Bactericidal

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jul, 21(7), 591 - 3
{Utilization of yeast mutants with a defect in the cellular membrane in the search for anticancer antibiotics}; Gauze GF et al.; The mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain FL 599-I B with defect cell membranes are selectively inhibited by anticancer antibiotics with different molecular mechanisms of action on DNA . At the same time they are insensitive to antibacterial antibiotics . Such mutants may be used as test-cultures in isolation of active agents with antitumor effect from complex mixtures of natural substances . The above test-object makes it easier to perform separation of antimour antibiotics from accompanying bacterial inhibitors.

Am J Surg, 1976 Jul, 132(1), 67 - 74
Pharmacokinetics of a new skin wound cleanser; Rodeheaver G et al.; Iodophors are effective germicidal agents that have prolonged antiseptic activity in contaminated wounds . A nontoxic surfactant, Pluronic F-68, has been used to formulate a safe and effective iodophor . The parameters necessary to regulate the activity of the iodophor were studied to develop a potent, yet safe bactericidal solution for use in human subjects . The parameters found to be most important were the pH of the solution and the concentration of sodium iodide . Lowering the pH of iodophors increased their stability and antiseptic activity . The free iodine in iodophor solutions prepared with a low pH is predominantly the highly biocidal diatomic iodine (I2) . The concentration of iodide regulated the equilbrium of the dissolved iodine between its free and complexed form . Increasing the concentration of iodide in the iodophor lowered the amount of free iodine in solution and enhanced the concentration of the complexed iodide . It is the level of free iodine in an iodophor that determines its antiseptic activity . Low levels of free iodine yielded iodophors that had a slow bacterial kill rate but a prolonged duration of action . Manipulation of these variables permitted the generation of iodophors that varied considerably in their kill rates of bacteria and their duration of antibacterial activity . Iodophors tested in this study demonstrated a distinct superiority to noncomplexed iodine solutions (tincture and aqueous iodine solutions) as wound and skin cleansers.

Infect Immun, 1976 Jul, 14(1), 257 - 65
Increased antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in bovine serum after the induction of endotoxin tolerance; Hill AW et al.; Small amounts of endotoxin injected intramuscularly into cows induced endotoxin pyrogenic tolerance and an increase in the rate at which the serum killed a strain of Escherichia coli . Most of the difference between normal serum and serum from the endotoxin-tolerant animal was shown to be due to a bentonite-adsorbable factor other than lysozyme or beta-lysin . The antibacterial activity was not completely removed from either type of serum after bentonite adsorption . Electron microscope studies and measurement of the rate of release of radioactively labeled cytoplasmic contents showed that the bentonite-adsorbable factor was important in the final breakdown of the cell membrane and release of cellular contents . The antibacterial system was totally dependent on complement, and the importance of antibodies could not be entirely ruled out because adsorption at O C with homologous cells eliminated the killing activity.

Laryngoscope, 1976 Jul, 86(7), 921 - 9
DMSO in otology; Freeman GR; The most controversial therapeutic agent in the past decade has been dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), an industrial solvent to which great healing powers have been attributed . After initial laboratory testing, DMSO was rapidly introduced into veterinarian medicine and clinical medicine as an experimental agent with the ability to relieve pain, reduce swelling and edema in trauma, to show anesthetic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties when applied topically to the skin . Ninety percent DMSO was used alone and in conjunction with alkaloids and antibiotics to test the clinical properties attributed to this drug . Although DMSO was found not to be ototoxic, laboratory and clinical testing which included double blind studies on patients with otological infections demonstrated that DMSO had no antibacterial, anesthetic or anti-inflammatory properties when applied within the external auditory canal . There was no indication that 90% DMSO, when combined with these various preparations, potentiated or acted synergistically to enhance their penetration through the dermal barrier.

J Med Chem, 1976 Jul, 19(7), 918 - 23
Alkyl streptozotocin analogues with improved biological activities; Iwasaki M et al.; Alkyl 16alpha- and -beta-glycosides of a series of N3-alkyl homologues of streptozotocin were synthesized from glucosamine hydrochloride . These compounds, when tested against ascites Sarcoma 180, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, or leukemia L1210, exhibited potent antitumor activities, and antibacterial and diabetogenic activities were eliminated . Furthermore, the acute toxicities of these compounds were lower than that of streptozotocin . The methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl glycosides of streptozotocin, whether alpha- or beta-anomers, all showed higher antitumor activities than streptozotocin itself . The most active compound was found to be the methyl beta-streptozotocin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jul, 29(7), 714 - 9
Selective N-actylation of gentamicin antibiotics-synthesis of 1-N-acyl derivatives; Wright JJ et al.; Treatment of acid addition salts of aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics of the gentamicin-sisomicin class, with one equivalent of triethylamine and an acylating agent results in selective formation of 1-N-acyl derivatives . This is in contrast to acylation of the antibiotic free bases which results in preferential acylation of other basic centres in the molecule . Origins of the observed selectivity are discussed . In vitro antibacterial activities of several new 1-N-acy1 derivatives of gentamicin, sisomicin and verdamicin are reported.

Med Klin, 1976 Jun 25, 71(26), 1117 - 9
{Radiotherapy of inflammatory diseases -- indicated still today? (author's transl)}; Hassenstein E; The good response of inflammatory diseases to a low dose radiotherapy is well known . Mainly, this fact is based on experiences made in the time before antibacterial chemotherapy area . In this study our results are presented which were obtained by treating 90 patients with radiotherapy in the last years, exlusively . With respect to the end of the treatment a success rate of more than 90% was achieved . This result was compared with literature and with own findings from radiotherapy of patients with degenerative joint diseases . From the viewpoint of radio-protection the radiotherapy should be initiated as early as possible because in these cases better results could be attained at low doses . Especially, the radiotherapy of the following diseases seems to be favourable: parotitis, mastitis, abscess, furuncle, paronychia and panaritium . Besides the complications and risks of the chemotherapy the somatic and genetic radiation injuries are discussed . When radiation therapy is applied skilfully the side effects of a locally and regionally limited therapy may be neglected . It is recommended to extend the indication for radiotherapy of inflammatory diseases.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1976 Jun 15, 31(22), 414 - 21
{Chemotherapy in pyelonephritis}; Schmicker R et al.; In the present paper the most important general directions of the chemotherapy of the acute as well as the chronic pyelonephritis are explained . In adult age actual acute pyelonephritides are rare . In most cases acute attacks of chronic pyelonephritides are in question . Also in the acute pyelonephritides for the initial therapy the application of highly effective chemotherapeutics is recommended which lead to high tissue and serum levels . The exclusive application of nitrofurantoin or an only symptomatic therapy is not indicated in acute pyelonephritis . Only a consequent therapy of the acute form of the course gives the possibility to reduce the number of chronic pyelonephritides . The most favourable conditions for the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis with the aim of stopping the chronic process or eventually even a cure are given by the long-term therapy . For the initial therapy according to the antibiogramme a tissue effective chemotherapeutic remedy is administered . This was followed by a long-term prophylaxis of about 6 months . Taking into consideration the therapeutic mechanisms of the preparations and the severity of the clinical picture always the least toxical antibacterial remedies should be administered . The most important chemotherapeutics for the therapy of pyelonephritis, their side-effects and the peculiarities of their use in renal insufficiency are discussed.

J Med Chem, 1976 Jun, 19(6), 766 - 72
Synthesis and some properties and antitumor effects of the actinomycin lactam analog, (di(1-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic))actinomycin D1; Moore S et al.; A lactam analog of actinomycin D (AMD) has been synthesized as a potential antitumor chemotherapeutic agent . Both L-threonine residues were replaced by L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid . Starting with Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nbeta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid methyl ester hydrochloride the linear intermediate Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nbeta-(tert-butyloxycarbonylsarcosyl-L-N-methylvalyl)-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionyl-D-valyl-L-proline p-nitrophenyl ester was prepared by conventional methods of peptide synthesis in solution . Selective cleavage of the Nbeta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl group and lactam formation afforded the desired cyclic pentapeptide derivative . The chromophore precursor, Nalpha-(2-nitro-3-benzyloxy-4-methylbenzoyl) substituent, was introduced via its symmetric anhydride . Catalytic reduction followed by ferricyanide-mediated phenoxazinone formation provided the lactam analog, {di(1'-L-alpha,beta-diaminopionic acid)}actinomycin D ({Dpr1}2-AMD) . Its binding to natural and synthetic DNA and that of an analogous L-threo-alpha,beta-diaminobutyric acid containing lactam ({Dbu1}2-AMD) compared with the binding of AMD (in which the peptides are in lactone form) was studied by circular dichroic (CD) spectroscopy . The visible and uv CD spectra of free AMD differed from those of the free lactam analogs, indicating that the asymmetric environment of the pentapeptide rings in the region of the chromophore differs in free actinomycin lactone and lactams . In the presence of calf thymus DNA, PM2 DNA, and the synthetic d(A-T)-like copolymers containing 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), poly{d(DAP-T)}, and poly{d(DAP-A-T)}, the rotational strengths of the optically active transitions in the visible region of the actinomycins increased, and the CD spectra in the presence of the various DNA duplexes were qualitatively similar . The CD spectra of bound actinomycin lactams resembled the spectrum of bound AMD . This suggests that the lactone and lactam actinomycins acquire a similar environment when bound to DNA . {Dpr1}2-AMD was less cytotoxic than AMD in antibacterial assays but exhibited somewhat higher toxicity in mice than AMD . At optimal dose levels the lactam analog had little or no antitumor activity in three murine tumor systems.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jun, 29(6), 653 - 5
CGP 9000: a new orally active, broad-spectrum cephalosporin; Zak O et al.; CGP 9000, (7-{D-2-amino-2-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-acetamido}-3-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid), is a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic . Its antibacterial activity in vitro (MIC) is similar, but its bactericidal efficacy superior to that of cephalexin and cephradine . Upon oral administration to mice infected with various bacteria, CGP 9000 is, in general, 2 to 7 times more effective than either cephalexin or cephradine.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1976 May 21, 118(21), 669 - 72
{Fungal infection after antibiotic therapy (author's transl)}; Muller J; The increasing use of antibacterial chemotherapy in the last four decades encourages the commensal colonization of man by candida yeasts . The sites of particular commensal colonization are the oropharyngeal cavity and the intestinal tract . They are the principal reservoirs from which candida infections can settle into other regions and organs . The metastasis of candida yeasts from the commensal reservoir into regions which are free of microorganisms in healthy persons, usually needs a stimulant noxa: an eliciting bacterial infection, a consumptive primary disease, immunosuppressive therapy among other factors . In the event of candida infection being superimposed on a bacterial infection, successful antibacterial chemotherapy may lead to a remission of the mycosis by removal of the primary noxa.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1976 May, 65(3), 319 - 22
Sequential determination of C-reactive protein in acute childhood pyelonephritis; Jodal U et al.; Serum CRP levels ranging between 10 and 200 mug/ml were found in 19 patients with acute pyelonephritis . Treatment with antibacterial drugs, to which the bacteria were fully sensitive, resulted in a rapid decrease of the CRP values and very low or trace amounts were attained within a week . In contrast, cases ineffectively treated and/or reinfected showed increasing or slowly decreasing CRP levels . It is suggested that repeated CRP determinations can be used as a diagnostic tool for the rapid detection of cases of acute pyelonephritis in which treatment is ineffective.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1976 May-Jun, 81(5-6), 475 - 83
The antibacterial effect of antibiotics in treatment of maxillary sinusitis; Eneroth CM et al.; The antibacterial effect of antibiotic treatment in maxillary sinusitis has been assessed by studying the elimination of bacteria from the maxillary sinus during treatment with penicillin and tetracycline . As adequate antibiotic concentrations are the prerequisite for maximal antibacterial effect, the antibiotic concentrations were controlled . The antibiotic concentrations were determined in maxillary sinus secretions and/or mucosas of 113 patients with maxillary sinusitis, treated with single or repeated doses of penicillin or tetracycline, or the two antibiotics in combination . In 30 patients treated with either penicillin or tetracycline, the bacterial growth in sinus secretion was controlled before and after treatment . It was established that ordinary clinical doses of penicillin and tetracycline may, although not invariably, result in antibiotic concentrations in sinus secretion and sinus mucosa than can be regarded as adequate for treatment, i.e . for penicillin greater than or equal to 0.25 mug/ml and for tetracycline greater than or equal to 1.0 mug/ml . The necessity of achieving adequate antibiotic concentrations in sinus secretion and sinus mucosa to ensure therapeutic success was demonstrated . Thus, bacterial growth remained in the secretions of most maxillary sinuses when the concentrations of penicillin or tetracycline in the secretions were not regarded as adequate for treatment . In contrast, the bacteria were exterminated in most cases where concentrations were regarded as adequate.

Infect Immun, 1976 May, 13(5), 1360 - 2
Correlation between pseudomonas burn wound infection and granulocyte antibacterial activity; McEuen DD et al.; The relationship of granulocyte bactericidal activity with three strains of pseudomonas and the virulence of these same organisms in a scald-burned rat model was investigated . Resistance to bactericidal activity was measured for each strain, using an in vitro assay and normal rat peritoneal granulocytes . Mortality was recorded for rats receiving a 30% third-degree scald burn with simultaneous pseudomonas burn wound infection . A positive correlation between mortality and resistance to bactericidal activity of granulocytes was obtained . These studies stress the importance of pseydomonas strain specificity in burn wound infection and indicate that mortality from these strains may be specifically related to their resistance to the bactericidal activity of leukocytes.

Ann Sclavo, 1976 May-Jun, 18(3), 469 - 78
{Antibacterial activity of the derivatives of dehydro-and deoxy-colic acids (author's transl)}; Bellini AM et al.; The synthesis of derivatives of dehydro-and deoxy-colic acids with L-lysine and Lysil-lysine with antibacterial activity, is here described . Results show no antibacterial activity of dehydrocolic acid derivatives, while deoxycol-lys-OH-HCl, and particularly deoxycol-lys-NH2-2HCl, seem to be very effective on Gram-positive bacteria at 5 mug/ml, and on Gram-negatives at 25 mug/ml.

Ann Sclavo, 1976 May-Jun, 18(3), 461 - 8
{Antibacterial activity of the derivatives of cholic acid (author's transl)}; Bellini AM et al.; The synthesis of derivatives of cholic acid with L-lysine and Lysil-lysine with antibacterial activity, is here described . Derivatives with one molecule of lysine show antibacterial activity at 100 mug/ml concentration, while lysil-lysine derivatives, particularly Col-Lys-Lys-NH2-2HCl, are effective also at 25 mug/ml.

J Nucl Med, 1976 May, 17(5), 385 - 8
Iodinated bleomycin: an unsatisfactory radiopharmaceutical for tumor localization; Eckelman WC et al.; Cobalt-57-bleomycin is a clinically useful tumor-localizing agent, but attempts to label bleomycin (BLEO) with other radionuclides have been made because of the long physical half-life of 57Co . As an alternative labeling approach, we iodinated BLEO both directly on the imidazole ring and indirectly by reaction with N-succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxy, 3-iodophenyl) propionate . Directly iodinated BLEO retained antibacterial activity, but in tumor-bearing rats it showed a lower tumor-to-blood ratio (2.3) at 2 hr than did 57Co-BLEO (11.8) . The antibacterial activity of the indirectly labeled BLEO was markedly reduced and this material showed a tumor-to-blood ratio of 0.55 at 2 hr . The radioiodinated bleomycins are not suitable substitutes for 57Co-BLEO as tumor-imaging radiopharmaceuticals.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1976 Apr 17, 106(16), 533 - 42
{Prophylaxis and therapy with gamma globulin . General characterization and clinical use of gamma globulin preparations}; Barandun S et al.; For accurate evaluation of the usefulness of gamma-globulin treatment, the clinical indications for passive immune prophylaxis and immunotherapy and the specific characteristics of commercially available gamma-globulin preparations have to be considered . Detailed investigations of currently used gamma-globulin preparations have shown that as yet no ideal product is available . Classical standard gamma-globulin and, in particular, enzymatically treated (Gamma-Venin, Veinoglobuline) or chemically modified preparations (Gamma-Globulin i.v . SRK, Intraglobin) for intravenous use have some deficiencies and involve potential risks for the patient . Nor is the infusion of "fresh frozen plasma" a safe and generally applicable alternative to the use of gamma-globulin concentrates . Thus from the outset the preconditions for effective treatment with gamma-globulin are not optimal . Standard and hyperimmune preparations, given once intramuscularly, are suitable for the prophylaxis of viral and bacteriotoxic diseases . In patients apt to react abnormally it is important to distinguish clearly between the few accepted indications and those that are more doubtful . Anti-D immunoglobulin is essential for the prevention of Rhesus sensitization after the delivery of a Rhesus-positive child . In general, gamma-globulin is recommended for substitution therapy and for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute bacterial infections in patients suffering from transient, congenital and acquired antibody-deficiency states . In such cases, high doses of an intravenously administrable preparation with a relatively long biologic half-life are recommended . The evidence for the effectiveness of gamma-globulin treatment of bacterial infections in patients without manifest disturbance of humoral immunity is equivocal . This is true, for example, of the oft-recommended combined use of antibiotics and high doses of intravenous gamma-globulin which is said to provide optimum antibacterial and antitoxic protection . There is even less chance of obtaining beneficial effects if gamma-globulin is given as an "ultimo ratio" in severe generalized bacterial infections resistant to antibiotic treatment . Localized and predominantly chronic infections are barely influenced by gamma-globulin . It is still too early to make a final assessment regarding the place and value of immunoglobulin concentrates for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes . This will only be possible if a preparation becomes available which contains all immunoglobulins in a biologically optimum state and concentration, is well tolerated and can be given in adequate doses both intramuscularly and intravenously.

J Pharm Sci, 1976 Apr, 65(4), 616 - 8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)pyridinium hydroxide inner salt derivatives; Grier N et al.; Eight 1-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)pyridinium hydroxide inner salts were synthesized, and the antibacterial, antifungal, anticoccidial, and anthelmintic activities were determined against different microorganisms, the protozoan Eimeria tenella, and trichostrongyle nematodes . All were noninhibitory to Gram-negative bacteria and the parasites . The pyridine, 4-benzylpyridine, and 2-isoquinoline inner salt derivatives controlled only Rhizoctonia solani of the four genera of fungi challenged.

Contact Dermatitis, 1976 Apr, 2(2), 105 - 10
Allergy to ingredients of vehicles; Hannuksela M et al.; Common ingredients of vehicles such as perfumes, antibacterial agents, emulsifiers and other surface active agents, propylene glycol, lanolin and wool alcohols were tested in eczema patients over a three-year period . Perfume allergy was detected in 3.6% of the cases, sensitivity to thiomersal in 2%, to sorbic acid in 0.8%, to parabens in only 0.3%, and to wool alcohols in 1.2% . Reactions to emulsifiers were seen over 1% of those tested.

Chirurg, 1976 Apr, 47(4), 241 - 5
{Studies on the antibacterial efficacy of Cu-compounds in combination with acridine orange as additive to a polymethylacrylate}; Stubner G; Copper acetate of suitable specific surface (Kupferacetat Fargua) and copper acetate plus acridin orange intermixed with Palacos powder have bactericidal efficacy against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterias depending on bacterial species . The Palacos osseous cement releases the intermixed substances over long periods of time . There exists a mutual influence on the bactericidal increase of both substances.

Aust Vet J, 1976 Apr, 52(4), 184 - 6
The isolation of Bordetella bronchiseptic from an outbreak of canine pneumonia; Batey RG et al.; This report describes an outbreak of bronchitis and bronchopneumonia among young dogs in a breeding kennel following the introduction of two pups from another area . Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in heavy culture from affected animals which responded well to antibacterial therapy . There was no evidence of distemper virus involvement . Important bacteriological properties of Bord . bronchiseptica are discussed particularly as they relate to its known pathogenicity in the young of several species of animal . During the outbreak reported, it was noted that only young pups were clinically affected and it is suggested that Bord . bronchiseptica may be pathogenic in a certain age-group within the canine population . This seems to require further investigation.

J Med Chem, 1976 Apr, 19(4), 483 - 92
Mode of action and quantitative structure-activity correlations of tuberculostatic drugs of the isonicotinic acid hydrazide type; Seydel JK et al.; Quantitative structure-activity studies have been performed for a series of 2-substituted isonicotinic acid hydrazides by correlating electronic, steric, and lipophilic properties of the substituents with the biological activity date (MIC) from serial dilution tests with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H 37 Rv) . The reaction rates for the quaternization of 2-substituted pyridines with methyl iodide were also determined . The rate constants show a similar dependence on the steric and electronic effects of the substituents as the antibacterial activities of the corresponding pyridine-4-carboxylic acid hydrazides . The obtained correlations give evidence that the reactivity of the pyridine nitrogen atom is essential for the biological activity of 2-substituted isonicotinic acid hydrazides and seem to support the hypothesis that isonicotinic acid derivatives are incorporated into an NAD analogue.

Minerva Stomatol, 1976 Apr-Jun, 25(2), 55 - 66
{Clinico-experimental study of a new antibactorial agent for local use in stomatology}; Calzavara M et al.; Tibezonium iodide is a new drug having antibacterial activity for the therapy and the prevention of mouth infections . Before testing its therapeutic efficacy, its effect on the bacterial flora of the human saliva was verified as follows . Salivary samples, collected before and after the administration (double-blind, cross-over) to volunteers, were counted for bacteria . The drug reduced the bacterial count in the saliva with statistical significance in both the pharmaceutical forms . Subsequently the drug was tested in different dental or oral conditions . To 90 patients suffering from marginal paradentitis or other diseases with this type of complications tablets were administered . The results obtained in this group were satisfactory or almost satisfactory in 73.5% of the cases examined . The patients treated with bubble-gums were 70 . All of them were suffering from the same kind of disease of the first group; a few of them had alveolitis following tooth extraction . The results in these subjects were satisfactory or almost satisfactory in 77% of the cases examined . Tibezonium proved to be particularly effective in marginal paradentitis and in piorrhoic paradontosis . Bubble-gums should not be used in subjects with dental mobile prosthesis.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976 Apr, 26(4b), 731 - 2
{Clinical trial of a novel spasmolytic, pramiverine, and its influence in colitis (author's transl}; Toledo GM; In a double blind comparison of 4,4-diphenyl-N-isopropyl-cyclohexylamin-hydrochloride (pramiverine, Sistalgin) with placebo 51 patients with parasitis and bacterial colitis and enterocolitis as well as mixed forms of both were evaluated . The antiparasitic and antibacterial basic therapy was standardised in both groups . In the 27 patients treated with pramiverine the regression of the colitis syndrome starting within a few days was evaluated as excellent to good in 21 patients . In the placebo group similar improvements were observed only in 9 patients out of a total of 24 . The good tolerance as compared to other spasmolytics should be equally emphasised as well as the slight inhibition of gastric secretion under prolonged therapy.

Br J Surg, 1976 Apr, 63(4), 322 - 6
Primary suture of the perineal wound following rectal excision for adenocarcinoma; Marks CG et al.; A statistical analysis of the correlations between a number of factors, including age, tumour pathology and surgical management, and the results of primary suture of the perineum after excision of the rectum for adenocarcinoma in 63 males is presented . An unsuccessful outcome was related to the extent of the dissection either necessitated by advanced tumour or resulting from excision of the coccyx . A successful result was associated with small tumours and preoperative antibacterial treatment . Topical antibacterial treatments, topical mercuric perchloride and the drainage route did not appear to affect the outcome.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1976 Apr, 142(4), 481 - 86
Antibacterial activity of oxidized regenerated cellulose; Dineen P; It has been demonstrated that oxidized regenerated cellulose promptly and markedly reduces the bacterial census of ten different strains of common pathogens when exposed to them in vitro . This was not true of two other hemostatic agents tested, namely, absorbable gelatin sponge and topical thrombin . Wounds in guinea pigs in which oxidized regenerated cellulose was placed and infected with one of three pathogens had healing per primum in 39 of 40 instances . In similar control wounds and incisions in which absorbable gelatin sponge was placed, sepsis of the wound developed in 19 of 20 of the control group and in 39 of 40 guinea pigs in the absorbable gelatin sponge group.

J Dent Res, 1976 Apr, 55 Spec No, C22 - 31
Nonimmunologic aspects of caries resistance; Mandel ID; A variety of components provide salivary secretions with an array of potentially effective means of combating cariogenic challenges . These defense factors range from a laissez-faire mechanical cleansing to exquisitely controlled production of highly specific antibodies . In between the two extremes are antibacterial systems whose operating characteristics are only beginning to be understood . These systems are well worth our attention . They may be the key to our understanding of variations in individual susceptibility, and could provide valuable leads for development of anticaries agents.

J Biomed Mater Res, 1976 Mar, 10(2), 273 - 81
An in vitro study of bacterial response to inert and reactive metals and to methyl methacrylate; Gristina AG et al.; The clinical use of inert materials for internal fixation and joint replacement devices is increasing rapidly; studies on the effect of these materials on bacteria and host resistance to infection have not kept apace . Any substance placed within the body may interfere with host-parasite interaction, either by its physical presence or by physiochemical activity at its interface with the surrounding tissue . Either mechanism, by altering the normal host defense mechanism, may promote or retard bacterial growth . Bacterial growth may also be altered if a trace element essential to or inhibitory to the bacteria or an element that antagonizes or potentiates humoral antibacterial systems is leached from the substance . We have tested bacterial growth and inhibition in vitro in the presence of substances used as implant materials: surgical silver, iron, zinc-coated galvanized iron, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, Vitallium, and methyl methacrylate . Our results showed: 1) metals that have low grades of tissue reactivity and little bacteriotoxic effect provided a framework along which bacterial growth and propagation occurred; 2) metals that have higher levels of cellular reactivity, specifically aluminum and galvanized wire, caused selective bacterial toxicity . The in vitro response of bacteria to methyl methacrylate was similar to that of Vitallium and other inert substances, i.e., growth and propagation were abundant adjacent to methyl methacrylate . These studies led us to speculate that, if similar phenomena occur in vivo, bacterial growth and dissemination might be increased when an inert implant material was used and decreased when the implant material was more reactive.

J Exp Med, 1976 Mar 1, 143(3), 574 - 84
Subversion of host defense mechanisms by murine tumors . II . Counter-influence of concomitant antitumor immunity; North RJ et al.; Subcutaneous injection of murine tumor cells first resulted in a state of severely suppressed macrophage-mediated antibacterial resistance and then in a contrasting state of greatly enhanced antibacterial resistance . Whereas, the state of suppressed antibacterial resistance corresponded to a state of suppressed resistance to a tumor cell challenge, the generation of enhanced antibacterial resistance corresponded to the acquisition of concomitant antitumor immunity . It was suggested on the basis of this evidence that changes in the level of macrophage-mediated antibacterial resistance that occur during growth of the primary tumor reflected changes in the level of the host's resistance to the tumor itself . It was further suggested that the coincidental suppression of antibacterial and antitumor resistance that occurs during the initial stages of growth of the primary tumor represents the operation of a mechanism that enables the tumor to avoid destruction by macrophages . The results support the view that macrophages play an important role in native and acquired resistance to malignant tumors.

Immunology, 1976 Mar, 30(3), 425 - 33
Ferric iron and the antibacterial effects of horse 7S antibodies to Escherichia coli O111; Rogers HJ; Previous work showed that the virulence of Escherichia coli O141 was related to its ability to secrete catechols capable of transporting iron from serum transferrin to the bacterial cell . E . coli O111 also produced similar compounds in synthetic medium but was unable to do so in serum . It was postulated that antibody interfered with the production of these substances by this strain . The present experiments show that horse antiserum to E . coli O111 can induce bacterial killing in foetal calf serum, which, in contrast to the bactericidal effect of normal rabbit serum, cannot be reversed by Fe3+ . Five IgG subfractions of increasing electrophoretic mobility were isolated from the 7S fraction of the antiserum, all of which exerted a bactericidal effect on E . coli O111 in calf serum which could not be prevented by Fe3+ . The bacteriostatic effect induced by the fractions in the presence of transferrin could, however, be reversed by Fe3+ . IgG and IgT were isolated from normal serum but neither of these activated calf serum complement or induced bacteriostasis in the presence of transferrin . These results show that specific antibody is responsible for these antibacterial effects and point to new problems concerning the role of iron compounds in the antibacterial effects of normal and specific immune serum.

Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 667 - 76
Antibacterial activity in colostrum and milk associated with protection of piglets against enteric disease caused by K88-positive Escherichia coli; Rutter JM et al.; Piglets suckled by dams that had been vaccinated with K88 antigen were significantly more resistant to deaths caused by neonatal diarrhea after challenge with a large dose of a K88-positive enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli than piglets suckled by control dams . The factors most likely to be involved in protection of the piglets were investigated by comparing the antibacterial activities of serum and mammary secretions from the two groups of dams . Vaccination stimulated the production of K88 antibodies, which were associated with anti-adhesive activity directed against the adhesive properties of the K88 antigen, and of O8 antibodies; the latter antibodies were attributed to traces of O8 antigen in the vaccine . Neutralizing activity against heat-labile enterotoxin was present in several dams before vaccination but was not stimulated by bacteriostatic activities were similar in serum and mammary secretions from both groups of dams and appeared to play no significant role in the protective after parturition were atrributed to exposure of the dams to the challenge strain excreted by the piglets . It was concluded that neutralization of the adhesive properties of K88 antigen by K88 antibodies in colostrum and in milk contributed significantly to the protection of piglets from vaccinated dams . However, the contribution of antibacterial activities associated with the greater levels of O8 antibodies in colstrum from the vaccinated group cannot be entirely excluded.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Mar 1, 62(3), 491 - 7
Replication of Escherichia coli DNA in vitro: inhibition by oxolinic acid; Staudenbauer WL; Oxolinic acid, a quinolone antibacterial agent, inhibits reversibly the ATP-dependent replicative DNA synthesis in permeable cell systems as well as in cellophane disk lysates . It is about 10-fold more active than the structurally related nalidixic acid . Both drugs have no effect on the ATP-independent DNA repair, but interfere to some extent with RNA synthesis in permeable cells . They appear to interact with the same target since spontaneous nalidixic-acid-resistant mutants of nalA phenotype are also resistant to oxolinic acid . Full sensitivity to oxolinic acid can be conferred to lysates from resistant cells by addition of extracts from sensitive cells.

J Trauma, 1976 Mar, 16(3), 191 - 5
Outpatient burns: a prospective study; Hunter GR et al.; 1) There is no significant difference in overall wound healing rates between non-antibacterial and antibacterial impregnated dressings used in this study . 2) The burn wound is not sterile . 3) Ease of dressing removal was similar during the first 7 days; thereafter the nitrofurazone dressings were more adherent; however, patient acceptance as subjectively evaluated at the time of dressing change and from the description of intervals between dressing changes did not vary significantly between the two dressings . 4) Pathogenic flora, both gram-positive and gram-negative, were significantly less prevalent in wounds treated with nitrofurazone dressings when the closed technique for burn treatment was utilized.

Isr J Med Sci, 1976 Mar, 12(3), 257 - 9
Use of salazopyrin for prevention of peritoneal adhesions in rats; Golan J et al.; The effect of orally administered salazopyrin on the prevention of experimentally induced peritoneal adhesions in albino rats was investigated . Comparison of the findings with those for untreated rats and rats given penicillin for sulfadiazine indicated that salazopyrin has a preventive effect on the development of peritoneal adhesions . This effect is dose dependent and does not seem to be due merely to the antibacterial effect of the drug.

Br J Urol, 1976 Feb, 48(1), 77 - 81
A study of concentrations of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the human prostate gland; Dabhoiwala NF et al.; The ability of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulphamethoxazole (SMX) components of co-trimoxazole to penetrate the human prostate gland was investigated . After a single 4-tablet dose TMP was evenly distributed between prostate and plasma, whereas SMX was mainly associated with plasma . Following a week's therapy significant accumulation of TMP was seen in the prostate relative to plasma whereas SMX although still associated with plasma had increased drug levels in prostate compared with the single dose study . It is concluded that co-trimoxazole produces effective antibacterial levels in the human prostate and has indications in the treatment of prostatitis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Feb, (2), 102 - 5
{Antibacterial and antiviral activity of beta,beta-dichlorvinylpyrrolidone}; Lidina PV et al.; Antiviral and antibacterial activity of chlorine-containing N-vinylpyrrholidon analogue - beta,beta-dichlorvinylpyrrholidon (first synthesized in 1970) was studied on a model of influenza A2 virus . Peculiarities of the influence of beta,beta-dichlorvinylpyrrholidon on the reproduction of microbial and viral agents under conditions of their isolated and combined cultivation were revealed.

J Pharm Sci, 1976 Feb, 65(2), 304 - 7
Selenium heterocycles XVIII: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 4-substituted (1,2,3-selenadiazol-5-yl) carbamic acid esters and their sulfur analogs; Shafiee A et al.; 4-Substituted (1,2,3-selenadiazol-5-yl)carbamic acid esters and their sulfur analogs were prepared from the Curtius rearrangement of the corresponding carboxazides . None of the compounds showed significant antibacterial activity.

Br J Haematol, 1976 Feb, 32(2), 273 - 81
The effect of trimethoprim on cellular transport of methotrexate and its cytotoxicity to human lymphoblastoid cells in vitro; Niethammer D et al.; A study has been made of the effects of the antifolate drug trimethoprim (2,4-diamino-5-(3'4',5'-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine) on the cellular transport of natural folates and of methotrexate in a human lymphoblastoid cell line grown in culture . The results indicated that cellular uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid and methotrexate could be inhibited by trimethoprim; the inhibition, for methotrexate at least, was competitive, but it was in every case rather weak . Calculations showed that under conditions used during therapy with methotrexate, trimethoprim could be employed as an antibacterial agent without the cellular uptake of methotrexate being impaired by more than 1% . The cytotoxic effect of trimethoprim against the cell line used was 2000 times less, on a molar basis, than that of methotrexate . However, the degree of growth inhibition caused by the two agents in combination was greater than the sum of the individual toxicities . Again, this effect was not large at clinically useful concentrations of trimethoprim.

J Med Chem, 1976 Feb, 19(2), 330 - 3
Beta-lactam antibiotics with N-oxide side chains . 1 . Quinoxaline N-oxides; Edwards ML et al.; A series of penicillin derivatives of quinoxaline di-N-oxide carboxylic acids was prepared . These compounds were prepared from the acid chlorides and mixed anhydrides of the quinoxaline di-N-oxides . The compounds prepared exhibited minimal antibacterial activity against gram-negative organisms.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Feb, 133(2), 185 - 93
Binding of antibiotics to the human intracellular erythrocyte proteins hemoglobin and carbonic anhydase; Kornguth ML et al.; The interaction between human erythrocyte lysates and antibiotics was studied, and the effect of intracellular components on the activity and binding of the drugs was determined . Lysates inhibited antibacterial activity of penicillin G, dicloxacillin, tetracycline, and minocycline to about the same extent as did human plasma . Dicloxacillin activity was the most inhibited, followed by the activities of penicillin G, minocycline and tetracycline . All four antibiotics bound to human hemoglobin, as determined by gel filtration methods . Heme-free globin was also effective in binding the antibiotics . In addition, minocycline and tetracycline were bound to another erythrocytic protein, which, on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, molecular size, and localization, has been identified as carbonic anhydrase . Experiments with pure preparations of carbonic anhydrase revealed that the C isozyme is the major binder of the tetracyclines and that zinc is required for binding . Tetracyclines did not inhibit enzymatic activity of carbonic anhydrase.

J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Feb, 76(1), 75 - 82
An evaluation of antiseptics used for hand disinfection in wards; Ojajarvi J; The antibacterial effectiveness of hand antiseptics commonly used in wards was studied by laboratory and in-use tests and their acceptability assessed by means of a questionnaire passed to hospital staff . To determine the immediate and long-term antibacterial effects of the preparations the in-use tests were performed by groups of students . The greatest immediate reduction in bacterial counts on hands was obtained by products containing chlorhexidine . The long-term antibacterial effect was recorded with emulsions containing 3% hexachlorophane, 2% Irgasan CF3R or 4% chlorhexidine when used constantly on several consecutive days . Considerable discrepancies were recorded in the antibacterial effectiveness of some preparations when comparing laboratory and in-use test results . Therefore it is suggested that antiseptics should be tested by in-use tests which more closely resemble practical conditions before their use, or further trial, in hospital.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 29(2), 113 - 20
C-2801X, a new cephamycin-type antibiotic II . Isolation and characterization; Fukase H et al.; Two new species of Streptomyces, S . heteromorphus and heteromorphus and S . panayensis, were found to produce a new atibiotic named C-2801X together with cephamycins A and B . The antibiotics were separated from each other by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and isolated in pure form as mono-sodium salts . C-2801X mono-sodium salt has a molecular formula C25H28N3O12SNa, and exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including those insensitive to cephamycins A and B . From its physicochemical and biological properties, C2801X was considered to be a new cephamycin-type antibiotic.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1976 Feb, 24(2), 141 - 8
{Indications and choice of antibacterial treatment in patients receiving immunosuppressive agents and antimitotic drugs (author's transl)}; Frottier J et al.; Bacterial infections are the most common cause of death in patients with malignant blood diseases . After recalling the main bacteria responsible and the factors which predispose patients to infection, the authors consider various forms of treatment, including antibiotic therapy, transfusions of white blood cells, gammaglobulins, etc., and prophlyactic measures, such as antibiotics by mouth, isolation in a sterile ward, etc., which have been proposed for some years . During renal grafts, infective complications are also very frequenct . Their prevention is essential for on this, to a large extent, depends the success of the transplantation.

Infect Immun, 1976 Feb, 13(2), 554 - 63
Restoration of T-cell responsiveness by thymosin: development of antituberculous resistance in BCG-infected animals; Morrison NE et al.; T-cell-depleted (adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted {THXB}), sham-thymectomized (XB) and normal control mice were injected daily with 3 mg of calf thymosin for 16 days . On day 8 of the treatment, the mice, together with untreated controls, were infected intravenously with 4 X 10(6) viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal) . Growth of the BCG in the lungs and spleens was compared quantitatively for up to 100 days . Thymosin treatment reversed the progressive weight loss seen in BCG-infected THXB mice and prevented their death due to the ongoing mycobacteriosis that developed in the T-cell-depleted animal . There was a late-developing anti-mycobacterial response in the thymosin-treated THXB mice, which resulted in a progressive decline in viability for the lung and spleen populations over the 40- to 80-day period, when the corresponding counts for the untreated THXB mice remained relatively constant . The histopathology of the lung and the increased antibacterial activity seen in the thymosin-treated THXB mice correlated with decreased {3H}deoxyribonucleic acid levels seen in the lungs and spleen compared with that present in the T-cell-depleted controls.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 29(2), 147 - 54
Chemical modification of streptovaricin C I . 19-O-substituted damavaricin C; Sasaki K et al.; Damavaricin C, a degradative derivative of streptovaricin C, has reduced antibiotic activity relative to streptovaricin C . It has, however, a new phenolic hydroxyl group at the C-19 position of the naphthoquinone ring on which various groups can be substituted through an ether linkage . A series of 19-O-substituted derivatives of damavaricin C has been synthesized . The preparation of these derivatives, their in vitro antibacterial activities, in vitro inhibition of E . coli RNA polymerase, and lethal activity on the membrane mutants of E . coli are reported . It is believed that the original biological activity of damavaricin C is retained and that introduction of the functional groups at the C-19 position has increased the membrane diffusibility of the molecule.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 127 - 30
{Relationship between the antibacterial activity and the acceptor properties of certain penicillins}; Rudzit EA et al.; Antibacterial activity of 2 natural and 12 semisynthetic penicillins against 5 strains of grampositive bacteria was determined and quantum chemical estimation of their molecules was performed with the Hukkel method . The data were indicative of the fact that antibacterial activity of the penicillins was connected with the acceptor properties of their molecules.

Pol J Pharmacol Pharm, 1976 Jan-Feb, 28(1), 77 - 88
Derivatives of the L-lysine-peptides with antibacterial activity; Dabrowska M et al.; A number of derivatives of the L-lysine peptides has been obtained and their antibacterial properties were evaluated and compared with those of the ethyl ester of Nalpha-palmitoyl-L-lysyl-L-lysine dihydrochloride . Some correlations have been found between the chemical structure and antibacterial activity of the compounds.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1976 Jan, 81(1), 30 - 3
Identification of a nonlysozymal bactericidal factor (beta lysin) in human tears and aqueous humor; Ford LC et al.; An antibacterial factor, identical with or closely related to beta lysin, was measured in human tears, in human aqueous humor, and in fractions of each fluid after an absorption step involving cellulose-asbestos filters . Antibeta lysin was used to help distinguish whether bactericidal activity was due to lysozyme or beta lysin . Beta lysin activity was found in both human tears and aqueous humor in higher amounts than were present in serum; appreciable amounts of lysozyme were found in human tears but not in aqueous humor . Beta lysin is a normal constituent of human tears and aqueous humor and its role in these fluids is that of an antibacterial agent that may also act in concert with lysozyme to destroy bacteria in tears.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1976, 34(3), 163 - 8
The variation of salivary peroxidase activities in persons of different oral health; Tenovuo J; 18 subjects (10 males, 8 females) with considerable differences in oral health conditions were examined regarding the peroxidase activity of oral fluid samples . Subjects with high caries prevalence and/or severe gingivitis displayed a significantly higher peroxidase activity than control subjects . Chromatographic experiments revealed that the increased activity was caused by salivary lactoperoxidase . This elevated activity does not, however, necessarily lead to better oral health because the antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase also depends on the concentrations of thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide . Hence the specific activity of lactoperoxidase, determined in vitro, is not as such as adequate measure of its antibacterial efficacy.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1976, (8), 86 - 90
The treatment of meningitis in infants with co-trimoxazole administered parenterally; Sabel KG; We found that co-trimoxazole had a good clinical and antibacterial effect when given parenterally to infants with infections of the central nervous system . We showed good concentrations in the serum and satisfactory penetrations into the cerebrospinal fluid . In one case, there was a side effect which may have been due to the sulpha or to the solvent . We think that at present the preparation should not be given to very premature babies or to babies with icterus, for the same reasons that we avoid using sulpha preparations in these conditions, but otherwise it may be of great use in difficult cases of meningitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria in infancy.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1976, 37, 129 - 34
Penetration of penicillin into laparotomy wounds to reduce bacterial contamination during intestinal operations; Raahave D; Serum and tissue specimens from the surgical wound were taken simultaneously during colo-rectal operations (i) at the start, (ii) when entering the peritoneal cavity, (iii) during bowel procedures and (iv) before closure of the wound . A dose of 5 megaunits penicillin intravenously after incision gave a median serum concentration of 140.0 IU/ml and a tissue concentration of 33.8 IU/mg at the time the peritoneum was incised . During operation the concentration in serum fell significantly, being 18.5 IU/ml after more than 3 h of operation, while that in wound tissue decreased to 7.2 IU/mg . After concentration was 16.0 IU/ml in serum and 1.9 IU/mg in wound tissue at the time of incision and when entering the peritoneal cavity; thereafter the concentrations decreased with operation time . The concentrations in serum exceeded markedly those in wound tissue, being linearly correlated throughout operation . Only the intravenous bolus produced concentrations of penicillin antibacterial to a variety of aerobic organisms.

Chemotherapy, 1976, 22(5), 286 - 96
In vitro and in vivo comparative evaluations of injectable cephalosporin derivatives and ampicillin; Goto S et al.; The in vitro and in vivo activity of the 5 injectable cephalosporins, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, and ampicillin was compared . No gram-positive organisms resistant to any of the cephalosporin derivatives were encountered . The MIC of ampicillin for gram-positive organisms was distributed over a wide range . The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephaloridine and ampicillin was high against gram-negative organisms . Ampicillin was potently effective especially against P . mirabilis and cefazolin especially against K . pneumoniae . The protecting effect of the 5 cephalosporins on experimental infections in mice was compared . The effect of cefazolin and cephaloridine was more marked than that of the others . These results may be explained by the fact that the other 3 cephalospoirins are rapidly metabolized in the living body.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(12), 2137 - 41
{Anaerobic serum ultrafiltration--a new method for determination of protein-binding rates of drugs under physiological conditions (author's transl)}; Paschen K et al.; Only the free and not the protein-bound fraction of a drug shows pharmacologic activity . Therefore the rates of drug-binding to serum proteins are of great importance for clinical and pharmacological purposes . A basis prerequisite for accurate measurements are experimental designs giving the possibility of keeping the most important factors influencing the protein-binding rate within physiological ranges . In vivo these factors are, among others, the concentration of albumin, the absorption of different exogenous and endogenous substances to albumin, the type and the amount of ions present, the total ionic strength, the pH-value and hence the pCO2 as well as the temperature . An experimental set-up was described giving the possibility of keeping all these factors absolutely constant under in vivo conditions by means of a newly developed and simply to handle ultrafiltration device . From withdrawing the blood sample from the vein to the complete separation of the protein-bound fraction the blood sample can be processed under strictly anaerobic conditions (to prevent loss of CO2!) . Compared to common methods generally used for the determination of protein-binding rates, such as equilibrium dialysis, column chromatography and ultracentrifugation, this new procedure saves a considerable amount of time . Within 1 h up to 8 samples can be processed in a single device . Besides short filtration times there is no need for any additional sample preparation such as buffering or adding antibacterial substances, etc.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(5), 778 - 81
{Studies on the excretion of various aminoglycosides in rat milk (author's transl)}; Scheer M; 10 mg/kg of strepto-, neo-, kanamycin, genta- and sisomicin were applied s.c . to rats in lactation . After 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h the animals were milked . The antibacterial concentrations in the milk were determined in comparison to the serum concentrations . Strepto-, neo- and kanamycin showed the highest concentrations in the serum, genta- and sisomicin the highest in the milk.

Int Urol Nephrol, 1976, 8(2), 155 - 9
Diagnostic value of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and sialic acid in chronic pyelonephritis; Tishkov I et al.; In a group of 84 patients with exacerbated chronic pyelonephritis the authors have determined the blood serum levels of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and sialic acid before, during and after antibacterial treatment . They have found a decrease in these levels following treatment . The results of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and sialic acid assays could be used as an index for the activity of the pathologic process, as well as in the differential diagnosis between pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis.

Zentralbl Chir, 1976, 101(12), 715 - 24
{Pyogenic infections of the hand}; Zeumer G; Thanks to modern antibacterial methods pyogenic infections of the hand, including their complications, will have a favourable prognosis . The experiences of many decades have proved that the principles of treatment worked out by Kanavel {6} and Zur Verth {12} are still valid, and that local processes require immediate surgical intervention . Individual and detailed proceedings are explained giving up-to-date therapeutical directions and improved incisions . The aim of all actions is to preserve the function of the hand.

J Cutan Pathol, 1976, 3(1), 45 - 59
Topical pharmacology of imidazole antifungals; Holt RJ; Four imidazole derivatives have now undergone extensive open and comparative trials as topical agents in dermatomycoses and vaginal candidosis . They are chlormidazole (Chemie Grunenthal), clotrimazole (Bayer), miconazole (Janssen) and econazole (Janssen, Cilag-Chemie); all also have some antibacterial activity . Many other imidazoles have been marketed, usually as antiprotozoal or anthelminthic agents, and some of these have some antimycotic activity as well as other miscellaneous therapeutic properties . The mode of action of imidazole antimycotic agents is discussed; after prolonged topical application to animals and human subjects, systemic absorption is negligible . All four agents which are available as cream, powder, lotion or vaginal tablets have many sucessful studies to their credit, often with clinical and mycological cure rates of over 80% in a variety of dermatomycoses and in vaginal candidosis . The relative value of these topical agents is discussed, and it is suggested that in severe and extensive dermatomycoses consideration should be given to the systemic use of miconazole in support of topical therapy.

Arch Dis Child, 1976 Jan, 51(1), 67 - 72
Severe burns in children, 1964-1974; Cogswell JJ et al.; 580 children were admitted to the paediatric burns unit of Guy's Hospital between 1964 and 1974, of which 97 had burns exceeding 20% of the surface area, and 33 died (34% mortality) . 80% of those with burns exceeding 50% of the surface area died . Young children died after less extensive burns . Respiratory failure, sepsis, and malnutrition were the most lethal complications . The prompt use and careful control of intravenous fluids had reduced the immediate complications associated with shock, and acute renal failure is now uncommon . Respiratory failure resulted in many deaths during the first week after injury . The need for intensive respiratory care involving paediatric, anaesthetic, and surgical staff is stressed . Sepsis and malnutrition remain major threats to survival . Improved methods of bacteriological control by laminar air flow units and topical antibacterial agents may help to reduce infection in the future . Reduction of energy expenditure by temporary skin coverings and a high environmental temperature, combined with a high calorie intake by oral and intravenous routes, may improve the outlook for severly burned children in the next decade.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1976, (9), 47 - 53
The detection of doxycycline activity in human bone; Dornbusch K; Measurements of antibacterial activity in bone from 25 patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery were performed after preoperative treatment with doxycycline in a single dose of 200 mg . The antibiotic was given by intravenous infusion during 30-40 minutes, and the operation was performed 2-6 hours after administration of the dose . Using the agar diffusion method, the concentrations ranged from 0.05-0.6 mug/g . Using the electrophoretic method, higher levels of doxycycline were found, possibly as a consequence of a diminution in the binding capacity of the bone.

Acta Histochem, 1976, 56(2), 261 - 9
{NADH- resp . NADPH-oxidase-activity in the blood cells of hemi- and holometabolic insects (author's transl)}; Messner B; In the hemocytes of a control group and a group of immunised insects an enhanceable NADH-or NADPH-oxidase-activity is demonstrated histochemically which, according to KLEBANOFF, has a share in the development of an intracellular antibacterial activity via the synthesis of H2O2.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(5), 756 - 9
Synthesis of Schiff bases of benzofuran with potential biological activity; Rahman AH et al.; Reduction of 5-methoxy-6-formyl(Ia)- and 5-formyl-6-methoxy-2,3-diphenylbenzofuran (IVa) yielded 6- and 5-methyl derivatives Ib and IVb, respectively . Oxidation, hydrolysis and demethylation of Ib and IVb gave 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methyl-)IIc)-and2,4-dihydroxy-5-methylbenzofuran )Vc) . The carboxamides Ie and IVe were obtained from the oximes Ic and IVc via the cyano derivatives Id and IVd . By condensation of the aldehydes If, IVf and VII with primary amines the corresponding Schiff bases (IIIa--c, VI and VIIIa--f) were obtained . The antibacterial activity of the Schiff bases and previously prepared benzofuran derivatives were investigated.

Infection, 1976, 4(2), 94 - 101
{Antibacterial activity of antibiotics in human bile (author's transl)}; Helm EB et al.; Marked differences exist between antibacterial activity in human bile and broth . Whereas penicillins and cephalosporines exhibit virtually the same activity in broth and bile, tetracycline shows a great lose, and the activity of the aminoglykosides is increased in bile . Minimal inhibitory concentrations of chlorampenicol and co-trimoxazole are also different in broth and human bile . The differences in activity are related to the pH although not all deviations can be attributed to the effect of the pH . These results should be considered when treating gallbladder infections.

J Med Chem, 1976 Jan, 19(1), 57 - 62
Chemistry and antibacterial activity of nitrobenzofurans; Powers LJ; Thirteen 2-methylbenzofurans were synthesized and their antibacterial activity was investigated . 2-Methyl-3-nitrobenzofuran and analogs containing 7-NO2, 5-NO2, 7-Br, 7-CONH2, and 7-CF3 substituents are bacteriostatic . The spectrum of activity of these compounds is similar to nitrofurazone; however, a strain of E . coli Br which has increased resistance to nitrofurazone did not show increased resistance to 3,7-dinitro-2-methylbenzofuran (1) . The 3-nitro-2-methylbenzofurans are labile in solution (T1/2 0.8-3.5 hr at 37 degrees, pH 7.0) . The solvolysis product of 1 was identified as alpha,6-dinitro-o-cresol (15) . The 3-nitrobenzofurans are more potent in minimal media than in Penassay broth . This greater potency can be abolished by addition of casamino acids and tryptophan to the minimal media.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1976, 34(6), 353 - 69
Turku sugar studies XII . The effect of the diet on oral peroxidases, redox potential and the concentration of ionized fluorine, iodine and thiocyanate; Makinen KK et al.; Detailed biochemical analyses of peroxidases in saliva, plaque and gingival exudate samples were carried out in view of the preliminary findings that the peroxidase activity of centrifuged oral fluid was considerably higher in the xylitol group than in the fructose or Sucrose groups . Chromatographic experiments revealed the activity which was increased due to the intake of xylitol, to be attributed to the involvement of the salivary lactoperoxidase, and not to enzymes formed in plaque or leucocytes . There were no significant differences between the sugar groups in the concentration of thiocyanate ions (mean 92 mg/l) and ionized iodine (mean 1.6 mug/l), but the concentration of ionized fluorine in saliva was lower in the xylitol group (0.128 mg/l) than in the other groups (0.150 mg/l) . There were no clear differences in the salivary redox potential between the sugar groups . It is evident that various sugars selectively affect the enzyme and other production of the salivary glands . Xylitol-induced elevation of the salivary lactoperoxidase activity and the cariostatic properties of xylitol may partly be interrelated phenomena due to the antibacterial properties of lactoperoxidase.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1976, (9), 12 - 6
Microcalorimetry as a tool for evaluation of antibacterial effects of doxycycline and tetracycline; Mardh PA et al.; The heat effects produced by a strain of Escherichia coli in the presence of doxycycline and tetracycline were determined by calorimetric measurements using batch and flow microcalorimeters of the heat-conduction type . There was a clear difference in the capacity of the two tetracyclines to suppress the metabolism of the test bacterium as indicated by the heat production registered . In the presence of doxycycline or tetracycline in a concentration of 0.4 mug/ml (half the minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), the time interval between the start of the experiment and a heat production of 2 muW/ml was 4.5 h for tetracycline and 7.3 h for doxycycline . When the antibiotics, in a concentration of 1.6 mug/ml (2 X MIC), were added to the culture during the logarithmic growth phase, tetracycline depressed heat production much less than doxycycline . Almost immediately after the addition of the two tetracyclines studied, heat production decreased sharply . The heat production rose again 1 h after tetracycline had been added, but remained at a low level for at least 16 h after doxycycline.--The results suggest that there are differences in the kinetics of the antibacterial action of doxycycline and tetracycline . Microcalorimetric studies provide new information for determining antibacterial activities of antibiotics, information that cannot be obtained by means of conventional bacteriological techniques . Such studies might be of value for the establishment of optimal dose regimens.

Infection, 1976, 4(3), 166 - 73
Chemotherapy of typhoid fever: a review of literature; Herzog C; Until the last few years, chloramphenicol was recognized positively as the drug of choice in the treatment of acute typhoid fever . Its hematoxicity, as well as the recently observed epidemic and the present endemic occurrence of S . typhi strains with R-factor-mediated resistance to chloramphenicol in Mexico, India and South-EAst Asia, render the clinical evaluation of new antibacterial agents extremely important . By means of a literature review on controlled comparative trials, the value of thiamphenicol, ampicillin, amoxycillin, furazolidone and co-trimoxazole as alternative drugs for the treatment of acute typhoid fever is examined . Co-trimoxazole seems to be the drug of choice in the treatment of acute typhoid fever . For the treatment of the chronic typhoid carrier ampicillin is most frequently used, but amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole seem to be just as effective.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(42), 678 - 83
{Clinical trial of the antibacterial combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123)/Sixth communication: Results of compatibility of CN 3123 (author's transl)}; Etzel M et al.; 1 . During the clinical trial of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) side-effects were reported in only 56 (=4.1%) of the 1371 patients who took part . 2 . The numerous laboratory parameters studied in the whole group and in the group which received long-term treatment did not show any significant changes due to CN 3123 . 3 . The frequency and the type of side-effects which occurred under the combined preparation CN 3123 were the same as those known to be caused by sulfonamide treatment . 4 . The good tolerance, which is a familial feature of sulfonamide treatment, is not impaired when sulfamoxole is combined with trimethoprim.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(42), 671 - 3
{Clinical trial of the antibacterial combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123)/Third communication: Clinical results of a field trial with CN 3123 in bronchopulmonary and ENT (ear/nose/throat) infections (author's transl)}; Etzel M et al.; The following conclusions emerged from an analysis of the therapeutic results documented during the clinical trial of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) in bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs: 1 . In bacterial infections of the bronchopulmonary system, the antibacterial activity of CN 3123 was demonstrated in 94% of the patients, in that 75% of patients were cured and there was a definite improvement in 19% . 2 . In bacterial infections of the ENT organs, the antibacterial activity of CN 3123 was demonstrated clinically in 95% of the patients, in that 89% of the patients were cured and there was a definite improvement in 6% . 3 . The clinical assessment of the activity of CN 3123 correlates closely with the results of bacteriological checks.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(42), 661 - 5
{Clinical trial of the antibacterial combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123) . 1st communication . Efficacy activity spectrum--resistance in therapy (author's transl)}; Etzel M et al.; The clinical trial of the combination N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) showed that, when given in the ratio of 5:1 and in a suitable dosage computed from pharmacokinetic information, it exhibited antibacterial activity and had a therapeutic effect in about 90% of the patients . In view of the numerous types of pathogen identified in the clinical trial, CN 3123 can be described as a broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic agent . CN 3123 was also effective against infections caused by sulfonamide-resistant or antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Infection, 1976, 4(2), 102 - 6
{The importance of serum components, particularly complement factors, properdin and transferrin, in inhibition of bacterial growth by human serum (author's transl)}; Furbeth M et al.; In this study human serum was broken down of column chromatography into its protein components, which were than examined singly and in comnination for antibacterial activity . The bactericidal effect of serum was retained to an apperciable extent in only one of six fractions . Antibacterial inhibitory activity could be restored fully by combining the fractions however . There was no correlation with the specific antibody titers . Complement had an essential part in this unspecific defence . In the absence of C'9 all other combinations of the remanining complement components exhibited no appreciable inhibitory effect . Not all complement componets are required, however, for unspcific bacterial growth inhibition . In contrast to this all complement components are necessary in the antigen-antibody reaction . Futhermore, properdin displays bactericidal activity which is related to the presence of complements . A great deal of the antibacterial activity of human serum thus arises only from the combined action of several components . These do not include proteins with a molecular weight between 100,000 and 70,000, whereby transferrin plays a part.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jan, 29(1), 65 - 80
Orally active 7-phenylglycyl cephalosporins . Structure-activity studies related to cefatrizine (SK&F 60771); Dunn GL et al.; The synthesis of a series of related broad-spectrum 7-phenylglycyl cephalosporins with 3-heterocyclicthiomethyl substituents is described . The effects of benzene-ring hydroxylation and 3-substituent variation on the in vitro antibacterial activity, height and duration of mouse serum levels, and effectiveness in protecting against bacterial infection in the mouse are examined . Included for comparison are cephalexin, cephaloglycin and their ortho-, meta- and para-hydroxy derivatives . The biological properties examined were influenced by the position of the hydroxyl group and by the nature of the 3-substituent . The 7-(p-hydroxyphenylglycyl)-3-heterocyclicthiomethyl analogs were found to produce significantly higher serum levels on oral administration to mice than their unhydroxylated counterparts . This effect was not observed with the 7-(m-hydroxyphenylglycyl)-3-heterocyclicthiomethyl cephalosporins, nor with the p-hydroxyphenylglycyl analog of cephalexin . While m- and p-hydroxylation had little effect on in vitro activity and o-hydroxyphenylglycyl cephalosporins tested had very low antibacterial activities and were not examined further . One derivative, 7-{R-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido}-3-(1H-1, 2, 3-triazole-4(5)-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (SK&F 60771) was found to have outstanding in vitro and in vivo activities along with oral and subcutaneous serum levels in the mouse that were significantly higher than those obtained with cephalexin . This derivative which has been given the generic name cefatrizine was selected for extensive additional biological evaluation.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1976, 20(1), 91 - 100
Localization of antibacterial activity and hydrolytic enzymes in subcellular fractions of rabbit and chicken polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Ferencik M et al.; Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rabbits and chickens after homogenization in 0.34 M saccharose or after multiple freezing and thawing were subjected to differential centrifugation at 150, 800, 10 000 and 50 000 X g . In the fractions obtained in this manner, total bactericidal activity as well as the activity of myeloperoxidase (E.C . 1 . 11 . 1 . 7), catalase (E.C . 1.11.1.6), lysozyme (E.C . 3.2.1.17), cathepsin D (E.C . 3.4.4.23) and E, beta-D-glucuronidase (E.C . 3.2.1.31) and acid phosphatase (E.C . 3.1.3.2) were determined . Antibacterial activity was found in all fractions from rabbit leukocytes, but only in the first fraction from chick leukocytes . The fractions from rabbit leukocytes contained all enzymes under study while in the fractions from chicken leukocytes the presence of myeloperoxidase, catalase or cathepsin E could not be demonstrated . The highest bactericidal activity was found in the second obtained from the homogenate or rabbit leukocytes . The highest specific activity of myeloperoxidase and homogenate of rabbit leukocytes . The highest specific activity of myeloperoxidase and the lowest activity of cathepsin D were also demonstrated in this fraction . The addition of pepstatin to rabbit leukocytes before their disintegration resulted in the inhibition of the activity of cathepsin D and E and in an increase in the specific activity of myeloperoxidase as well as in total bactericidal activity in the individual fractions . These results testify that microbicidal mechanisms of phagocytes from individual species may differ and when the structure of lysosomes is damaged, the liberated hydrolytic enzymes may gradually inactivate antibacterial substances.

Polim Med, 1976, 6(4), 173 - 84
{Preliminary clinical experience with antibacterial surgical sutures}; Lebedev LV et al.; Surgical sutures made of Letilan-Lavsan and polyvinyl alcohol fibers with morphocycline and neomycin and filamentous Letilan were applied in 802 patients in the past 4 years . These sutures display considerable antibacterial properties . The antibacterial effect of Letilan-Lavsan sutures is reduced during the healing because of formation of fibrous capsules, the fibers themselves not being deprived of their antibacterial properties for a long period . The Letilan fibers undergo gradual fragmentation and degradation . The antibacterial properties of polyvinyl alcohol fibers added with morphocycline and neomycin are retained for 2 months in the body tissues . The antibacterial Letilan-Lavsan sutures and filamentous Letilan sutures can be sterilized by autoclaving, applying hydrogen peroxide--formic acid mixture, gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide . The unsterilized antibacterial sutures can be used as cutaneous sutures in surgical procedures.

Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch, 1976, 103(1), 63 - 7
Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test: criteria for false positivity and its use in practice; Jedrzejczak WW et al.; The criteria for false positivity of the NBT test were described including absence of classical clinical signs of bacterial infection, negative blood (and, if necessary, other) cultures, and lack of response of antibacterial treatment as the basis for appreciation of positive NBT test result as false-positive . A case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with all the criteria being fulfilled was described.

Am J Med Technol, 1976 Jan, 42(1), 15 - 21
Neutrophil granules: A review; Bainton DF; Hematologists are familiar with the granules of leukocytes because they serve as a means of identification of certain white blood cells.19 It is now generally appreciated that the granules of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) store antibacterial agents and lysosomal enzymes until they are needed for the killing and digestion of phagocytized microorganisms.16 Within the framework of this well-known setting, this article presents some new data on the mode of formation and chemical content of PMN granules . In particular, the traditional view that azurophil (nonspecific) granules change into specific granules will be challenged.

J Dent Res, 1976 Jan, 55, A38 - 44
Conjugation methods in immunofluorescence; McKinney R et al.; We have described methods of labeling antibody preparations with FITC, TMRI, and RBI . The degree of labeling with FITC can be precisely controlled by using well-defined conjugation procedures and FITC of a known degree of purity . Our experience shows that relatively high F/P ratios of the order of 20 to 25 mug/mg are desirable for antibacterial conjugates . Many commercial preparations of rhodamine isothiocyanate are of very poor quality and are unsatisfactory for use in conjugate preparation . Therefore, one should analyze the rhodamine isothiocyanate product before preparing immune conjugates . Our experience indicates that very satisfactory conjugates of immune IgG or pure antibody can be prepared with TMRI of about 60% purity by using a dye-protein ratio of 20 mug/mg . The optimal dye-IgG ratio for labeling with RBI appears to be about two times that for labeling with TMRI because of the lower specific absorbance and fluorescence emission of RBI . Rhodamine conjugates may be preferred to FITC conjugates in certain situations where tissue autofluorescence interferes with the observation of the yellow-green emission of FITC . Furthermore, mixed rhodamine and FITC conjugates of different specificity can be used to great advantage in double-staining techniques that allow simultaneous screening for two antigenically different organisms on a single microscope slide.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1975 Dec, 30(12), 1031 - 8
{Thiourea derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and their cyclization products}; Russo F et al.; The synthesis and chemical behaviour of 1-methoxycarbonyl-3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thyoureas and 7-alkyl-2-methyltio-1,3,4-thiadiazolo {3,2-a}-s-triazine-4-ones is described . All compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1975 Dec, 30(12), 1017 - 24
{Reaction of 1,8-naphthyridine azides with ethyl acrylate}; Livi O et al.; The reaction of 1,8-naphthyridine azides with ethyl acrylate leads to the formation of 2-pyrazolines instead of 1,2,3-triazolines . Some of the compounds obtained have undergone pharmacological and microbiological (antibacterial) testing.

J Neurosurg, 1975 Dec, 43(6), 727 - 31
Prophylactic antibiotics and wound infections following laminectomy for lumber disc herniation; Horwitz NH et al.; The authors review 531 consecutive operations for lumbar disc herniation performed on 496 patients by one neurosurgeon to determine the effect of prophylactic antibiotics upon postoperative wound infections . In this retrospective analysis 16 instances of sepsis were found, 11 considered to be major and five minor . In the 128 cases in which no antibacterial agents were given, 11 major and 1 minor infection occurred . Four minor infections developed in the 402 occasions when antibiotics were given in the perioperative period . Men had a significantly greater risk of developing infection than women . These data suggest that pre- and postoperative antibiotic therapy directed at a narrow spectrum of microorganisms reduced the incidence of significant wound infections in patients undergoing laminectomy for lumbar disc herniation.

Pediatrics, 1975 Dec, 56(6), 1050 - 5
Mortality from tuberculous meningitis reduced by steroid therapy; Escobar JA et al.; In this study of 99 tuberculous meningitis patients from Cali, Colombia, treatment with steroids (in conjunction with antituberculous drugs) was shown to be more effective in reducing mortality than treatment with antibacterial drugs alone . Results further suggest that low dosages of steroids (1 mg/kg of prednisone daily for r 30 days) are equally effective in treating the disease as high dosages (10 mg/kg of prednisone at the start of treatment, gradually reduced over a 30-day period) . These results are band 4(-43 and -kk mg/100 ml) demonstrated cerebral release . Arterial blood hyperammonemia can be detoxified safely in the brain as long as the levels do not exceed approximately 300 mug/100 ml . Beyond that level lactic acidosis is observed, particularly in cerebral venous drainage . Arterial blood hyperammonemia was also related to the extent of alveolar hyperventilation . These findings are very similar to those seen in experimental hyperammonemia and support the concept that neurotoxicity in children with Reye's syndrome is at least partly due to impaired oxidative metabolism secondary to hyperammonemia.

J Histochem Cytochem, 1975 Dec, 23(12), 932 - 40
Tissue distribution of lysozyme in man; Klockars M et al.; The distribution of lysozyme (LZM) in normal human tissues was determined with the use of the immunoglobulin-enzyme (peroxidase) bridge method . LZM was detected in the following cells and tissues: secretory cells of the lacrimal gland, ductal epithelial cells of the parotid gland and the serous parts of the mixed sublingual glands, the esophageal submucosal glands, bronchial serous submucosal glands, gastric and pyloric glands, Brunner's glands of the duodenum, the Paneth cells of the small intestine, Kupffer cells of the liver and renal proximal tubular cells . In addition, LZM was also found in the mononuclear or polymorphonuclear cells of the placenta, lung, lamina propria of the small intestine, lymph nodes and spleen . This distribution of LZM is discussed in relation to its possible physiologic role in human tissues and particularly to its known antibacterial properties.

Cancer, 1975 Dec, 36(6), 2271 - 6
Successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infections in two patients with acute leukemia; Gercovich FG et al.; The diagnosis and successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infection in 2 adult patients with acute leukemia is reported . During induction therapy, the first patient developed pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions and abnormal liver function tests . Aspergillus niger was found on skin and liver biopsy . This patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and he remains in remission . The second patient developed a pneumonitis and adynamic ileus with positive sputum and stool cultures for Aspergillus niger . The infection only responded to Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and the leukemia to cytoreductive chemotherapy . The patient later relapsed and died after a febrile illness . Fungi morpholocially consistent with Aspergillus were found in the liver at autopsy . Infection with A . niger is rare even in this patient population; however fungal infections have become an increasing problem . The need for a high index of suspicion, especially when an infection is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics, the various diagnostic tools, and the need for aggressive therapy are stressed . Amphotericin B is the chemotherapy of choice but may be insufficient in a severely neutropenic host where the simultaneous use of granulocyte transfusions might be lifesaving.

Doc Ophthalmol, 1975 Nov 21, 39(1), 183 - 201
The experimental and clinical use of intravitreal antibiotics to treat bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis; Peyman GA et al.; The experimental data involving the use of 14 antibacterial and two antifungal agents have been used to establish a rationale for the management of human endophthalmitis . Twelve cases of endophthalmitis treated under our supervision have been described in detail . The eventual visual outcome is related to two factors: (1) time interval between diagnosis and institution of adequate therapy, and (2) the severity of the organism and its ability to produce exotoxins and proteolytic enzymes . Eleven of 12 cases were cured with the recommended dosages of gentamicin and dexamethasone (400 mcg and 360 mcg, respectively) . Eight of the 12 patients retained useful vision of 20/200 or better.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 Nov, 25(11), 1695 - 7
Microbiologic and pharmacologic properties of a new ampicillin derivative: Ampicillin-guaiacolsulfonate; Valcavi U et al.; Ampicillin-guaiacolsulfonate, a new derivative of ampicillin, preserves the antibacterial properties of ampicillin, is suitable for infection owing to its good water solubility and it has far higher stability in dry state than has sodium ampicillin . Ampicillin-guaiacolsulfonate is better orally absorbed in rabbit than is ampicillin . In vitro experiments carried out with the model system by Rosano and Schulman, and measurements of the intestinal absorption in the everted sac jejunal preparation, carried out with 14C-labelled compounds, demonstrate that the new ampicillin derivative is better absorbed by the intestine because of an increase in the intestinal permeability of the molecule itself.

Ann Surg, 1975 Nov, 182(5), 562 - 6
Studies in burns: XIV, Heling in burn wounds treated with Ethyl Linoleate alone or in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents; Jelenko C et al.; Studies of the efficacy, in terms of burned wound healing, of a mixture of Ethyl Linoleate (ethyl 9-12 (cis, cis) octadecadienoate) with alpha-1-histidine, alpha-tocopherol, and TBHQ (hELate) was undertaken in 12 swine . The species was selected so as to study an animal with skin anatomy similar to the human . Statistically significantly greater healing occurred in 730 C/7sec contact burns (20% BSA) treated with hELate than in untreated burns in pigs . Further, there was no contracture noted in the hELate treated lesions, while marked contracture occurred in the untreated burns . Additionally, we noted that there was a proportional increase in weight gain amongst swine studied as their burn lesions epithelialized . In order to evaluate the compatibility of hELate with selected, currently-used topical antibacterial agents, 154 rabbits with 20% 730 C/7 sec contact burns were studied . The lipid was applied (0.01 ml/cm2 burn) at 1 hour postburning; the topical agent was applied at 2 hours post-burn and every 24-hours . All animals were washed once daily . hELate was applied only once . We found no statistical difference in the number of subjects healed or in the mortality between animals treated with hELate alone and those treated with the agent plus Gentamycin cream, Neosporin cream, and silver sulfadiazine 1% in Unibase USP (compounded at Medical College of Georgia specifically and only for this study.) We suggest that Ethyl Linoleate agent (hELate) may be used safely in combination with selected antibacterial substances . Further, these selected combinations seem to be non-toxic and appear to allow the calorie-saving and healing effects of the lipid to proceed unimpeded.

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