella sera . The organisms were isolated from viscera (liver, gallbladder, spleen, ovaries, and heart) and bone marrow from dead birds, from embryos, eggs, and washings from hatcheries, etc . in 1982-1985 in the district of Stara Zagora . It was found that the strains behaved biochemically as typical Salmonellae . Serologically typed of group B were 40 strains (S . typhimurium--34, and S . lagos--6); of group C--61 strains (S . oranienburg--38, S . isangi--7, S . montevideo--4, Salmonella II 6.7:gmst: 1.5--5, S . thompson--2, and S . newport--5); of group D--89 strains (S . gallinarum--57, S . gallinarum var . duisburg--23, S . pullorum--1, and S, enteritidis--8); and of group E--8 strains (S . senftenberg--4, S . anatum--4) . Two of the strains were in the R form . Sensitive to the phage proved 89 +/- 5.7 per cent of the strains including the two R-form ones and those that were resistant of group C (S . oranienburg--5.4 per cent) and of group D (S . gallinarum--23 per cent, and S . gallinarum var . duisburg--26.1 per cent) . The high sensitivity to the phage substantiated the phage identification of the strains as an adjunct, supplementary method in the complex diagnostics of diseases of a Salmonella etiology after the preliminarily determined phage for the respective region was made known.

Mol Immunol, 1987 Jan, 24(1), 57 - 65
A monoclonal antibody with reactivity to asialo GM1 and murine natural killer cells; Solomon FR et al.; A monoclonal antibody (MAb) was prepared by the fusion of murine SP2-O myeloma cells with BALB/cByJ spleen cells that were immunized with the glycolipid asialo GM1 adsorbed to naked Salmonella . The specificity of the IgM antibody obtained was defined using various glycolipids, cell extracts and saccharides in ELISA assays and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) immunoblots . The non-reducing terminal galactose is the immunodominant residue for this antibody; however, there is undetectable reactivity to free galactose, galactosylceramide or compounds with an alpha-linked galactose . The SH-34 antibody specifically lyses asialo GM1-expressing macrophages in the presence of complement and removes NK cells in vitro from spleen cell populations . When the specificity of the MAb was compared to that of a commercially available rabbit antiserum to asialo GM1, it was found that both cross-reacted with GM1 and asialo GM3 at high antibody concns; however, the MAb did not bind asialo GM2 while the rabbit antiserum showed substantial reactivity to this glycolipid . It is anticipated that this MAb will be useful for the study of murine and rat natural killer cells.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1987, 80(2), 171 - 9
{Shigella and Salmonella isolated in Burundi from 1980 to 1985}; Petat E et al.; Data are presented on 633 strains of Shigella, and 197 strains of Salmonella, isolated in Bujumbura, capital of Burundi, between 1980 and 1985 . The epidemiology of shigellosis is dominated by the resurgence of the Shiga bacillus and by its increasing resistance against all available antibacterial drugs . Salmonellosis is caused by a limited range of serotypes, most of them, with the exception of the typhoid bacillus, becoming multiresistant . Bacteriaemia with S . enteritidis is a frequent complication in patients with AIDS.

Immunol Lett, 1987 Jan, 14(2), 117 - 20
The enhancing effect of exercise on the production of antibody to Salmonella typhi in mice; Liu YG et al.; The effect of long-term regular and moderate exercise on antibody production has been studied in mice . Healthy mice were trained to run for 10 min twice a day, and antibody levels following immunization were compared with those of healthy sedentary control mice . The antibody levels of the running mice were significantly higher than those of the sedentary animals at all times tested, from 1 to 13 wk post immunization . Overall, the antibody titres of the runners were 2.76 times that of the controls . The significance of these findings is discussed.

Am J Otolaryngol, 1987 Jan-Feb, 8(1), 23 - 30
Experimental otitis media with effusion induced by intratympanic lipid A instillation; Tanimura F et al.; Otitis media with effusion was induced in guinea pigs by intratympanic instillation of lipid A, the lipid moiety of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota Re595 . Lipid A was chosen as an inducer because of its similar composition among various bacterial species . Animals were killed from the first to 14th day after instillation of various concentrations (0.2, 2, 20, 200 micrograms/ml) of lipid A in 0.5% triethylamine . By 3 days after instillation, all experimental animals developed serous middle ear effusion . The histologic findings included hemorrhage, mucosal edema, capillary engorgement, and migration of infiltrative cells including macrophages, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and lymphocytes . These findings were most prominent 3 days after instillation, and the recovery of the middle ear epithelium was observed within 14 days . Repeated instillation of lipid A (2 micrograms/ml) at an interval of 14 days reinforced the local response accompanied by serous middle ear effusion . These findings indicate that lipid A can induce the inflammatory changes with middle ear effusion and that lipid A plays an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion.

Environ Mutagen, 1987, 9(3), 261 - 7
Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of acrylamide in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells; Moore MM et al.; Acrylamide was tested without exogenous activation in L5178Y/TK+/- -3.7.2C cells for mutation at the thymidine kinase locus and for clastogenicity . Acrylamide gave a positive induced mutagenic response (approximately 70 mutants/10(6) survivors) when tested at 600-650 micrograms/ml . The highest dose tested (850 micrograms/ml) resulted in an induced mutant frequency of approximately 380 mutants/10(6) survivors (survival = 13%) . Acrylamide induced almost exclusively small-colony mutants, indicating that it might be acting by a clastogenic mechanism . As predicted, acrylamide was clastogenic, inducing both chromatid and chromosome breaks and rearrangements . A clearly positive clastogenic response was observed at both the 750 micrograms/ml and 850 micrograms/ml doses, which showed 16 and 64 aberrations per 100 cells, respectively (background = 3 aberrations per 100 cells) . These studies indicate that the L5178Y/TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay can detect some chromosomal mutagens (clastogens) that show little activity in other single gene mutation assays, the CHO/HPRT and Salmonella.

Arch Environ Health, 1987 Jan-Feb, 42(1), 14 - 8
Carcinogenicity of extract of airborne particles using newborn mice and comparative study of carcinogenic and mutagenic effect of the extract; Sasaki Y et al.; An organic extract of airborne particles collected in Tokyo and its fractions (neutral, acidic, and basic) were investigated in Ames Salmonella assays for mutagenicity and in newborn mice for carcinogenicity . Mutagenicity to TA100 and TA98 strains was detected in the whole extract, the neutral, the acidic and the basic fractions with and without metabolic activation . In the carcinogenicity test, the incidence of lung tumor was as follows: whole extract, 4/25; neutral fraction, 7/25; acidic fraction, 0/20; basic fraction, 1/11; vehicle, 2/39; and uninjected, 3/47 . The neutral fraction of the extract of the airborne particles showed highly potent mutagenicity and a high incidence of lung tumors in mice.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jan, (1), 76 - 80
{Mitogenic action of bacterial T-independent antigens under various conditions of lymphocyte culture}; Surgai VV et al.; The mitogenic response of lymphocytes in mouse spleen cell culture to the action of Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Vi-antigen under different experimental conditions has been studied . The density of the culture has been shown to influence the activation of lymphocytes with Vi-antigen . Thus, macrophages stimulate mitogenesis at the concentration of lymphocytes equal to 1.0-1.2 X 10(6) cells/ml and suppress it when this concentration increases tenfold . The method used for the purification of cell suspension from adhering cells has been shown to influence the level of the mitogenic response of lymphocytes . The cultures, purified from macrophages by filtration through a column packed with cotton wool, have been found to respond to the mitogenic doses of LPS 7-8 times weaker than those purified by adhesion onto plastic . Background and mitogen-induced inclusion of 3H-thymidine into lymphocytic DNA varies in accordance with the presence of adhering cells . For this reason, in the evaluation of the influence of macrophages on mitogenesis it is expedient to consider not only the stimulation index, but also the absolute inclusion of thymidine into cells.

Vet Q, 1987 Jan, 9(1), 91 - 6
Salmonellosis in veal calves . Some therapeutic aspects; Groothuis DG et al.; The present investigation was undertaken to improve regimens dosage of amoxycillin, chloramphenicol or trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in Salmonella dublin infected veal calves . The pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied after i.v., oral, and i.m . administration (bioavailability, local irritation at the injection site, volume of distribution, and elimination half life) . The most important conclusion was that amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim were suitable for oral administration to veal calves, although the bioavailability of chloramphenicol and trimethoprim was significantly less when concurrently administered with a milk replacer . In vitro, the antibacterial activities of these drugs were compared . Addition of trimethoprim to sulphadiazine lowered its MIC for S . dublin, but sulphadiazine reduced the killing rate compared to that of trimethoprim alone . In the efficacy studies the activities of several serum enzymes and the plasma concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured, but it appeared, that these biochemical parameters were no better than the clinical parameters body temperature and body weight . Using optimal dosage regimens based on MIC values and blood levels, treatment with either of the three drugs was of equal efficacy.

Environ Mutagen, 1987, 9 Suppl 9, 1 - 109
Salmonella mutagenicity tests: III . Results from the testing of 255 chemicals; Zeiger E et al.; The results and data from the testing of 255 chemicals for mutagenicity in Salmonella are presented . All chemicals were tested under code using a preincubation modification of the Salmonella/microsome test in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation and in the presence of liver S-9 from Aroclor-induced male Sprague-Dawley rats and Syrian hamsters.

Environ Mutagen, 1987, 9(3), 269 - 80
Mutagenicity testing of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-al (spy dust) and its metabolites in vitro and in vivo; Zeiger E et al.; 5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-al (NPPD; spy dust) was tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella and for its ability to induce chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and mouse bone marrow . Two metabolites of NPPD produced by the rat, 4-nitrobenzoic acid (NBA) and 4-nitrohippuric acid (NHA), were also tested in Salmonella and CHO cells . NPPD was mutagenic in Salmonella, and induced low-level increases in chromosome aberrations and SCE in bone marrow . It did not induce aberrations in CHO cells . NBA was positive in Salmonella and CHO cells, while NHA was negative . The mutagenicity of NPPD in Salmonella was partially, but not completely, eliminated in a strain lacking one of the bacterial nitroreductases.

Eur Biophys J, 1987, 14(5), 301 - 6
15N-labeled P22 c2 repressor for nuclear magnetic resonance studies of protein-DNA interactions; Senn H et al.; The salmonella phage P22 c2 repressor was produced with 90% 15N isotope labeling of all leucines, using the expression system E . coli W3110 lac IQ inverted question markP 125 . The N-terminal DNA-binding domain 1-76 was obtained by chymotrypsin cleavage . Its characterization by biochemical techniques, mass spectrometry, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that highly residue-selective isotope labeling was achieved with the minimal growth medium used . The ability to obtain such isotope labeling opens new avenues for NMR studies of protein-DNA interactions in the P22 operator system.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Jan, (1), 80 - 4
{Genetics of the immune response of Karakul sheep immunized with E . coli and Salmonella vaccines . An analysis of the intensity of the immune response in 2d-generation and reverse-cross hybrids}; Dushanov AD et al.; For the genetic analysis of the character of inheriting the immune response and the study of the possibility of immunoselection in astrakhan sheep, the test crossing of the previously selected and raised animals in different genetic combinations has been made . Regularities in inheriting the intensity of immune response in hybrids F2 and BC1 of astrakhan sheep, highly responsive to E . coli and Salmonella vaccines, confirm the dominant character of the capacity for intensive immune response . The second-generation hybrids obtained by the crossing of the animals, either highly responsive or weakly responsive to E . coli or Salmonella vaccine, show a high degree of concordance in their capacity for response to this antigen . This confirms the possibility for the immunoselection of sheep by their capacity for response to a given vaccine.

Toxicol Lett, 1987 Jan, 35(1), 147 - 51
Mutagenic determination of passive smoking; Ling PI et al.; The mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke has been further investigated with the plate-incorporation method and a microsuspension technique of the Ames Salmonella assay . The microsuspension test gives a higher response than the conventional plate incorporation test . It is possible to detect environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in moderately smoky indoor environments by collection of particulate matter with personal low volume samplers followed by particle extraction and mutagenicity testing with the microsuspension assay.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1987, 20(1-2), 81 - 103
Correlation of nitroaromatic compounds with the mutagenic activity of coal fly ash; Harris WR et al.; Stack-collected fly-ash particles from a commercial pulverized-coal power plant were extracted with 60/40 w/w benzene-methanol to remove as much of the organic fraction as possible . The extract was sequentially fractionated on a series of high-performance liquid chromatography columns, and the Salmonella bacterial mutagenicity assay using both normal and nitroreductase-deficient strains was used to localize the most mutagenic fractions . Selected fractions were analyzed by a variety of techniques, including gas chromatography with dual-flame ionization and thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus detectors, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, direct-probe low-resolution or low-voltage mass spectrometry, and high-resolution mass spectrometry . Mutagenicity data indicated that nitroorganic compounds were the primary mutagens in all samples submitted for chemical analysis . A series of homologous alkylated nitrophenanthrenes appear to be important mutagens in one major fraction, while alkylated nitrofluorenones appear to be the dominant mutagens in a second major fraction . No nitro compounds were identified in a third major fraction . In addition to the nitro compounds, substantial amounts of fluorenones were also found, although these are not believed to contribute to the direct-acting mutagenic activity of the samples.

Environ Mutagen, 1987, 9(1), 19 - 28
Genotoxicity studies of methyl isocyanate in Salmonella, Drosophila, and cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells; Mason JM et al.; The genotoxic effects of methyl isocyanate (MIC) were investigated using four short-term tests: the Salmonella reversion assay (Ames test), the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal assay, and the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberration assays in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . No evidence was found for the induction of mutations in either Salmonella or Drosophila . MIC did, however, induce SCEs and chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells both in the presence and absence of Aroclor-induced rat liver S-9.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1987 Jan, 6(1), 11 - 25
Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of immunoglobulin M class antibodies to Salmonella minnesota R595 and Escherichia coli J5 lipopolysaccharides; Vanesian MA et al.; The level of human immunoglobulin (IgM) in plasma specific for the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595 (R595 LPS) and Escherichia coli J5 (J5 LPS) was quantitated by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in which purified antigen is adsorbed directly onto polystyrene-acrylic copolymer cuvettes . Highly purified anti-J5 and R595 LPS specific IgM prepared by ion-exchange resin, gel filtration, and affinity resin chromatography were used as standards . The levels of specific IgM were determined in 200 plasma samples obtained from normal donors . Anti-R595 IgM levels varied from less than 30 micrograms/ml (91%), from 30 to 100 micrograms/ml (8.5%), and greater than 100 micrograms/ml (0.5%) . Anti-J5 IgM levels in 68% of the donor plasmas were less than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml . The levels in 30.5% of the donor plasmas ranged from 6 to 100 micrograms/ml; the remaining 1.5% had greater than 100 micrograms/ml anti-J5 IgM . Specific IgM levels in four lots of normal pooled plasma each consisting of about 10,000 L averaged 12.7 micrograms/ml and 13.3 micrograms/ml for R595 and J5, respectively . The assay was modified to quantitate rabbit plasma as well . For this purpose, the EIA has been performed on microtiter plates, and the core LPS was fixed onto the wells by chemical treatment with glutaraldehyde which results in higher stability and retention of the antigen in the wells . Specificity of the EIA was demonstrated by the absence of significant cross reactivity between R595 IgM and J5 LPS and between J5 IgM and R595 LPS, furthermore, we only observed partial adsorption (approximately 25%-33%) of the R595 and J5 IgM by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS, a wild type endotoxin . The described quantitative assay is useful for both scientific studies and clinical investigations.

Infect Immun, 1987 Jan, 55(1), 57 - 68
Requirement of a properly acylated beta(1-6)-D-glucosamine disaccharide bisphosphate structure for efficient manifestation of full endotoxic and associated bioactivities of lipid A; Takahashi I et al.; Several synthetic acylated glucosamine monophosphates, with structures corresponding to the nonreducing or reducing moiety of the lipid A of the Escherichia coli or Salmonella minnesota type, and a synthetic compound corresponding to a biosynthetic disaccharide lipid A precursor (designated Ia or IVA) were examined for their endotoxic and related bioactivities in comparison with those of the synthetic and bacterial parent molecules, i.e., acylated beta(1-6)-D-glucosamine disaccharide bisphosphates . Some of the test monosaccharide compounds were definitely active in most of the in vitro assays . Their activities, except for complement activation, however, were weaker than those of the reference compounds, synthetic and bacterial acylated disaccharide bisphosphates . The differences between the test monosaccharide and disaccharide compounds were much more apparent in in vivo assays, in which the test acylated glucosamine monophosphates were scarcely active, though some test compounds exhibited weak lethal toxicity in galactosamine-loaded mice and were weakly active in pyrogenicity, immunoadjuvant activity, and possible tumor necrosis factor and alpha and beta interferon-inducing ability in Mycobacterium bovis BCG- and Propionibacterium acnes-primed mice, respectively . Mixture at an equimolar ratio of acyl glucosamine monophosphates, each of which has the structure of the reducing or nonreducing moiety of the reference disaccharide compound, did not restore the endotoxic or associated bioactivities of the corresponding parent molecules . No essential differences in bioactivity were noted between synthetic and bacterial monosaccharide compounds, i.e., lipid X, whose structure corresponds to the reducing moiety of E . coli-type lipid A.

J Mol Cell Immunol, 1987, 3(4), 221 - 6
Activation of murine B cells from different tissues with different mitogens . II . Isotype distribution of secreted immunoglobulins in the presence and absence of IL-4-containing T cell supernatants; Bossie A et al.; In the accompanying report, we have compared a B cell-specific protein mitogen, Salmonella thyphimurium mitogen (STM), to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dextran sulfate (DxS), and the combination of LPS/DxS with regard to their ability to induce B cell proliferation and differentiation . The results of these studies demonstrated that STM, LPS, and LPS/DxS induce significant expression of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig) . In this report, we have analyzed the distribution of isotypes induced by each of these mitogens in the presence or absence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) containing T cell supernatants (SN), since IL-4 increases the secretion of IgG1 and IgE and decreases the secretion of IgG3 and IgG2b in LPS-stimulated splenic B cells . These experiments were designed to determine whether LPS was unique in its ability to "program" B cells to respond to IL-4 by secreting IgG1, as has been suggested in our previous studies . The current experiments also addressed the issue of whether splenic B cells were unique in their response to IL-4 by using B cells from other tissues . The efficiency of induction of cytoplasmic Ig measured in the preceding report was STM greater than LPS/DxS greater than LPS . DxS did not induce a significant level of cell proliferation, cytoplasmic Ig, or secreted IgM and inhibited the LPS-induced IgM response by approximately 50% . In contrast, STM induced an extremely high level of IgM secretion in splenic B cells . In this report, we demonstrate that the addition of IL-4-containing T cell SN to splenic B cells stimulated with LPS, LPS/DxS or STM increased the level of IgG1 and reduced the level of IgM, IgG3, and IgG2b secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987, 81(6), 1022 - 6
Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in paediatric patients by anti-LPS ELISA; Sippel JE et al.; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot analysis showed that up to 50% of the anti-typhoid antibody in sera from blood culture positive paediatric typhoid fever patients is directed against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen . Anti-Salmonella typhi LPS ELISA was therefore compared to Widal agglutination for serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in paediatric patients . Sera from 38 paediatric control individuals were ELISA negative for anti-S . typhi LPS IgG; all but 2 of these specimens were negative for anti-S . typhi LPS IgM . Paediatric patients hospitalized with signs and symptoms of typhoid fever were separated into 4 groups and tested by ELISA with the following results: 46 patients negative by both culture and Widal agglutination tests, 48% positive for anti-S . typhi LPS IgG and 35% for anti-S . typhi LPS IgM; 22 negative by culture but with positive Widal titres, 82% and 68% positive respectively; 28 culture positive for S . typhi, 93% and 82% respectively; and 12 culture positive for Salmonella other than S . typhi, 92% and 92% respectively . These data suggest that anti-S . typhi LPS ELISA is a suitable assay for diagnosis of typhoid fever in children.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1987 Jan, 21(1), 20 - 6
{Comparison of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) for the treatment of Salmonella typhi infections in clinical practice}; Colak H et al.; Ninety-four patients with Salmonella typhi infection hospitalized and treatment . Widal test results, blood cultures, stool cultures and physical examination findings were admitted infection criteria . Ampicillin used 100 mg/kg/day four divided dose in 52 patients, chloramphenicol used 2g/day four divided dose in 28 patients and TMP-SMZ 160-800 mg used bid in 14 patients . All of the treatments applied for 2 weeks . Ampicillin 92.30%, chloramphenicol 82.15% and TMP-SMZ 85.71% were found success . Fever dropped in normal degrees 3.43 +/- 1.71 days in ampicillin group, 3.47 +/- 1.13 days in chloramphenicol group and 3 +/- 1.41 days in TMP-SMZ group.

Am J Dis Child, 1987 Jan, 141(1), 34 - 40
Clinical signs and laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of arthritis in children; Kunnamo I et al.; To develop a scheme for primary diagnosis, we analyzed the clinical findings and laboratory test results in 278 children with arthritis by using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis . An elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) value, a temperature above 38.5 degrees C, and a high white blood cell count were independent predictors for the diagnosis of septic joint infection in patients with acute monoarthritis . The presence of either of the first two signs had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87% for septic arthritis . Sixty-seven percent of all patients with arthritis were cured within two weeks from the onset of joint symptoms . In patients whose disease duration exceeded two weeks, a low CRP value, the absence of fever, and an elevated IgG value were independent predictors for the diagnosis of juvenile arthritis . Antinuclear antibodies had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 25% for juvenile arthritis or other connective tissue diseases . We recommend that laboratory tests indicated for all children with joint symptoms include determinations of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the CRP value, both total and differential leukocyte counts, urinalysis, and a bacterial culture of a throat smear . When arthritis is prolonged or when enteroarthritis is suspected, tests for antinuclear antibodies and serum immunoglobulins, serologic tests for Yersinia and Salmonella, and stool bacterial cultures should be included.

Ann Rech Vet, 1987, 18(4), 393 - 6
Kinetics of experimental Salmonella abortus ovis infection in ewes; Lantier F; The multiplication and dissemination of Salmonella abortus ovis, a Salmonella serotype which is specific for small ruminants, were studied in 17 culled non pregnant ewes . The virulent strain 15/5, that has previously been used either for the development of mouse models or as an abortion inducing agent in sheep, was injected by the subcutaneous route at a sublethal dose of 10(9) salmonella per animal . In most animals, it induced only transient hyperthermia and pronounced local reactions . Groups of four to five ewes were killed on days 3, 6, 10, and 14 for bacterial counts of their lymph nodes and organs . Maximal level of infection was on day 6, at which time the lymph node draining the site of inoculation (right prescapular lymph node), spleen, liver and lungs were regularly infected . On day fourteen, S abortus ovis were regularly reisolated only from right prescapular lymph nodes and local reactions.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1987, 80(5), 768 - 70
A new Salmonella serovar subspecies I, isolated from a tortoise in Albania; Dibra A; This article describes a new Salmonella serovar, subspecies I, S . Dibra, with the antigenic formula 28: a: z6, found from the intestinal content of a tortoise, in the district of Dibra, isolated and identified at the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Tirana, Albania.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(8), 28 - 33
{The epizootic process in ewe lambs experimentally infected with Salmonella abortus ovis and Chlamydia psittaci var . ovis}; Vodas K et al.; Studied was the dynamics of antibody production and Salmonella shedding in a flock of year-old female sheep affected with a mixed form of infection of Salmonella abortus ovis and Chlamydia psittaci var . ovis . It was established that in the presence of a mixed infection dominating was the part played by Chlamydia organisms . The apparent epizootic process with these agents usually ran its course in the later period of pregnancy, while Salmonella organisms acted by the end of the first half of pregnancy . The carrying out of a tentative serologic study during estrus contributes to revealing the state of Salmonella harbouring.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1987 Jan-Dec, 80(1-12), 15 - 24
{The intestinal ecosystem of mice after administration of a polyvalent oral vaccine}; Gismondo MR et al.; Bacterial antigens orally administered, have been showed by many Authors capable to stimulate immunity system, hinding thus the pathogen flora from gut-colonization . Founding on these findings, AA . of the present paper intend to point out by collected microbial data and M.E.S . photos, the activity of an oral polyvalent vaccine made by lysates strains of E.coli, enterococci, staphylococci and P.vulgaris, on normal intestinal flora of mice contemporaneously administered with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enteritidis . Vaccine showed himself to be able enough to limit alterations of intestinal flora due to infection by the pathogens.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1987, 35(6), 743 - 52
Graft-induced polyclonal activation of B cells . II . Humoral response of renal allograft recipients (RAR); Paczek L et al.; Ig production by peripheral blood lymphocytes of renal allograft recipients was studied . It was demonstrated that lymphocytes of patients with acute graft rejection produce elevated numbers of PFC in culture in response to PWM (a T-cell dependent stimulus) and Salmonella paratyphi B (a T-cell independent stimulus) as well as spontaneously . PFC responses were significantly higher in patients with acute rejection than in a group of patients with stable graft function . The B cells of the recipients with stable graft function showed a normal humoral response in vitro . During chronic rejection no significant changes were found in the production of antibodies by B cells.

Microb Pathog, 1987 Jan, 2(1), 29 - 36
Characterisation of protein co-extracted together with LPS in Escherichia coli, Salmonella minnesota and Yersinia enterocolitica; Strittmatter W et al.; The porin proteins of Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella minnesota were found to co-extract by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether method together with the R lipopolysaccharide of these strains . Lipopolysaccharide free protein recovered from the phenolic residue of the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether extract migrated as a Mr 36-37,000 protein . We could demonstrate that the protein was extracted from bacteria as a high molecular weight protein-lipopolysaccharide complex . Once exposed to phenolic conditions, the protein was no longer soluble in the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether extraction mixture, indicating a highly specific lipopolysaccharide-protein association.

Microb Pathog, 1987 Jan, 2(1), 15 - 28
Alternative complement pathway activation by Salmonella O polysaccharide as a virulence determinant in the mouse; Saxen H et al.; The quality of Salmonella O polysaccharide (the O antigen) is a virulence factor in mouse salmonellosis . It affects the rate by which these bacteria are phagocytosed and by which they activate the alternative complement pathway in a manner inversely proportional to their virulence, suggesting that the rate of complement activation is crucial for the fate of the bacteria in the mouse . The effector mechanism has, however, remained open since Salmonellae survive and multiply in the macrophages of the mouse . We show in this study that although the least virulent O-6,7 Salmonellae multiply in the liver macrophages they are rapidly killed in the peritoneal cavity by the local resident macrophages . Electron microscopy showed a striking morphological feature--a 35 nm thick homogenous electron-dense deposit--on all the bacteria found in association with the macrophages but absent from all non-cell-associated bacteria . A similar precipitate was formed by incubating the bacteria in fresh mouse serum and was dependent on heat-labile serum components and bound anti-C3 . The least virulent O-6,7 bacteria acquired this deposit more rapidly and in a lower concentration of serum than the more virulent O-4,12 bacteria consistent with the previously demonstrated difference between these bacteria in their rate of complement activation via the alternative pathway . Preincubation of the O-4,12 bacteria in fresh mouse serum leading to complement deposition on 80% of the bacteria effectively opsonized them for rapid killing in the peritoneal cavity . These data for the first time demonstrate how the rate of complement activation determines the virulence of Salmonellae.

Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia, 1987, 38(1-2), 69 - 75
Characteristics of lactose-fermenting Salmonella strains from Poland; Glosnicka R et al.; In this study 184 lactose-fermenting Salmonella strains, collected in the National Salmonella Centre from the northern and central parts of Ponad were examined . Epidemiological, serological and biochemical investigations were carried out . Apart from this, chemotherapeutic resistance and male-phage sensitivity were determined . Most of strains belonged to S . agona serotype (S . typhimurium and S . oranienburg were also presented) which apart from the lactose-fermenting ability retained all the remaining biochemical features typical of Salmonella bacilli, were male-phage M13 resistant and showed a high resistance to a wide spectrum of chemotherapeutics . In order to establish the way of the acquiring lac+ property by Salmonella bacilli P22 phage transduction and conjugation experiments, with E . coli F'lac and Hfr H as donors, were performed . S . agona lac- strains were shown to acquire the lactose-fermenting ability by mating with E . coli.

Mutagenesis, 1987 Jan, 2(1), 33 - 7
Performance of short-term tests for detection of human carcinogens; Kuroki T et al.; The performance of short-term tests for detection of carcinogens has been validated by several investigators and international collaborative programmes . A large number of chemicals have been tested by the Salmonella/microsome assay and high values of sensitivity and specificity, often greater than 70%, were reported . For 71 human carcinogens classified in Groups 1, 2A and 2B by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Salmonella/microsome test showed a sensitivity of 62.1%: 36 were positive out of 58 chemicals tested . Similar or rather higher values were obtained with Escherichia coli mutation assay (72.0%, 18/25), mutation assays in fungi (78.9%, 30/38), mutation assays in insects (65.7%, 23/35), and assays measuring DNA damage in prokaryotes (80.5%, 33/41) . In assays using mammalian cells, tests on chromosomal anomaly showed a relatively high sensitivity: 61.7% (29/47) in chromosomal structural aberration assays and 80.6% (25/31) in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assays . Comparable values were also obtained in mutation assays of mammalian cells (73.0%, 27/37) and cell transformation assays (87.5%, 21/24) . Results of monitoring of exposed populations did not necessarily show a high sensitivity to human carcinogens (44.4%, 12/27) . Human carcinogen data were further analysed in order to find a combination of tests which may increase the predictive value . Among human carcinogens, 17 chemicals are not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Although 9 of 17 chemicals (asbestos, hormones, chlorinated compounds and 1,4-dioxane) were not positive in any short-term assays, some gave positive results in a variety of assays, e.g . arsenic and benzene were positive in assays of chromosomal anomaly in mammalian cells in vitro . Combinations of the Salmonella/microsome assay with certain tests using mammalian cells were found to increase the sensitivity significantly . Chromosomal anomaly assays of mammalian cells in vitro seem to be most relevant for detection of human carcinogens when used in combination with the Salmonella/microsome assay.

Mutagenesis, 1987 Jan, 2(1), 23 - 6
Chromosome aberrations induced by nitro-, nitroso- and aminopyrenes in cultured Chinese hamster cells; Lafi A et al.; Nitropyrenes are a class of polycyclic hydrocarbons that have been shown to be potent point mutagens in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . However, relatively few data have been published on their ability to induce chromosome aberrations . In this paper we report the cytogenetic activity of 1-nitropyrene, 1-nitrosopyrene, and 1-aminopyrene in cultured Chinese hamster cells (Don:Wg3h) . Following treatment with 1-nitrosopyrene, high levels of both chromosome and chromatid types of aberrations were induced, the most notable effect being an increase in chromatid exchanges . Much weaker, but statistically significant, responses were also obtained for 1-nitropyrene and 1-aminopyrene.

Mutagenesis, 1987 Jan, 2(1), 19 - 22
Mutagenic activity of carbon black dyes used in the leather industry; Venier P et al.; Seven carbon black pastes used as commercial leather dyes were tested for their mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome test (TA98 and TA100 strains) . All the samples assayed either directly or after extraction with a 30-min sonication in benzene were devoid of mutagenicity both in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation preparation . After a 48-h extraction with boiling toluene in a Soxhlet apparatus, four samples were mutagenic in TA98 strain in the presence of S9 mix . The activity ranged from 1.3 to 9.6 induced revertants/mg equivalent of extract . A weak direct mutagenic activity in strain TA98 was shown by one extract . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined in the toluene extracts by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry . The presence of PAH could explain the mutagenicity of only one sample (8.79 micrograms of total PAH/100 mg equivalents of extract), while low or undetectable levels of PAH were found in the other mutagenic extracts . The mutagenic activity was evident only after a vigorous extraction process, thus a low bioavailability of the mutagens present in these compounds is suggested.

Braz J Med Biol Res, 1987, 20(3-4), 403 - 5
Absence of mutagenicity of Potomorphe umbellata and Potomorphe peltata in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity assay; Felzenszwalb I et al.; The development of short term tests for measuring the mutagenic activity of genotoxic chemicals has been helpful in increasing security . Natural products from the flora are largely used in popular medicine . Using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay, we investigated the genetic toxicity of two plant species popularly used in malaria treatment, Pothomorphe umbellata and Pothomorphe peltata . The data show the absence of genetic toxicity for both plant species.

Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(12), 1259 - 65
Temperature-sensitive growth mutants as live vaccines against experimental murine salmonellosis; Ohta M et al.; Temperature-sensitive growth mutants of Salmonella enteritidis, NUB 209 and NUB 323, characterized as protein synthesis mutants, were unable to proliferate at 37 C and lost the parent's virulence . In mice, these mutants conferred high levels of protection as live vaccines . Although the vaccination effect of NUB 323 was not so good as that of NUB 209, NUB 323 was preferred as a safer live vaccine because this mutant was completely avirulent and no back mutation appeared.

Intervirology, 1987, 28(3), 157 - 62
In vitro assay of packaging protein gp3 of Salmonella phage P22; Schmieger H et al.; The packaging proteins, gp2 and gp3, of Salmonella phage P22 were separated by DEAE-sephacel column chromatography . The activity of both proteins was measured by complementation in an in vitro phage packaging assay . For the first time gp3 activity was demonstrated in vitro . The majority of the gp3 activity could be separated from gp2 . While gp2 was stable during chromatography and storage, gp3 was very unstable . However, it was stable when stored as a crude extract . The ratio and interaction of these two proteins critical for phage maturation are still uncertain.

Arq Gastroenterol, 1987 Jan-Mar, 24(1), 46 - 50
{Research on enteropathogenic bacteria from children with acute diarrhea, in Belo Horizonte, MG}; Queiroz DM et al.; Enteropathogenic bacteria were searched in feces of 80 children with acute diarrhea from the lower social economical level, all of them younger than twenty seven months old, and without any antimicrobial therapy, in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, from June 1981 to August 1982 . The following enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 46 children: Shigella in 12 children (15.00%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in 12 children (15.00%), classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 9 children (11.25%), Salmonella in 6 children (7.50%) . Association of enteropathogenic bacteria were found in 7 children (8.75%) . Yersinia enterocolitica and invasive Escherichia coli were not isolated from any patient.

Mol Toxicol, 1987 Jan-Mar, 1(1), 107 - 19
Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of N-nitroso compounds; Lijinsky W; The carcinogenic activities in rats and hamsters and the mutagenic activity in Salmonella of a number of N-nitroso compounds belonging to various classes have been compared . While most directly acting N-nitroso compounds and those requiring metabolic activation are mutagenic with appropriate activation and seem to alkylate DNA in vivo, there are exceptions . Some of these are mutagens that are not carcinogenic; others are carcinogens that are nonmutagenic . Even among the mutagenic carcinogens, there is no quantitative relationship between mutagenic and carcinogenic activities . This implies to directly acting compounds and to those requiring metabolic activation . The lack of congruence between the two activities among the nitrosamines is due to the complexity of the metabolic activating processes leading to formation of proximate carcinogens . The deficiencies in the mutagenesis assay appear to arise from a lack of the necessary enzymes in the liver microsomal fractions used for activation . Nitrosamines bearing oxygen on the beta carbon of an alkyl chain are not oxidized by rat microsomal enzymes and hence are not converted to bacterial mutagens by rat liver microsomes . Bacterial mutagenicity is not a guide to carcinogenic activity of N-nitroso compounds or to the mechanisms by which these compounds induce cancer.

Gene, 1987, 61(1), 75 - 83
Isolation of an ompC-like outer membrane protein gene from Salmonella typhi; Puente JL et al.; We have isolated the structural gene for an outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi, from a genomic library constructed in bacteriophage lambda 1059, using the Escherichia coli ompC gene as a heterologous probe . E . coli ompC codes for an outer membrane pore protein (porin) that is induced preferentially at high osmolarity and high temperature . The S . typhi ompC-like gene was subcloned in pBR322 and introduced into E . coli HB101 and into P678-54, a minicell-producing strain . In both strains it expressed a 38.5-kDa protein, which was incorporated into the outer membrane envelope and comigrated with an S . typhi outer membrane protein which was expressed both at low and high osmolarity in vivo.

Drug Chem Toxicol, 1987, 10(3-4), 329 - 38
Mutagenicity evaluation of azaperone in the Salmonella/microsome test; Duverger-van Bogaert M et al.; Azaperone was evaluated for its mutagenic potential by the Salmonella/microsome test . No mutagenic activity towards six S . typhimurium strains could be evidenced with azaperone at doses up to 2,000 micrograms/plate, either without or with metabolic activation at usual test conditions . Higher concentrations of liver post-mitochondrial fraction from Aroclor 1254 (ARO)-pretreated rats did not reveal any increase in the number of revertants towards S . typhimurium strains TA1537, TA1538 and TA98 . Moreover, a plate-incorporation test with liver post-mitochondrial fractions from mice pretreated with phenobarbital (PB) and a liquid preincubation test with liver post-mitochondrial fractions from rats pretreated with ARO also failed to reveal any mutagenic action of azaperone towards S . typhimurium strain TA98 . Thus, none of the tests used provided any indication of azaperone having a mutagenic action.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(4), 66 - 70
{Microbial decontamination by aerobic purification of liquid manure from swine-breeding farm complexes}; Baikov BD et al.; Studied was the microbial decontamination of swine mature with the employment of a laboratory model of an aerobic lagoon as well as in a purification station, having a mechanical step, two biologic steps, and a facultative lagoon . It was found under modelled conditions that a substantial decontaminating effect was produced with regard to coli bacteria and Salmonella organisms . The effect was less with regard to the microbial count . The studies carried out in stations showed the effectiveness of the individual steps in reducing the microbial content of manure.

Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(3), 223 - 30
Mechanisms of acquired resistance in mouse typhoid; Chander R et al.; A polyvalent radiovaccine of Salmonella was shown to induce protective immunity in mice . The results revealed that the immunized mice progressively eliminated the challenged organisms and no Salmonella could be isolated after a period of 21 days . In contrast, Salmonella grew in the control mice and reached levels of 10(8) to 10(9) cfu/spleen resulting in the death of animals . Sera from both control and the immune mice were found to lack bactericidal activity . It was further observed that the vaccine induced delayed type of hypersensitivity and that antibody production as measured by bacterial agglutination and passive hemagglutination were low in response to the vaccine . However, the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system was considerably enhanced by the immunization . The results of experiments with immunosuppressed mice suggested the role of thymus derived (T) lymphocytes in the protection.

Pharmacotherapy, 1987, 7(2), S31 - 5
Antibody immunotherapy of gram-negative bacterial sepsis; Dunn DL; Gram-negative bacterial sepsis continues to represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients . Currently available medical therapy (antimicrobial agents, hemodynamic monitoring, aggressive fluid resuscitation, and nutritional support) for this disease process has reduced but not eliminated the severe consequences that may ensue . Recent investigations have demonstrated the ability of antibody directed against gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin) to afford protection during experimental gram-negative bacillary sepsis . The core LPS-lipid A portion of endotoxin represents a determinant shared by many common gram-negative microorganisms that is luxuriantly expressed on the cell surface of rough mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota . These organisms or the outer membrane LPS isolated from them thus represent suitable immunogens for the development of cross-protective antibody preparations . Large quantities of highly cross-reactive antibody may potentially be obtained from several sources: murine or human monoclonal antibodies, immunization of large animals or humans with subsequent plasmapharesis and antibody isolation, affinity purification of large amounts of normal antibody, and pooling of prescreened lots of normal animal or human antibody that react to a particular bacterial antigen.

Diagn Clin Immunol, 1987, 5(1), 1 - 7
Functional properties of Salmonella minnesota Rb-bound and Rb-unbound cell fractions in elderly donors; Antonaci S et al.; The capacity of Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes allows the recovery of Rb-bound and Rb-unbound cell populations that elicit different functions . Here, we have applied this method to lymphocytes from aged individuals to evaluate the possibility that such an approach could reverse the senescence-related impaired immune responsiveness . In this regard we show that Rb binding augments either spontaneous or T-dependent plaque-forming cell generation in Rb-unbound fraction . By contrast, Rb-bound cells are enriched for lymphocytes releasing several lymphokines . This experimental approach seems to represent a useful tool to elucidate better the age-related alterations of the immune function.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1987, 176(6), 305 - 13
Production of potent polyclonal antibodies to bacterial membrane amphiphiles; Ibrahim GF et al.; Lipid A (LA), ketodeoxyoctonate (KDO) and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) were used to produce homologous polyclonal antibodies . These haptens were administered to rabbits in differing immunogenic forms, using multiple intradermal and intraperitoneal injections with complete Freund adjuvant . Booster injections were either made intradermally with incomplete Freund adjuvant or intravenously in saline . The immune-response was monitored regularly with an enzyme-immunoassay . Lipid A and KDO covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA), with hapten densities per BSA molecule of 17 and 9, respectively, produced nondetectable immune-response . Acid-hydrolysed and intact cells of Salmonella minnesota Re 595 used as LA and KDO immunogens, respectively, produced significant immune-response when administered intradermally or intraperitoneally . Good immune-response was obtained with LTA covalently linked to BAS . However, a better result was obtained with crude LTA, containing 21.5% proteins . Generally, the lengthy immunization schedules used produced IgG antibodies to the antigens and the highest reciprocal titres attained were 75,000, 55,000 and 150,000 for LA, KDO and LTA, respectively . Meaningful expression of antisera titres by enzyme-immunoassay is discussed . We defined titre as the reciprocal antiserum dilution of the intercept of the mid-point on the linear section ending at 0.2 absorbance on the antiserum dilution curve.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1987, 10(1), 3 - 15
Interception of some direct-acting mutagens by ergothioneine; Hartman Z et al.; Ergothioneine, a novel imidazole sulfhydryl/thione compound formed in millimolar amounts by fungi, is a potentially important defense against electrophiles and free radicals . Protection may well occur both in organisms that synthesize ergothioneine and in animals including man that ingest and store ergothioneine in red blood cells, the liver, seminal fluid, and central nervous system . Ergothioneine blocks the mutagenicity for Salmonella strain TA1950 (hisG46 uvrB) of the nitrosation products of spermidine to an extent that is approximately proportional to the ergothioneine concentration . Ergothioneine also alleviates mutagenicity of cumene and t-butyl hydroperoxides but does not react with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine as does the cysteinyl sulfhydryl compound, glutathione.

C R Acad Sci III, 1987, 305(7), 255 - 8
{Use of latex balls labelled by lectins in the demonstration of Salmonella-Schistosoma mansoni receptor sites}; Miegeville M et al.; Surface tegumental membrane of adult stage Schistosoma mansoni were examined using the latex sphere coated with Concanavalin A (Con A) . Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Protein A (PA) . Competitive saccharide inhibitors glucose, mannose and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside were used for Con A.

Plasmid, 1987 Jan, 17(1), 3 - 12
Characterization of self-transmissible plasmids determining lactose fermentation and multiple antibiotic resistance in clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae; Walia SK et al.; The lactose fermentation (Lac+) and antibiotic resistance (R+) phenotypes were conjugally transferred from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (K166, K182, K186, K218, and K220) to Salmonella typhi, S . typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Vibrio cholerae . The genes for lactose fermentation and antibiotic resistance were located on the plasmids . Further analysis of plasmid DNA from these isolates indicated the presence of multiple plasmids (Mr ranged less than 2.7 to 70 X 10(6)) . The Lac+R+ plasmids p166 and p182 were members of the FII incompatibility group . The fertility inhibition property of plasmids, p182, p218, and p220 was fi+ type . Furthermore, phage typing experiments showed that plasmids p166 and p218 (Lac+R+) conferred the ability to inhibit the multiplication of bacteriophages 12 and 13 in S . typhimurium . However, the plasmids p182, p186, and p220 (Lac+R+) could inhibit the visible lysis of all the 30 phages in S . typhimurium . This study describes the characterization of Lac+R+ plasmids and the medical significance of an intergeneric transfer of lactose fermentation to non-lactose-fermenting pathogens.

Environ Mutagen, 1987, 9(3), 307 - 16
Evaluation of Pluronic Polyol F127 as a vehicle for petroleum hydrocarbons in the Salmonella/microsomal assay; Marino DJ; Complex hydrocarbon mixtures have proven difficult to evaluate in in vitro mutagenicity assays owing to their insolubility in aqueous environments . Pluronic Polyol F127 (BASF Wyandotte, Parsippany, NJ), prepared as a 50% (w/w) solution in absolute ethanol, proved effective in emulsifying various petroleum hydrocarbon fractions . Its effectiveness in the Salmonella/microsomal assay was evaluated using model solutions each comprising a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dissolved in mineral oil . The PAHs used were benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene . Model solutions were evaluated neat and as emulsions with the Pluronic F127 solution or Tween 80 . Similar levels of each PAH were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for comparison . Cytotoxicity and mutagenesis were evaluated in the preincubation technique using strain TA97 . Little or no cytotoxicity or mutagenesis was evident for model solutions tested neat . However, emulsification of these PAH-laden mixtures with the Pluronic F127 solution yielded cytotoxic and mutagenic responses similar to, or greater than, those observed for PAHs delivered in DMSO . Model mixtures emulsified with Tween 80 were less active . Study results demonstrate that Pluronic F127, prepared as a 50% (w/w) solution in absolute ethanol, is an effective vehicle for evaluating the mutagenic potential of complex hydrocarbon mixtures containing PAHs in the Salmonella/microsomal assay . Since PAHs are a class of insoluble hydrocarbons, the results also suggest the potential usefulness of the Pluronic F127 solution to detect the mutagenicity of other insoluble hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures.

Pharmacology, 1987, 34(6), 301 - 8
Effect of the thromboxane A2-receptor antagonists, SQ 29,548 and SQ 28,668, on the pulmonary hypertensive response to endotoxemia in swine; Schumacher WA et al.; The effects of two selective thromboxane (Tx) A2 antagonists (SQ 29,548 and SQ 28,668) on endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension were determined in anesthetized pigs . SQ 29,548 (10 micrograms/kg/min, i.v., n = 6) or vehicle (n = 7) was infused from 15 min before until 60 min after an intravenous infusion of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (1.0 microgram/kg) . Within 20 min, vehicle-treated animals developed an acute 350 +/- 25% increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with a 43% survival rate . In the presence of SQ 29,548 this initial pulmonary vasoconstriction was absent and all animals survived . However, a delayed increase in PVR of 58 +/- 20% was detected . The primary manifestation of the increase in PVR was an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure . In a similar preparation, septicemia was produced by Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.5 microgram/kg, i.v.) and SQ 28,668 (3, 10, 30 or 100 micrograms/kg/min, i.v., n = 5-6 per dose level) and vehicle (n = 6) treatments were compared . SQ 28,668 doses of 30 and 100 micrograms/kg/min mitigated the early, but not late, increases in PVR . These data demonstrate that endotoxemia in pigs produces an initial TxA2-receptor-dependent vasoconstriction and also a more slowly developing pulmonary hypertension which is probably due to other mediators.

Acta Microbiol Hung, 1987, 34(1), 85 - 92
A new hydroxamate siderophore for iron supply of Salmonella; Rabsch W et al.; A new hydroxamate siderophore was isolated from Salmonella stanleyville strain 207/81 . The organism exhibited an unusual siderophore pattern in failing to synthesize enterobactin and aerobactin . The purified siderophore was characterized by cross-feeding, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography and paper electrophoresis . In respect to iron supply of Salmonella strains there were relationships between this and other well-known siderophores, e.g . enterobactin, aerobactin, rhodotorulic acid and ferrichrome . The new hydroxamate siderophore was detected in all Salmonella strains tested . One of the mechanisms for acquisition of iron by bacteria is the excretion of iron specific chelators, termed siderophores, the function of which is to sequester and transport iron via specific transport proteins into the cell . In Salmonella strains two types of siderophores were found . There are strains which produce enterobactin alone and some which produce enterobactin and aerobactin . In screening investigations of Salmonella, in respect to their "siderophore pattern" strains with unusual properties were detected . Beside others, the strain Salmonella stanleyville 207/81 was unable to synthesize enterobactin or aerobactin . Investigations on the effective iron supply system, presented in this paper, led to a new hydroxamate, later found in all Salmonella strains tested.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(4), 43 - 9
{Effect of tuberculin and levamisole on the immune response after vaccinating calves against para-influenza and Salmonella infections}; Ivanov IE et al.; Studied was the effect of tuberculin and levamizole on the immune response following vaccination of calves against parainfluenza and Salmonella infections . It was found that in calves that had colostrum antibodies against parainfluenza the immunogenic stimulation with the two agents first led to a drop of the total protein and of the antibody titer of the blood serum; in later periods the antibody titer grew severalfold . The stimulation with tuberculin and levamizole in the case of Salmonella infection substantiated more abrupt humoral immune response as against the case of animals that were not stimulated . More effective was the stimulation when lemvamizole was applied on the 7th day following vaccination . It was established that both tuberculin and levamizole stimulated the phagocytic activity of the blood of calves vaccinated against a parainfluenza virus and did not influence essentially the same activity in calves vaccinated against Salmonella infection . The amount of erythrocyte-rosette forming cells (E-POK) also remained visibly unchanged by the effect of tuberculin and levamizole with the use of the two vaccines.

Res Rep Health Eff Inst, 1987 Jan, (5), 1 - 67
An investigation into the effect of a ceramic particle trap on the chemical mutagens in diesel exhaust; Bagley ST et al.; Diesel exhaust particles and vapor phase samples were collected from the diluted (15:1) exhaust of a 10.4 L displacement medium-duty engine (Caterpillar 3208), operated under EPA steady-state cycle Modes 4 and 5 conditions for load (50 and 75 percent, respectively) and speed (1680 rpm) . Baseline (uncontrolled) emissions were compared to the exhaust modified by the use of an uncatalyzed monolithic ceramic trap (Corning) . The Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity bioassay (Ames Test) was used to direct the course of chemical analyses . Total particulate matter (TPM), soluble organic fraction (SOF) (from TPM), sulfate fraction (SO4) (from TPM), and solid fraction (SOL) (from particle) were determined from dilute exhaust particles collected on 47 mm Teflon-coated woven glass fiber filters . Coincidentally, particles were collected on 508 x 508 mm Teflon-coated non-woven glass fiber filters, and vapor-phase samples were collected on XAD-2 resin . The SOF and VOC for chemical and biological characterization were obtained by Soxhlet extraction of samples with dichloromethane (DCM) . Hydrocarbon mass balances were developed to evaluate the efficiency of the sampling system . Use of the ceramic traps caused no change in engine total hydrocarbon (HC) levels at Mode 4 but decreases in TPM, SOF, and NO2 were noted . In terms of HC emissions only, the percentage of SOF was significantly reduced, but the percentage of VOC was unchanged . For Mode 5, the engine HC levels were significantly reduced but the proportions of HC components, i.e . the percentage of SOF and the percentage of VOC, did not change significantly . Engine emission levels of TPM, SOF, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also significantly reduced at Mode 5 . At both Modes 4 and 5, use of the ceramic particle traps caused an increase in the direct-acting (TA98) mutagenicity (revertants/microgram) of the SOF and a decrease in the activity of the VOC . The traps caused a 70 percent reduction of TPM at Mode 4 but only a 45 percent reduction in particulate-associated direct-acting mutagenicity on the basis of raw exhaust emissions (kRevertants/m3) . At Mode 5 with the traps, there was an 85 percent reduction in TPM and only a 25 percent reduction in the activity of the SOF . The direct-acting mutagenicity of the VOC was reduced by use of the traps by 40 and 65 percent (kRevertants/m3) for Modes 4 and 5, respectively . In contrast, the indirect-acting mutagenicity of the Mode 4 VOC increased nearly 150 percent . Filter loading and reexposure experiments indicated that sampling artifacts did not contribute to the SOF mutagenicity at Mode 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Biomed Pharmacother, 1987, 41(5), 214 - 8
Mutagenicity of anthracycline glycosides and bleomycins in Salmonella assay system; Umezawa K et al.; Aclacinomycin A was nonmutagenic, while most anthracycline drugs such as daunomycin and adriamycin are highly mutagenic in a Salmonella test . But its derivative, N-demethylaclacinomycin A, was mutagenic . Similarly, aclavin, a hydrolysis product of aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic, but N-demethylaclavin was mutagenic . N-Methyldaunomycin showed only weak mutagenicity, and N-dimethyldaunomycin was nonmutagenic . Thus, the amino moiety of anthracycline glycosides is concluded to be essential for mutagenesis . Bleomycins were nonmutagenic to most Salmonella tester strains such as TA98, TA100 and TA92 and also to a Escherichia coli strain WP2/uvrA . Bleomycins were weakly mutagenic to Salmonella TA102 and TA94 strains which were extremely sensitive to detect DNA cross linking agents.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1987, 66(2), 130 - 3
Immunoblot analysis of Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using typhoid sera; Vullo V et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella typhi has been analyzed by immunoblotting with pooled sera from typhoid patients . Pooled typhoid sera have recognized all the antigenic determinants of S . typhi LPS, giving a strong reaction with the repeating units on the O-side chains as well as with the core region . Cross-reacting antigens have been observed with the LPS of S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis, while no heterologous reactions were seen with the LPS of E . coli strains.

Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(1), 1 - 11
An ultrastructural study of HeLa cell invasion with Salmonella typhi GIFU 10007; Yokoyama H et al.; Scanning electron micrograph of HeLa S3 monolayered cells, inoculated with viable bacteria of a Salmonella typhi strain GIFU 10007, revealed that the extended microvilli tangled the bacteria within 10 min after inoculation . The micrographs of HeLa cells, at 1 hr after inoculation, indicate the following: shortening of bacterium-attached microvilli, subsiding of tangled bacteria into microvilli bush, and then attachment of bacterial soma to cell surface making the cell membrane depressed . The transmission electron micrographs, at 1 hr after inoculation, demonstrated the findings of interaction between HeLa cell and S . typhi 10007, similar to those observed on scanning electron micrographs . Hair-like fine structures from the soma of challenge organisms were also observed . They were in contact with HeLa cell microvilli and cell membrane . The bacteria were first partially and then totally surrounded by the HeLa cell plasma membrane . One, two, or several bacteria with intact outer membrane were enclosed in intracytoplasmic membrane-bound vacuoles . Fragmented vacuolar membrane was still visible around the intracellularly accumulated bacteria at 24 hr after inoculation . The viable cells of S . typhi 10007 are regarded as internalizing into HeLa cells by a process of endocytosis and to multiply within the membrane-bound vacuoles.

Radiol Clin North Am, 1987 Jan, 25(1), 189 - 98
Enteropathic arthropathies; Bjorkengren AG et al.; Musculoskeletal disease occurs in association with inflammatory bowel disorders including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as with Whipple's disease; with enteritis caused by Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia; and also following intestinal bypass surgery . Extraintestinal causes of musculoskeletal alterations include Laennec's and biliary cirrhosis and pancreatitis . Three types of musculoskeletal abnormalities are recognized in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: peripheral joint arthritis, sacroiliitis and spondylitis identical to ankylosing spondylitis, and rarely, miscellaneous changes such as digital clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.

Infect Immun, 1987 Jan, 55(1), 211 - 6
A murine monoclonal antibody specific for the outer core oligosaccharide of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide; Tsang RS et al.; Immunoglobulin G3 murine monoclonal antibody T6 specific for the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella O serogroups A to E was established . By using R mutants of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Shigella spp., the major reactive epitope with T6 was tentatively identified as the terminal disaccharide, N-acetylglucosamine 1.2----alpha glucose, of the core oligosaccharide . T6 was reactive with 10 clinical isolates of each of the Salmonella O serogroups A to E but not with 58 isolates of other gram-negative bacteria . Its selective reactivity against Salmonella spp . renders T6 a potentially more useful reagent than the conventional polyvalent serum for the identification of Salmonella spp . It may also serve as a useful molecular tool for the study of the outer core structure of all Salmonella and related species.

Sci Total Environ, 1986 Dec 31, 58(3), 199 - 208
Mutagenicity assay of emission extracts from wood stoves: comparison with other emission parameters; Lofroth G et al.; The emission from wood stoves of several types of air pollutants has been measured under standardized burning conditions with emphasis on the amount of organic compounds and determination of the mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/microsome assay . The study corroborates earlier findings that conventional wood stoves can be a significant source of hydrocarbon and tar compounds in the ambient air . The emission of mutagenic compounds comprise both compounds requiring mammalian activation and compounds which are active in the test without exogenous activation . The mutagenicity tests show that nitroaromatic compounds are present in wood stove emissions, although the emission of nitrogen oxides is low . A wood stove constructed using the downdraft principle emitted much less hydrocarbons and tar, less mutagenic components and slightly less carbon monoxide than conventional wood stoves.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1986 Dec 22, 14(24), 10001 - 8
Nucleotide sequence of Bacillus phage phi 29 genes 14 and 15: homology of gene 15 with other phage lysozymes; Garvey KJ et al.; The nucleotide sequence of Bacillus phage phi 29 genes 14 (g14) and 15 (g15) have been determined and shown to encode proteins with molecular weights of 15,014 and 28,022, respectively . The g14 open reading frame (ORF) was confirmed by sequencing a sus14(1241) mutant . Gene product 15 (gp15) has considerable homology with Salmonella phage P22 lysozyme and lesser homology with Escherichia coli phage T4 lysozyme . Putative translation signals are identified . In addition, the role of a previously described promoter, B2, is discussed.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1986 Dec 19, 111(51-52), 1966 - 9
{AIDS in a woman having had sexual relations with a patient with hemophilia A . Characteristic findings in DNA image cytometry}; Schaar H et al.; A 37-year-old female patient reported marked weight loss, prolonged alopecia, recurrent infections and watery diarrhoea . Examination revealed Salmonella infection, candidiasis and immunological signs of previous toxoplasmosis . Between 1978 and 1981, the patient had had close sexual relations to a patient with haemophilia A . Due to this fact, AIDS was suspected . Serological tests for HIV were not available at the time . The findings in DNA image cytometry (nuclear DNA inclusion bodies, polyploid lymphocyte nuclei and binuclear lymphocytes) suggested a viral infection of the lymphoid cells . Electron microscopy revealed in hepatocytes and cerebral cells intranuclear inclusion bodies whose size and contents were not compatible with an infection caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes virus or Epstein-Barr virus . In autopsy, infections of various organ systems such as pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis, Candida oesophagitis and enteritis were found.

Unfallchirurgie, 1986 Dec, 12(6), 345 - 6
{Salmonella osteomyelitis (Salmonella infection with manifestation in the tibia}; Haring M; A report is given of a special form of osteomyelitis the infection of the bone marrow caused by salmonellae . At the same time the development of infection and the attendant disease, which lead to this infection are dealt with . By means of an almost classical medical case the form of the disease is discussed.

Bioorg Khim, 1986 Dec, 12(12), 1589 - 96
{Acceptor specificity of mannosyl transferases from Salmonella of serotypes C2 and C3}; Druzhinina TN et al.; Synthetic mono- and disaccharide derivatives of moraprenyl pyrophosphate were studied as mannose acceptors during the assembly of the repeating unit Rha-Man-Man-Gal of the Salmonella newport (serogroup C2) and S . kentucky (serogroup C3) O-antigens . Mannosyl transferases revealed strict specificity towards the configuration of terminal monosaccharide residue at C1 as well as to the type of linkage between monosaccharide residues in the disaccharide acceptor . The specificity of mannosyl transferases towards the structure of subterminal monosaccharide was not absolute . Alpha-D-Glucose and alpha-D-mannose derivatives were found not to serve as mannosyl residue acceptors, whereas those of alpha-D-talose, alpha-D-fucose, 4-deoxy-D-xylo-hexose and Man (alpha 1-3) glucose were substrates in enzymatic mannosylation with formation of polyprenyl pyrophosphate trisaccharides . These derivatives could serve as substrates for two subsequent enzymatic reactions: rhamnosylation and polymerization of the repeating units, yielding 40-60% of the polysaccharides.

Arch Dis Child, 1986 Dec, 61(12), 1228 - 30
Neonatal typhoid fever; Chin KC et al.; Three infants of Pakistani immigrant mothers developed typhoid fever in the neonatal period . All three survived, but two became chronic excretors of Salmonella typhi . The risk of an outbreak of typhoid fever in a maternity unit or special care baby unit is emphasized.

Acta Chir Scand, 1986 Dec, 152, 767 - 8
Mycotic femoral artery aneurysm due to Salmonella oranienburg . A case report; Mjaaset B et al.; A case of mycotic aneurysm in the superficial femoral artery due to Salmonella infection is described . The important features and clinical presentation of such aneurysms are described and the principles of surgical management are reviewed.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1986 Dec, 39(12), 3341 - 8
{Mutagenicity tests for isepamicin (HAPA-B)}; Sono A et al.; To detect mutagenic activity of isepamicin (HAPA-B), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, we carried out several mutagenicity tests using microorganisms and cultured mammalian cells . Effects of the antibiotic on DNA-lesion induction and repair were examined using the Rec-assay with Bacillus subtilis and a sister-chromatid exchange test with cultured Chinese hamster cells . The drug caused no increase of mutagenicity indices in both tests, suggesting that the antibiotic has no DNA-damaging effect . To further investigate the effect of HAPA-B on gene-mutation, we performed the Ames Salmonella/microsome plate assay and the thioguanine resistance mutation test using cultured Chinese hamster cells . In both tests, the antibiotic induced no increase of mutation frequencies over spontaneous levels . Clastogenic activities of HAPA-B and its effect on chromosome disjunction were examined by the chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese hamster cells . After a short- or long-time exposure, the antibiotic induced neither structural chromosome aberrations nor an increase in the number of tetraploid cells . The negative results from these five test systems with different mechanisms strongly suggest the safety of HAPA-B regarding mutagenicity.

Prostaglandins, 1986 Dec, 32(6), 857 - 73
Analysis of 6-keto PGF1 alpha, 5-HETE, and LTC4 in rat lung: comparison of GM/MS, RIA, and EIA; Westcott JY et al.; The recent availability of fast and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedures to measure icosanoids has led to utilization of these techniques by many investigators . A major concern has been that techniques based on immunoreactivity may lack specificity, in particular if complex biologic fluids or tissue extracts are evaluated . The purpose of this investigation was the comparison of icosanoid measurements obtained either with EIA or RIA with those obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) . Rats were injected with Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin, killed at various times after the injection and the lung extract assayed for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, 5-HETE and LTC4 . By EIA lung tissue was found to contain large quantities of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha after endotoxin stimulation . Comparisons made between EIA and GC/MS analysis showed good correlation between 6-keto-PGF1 alpha amounts in lung as determined by each technique . It was also determined that little purification of lung extract was needed to obtain reliable quantitation of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, probably due to the specificity of the antibody and the large quantity of this prostaglandin produced . Crudely purified (Sep-Pak) lung extracts gave 5-HETE levels by RIA which were highly correlated with GC/MS values, but RIA values were 70% higher than those obtained by GC/MS . The presence of other components in lung extract which cross react with this 5-HETE antibody was probably responsible for the higher values obtained by RIA . LTC4 was measured by immunoassay in crude lung extracts, as well as after Sep-Pak purification and HPLC purification . LTC4 levels were identical in unpurified lung extract and after Sep-Pak purification, but decreased substantially after HPLC purification . Thus, by validating the icosanoid immunoassays, we have found that they can give accurate and reproducible results in lung tissue, although LTC4 and 5-HETE must be purified prior to analysis.

Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol, 1986 Dec, 91(12), 69 - 71
{Ultrastructural changes in cells of the white pulp of the spleen during experimental salmonella infection}; Zufarov KA et al.; The electron microscopic investigation of the immuno-competent cells in various zones of the spleen has revealed certain subcellular bases of the organ's reaction to the experimental salmonellosis . Alterations at early stage of the experiment (3-24 h after infection with Salmonella) are predominantly of destructive character: pyknosis of nuclei, dilated cisterns of the karyotheca, lysis of crests in mitochondria of some cells . On the 3d-14th day hyperplasia and hypertrophy of organelles in the immune-competent cells are revealed; it is connected with increasing processes of immunogenesis . At late stages of the investigation, normalization of the spleen cells ultrastructure and increased functional fibroblastic activity are noted.

Arch Fr Pediatr, 1986 Dec, 43(10), 813 - 6
{Infantile diarrhea in Libreville (Gabon) . Ecological studies}; Mefane C et al.; The identification of different infectious agents found in infantile diarrheas was undertaken in 237 children hospitalized in pediatric institutions in Libreville . In neonates between 0 and 18 months of age, the most common pathogen was Rotavirus (20.6%), followed by Shigella (10.8%), E . coli (9.24%), Salmonella (3.46%), E . histolytica (0.8%) and Y . enterocolitica (0.4%) . The highest percentage of diarrheas caused by rotaviruses was found among children between 6 and 11 months of age . The frequency of Salmonella among children 2 to 4 years of age is almost the same at that in children under 2 years of age (3.44%) . Isolation of Shigella in this group reaches 12.06% . The protective effect of breast milk and the carriage state among adults are discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Dec, (12), 15 - 7
{Detection of microbial variants of Salmonella typhi in the bone marrow of typhoid patients and carriers}; Prozorovskii SV et al.; The immunofluorescence test with the use of antisera to S . typhi and its L-forms permits the detection of the infective agent in bone marrow smears . This diagnostic method is particularly important in cases of carrier state in the latent phase and in differential diagnosis . As revealed in this study, the microbial variants of S . typhi, reacting with antiserum to its L-forms, are present in the bone marrow of carriers . They are localized, as a rule, on the membranes of lymphoid and erythroid cells, which probably leads to the formation of rosettes.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1986 Dec, 2(4), 294 - 9
Relationship between immune system and gram-negative bacteria, binding of Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum to chicken lymphocytes; Monno RA et al.; Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum binding to chicken lymphocytes has been evaluated in individuals of different age (1-20 wks) . Bacterial adherence has been studied on lymphoid cells recovered from thymus, spleen, bursa and peripheral blood . Binding was age-dependent and neuraminidase treatment of lymphoid cells led to an increase of adherence . In addition, by using two monoclonal antibodies, the CT-1, which defines thymocytes and the M-4 which identifies surface IgM and an avian homologue of mammalian IgD on B lymphocytes, distribution of Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum binding to T and B lymphocytes has been analyzed . Results show that either T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes have the capacity to form rosettes with Salmonella . In particular, B cells from bursa and spleen display the highest capacity of adherence to bacteria, this supporting the defence function which has been attributed to bursa of Fabricius.

J Hyg (Lond), 1986 Dec, 97(3), 445 - 56
Apramycin and gentamicin resistance in Escherichia coli and salmonellas isolated from farm animals; Wray C et al.; Since the aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin was licensed for veterinary use in 1980, all isolates of Escherichia coli and salmonellas received at the Central Veterinary Laboratory have been monitored for resistance to apramycin and the related antibiotic gentamicin . During the period 1982-4, the incidence of resistance in E . coli to apramycin increased from 0.6% in 1982 to 2.6% in 1984 . In salmonellas the incidence of resistance to apramycin increased from 0.1% in 1982 to 1.4% in 1984 . Resistance to both apramycin and gentamicin was detected in six different salmonella serotypes, although an isolate of Salmonella thompson from poultry was resistant to gentamicin but not apramycin . Most of the cultures were isolated from pigs, although the incidence of apramycin resistance in S . typhimurium (DT 204C) from calves has shown a recent dramatic increase . All the isolates with one exception produced the enzyme aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase IV (ACC(3)IV) . The resistance was transferable by conjugation in most of the strains examined, and the plasmids specifying the resistance have been found to belong to a number of different incompatibility groups . Plasmids from three E . coli strains were compatible with all the reference plasmids and belonged to a previously undescribed group which was investigated further . It is suggested that bacteria from humans should be examined for resistance to apramycin and gentamicin to determine the possibility of the antibiotic-resistance bacteria, and their genes, spreading from animals to humans.

Mutat Res, 1986 Dec, 175(4), 209 - 15
Assessment of the uptake and mutagenicity of nickel chloride in salmonella tester strains; Biggart NW et al.; NiCl2 was examined for mutagenic activity in a number of Salmonella tester strains . Conditions were established where there was substantial uptake of the metal into the bacterial cells . However, even when the metal ion was apparently taken up, as determined by metal association with cells, there was a lack of mutagenic activity . These results suggest that nickel is unable to induce basepair or frameshift mutations in Salmonella tester strains and are discussed in relationship to the low binding affinity of Ni(II) for DNA.

Mutat Res, 1986 Dec, 172(3), 223 - 30
Genotoxic activity of two furan analogues of benzo{a}pyrene and their 2-nitro derivatives; Quillardet P et al.; We measured the genotoxic activities in two bacterial tests, the Salmonella/histidine assay (a reverse mutation assay) and the SOS Chromotest (an assay for SOS induction in E . coli), of two pairs of isomeric furan analogues of benzo{a}pyrene: pyreno{1,2-b}furan (R7490) and pyreno{2,1-b}furan (R7692) and their 2-nitro derivatives, 8-nitro-pyreno{1,2-b}furan (R7489) and 8-nitro-pyreno{2,1-b}furan (R7691) . We found that: For all 4 compounds, the responses were correlated in the two tests . For the 2-nitro derivatives, R7489 and R7691, the responses were extremely high, reaching SOS-inducing potencies of 5.2 X 10(3) and 10(5)/nmole in the SOS Chromotest and mutagenic potencies of 6.3 X 10(4) and 3.7 X 10(7) revertants/nmole in the Salmonella/histidine assay (strain TA98), respectively; the responses were only slightly decreased in nitroreductase-deficient strains . The responses to the two pyrenofurans were increased in the presence of an "activating mixture" but were still lower than that to benzo{a}pyrene . In contrast to benzo{a}pyrene and pyreno{2,1-b}furan (R7692), pyreno{1,2-b}furan (R7490) also gave a response in the absence of an "activating mixture" . (5) Compounds with the oxygen heteroatom within the "bay region" gave lower responses than their isomers with the oxygen heteroatom outside the "bay region".

Mutat Res, 1986 Dec, 172(3), 199 - 209
Mutagenicity of the anticancer drug, caracemide, and related compounds for salmonella; Lee MS et al.; Caracemide, MeCON(CONHMe)(OCONHMe) (I), is a novel anticancer drug . Since it was derived from acetohydroxamic acid (II), a known mutagen, its potential metabolites and related compounds were synthesized and tested for mutagenicities in S . typhimurium TA98 and TA100 . These compounds were: MeNHCONH(OCONHMe) (III), MeCONH(OCONHMe) (IV), MeCONOH(CONHMe) (V), MeNHCOONH2 X HCl (VI), MeNHCONHOH (VII), MeNHCOON(CONHMe)2 (VIII), and NOH(CONHMe)2 (IX) . The mutagenicities in the absence of rat liver homogenate were: (VI) much greater than (IV) greater than (II), (III), (V) . The other compounds were not mutagenic . (I) was mutagenic only in the presence of rat liver homogenate . The doses required to demonstrate mutagenicities of these compounds were from 0.05 to 5 mumoles/plate . The major hydrolytic products at 25 degrees C, pH 7, were (III), (IV), and (V) from (I); (II) and (III) from (IV); and (II), (III), (VII) and MeNHCONH(OCOMe) (X) from (V) . (III) was stable at pH 7 . Treatment of (IV) with HCl yielded (VI) . Hydrolysis of (III) or (V) with ammonia yielded (VII) . These results suggest that caracemide may be activated enzymatically or nonenzymatically by deacetylation or decarbamoylation, and its anticancer activity may be related to the reactivity of its metabolites with DNA . The synthetic procedures and characterizations of new compounds (IV), (V) and (X) are described.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1986 Dec, 263(1-2), 146 - 50
Adherence of Lyme disease spirochetes to rat lymphocytes; Fumarola D et al.; In the present work, the capacity of Lyme disease (LD) Spirochetes to spontaneously adhere to rat lymphocytes has been evaluated . Borrelia organisms adhere to thymus, spleen, Payer's patches and peripheral blood lymphocytes in a higher frequency than that observed with Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) used as reference strain . Employing enriched splenic T and B cell populations, Spirochete binding to B lymphocytes is more elevated than that obtained with Salmonella, while similar percentage of T cells forms rosettes with both microorganisms . Taken together, these findings provide evidence for a novel mode of interaction between LD Spirochetes and host immune system.

J Appl Physiol, 1986 Dec, 61(6), 2060 - 6
Fever in rats during normal and dehydrated conditions; Morimoto A et al.; The effect of endogenous pyrogen (EP, from rabbit) and endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) on rectal temperature (Tre) was investigated in normal and dehydrated rats of both sexes . Intraperitoneal injection of either EP or endotoxin did not affect body temperature . In addition, no changes in Tre were observed when endotoxin was injected intravenously in normally hydrated male rats, but significant falls in Tre occurred in normal female rats . However, intravenous injection of EP produced fever in both sexes, but females generally showed smaller responses . A second intravenous injection of endotoxin, given 3 days after the first injection, always produced fever in normally hydrated rats . The pattern of this febrile response was monophasic . In contrast to the response in normal rats, intravenous endotoxin produced significant fevers with a biphasic pattern in dehydrated rats of either sex, but the febrile responses of male rats were greater than those of female rats . On the other hand, there were no significant differences between febrile responses to intravenous EP exhibited by normal and dehydrated animals . These results show that rats of both sexes possess physiological mechanisms capable of producing a fever following intravenous injections of EP.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1986 Dec, 183(2-3), 234 - 9
{Food of animal origin that is potentially infected and in danger of becoming infected by contact . (Food hygiene consequences by the example of the occurrence of Salmonella in meat of slaughtered animals and of hepatitis A viruses in mussels)}; Ozari R et al.; Certain pathogenic micro-organisms in or on food of animal origin still constitute a particular hygienic risk . Salmonellae are found chiefly on meat and in meat products including poultry . Most of the infections with salmonellae in men are presumably caused by the consumption of raw products of animal origin . Our stock of slaughter animals is most often latently infected . During the slaughter and the processing meat surfaces are contaminated with salmonellae . Nevertheless a precautionary decontamination of these surfaces is not undertaken . Furthermore contaminations are still ignored by the official microbial meat inspection, and it is still allowed to use the meat for the production of minced meat meant to be eaten raw . Foods are also "infected" when the pathogenic organisms are introduced by contamination . It is not admissible to consider a small amount of salmonellae in food of animal origin as an acceptable lack of security that is to be respected by the consumer . Usual thinking models and customs are to be made dubious . It is shown at the example of raw meat and mussels that the hygiene of food must be optimized by comprising food technology.

J Leukoc Biol, 1986 Dec, 40(6), 725 - 36
Enhanced superoxide production by rat alveolar macrophages stimulated in vitro with biological response modifiers; Badger AM; The kinetics of superoxide release and the effects of several biological response modifiers (BRM) on superoxide release from rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM) have been studied . These cells produced superoxide anion both spontaneously and in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in a dose-related manner . The response to PMA peaked in approximately 2 hr and maintained plateau levels for an additional 2-3 hr before subsiding . Pretreatment of the macrophages in vitro with a number of immunostimulants enhanced the production of superoxide above that of controls . The release of superoxide in response to the immunostimulants was a slow phenomenon that took place over a 3-5 hr time period . Lymphokine-containing supernatants from concanavalin A (con A)-stimulated rat spleen cells (LK-Sup), murine recombinant gamma interferon (rMuIFN-gamma), nigeran, and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) enhanced this response in a dose-related manner . Poly I:C and Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated rat alveolar macrophages at low but not high concentrations . In contrast to the alveolar macrophages, rat peritoneal exudate cells were not activated by immunostimulants to produce increased amounts of superoxide.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Dec, 24(6), 959 - 62
Detection of enteropathogens in fatal and potentially fatal diarrhea in Cairo, Egypt; Shukry S et al.; A 1-year study of the etiology of acute diarrhea complicated by severe (10%) dehydration, active bleeding, shock and cardiovascular collapse, pneumonia, acute renal failure, or seizures in infants under 18 months of age was performed in Cairo, Egypt . Of 145 infants, 19 (13%) died or left the hospital moribund; the remaining 126 patients were classified as having potentially fatal illness . A variety of enteropathogens were identified with approximately equal frequency in the fatal and nonfatal complicated cases as well as in 135 controls with severe uncomplicated diarrhea . The agents most frequently detected in infants with severe diarrhea in this population which were felt to be etiologically important were rotavirus (33%), heat-stable enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (20%), heat-labile enterotoxin-producing E . coli (11%), enteropathogenic E . coli (8%), and Salmonella spp . (5%) . The high rate of occurrence of Giardia lamblia (35%) probably represented the high carriage rate of the protozoan in this population . Complicated (fatal and potentially fatal) cases differed from control cases in a number of ways: the onset of diarrhea was more sudden, the course was progressive and of greater initial intensity, vomiting occurred more frequently, the patients more often had visited another physician before coming to the hospital, the patients more often had respiratory symptoms and pulmonary abnormalities on auscultation, hypoactive bowel sounds and abdominal distention were more common, as was oliguria, and the patients showed lower mean body weights.

Science, 1986 Nov 21, 234(4779), 964 - 9
Drug-resistant Salmonella in the United States: an epidemiologic perspective; Cohen ML et al.; Salmonellosis poses a health problem of large proportions in the United States . Annually, it accounts for more than 40,000 reported cases, 500 deaths, and financial costs well in excess of $50 million . Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in Salmonella strains, a finding that has important public health implications . Although the chain of transmission of the bacteria is often complex, combined epidemiologic and laboratory studies with the use of new methods in molecular biology make it possible to trace antimicrobial-resistant salmonellae to their primary source--foods of animal origin . These studies suggest that the antimicrobial drugs to which food animals are exposed provide selective pressure that leads to the appearance and persistence of resistant strains.

J Immunol Methods, 1986 Nov 20, 94(1-2), 153 - 9
ELISA for detection of human antibodies to Chlamydiae; Lema F et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of human antibodies to Chlamydiae is described which exploits the cross-react properties between the genus-specific antigen of Chlamydiae and the ReLPS constituent of the outer membrane of a Salmonella minnesota mutant . Of 100 random sera tested by ELISA-ReLPS and immunofluorescence 78% showed an absolute correlation, 15% were positive in immunofluorescence and negative in ELISA and 7% were positive in ELISA and negative in immunofluorescence . Furthermore results obtained by the ELISA-ReLPS on 55 sera from patients with clinical evidence of Chlamydiae infection correlated well with the values obtained by an ELISA using Chlamydia-coated microtitration plates and by two immunofluorescence tests using Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci as antigens . The method described here is sensitive, simple, reproducible and may be employed for epidemiological and pathogenetic studies of chlamydial infections.

Carbohydr Res, 1986 Nov 15, 156, 107 - 22
The structure of the antigenic lipopolysaccharide O-chains produced by Salmonella urbana and Salmonella godesberg; Perry MB et al.; The lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella urbana and Salmonella godesberg, which belong in group N (O:30) of the Kauffmann-White system, were shown by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, glycose analysis, periodate oxidation, methylation, and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r . analyses to have identical O-chains composed of repeating, branched pentasaccharide units having the structure: {----4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1----3)-alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1----2)-alpha-D-P erNAcp-(1----3)-alpha-L-Fucp-(1----}n 4 increases 1 beta-D-Glcp . The serological cross-reactivity of S . urbana and S . godesberg with Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica (O:9) can now be related to the presence of a 1,2-glycosylated N-acyl derivative of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues in their respective lipopolysaccharide O-chains.

J Immunol, 1986 Nov 15, 137(10), 3264 - 9
The occurrence of anti-3-fucosyllactosamine antibodies and their cross-reactive idiotopes in preimmune and immune mouse sera; Umeda M et al.; The carbohydrate determinant 3-fucosyllactosamine (3-FL), Gal(beta 1-4){Fuc alpha 1-3}GlcNAc-R, which is also known as SSEA-1 or as the X determinant, is very immunogenic in BALB/c mice . Many monoclonal antibodies directed against this structure have been obtained by immunization of mice with murine teratocarcinomas and human carcinomas and myeloid cells . We have undertaken an analysis of the regulation of these antibodies and of their idiotypic, structural, and genetic diversity . We have described previously the preparation of syngeneic monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies (6C4 and 6B1) that reacted with 50% of a panel of monoclonal anti-3-FL antibodies . In this study, we have examined the occurrence of anti-3-FL antibodies and their cross-reactive idiotopes in the sera of unimmunized and immunized mice . All BALB/c sera examined had more naturally occurring antibodies against 3-FL than against four other glycolipid antigens, and the 6C4 and 6B1 idiotopes were also detected in these sera . Approximately 25% of the anti-3-FL antibodies could be removed from a pool of BALB/c sera by a 6C4 affinity column, and the eluate from this column exhibited strong binding to 3-FL antigens . After a single i.v . injection of a 3-FL-positive glycolipid coated on Salmonella minnesota, anti-3-FL titers rose in BALB/c mice . The level of 6B1 idiotope rose in most mice, but the idiotope level showed no correlation with anti-3-FL titers . Naturally occurring antibodies against 3-FL were also noted in the sera of AKR, C3H/He, DBA/2, BALB/c-nu/nu, and CBA/CaHN mice but not in C57BL/6, SM, or CBA/N mice . A single i.v . injection of antigen elicited an antibody response in C3H/He mice but not in C57BL/6, SM, or DBA/2 mice . These data indicate that several strains of mice have more naturally occurring IgM antibodies against the 3-FL structure than against other glycolipids, and that this response may be genetically regulated . The 6C4 and 6B1 cross-reactive idiotopes that we have identified previously on monoclonal antibodies are also present in preimmune and immune sera . The existence of a population of B lymphocytes that are primed against the 3-FL determinant accounts in part for the immunogenicity of this structure.

Poult Sci, 1986 Nov, 65(11), 2034 - 9
Influence of resident Salmonella on contamination of broiler flocks; Lahellec C et al.; An epidemiological survey was made of 5329 samples from 10 poultry operations to determine the relationship between total poultry farm environment and incidences of Salmonella contamination of broiler flocks . Samples were analyzed from walls, drinkers, feeders, litter, insects, water, chicks, broilers, and feed to determine the effect of common sanitary practices on Salmonella contamination of flocks . Results indicated that although similar hygienic practices had been taken on the 10 poultry farms examined, great variation exists in Salmonella contamination among the farms . Among the sources studied, the most important source of contamination was determined to be the resident Salmonella of the flock i.e., the strain isolated on chicks' first day in the poultry house . This source was more important than Salmonella isolated during the rearing period . However, the precise conditions of Salmonella contamination in poultry flocks remain to be elucidated.

Ann Rheum Dis, 1986 Nov, 45(11), 911 - 5
Acute osteomyelitis in Nigerians with sickle cell disease; Ebong WW; Acute osteomyelitis comprised 78 (29.3%) of the 266 major skeletal complications seen in 207 patients with sickle cell disease in a five and a half year period . Forty eight (61.5%) of the 78 patients were under the age of 15 years, and the mean age at onset was 12 years (range 9 months to 50 years) . Osteomyelitis was often multifocal (in 42% of the cases) and associated with some life threatening disorders . Salmonella accounted for 50% of the 36 organisms isolated from 32 patients with bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis . The 'best guess' antibiotic was a combination of chloramphenicol and cloxacillin . Medical treatment alone proved adequate in most cases . No deaths resulted, but 55% of the patients developed serious complications due partly to the severity of the disease and also to infection involving the epiphyses and joints.

Am J Vet Res, 1986 Nov, 47(11), 2349 - 50
Antibiotic susceptibilities of swine Salmonella isolants from 1979 to 1983; Mills KW et al.; Two hundred seventy-seven Salmonella (27 serotypes) were isolated from Kansas swine over a 5-year period (1979 to 1983) . Salmonella cholerae-suis was the predominant isolant from all tissues and made up 94.4% of the Salmonella isolants from the lungs . The percentage of Salmonella isolants susceptible to various antimicrobial agents was determined . The percentage of Salmonella susceptible to carbadox decreased from 1980 to 1983.

J Gerontol, 1986 Nov, 41(6), 718 - 22
Staphylococcal infections in aging mice; Louria DB et al.; Aging (17 to 22 months old) and young (1 1/2 to 2 months old) mice were infected with 5 X 10(7) staphylococci . Twenty-eight-day mortality was 70% in senescent mice and 14.3% in young mice . Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococci by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells and leukocyte mobilization were studied after intraperitoneal infection . Intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was slightly more effective in young mice but older mice mobilized about twice as many polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a 4-hour period . In older mice the lethality of intraperitoneally-administered staphylococcal toxins and salmonella endotoxin was markedly increased, the mortality rates in old and young mice being virtually identical to those found after intravenous infection with living staphylococci.

Infect Immun, 1986 Nov, 54(2), 568 - 74
Chemical, biological, and immunochemical properties of the Chlamydia psittaci lipopolysaccharide; Brade L et al.; The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Chlamydia psittaci was extracted from yolk sac-grown elementary bodies, purified, and characterized chemically, immunochemically, and biologically . The LPS contained D-galactosamine, D-glucosamine, phosphorus, long-chain fatty acids, and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid in the molar ratio of approximately 1:2:2:6:5 . The antigenic properties of the isolated LPS were compared with those of the LPS from Chlamydia trachomatis and Salmonella minnesota Re by the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition tests, absorption, hydrolysis kinetics, and Western blot analysis with rabbit polyclonal antisera against chlamydiae and with a mouse monoclonal antibody recognizing a genus-specific epitope of chlamydial LPS . Two antigenic determinants were identified, one of which was chlamydia specific and the other of which was cross-reactive with Re LPS . Both determinants were destroyed during acid hydrolysis, whereby a third antigen specificity was exposed which was indistinguishable from the lipid A antigenicity . In rabbit polyclonal antisera prepared against Formalin-killed elementary bodies or detergent-solubilized membranes, two antibody specificities were differentiated . One of these was chlamydia specific, and the other was cross-reactive with Re LPS . The LPS of C . psittaci was inactive within typical endotoxin parameters (lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity, local Shwartzman reactivity); it was, however, active in some in vitro assays, such as those testing for mouse B-cell mitogenicity and the induction of prostaglandin E2 in mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Blood, 1986 Nov, 68(5), 1015 - 23
Mechanism of human platelet activation by endotoxic glycolipid-bearing mutant Re595 of Salmonella minnesota; Timmons S et al.; The mechanism through which human blood platelets interact with gram-negative bacteria with well-defined structural variations in endotoxic lipopolysaccharide was studied . Secretion of 14C-serotonin and aggregation of platelets separated from plasma proteins were observed on challenge with rough mutant Re595 of Salmonella minnesota possessing a glycolipid outer layer composed of Lipid A and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) but lacking heptose phosphate in the core and O-polysaccharide in its outer portion . Both 14C-serotonin secretion and platelet aggregation were concentration-dependent, with a half-maximum response at the ratio of one bacterial colony-forming unit (CFU) to two platelets . The aggregation of human platelets induced by mutant Re595 was divalent cation-dependent and required secretion of ADP and fibrinogen from platelet storage granules because it was inhibited by chelators, by the ADP-splitting enzyme apyrase, and by monospecific antifibrinogen Fab fragments . The synthetic peptide analog of the platelet receptor recognition site on the gamma chain of fibrinogen, gamma 400-411, inhibited platelet aggregation induced by mutant Re595 (IC50 160 mumol/L), whereas serotonin secretion was unaffected . Tetrapeptide, RGDS, analogous to human fibrinogen alpha chain (alpha 572-575) and to the cell adhesion site of fibronectin, also inhibited aggregation induced by mutant Re595 (IC50 60 mumol/L) . Secretion of 14C-serotonin was preceded by a very rapid phosphorylation of a platelet protein of mol wt 47,000, which is associated with protein kinase C activation . Myosin light chain (mol wt 20,000) was also phosphorylated . Both phosphoproteins were dephosphorylated while secretion was reaching maximum . Furthermore, release of 3H-arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids and generation of thromboxane B2 via the cyclooxygenase pathway were observed . Inhibition of this pathway with acetylsalicylic acid (10(-4) mol/L) or indomethacin (5 X 10(-4) mol/L) reduced 14C-serotonin secretion and platelet aggregation . The role of Lipid A in the interaction of mutant Re595 with human platelets was deduced from the inhibitory effect of the Lipid A-binding protein present in Limulus amebocyte lysate . Likewise, polymyxin B, known to complex with Lipid A, was inhibitory . The reactivity of mutant Re595 toward platelets was attenuated by mild acid hydrolysis, during which KDO was dissociated from the glycolipid, and by alkaline hydrolysis, which breaks ester-linked fatty acids in Lipid A . In contrast to mutant Re595, strain S218 of S minnesota bearing "complete" endotoxic lipopolysaccharide did not induce secretion and aggregation of human platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1986 Nov, 21(3), 131 - 5
High-density lipoproteins inhibit the bacterial lipopolysaccharide mediated increase in oxidative metabolism and lysozyme release by neutrophilic granulocytes in vitro; Wiernik A et al.; The effects of purified Salmonella endotoxin (LPS) and of LPS combined with isolated human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) on oxidative metabolism, measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-test, and on lysozyme release of human granulocytes have been studied in vitro . A considerable increase in the NBT-reduction and in lysozyme release was noted in granulocytes exposed to LPS . The stimulating effect of LPS on NBT-reduction and lysozyme release was significantly diminished when the cells were incubated with LPS together with HDL . These observations suggest that HDL in vivo may play an important part in inhibition of metabolic changes induced in granulocytes by LPS which leads to the production and secretion of tissue damaging mediators.

Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Nov, 69, 267 - 74
Reactions of aqueous chlorine and chlorine dioxide with model food compounds; Fukayama MY et al.; Chlorine and chlorine dioxide (ClO2), common disinfecting and bleaching chemicals used in the food industry, are potent oxidizing and chlorinating agents . Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the reactions of chlorine with organic food constituents . This presentation reviews published information concerning the reactions of chlorine gas (Cl2{g}), aqueous chlorine, and ClO2 with model food compounds, the fate of chlorine during the chlorination of specific food products, and the potential toxicity of the reaction products . Fatty acids and their methyl esters react with chlorine with the degree of incorporation corresponding to their degree of unsaturation . Aqueous chlorine oxidizes and chlorinates lipids and amino acids much more readily than ClO2 . Several amino acids are highly susceptible to oxidation and chlorination by chlorine compounds . Reactions of chlorine and ClO2 with several food products, including flour and shrimp, have also been characterized . In one model system, 99% of Cl2(g) either reacted with components of flour or was consumed by oxidation/chlorination reactions . The lipids extracted from the chlorinated flour contained significant amounts of chlorine . Exposure of shrimp to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution resulted in significant incorporation of chlorine into the edible portion . Although significant quantities of chlorine can be incorporated into specific model compounds and food products, the health risks associated with exposure to chlorinated organic products are unknown . Preliminary studies using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay indicate that the reaction products from mixtures of aqueous chlorine and various lipids or tryptophan are nonmutagenic . Nevertheless, additional studies are warranted, so that the toxicological significance of these reaction products can be understood more fully.

What Is Biofilter?, What Is Water Purification?, What Is Nitrification?, What Is Cell Biology?, What Is Salmonella?, c, Microbes, r, Microorganism, e, Bacteriology, o, Microbiology, n, Bacteria, c, Nitrosomonas, r, Salmonella, i, Escherichia coli, a, S. cerevisiae, e, Escherichia coli, n, Microbiological, n, Escherichia coli, e, Kluyveromyces, n, Antimicrobial, s, S. cerevisiae, i, Escherichia coli, a, Denitrifying, s, Salmonella, s, Candida albicans, s, Bacillus, r, Yeasts, r, Burkholderia, i, Brevibacteria, a, Bacteriophage, i, Brevibacteria, a, Bactericidal

Scientific Publications - Work Done by Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C
Agricultural Microbiology Anaerobic Microbiology Antimicrobial Susceptibility Artificial Atmosphere Bioassay of Antibiotics Biofilm Microbiology Bioreactor Technology Biotechnology Cell Biology Clinical Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Experiments with Yeast	Fermentation Food Microbiology Functional Genomics Gene Technology Growth Media Development Growth Rate and Lag Time Industrial Microbiology Medical/Pharmaceutical Field Microbiological Assay Microbiological Research Microbiology of Cosmetics go to a specific theme...	Military Microbiology Molecular Microbiology Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Oral Microbiology Patents Postantibiotic Studies Soil Microbiology Spore Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Waste/Wastewater Treatment Water Microbiology Wine Microbiology

� 2005 Transgalactic Ltd (manufacturer of Bioscreen C software) | Privacy Statement | P.O. Box 1393, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9 85172920, fax: +358 9 8749481, e-mail: microbiology@bionewsonline.com

Last modified: May 25, 2005