Yeasts

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(8), 599 - 610
{Anabolic and catabolic enzymes of urea metabolism in a carbohydrate-utilizing strain of Candida guilliermondii}; Metz W et al.; The yeast "H" of the genus Candida guilliermondii can grow on hydrocarbons as the only source for carbon . Urea can serve as a nitrogen source for this yeast which lacks detectable urease activity . During urea metabolism ammonia has never been accumulated in the culture medium . However, transferring the yeast from complete urea-medium into an urea containing phophate-buffer, the degradation of urea continues and ammonia is accumulated as well as CO2 evolved . In cell-free extracts of the yeast urea amidolyase activity was detected in the presence of ATP, biotin and specific cations . Obviously, the synthesis of urea amidolyase is induced by urea and arginine and repressed by the catabolite ammonia . Similarly the synthesis of arginase is regulated by arginine and ammonia . The analytical data of the arginase action differ significantly in relation to the carbon source of the culture medium . Both the level of arginase and ornithine carbamyl-transferase change in a characteristic way during the batch-culture . From the lower level of arginase in relation to ornithine carbamyltransferase it can be concluded that especially in alkane-metabolizing yeast the arginine catabolism is not very intensive.

Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(4), 219 - 29
An analysis of factors influencing the isolation rate of herpes simplex virus; Tada A et al.; Attempts were made to improve the rate of isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from clinical specimens by minimizing loss of virus infectivity during transportation and employing the most sensitive cells for isolation . Basical analyses using standard strains of type 1 and type 2 HSV indicated that virus titer decrease was marked even at low temperatures in environments free of proteinous stabilizer such as normal serum or tissue extract, negating the generally held concept that HSV is stable in distilled water . YLE (Earle-lactalbumin HYDROLYSATE-YEAST EXTRACT) medium containing 20% inactivated calf serum was determined to be a transport medium of choice, because degradation of suspended virus during storage and freeze-thawing was negligible and loss of virus during Millipore filtration was minimal . Special coating of the membrane could also be obviated by the use of this solution . In a cell susceptibility test using clinical specimens, secondary rabbit kidney (SRK) cells were the most sensitive, showing a quick development of cytopathic effect . Vero and RK-13 cells were the second best, whereas monkey kidney, HeLa and L cells were far less sensitive . A total of 136 specimens from suspected cases, sent by dermatologists, were tested using SRK cells, and 99 strains of type 1 and 15 strains of type 2 HSV were isolated . Excluding one case from which vaccinia virus was isolated, the isolation rate of HSV was 84.4%.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Jan, 19(1), 101 - 24
Nonporous magnetic materials as enzyme supports: studies with immobilized chymotrypsin; Munro PA et al.; Chymotrypsin has been immobilized to several nonporous magnetic materials . Nickel particles were considered to be most suitable as immobilized enzyme supports . Chymotrypsin immobilized to nonporous magnetic supports was not fouled significantly by either whole milk or clarified yeast homogenate . AE-cellulose-chymotrypsin was rapidly fouled by both these materials and chymotrypsin immobilized to acrylic-based ion exchangers was slowly fouled . Immobilized enzyme activity was found to be inversely proportional to particle diameter for nonporous rock magnetic particles . Immobilization by adsorption and then glutaraldehyde crosslinking was used to produce controlled amounts of chymotrypsin on the particles . Esterolytic activity increased with enzyme loading but caseinolytic activity did not increase . Chymotrypsin is inhibited by metal ions from the magnetic supports . It is partially protected by use of a preliminary protein coating and may be reactivated by incubation with EDTA or BSA.

Eur J Biochem, 1977 Jan, 72(2), 309 - 15
Preparation of coenzymic activity of soluble polyethyleneimine-bound NADP+ derivatives; Zappelli P et al.; Alkylation at N-1 of the NADP+ adenine ring with 3,4-epoxybutanoic acid gave 1-(2-hydroxy-3-carboxypropyl)-NADP+ . Enzymic reduction of the latter, followed by alkaline Dimroth rearrangement and enzymic reoxidation, gave N6-(2-hydroxy-3-carboxypropyl)-NADP+ . On the other hand, bromination at C-8 of the NADP+ adenine ring, followed by reaction with the disodium salt of 3-mercaptroproionic acid, gave 8-(2-carboxyethylthio)-NADP+ . Carbodimide coupling of the three carboxylic NADP+ derivatives to polyethyleneimine afforded the corresponding macromolecular NADP+ analogues . The carboxylic and the polyethyleneimine derivatives synthesized have been shown to be co-enzymically active with yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, liver glutamate dehydrogenase and yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase . The degree of efficiency relative to NADP+ with the three enzymes ranged from 17% to 100% for the carboxylic derivatives and from 1% to 36% for the polyethyleneimine analogues . On comparing the efficiences with the three enzymes of the N-1 derivatives to the one of the corresponding N6 anc C-8 analogues, the order of activity was N-1 greater than N6 greater C-8, except in the case of the carboxylic compounds with glutamate dehydrogenase, where this order was inverted . None of these modified cofactors were active with pig heart isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Med J Zambia, 1976 Dec-1977 Jan, 10(6), 157 - 9
The treatment of trichomonal vaginitis using single dose tinidazole (Fasigyn-Pfizer); Wacha DS; A total of twenty eight patients living in a around the City of Lusaka, Zambia were subjected to a drug trial to determine the effect of a single oral dose of Tinidazole (Fasigyn Pfizer) in the treatment of Trichomonal Vaginitis . All the twenty eight patients were proven cases of Trichomonal Vaginitis from microscopy of cervical smears . Two grammes of Fasigyn were used as a single oral dose with yeast as Placebo . Twenty patients were originally treated with Fasigyn and eight received yeast . However two patients in the Fasigyn group absconded, but one later reported satisfactory results . The husbands of two others were untreated . Four patients had other vaginal infections . A microscopic cure rate of 100% and a corrected clinical cure rate of 93.3% was obtained using fasigyn . The side effects were minimal and the patients themselves regarded them as mild.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Dec, 114(6), 1179 - 83
Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from pigeon manure; Sarosi GA et al.; We recently diagnosed and treated a 45-year-old white male horticulturist with acute progressive blastomycosis . Epidemiologic studies revealed that the patient used a load of pigeon manure as fertilizer approximately 6 weeks before becoming ill . He used the pigeon manure only once, resealed the remainder, and stored it in his hothouse . Samples of the pigeon guano were digested with 10 per cent KOH, and the characteristic yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis were seen in large numbers . The fungus was cultured from another sample of the same material . This is the first time that the pathogenic fungus B . dermatitidis has been isolated from the environment in association with a human case.

Arch Surg, 1976 Dec, 111(12), 1404 - 5
Postoperative acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopsis glabrata; Miller DD; Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopis glabrata, an opportunistic yeast, developed postoperatively in a 70-year-old man who had an extremely complicated course after resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm . The infection first appeared as an acute surgical abdomen, three days after resumption of solid food intake subsequent to a prolonged ileus and after 31 days of parenteral hyperalimentation . The condition was successfully treated by cholecystostomy; at the time of writing, six months after cholecystostomy, there are no gastrointestinal symptoms.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 241 - 9
Proteolytic activation and inactivation of chitin synthetase from Mucor rouxii; Ruiz-Herrera J et al.; Crude chitin synthetase preparations from the mycelial and yeast forms of Mucor rouxii behaved differently . The mycelial preparations, incubated at 28 degrees C, lost virtually all chitin synthetase activity in a few hours; by contrast, the activity of enzyme preparations from yeast cells increased several fold during similar incubations . These spontaneous changes were probably caused by endogenous protease(s) . Seemingly, the chitin synthetase in yeast preparations was present mainly in a latent, 'zymogenic', form that was activated by proteases . In the mycelial preparations, chitin synthetase was present mainly in an active state and was rapidly degraded by endogenous proteolysis . Exogenous proteases accelerated activation and destruction of chitin synthetase; an acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis was the most effective activator . The activation of chitin synthetase was inhibited by a soluble protein in the cell-free extract . Treatment with the detergent Brij 36T stabilized the chitin synthetase of crude preparations against spontaneous changes . Stabilized preparations were rapidly activated by exogenous proteases . The different behaviour of chitin synthetases in crude extracts of mycelium and yeast cells is consistent with, and perhaps partially responsible for, the differences in wall construction between mycelial and yeast forms of M . rouxii.

J Med Chem, 1976 Dec, 19(12), 1371 - 7
Design of substrate-site-directed inhibitors of adenylate kinase and hexokinase . Effect of substrate substituents on affinity on affinity for the adenine nucleotide sites; Hampton A et al.; Nineteen derivatives of adenosine 5'-phosphate (AMP) bearing acylaminomethyl, acetoxy, or alkylaminomethyl substituents on the phosphate-ribose bridge (5' and O-5' positions) of AMP together with 2',3'-O-ethylidene, 2',3',-O-isopropylidene, and 2',3'-di-O-acetyl derivatives of AMP have been synthesized . Their substrate and/or competitive inhibitor properties with pig rabbit muscle AMP kinases indicate that all the substituents except 2',3'-O-ethlidene with the pig enzyme permitted binding of AMP at its enzymic site . Determination of enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constants showed that several compounds with substituents on the ribose-phosphate bridge bind as well or better than AMP . The affinity is ascribed in part to interaction between substituents and a lipophilic region of the enzymes adjacent to the ribose-phosphate bridge in the enzyme-AMP complexes . The enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constants reveal a structural dissimilarity between the pig and rabbit enzymes in the vicinity of the lipophilic region . The substrate and inhibitor properties of eight ATP derivatives gave evidence that affinity of ATP for its substrate site on the AMP kinases is compatible with acetyl- or chloroacetylaminomethyl groups at the phosphate-ribose bridge or with 2',3'-O-ethylidene or isopropylidene residues . The yeast hexokinase-ATP complex tolerated an acetylaminomethyl group at C-5' or a benzoylaminomethyl group adjacent to O-5' . The present findings regarding substituent tolerance could be used in the design of adenine nucleotide site-directed irreversible inhibitors.

Biokhimiia, 1976 Dec, 41(12), 2220 - 8
{Mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids on respiratory chain of mitochondria}; Akimenko VK et al.; The mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids and their derivatives on respiratory chain of rat liver and Candida lipolytica yeast mitochondria was studied . The alkaloids were shown to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain . The site of their action is localized between b and c cytochromes . Besides their ability to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain, alkaloids are shown to be specific inhibitors of "exogenous" NADH-dehydrogenase of C . lipolytica yeast mitochondria . In addition to their inhibiting properties alkaloids can stimulate ATPase activity of mitochondria . O-alkylation of pseudane-IX permits to differentiate the inhibiting and uncoupling properties of this alkaloid.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Dec 1, 111(1-2), 123 - 35
Cytochemical studies on the localization of methanol oxidase and other oxidases in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha; Veenhuis M et al.; The localization of methanol oxidase activity in cells of methanol-limited chemostat cultures of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been studied with different cytochemical staining techniques . The methods were based on enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme during aerobic incubations of whole cells in methanol-containing media . The results showed that methanol-dependent hydrogen peroxide production in either fixed or unfixed cells exclusively occurred in peroxisomes, which characteristically develop during growth of this yeast on methanol . Apart from methanol oxidase and catalase, the typical peroxisomal enzymes D-aminoacid oxidase and L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase were also found to be located in the peroxisomes . Urate oxidase was not detected in these organelles . Phase-contrast microscopy of living cells revealed the occurrence of peroxisomes which were cubic of form . This unusual shape was also observed in thin sections examined by electron microscopy . The contents of the peroxisomes showed, after various fixation procedures, a completely crystalline or striated substructure . It is suggested that this substructure might represent the in vivo organization structure of the peroxisomal enzymes.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Dec, 71(1), 301 - 8
Acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase of Candida lipolytica . 2 . Regulation of cellular content and synthesis of the enzyme; Mishina M et al.; The level of acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase activity in Candida lipolytica undergoes large variations depending upon the carbon source on which the yeast is grown . Cells grown on n-alkanes or fatty acids exhibit a lower activity level than do cells grown on glucose . Among the n-alkanes and fatty acids tested, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, oleic acid and linoleic acid reduce the enzyme activity to the lowest levels, which are 16-18% of the activity level in glucose-grown cells . Immunochemical titrations and Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis with specific antibody as well as kinetic studies have indicated that the observed decrease in the level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity is due to a reduction in the cellular content of the enzyme . Furthermore, isotopic leucine incorporation studies with the use of the immunoprecipitation technique have demonstrated that the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme in oleic-acid-grown cells is diminished to 12% of that in glucose-grown cells . Evidence has also been obtained to support the view that the enzyme in this yeast is not degraded at a rate high enough to contribute to the marked decrease in the cellular content of the enzyme . Thus, it is concluded that the reduction in acetyl-CoA carboxylase content in fatty-acid-grown cells is due to diminished synthesis of the enzyme.

Biochimie, 1976 Nov 13, 58(9), 1089 - 100
Structural studies on RNA from Bombyx mori L . I . Nucleoside composition of enriched tRNA species from the posterior silkgland purified by coutercurrent distribution; Garel JP et al.; A large scale fractionation of tRNA from the posterior silkgland of the silkworm Bombyx mori L . by countercurrent distribution is described . One single 1,500 transfer distribution carried out with Phosphate buffer-Fromamide-Isopropanol (PFI) solvent system yields highly enriched isoaccepting species with increasing mobility order: tRNA1Gly, tRNA1-2Ala, tRNATyr, tRNA2Gly, tRNA1Ser and tRNA2Ser with 75%, 70%, 90%, 60%, 60%, and 90% purities respectively . Nucleosides fingerprint analysis of each iso-tRNA species confirms the anticodon structures previously suggested for tRNA2Ala (IGC), tRNA2bGly (U-CC) (U-CC) and tRNA2bSer (IGA) . Twenty two minor nucleosides, three of them with unknown structure, have been detected . They are: m5C in tRNA1Gly, m1I in all tRNAAla species, polar A and U called X in tRNATyr, polar U derivative in tRNAGly2, mt6A in tRNASer1 and i6A tRNA2Ser . Both tRNASer species have m3C and ac7C . We do not detect Q, Y and thiol derivatives . The elution characteristics of silkgland tRNA species may be expressed in a semilogarithmic diagram where log K (K is the partition coefficient) is related to the base ratio A/Y) and the coding properties . The distribution pattern of silkgland tRNAs has been compared with that of Yeast and Rat liver tRNAs fractionated by countercurrent distribution with the PFI and PMB (Potassium phosphate buffer, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-butoxy ethanol) solvent systems.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Nov, 21(11), 974 - 9
{Polysaccharide biological activity dependent on structural characteristics}; Aksenov OA et al.; Anti-Influenza and interferonogenic activity of polysaccharides from the glucane class produced extracellularly by the yeast-like organism Aureobasidium pollulans was studied on albino mice . The polysaccharides differed from each other by the branching level and content of bonds beta-C1-C3 and alpha-C1-C between the monomers . At the moment of the drugs administration to the albino mice the level of the early interferon was in correlation with the following 2 factors: the level of the polysaccharide branching and the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C3, while the amount of interferon produced in 24 hours correlated only with the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C4 . The anti-influenza activity of the polysaccharides depended on the level of interferon production induced by them in the mice . Preparations stimulating production of sufficient amounts of both early and later interferon had the maximum activity.

Can J Biochem, 1976 Nov, 54(11), 927 - 34
Purification of an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase from Candida utilis; Villa TG et al.; An exo-1,3-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.-) has been purified from the culture fluid of the yeast Candida utilis, and its biochemical properties have been studied . The amino acid analysis revealed a high content of acidic amino acids . The purified enzyme had 20% carbohydrate and a net negative charge showing higher affinity for laminarin than for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and yeast cell-wall 1,3-beta-glucans . In addition, the enzyme hydrolyzed the substrates starting from the nonreducing ends, releasing glucose as the exclusive hydrolysis product . The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by lactones and also by some heavy-metal ions.

Br J Nutr, 1976 Nov, 36(3), 449 - 56
Nutritional evaluation of the protein of dried tomato pomace in the rat; Drouliscos NJ; 1 . Nutritional evaluation of dried tomato pomace (DTP-20) as a source of protein was carried out using weanling rats . Comparisons were made with casein (CS), soya-bean meal (SOM-45) and the hydrocarbon-grown yeast Toprina (BP-T) . The growth-promoting effects of the diets were evaluated over a period of 28 d of ad lib . feeding . 2 . The unsupplemented DPT-20 had a protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 2-18 +/- 0-13 and a net protein utilization (NPU) of 0-55 . The addition of DL-methionine (5 g/kg) resulted in a PER of 1-74 +/- 0-15 (t 2-99, P less than 0-01) and a NPU of 0-40, while the addition of an amino acid mixture resulted in a PER of 2-33 +/- 0-08 (t 1-84, P greater than 0-1) and a NPU of 0-70 . 3 . The reason for the decrease in growth and the reduced PER and NPU values recorded for the methionine-supplemented group of rats is not clear and it is discussed in connexion with an imbalance or a slight toxicity caused by the added amino acid.

Gastroenterology, 1976 Nov, 71(5), 715 - 9
Candida esophagitis: a prospective study of 27 cases; Kodsi BE et al.; A prospective study of candida esophagitis was undertaken to determine the spectrum of this disease in a general hospital . During 1 year, in 370 consecutive endoscopies, 27 patients with Candida esophagitis were detected . The diagnosis was established by finding white plaques on endoscopy, yeast organisms on microscopic examination of a direct smear from the plaques, and a serum agglutinin titer of at least 1:160 . Of these 27 patients, 14 had esophageal symptoms . Twelve patients were reendoscoped after nystatin or nystatin and flucytosine therapy . Nine patients showed absence of lesions, a negative smear, and disappearance of symptoms . Control patients had no plaques on endoscopy, no yeast organisms on microscopical examination of esophageal brushings, and a positive titer in 4 to 17% of cases . A minimal agglutinin titer of 1:160 was found in 4 to 12% of two additional groups on controls . Absence of titer precluded a diagnosis of Candida esophagitis.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1976 Nov-Dec, 31(11-12), 741 - 5
{Experimental investigations on ultraweak photonemission form biological systems (author's transl)}; Ruth B et al.; Measurements on untreated yeast cells, potato- and cucumber seedlings have confirmed the existence of photon emission from biological systems known as "ultraweak luminescence" . The intensity is of the order of 10(2) counts per second, and the spectral distrubtion shows a maximum near 550 nm . The dependence of th photon emission on certain chemicals has been investigated . Some chemicals, as for instance acetone, intensify the photon emission from cucumber seedlings without essential change of the spectral distribution . On the other hand, NaCl leads to a shift to the red region of the spectrum . The treatment of EAT-cells by 4-Hydroperoxycyclofosfamide involves a nonlinear enhancement of the intensity with increasing concentration . There are some indications that collective interactions of the system are more appropriate than simple chemiluminescence reactions.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Nov-Dec, 45(6), 1005 - 11
{Transitional state of Candida utilis chemostat culture after shock caused by a low pH value of the medium during 1 generation}; Rabotnova IL et al.; Transitional states of Candida utilis BKM Y-1668 were found during its growth in conditions of chemostat at D of 0.1 hr(-1) and glycerol limit after a shock caused by an extreme pH value (2.2) . The optical density of the cells, the amount of dry biomass and protein, the activity of respiration, the content of ATP, and the activity of ATPase decreased, the character of the decrease being that of damped oscillations . Qualitative changes were detected in the activity of respiration, oxygen uptake was not inhibited by cyanide . More glycerol and phosphorus are utilized in processes of vital activity . Therefore, a sharp change of pH values causes profound changes in the metabolism of the yeast cell.

Arch Dermatol Res, 1976 Oct 27, 256(3), 247 - 54
Influences of retinoic acid and retinoid on skin metabolism . Investigations of oxygen consumption and enzymatic activities of human skin; Raab WP et al.; All-trans retinoic acid and its derivative retinoid, two new compounds with expanding therapeutic spectrum in dermatology, were investigated in biochemical assays . Both substances provoke an increase in oxygen consumption of rat skin whereas in human skin only retinoid was found active in this respect . In resting yeast cells, both substances failed to exert any significant influence on oxygen consumption.--Pure G-6-PDH was inhibited by retinoic acid and retinoid in concentrations as low as 5 mug/ml . In human skin homogenates, LDH-, GAPDH-, and G-6-PDH-activities were inhibited by retinoic acid whereas GOT-, LAP-, and ALD-activites remained practically unchanged following an incubation with retinoic acid in concentrations between 1 and 100 mug/ml for 60 min.--The data collected in this study were briefly discussed with regard to the use of retinoic acid and its derivatives in psoriasis.

Nature, 1976 Oct 14, 263(5578), 567 - 72
Nucleotide rigidity; Evans FE et al.; It is show that in aqueous solution the backbone conformation of adenosine is as much flexible as that of 3'-AMP, 5'-AMP and 3', 5'-ADP indicating that nucleotides are not any more rigid than nucleosides . The flexible conformation of the monomeric components is conserved in the nucleotidyl units of destacked ApA, ApApA and poly(A), but it is not conserved in base stacked conditions . The findings are extended to guanosine, uridine and cytidine systems . It is projected that in aqueous solution, conformations of the individual nucleotidyl units of yeast tRNAhe are confined to the classically stable domains in the base stacked region and non-rigid flexible structures populate in the unstacked region comprising D16, D17, G20, U47 and A76.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Oct 11, 445(3), 632 - 44
Phosphoglycerate kinase from young and old Turbatrix aceti; Gupta SK et al.; Phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate-1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) from young and old Turbatrix aceti has been purified to homogeneity . The "old" enzyme exhibits a marked reduction in specific activity both in crude homogenates and in pure form when compared to preparations from young nematodes . The specific activities for pure "young" and "old" enzymes are 650-750 and 300-400 units/mg, respectively . All other properties of "young" and "old" enzymes were nearly identical, including molecular weight (43 000), Km, behavior on columns, thermal stability and mobility during gel electrophoresis at three pH values . The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanism of formation of "altered" enzymes . In addition, certain properteis of the nematode phosphoglycerate kinase are compared with those of the enzyme from yeast and rabbit muscle.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 Oct, 80(4), 767 - 76
Ribonucleases from porcine brain . Partial purification and properties; Nishikawa K et al.; 1 . An acid ribonuclease was partially purified from an acetone powder of porcine brain . This enzyme was an acidic protein with a molecular weight of aroung 70,000 . It acted on yeast RNA optimally at about pH 5.9, yielding only a mixture of 3'-mononucleotides, and therefore appears to be an exonuclease . It did not hydrolyze heat-denatured calf thymus DNA or bis(rho-nitrophenyl) phosphate . It was fairly unstable to heat and acid . 2 . An alkaline ribonuclease was partially purified from the same source simultaneously . This enzyme was a basic protein with a molecular weight of 25,000-26,000 . It was a pyrimidine-specific endoribonuclease, and acted on yeast RNA optimmally at around pH 7.4 . It did not hydrolyze heat-denatured calf thymus DNA or bis(rho-nitrophenyl) phosphate . It was fairly stable to heat and acid.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 22(10), 1415 - 24
Endosymbionts of Sitodrepa panicea; Bismanis JE; Morphological and physiological characteristics of seven strains of yeast-like symbionts isolated from Sitodrepa panicea justify their inclusion into the genus Torulopsis as a new species: T . buchnerii . The symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial: the symbionts obtain some nitrogenous compounds and carbohydrates, such as proline and trehalose from the host's hemolymph, and synthesize and make available to the host all the essential amino acids and vitamins, except biotin.

J Lab Clin Med, 1976 Oct, 88(4), 640 - 8
Regulation of some functions of granulocytes by zinc of the prostatic fluid and prostate tissue; Stankova L et al.; Oxygen consumption, phagocytosis, and activity of hexosomonophosphate shunt (HMS) of dog and human polystyrene latex-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were inhibited by normal and infected human prostatic fluid (PF) and prostate extract; resting cells were not affected . Granulocytes incubated in 7 per cent PF increased five times their zinc content . Inorganic zinc added to synthetic medium which contained activated granulocytes also inhibited O2 consumption and phagocytosis of yeast particles in a concentration-dependent manner; resting cells were not affected . Incubation of PF with CaNa2 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) abolished the inhibitory effect of PF; extensive dialysis of PF against this chelating agent reduced the inhibition by half . After the PF was dialyzed against saline, the low molecular weight dialysate retained inhibitory effects . Extracts from dog liver, spleen, and human saliva were not inhibitory . Polyamines, which next to zinc are also present in PF in high concentrations, had no effect on granulocytes, O2 consumption, and HMS activity . Human as well as dog PF were inhibitory to human or dog granulocytes, respectively . Besides granulocytes, rat peritoneal macrophages were inhibited by PF as well . It is concluded that PF and extract from prostate inhibit various functions of phagocytes mainly because of high concentration of zinc . The existence of other, large molecular weight, heat-resistant substances in PF which contribute to zinc effect cannot be ruled out.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Oct, 37(10), 1195 - 200
Effects of parturition and lactation on blood and milk cell concentrations, corticosteroids, and neutrophil phagocytosis in the cow; Guidry AJ et al.; Blood differential leukocytes, erythrocytes, milk somatic cells, and neutrophil phagocytosis in 14 Holstein-Friesian cows were measured at 2-day intervals for 2 weeks before parturition, on the day of parturition, on postpartum days 1,2,5,10,15, and 30, and at monthly intervals throughout lactation . Circulating corticosteroids were measured in 6 cows on days -6, -4, -2, on the day of parturition, and on days +1, +2, +5, +10, +15, +30, and +60 . Circulating neutrophils on day -2 on the day of parturition, on days 2, 10, and 15 averaged 3,363, 5,889, 3,085, 4,116, and 3,558/mm, respectively . The increase in neutrophils at parturition was accompanined by an increase in corticosteroids (2.7, 9.0, 11.1, 6.1, and 5.4 ng/ml of blood plasma on days -4 and -2, on the day of parturition, and on days +1 and +2, respectively) . The phagocytic ability of circulating neutrophils was determined by incubating yeast cells with whole blood (30 minutes, 37 C) and microscopically counting yeast cells per neutrophil . Mean yeast cells per neutrophil decreased (P less than 0.01) during the 2nd week after parturition (7.4, 6.5, 6.6, and 7.2 on days +2, +10, +15, and +30, respectively) . But this decrease was compensated for by an increase in circulating neutrophils during the same period.

Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1976 Oct, 15(2), 377 - 80
Detection of nucleic acid-protein complexes by equilibrium ultracentrifugation; Lanks KW et al.; Formation of complexes between yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA and phenylalanyl aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase is shown to occur under equilibrium conditions in the analytical ultracentrifuge . The technique of equilibrium sedimentation should be useful for the detection of transient associations between proteins and nucleic acids when only small amounts of unlabeled, but highly purified, materials are available.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1976 Oct, 3(10), 2749 - 55
Sequence determination of the 3' terminal T1 oligonucleotide of 18S ribosomal RNA; Eladari ME et al.; We have reexamined the primary structure of the 3' terminal oligonucleotide of 18S RNA from chicken fibroblasts and have shown, contrary to previously published results that this extremity G-A-U-C-A-U-U-AOH is identical to that of the rabbit, drosophila and bombyx . Furthermore the electrophoretic mobility and composition of the 3' terminal oligonucleotides of 18S RNA from rat and human cells are similar to that of other RNAs and show that the identity of structure for this region of 18S RNA extends to include all tested species between yeast and man . This finding reveals a marked degree of evolutionary constraint on the structure of this region.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1976 Oct, 58(4), 471 - 6
Cytotoxic testing for food allergy: evaluation of reproducibility and correlation; Benson TE et al.; Cytotoxic food tests still present conflicting opinions concerning their validity . Nine atopic patients with or without a history of food allergy were studied along with 5 nonatopic patients . All tests were conducted in a double-blind fashion with 6 determinations for each of 10 food antigens . Reproducibility of the test (5/6 positive or negative) was demonstrated with wheat, milk, yeast, chocolate, and orange . In the nonatopic group, reproducible results were obtained for wheat, egg, yeast, chocolate, and chicken . Clinical correlation with 11 foods in 7 patients was demonstrated . However, there were 46 positive tests without correlation and 2 negative tests with positive histories . Therefore, there appears to be reproducibility of the tests to only 3 foods but no apparent correlation with clinical symptoms . At the present time, cytotoxic tests offer no reliable help in establishing the diagnosis of food allergy.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Sep 25, 251(18), 5745 - 51
Properties of a human liver ribonuclease . Inhibition by polynucleotides and specificity for phosphodiester bond cleavage to yield purine nucleosides at the 5' termini; Frank JJ et al.; A ribonuclease, purified 2500-fold from human liver, was found to be inactive against synthetic homopolynucleotides, whereas synthetic co-polymers containing adenylic acid were rapidly degraded . The specificity of the RNase is unique in that only purine residues, in a 5:4 ratio of guanylic to adenylic acid, are found at the 5' termini of the degradation products of yeast RNA . No specificity was observed at the 3' termini of the fragments . When analyzed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, approximately 80% of the oligonucletoides were 4 to 11 residues in length . The hydrolysis of RNA by the liver enzyme, when examined in low ionic strength buffer, could be increased severalfold over control levels by the addition of polyamines . The enzyme was found to exist as two distinct species on sucrose gradients, with molecular weights of 128,000 and 14,000 . However, the addition of spermidine to the gradients resulted in the recovery of all the enzyme activity as the smaller species . The polyamines were also shown to reverse the inhibition of the enzyme by the ordered polynucleotides, polyguanylic acid and polyadenylic acid . Inhibition of enzyme activity by the polyadenylic acid segment of various mammalian mRNAs was also demonstrated.

Biochemistry, 1976 Sep 7, 15(18), 3925 - 32
Catalytic activation of transfer ribonucleic acid by a mammalian protein; Dickman SR et al.; A tRNA activator has been isolated from mammalian organs which increases the capability of tRNA to accept certain amino acids through the action of mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases . This activity may be separated from the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for isoleucine, lysine, serine, and methionine by fractionation of liver or pancreas cytosol with ammonium sulfate or by chromatography over Sephadex G-200 . The tRNA activating material is nondialyzable and is destroyed by trypsin or short heating . It acts catalytically . A molecular weight of approximately 45,000 was obtained by chromatography of tRNA activator on a calibrated Sephadex G-150 column . Activator increases acceptance of yeast tRNA for the amino acids isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, and methionine . It shows higher activity on liver tRNAMet f, tRNAMet m, and tRNALys than on unfractionated liver tRNA . Removal of protein from mammalian tRNA by extra phenol extractions, chromatography, or proteinase treatment increases its response to activator.

Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol, 1976 Sep-Oct, 12(5), 399 - 404
{Activity of valyl-tRNA-synthetase and alanyl-tRNA-synthetase in intact and denervated rabbit muscles}; Teslenko LV et al.; The rate of acylation of non-fractionated tRNA from baker yeast and beef liver with valine-I-C14 and alanine-I-C14 had been measured . The yeast tRNA was found to be the active acceptor of valine while the beef tRNA intensively accepted alanine . The specific activities of valyl- and alanyl-tRNA synthetases from intact m . soleus (red) when measured with yeast tRNA were 4.3 and 3.3 times higher than the activities of the respective enzymes from intact m . gastrocnemius (mixed) . 30 days after sciatic nerve section the activities of both aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in denervated red and mixed muscles had become nearly equal . Equalization of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific activities in the denervated muscles occured as a result of the changes in the catalytic properties and, possibly, in the intracellular concentration of the enzymes.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 153 - 8
Matrix-bound phosphoglucose isomerase . Formation and properties of monomers and hybrids; Bruch P et al.; Dimeric phosphoglucose isomerase from rabbit muscle was immobilized by reaction with cyanogen-bromide-activated Sephrose 4B . The catalytic parameters and stability properties of the free and matrix-bound isomerases were essentially identical . Total monomerisation of the matrix-bound enzyme was achieved with 8 M urea as determined by a study in which one subunit was labelled with iodo{14C}acetate and the other with the 3H-labelled reagent . Although matrix-bound monomers were devoid of isomerase activity, they were still capable of binding the substrate . Matrix-bound monomers exhibited the ability to redimerize with soluble isomerase subunits from either rabbit or human yielding catalytically active dimers . Yeast isomerase monomers, in contrast, did not yield active hybrids with the rabbit monomers . Furthermore, soluble subunits, which had been inactivated with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were also capable of hybridizing with and inducing catalytic activity in the matrix-bound monomers . These studies indicate the prerequisite of dimer formation for catalytic activity but the independent action of the catalytic centers of the dimer.

Genetics, 1976 Sep, 84(1), 77 - 94
Environmental determination of selective significance or neutrality of amylase variants in Drosophila melanogaster; De Jong G et al.; Strains homozygous at the amylase locus were derived from a polymorphic laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster . The Amy4,6 strain has higher enzyme activity than Amy1 strain.-Maltose has the same nutritional value as starch.- The effect of starch in pure culture depends on the yeast level . At low yeast level increasing starch increases survival, at high yeast level increasing starch increases mean dry weight . The strains do not differ in survival or mean dry weight in pure culture.--In mixed cultures at 50% input of Amy4,6 and Amy1 as larvae the percentage Amy4,6 in adults is present with increasing maltose at low yeast levels in mixed culture . The increase in percentage Amy4,6 with increasing starch must be due to selection on the amylase locus working by competition for food in the larval stage . The single locus selection coefficient is determined by the environment and can reach quite high values.--Viability selection in the presence of starch is in the direction indicated by the enzyme activities.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 159 - 68
Structural analyses of mutant and wild-type alcohol dehydrogenases from drosophila melanogaster; Schwartz MF et al.; Four genetic variants of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster have been examined: wild-type F-enzyme (from the AdhF strain), the D-type mutant form (from the AdhD strain), which is catalytically active, and two proteins lacking enzymic activity (from the Adhn11 and Adhn5 strains) . The proteins were compared by mapping of tryptic peptides . One pair of difference peptides was seen in the comparisons of the D and F-type enzymes . These peptides were purified and their sequences determined . The difference between the two proteins was shown to be an exchange at a single position of glycine in the F for glutamic acid in the D-type protein . This exchange is consistent with the greater acidity of alcohol dehydrogenase from the AdhD strain and can be produced by a single base mutation . The difference between the n11 and F-type proteins was not detected and is suggested to be in a large tryptic peptide . In addition to the difference peptides, other fragments from Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase were isolated and analyzed . The sequences determined account for approximately 50% of the amino acids in the protein and include regions around the two cysteine residues as well as possible terminal structures . All peptides analyzed were examined for structural identities with horse and yeast alcohol dehydrogenases . No clearly significant similarities were seen between the Drosophila enzyme and the other two proteins but low degrees of homology are possible . From the variations in cysteine-containing regions large differences appear to exist between the active sites of the insect enzyme and the other alcohol dehydrogenases.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1976 Sep, 94(9), 1513 - 9
Granulomatous necrotizing retinochoroiditis caused by Sporotrichum schenkii . Report of a case including immunofluorescence and electron microscopical studies; Font RL et al.; A middle-aged man had blurred vision, redness, and pain in the right eye . Ophthalmoscopic examination revealed slowly progressive necrotizing retinitis in the peripheral superonasal quadrant . The clinical impression was toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, but lesions failed to respond to steroids, pyrimethamine, and sulfonamides . The eye was enucleated and, histopathologically, showed necrotizing granulomatous retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis, numerous cigarshaped, yeast-like organisms located within the necrotic retina and subretinally, and a subretinal asteroid body . Organisms were identified as Sporotrichum schenkii by immunofluorescence techniques . Electron microscopical studies of the fungus disclosed an unusually thickened capsule with a well-developed cell wall, the outer portion of which exhibited a radiating pattern of granular filamentous material . The ability of S schenkii to cause endophthalmitis in a patient without apparent primary infection should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of a cryptogenic, slowly progressive intraocular infection.

Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 1976 Sep, 72(6), 753 - 62
{Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (flurbiprofen)}; Masumoto S et al.; Anti-inflammatory mechanism of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (Flurbiprofen, FP-70) was studied by various analysis in comparison with other drugs . It was found in the test of rat edema induced by various phlogists that carrageenin and yeast-induced edemas were markedly inhibited by FP-70, whereas dextran, formalin, serotonin and bradykinin-induced edemas were scarcely inhibited by FP-70 . The action of FP-70 was similar to that of soy bean trypsin inhibitor . However, FP-70 showed no effects on kinin synthetase and kininase . FP-70 showed a marked inhibition on prostaglandin synthesis . The inhibitory effect of FP-70 was 10.1, 96.5 and 2280.6 times as large as indomethacin, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid, respectively . FP-70 did not inhibit the permeability of dye induced by prostaglandin E2 in the rat skin . FP-70 inhibited the acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities of isolated lysosome of rat liver and also suppressed the release of acid phosphatase from the lysosome . These effects were similar to those of indomethacin . On the other hand, FP-70 suppressed markedly the heat-induced hemolysis of dog erythrocytes . The effect was similar to that of indomethacin and was 10 times stronger than those of ibuprofen, ibufenac and phenylbutazone . Activation of rat liver mitochondrial ATPase by FP-70 at a concentration of 10 muM was 74.7%, while indomethacin showed 37.8% activation at the same concentration . FP-70 as well as ibuprofen and phenylbutazone uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria . From the above and previously reported results, it is suggested that the potent anti-inflammatory action of FP-70 is the result of the following effects; inhibition on the protein and leucocyte migration, inhibition on the prostaglandin synthesis, stabilization of the cell membrane and activation of ATPase.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Sep, 127(3), 1063 - 9
Effect of chloramphenicol on the electron systems in Ustilago cynodontis; Durieu-Trautmann O et al.; The mycelial cells of Ustilago cynodontis possess at least two electron transport systems: a cyanide-sensitive cytochrome pathway, which represents the major route for electron transport, and an alternative cyanide-insensitive pathway, inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid . In the presence of chloramphenicol in the culture medium, mycelial cells respire only by the alternatuve chain . The stable induced yeast-like cells, obtained by prolonged chloramphenicol treatment of the mycelial cells, respire as the untreated mycelial cells; this result indicates that the phenotypic change induced by chloramphenicol is not related to a modification of the respiratory system.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 13 - 9
A low-molecular-weight ATPase from wheat-seedling mitochondria; Tuppy H et al.; An ATPase which strikingly differed from the mitochondrial ATPases of yeast and of animal tissues was obtained when wheat seedling mitochondria, or electron transport particles derived from them, were subjected to ultrasonication and treated with ammonium sulphate . The enzyme which was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex (A50) failed to be inactivated as low as 43 000 . The enzyme preparation was capable of hydrolysing ADP, in addition to ATP, and several other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates . In contrast to the ATPase of animal mitochondria, the activity of the wheat enzyme was almost as insensitive to oligomycin in intact mitochondria as it was after isolation from the organelles.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 5 - 12
Isolation and partial characterization of the cytochrome oxidase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris; King MT et al.; The cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) of Rhodopseudomonas palustris was extracted with Triton X-100 plus KCl, from the membrane fraction of cells grown aerobically in the dark . The solubilized enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose . The purification resulted in a 108-fold enrichment of cytochrome oxidase on the basis of specific activity when compared to the membrane fraction . The purified enzyme was phosphate-sensitive (less than mM), oxidized reduced bovine, horse and yeast cytochrome c, and was inhibited 50% by 0.5 muM KCN or 7 muM NaN3 . The native purified preparation migrated as one band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In the presence of dodecylsulfate four major polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 30500, 25500, 12200 and 9500 were observed . The enzyme reacted with oxygen via cytochrome o . The purified preparation contained cytochrome c but was free of flavoproteins and NADH-linked and succinate-linked enzyme activities of the respiratory chain.

Experientia, 1976 Aug 15, 32(8), 1087 - 8
Large scale cultivation of a free-living nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans); Vanfleteren JR; A method is presented for the large scale cultivation of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, using continuous aeration and agitation in glass ware (stirrer flasks) developed for the continuous culture of suspended cells . With this technique, populations up to 10(9) nematodes may be obtained in a 10 1 culture in less than 6 weeks with an inoculum of some 50 worms . Costs can be reduced by using an inexpensive yeast extract, available from the food industry.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1163 - 8
In vitro binding of sterols by extracts from Mucor rouxii cells grown under different environmental conditions; Safe S et al.; Aqueous cell wall and cytoplasm extracts from Mucor rouxii cells grown under acrobic and anaerobic (oxygen-limiting) conditions were obtained . Both of the extracts from the anaerobic and aerobic cells solubilized lanosterol and ergosterol but not to the same extent; ergosterol was complexed about 2-3 times greater than the same concentration of lanosterol . It was also apparent that the relative bindingcapacities of the cell extracts were dependent on the cell growth environment . Two additional fractions were obtained from each extract by (a) methanol precipitation and (b) refluxing in 2% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution followed by methanol precipitation . The binding activities of these precipitates and the corresponding precipitates from yeast extract were compared and the results indicated a range of binding activites which depended on both the extract and the sterol . The data suggested that the in vitro sterol binding of M . rouxii extracts was not due to one particular macromolecule but that a number of compounds were involved in this complexation process.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 109(1-2), 175 - 9
{Purification and characterization of peroxidase from Phellinus igniarius (author's transl)}; Kruger G et al.; A Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) of the basidiomycet Phellinus igniarius was derived from mycel and a medium containing glucose and extract of yeast by using various methods of preparation . The enzyme resists extreme conditions (pH, temperature salt concentration) . Its optimum pH for activities is in the acid range . Two isoenzymes were found . The molecular weight, isoelectric point, Michaelis-Menten constant, indolacetic acid oxidase activity and spectral and analytical properties of this peroxidase were determined . It is assumed that the enzyme has an intracellular as well as an extracellular field of activity.

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 2(2), 77 - 80
Comparison of immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis; Bauman DS et al.; The immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for histoplasmosis were compared on 2,090 initial sera from 70 proven cases of histoplasmosis, 177 routine chest hospital patients, and 1,843 coal miners from outside the major endemic area for histoplasmosis . The complement fixation test using histoplasmin as antigen detected antibodies in the sera of 72.8% of the 70 proven cases, while the complement fixation test using yeast antigen detected antibodies in 94.3% of the case sera, and the immunodiffusion test using histoplasmin antigen detected antibodies in 90% of the sera . The tests were also compared for sensitivity, specificity, and ease of performance.

J Med Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 9(3), 303 - 8
Antibodies to Candida after operations on the heart; Evans EG et al.; The occurrence of yeasts and antibodies to yeasts was studied in patients undergoing open-heart surgery without antifungal prophylaxis, and in a similar group receiving antifungal prophylaxis . An association was demonstrated between the occurrence of commensal yeasts and the appearance of antibodies . None of the patients developed overt systemic or superficial yeast infection . The antigenic stimulus for the post-operative production of antibodies appeared to be the increase in the yeast flora that occurred shortly after operation . When the commensal yeast population was suppressed by antifungal antibiotics, the antibody response was also reduced . The implications of these findings in the interpretation of serological tests for diagnosis of systemic yeast infections are discussed.

Biokhimiia, 1976 Aug, 41(8), 1504 - 9
{On hexokinase isozymes}; Gobeev VN et al.; Electrophoretic study of hexokinase (HK) associated with the soluble fraction of mouse transplantable hepatoma 22a revealed that almost all bands of HK activities overlapped the bands of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities in the gels . Similar results were obtained for liver, muscle and brain soluble fractions, as well as for various extracts from hepatoma 22a mitochondria and commercial preparation of yeast HK . A single type of HK, which does not overlap G6PDH activity, was located between types I and II (according to the Katzen classification) as a diffuse band of 1 hour manifestation . A possibility of structural organization of glycolytic enzymes in the cell essential for the quantitative estimation of the isozyme pattern is discussed.

Biokhimiia, 1976 Aug, 41(8), 1488 - 96
{Estimation of kinetic constants and study of site specificity of Zajdela ascite hepatoma and rat liver tRNA-methylases}; Tarasiavichene LE et al.; Individual yeast tRNAVal1 was used as a substrate for estimation of kinetic constants and study of site specificity of m5C-and m1A-methylases of Zajdela ascite hepatoma and rat liver . It was demonstrated that the rate of yeast tRNAVal1 methylation by hepatoma tRNA-methylases is 4--5 times higher than that induced by liver tRNA-methylases . The rates of 1-hour methyl groups incorporation into tRNAVal1 were 3.7 and 4.7 times higher in case of m5C-and m1A-methylases and 9.4 and 4.5 times higher in case of m1G-and m7G-methylases of hepatoma than the respective rates obtained for corresponding liver methylases . The main products of methylation were m5C and m1A containing about 90% of total radioactivity incorporated into tRNA . m5C-methylases of liver and hepatoma had similar affinity for S-Ad-Met . The Km value for both enzymes was 2.66 micronmole; the Km values for m1A-methylases of liver and hepatoma with respect to S-Ad-Met were the same and equal to 0,25 micronmole . m5C and m1A methylases of liver and hepatoma had adequate affinity for yeast tRNAVal1; their site specificity was the same, since they methylated in yeast tRNAVal1 cytosine in the tetracytidylic sequence of C49--C52 and adenine in the 59th position from the 5'-end of the molecule.

Cutis, 1976 Aug, 18(2), 247 - 9
An allergist looks at urticaria; Beakey JF; Some etiologic possibilities which must be considered are foods, drugs, infection, inhalant sensitivity, psychic factors, physical agents, underlying connective tissue disease or neoplasm, insect bite or stings and genetic abnormalities . A painstaking history and a complete physical examination are, of course, mandatory . These are followed by appropriate studies for whatever etiologic factors are suggested by the history and physical examination . Certain routine or more sophisticated studies might be indicated including a complete blood count, urinalysis, stools for ova and parasites, antinuclear antibody titer, complete complement, sedimentation rate, sinus, chest and dental X rays and any other specified test depending on where the clues lead . O'Loughlin described a practical approach in the use of laboratory studies for the diagnosis of chronic urticaria . Skin tests can be helpful especially for inhalants, but food tests are usually not reliable in the diagnosis of chronic urticaria . The acute urticaria reaction to a food is clinically obvious and this type of patient does not usually seek medical attention or need extensive investigation . Treatment includes a few basic medications . Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril), which combines tranquilizer and antihistamine action, is frequently effective . Cyproheptadine HCL (Periactin) both a serotonin and histamine antagonist with anticholinergic effect, is also helpful--especially in combination with hydroxyzine . Antihistamines, ephedrine, epinephrine, aminophyllin and occasionally corticosteroids are helpful . Immunotherapy with inhalants is occasionally indicated . Eliminating possible offending foods, dyes or drugs has been previously discussed . Anti-candidal therapy and low yeast diet is effective when indicated . The final aspect of the investigation and treatment process might best be described as "patient support"--patience on the part of the physician . It should be realized that in 75% of the cases of chronic urticaria, no convincing etiology is found . It should also be realized that urticaria all too frequently "settles down" due as much to the natural course as to the careful ministrations of the physician.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1188 - 90
Uptake of L-proline by Histoplasma capsulatum; Dabrowa N et al.; The uptake and incorporation of L-proline by yeast cells of the dimorphic zoopathogen Histoplasma capsulatum were studied . The amino acid was assimilated in at least two ways: by an active transport system with a Km of 1.7 X 10(-5) M and by simple diffusion . The active transport system was sterospecific and severely restricted to neutral aliphatic side-chain amino acids . Certain analogues inhibited L-proline uptake and prevented incorporation of the amino acid into cellular constituents . The inhibition of L-proline uptake by L-leucine was competitive . Since L-leucine and L-proline are seemingly transported by a system with similar characteristics, must be concluded, as originally postulated, that the buckled ring of L-proline, in solution, acts as an aliphatic side chain and that this cyclic amino acid is transported by a system more or less specific for amino acids with neutral aliphatic side chains.

Mycopathologia, 1976 Jul 16, 58(3), 131 - 5
Chemical composition of Oidiodendron kalrai; Cino PM et al.; The chemical composition of yeast cells of Oidiodendron kalrai was analyzed and is expressed as percent dry weight . Cultures were grown in tryptone broth and in a liquid synthetic medium containing ammonium salts as a nitrogen source . After 48 h, carbohydrate levels were higher in the synthetic medium, but lipid levels were lower, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein contents did not differ significantly in the two media . The chemical components were also studied at different stages of growth . DNA remained relatively constant, but other components varied with the age of culture . The RNA was 6.6% at 18 h and declined rapidly to 5% by 24 h and remained constant, An initial protein content of 23% at 18 h increased rapidly to 37% by 48 h and gradually declined to 30% by day 10 . The lipid content of 33% at 18 h decreased over the entire growth period to 10% by day 10 . An initial carbohydrate level of 30% increased to a maximum of 54% by day 5 and then declined.

Scand J Dent Res, 1976 Jul, 84(4), 229 - 33
Evaluation of a dehydrated test strip,Microstix -Candida for detection of Candida-induced denture stomatitis; Budtz-Jorgensen E; The outgrowth of yeast from the fitting surface of the maxillary denture and the palatal mucosa was estimated in 63 denture wearers by means of smears and by culture on Microstix-Candida (M-C) . There was a significant relationship between the concentration of yeasts as assessed by smears and by M-C . There were confluent spots on M-C, indicating large numbers of yeast cells, in 81% of 37 denture wearers with a positive microscopic diagnosis for Candida-induced denture stomatitis, whereas there were confluent spots on M-C in only one of 26 denture wearers with a negative microscopic diagnosis for infection . It is concluded that the M-C test seems to have sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to be an alternative to the smear for establishing the diagnosis of Candida-induced denture stomatitis.

Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1976 Jul-Dec, 14(2), 145 - 90
{Oxygen absorption of a biodynamic system in a transitional regimen . I . Determination of operational parameters}; Cunha BC et al.; In this first of three parts, operational parameters (power consumption with and without aeration, aeration number, oxygen volumetric transfer coefficient and hold up) of the system used are presented, together with graphs and tables to show the relation between these parameters and controlable operating variables . Later the values here presented will be correlated with KLa determined by SOM, the kinetics of oxygen transfer in yeast cultures.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Jul, 10(3), 351 - 9
{The fungal flora of Ankara air in January 1972 and 1974 and its relationship to allergic diseases}; Okuyan M et al.; The fungal flora of the air in Ankara was searched during first week of January 1972 and 1974 . Different areas of the city were chosen for investigation . The central and outskirt areas showed different patterns of fungal flora during January 1972 and January 1974 . In the central areas there was a remarkable decrease in yeast flora between the two years . However, mould flora was increased in some extent . No notable difference could be detected in outskirt areas . Penicillium and Aspergillus species were isolated most frequently . It is concluded that this flora was influenced by heavy pollution of the air in Ankara . This pollution is caused mainly by: (1) Heating systems with crude coal and oil, (2) Heavy motor traffic, (3) Geographical situation of the city, cup-shaped land with poor air draughts.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 614 - 9
{Effect of nitrogen source on growth of Arthrobacter simplex and its biosynthesis of cholinesterase}; Imsenecki AA et al.; The effect of organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen on biomass accumulation and cholinesterase synthesis was studied with Arthrobacter simplex var . cholinesterasus . The culture assimilates nitrogen of ammonium compounds better than other forms of inorganic nitrogen; the best nitrogen source for biosynthesis of cholinesterase is ammonium phosphate . Nitrogen of nitrates is not assimilated . The amount of biomass is almost twice as high on the medium with peptone, casein or casein hydrolysate as on the medium with mineral nitrogen, while the activity of cholinesterase on these nitrogen sources decreases 1.5--2.0 times . Yeast extract as a nitrogen source increases biomass accumulation by a factor of 2.5 and does not supress synthesis of cholinesterase . The concentration of the enzyme synthesized per unit biomass on the medium with yeast extract is the same as on the medium containing ammonium phosphate . The effect of amino acids and amides, i.e . beta-alanine, proline, amides of aspartic and glutamic acids, and their mixtures, is similar to the action of yeast extract: they stimulate biomass accumulation and do not inhibit synthesis of the enzyme . Other amino acids supress synthesis of cholinesterase . The amount of accumulated biomass in the presence of glutamic acid is twice as high as in the case of any other amino acid, and three times as high as on the medium containing ammonium phosphate . Similar action of glutamic acid is manifested when it is used in mixtures with other amino acids . On the medium containing glutamic acid as a sole source of nitrogen, an increase in biomass production is accompanied with a decrease in biosynthesis of the enzyme by 50% . Repression of the biosynthesis is less if glutamic acid is added in mixtures with proline, beta-alanine and asparagine.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jul, 127(1), 516 - 22
D-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and polyhedral inclusion bodies in Thiobacillus intermedius; Purohit K et al.; The growth-related parameters of Thiobacillus intermedius, cultured in glutamate-CO2-S2O32- medium, have been determined . After centrifugation at 48,000 X g for 1 h, 24% of the D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity of the disrupted-cell suspensions obtained from CO2-S2O32--and glutamate-CO2-S2O3(3)- grown cells could be sedimented, and the specific activities of this enzyme in the supernatant fractions were almost equivalent . The enzyme was stable in T . intermedius starved of thiosulfate in the presence and absence of glutamate, but a progressive decrease was evident in several growth cycles, each cycle supported by resupplementation of cells with thiosulfate . Polyhedral inclusion bodies were present in CO2-S2O3(2)- and glutamate-CO2S2O3(2)- grown cells . The number of polyhedral bodies per cell increased during mixotrophic growth approximately in proportion to the observed increase in the specific activity of RuBPCase . RuBPCase could not be detected in T . intermedius grown heterotrophically on yeast extract, nor could polyhedral bodies be found.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jul 1, 66(2), 251 - 5
Reconstitution of chemically synthesized ribooligonucleotides with naturally occurring tRNA fragments; Ohtsuka E et al.; Chemically synthesized yeast tRNA terminal fragments were reconstituted with natural tRNA fragments which were obtained by partial digestion with RNase T1 . The synthetic 3'-nonanucleotide (I) accepted alanine (3% with respect to the intact tRNA) when combined with a 4-fold excess of the natural 5'-quarter and the chemically synthesized hexanucleotide (II) stimulated the aminoacylation of the natural 3'-half molecule.

Biochemistry, 1976 Jun 29, 15(13), 2899 - 901
Crystalline 3-phospho-d-glycerate kinase from horse muscle; Johnson PE et al.; Phosphoglycerate kinase has been isolated in crystalline form from horse muscle . A convenient isolation procedure is described that yields homogeneous enzyme of specific activity 700 units/mg (30 degrees C) . The enzyme is monomeric, and has a molecular weight 47 000 . Of the eight cysteine residues in the protein, two react rapidly with Nbs21 with the concomitant loss of the catalytic activity . Since the isolation of phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast (Bucher, 1955) there have been several reports of purification methods yielding enzyme approaching molecular homogeneity, from rabbit muscle (Beisenherz et al., 1953; Czok and Bucher, 1960; Rao and Oesper, 1961; Avramov and Repin, 1965; and Scopes, 1969) and from chicken muscle (Gosselin-Rey, 1965) . Crystalline material has been isolated from human erythrocytes (Hashimoto and Yoshikawa, 1962), and from yeast and rabbit muscle (Krietsch and Bucher, 1970) . Cystallographic work on phosphoglycerate kinase from horse muscle by Blake et al . (1972) and Blake and Evans (1974) has prompted mechanistic interest in the enzyme, and we report here a simplified isolation procedure and some properties of the crystalline material from this source.

Biochemistry, 1976 Jun 29, 15(13), 2791 - 9
Rate of tritium labeling of specific purines in relation to nucleic acid and particularly transfer RNA conformation; Gamble RC et al.; The kinetics of the incorporation of tritium into the C-8 positions of purine units in nucleic acids has been studied . The polymers investigated include poly(A), poly(A): poly (U) duplex, a double-stranded viral RNA, tRNA, and DNA . In the random coil state, the kinetics of incorporation of tritium into the purine sites of the polymers are identical with those for the corresponding purine mononucleotides . When the nucleic acids are in their native conformations, however, the purine labeling rates are reduced below that expected for the free mononucleotides . The magnitude of the effect is remarkably dependent upon the particular nucleic acid . For example, at 37 degrees C the purines in double-stranded DNA label at a rate two- to threefold slower than the corresponding mononucleotides, but in a double-stranded viral RNA, a 30- to 40-fold effect is found . The data suggest a strong influence of microscopic helix structure on the rate of tritium incorporation . First-order rate constants for the exchange of tritium into specific purine sites in yeast tRNAPhe were also determined . This was done by partially labeling the nucleic acid in tritiated water, and subsequently removing free and loosely bound tritium . Under conditions where exchange-out does not occur, the nucleic acid was digested with specific nucleases; chromatographic separation then enabled specific activities of purines from specific sites to be obtained . The rate constants for these sites show a large variation . They are markedly reduced for those residues occurring in cloverleaf helical sections and, in certain cases, for those known from crystallographic data to be involved in tertiary interactions . As examples of bases that can participate in tertiary interactions, the crystal structures show A14 and G15 in special base-pairing arrangements . Both purines (A14 and G15) occur in single-stranded sections of the cloverleaf; both show markedly reduced C-8 hydrogen-exchange rates . On the other hand, rate constants for bases and regions known to be on the outside of the moleculesuch as the anticodon loop and the 3' terminusare perturbed the least . In one instance, a base in the dihydrouridine loop believed to be involved in tertiary interactions, according to crystallographic studies, incorporates tritium as if it were relatively unperburbed by the tRNA structure . The structural interactions of this base may be partially or completely broken at 37 degrees C in solution.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Jun 25, 251(12), 3664 - 70
Studies on heart phosphofructokinase . Use of fructose 6-sulfate as an alternative substrate to study the mechanism of action and active site specificity; Martensen TM et al.; Fructose 6-sulfate was synthesized by direct sulfurylation of fructose and was isolated by two selective steps: (a) conversion of the 6-sulfuryl ester to fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate with phosphofructokinase; (b) conversion of fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate to fructose 6-sulfate by fructose-1,6-diphosphatase . Utilizing crystalline sheep heart phosphofructokinase, kinetic studies with the alternative substrate were carried out at pH 8.2 which is optimal for nonallosteric kinetics . The data are consistent with an ordered addition of the two substrates with the first, MgATP, being at thermodynamic equilibrium . The Vmax and Km obtained with fructose 6-sulfate were 0.03- and 100-fold, respectively, that obtained with the natural substrate . The study suggests that the divalent phosphoryl moiety is intimately involved in the active site conformation . Identification of the product of the reaction, fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate, was confirmed through studies with aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and by 31P NMR . The utilization of fructose 6-sulfate as a substrate by yeast glucose-6-phosphate isomerase could not be demonstrated.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Jun 25, 251(12), 3730 - 3
The enzymic conversion of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in mammalian mitochondria; Poulson R; Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in yeast cells, has been found in several mammalian tissues . It has been extracted from rat liver mitochondria by sonication in the presence of salt and detergent and partially purified . The enzyme is similar in many respects to yeast protoporphyrinogen oxidase . Based on its behavior on Sephadex G-200 the molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 35,000 . Catalysis by protoporphyrinogen oxidase was specific for proteoporphyrinogen IX (apparent Km of 11 muM) and proceeded maximally at pH 8.6 to 8.7 . The effect of temperature on enzyme activity plotted according to Arrhenius gave a value of E of 9,100 calories per mol . Enzyme activity was inhibited in the presence of high salt concentrations and temperatures above 45 degrees . Oxygen was essential for protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity and an alternative elevtron acceptor has not yet been found . No requirement for a metal or other cofactor could be demonstrated . The presence of monothiol groups was indicated; however, it is not known whether the thiol groups are involved directly in the binding of substrate to the enzyme.

Arch Dermatol Res, 1976 Jun 21, 255(3), 265 - 70
Enzyme inhibition in human skin homogenates by hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate and hydrotisone butyrate; Raab WP et al.; In fresh human skin homogenates, the activities of four enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), "acid" phosphatase (AcP), and "leucine aminopeptidase" (LAP) were assayed following an incubation with hydrocortisone, hydrocotisone acetate, or hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, respectively . Concentration of the three compounds measured 2.75 mMol/l . Hydrocortison butyrate inhibited LDH-G-6-PDH-, and AcP-activities . Hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone acetate exerted a significant inhibitory action only in the case of G-6-PDH-activity.--On pure G-6-PDH from yeast, the inhibition exerted by hydrocortisone butyrate was significantly stronger than the inhibition exerted by the two other steroids . Time/action diagrams revealed the fact that hydrocortisone butyrate is superior to the other two compounds from the beginning of the incubation period.--The date sustain the assumption that hydrocortisone butyrate exerts biochemical-pharmacological actions of its own and that it may not be considered just as an esterified transport form of hydrocortisone.

Biochemistry, 1976 Jun 1, 15(11), 2423 - 31
Polymorphism of Sporothrix schenckii surface polysaccharides as a function of morphological differentiation; Mendonca L et al.; The alkali-extractable polysaccharides from different morphological types of two Sporothrix schenckii strains (1099.12 and 1099.18) were investigated . Dissociation of morphological phase transition and temperature effects was possible in a synthetic medium which produced cultures with 100% yeast forms either at 25 or at 37 degrees C . Only rhamnomannans with single-unit alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl side chains were formed by the yeast forms irrespective of the incubation temperature . The higher temperature inhibited formation of 4-O- and 2,4-di-O-substituted alpha-D-mannopyranose units in the rhamnomannan . An apparently unsporulated mycelium culture of one S . schenckii strain (1099.12) synthesized a galactomannan whose structure was partially determined by methylation analysis and by proton and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . In another strain (1099.18), a mannan was excreted in the medium of an apparently conidia-less mycelial form at 25 degrees C with short incubation . Its structure was also partially determined . An apparent mixture of this mannan and a rhamnomannan rich in alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose side chains formed in these cultures on prolonged incubation . The proportion of the excreted rhamnomannan increased as the mycelium sporulated and conidia were more numerous . Mannans or galactomannans may be transient polysaccharides in the young mycelium of S . schenckii . As the culture develops, rhamnomannans are formed in amounts usually masking the presence of other mannose-containing polysaccharides . It is suggested that in S . schenckii different polysaccharides are formed with side chains containing different proportions of rhamnose, mannose, or galactose, as a function of morphological differentiation.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 Jun, 79(6), 1287 - 95
Hybridization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in borate; Suzuki K et al.; Conditions for the hybridization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) {EC 1.2.1.12} in the presence of dilute borate were examined with horseshoe crab and rabbit GPDs . Hybridization was strongly dependent upon pH, borate concentration, and temperature . The optimum medium for hybridization was 10mM Tris-HCl-1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol-1mM EDTA containing 10-20 mM borate, pH 8.5-9.0 . Hybridization was performed by incubation of two electrophoretically distinct GPDs at 30 degrees for 3-15 hr in the above medium at a protein concentration of 1-2 mg/ml . The time course of hybridization was analyzed under the optimized conditions . Symmetrical A2B2-type hybrid appeared only 5 min after incubation for 1 hr . Hybridization of GPDs from 7 different species was examined under the optimal conditions . Hybridization was detected with rabbit-horseshoe crab, yeast-rabbit, yeast-chicken, and chicken-horseshoe crab combinations . Subunit-subunit interaction, the mechanism of hybridization, and the structure of GPD are discussed based on the results obtained.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jun, 126(3), 1266 - 70
Volatile factor involved in the dimorphism of Mucor racemosus; Mooney DT et al.; Both hyphal and yeastlike development of Mucor racemosus and M . rouxii were demonstrated under 100% N2 . Under standardized conditions in yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium, the morphology depended on the N2 flow rate and not on the glucose concentration . The effect was related to the rate of flushing of the atmosphere over the culture medium . The results indicate that a volatile compound produced by Mucor is involved in morphogenesis.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jun 1, 65(2), 465 - 72
Studies of glutamate dehydrogenase . Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase from Candida utilis by a pH and temperature-dependent conformational transition; Neumann P et al.; Glutamate dehydrogenase from Candida utilis undergoes a reversible conformational transition between an active and an inactive state at low pH AND low temperature . This conformational transition can also be followed by fluorescence measurements . The temperature-dependent equilibrium between the active and the inactive state is characterized by a transition temperature of 10.7 degrees C and a delta H value of 148 kcal/mol (620 kJ/mol) . The temperature dependence of the enzymic activity above 15 degrees C yields an activation energy of 15 kcal/mol (63 kJ/mol), a larger value than that for the beef liver enzyme (9 kcal/mol; 38 kJ/mol) . In contrast to the yeast enzyme the Arrhenius plot is linear and, therefore, the beef liver enzyme is not transformed into an inactive conformation at low temperatures . Sedimentation analysis shows that the inactivation of the Candida utilis enzyme is not caused by change in the quaternary structure . The pH dependence of the conformational transition at low pH measured by fluorescence change is characterized by a pK value of 7.01 for the enzyme in the absence and of 6.89 for the enzyme in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate with a Hill coefficient of 3.4 in both cases . Similar results are found when the pH dependence of the enzymic activity is analyzed . With the beef liver enzyme the same pK value is obtained but with a Hill coefficient of 1 indicating cooperativity only in the case of the Candida utilis enzyme . The best fit of the pH dependence of the rate constants of the fluorescence changes was obtained with pK values of 7.45 and 6.45 for the active and the inactive state respectively . In this model the lowest time constant which is obtained at the pH of the equilibrium was found to be 0.05 s-1 . Preincubation experiments with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate but not with the coenzyme shift the equilibrium to the active conformation . The coenzyme obviously reduces the rate constant of the conformational transition . The sedimentation coefficient (SO20, w) and the molecular weight were found to be 11.0 S and 276 000, respectively . The enzyme molecule is built up by six polypeptide chains each having a molecular weight of 47 000.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 31(6), 986 - 9
Cultivation of mycoplasmas in a modified tissue culture medium; Gabridge MG et al.; A new medium, which contained a chemically defined tissue culture base ("medium 199"), was developed for the cultivation of mycoplasmas . When supplemented with albumin, glucose, serum, and yeast extract, the new medium adequately supported the growth of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species.

J Nutr, 1976 May, 106(5), 702 - 9
Effect of selenium on rat growth, growth hormone and diet utilization; Ewan RC; Female rats were fed a selenium-deficient diet composed of Torula yeast, sucrose, vitamins (including tocopheryl acetate) and minerals from weaning and during breeding, gestation and lactation . The offspring were used to study the effects of selenium on growth, diet utilization and growth hormon status . The Torula yeast diet containing 200 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate was fed alone or supplemented with 0.025 or 0.1 ppm of selenium as selenite . Rats fed the selenium-supplemented diets grew significently faster and consumed significantly more diet than rats fed the unsupplemented diet . Anterior pituitary weights were lower in selenium-deficient rats, but if expressed per unit of body weight, were similar to pituitary weight of selenium-supplemented animals . Total growth hormone in the anterior pituitary was reduced in selenium-deficient rats . A metabolism study indicated that rats allowed ad libitum access to supplemented diets consumed more diet and obtained more metabolizable energy from the diet than rats fed the deficient diet . It the intake of rats fed the supplemented diets was limited to that of rats allowed ad libitum access to deficient diet, growth of rats was similar . However, metabolizable energy content of the diet increased quadratically and nitrogen digestibility increased linearly as thelevel of selenium increased . Selenium deficiency reduced growth primarily by decreased diet consumption, but also reduced the utilization of energy and nitrogen.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 444 - 9
{Enzyme activity of citrate, glyoxylate and pentosephosphate cycles during synthesis of citric acids by Candida lipolytica}; Glazunova LM et al.; The activity of key enzymes of the citrate and glyoxylate cycles was compared in yeast cells during intensive synthesis of citric acids and in its absence in the course of growth of Candida lipolytica on glucose ("glucose" yeast cells) and on hexadecane ("hexadecane" yeast cells) . Citrate and isocitrate were found to be formed by the yeast in the tricarboxylic acid cycle . The ability of the yeast for "overproduction" of citrate and isocitrate during its growth on glucose and hexadecane depends on the high activity of the key enzyme of cycle, citrate synthase, as compared with the activity of other enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle . Citrate predominated among excreted acids during growth on glucose in conditions of nitrogen deficiency while isocitrate prevailed during growth on hexadecane . The predominating synthesis of citrate in the first case seems to be related to a lower activity of aconitase in the "glucose" cells as compared with the "hexadecane" cells.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 400 - 5
{Localization of ubiquinone-9 in electron transport chain of Candida guilliermondii}; Tarasova NV et al.; The activity of ubiquinone-dependent enzyme systems was studied in mitochondrial fractions of the yeast Candida guilliermondii cultivated on the medium containing carbohydrates of hydrocarbons as a source of carbon . The activity of NADH2-oxidase and succinate-CoQ-reductase was higher in systems with mitochondrial fractions from the cells grown on the medium with n-paraffins than in mitochondrial fractions from the cells cultivated on the medium with glucose . About 30% of intracellular ubiquinone is located in the mitochondrial fraction of hydrocarbon oxidizing yeast cells; however, the activity of enzymes was stimulated upon introduction of exogeneous ubiquinones into the systems . Therefore, exogeneous ubiquinones may be involved in the electron transport chain during oxidation of reduced substrates . Both ubiquinone-dependent enzyme systems are resistant to storage.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 May, 79(5), 1013 - 9
Stereospecificity of conversion of uric acid into allantoic acid by enzymes of Canadida utilis; Okumura I et al.; 1 . Allantoinase {EC 3.5.2.5} was isolated from cells of Candida utilis and unpurified by chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 after treatment with urea to remove urate oxidase {EC 1.7.3.3.} . 2 . The purified allantoinase catalyzed the hydrolysis of allantoin into allantoic acid . However, only half of the allantoin produced from uric acid by urate oxidase was converted . The rest of the allantoin was unchanged, and showed a negative optical rotation . 3 . On the other hand, the combined action of crude urate oxidase and allantoinase resulted in nearly complete conversion of uric acid into allantoic acid . Furthermore, the unpurified allantoinase preparation hydrolyzed racemic allantoin to allantoic acid completely . 4 . These results indicate that the urate oxidase produces racemic allantoin from uric acid and that the allantoinase attacks only allantoin of positive optical rotation . The results also suggest that allantoin racemase is present in the yeast cells.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 685 - 90
Effect of substrate on metabolite production of Alternaria alternata; Burroughs R et al.; Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether are commonly associated with weathered grain sorghum . Production of these metabolites and altenuene by isolates of Alternaria alternata was evaluated on various sterile grain substrates . At 35% moisture content and 25 C, metabolite yields were highest on rice, intermediate on sorghums, and lowest on wheat and yellow corn . Fourteen-to 21-day cultures on milled rice were best in terms of ease of metabolite recovery, even though yields were higher on 28-day cultures of rough and brown rice . Metabolite production was reduced when rice was supplemented with yeast extract or yeast extract plus Czapek-Dox broth.

Poult Sci, 1976 May, 55(3), 987 - 94
Biological potency of selenium from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine in the chick; Osman M et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of selenium (Se) from sodium selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine for promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis . The chicks used were hatched from eggs low in Se . They were fed a basal diet made up mostly of corn (low in Se) and torula yeast or the basal diet supplemented with various levels of Se from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, or selenocystine . At 10 mug . of added Se per kg of diet, sodium selenite and selenocystine were about equal in promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis . Selenomethionine was less effective . Tissues from chicks fed the various Se sources providing 60 mug . Se per kg of diet for four weeks were analyzed for Se . The content of tissues from chicks fed sodium selenite or selenocystine was similar . Chicks fed selenomethionine had a higher concentration of Se in the pancreas and breast muscle than chicks fed the other two Se sources, but a lower concentration in the kidney, liver, and heart . The level of Se in the kidney, liver, or heart which a Se source produces seems to be more important for preventing exudative diathesis than that which is found in the pancreas or muscle.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 May 1, 64(2), 351 - 60
Preparation and properties of 3-halopyridine--adenine dinucleotides, NAD+ analogues and model compounds; Abdallah MA et al.; The preparation of model compounds 1-(2',6'-dichlorobenzyl)-3-halogenopyridinium and the study of their properties were achieved . Their chemical reduction to the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines is proved by spectroscopic analysis . 3-Iodopyridine--adenine dinucleotide was prepared by enzymic transglycosidation while the 3-chloro, 3-bromo and 3-iodo pyridine--adenine dinucleotides were synthesized from 3-amino-pyridine--adenine dinucleotide . The 3-halogenopyridine--adenine dinucleotides were proved to be active as hydrogen acceptors with alcohol as a substrate . The absorption band at 290 nm of cinnamaldehyde appeared to be a very sensitive tool for studying the enzymic reaction . With the alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast, only slight activity was detected . 3-Halogenopyridine--adenine dinucleotides are competitive inhibitors with respect to nicotinamide--adenine dinucleotide with alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase . The use of 3-iodopyridine--adenine dinucleotide as a heavy-atom derivative for X-ray structure determination is proposed.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 May-Jun, 127(4), 465 - 76
{Dimorphism in "Ustilago cynodontis" . II--Glucidic metabolism (author's transl)}; Prieur P et al.; The glucidic metabolism has been studied in four strains of Ustilago cynodontis . Two of them--M1 and M7--are mycelial strains, the two others --L1 and L7--being yeast like are respectively issued from M1 and M7 . The results obtained show that the choice between the different glucidic catabolism pathways takes place at the phosphofructokinase level . When the phosphofructokinase is lacking (M1) the catabolism occurs via the pentose phosphate cycle followed by the last glycolytic reactions (between triose-phosphates and pyruvic acid) . When the phosphofructokinase is present it always enters into competition with a very active phosphoglucose isomerase which makes it ineffective (L1, M7, L7) . In those cases the catabolism still proceeds through the pentose cycle either completely (L7) or incompletely (L1, M7), depending in the presence or the absence of transketolase . In the last case it is the phosphoketolases which carry out the conversion between fructose-5-phosphate, xylulose-6-phosphate and acetyl-phosphate.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 437 - 9
{Effect of H+, OH-, Cu2+ and Ag+ on amino acid composition of Candida utilis cells in chemostat culture}; Khovrychev MP et al.; Amino acid composition was determined in the cells of Candida utilis VKM Y-1668 growing in the regime of chemostat . The growth was inhibited by pH of the medium, copper and silver ions, and glycerol deficiency as a control . Some specific differences have been found in the amino acid composition of the yeast depending on the nature of the inhibitor.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1976 Apr 28, 160(4), 353 - 8
Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus by citrus oils; Alderman GG et al.; Aspergillus parasiticus was inoculated into grapefruit juice and a glucose-yeast extract medium; both contained 500-7000 ppm of citrus oils that were incorporated into the media by sonication . Orange and lemon oil were more inhibitory to mold growth and aflatoxin production than was dlimonene, the main constituent of the two peel oils . After 7 days at 28 degrees C, 2000 ppm of lemon and 3000 ppm of orange oil in grapefruit juice afforded maximum suppression of mold growth and toxin formation . When the glucose-yeast extract medium was used, 3000 ppm of either oil were needed to achieve the same result . After 4 days at 28 degrees C, orange oil at 3500 ppm in either medium markedly inhibited mold growth (as evidenced by dry weight of mold mycelium) and aflatoxin production (only 14 and 1% of the amount normally produced in the juice and artificial medium, respectively) . Higher concentrations of orange oil further reduced mold growth and aflatoxin production and also delayed the onset of sporulation, if it occurred . Although aflatoxin was detected in all samples, only 0.2 to 0.5% of the amount found in controls (without the citrus oil) was present when the medium contained 7000 ppm orange oil . The mold consistently grew, albeit very poorly, on the glass at the liquid-atmosphere interface even when the substrate contained a large amount of citrus oil.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Apr 25, 251(8), 2226 - 33
Characterization of proteins from Ascaris lumbricoides which bind specifically to carboxypeptidase; Homandberg GA et al.; Inhibitors of the peptidase and esterase activities of carboxypeptidases A and B have been isolated from extracts of Ascaris lumbricoides var suis . These proteins were obtained by treatment of the aqueous extracts at low pH, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, molecular sieving on Bio-Gel P-4, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose . The inhibitors were resolved into three homogeneous peaks on CM-cellulose . These components, CM-A, CM-B, and CM-C, have constant specific activity and were recovered in a 41% yield . They moved as single bands when subjected to electrophoresis at high or low pH on polyacrylamide gels and they have similar amino acid compositions . Methionine, tyrosine, and cysteine are absent from each of the inhibitors . The 65 residues of CM-B suggest a minimum molecular weight of 7530, in close agreement to the value of 7600 +/- 200 determined on a Bio-Gel P-100 column . Each of the proteins has the same NH2-terminal residues, NH2-Asx-Glx-Val-Glx- and the same COOH-terminal residue, leucine . A plot of per cent acrylamide versus log relative mobility suggests that the three proteins are charge isomers . CM-B appears to be stable to high NaCl concentrations, extremes of pH, high temperatures, and digestion by intestinal proteases . Carboxypeptidase C, carboxypeptidase N, and yeast protease C are not inhibited by CM-B . However, the exopeptidase and esterase activities of human carboxypeptidase A are inhibited . The inhibitors appear to bind to bovine carboxypeptidase A with an atypical stoichiometry . Two moles of CM-B inhibitor bind to 1 mol of enzyme . The evidence is: (a) a demonstrated purity of bovine carboxypeptidase A, (b) minimal and maximal inhibitor molecular weights by different methods, of 7600 and 8300, and (c) a maximum specific activity of apparently homogeneous inhibitors which is 50% of that predicted for unit stoichiometry.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Apr 1, 107(3), 321 - 7
Origin of sclerotia-like cells in submerged Claviceps purpurea producing clavine alkaloids; Vorisek J et al.; Ultrathin sectioning of submerged mycelium of Claviceps purpurea Tul . producing clavine alkaloids revealed yeast-like budding resulting in asexual spores-blastospores . These deciduous spores were born by extended hyphal cells and retained the same ultrastructure of cell organelles . Both the extended hyphae and the blastospores resembled the cells of ergot sclerotial tissue . A surface culture of C . purpurea Tul . producing no alkaloids was used as a reference.

J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1976 Apr, 14(4), 173 - 6
The influence of D-penicillamine on enzymatic activities: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase . Correlation with serum levels measured in humans; Raab WP et al.; The influence of D-penicillamine on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of yeast (pure enzyme), human hemolysate, and human skin homogenate were determined . In high concentrations, D-penicillamine inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (concentrations above 6.7 mmol/l, i . e . l g/l) . In low concentrations, D-penicilliamine exerts an indirect influence by removing some inhibiting metal ions, such as zinc . In human skin homogenates, an activating action of D-penicillamine on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity occurs due to the chelation of metal ions.

Br J Dermatol, 1976 Apr, 94(4), 401 - 6
Challenge test battery in chronic urticaria; Warin RP et al.; The use of a battery of challenge tests in the routine investigations of patients with chronic urticaria has an important place, demonstrating an exacerbating factor in over half the patients . Diets designed to reduce the ingestion of the substances concerned are associated with clearing or considerable improvements in 75% of the patients treated.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Apr 1, 63(2), 483 - 90
Isolation and characterization of the 'photosynthetic' phosphoglycerate kinase from Beta vulgaris; Cavell S et al.; 1 . Phosphoglycerate kinase has been isolated from a photosynthetic plant tissue, Beta vulgaris leaves . The purification procedure is described . 2 . The best preparation had no detectable impurity on electrophoresis, and had a specific activity comparable with the same enzyme from other sources . 3 . The molecular weight was not distinguishably different from that of the yeast or muscle enzyme, as measured by polyacrylamide-dodecylsulphate electrophoresis . Measurement of aromatic and sulphydryl residues indicated a close similarity with the yeast enzyme . The enzyme appears to have substantially lower isoelectric point than phosphoglycerate kinases from other sources . 4 . Kinetic studies indicated that the affinities for the substrates MgATP2- and 3-phosphoglycerate were not significantly different from those of the 'glycolytic' yeast enzyme . There was no evidence that the B . vulgaris enzyme had specific properties making it more suitable for its gluconeogenic rather than glycolytic role.

Acta Allergol, 1976 Apr, 31(2), 167 - 70
Urticaria from alcoholic beverages; Karvonen J et al.; Three cases of urticaria/angioneurotic oedema produced by alcoholic beverages are presented . In two of them, the causative agent was probably yeasts in wines . An intracutaneous test with Candida, a conjunctival provocation test with Candida, and peroral challenge tests with wines were positive in both cases . The symptoms disappeared when the patients went on a low-yeast diet . In the third case, ethanol itself and acetic acid apparently were the factors underlying urticaria . Peroral challenge tests with ethanol, brandy and acetic acid were positive, but those with acetaldehyde remained negative . The patient has been asymptomatic after giving up alcoholic drinks alone.

Arch Int Physiol Biochim, 1976 Apr, 84(2), 259 - 67
Nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the growth and survial of Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel (Coleoptera); Saxena SC et al.; Recent investigations on the nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the survival and growth of Oryzaephilus mercator show that fructose, glucose, dextrin and glycogen are of high nutritive value, fructose being even better than natural control diet (wheat + 5% yeast) . Maltose, soluble starch, mannitol and sorbitol, although support some growth, are not of as good nutritive value as control diet . All pentoses, sorbose, galactose, lactose, raffinose, potato starch, inulin and dulcitol are of no nutritive value.

Biokhimiia, 1976 Apr, 41(4), 630 - 8
{Nuclear ribonucleases and post-transcriptional changes of RNA . Specificity and other properties of rat liver nuclear endonuclease}; Gorchakova GA et al.; Some physico-chemical properties, specificity and the character of action of rat liver nuclear ribonuclease are studied . The enzyme maximal activity was observed at pH 7.5--8.0, ionic strength 0.02--0.3, Mg2+ being necessary . Nuclease is an oligomer, having molecular weight is 160000--180000 daltons and containing separate associates . Purified enzyme is free of contaminating activities (polynucleotidephosphorylase, DNAse; 5'-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatases) . It is shown to hydrolyse polyA and RNA for endonuclease type, degradation products being oligonucleotides terminating with 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl groups . RNAse hydrolyses all phosphodiester bonds in polynucleotides, developing no specificity to the nature of bases . Relative hydrolysis rate for different substrates decreased as follows: polyA greater than yeast RNA greater than polyC greater than polyU greater than 28S rRNA greater than greater than 18S rRNA greater than polyA-polyU . The enzyme may be classified as ribonucleate-5'-nucleotidehydrolase (EC 3.1.4.9.).

Biochem J, 1976 Apr 1, 155(1), 1 - 4
Dehydrogenation of the phosphonate analogue of glucose 6-phosphate by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Adams PR et al.; 6,7 -Dideoxy-alpha-D-gluco-heptose 7-phosphonic acid, the isosteric phosphonate analogue of glucose 6-phosphate, was synthesized in six steps from the readily available precursor benzyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside . The analogue is a substrate for yeast glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, showing Michaelis-Menten kinetics at pH7.5 and 8.0 . At both pH values the Km values of the analogue are 4-5 fold higher and the values approx . 50% lower than those of the natural substrate . The product of enzymic dehydrogenation of the phosphonate analogue at pH8.5 is itself a substrate for gluconate 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Mar 25, 251(6), 1597 - 602
Studies on the mechanism of 3-ketosphinganine synthetase; Krisnangkura K et al.; The biosynthesis of sphinganine and 4-D-hydroxysphinganine was studied in rat liver microsomes and whole cells of yeast (Hansenula ciferri) . It was shown in both cases that the condensation of {2,3,3-2H3}serine and palmitic acid yielded long chain bases containing only two deuterium atoms, both of which were located on the terminal (C-1) carbon atom by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . When the reaction with the liver microsomal system was carried out in 2H2O with the protium species of serine, the sphinganine contained a deuterium atom on C-2 . These results suggest that the synthesis of 3-ketosphinganine involves the replacement of the alpha-hydrogen atom and the carboxyl group of serine by a proton from the medium and a palmitoyl group, rather than a previously proposed mechanism in which the alpha-hydrogen of serine is retained . Some stereochemical requirements of 3-ketosphinganine synthetase are discussed.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Mar 16, 63(1), 1 - 8
A quantitative model for partition in aqueous multiphase systems; Johansson G et al.; A model for the partition of charged molecules in aqueous multiphase systems has been developed . The partition coefficient of one component, or the overall partition coefficient of a number of components, between two arbitrary phases is expressed in terms of the difference in electrical potential between the phases (due to electrolytes present in the system), the net charges of the partitioned components and their partition coefficients in a (sometimes hypothetical) uncharged state . The fraction of material in one phase has also been described as a function of the net charges of the partitioned components . The model fits well to experimental data for partition of chromate, pyridine, ribonuclease A, two types of CO-hemoglobin and an enzyme mixture (yeast lysate) in three-phase systems consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), dextran, Ficoll and water . Minor deviations from the model are construed to be a pH-dependent uptake of ions . The data have also been used to detect differences in solvation of similar proteins, as well as the presence of several forms of some glycolytic enzymes present in yeast lysate.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Mar 10, 251(5), 1406 - 12
Inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenases by palmitoyl coenzyme A; Kawaguchi A et al.; In extension of a previous study with yeast glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (Kawaguchi, A., and Bloch, K . (1974) J . Biol . Chem . 249, 5793-5800), the structural changes accompanying the inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase and several malate dehydrogenases by palmitoyl-CoA and by sodium dodecyl sulfate have been investigated . Palmitoyl-CoA converts liver glutamate dehydrogenase to enzymatically inactive dimeric subunits (Mr = 1.2 X 10(5)) and tightly binds to the dissociated enzyme . Removal of the inhibitor from the palmitoyl-CoA-dimer complex fails to regenerate enzyme activity . The Ki values for palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of malate dehydrogenases (oxalacetate reduction) are, for the enzyme from pig heart mitochondria, 1.8 muM, 500 muM from pig heart supernatant, and 10 muM from chicken heart supernatant . These inhibitions are readily reversible . Palmitoyl-CoA does not alter the quaternary structure of any of the malate dehydrogenases and binds only weakly to these enzymes . Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase assayed in the direction malate to oxalacetate is much less sensitive to palmitoyl-CoA, with Ki values of 50 muM at pH 10 and greater than 50 muM at pH 7.4 . While the differences in palmitoyl-CoA sensitivity in the forward and backward reactions catalyzed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase are unexplained, a physiological rationale for these differential effects is offered . Sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociates the various dehydrogenases to monomeric subunits in contrast to the more selective effects of palmitoyl-CoA.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 809 - 16
Tritium labelling of nucleic acids accompanied by conversion of cytosine to uracil; Scheinker VS; A new method of incorporation of tritium into nucleic acids with an accompanying conversion of cytosine to uracil is proposed . The method is based on the reaction of nucleic acids with bisulfite in the presence of 3H2O . Under certain conditions poly(C) is quantitatively converted to a radioactive poly(U), whereas similar bisulfite treatment of poly(U) does not result in any tritium incorporation . Specificity of the reaction is confirmed by the results of analysis of modified tRNA and rRNA . Incubation of tRNA with bisulfite and 3H2O does not lead to cleavage of the polynucleotide chain . Similar treatment of the denatured DNA results in tritium incorporation into DNA which is accompanied by a conversion of cytosine to uracil . There is virtually no reaction between native DNA and bisulfite . Only certain cytosone residues in yeast tRNAVal/2a interact with bisulfate providing that reaction is carried out under sufficiently mild conditions.

J Invest Dermatol, 1976 Mar, 66(3), 178 - 82
Growth requirements and lipid metabolism of Pityrosporum orbiculare; Porro MN et al.; The yeast, Pityrosporum orbiculare, isolated from lesions from lesions of tinea versicolor, grows in vitro only if fatty acids from the C12 to C24 series are added to the culture medium . Except for elaidinic and nervonic acids, all saturated and unsaturated fatty acids tested support growth . P . orbiculare can synthesize various lipid fractions containing both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from a single fatty acid . Glucose and asparagine stimulate growth but exogenous vitamins do not.

Scand J Dent Res, 1976 Mar, 84(2), 94 - 7
Initiation and aggravation of denture stomatitis by sucrose rinses; Olsen I et al.; The purpose of this study was to assess whether frequent exposure to sucrose would aggravate or initiate a palatal candidosis in denture wearers . Eight subjects with generalized simple or granular inflammation in the palate (inflammation group) and six with clinically healthy palatal mucosa (control group) carried out 1-min mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution four times daily for 15 d . In the inflammation group an aggravated palatal erythema was seen in two subjects after 7 d, and in another subject after 15 d . Among the controls a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of one subject after 7 d, and in another one after 15 d . An increased number of yeast colonies on palatal and denture agar models and/or hyphae on palatal and denture smears was found in all subjects with clinical signs of aggravated or initiated denture stomatitis.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1976 Mar-Apr, 69(2), 125 - 34
{Blastomyces dermatitidis blastomycosis in Africa . First Algerian case}; Liautaud B et al.; A case of fatal generalized Blastomycosis is reported . It was the first case of that mycosis observed in Algeria . The parasitic yeast-like cells of the fungus were seen in pus and tissue sections and Blastomyces dermatitidis cultured from pathological specimens . Yeast-like form was obtained in vitro on Kurung's agar at 37 degrees C . Male hamsters infected with this strain failed to develop an experimental disease . The occurrence and distribution of Blastomycosis in Africa are discussed.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1976 Mar-Apr, 10(2), 437 - 44
{The mechanism of the reaction forming tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophan:tRNA-ligase}; Kochkina LL et al.; The rates of tryptophanyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase were measured in a concentration range of each substrate (tryptophan, ATP and yeast tRNATrp) and also in the presence of various concentrations of substrate analogues (tryptamine and alpha,beta-methylene analogue of ATP) concentrations . The data obtained were compared with the kinetic equations which described various possible mechanisms of the reaction . The comparison of the mechanisms was based on the calculation of relative probabilities of each hypothesis the efficiency of which was demonstrated earlier . The calculations have shown that two mechanisms according to which the intermediate enzyme-aminoacyl-adenylate complex formation involves the enzyme-aminoacyl-tRNA complex are the most probable ones.

Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 790 - 9
In vivo and in virto cellular responses to cytoplasmic and cell wall antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum in artificially immunized or infected guinea pigs; Domer JE; Guinea pigs were infected with different doses of yeasts of Histoplasma capsulatum or artifically immunized with several concentrations of unextracted yeast cell walls, and then tested in vivo and in vitro for cell-mediated responses to various subcellular fractions of the fungus . Three types of cell-mediated responses were measured, viz., skin test activity, production of migration inhibition factor, and lymphocyte transformation . Positive cutaneous reactions were elicited in animals immunized with 100 or 1,000 mug of cell walls when such animals were skin-tested with cell wall glycoprotein of soluble cytoplasmic substances, whereas animals immunized with 2,000 mug of cell walls did not react significantly greater than unsensitized animals when skin-tested with the same antigens . Histoplasmin did not elicit cutaneous sensitivity in guinea pigs infected with the smallest inoculum, 6 X 10(5) yeast cells, or in animals immunized with cell walls, regardless of the concentration of cell walls used as immunogen . However, hypersensitivity to H . capsulatum could be detected with cytoplasmic substances in animals infected with 6X 10(5) . In guinea pigs infected with larger doses, i.e., 10 X 10(7), 15 X10(7), or 20 X 10(7), hypersensitivity could be detected with histoplasmin, cell wall glycoprotein, a ribosome-rich fraction, and soluble cytoplasmic substances . Both cell wall glycoprotein and soluble cytoplasmic substances were functional in migration inhibition factor assays with peritoneal exudate cells from animals immunized with 100 or 1,000 mug of cell walls . The transformation of lymphocytes from infected and artificially immunized guinea pigs in the presence of cell wall glycoprotein and soluble cytoplasmic substances was variable and unpredictable, the lymphocytes from some animls within a given group transforming and those from other animals showing no evidence of stimulation . Moreover, the level of stimulation could not be correlated with the degree of dermal hypersensitivity . These findings suggest that cell wall glycoprotein, and the fractions containing ribosomes and soluble cytoplasmic substances, could be useful antigens in assays for cellular immunity, and warrant further investigation with respect to specificity and active components.

J Bacteriol . 1976 Mar;:1226-8.
Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus; Orlowski M et al.; The dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus was found to contain the cyclic nucleotide guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) . Approximately equivalent amounts of the compound were found in ungerminated spores, yeastlike cells, and mycelia . Germinating spores contained severalfold higher amounts of cGMP than the other cell forms . cGMP levels did not change significantly during the morphogenetic conversion of yeast to mycelia . Added exogenous cGMP or the dibutyryl derivative did not influence cell morphology in any way and did not alter the effect that cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate has upon cell morphology.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 22(3), 327 - 33
Purification of Oidiodendron kalrai proteases; Cino PM et al.; Oidiodendron kalrai yeast-phase cells demonstrate proteolytic activity . Some of the proteolytic enzymes of the crude extract were purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-200, and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography . At least six proteins exhibiting a range of proteolytic activities could be identified by these procedures . Purity of the enzyme fractions obtained from the DEAE-cellulose columns was tested by running polyacrylamide gels.

Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1976 Mar, 220(1), 94 - 114
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of 6-chloro-alpha-methyl-carbazole-2-acetic acid (C-5720); Randall LO et al.; The carbazole, C-5720, has the same order of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity as indomethacin and is more potent than phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid in the yeast inflamed paw, the carrageenin foot edema, the Mycobacterium butyricum-induced pyrexia, and the acute and chronic adjuvant arthritis tests . In chronic adjuvant arthritis in rats, C-5720 lowers the elevated serum mucopolysaccharide and plasma fibrinogen levels, and partially restores the depressed liver N-demethylase activity . C-5720 is 16 times less active than indomethacin in the production of gastric ulcers in rats and is about 70 times less active than indomethacin in blocking arachidonic acid-induced diarrhea in mice . C-5720 has a greater safety margin than indomethacin with respect to the production of gastric ulcers or the blockade of diarrhea and the reduction of inflammation in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis.

Biochemistry, 1976 Feb 24, 15(4), 862 - 7
Rat liver cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase . Steady-state kinetic properties and circular dichroism; Thompson RE et al.; Steady-state kinetic studies including initial velocity, NADPH product inhibition, dead-end inhibition, and combined dead-end and product inhibition measurements with purified rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase indicate a sequential and obligatory addition of substrates in the order of NADP+, glucose-6-P for the catalytic pathway at pH 8.0 . Although instability of 6-phosphoglucono-delta-lactone precluded product inhibition experiments which might directly exclude an enzyme-6-phosphoglucono-delta-lactone complex, the absence of an enzyme-glucose-6-P complex suggests that the enzyme-lactone product is unlikely and the release of products is also ordered, with NADPH released last . Consideration of the kinetic constants (Ka = 2.0 muM, Kiq = 13 muM) and cellular concentration of the substrates and products suggests extensive inhibition of the enzyme in vivo and control by the NADPH/NADP+ ratios . Circular dichroism spectra of the enzyme in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C indicate 51% helix and 33% pleated sheet structures which is considerably different from results (14% helix) with yeast enzymes.

Lancet, 1976 Feb 14, 1(7955), 335 - 36
Diarrhoea caused by Candida; Kane JG et al.; Candida proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract was responsible for diarrhoea in six patients . Their common presentation was multiple loose or watery bowel movements, without blood or mucus but sometimes associated with abdominal cramps, and lasting as long as 3 months . Yeast cells were most easily identified by direct microscopic examination of stool specimens . Symptoms disappeared in all patients after 3 to 4 days of oral nystatin therapy.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Feb 5, 418(3), 344 - 57
Purification and characterization of RNA polymerase I from a higher plant; Guilfoyle TJ et al.; RNA polymerase I was purified from chromatin isolated from auxin-treated soybean hypocotyl . Purification was achieved by using Agarose A-1.5m gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose, CM-sephadex, and phosphocellulose chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation . With denatured calf thymus DNA as template, the enzyme has a high specific activity (200-300 nmol/mg/30 min at 28 degrees C) which is comparable to other RNA polymerase I enzymes purified from animals and yeast . While the gel profiles indicate that purification to homogeneity (greater than 90%) may not have been achieved, the enzyme appears to be composed of possibly 7 subunits, several of which are similar to the subunits of yeast RNA polymerase I . The putative subunits and molar ratios are 183 000 (1), 136 000 (1), 50 000 (0.5), 46 000 (0.5), 40 000 (0.5), 33 000 (0.2), and 28 000 (2) . The purified enzyme strongly prefers a completely denatured template such as poly(dC).

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 3(2), 157 - 60
Blocking effect of rheumatoid factor and cold agglutinins on complement fixation tests for histoplasmosis; Johnson JE et al.; The blocking effect of rheumatoid factor (RF) and cold agglutinins (CA) on the detection of complement-fixing (CF) antibodies for Histoplasma capsulatum using a mycelial (histoplasmin) and a yeast antigen was studied . Sera from 213 patients serologically positive for histoplasmosis were screened for the presence of RF or CA . CF antibodies to H . capsulatum in sera containing RF or CA were studied before and after removal of these factors (RF and CA) by treatment with dithiothreitol . Results suggest that RF or CA may interfere with the CF reaction to the yeast antigen of H . capsulatum but not to the mycelial antigen (histoplasmin).

J Cell Biol, 1976 Feb, 68(2), 319 - 38
In vitro fusion of Acanthamoeba phagolysosomes . I . Demonstration and quantitation of vacuole fusion in Acanthamoeba homogenates; Oates PJ et al.; Fusion of phagolysosomes (PLs) has been demonstrated to occur in vitro . Two separate cell homogenates of the ameba Acanthamoeba sp . (Neff) were prepared, each rich in PLs labeled with distinctive particulate markers . Portions of each were incubated together in vitro and fusion occurred as evidenced by the appearance of PLs containing both types of markers . Fusion was confirmed by electron microscopy, including serial sectioning . The membranes of fused vacuoles excluded the dye eosin Y . Surviving cells in the homogenates were not responsible for the observed fusion . Fusion was obtained using either synthetic markers (polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene latex) or biological markers (autoclaved yeast cells and glutaraldehyde-fixed goat red blood cells), or a combination of both . The specificity of PL fusion in vivo appeared to be maintained in vitro . As determined by light and electron microscopy, the fusion reaction was dependent on time and temperature, and on the initial presence of membrane around both marker particles . A minimum of 10% of the vacuoles fused by 10 min of incubation at 30 degrees C, and no rupture of the vacuoles was detected during this time . After 10 min of incubation, vacuole rupture began and fusion ceased . At a constant initial vacuole concentration, the extent of PL fusion in vitro was quantitatively reproducible . This appears to be a promising system for further investigation of membrane fusion in the lysosomal system.

Chem Biol Interact, 1976 Feb, 12(2), 183 - 95
Spectrophotometric studies on the binding with polynucleotides of 4,4'-diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone); Dave C et al.; 4,4'-Diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) (DDUG), an agent very effective against several animal leukemias and tumors, was found, spectrophotometrically, to interact in a biphasic manner with several natural, native and heat-denatured, and synthetic DNAs . The spectrum of DDUG was shifted towards the visible region with a hypochromic shift reaching a maximum hypochromicity at 316 mmu at a 1 : 1 molar ratio of DDUG to DNA nucleotide . Increasing molarity of DNA nucleotide resulted in a further shift towards the visible end, but with hyperchromicity rather than hypochromicity, and reaching its peak at 323 mmu . The interaction with yeast RNA was much weaker than that with DNA . 4,4'-Diacetyldiphenylurea (DDU) did not show any interaction with DNA; its monoguanylhydrazone (DDUM) showed only a hypochromic interaction . In contrast to DDUG, methylglyoxal-bis( guanylhydrazone (CH3-G), an aliphatic bisguanylhydrazone with antileukemic properties, showed only a hypochromic interaction with DNA at low ionic strength . Unlike DDUG, CH3-G was a very weak inhibitor of the DNA polymerase reaction . The hypochromic shift of the DDUG spectrum with DNA was abolished in the presence of 15 mM sodium citrate or 500 mM NaCl but not in the presence of 150 mM NaCl or 100 mM sodium acetate . The hyperchromic shift was abolished in the presence of 8 M urea . From the results obtained with different DNAs, RNA, synthetic polynucleotides and nucleotides, it appears that the total shift of the DDUG spectrum in the presence of intact DNA can not be ascribed to interaction with a single base although a greater shift occurred in the presence of G-C rich DNA.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 92(2), 237 - 45
Carbon dioxide fixation in Helminthosporium cynodontis; Clarke GA et al.; A mycelial suspension of Helminthosporium cynodontis (ATCC24938), grown on glucose-peptone-yeast extract broth and exposed to NaH14CO3 for 5 h, fixed significant quantities of 14C into the following fractions (%): small molecular weight components, 7-4; lipid and lipoproteins, 3-9; nucleic acids, 59; the residual protein and cell wall fragments, 29-2 . The labelled protein components were (%): aspartate, 39; glutamate, 18; cystine, 15; threonine, 9 . Radioactive nucleic acid components were (%): adenine, 18; guanine, 18; cytidylate, 34; uridylate, 30 . When the mycelium was grown in Czapek-Dox glucose medium and incubated in this medium plus NaH14CO3, the nucleic acid fraction contained 29-9% and the residual protein 49-5% of the cellular radioactivity . The removal of CO2 from the atmosphere did not reduce growth . Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities were demonstrated in extracts of H . cynodontis . Synthesis of PEPCK was stimulated under conditions promoting gluconeogenesis and was reduced under conditions promoting glycolysis, while PC synthesis was similar under both conditions.

Mol Cell Biochem, 1976 Jan 31, 10(1), 33 - 9
Myo-inositol oxygenase from oat seedlings; Koller E et al.; Enzyme preparations from oat seedlings showing the activity of myo-inositol oxygenase (E.C.1.13.99.1) have been described previously . In contrast to myo-inositol oxygenase preparations from other sources, e.g . rat kidney or yeast, the oat enzyme seemed to exhibit a somewhat less stringent activity, acting on other inositols and inositol methyl ethers as well as on myo-inositol . By purification of the enzyme present in the extract from oat seedlings with the help of an affinity gel specific for enzymes acting on myo-inositol a homogeneous enzyme preparation was obtained, which shows the same strict specificity as the myo-inositol oxygenase from other sources . It has a molecular weight of 62,000 and tends to aggregate to oligomers (up to tetramers) under physiological pH-values; in more alkaline media dissociation to monomers is observed . The action on the other inositols and inositol methyl ethers is apparently due to one or more other enzymes, which are also adsorbed on the affinity gel, but can be separated from the myo-inositol oxygenase by elution with increasing concentrations of myo-inositol.

Biochemistry, 1976 Jan 27, 15(2), 348 - 55
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases of rat liver: differential effects of thyroid hormone; Nielsen JB et al.; Thyroxine and analogues inhibit rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity for phenylalanine and tyrosine . A high yield purification of the major cytoplasmic form of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (C1) and its characterization is reported . Polyribosome-bound and other sedimentable forms are found to be indistinguishable from soluble enzyme by immunoprecipitation . Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (M) and cytoplasmic activity (C2) resistant to anti-C1 antibody have been partially purified and characterized . Tissue levels of the three forms are estimated at 22, 1.8, and 4.1 units/g of liver for C1, C2, and M, respectively {1 unit = 1 nmol of Phe-tRNA/min, 30 degrees C} . Charging capability toward rat liver and yeast tRNA, kinetic parameters, and physical properties are compared . Only enzyme C1 is hormone inhibited {K1 = 4 x 10(-6) M for triiodothyronine} . The data indicata that C2 and M are not structurally related to C1; C2 may represent an independent cytoplasmic pool of M . Implications of C1 inhibition in relation to effects on liver protein synthesis are discussed.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Jan 25, 251(2), 320 - 3
Rat liver pyruvate carboxylase . Inhibition by chromium nucleotide complexes; Armbruster DA et al.; The effect of inert coordination complexes of chromium (III) with various nucleotides on the catalytic activity of rat liver pyruvate carboxylase was determined . The chromium nucleotides are effective initial inhibitors of pyruvate carboxylase and the inhibition becomes more severe with time . The initial rate decreases for several minutes, reaching a new slower rate that is then maintained until considerable net reaction occurs . Incubation of the enzyme with chromium nucleotides in the presence of Mg2+ and HCO3- causes maximal inhibition of the reaction and linear initial rates are then observed . This effect is similar to that found with yeast hexokinase (Dannenberg, K.D., and Cleland, W.W . (1975) Biochemistry 14, 28-39) . The specificity of the carboxylase toward the nucleotide complexes suggests that the alpha and beta nucleotide phosphates are as important as the gamma phosphate in binding to the enzyme . A stable pyruvate carboxylase chromium nucleotide complex was not observed . These results are quite different from those found with yeast hexokinase where a stable complex between CrATP, sugar, and enzyme is found and hexokinase appears to be specific toward the beta, gamma phosphates of its nucleotide substrates.

Biochem J, 1976 Jan 15, 154(1), 35 - 41
The conversion of 3-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trihydroxymethylpyridine into pyridoxine by Kloeckera apiculata; Scott TA et al.; Kloeckera apiculata, a vitamin B-6-dependent yeast, grows in the presence of 3-hydroxy-2,4,5-trihydroxymethylpyridine in vitamin B-6-free media . On a molar basis the growth-promoting activity of this compound is approximately one-tenth that of other forms of vitamin B-6 . {G-3H}3-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trihydroxymethylpyridine is converted into radioactive vitamin B-6 compounds of the same specific radioactivity by growing cultures of K . apiculata.

Mech Ageing Dev, 1976 Jan-Feb, 5(1), 25 - 32
Changes in ribonuclease with age in the fungus Rhizoctonia solani; Gottlieb D et al.; The enzyme ribonuclease (RNase) which was isolated from Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn degraded ribonucleic acid from both Torula yeast and from Rhizoctonia solani mycelia . As the Rhizoctonia mycelia aged, there was an increase in both the total and the specific activities of the RNase present in the mycelia . This change is discussed in relation to the age dependent decrease in protein synthesis in this fungus.

Biochem J, 1976 Jan 1, 153(1), 89 - 91
Investigation of ribonuclease-catalysed kinetics by a micro-calorimetric method; Tribout M et al.; A rapid micro-calorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of the Michaelis-Menten parameters and the enthalpy of enzymic reactions is developed . The hydrolysis of 2': 3'-cyclic CMP by ribonuclease A is studied to test the proposed method; values obtained are in good agreement with already published data . Enzymic hydrolysis of yeast RNA, unlike that of cyclic phosphates, is shown to be endothermic . This result is explained by the two-step mechanism of this reaction.

Hamatol Bluttransfus, 1976, 19, 229 - 36
Immunological membrane markers of Hodgkin's cells; Kadin ME et al.; Reed-Sternberg and other Hodgkin's giant cells derived from involved spleens and lymph nodes of patients with Hodgkin's disease were examined for surface markers of T and B cells and macrophages . Attachment and phagocytosis of untreated (E) or sensitized (EA and EAC) sheep red blood cells and yeast by Reed-Sternberg cells did not occur . IgG frequently detected at the membrane of Reed-Sternberg cells was partially removed by incubation and washing at 37 degrees C . Fluorescence with a specific anti-T cell serum was not seen on Reed-Sternberg and other Hodgkin's giant cells lack most detectable normal human lymphoid cell markers, but do exhibit membrane bound immunoglobulin possibly of exogenous origin.

J Supramol Struct . 1976;5(4):577(429)589(441)
Effects of RNase and RNA on in vitro aster assembly; Zackroff RV et al.; RNase alters the in vitro assembly of spindle asters in homogenates of meiotically dividing surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes . Some effects of RNase, such as reduced astral fiber length, appear nonenzymatic and probably result from RNase binding to tubulin . However, RNase-induced changes in the microtubule organizing center are also observed . Since other polycations can mimic RNase effects, the existence of an RNA component of the spindle organizing center remains uncertain . Effects of RNase and other polycations on astral fiber length can be prevented and reversed by the RNase inhibitor, polyguanylic acid . Polyguanylic acid can also augment astral fiber length in the absence of added RNase or other polycations . Augmentation by polyguanylic acid is favored by high ionic strength, and can be duplicated by polyuridylic acid and, with less efficiency, by polyadenylic acid . Polycytidylic acid and unfractionated yeast RNA, however, are unable to augment aster assembly . Polyguanylic acid can also augment the length of astral fibers on complete spindles isolated under polymerizing conditions . These results demonstrate that specific polyribonucleotides can alter spindle assembly in vitro . The presence of an inhibitor of microtubule assembly in Spisula oocytes, which can be inactivated by specific RNAs, is suggested.

Acta Biol Med Ger, 1976, 35(11), 1575 - 6
Inhibition studies on the interaction of Vicia faba lectin with carbohydrates; Ziska P; Mono- and oligosaccharides and modified sugars have been studied quantitatively for their capacity to inhibit the agglutination reaction between Vicia faba lectin and yeast cells . The results seem to parallel the specificity of carbohydrate binding reported for concanavalin A.

Acta Biol Med Ger, 1976, 35(10), 1393 - 7
{Temperature dependence of the sedimentation velocity of human erythrocytes}; Beutel U; The sedimentation velocity of yeast cells and human erythrocytes as a function of temperature was studied in a range from 6 degrees C to 40 degrees C . Whereas this function for yeast cells can be described by an exponential function the measurements with erythorcytes show minima at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively, and maxima at 13 degrees C and 38 degrees C . Changes of the density or the shape of the cells cannot be the reason for these effects . Viscosity measurements on erythrocyte suspensions as a function of temperature also show deviations from the exponential function between 18 degrees C and 24 degrees C . The results explain that alterations of the membrane viscosity and phase transitions of the membrane lipids influence the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1976, 30(4), 525 - 31
{LD 50 and selenium concentration in the organs of rabbits following oral administration of sodium selenite and testing of the toxicity of Ursoselevit-Prämix}; Berschneider F et al.; LD50/24hr was established in the first of a series of experiments on 72 rabbits for orally applied sodium selenite . The dosage was 8.62 mg/kg live weight, the confidence interval being (1 - alpha = 0.95) +/- 0.13 mg/kg . The value was four times as high following intravenous application . Complete lethality was recorded from 15 mg Na2SeO3/kg live weight within 21 hours . Thirty-six animals were involved in the second experiment of the series . They had 50 or 100 per cent Ursoselevit-Pramix (30 ppm Se) in their rations . Body mass development of the test animals was superior to that recorded from the controls in the first 50 days, after which limit the former declined strongly in a few days . Their general condition worsened . Postmortem findings, following slaughter, included catarrhal enteritis, toxic liver dystrophy, scattered pulpous tumours in the spleen, and interstitial nephritis . In the third experiment (50 per cent Ursoselevit-Pramix with 60 ppm Se in the rations), the test animals developed better than the controls during the first two months, after which point they exhibited the same clinical symptoms as those observed in the second experiment, stopped to put on weight, and eventually turned cachectic . The pathomorphological findings were identical with those obtained from the second experiment . The selenium concentrations in the organs of the test animals all were much higher than those of the controls . Their amounts in excess to base values were up to eleven times in the blood, nine times in the liver, twelve times in the kidneys, and 13 times in the muscles.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1976, 21(2), 137 - 49
Presence of certain enteroviruses (Coxsackie) in sewage effluents and in river waters of Roumania; Nestor I et al.; The paper presents the results of research studies conducted during a lo-year period (1962-1971) with the view to detect certain enteroviruses (Coxsackie) from sewage, river and drinking water samples, and from the filter sand of drinking water-works supplied with river water . The method consisted first in preconcentrating the samples collected on immersed gauze pads, secondly in the concentration of the virus samples by the following methods-used either separately or in parallel: the Amberlite method, the yeast cell and the aluminum hydroxide concentration method . The isolation of A and B Coxasackie viruses averaged 29.12% in the sewage samples and 14.66% in the river water samples . Lower values were found both in aqueduct water and in the filter sand (2 positive samples out of 65 and 3 positive samples out of 39, respectively) . A seasonal distribution of the viral incidence was evidenced in the sewage samples with lower value in the river water, while the frequency decreased with the distance from the pollution source . For the lightly contamined waters (river and aqueduct waters) the yeast cell concentration method gave the best results, this method being also the single reliable method for Coxsackie virus isolation from the filter sand samples.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1976, 20(2), 137 - 49
Presence of certain enteroviruses (Coxsackie) in sewage effluents and in river waters of Roumania; Nestor I et al.; The paper presents the results of research studies conducted during a 10-year period (1962-1971) with the view to detect certain enteroviruses (Coxsackie) from sewage, river and drinking water samples, and from the filter sand of drinking water-works supplied with river water . The method consisted first in preconcentrating the samples collected on immersed gauze pads, secondly in the concentration of the virus samples by the following methods-used either separately or in parallel: the Amberlite method, the yeast cell and the aluminium bydroxide concentration method . The isolation of A and B Coxackie viruses averaged 29.12% in the sewage samples and 14.66% in the river water samples . Lower values were found both in aqueduct water and in the filter sand (2 positive samples out of 65 and 3 positive samples out of 39, respectively) . A seasonal distribution of the viral incidence was evidenced in the sewage samples with lower value in the river water, while the frequency decreased with the distance from the pollution source . For the lightly contaminated water (river and aqueduct waters) the yeast cell concentration method gave the best results, this method being also the single reliable method for Coxsackie virus isolation from the filter sand samples.

Beitr Trop Landwirtsch Veterinarmed, 1976, 14(1), 71 - 8
{Studies on the physiological behavior of Pinus merkusii Jungh . and Pinus massoniana Lamb.}; Stephan G; The formation and the function of the resin channels result from processes in the history of development; differences between various pine varieties must be traced to differentiation processes in the history of development . Longer flowing duration, higher reformation speed and reduced crystallization are properties which make Pinus merkusii especially suited for systematic resin production . Pinus merkusii does not react to treatment with weak acids or biologically effective stimulants, like yeast extract solution, which can be used to increase the yield of Pinus massoniana up to 30% . This means specific stimulants for Pinus merkusii still have to be found.

Prep Biochem, 1976, 6(5), 457 - 68
Ion-affinity electrophoresis . Preparation and properties of phosphorylated polyacrylamide gels; Harper ET et al.; Strong, pliable polyacrylamide gels containing covalently bound phosphate groups have been formed by radical-initiated copolymerization of acrylamide and a phosphorylated, N-substituted derivative of acrylamide . Under conditions of disc electrophoresis, the gels provide enhanced resolution in the separation of hemoglobin A from S, and separate two forms of yeast glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase . Preliminary evidence suggests that the improved resolution is due to ionic adsorption of the proteins to immobilized phosphate groups, implying that the gels may function as supports for electrophoretically powered separations involving ion-exchange or affinity chromatography.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 31(1), 60 - 2
Further studies on a mycoparasitic basidiomycete species; Cerrato RF et al.; An unidentified basidiomycete was found capable of parasitizing 37 of 50 isolates of fungi tested as hosts . All phytopathogenic fungi tested, as well as most of the saprophytic fungi, were susceptible to this mycoparasite . In some cases, reproductive structures as well as hyphae were infected . High glucose-yeast extract ratios in the test medium favored parasitism . The mycoparasite was able to utilize 14 of 27 compounds tested as carbon sources.

Acta Anaesthesiol Belg, 1976, 27(2), 35 - 44
Treatment of intestinal fistulas . Interest of intravenous hyperalimentation; Blaise B et al.; The authors present a report of four personal cases of intestinal fistulas, treated by parenteral hyperalimentation . They describe the technique of parenteral hyperalimentation used . There was one complication due to yeast septicemia from a sub-clavian catheter used for parenteral nutrition . Treatment of the yeast septicemia by amphotericine B was successful . (Acta anaesth . belg., 1976, 27, 35-44).

Acta Haematol, 1976, 55(5-2), 289 - 95
Stimulation of phagocytosis by human lysozyme; Klockars M et al.; Human lysozyme in physiologic concentrations (10--400 mug/ml) significantly (p less than 0.001) stimulates the phagocytosis of yeast cells by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes . This stimulating effect was observed even in the absence of serum factors . Hen egg white lysozyme or protamine sulfate had no effect on phagocytosis . The stimulating effect of human lysozyme was not the result of opsonization but was apparently related to the effects on constituent membranes of the phagocytic cells.

Acta Physiol Lat Am, 1976, 26(5), 343 - 8
Polymeric structure of a cyclic adenosine 3', 5',-monophosphate dependent protein kinase from the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouXII; Moreno S et al.; Adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii was partially purified and examined by sedimentation in sucrose density gradients . In the presence of histone and cAMP this procedure allowed the separation of the catalytic moiety from the cAMP binding activity, indicating that the enzyme had dissociated into subunits . The dissociation was accompanied by conversion of the enzyme activity from a cAMP dependent to a cAMP independent form.

Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1976 Jan, 219(1), 149 - 59
Benorylate interaction with indomethacin and phenylbutazone; Khalili-Varasteh H et al.; The simlutaneous oral administration of benorylate (4-(acetamido) phenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate) with either indomethacin or phenylbutazone to rats suffering from Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis leads to an anti-inflammatory effect which is significantly greater than the effect of the same drugs administered alone . Such an additive anti-inflammatory effect is not apparent when the metabolites of benorylate (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid) are administered with indomethacin or phenylbutazone . Paracetamol does not increase the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin or phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid clearly antagonizes it . The molecule of benorylate itsel is therefore responsible for the additive anti-inflammatory effect . However, if antipyretic activity (yeast-induced hyperthermia) is examined instead of anti-inflammatory activity, the simultaneous oral administration of the different drugs always produces an additive effect . It is concluded that the antagonism between indomethacin or phenylbutazone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs other than benorylate is present at some receptors but not all . The clinical implications of the results are discussed.

J Biol Chem, 1975 Dec 25, 250(24), 9294 - 8
Identification of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the ligand in the green form of old yellow enzyme; Matthews RG et al.; We have previously reported the isolation of old yellow enzyme complexed with a ligand of low molecular weight which imparts a distinctive charge-transfer absorption to the enzyme, making it green in color (Matthews, R . G., and Massey, V . (1969) J . Biol . Chem . 244, 1779-1789) . This ligand has now been identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by removal from the enzyme and characterization of its optical spectrum and subsequent mass spectral analysis . Similar compounds which are also bound to old yellow enzyme have been isolated from yeast extract and identified . These compounds give rise to complexes with old yellow enzyme which are characterized by broad long wavelength absorption bands, and they lead to inhibition of the NADPH-O2 oxidoreductase activity catalyzed by old yellow enzyme.

Biochemistry, 1975 Dec 16, 14(25), 5492 - 500
13C Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance studies of fractionated Candida utilis membranes; London RE et al.; 13C Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the lipid structure and dynamics of fractionated Candida utilis cell membranes . Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation times indicate the existence of mobility gradients in the direction of increased mobility from the glycerol backbone toward the terminal methyl group of the fatty acid and toward the choline methyls . The temperature dependence of the relaxation times gives activation energies of approximately 4-6 kcal/mol for the rotations about various carbon-carbon bonds which determine the relaxation rates . In general, comparison with data which have been reported for artificial membrane systems indicates that the contributions of protein-lipid interactions to the T1 gradient are of negligible importance in the yeast membrane system . A dynamical model for the motion about bonds near unsaturated bonds which determined the relaxation of the unsaturated carbons is also proposed . Measurements of chemical shifts with temperature also exhibit a correlation with chain position . On the basis of these data a correlation of deltaE, the energy difference between gauche and anti conformations for gamma carboms, with chain position is inferred . In addition, an estimate of 1.2 kcal/mol can be obtained for deltaE for carbons near the end of the fatty acid chain . This value indicates that intermolecular interactions contribute substantially to deltaE since a value of approximately 0.5 kcal/mol can be ascribed to intramolecular interactions.

Eur J Biochem, 1975 Dec 15, 60(2), 385 - 93
Hepatic nucleases . Extrahepatic origin and association of neutral liver ribonuclease with lysosomes; Bartholeyns J et al.; In the large granule fraction of rat liver, the density distribution of inhibitor-sensitive neutral ribonuclease is similar to that for acid hydrolases and its density distribution is similarly modified by Triton WR-1339 accumulation in lysosomes . Particulate neutral ribonuclease is latent; the enzyme is unmasked by very low digitonin concentrations or hypoosmotic shock . These observations demonstrate that the bulk of liver neutral ribonuclease is associated with the lysosomal system . In view of the neutral pH optimum of the enzyme and of some particularities of its distribution in fractionation experiments, the possiblilty of an extrahepatic origin of neutral ribonuclease has been investigated . After partial pancreatectomy, a significant decrease is observed in both plasma and liver neutral ribonuclease . The effect is specific, for it does not occur for other lysosomal enzymes . Also, labelled bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, when injected intravenously, is taken up by the liver . The sedimentable labelled enzyme has a density distribution similar to the distribution of other foreign proteins, horseradish peroxidase or yeast invertase . These results are explained by the uptake of plasmatic neutral ribonuclease from pancreatic origin by the liver.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Dec 8, 57(1), 19 - 22
Isolation of Penicillium corylophium Dierckx from acid mine water and its optimal growth on hydrocarbons at acid pH; Sinclair NA et al.; Penicillium corylophilium Dieckx was isolated from sludge collected at the interface of an aqueous, copper-bearing leachate and an organic, kerosene based, ion exchange solvent . The organism assimilated kerosene and various straight chain and cyclic hydrocarbons including dodecane, hexadecane, octadecane, toluene, benzene, and cyclohexane . Assimilation of kerosene and hexadecane was optimal at pH 2 and was stimulated by yeast extract.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Dec 5, 411(2), 377 - 85
Peptidoglycan compositions of a new strain of Arthrobacter crystallopietes during sphere-rod morphogenesis; Previc EP et al.; Arthrobacter crystallopoieties ATCC 15481 was used to isolate a new strain . designated Arthrobacter crystallopoieties EPSR-16, which had a mass doubling time in brain heart infusion broth and in glucose/salts/yeast extract medium of 30 min compared to 2.40 h for the parent strain in similar media . The growth rates for the new strain and for the parent were close to 12 h in glucose/salts medium . The new strain formed well-separated cocci and diplococci in glucose/salts medium, and upon nutrient shift-up all the cells in the population gradually changed into well-separated rods of regular shape . In the spherical state the cell wall peptidoglycan of the new strain contained lysine and no diaminopimelic acid . A gradual loss in lysine and a gain in diaminopimelic acid occurred during morphogenesis . Diaminopimelic acid became predominant in the cell wall during balanced growth in the rod state.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Dec, 30(6), 1048 - 9
Fate of ochratoxin A in brewing; Nip WK et al.; The fate of ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding (3H)ochratoxin A to the raw materials at 1- and 10-mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional microbrewing process . The results indicated that large portions (28 to 39%) of the added toxin were recovered in spent grains, with less recovery in the yeast (8 to 20%) and beer (14 to 18%) . About 38 and 12% of the added toxin at levels of 1 and 10 mug/g, respectively, were degraded during brewing.

Eur J Biochem, 1975 Dec 1, 60(1), 169 - 79
RNA polymerase B from Drosophila melanogaster larvae . Purification and partial characterization; Greenleaf AL et al.; A purification procedure is described by which we obtained DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B (or II) from third-instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster in essentially pure form . The enzyme is similar to the analogous polymerases from other eukaryotes in its enzymic and structural properties . It preferentially transcribes DNAs containing single-stranded regions, and it is inhibited by low amounts of the toxin alpha-amanitin; 50% inhibition occurs at an alpha-amanitin concentration of 0.03 mug/ml . Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolves the purified Drosophila polymerase B into ten polypeptides with molecular weights as follows: 1 (174000), 2 (137000), 3 (34000), 4 (22000), 5 (18000), 6 and 7 (16000), 8 (15000), and 9 and 10 (less than 15000) . The relative amounts of polypeptides 1-4 were constant at molar ratios of approximately 1:1:1:2 in different preparations of the enzyme, while the amounts of polypeptides 5-10 showed more variation . An antiserum directed against the Drosophila RNA polymerase B inhibited the activity in vitro of the B enzymes from Drosophila, yeast, and calf thymus . However, only the Drosophila enzyme gave a precipitin reaction with the antiserum . When the antiserum was added to Drosophila RNA polymerase B at different stages of the purification, the resulting precipitates were found to contain nearly constant proportions of seven of the ten polypeptides present in the purified enzyme.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1975 Dec, 28(12), 1377 - 80
Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6; Baker H et al.; Absorption of folates, thiamin, vitamin B6, pantothenate and riboflavin from a natural food source--yeast--and their respective synthetic forms was studied in 37 patients with liver disease due to alcoholism, and 12 healthy, nonalcoholic subjects . All alcoholics absorbed riboflavin and pantothenate but had a significantly lowered absorption of thiamin and vitamin B6 from yeast . Alcoholics absorbed synthetic vitamin B6, but not thiamin . Ingested folylpolyglutamates (the predominant folates in yeast) could not serve as a source of folate for the alcoholics, but synthetic folylmonoglutamate served . We suggest that the folate, vitamin B6, and thiamin deficits so common in alcoholic liver disease ensue from inability to absorb these specific vitamins from foods.

Contact Dermatitis, 1975 Dec, 1(6), 337 - 43
Etiological factors in the denture sore mouth syndrome: an investigation of 24 patients; Wakkers-Garritsen BG et al.; A total of 24 patients, 19 women and 5 men, complaining of denture sore mouth, were studied . In 18 persons complaints had started with the wearing of the first prosthesis . In 12 patients complaints started within the first half-hour of contact . Several prostheses had been manufactured for most patients without any beneficial result . The following investigations were performed: a . Mechanical factors were evaluated; b . Temperature was measured beneath the prosthetic denture; c . Yeast cultures were made; d . Patch tests with possible allergens were performed on the buccal mucosa and on the skin of the back . In all these investigations, there were no significant differences with the results obtained in a control group . Finally, the influence of possible psychosomatic factors is considered.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1975 Dec, 78(6), 1153 - 60
Effects of asparagusate and lipoate on enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related metabolic pathways; Yanagawa H et al.; 1 . The effects of lipoate and asparagusate on animal and plant enzymes of the TCA cycle and related metabolic pathways were studied . 2 . Lipoate inhibited bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase {EC 1.4.1.3} . The inhibition may play a role in metabolic regulation . 3 . Asparagusate inhibited lipoyl dehydrogenase {EC 1.6.4.3} from asparagus and lettuce competitively with respect to lipoate . Asparagusate had practically no effects on other asparagus enzymes . 4 . Asparagusate strongly inhibited lipoyl dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase {EC 1.1.1.42} from animal sources, in competition with the corresponding substrate . 5 . Asparagusate and lipoate also inhibited yeast glutamate dehydrogenase . 6 . Based upon kinetic studies, the mode of these inhibitions is discussed.

J Fam Pract, 1975 Dec, 2(6), 455 - 8
Urticaria; Stone SP; Urticaria is a problem often as vexing to the physician as to the patient . The approach to the patient with hives first demands a search for the etiology, whether endogenous and triggered by emotions or occult systemic disease, exogenous and triggered by allergy to inhaled or ingested antigens, or physical and due to abnormal sensitivity to heat, cold, light, or pressure . Often a fruitless search, the diagnostic evaluation must be accompanied by appropriate symptomatic therapy requiring familiarity with the antihistamines and their relative advantages in the various forms of urticaria . Elimination diets are of diagnostic as well as therapeutic value: pencillin-free, yeast-free, and salicylate-free diets are particularly useful . Therapeutic trials of tetracycline, nystatin and griseofulvin may be helpful, while corticosteroids and specific desensitization are rarely of value.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Nov 7, 105(3), 261 - 7
Cytochemical localization of catalase activity in methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha; van Dijken JP et al.; The localization of peroxidase activity in methanol-grown cells of the yeast Hansenula polymorphia has been studied by a method based on cytochemical staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) . The oxidation product of DAB occurred in microbodies, which characteristically develop growth on or methanol, and in the intracristate space of the mitochondria . The staining of microbodies was H2O2 dependent, appeared to be optimal at pH 10.5, diminished below pH 10 and was inhibited by 20 mM 3-amino 1,2,4 triazole (AT) . In contrast to these observations, the reaction in the mitochondria was not H2O2 dependent and not notably affected by differences in pH in the range of 8.5 to 10.5 . Microbodies and mitochondria were also stained when H2O2 was replaced by methanol . Appropriate control experiments indicated that in this case methanol oxidase generated the H2O2 for the peroxidative conversion of DAB by catalase . These results suggest that catalase is located in the microbodies of methanol-grown yeasts . A model for a possible physiological function of the microbodies during growth on methanol is put forward.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Nov-Dec, 11(6), 857 - 61
{Use of malt extract as a nitrogen source for continuous cultivation of Candida utilis}; Oleinikova TA et al.; The effect of an aqueous extract from malt sprouts on the growth and development of fodder yeast was investigated during their continuous cultivation . The extract can be used as a nitrogen source during continuous cultivation of fodder yeast . It is supposed that the extract contains compounds capable to inhibit yeast growth . The extract should be added to the nutrient medium in the amount of 4 g/l of dry weight.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Nov, 13(3), 291 - 4
Retention of albino and brown phenotypes of Histoplasma capsulatum by liquid nitrogren refrigeration; Butterfield W et al.; Pathogenic differences between albino (A) and brown (B) phenotypes of Histoplasma capsulatum for experimental animals, and serological differences between A- and B- derived histoplasmins or yeast-phase antigens, necessitate the retention of these phenotypes in culture for diagnoses and epidemiologic studies . Selected strains of A and B types were frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN) and stored for 6-9 months in the vapor phase of a LN refrigerator (-165 degrees C) . The strains were tested by using Berliner's method for differentiation of these two phenotypes . The results have proved that the LN refrigeration can be used for long-term conservation to prevent the conversion of B type into the A type in vitro.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Nov, 13(3), 274 - 9
The morphology of colony variants of three species of Candida; Joshi KR et al.; The colonies of 12 isolates of 3 Candida spp . with variant colony forms were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy . Small colonies were formed by 4 isolates each of C . albicans and C . parapsilosis and by 1 of C . tropicalis . These had an abnormally high proportion of degenerate yeast cells with an associated increase in granular cytoplasmic material intercellularly . The increased matrix in these small colonies formed a thick superficial coat over the organisms . Rough colonies were formed by 1 isolate each of C . albicans, C . tropicalis and C . parapsilosis . The convoluted regions of these colonies contained many pseudohyphal cells but few degenerate cells and little granular or fibrillar material in their intercellular matrices . The shape of colonies of Candida spp . may be altered by variations in the viability or the morphology of the organisms.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 21(11), 1827 - 33
Effect of glutamic acid on the fatty acid and lipid composition of Choanephora cucurbitarum; Deven JM et al.; The fatty acid composition of the total, neutral, sterol, free fatty acid, and polar-lipid fractions in the mycelium of Choanephora curcurbitarum was determined . The major fatty acids in all lipid fractions were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and gamma-linolenic acid . Different lipid fractions did not show any particular preference for any individual fatty acid; however, the degree of unsaturation was different in different lipid fractions . Free fatty acid and polar lipid fractions contained a higher proportion of gamma-linolenic acid than did triglyceride and sterol fractions . Addition of glutamic acid to the malt-yeast extract and medium resulted in the biosynthesis of a number of long-chain fatty acids beyond the gamma-linolenic acid . These fatty acids, e.g., C22:1, C24:0, and C26:0, were never observed to be present in the fungus when grown on a malt-yeast extract medium without glutamic acid . Furthermore, thin-layer chromatographic analysis showed a larger and denser spot of diphosphatidyl glycerol from the mycelium grown on glutamic acid medium than from the control mycelium . The possible significance of this finding is discussed.

J Nutr, 1975 Nov, 105(11), 1481 - 5
Lead poisoning in vitamin E-deficient rats; Levander OA et al.; Weanling male rats were fed either a vitamin E-deficient Torula yeast diet or the same diet supplemented with 100 ppm vitamin E for a period of 3 months . One group of animals fed each diet received 250 ppm lead in the drinking water, whereas another group of animals fed each diet received no lead in the water . Vitamin E deficiency per se had little or no effect on hematocrit value, reticulocyte count, spleen weight, or erythrocyte mechanical fragility in rats not poisoned with lead . On the other hand, the decreased hematocrit, increased reticulocyte count, and splenic enlargement due to lead poisoning were much more pronounced in vitamin E-deficient rats than in rats supplemented with vitamin E . The resistance to mechanical trauma of red blood cells from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats was much less than that of red cells from vitamin E-adequate lead-poisoned rats . Dietary vitamin E status had no significant influence on the increased mechanical fragility of erythrocytes from nonpoisoned rats caused by exposure to lead in vitro . These results suggest that vitamin E deficiency enhances the susceptibility of animals to the in vivo hemolytic effect of lead poisoning.

Cancer Res, 1975 Nov, 35(11 Pt . 2), 3332 - 5
Is there a role for mitochondrial genes in carcinogenesis?
Hoberman HD.
Although defective respriration is not characteristic of all tumors, recent comparative studies on the ultrastructure of normal and tumor cell mitochondria indicate that in malignant cells mitochondria deviate from normal not only in relative abundance but also in the size, form, density, and frequency of appearance of lesions . Normal and abnormal mitochondria may populate the same cell, suggesting that there may be a gradation in respiratory deficiency depending on the proportion of normal to abnormal forms . Recent advances in mitochondrial genetics suggest that aberrant mitochondria may be formed as a result of the presence of an abnormal mitochondrial genome . In analogy with the petite mutant of certain strains of yeast, animal cells may be transformed by treatment with dyes that alter the structure of their mitochondrial DNA, so that their mitochondria also become deficient in enzymes of the respiratory chain . Whether nutritional or other deficiencies are mutagenic with respect to mitochondrial DNA of animal cells is not known; nor is it known whether mitochondrial mutagenesis is causally involved in carcinogenesis . New knowledge of cytoplasmic genetics and of mitochondrial DNA and membrane structure and dynamics should encourage investigations aimed at examining the possible role of mitochondrial genes in neoplastic transformation.

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1975 Nov-Dec, 50(6), 821 - 9
{Thermotolerance of the Candida . Relationships with ecology, pathology and taxonomy (author's transl)}; Saez H et al.; An investigation on the maximum temperature of growth is reported on 477 strains of Candida, 23 species and 1 variety, including species actually not identied as Candida, but well known under that generic name in medical and veterinary mycology . C . pseudotropicalis is the most thermotolerante species (49 degrees), C . albicans coming only in second position (42 degrees -48 degrees); the less thermotolerante species is C . humicola (29 degrees), but the less thermotolerante strain is a C . sake (26 degrees -32 degrees) . The relationships between the maximum temperature of growth and the ecology, the pathology and the taxonomy are discuted . In the group C . krusei a linkage between the maximum temperature and the utilisation of a sugar has been established, auguring a more close relation between the thermic characteristic and the enzymologic equipment of a yeast.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Nov, 13(3), 285 - 90
Serologic differences in strains of Sporothrix schenckii; Nishikawa T et al.; To obtain evidence that Sporothrix scheneckii enters the body by contact with contaminated materials, the antigenic property of strains from different sources was investigated . The reciprocal absorption test of the antisera against a soil isolate and a human isolate (KO 4606) showed that the absorbed antisera against KO 4606 possessed unique antigen(s) in addition to the common antigen of both strains . Twenty-three clinical isolates were tested with absorbed antisera . Not all of them possessed the unique antigen(s), but there were serologic varieties among S . schenckii strains, regardless of their sources, clinical type of the disease and the morphology of the yeast phase cells.

Biochem J, 1975 Nov, 151(2), 239 - 47
Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases of Euglena gracilis . Primer-template utilization of and enzyme activities associated with the two deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases of high molecular weight; McLennan AG et al.; The two high-molecular-weight DNA polymerases from Euglena gracilis, pol A (mol . wt . 190 000) and pol B (mol . wt . 240 000), were differentiated on the basis of associated enzymic activities and primer-template utilization . Neither enzyme had endodeoxyribonuclease activity, but pol B, like pol B of yeast and the corresponding enzyme from Tetrahymena pyriformis, exhibited at least one other nuclease activity directed against denatured DNA and the RNA of an RNA-DNA hybrid . These nuclease functions preferred an alkaline pH and Mg2+ . Pol B also exhibited nucleoside diphosphokinase activity . Both enzymes were active with 'activated' DNA and poly{d(A-T)} as primer-templates and were sensitive, especially pol B, to inhibition by excess of native or heat-denatured DNA . Pol B also utilized oligo{d(T)} and poly(A) templates under certain conditions, whereas pol A exhibited only slight activity with poly{d(A)} . (U)6 was not used as a primer by either enzyme.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Oct 27, 105(2), 179 - 81
Oxidation of formaldehyde by alcohol oxidase of Candida boidinii; Sahm H; A fromaldehyde oxidase activity was found in cellfree extracts of methanol-grown yeast Candida boidinii . Loss of alcohol oxidase activity in a mutant, 48, led to loss of the formaldehyde oxidase activity, indicating that the same enzyme is probably responsible for both activities . This could be demonstrated with the purified alcohol oxidase which oxidizes, besides lower primary alcohols, formaldehyde to formate . The Km value for formaldehyde is 5.7 mM . It seems that alcohol oxidase is not implicated in formaldehyde oxidation in vivo.

Lab Invest, 1975 Oct, 33(4), 418 - 27
Phagocytosis by muscle cells; Garfield RE et al.; Electron microscopy of intact tissue and cultured smooth muscle suggested the occurrence of phagocytosis of necrotic cells by normal vascular smooth muscle cells . Phagocytosis was further studied in vitro in muscle cells from guinea pig aorta, guinea pig vas deferens, and striated muscle from chick embryo by light and electron microscopy . The uptake of yeast cells (approximately 2-mum . diameter) into living cultured smooth muscle cells from guinea pig aorta was observed with phase contrast microscopy and differential interference (Nomarski) optics . Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed the yeast cells lined up in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells . Electron microscopy confirmed the uptake of yeast cells by differentiated muscle cells . Some of the yeast in the smooth muscle cells showed signs of disintegration suggesting digestion within the phagosome . Spontaneously contracting cultured smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells incubated with latex spheres (0.3-mum . diameter) showed uptake and sequestration of the spheres . The ability of muscle cells to phagocytose necrotic cells and other particulate matter may be important in atherogenesis and in the repair of tissue after injury.

J Exp Med, 1975 Oct 1, 142(4), 827 - 38
Selective phagocytic paralysis induced by immobilized immune complexes; Rabinovitch M et al.; The phagocytic recognition by peritoneal macrophages plated on glass- or plastic-bound immune complexes of bovine plasma albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA was examined . Ingestion but not the attachment of erythrocytes opsonized with an IgG rich antiserum (EA) was markedly inhibited . In contrast, macrophage interactions with complement-coated (EAC) red cells, or ingestion of latex particles, yeast cell walls or glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes was not inhibited . Complexes prepared with pepsin-treated anti-BSA IgG were ineffective indicating a requirement for the Fc region . Inhibition of ingestion of EA was not a consequence of macrophage spreading and did not appear to be mediated by solubilized complexes or by cell-derived inhibitors of phagocytosis . Significant restoration of the ability to ingest EA was obtained when macrophages on complex-coated substrates were incubated for 4-8 h in medium enriched with mouse or fetal bovine serum . Restoration was also attained by removing macrophages from complex-coated dishes and replating onto uncoated dishes . The selective inhibition of ingestion of EA may be due to blocking of Fc receptors by the complexes but depletion of receptors by endocytosis of complexes cannot be ruled out . Alternatively, the complexes may have induced selective failure of the interiorization mechanism.

Cell, 1975 Oct, 6(2), 215 - 22
Initiation sites for translation of sindbis virus 42S and 26S messenger RNAs; Cancedda R et al.; Sindbis virus 26S RNA is the principal species of virus-specific RNA found in the infected cell; it is derived from a one third segment of virion 42S RNA . When translated in cell-free extracts from mouse ascites cells or rabbit reticulocytes, 26S RNA directed the synthesis primarily of the 33,000 dalton virus capsid protein, and the protein products were in the form of free peptides rather than peptidyl-tRNA . In contrast, the polypeptides synthesized in either extract in response to Sindbis virus 42S RNA were heterogeneous, ranging in molecular weight from 33,000 to 190,000, and were largely in the form of peptidyl-tRNA . The number of independent initiation sites on the 26S and 42S RNAs was determined by analyzing a tryptic digest of reaction products labeled with yeast N-formyl-35S-methionyl-tRNAFmet . The 26S RNA appeared to contain a single initiation site, and this site could also be found in varying amounts in different preparations of 42S RNA . However, a second initiation site, distinct from that of 26S RNA, was the major site in 42S virion RNA . These results suggest that 42S virion RNA contains two potential sites for initiation of protein synthesis . Only one of these may be active, however, and it is postulated that the second site functions primarily, if not exclusively, in the subgenomic 26S RNA species . In this regard, Sindbis virus 42S RNA may represent a novel form of a eucaryotic messenger RNA.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Oct, 124(1), 391 - 7
Inhibition of growth by erythritol catabolism in Brucella abortus; Sperry JF et al.; The growth of Brucella abortus (US-19) in a complex tryptose-yeast extract medium containing D-glucose is inhibited by 10 mM erythritol . The enzymes of the erythritol pathway, except for D-erythrulose 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glycero-2-tetrulose 1-phosphate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 4-oxidoreductase) were detected in the soluble and membrane fractions of cell extracts . Glucose catabolism by cell extracts was inhibited by erythritol, whereas, phosphorylated intermediates of the hexose monophosphate pathway were converted to pyruvic acid with oxygen consumption . Erythritol kinase (EC 2.7.1.27; adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP): erythritol 1-phosphotransferase) was found to be eightfold higher in activity than the hexokinase in cell extracts . In vivo, ATP is apparently consumed with the accumulation of D-erythrulose 1-phosphate (D-glycero-2-tetrulose 1-phosphate) and no substrate level phosphorylation . ATP levels dropped 10-fold in 30 min after addition of erythritol to log phase cells in tryptose-yeast extract medium with D-glucose as the carbon source . These data suggest bacteriostasis in the presence of erythritol results from the ATP drain caused by erythritol kinase.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Oct, 124(1), 134 - 9
Respiratory capacity, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, and morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus; Paznokas JL et al.; A variety of cultural conditions were examined to determine the relationship between respiratory capacity and the growth of Mucor racemosus in the yeast and mycelial form . The results show that both yeasts and hyphae can develop when the respiratory capacity is low (e.g., in N2) . In addition, the yeast form of the fungus could be grown in air in the presence of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate with high respiratory rates characteristic of air-grown mycelia . These results indicate that their is not an obligatory relationship between respiratory capacity and morphogenesis in M . racemosus . Low intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate, however, were correlated with aerobic mycelial development, whereas yeast development under CO2 was characterized by higher cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate levels.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Oct, 124(1), 524 - 33
Purification and properties of the fatty acids synthetase complex from Neurospora crassa, and the nature of the fas-mutation; Elovson J; A procedure is described for the purification of the fatty acid synthetase complex (FAS) from Neurospora crassa . The enzyme complex has a molecular weight of 2.3 times 10(6), contains 6 mol of 4'-phosphopantetheine per mol, and on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gives a single band, or a closely spaced doublet, which comigrates with standard myosin (molecular weight, 2 times 10(5)) . Since the slightly retarded component in the doublet accounts for all protein-bound 4'-phosphopantetheine, the complex appears to be made up of 11 to 12 equally sized subunits, 6 of which carry the acyl carrier protein function . In this unusual arrangement, notably the lack of the low-molecular-weight acyl carrier protein component seen in other FAS systems, as well as in its enzymatic properties, the Neurospora FAS complex is quite similar to the yeast enzyme . The FAS complex of a saturated fatty acid-requiring mutant, previously disignated cel-, contains less than 2% of the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic groups found in the wild-type complex . The leaky phenotype of this mutant, here designated fas-, is accounted for by a residual fatty acid synthesizing activity in its FAS complex, which is several-fold higher than expected from its residual content of 4'-phosphopanthetheine.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1975 Sep, 6(3), 395 - 9
Biology of the snail-killing fly, Sepedon spangleri Beaver (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) . I . Life history; Chandavimol Y et al.; One complete generation of the sciomyzid fly, S . spangleri, was on the average 27.90 days at 25 +/- 3 degrees C . The egg stage lasted 3.55 days . The first, second and third instar larvae lasted 4.35, 2.95 and 4.45 respectively when fed with live snails, Australorbis glabratus . Pupae floated on the water surface for 8 days until they emerged as adults . The longevity of adults fed with crushed snails, dried milk, brewer's yeast and honey average 199.95 days for females and 136.80 days for males . Under these conditions the average number of eggs laid per female was 414.70.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 21(9), 1335 - 42
Heterotrophic nutrition of the marine pennate diatom Navicula pavillardi Hustedt; Lewin J et al.; Navicula pavillardi Hustedt, a marine, littoral, pennate diatom, can grow in the dark on glutamate or on the complex organic supplements tryptone or yeast extract . Growth on glutamate in the dark took place without an initial lag phase, whereas growth on tryptone began only after a 2-day lag phase that could be abolished by the simultaneous presence of glucose . Lactate inhibited growth in the dark on glutamate, but not photoautotrophic growth . Relatively low concentrations of glutamine inhibited photoautotrophic growth . The observed doubling time for heterotrophic growth on glutamate or tryptone was about 70 h, compared with a doubling time of 24 h under optimal photoautotrophic conditions . Glucose did not decrease the doubling time in the dark on tryptone . The assimilation efficiency for glutamate was 41% . The estimated necessary uptake rate for glutamate to account for the observed heterotrophic doubling time on glutamate was close to those measured with isotope techniques . The kinetic parameters for glutamate uptake, which followed Michelis-Menten kinetics, were Ks = 0.018 mM, and Vmax = 7.0 X 10(-10) mumol per cell per minute . Although several amino acids served as sole nitrogen sources for photoautotrophic growth and were demonstrated by the use of isotope techniques to enter the cells, they could not be used as substrates for growth in the dark . Glucose was not taken up to a significant extent except by cells grown in the presence of tryptone . Lactate was taken up only by dark-grown cells . Results of preliminary studies on the metabolic fate of several uniformly labeled amino acids are presented.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1975 Sep, 24(5), 784 - 90
Isolation, identification, and biological characterization of Acanthamoeba polyphaga from a human eye; Visvesvara GS et al.; Trophozoites and cysts of an Acanthamoeba were repeatedly isolated from the corneal scrapings of a patient suffering from acute ulceration of the right eye . The ameba was cloned and cultivated axenically in a proteose peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium . At a later date the organism was identified as A . polyphaga on the basis of its morphologic characteristics, especially those of cysts . Experimental studies on the in vitro interaction of this organism with monkey kidney tissue culture (Vero line) and its pathogenicity to mice indicated that it was a low virulent strain . When large numbers of amebae (25,000+) were inoculated into Vero cell cultures, cytopathic effects (CPE) were noticed within 5 to 6 days . The CPE consisted of cell shrinkage, nuclear pyonosis, and discontinuity of cell sheet, and the cell culture was totally destroyed in 8 to 10 days . When 20,000+ amebae were instilled intranasally into each of 20 2-week-old mice, only 1 mouse died, on the 28th day . Amebae were isolated from the brain of the dead mouse, and trophozoites and cysts were also demonstrated in the brain sections . When amebae isolated from the brain were intranasally instilled into mice, they failed to kill the mice for at least 1 month; however, when 10,000+ amebae were inoculated intracerebrally, the mice died within 5 to 8 days, exhibiting symptoms of primary meningoencephalitis.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Sep-Oct, 11(5), 725 - 9
{Production and properties of a beta-galactosidase preparation from Alternaria tenuis}; Zagustina NA et al.; Different methods of the preparation of fungal beta-galactosidase from the 72-hour culture of Alternaria tenuis were tested: lyophilization of the culture liquid, precipitation with ethanol, acetone, ammonium sulphate . Optimal results were obtained with precipitation by 1.5 acetone volume . Studies of the properties of fungal beta-galactosidase demonstrated that the preparation retained its activity during 22 month storage at 5 degrees C . The fungal preparation had pH optimum at a more acidic zone (4.2 versus 6.9), was active in a wider pH range 2.8-5.7 and 6.2-7.5), had a much higher temperature optimum (65 degrees and 30 degrees) and better thermostability as compared with the yeast preparation . Data on other properties of the preparation are presented.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 21(9), 1362 - 8
Proteolytic activity of Oidiodendron kalrai; Cino PM et al.; The physiochemical characteristics of the intracellular proteolytic enzymes of Oidiodendron kalari, a neuropathogenic fungus, were studied . The organism in the yeast phase was grown in a semisynthetic medium containing 1% tryptone, at 37 degrees C for 48 hr, on a gyrotory shaker . The crude extract was prepared by breaking the cells in a French pressure cell and the proteolytci activity was tested against biological substrates . The cell-free extract hydrolyzed casein, hemoglobin, lactalbumin, gelatin, elastin, collagen and purified rabbit renal basement membrane to various degrees . Optimal proteolytic activity was observed at pH 6 and at 32 degrees C . Calcium and EDTA did not affect the enzymatic activity; however, activity was partially inhibited by sulfhydryl-blocking agents and by heat-inactivated horse, calf, and human serum . The extract was totally inactivated by exposure to a temperature of 70 degrees C for 60 min . Storage at -76 degrees C or -15 degrees C for 6 months or at 4 degrees C for 4 weeks did not affect protease activity.

J Microw Power, 1975 Sep, 10(3), 315 - 20
Measure of enzymatic activity coincident with 2450 MHz microwave exposure; Ward TR et al.; Enzyme preparations were exposed to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz and enzymatic activity was simultaneously monitored spectrophotometrically with a crossed-beam exposure detection system . Enzymes studied were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human red blood cells and yeast, adenylate kinase from rat liver mitochondria and rabbit muscle, and rat liver microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase . No difference was found between the specific activity at 25 degrees C of unirradiated controls and enzyme preparations irradiated at an absorbed dose rate of 42 W/kg.

Vopr Virusol, 1975 Sep-Oct, (5), 528 - 32
{Analysis of cultures infected by vaccinal strains of viruses for detecting in them the integrated genome of these viruses (author's transl)}; Sadogurskaia EM et al.; White mice of 10-12 g were immunized with one of the three virus vaccines (vaccines against poliomyelitis, measles, smallpox) at various intervals . Poliovirus type II and measles virus, Edmonston strain, were labeled in tissue culture with 3H-uridine (30/uCi/ml) . Smallpox virus (rabbit strain) was labeled with 3H-thymidine (30/uCi per ml) also in tissue culture . After purification and concentration of labeled poliomyelitis and measles viruses, viral RNA was isolated by double extraction with phenol, and precipitation with alcohol to which a yeast RNA-carrier was added . Isolation of 3H-thymidine-labeled viral RNA from smallpox virus was carried out by the same method with the addition of SDS to the final concentration of 1% . From the brain and lung cells of the vaccinated animals DNA was extracted by the kinetic reassociation method and hybridized with labeled viral nucleic acids . The formation of a hybrid with DNA-containing vaccine virus was controlled by chromatography in hydroxylapatite . No integration of viral and cell nucleic acids was demonstrated in our experiments, however, it cannot be ruled out completely, because this method does not detect homologous sequences if they occur in a small number of cells tested.

Biochem J, 1975 Sep, 149(3), 627 - 35
Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase . A study of the essential lysine residue; Chen SS et al.; 1 . The inactivation of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in phosphate buffer, pH8, at 10 degrees C was investigated . Activity declines to a minimum value determined by the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate concentration . The maximum inactivation in a single treatment is 75% . This limit appears to be set by the ratio of the first-order rate constants for interconversion of inactive covalently modified enzyme and a readily dissociable non-covalent enzyme-modifier complex . 2 . Reactivation was virtually complete on 150-fold dilution: first-order analysis yielded an estimate of the rate constant (0.164min-1), which was then used in the kinetic analysis of the forward inactivation reaction . This provided estimates for the rate constant for conversion of non-covalent complex into inactive enzyme (0.465 min-1) and the dissociation constant of the non-covalent complex (2.8 mM) . From the two first-order constants, the minimum attainable activity in a single cycle of treatment may be calculated as 24.5%, very close to the observed value . 3 . Successive cycles of modification followed by reduction with NaBH4 each decreased activity by the same fraction, so that three cycles with 3.6 mM-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate decreased specific activity to about 1% of the original value . The absorption spectrum of the enzyme thus treated indicated incorporation of 2-3 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mol of subunit, covalently bonded to lysine residues . 4 . NAD+ and NADH protected the enzyme completely against inactivation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, but ethanol and acetaldehyde were without effect . 5 . Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate used as an inhibitor in steady-state experiments, rather than as an inactivator, was non-competitive with respect to both NADH and acetaldehyde . 6 . The partially modified enzyme (74% inactive) showed unaltered apparent Km values for NAD+ and ethanol, indicating that modified enzyme is completely inactive, and that the residual activity is due to enzyme that has not been covalently modified . 7 . Activation by methylation with formaldehyde was confirmed, but this treatment does not prevent subsequent inactivation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate . Presumably different lysine residues are involved . 8 . It is likely that the essential lysine residue modified by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is involved either in binding the coenzymes or in the catalytic step . 9 . Less detailed studies of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase suggest that this enzyme also possesses an essential lysine residue.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Aug 26, 397(2), 468 - 77
The characterization of multiple forms of kynurenine formidase in Drosophila melanogaster; Moore GP et al.; Two enzymic forms of kynurenine formamidase (EC 3.5.1.9) from Drosophila melanogaster were separated and partially purified by pH fractionation, (NH4) 2SO4 fractionation and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration . The enzymes were also separated by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and distinguished by their different rates of thermal inactivation . The multiple forms are termed formamidase I and formamidase II . The molecular weight of formamidase I as measured by Sephadex G-75 chromatography is 60 000 and that of formamidase II is 31 000 . The pH optima are broad, ranging between 6.7 and 7.8 for formamidase I and 6.5 and 8.0 for formamidase II . The apparent Km values are 5-10(-3) and 0.83-10(-3) M, resepctively . The possibility that formamidase II is an active subunit of formamidase I is discussed, although neither enzyme will convert to the other when separated and rechromatographed . Eight organisms were tested for the presence or absence of multiple forms of formamidase . Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis have both enzymes; cow, chicken, yeast and housefly have formamidase I only, and mouse and frog have formamidase II only.

Arch Tierernahr, 1975 Aug, 25(6), 437 - 52
{Resorption and incorporation of radioactive-labeled amino acids during administration of various protein carriers in rats . 3 . Uptake of radioactivity by blood plasma, liver and muscular tissue and incorporation into tissue proteins after intragastric administration of 14C-leucine and 3H-glycine}; Simon O et al.; Growing male rats received diets of varying biological value (protein sources: powdered whole egg (V); fish meal (F); yeast (H); gelatine (G); protein-free diet (e)) for a 14-day feeding period . Subsequently, 14C leucine and 3H glycine were administered intragastrically . The level of uptake of 14C and 3H radioactivity into blood plasma, liver and muscular tissue and the rate of incorporation of the radioactive tracers into the proteins of these tissues was examined . A negative correlation was found to exist between the incorporation of radioactivity into liver proteins and the biological value of dietary proteins, the former being mainly dependent on the level of incorporation into the liver . For muscular proteins the rate of incorporation decreases with the decreasing biological value of the dietary proteins . This may be attributed to the fact that with poor protein nutrition the rate of protein synthesis in the skeletal muscles is also reduced . Comparative studies on the specific 14C radioactivity from free leucine made in the group on the protein-free diet and in the group receiving the whole egg diet showed that the leucine pool of the skeletal muscles was markedly redueced in animals fed a protein-deficient diet while the leucine pool in the liver remained comparatively constant.

Arch Tierernahr, 1975 Aug, 25(6), 421 - 36
{Resorption and incorporation of radioactive-labeled amino acids during the administration of various protein carriers in rats . 2 . Uptake of radioactivity by tissues of the gastrointestinal tract after intragastric administration of 14C-L-U-leucine and 3H-glycine}; Bergner H et al.; Male Albino rats (weighing 90-100 gms) were fed ad libitum for 14 days with limited periods of access to food . Powdered whole egg (V), fish meal (F), yeats (H), and gelatine (10% protein in dry matter) used as protein sources . Additionally, one group of rats received a protein-free (e) . Radioactive tracers were administered by intragastric infusion of 25 mu Ci 3H glycine and 5 mu Ci 14C L-leucine per 100 gm of body weight 2 hrs after the feeding of 2 gm of the experimental diet per 100 gms of body weight . The level of uptake of radioactive tracers from the different sections of the gastro-intestinal tract was measurels of 3H and 14C labelling in intestinal tissues were observed 3 hrs and 7 hrs after infusion . The level of 14C labelling was found to be negatively correlated and the level of 3H labelling was positively correlated with the biological value of the diet . Intestinal tissues are capable of storing considerable amounts of 14C radioactivity . So, 72 hrs after infusion, the following levels of 14C radioactivity (expressed as percentage of the total dose of radioactivity) were found in tissues of the gastro-intestinal tract: whole egg: 8.4%, fish meal: 9.6%, yeast: 13.1%, gelatine: 14.9%; protein-free diet; 14.2% . The quotients correlating the levels of radioactivity from the intestinal contents with that found in the intestinal wall suggest that the walls of the small intestine possess a high capacity for absorption . At all times of radioactive measurements the walls of the small intestine were found to contain higher levels of both 14C and 3H radioactivity than the contents of small intestine.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1975 Aug, 78(2), 409 - 20
Trinitrophenylation of nucleic acids and their constituents; Azegami M et al.; 1 . Under relatively mild conditions, nucleic acids and their constituents were trinitrophenylated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS) in aqueous solution (pH 8-11), yielding reddish-orange trinitrophenyl (TNP) derivatives . Guanine residues were trinitrophenylated on the base residues at the 2-amino group (N2-TNP derivatives), and in addition, 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups of the ribose moieties of nucleosides or nucleotides were trinitrophenylated to form Meisenheimer complexes . 2 . The preparation of TNP derivatives (N2-TNP-guanine, -guanosine, N2, O-bis-TNP-guanosine, O-TNP-guanosine, -adenosine, -cytidine , and -uridine), their rates of formation, absorption spectra (UV, visible, and infrared), molar extinction coefficients, Rf value, electrophoretic mobilities, and stability in acid or alkaline solution, are presented . 3 . Trinitrophenylation of several kinds of nucleic acid was investigated . Calf thymus DNA and yeast transfer RNA showed a resistance to trinitrophenylation compared to guanosine 3'(2')-phosphate, yeast RNA or denatured calf thymus DNA . TNP-RNA showed resistance to the action of ribonucleases T1 and T2 {EC 3.1.4.8 and 3.1.4.23} . 4 . Trinitrophenylation reactions using 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene and 2,4,6-trinitrofluorobenzene were compared with that using TNBS as regards specificity and reaction rate.

Biochemistry, 1975 Jul 29, 14(15), 3482 - 9
Mechanistic studies on the rat kidney flavoenzyme L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase; Cromartie TH et al.; The falvoenzyme L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase from rat kidney {T.H Cromartie and C.T . Walsh (1975), Biochemistry 14, 2588} fails to catalyze the elimination of HCl form D,L-beta-chlorolactate, although this compound is a substrate for oxidation by the enzyme . Deuterium isotope effects demonstrate that proton removal from the alpha carbon of alpha-hydroxy acids is fully rate limiting, a finding in agreement with observations on L-lactate dehydrogenase from yeast {F . Lederer (1974), Eur . J . Biochem . 46, 393} which also does not promote elimination from D,L-beta-chlorolactate . Both D-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase were found to be rapidly and irreversibly inactivated by the acetylenic substrate 1-hydroxy-3-butynoate . The partially purified dehydrogenase was observed to be inactivated within 10 min by 6.8 times 10(-8) M hydroxybutynoate . For the more extensively studied oxidase, inactivation was found to occur after 25 catalytic events, inactivation occurring by covalent addition of the inactivator to the coenzyme . A stoichimometry of one molecule of hydroxybutynoate per flavine was found, and the time course of inactivation was unaffected by the presence of thiols . The oxidase could also be inactivated by prolonged incubation of the enzyme with 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate, and inactivation which could be completely prevented by the presence of thiolds . Since the inactivation with hydroxybutenoate also left the flavine coenzyme unaltered, the inactivation was attributed to Michael addition of nucleophiles on the enzyme of the ketobutenoate product . Several 4-alkyl-substitued 2-hydroxy-3-butynoates were also observed to inactivate the oxidase by both coenzyme modification and random addition to the apoenzyme . It is proposed that the inactivation may occur by nucleophilic addition of a C4 allenic carbanion to the oxidized flavine coenzyme.

J Biol Chem, 1975 Jul 25, 250(14), 5475 - 80
Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver; Carlberg I et al.; Glutathione reductase from rat liver has been purified greater than 5000-fold in a yield of 20% . The molecular weights of the enzyme and its subunits were estimated to be 125,000 and 60,000, respectively, indicating that the native enzyme is a dimer . The enzyme molecular contains 2 FAD molecules, which are reducible by NADPH, GSH or dithioerythritol . The reduced flavin is instantaneously reoxidized by addition of GSSG . The steady state kinetic data are consistent with a branching reaction mechanism previously proposed for glutathione reductase from yeast (MANNERVIK, B . (1973) Biochem . Biophy . Res . Commun . 53, 1151-1158) . This mechanism is also favored by the nonlinear inhibition pattern produced by NADP-+ . However, at low GSSG concentrations the rate equation can be approximated by that of a simple ping pong mechanism . NADPH and the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and GSH were about 10% as active as NADPH and GSSG, respectively, whereas some sulfenyl derivatives related to GSSG were less active as substrates . The pH activity profiles of these substrates differed from that of the NADPH-GSSG substrate pair.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Jul-Aug, 11(4), 495 - 9
{Study of the relationship between the free water fraction in dried Candida utilis and the phosphorus content of cells}; Nikitin VA et al.; The relationship between the free water fraction and the phosphate content in lyophilized yeast cells of Candida utilis was studied . The yeast were cultivated continuously and periodically, their growth rate being limited by phosphates . The decrease in the phosphate pool from 2% to 0.56% was followed by an increase in the fraction of free water by 6.3 times.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Jul, 13(2), 217 - 25
{Ecology of Sporothrix schenckii and of Ceratocystis stenoceras in Corsica and Alsace, French provinces free of sporotrichosis}; Mariat F; The study was conducted in 2 French Provinces free of sporotrichosis . Of 40 samples (soil, plant fragments, . . .) taken from Corsica, 59 isolations were obtained . All of these contained S . schenckii type of growth . Of 30 retained for further study, 14 were later identified as Ceratocystis stenoceras . All 14 needed pyrimidine as a growth factor . They developed well at 37 degrees and gave a yeast-like growth in shaken medium at 35 degrees and 25 degrees . One of the strains was pathogenic to mice . From 422 small mammals trapped in Alsace 37 isolations were made which morphologically were identified as S . schenckii . From these 31 were identified as C . stenoceras . Six isolations were considered as S . schenckii . The presence of nature of C . stenoceras and S . scheckii is discussed . Both fungi were isolated from various materials collected in tropical areas where sporotrichosis is endemic but also in such temperate areas as Corsica and Alsace where the mycosis is non-existent.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Jul, 13(2), 174 - 84
Aspects of the dimorphism of Histoplasma farciminosum: a light and electron microscopic study; Garrison RG et al.; Within 48h following the induction of mycelial to yeast-like phase conversion of Histoplasma farcininosum, randomly occurring hyphal cells were observed to contain multiple nuclei and markedly increased numbers of mitochondria . Yeast-like cells arose as buds from swollen tips of terminal hyphae, as sessile buds along the hyphae, and as buds from chlamydospores . Yeast-like cells were characterized by the presence of numerous buds over the surface of the mother cell . Bud scars were evident in the cell wall of the mother cell following abscission of the bud cell . Little similarity was noted between the fine structure of yeast-like H . farciminosum and that reported for H . capsulatum . The yeast-like cells of H . frciminosum underwent rapid transformation to the mycelial phase at 25 degrees C . The hyphal cell wall originated from the inner layer of cell wall of the yeast-like form . The cytoplasm of the hyphal cell usually contained a single nucleus, scattered mitochondria and occasional lipid storage bodies . Occasionally, Woronin bodies were observed at the septal pore.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1975 Jul, 58(4), 725 - 33
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profile analysis of high-protein foods, oils, and fats by gas chromatography; Grimmer G et al.; A method is described for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with 3-7 rings in (I) meat, poultry, fish, and yeast; and (II) oils and fats . The extraction of PAHs from group I is incomplete, and, therefore, group I samples must be dissolved homogeneously by saponification in 2N methanolic potassium hydroxide . The PAHs are concentrated by liquid-liquid extraction (methanol-water-cyclohexane, N,N - dimethylformamide - water-cyclohexane) and by column chromatography on Sephadex LH 20 . The PAHs are separated by high-performance gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with columns containing 5% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q and estimated by integration of the flame ionization detector signals in relation to an internal standard (3,6-dimethylphenanthrene and/or benzo(b)chrysene) . The sensitivity is significantly higher than that obtained with ultraviolet spectroscopic methods . The reproducibility and margin of error were tested with meat samples fortified with 11 PAHs and with samples of sunflower oil . The method was further applied to meat, smoked fish, yeast, and unrefined sunflower oil . All samples investigated contained more than 100 PAHs (characterized by mass spectrometry) of which only the main components were determined: phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene + benzo (j)fluoranthene + benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, perylene, dibenz(a,j)anthracene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene + indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, anthanthrene, and coronene . In contrast to other methods, the GLC profile analysis allows the recording of known and unknown PAH peaks simultaneously and also allows a compilation of all PAHs.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1975 Jul, 72(7), 2706 - 10
Microfibril assembly by granules of chitin synthetase; Ruiz-Herrera J et al.; Purified preparations of chitin synthetase (EC 2.4.1.16; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase), capable of forming microfibrils in vitro, were isolated from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii . Chitin synthetase was obtained either by substrate-induced liberation of bound enzyme (54,000 x g pellet) or by isolation of unbound enzyme present in the 54,000 x g supernatant of a cell-free extract . Both preparations contained ellipsoidal granules from about 350 to 1000 A diameter . Many granules exhibited a marked depression . No typical unit membrane profiles appeared in thin sections of glutaraldehyde/OsO4-fixed samples . Upon incubation with substrate and activators, chitin microfibrils were produced . The microfibrils were often found intimately associated with granules . The most common configurations were: a microfibril with a granule at one end, or two microfibrils "arising" from the same granule . These findings lend support to the granule hypothesis for the elaboration of cell wall microfibrils by end-synthesis.

Biochem J, 1975 Jul, 149(1), 155 - 67
Physicochemical properties of two atypical cytochromes c, Crithidia cytochrome c-557 and Euglena cytochrome c-558; Pettigrew GW et al.; Cytochrome c-557 from Crithidia oncopelti and cytochrome c-558 from Euglena gracilis are mitochondrial cytochromes c that have an atypical haem-binding site . It was of interest to know whether the loss of one thioether bond affected the physicochemical properties of these cytochromes . The thermodynamic parameters of the redox potential were measured . The reaction with imidazole, the kinetics and thermodynamics of the alkaline isomerization and the effect of heating on the visible spectrum are described for the ferricytochromes . The kinetics of the loss of cyanide, the spectral changes occurring on reduction with dithionite at alkaline pH values and the reactivity with CO are described for the ferrocytochromes . In many respects the cytochromes of the two protozoans are very similar to the cytochromes of horse and yeast . The ferricytochromes do, however, undergo a reversible transition to high-spin species on heating, which may be due to the more flexible attachment of the prosthetic group . Similarly the alkaline isomers of cytochromes c-557 and c-558 give rise to high-spin proteins above pH 11 . The alkaline isomerization of cytochrome c-558, involves a pKobs . of 10 and kinetics which do not obey the model of Davis et al . {(1974) J . Biol . Chem . 249, 2624-2632} for horse cytochrome c . It is proposed that a model involving two ionizations, followed by a conformation change, may fit the data . Both cytochromes c-557 and c-558 combine slowly with CO at neutral pH values.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1975 Jul, 24(4), 600 - 5
Mebendazole in the treatment of dracontiasis; Kale OO; In a controlled field trial of treatment for dracontiasis, mebendazole (Vermox) was found to be effective in eliminating the adult worm and preventing clinical relapses, but it did not achieve significant amelioration of symptoms, subsidence of inflammation, or healing of ulcers . The failure is attributed to poor absorption and lack of anti-inflammatory action of the drug . Mebendazole was well tolerated and although two patients reported mild gastrointestinal disturbances, which may be attributed to the drug, the study confirms that mebendazole is one of the safest anthelmintics in current use and is in that respect ideal for mass therapy.

Chem Biol Interact, 1975 Jun, 10(6), 383 - 94
Mechanism of action and fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in biological systems . 2 . In vitro reactions; Long JW et al.; The reaction characteristics of chlorothalonil with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), from yeast, (EC 1.2.1.12) were studied in vitro . Enzyme inhibition was related to the amount of {14C}chlorothalonil bound to the protein . Kinetics of enzyme inhibition was non-competitive for the substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) (Ki = 0.42 muM) . Reversal of enzyme inhibition could not be demonstrated with the low molecular thiol dithiothreitol (DDT), although the thiol did protect the protein against the toxic action of the fungicide . Because 5,5' dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) reduced the binding of 14C-labeled fungicide by approximately 90% it is postulated that chlorothalonil affects catalytic activity by reacting with the 4 sulfhydryl sites (cysteine-149) responsible for the binding of GAP . Certain reaction characteristics of the trichloromethyl fulfenyl fungicides with GPDH were found to be similar to those of chlorothalonil . However, chlorothalonil differed from those fungicides in that it did not react with non-thiol groups of either GPDH or alpha-chymotrypsin (alphaCT) and had a slower reaction rate with the GPDH . It is suggested that the differences in reaction rates of the fungicides are due to the molecular size and the chemical nature of the reactive toxiphores.

J Gen Virol, 1975 Jun, 27(3), 275 - 81
Penicillium stoloniferum virus: altered replication in ultraviolet-derived mutants; Still PE et al.; Phenotypic mutants of the wild type of Penicillium stoloniferum NRRL5267 were obtained from conidia exposed to ultraviolet light for 60 min (10% survival) . Virus content of the wild type and of nine phenotypic mutants was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Four mutants had no detectable Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), whereas the other five had levels of PsV-F in the mycelium similar to the wild-type strain . All nine mutants and the wild type had comparable levels of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S (PsV-S) . Maximum virus levels occurred after 9 days of submerged culture in a 2% yeast extract-15% sucrose medium . Virus replication in the fungal host continued after protein, RNA and DNA synthesis levelled off . Virus levels ranged from 85 to 150 E-260 units (extinction units at 260 nm in I cm cell) per 4-7 to 5-3 g dry weight of mycelium for the mutant strains compared to 106 E-260 units per 4-2 g dry weight of the wild-type strain.

Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Jun, 20(7), 373 - 84
{Effect of dietary proteins on the multiplication of the protozoon Nosema apis Z}; Peroutka M; By counting the spores of protozoon Nosema apis Z . in Burker's chamber the author was able to find, in 1495 caged bees sacrificed one week after the parasite invasion, from altogether 26 samples of various feeds statistically sifnificant differences of influencing the protozoon development only in sallow pollen . The differences between the individual feeds were statistically more significant in bees sacrificed 14 days after the invasion . Examination of 1260 bees 14 days after the invasion demonstrated that, as compared with glycide food, the parasite development was enhanced by a feed consisting of 6, 9, and 12 per cent fresh rape pollen, 3 and 6 per cent of fresh and dried sallow pollen, 6 per cent freeze-dried pollen mixture, pollen deposited in honeycombs, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 per cent yeast dough, "Arnika" and 3 per cent Bacto peptone . Even 14 days after the invasion no statistically sifnificant differences of influencing the schizogony of protozoon Nosema apis Z . could be demonstrated in bees fed pure glycide feed, dough with 3 and 6 per cent casein hydrolyzate, 3 and 6 per cent Hammarsten casein, 3 per cent dried whole eggs, 3 per cent rape pollen and 3 and 6 per cent fresh pollen mixtures . In the study the possibility of an indirect effect of pollen on the parasite schizogony through the secrete of the pharyngeal glands is being discussed.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 May 30, 393(1), 215 - 24
Interaction between proteins and detergents which contain a hydrocarbon chain longer than 16 carbon atoms . II . Difference spectra of various proteins in cetyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride; Ushiwata A et al.; The detergents which contain a hydrocarbon side chain longer than 16 cabron atoms were used as a perturbant for the study of protein structure . ta low concentration of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDBA) caused difference spectra for Ac-Trp-OEt and AC-Tyr-OEt . The delta e values at their difference maxima became constant above 30 mM of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, 1430 at 294 nm for Ac-Trp-OEt and 450 at 288 nm for Ac-Tyr-OEt . These delta e values are higher than any other delta e values resulting from solvent effects by such a remarkably low concentration of organic reagents described in the literature so far . The absence of denaturation blue shift in the difference spectra and the fact that the optical rotatory dispersion of the proteins examined in the present study was not changed significantly by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride indicate that the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were not destroyed by cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride . These characteristics, together with small overlapping of their difference spectra at 288 and 294 nm were advantageous in the determination of tryptophan and tyrosine residues exposed in glucagon, insulin and alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast . No tyrosine residues in ribonuclease A was accessible to cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride . Unusual difference spectrum with a peak at 298 nm was observed for lysozyme which is known to contain tryptophan residues in special environments . Ovalbumin gave a novel unusual difference spectrum with a peak at 290 nm and a shoulder at 298 nm, showing the existence of unusual tryptophan and probably tyrosine residues in the molecule.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 May, 1(5), 420 - 4
Rapid conversion of Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis and sporothrix schenckii in tissue culture; Hempel H et al.; A simple method for positive identification of Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Sporothrix schenckii is given . Primary tissue cultures of guinea pig peritoneal macrophage were inoculated with the mycelial phase of each organism and after 24 h the cells were stained and observed microscopically . The characteristic yeast phase could then be observed allowing for positive identification.

Br J Haematol, 1975 May, 30(1), 39 - 45
A rapid method for obtaining the half saturation tension of small blood samples using a standard Clark electrode system; Scott GE; A method is described which allows the half saturation tension (T50 value) of blood to be obtained within 5 min on samples of 100 mul volume, using a standard Clark PO2 electrode A PO2-time trace is recorded on a blood/buffer suspension from which the oxygen is removed at a constant rate using yeast cells . The T50 value is then derived graphically . The values taken for 210 traces show the graphical solutions to lie within +/- 0.5 mmHg of the tensions calculated from complete dissociation curves . Values from a further 590 traces show the T50 estimates are also reproducible with a standard error of less than 0.3 mmHg.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1975 May, 79(5), 881 - 2
Keratomycosis due to an Alternaria species; Azar P et al.; A patient with a contributory history of stromal herpes presented with a severe hypopyon and multiple corneal infiltrates . Culture of corneal scrapings grew out a species of Alternaria, a generally nonpathogenic fungus . The presence of hyphae and budding yeast forms in the keratoplasty specimen gave further confirmation to the diagnosis.

J Exp Med, 1975 May 1, 141(5), 1114 - 32
Proliferation and colony-forming ability of peritoneal exudate cells in liquid culture; Stewart CC et al.; Peritoneal exudate cells, obtained from mice injected with thioglycollate medium and cultured in medium containing L-cell-conditioned medium, will proliferate in an exponential fashion for 18 days with a doubling time of 68 h . After a 2 h pulse of tritiated thymidine, labeled adherent cells increased to a maximum of 22-34% during the 1st and 2nd wk of culture . Increasing the cell concentration from 2 times 10-3 to 2 times 10-5 cells/culture reduced exponential growth to 10 days and the doubling time was increased to 81.6 h . Under these culture conditions, peritoneal exudate cells were shown to form colonies on the surface of culture dishes when plated at low density . The cells within the colony were shown to be macrophages using yeast and antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes as a test for phagocytic function . The plating efficiolonies arose from a single precursor cell . The adherent cell population contains the colony-forming precursors . These precursors can be stimulated to form colonies for at least 2 wk by the addition of conditioned medium to cultures at various times after plating . While very few colony-forming cells could be demonstrated in the unstimulated peritoneal lavage, their numbers begin to increase in the exudate 4 h after injection of thioglycollate medium and reach a maximum by day 3 and then decrease . Isolated colonies may be useful in studying the function of macrophages.

J Bacteriol, 1975 May, 122(2), 710 - 8
Morphological change in the early stages of the mating process of Rhodosporidium toruloides; Abe K et al.; The events which occur in the early stages of the mating process of the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides between strains M-919 (mating type A) and M-1057 (mating type a) were investigated . In preliminary experiments we determined the frequency of mating by two newly designed methods: the liquid culture method and the membrane-filter microculture method . The mating frequencies of strains M-919 and M-1057 were 89% in the liquid culture method and 62% in the membrane-filter microculture method . The early stages in the mating process included the following events: (i) M-919 cells produce constitutively the extracellular inducing substance (A factor), (ii) M-1057 cells receive A factor, and in response to it they form mating tubes and secrete another inducing substance (a factor), (iii) M-919 cells receive a factor, and in response to it they form mating tubes, (iv) mating tubes elongate to the cells or the tubes of mating partner, (v) tips of the growing tubes recognize the opposite mating type cells or their tubes, followed by cell-to-cell fusion.

J Clin Invest, 1975 May, 55(5), 903 - 7
Extractable nuclear antigen effect on the DNA anti-DNA reaction and NZB/NZW mouse nephritis; Morris AD et al.; Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) is composed of at least two components, one a ribonucleo-protein sensitive to ribonuclease or heat and the other a protein . Antibodies to ENA are associated with a relatively benign clinical course in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in which DNA anti DNA complexes are thought pathogenic . The effect of ENA and anti-ENA on DNA anti-DNA reactions in vitro was studied . ENA effectively inhibited an anti-DNA hemagglutination reaction but no effect was found on binding of radioactive DNA or on the anti-hemocyanin hemagglutination reaction . The inhibitory effect was not abolished by yeast ribonuclease (RNase), heating, or DNase . Anti-ENA HAD NO EFFECT ON ANTI-DNA hemagglutination . In vivo, ENA altered the NZB/NZW mouse nephritis thought to be a model for human SLE nephritis . These results suggest the possiblity of a role for ENA in alteration of diseases due to pathogenic DNA anti-DNA complexes.

Am J Physiol, 1975 May, 228(5), 1606 - 14
Effect of amino acid meals on hepatic alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport and cyclic AMP; Tews JK et al.; Within 1.5 h after force-feeding rats one meal of enzymatic hydrolysates of casein, gelatin, lactalbumin, or yeast, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) transport in liver slices was stimulated two- to threefold . A complete amino acid mixture also increased AIB transport . Of the 15 amino acids or derivatives tested individually, the dispensable amino acids, especially glycine and alanine, were more stimulatory than the essential amino acids; feeding a mixture of amino acids lacking glycine and alanine increased AIB uptake only slightly . The effects were significantly greater in meal-fed than in ad libitum-fed rats . Increased hepatic concentrations of cyclic AM were usually associated with the increase in AIB transport . Feeding glucose inhibited the increases in transport and cyclic AMP concentration induced by casein hydrolysate or in the stimulation of AIB transport by dietary amino acids . The increases in AIB uptake appeared unrelated to the exchange of endogenous amino acids with medium AIB.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 May-Jun, 11(3), 317 - 21
{Effect of pH on the properties of the chemostatic culture of Canida utilis}; Andreeva EA et al.; The effect of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions on the physiological features of the yeast C . utilis VKMU-1668 was studied . High acidity inhibited yeast growth and uncoupled pathways of the energy and constructive metabolism: normal respiration was disturbed and the electron transport chain was damaged in the site of cytochromes and not flavins . Hydroxyl ions also inhibited yeast growth and uncoupled pathways of the energy and constructive metabolism: oxygen uptake and the content of flavin adenone dinucleotide increased, dehydrogenase activity upon the use of glycerol decreased significantly, and the absolute amount of all cytochromes declined slightly . The chemical composition of cellular polymers at all pH values tested was stable enough . The amount of major metabolites--volatile oils and ketoacids--was insignificant.

Biochemistry, 1975 Apr 22, 14(8), 1632 - 6
Acid-volatile selenium formation catalyzed by glutathione reductase; Hsieh HS et al.; The production of acid-volatile selenide (apparently H2Se) was catalyzed by glutathione reductase in an anaerobic system containing 20 mM glutathione, 0.05 mM sodium selenite, a TPNH-generating system, and microgram quantities of highly purified yeast glutathione reductase . H2Se production in this system was proportional to glutathione reductase concentration and was maximal at pH 7 . Significant nonenzymic H2Se production occurred in the system lacking glutathione reductase and TNPH . A concentration of arsenite (0.1 mM) which does not inhibit glutathione reductase inhibited selenide volatilization, as did bovine serum albumin (1.67 mg/ml) . Both appear to inhibit Se volatilization by reacting with the selenide product(s) . The selenotrisulfide derivative of glutathione (GSSeSG) was readily converted to H2Se by glutathione reductase and TPNH without the addition of glutathione . These results suggest that GSSeSG formed nonenzymically from glutathione and selenic undergoes stepwise reduction by glutathione reductase (or excess GSH) to GSSeH and finally to H2Se . The same pathway operates when glutathione is used as the reducing agent but to a lesser extent.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Apr 19, 384(2), 466 - 76
Epidermal nucleases: purification and characterization of ribonuclease from mammalian epidermis; Melbye SW et al.; The major ribonuclease of adult guinea pig epidermis has been isolated and purfied over 1000-fold by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity and ion-exchange chromatography, and electrophoresis . The purified enzyme is free from phosphodiesterase and phosphatase activities . The ribonuclease is optimally active near neutrality in phosphate buffer, with a Km of 3mu g/ml toward {14-C}RNA from Erhlich ascites tumor cells . (here are no metal requirements for activity . The enzyme catalyzes the endonucleolytic hydrolysis of high molecular weight yeast RNA and it also hydrolyzes polycytidylic and polyuridylic acids, but not polyadenylic, polyguanylic, and polyinosinic acids . The apparent molecular weight of the active enzyme is 28 500.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 Apr, 25(4), 511 - 6
{Chromatographic studies of four water-soluble rutosides}; Geissler VG; The water-soluble rutosides O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR), trihydroxyethylrutoside (tri-HR) and tetrahydroxyethylrutoside (tetra-HR), with and without NaCl, were separated by means of both thin-layer chromatographic and paper-chromatographic methods; separation of mono-HR was carried out using only the product with NaCl . The results of these studies show: 1 . According to the procedure employed, the chromatograms of the tested rutosides showed several spots up to a maximum of 12 in each product . 2 . Under certain methodical conditions the chromatograms of tri-HR and tetra-HR with and without NaCl differed; in the chromatograms of the tetra products either 12 or 9 components were detected . 7 spots were found in the chromatogram of tri-I, and 6 spots were observed in that of tri-II . The tetra-HR with NaCl was found to contain a substance which reacted with the diazonium salt fast blue salt B adopting a red coloring . This substance might be responsible for the biological effects, such as the influence exerted on yeast cell respiration . 3 . At present, difficulties are still encountered in separating the substance . A comparison of its chromatograms with those of rutin, quercetin, and the bivalent phenols hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcin suggests the substance to be a mono-isomer or a di-isomer of rutin with a resorcin-like structure in the A ring . 4 . Preliminary studies on yeast cell respiration using tetra-HR seem to confirm the biological effectiveness of the substance.

Am J Vet Res, 1975 Apr, 36(4 Pt.1), 387 - 93
Efficacy and safety of selenium-vitamin E injections in newborn pigs to prevent subclinical deficiency in growing swine; Van Vleet JF et al.; Seventy-eight newborn pigs were allotted to 4 treatment groups: 22 pigs in group A were given no selenium-vitamin E (Se-E), 22 pigs in group B were given small doses of Se-E, 22 pigs in group C were given medium doses of Se-E, and 12 pigs in group D were given large doses of Se-E . Pigs were intramuscularly injected before 7 days of age and at weaning (40 days of age), respectively, as follows: group A--1 ml of physiologic saline solution/pig each time, group B--0.25 mg of Se/pig and later 0.06 mg of Se/kg of body weight, group C--1.0 mg of Se/pig and later 0.24 mg of Se/kg, and group D--1.5 mg of Se/pig and later 0.72 mg of Se/kg . Selenium was supplied as sodium selenite in commercially available Se-E injectable compounds . From 2 weeks of age to weaning, the pigs were fed a corn-torula yeast creep feed containing Se at the concentration of 0.03 ppm, and from weaning to slaughter, a corn-soybean meal ration was fed containing Se at the concentration of 0.07 ppm and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 15.7 mg/kg . Subclinical Se-E deficiency developed in control pigs of group A and was characterized by subtle muscular stiffness, significant increases in plasma activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and typical residual lesions in heart and skeletal muscle, but not in liver, at slaughter at 165 days of age . Pigs injected with Se-E did not develop these evidences of subclinical deficiency . Pigs in group D were stunted for several weeks after the 2nd Se-E injection, and plasma GOT and CPK activities were significantly increased at 3 weeks after injection . Growth rates were otherwise similar between groups . Significant difference in Se content of liver, muscle, serum, and hair was not seen between pigs in the 4 groups at 120 and 165 days of age . A test period of physical exertion and heat stress resulted in significant increase of plasma GOT and CPK activities in 4 of 8 pigs at 110 days of age.

Biochem J, 1975 Apr, 147(1), 111 - 8
Properties of inorganic pyrophosphatase of pig scapula cartilage; Felix R et al.; The properties of a highly purified inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.1) from pig scapula cartilage were studied . The enzyme had a molecular weight of 66 000 and a pH optimum of 7-8 . It was markedly activated by magnesium, but not, or only to a much smaller degree, by other metal ions . PP1 was the only substrate found and had a Km value of 11 muM . The enzyme was not inhibited by phosphate and other inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase such as CN- minus, amino acids and theophylline; it was slightly inhibited by tartrate, formaldehyde and ammonium molybdate and strongly inhibited by F- minus, Ca2+ and other metal ions . The properties of the enzyme in the presence of concentrations of PP1 present in plasma (3.5 muM) were similar to those found at higher (2 mM) concentrations of PP1 . The diphosphonates ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and dichloromethylenediphosphonate inhibited the enzyme in the presence of low PP1 concentrations . The characteristics of this enzyme are therefore similar to pyrophosphatases from other sources, such as from yeast and erythrocytes, and do not support a specific role of this enzyme in the calcification process.

J Biol Chem, 1975 Mar 25, 250(6), 2206 - 12
The effects of polyamines on a residue-specific human plasma ribonuclease; Schmukler M et al.; A ribonuclease, purified some 2700-fold from human plasma, exhibited a strong predilection for the hydrolysis of internucleotide bonds containing cytidylic acid . Analysis of {3'-32P}- and {5'-32P}phosphoryl-terminal fragments obtained after enzymic digestion of rabbit liver and yeast RNA indicated that the nucleotide found at the 3' terminus of the fragments was invariably cytidylic acid . The nucleotide at the 5' terminus varied between cytidylic and uridylic acids in a ratio of 9:1 . When characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, approximately 70 per cent of the digest consisted of oligonucleotides from 4 to 8 nucleotides in length . Enzyme activity, when measured in low ionic strength buffer, could be increased severalfold above control levels by the addition of either of the polyamines, spermidine or spermine . These substances also restored nucleolytic activity to preparations inhibited by such ordered synthetic polyribonucleotides as polyguanylic acid . Estimations of the molecular weight of the enzyme, both by Sephadex gel filtration and sucrose density centrifugation, indicate that the weight may vary, depending on the presence or absence of certain cations . Of the cations examined, spermidine and spermine appear to have the greatest effect, causing an alteration in molecular weight from greater than 150,000 to approximately 32,000.

Eur J Biochem, 1975 Mar 17, 52(2), 239 - 54
Liver 3-phosphoglycerate kinase . Physico-chemical characterization of the bovine-liver enzyme; Kulbe KD et al.; Homogeneous phosphoglycerate kinase from bovine liver possesses a maximum ultraviolet absorption at 278 nm (A 1%,1Cm 280 equals 6.7; Amax/Amin equals 2.26; e280 equals 31.5 mM(-1) X cm(-1) . The enzyme consists of about 420 amino-acid residues and is a slightly acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 6.5 as expected from amino-acid analysis . The most notable features of the chemical composition are two tryptophan, 12 methionine and four half-cystine residues per enzyme molecule . Although phosphoglycerate kinases from mammalian tissues are partially similar to each other, clear differences in serine, glutamic acid, glycine, cysteine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine contents were found . Fingerprinting and column chromatography of tryptic digests of the S-carboxymethylated protein confirm the data of amino-acid analysis . Liver phosphoglycerate kinase is inactivated when modified with either p-chloromercuribenzoate or 5,5'dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) . The enzyme has two thiol groups available for reaction with Nbs2 under denaturing conditions, one of which is essential for catalysis . After reduction by NaBH4 four cysteine residues per molecule were determined with Nbs2, sugessting the presence of a disulfide bridge . Using sedimentation equilibrium studies, the molecular weight was found to be 49600 . Gel filtration yielded values of 43000-50000 . By analytical dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a molecular weight of 45600 was estimated . Inconsistent with these results in the value 37500 obtained by thin-layer gel chromatography in 6 M guanidine-HCl . Sedimentation velocity experiments revealed a sedimentation coefficient s20,w equals 3.4 S . The Stokes radius was 2.77 nm, the partial specific volume v 0.747 ml x g(-1) . The diffusion coefficient was found to be 76.9 mum2 x s(-1) by analytical gel filtration . From these data a molecular weight of 44000 was calculated . Other physical constants of bovine-liver phosphoglycerate kinase are: frictional ratio f/f0 equals 1.18, axial ratio equals 3.3, maximal degree of hydration equals 0.1 g per g of protein . Bovine-layer phosphoglycerate kinase could not be dissociated into smaller subunits by treatments which have caused dissociation of various other proteins (8 M urea, 6 M guanidine-HCl, dodecyl sulfate, carboxymethylation, maleylation) . All experiments strongly support the lack of subunit structure of the enzyme . Some characteristics of bovine-liver phosphoglycerate kinase are compared with the corresponding proteins from rabbit muscle, yeast and human erythrocytes.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Mar 10, 102(3), 193 - 8
Utilization of methanol by rhodospirillaceae; Quayle JR et al.; Enrichment culture of organisms growing anaerobically in the light in methanol-bicarbonate medium resulted in isolation of strains of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodopseudomonas acidophila . The pH optimum for growth on methanol for all strains tested was approximately one unit higher than for growth on carbon sources containing more than one carbon atom . At the appropriate pH, 17 strains of Rhodospirillaceae out of 39 in a culture collection grew anaerobically in the light on methanol-bicarbonate . Rhodopseudomonas acidophia strain 10050 showed the most abundant growth and was studied in more detail . Its growth on methanol was stimulated by yeast extract or vitamin-free casamino acids . The organism grew on methanol-bicarbonate, methanol-formate or formate alone as the sole carbon sources . No growth was observed on methylamine or fomaldehyde . In the presence of excess bicarbonate a maximum yield of 98 g cell material from 100 g methanol was obtained . Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase was present in the methanol-bicarbonate-grown organism at six times the specific activity of that in the succinate-grown organism.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 214 - 8
{Use of 2-stage continuous culture for studying the physiological state of Candida utilis}; Vrana D; The effect of D2 (second stage) on the growth rate, the content of RNA, and the rate of its formation was studied during two-stage continuous cultivation of the yeast Candida utilis . At the same time, the effect of changes of D1 (first stage) on the properties of the yeast during the second stage was also investigated.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 202 - 5
{Preliminary metabolism of D-ribose by Candida bombi}; Karasevich IuN et al.; The activity of D-ribokinase increases and its constitutive synthesis takes place in the yeast Candida bombi after its adaptation to D-ribose . The activity of the enzymes of preparatory metabolism of D-ribose via the reductive pathway after the adaptation to this pentose is low and no growth is found in the medium containing ribitol; therefore, metabolism of D-ribose in C . bombi proceeds via the kinase pathway . D.ribokinase of C . bombi is briefly characterized.

Carbohydr Res, 1975 Mar, 40(1), 89 - 97
Immunochemical studies on L-rhamno-D-mannans of Sporothrix schenckii and related fungi by use of rabbit and human antisera; Lloyd KO et al.; Antisera were prepared in rabbits against the human pathogenic yeast Sporothrix schenckii (strain 1099.12) grown at two different temperatures (25 degrees and 37 degrees) . Precipitation and inhibition data showed that the former serum had a specificity directed against alpha-L-Rhap-(1 yields 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 yields 3)-D-Man-(1 yields determinants, whereas the latter had a broad specificity in which alpha-L-rhamnosyl or alpha-L-Rhap-(1 yields 3)-D-Man- was the immunodominant structure . These results are consistent with data on the structures of the L-rhamno-D-mannans isolated from the organism grown at the two different temperatures . Human sera from patients with sporotrichosis were shown to have different specificities resembling the specificities developed in the rabbits . The rabbit antisera were also used to examine the cross-reactivity with L-rhamno-D-mannans from species of the genus Ceratocystis, which is reputed to include the ascigerous (perfect) state of S . schenckii . Polysaccharides from four species of Ceratocystis grown at 25 degrees reacted with the antisera in a manner resembling that of the L-rhamno-D-mannan from S . schenckii grown at 37 degrees . This is in accord with earlier data that showed that only S . schenckii, of the species studied, produces a polysaccharide with large amounts of alpha-L-Rhap-(1 yields 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 yields side-chains when grown at 25 degrees.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Mar-Apr, 11(2), 172 - 8
{Effect of cultivation conditions on the synthesis of citric and isocitric acids in Candida lipolytica on hexadecane medium}; Illarionova VI et al.; The influence of aeration, pH and iron concentration on the growth of yeast C . lipolytica 704 on the hexadecane medium and on the synthesis of citric and isocitric acids was investigated . The yeast synthesized citric acids actively during intensive aeration . The acid formation was strongly dependent on the medium acidity: pH 6.0 was most favourable for the synthesis of citric acids . The Fe concentration influenced significantly the ratio of the acids synthesized . At a low concentration of iron (0.005 mg Fe/l) equal amounts of citrate and isocitrate were formed; at an increased concentration isocitrate was in predominant formation.

Biochemistry, 1975 Feb 25, 14(4), 698 - 706
Nicotinamide 3,N4-ethenocytosine dinucleotide, an analog of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide . Synthesis and enzyme studies; Greenfield JC et al.; A structural analog of NAD+, NICOTINAMIDE 3,N-4ethenocytosine dinucleotide (epsilonNCD+), has been synthesized, characterized, and compared in activity with the natural coenzyme in several enzyme systems . The Vmax and apparent Km values were determined for NAD+, epsilonNCD+, and epsilonNAD+ (nicotinamide 1, N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide) with yeast alcohol, horse liver alcohol, pig heart malate, beef liver glutamate, and rabbit muscle lactate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases . The Vmax for epsilonNCD+ was as great or greater than that obtained for NAD+ with three of the enzymes, 60-80 per cent with two others, and 14 percent with one . EpsilonNCD+ was found to be more active than epsilonNAD+ with all six dehydrogenases . EpsilonNCD+ served as a substrate for Neurospora crassa tnadase, but could not be phosphorylated with pigeon liver NAD+ kinase . NAD+ pyrophosphorylase from pig liver was unable to catalyze the formation of epsilonNCD+ from the triphosphate derivative of epsilon-cytidine and nicotinamide mononucleotide, but was able to slowly catalyze the pyrolytic cleavage of epsilonNCD+ . The coenzyme activity of epsilonNCD+ with dehydrogenases can be discussed in terms of the close spatial homology of epsilonNCD+ and NAD+, which may allow similar accommodations within the enzyme binding regions.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 Feb, 25(2A), 278 - 81
Chemistry and pharmacology of naproxen; Dorfman RI; The need for a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent effective in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases with reduced side effects when compared to existing drugs led us to develop naproxen: d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid . This new agent is a highly effective anti-inflammatory, analgetic, and antipyretic agent in the rodent administered orally . In a rat paw edema test for anti-inflammatory activity naproxen was 55 times more active than aspirin . Analgetic activity was assessed by three different assay procedures . In the mouse phenylquinone writhing test naproxen was 7 times as effective as aspirin . In the rat yeast-induced paw edema and the rat carrageenin paw edema analgetic assays the test compound was 10 and 20 times more effective than aspirin, respectively . A yeast-induced pyresis model in the rat indicated that naproxen was 22 times more potent than the standard aspirin . The relative potency of naproxen to phenylbutazone and indometacin is presented.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Feb, 121(2), 577 - 82
Regulation of the Thiobacillus intermedius glucose uptake system by thiosulfate; Romano AH et al.; Cells of the mixotrophic chemolithotroph (facultative autotroph) Thiobacillus intermedius which have been grown on a glucose-yeast extract medium, a condition in which glucose is used as a source of energy, accumulate the non-metabolizable analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose against a concentration gradient in a predominantly unchanged state . On the other hand, cells grown mixotrophically on a thiosulfate-glucose medium, a condition in which glucose provides cell carbon but is not used extensively for energy, and in which enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway are repressed, do not accumulate 2-deoxy-d-glucose significantly . Similarly, cells grown chemolithotrophically on thiosulfate-carbonate do not take up this sugar . Transfer of thiosulfate-yeast extract-grown cells, which lack the capacity to accumulate 2-deoxy-d-glucose, to a glucose-yeast extract medium results in the induction of the concentrative sugar uptake system . The capacity of induced cells to take up 2-deoxy-d-glucose is inhibited by thiosulfate . Thus, the transport system for glucose appears to be regulated in this organism so that the sugar is accumulated only under conditions where it is utilized as a source of energy, and the presence of the preferred energy source leads to both repression and inhibition of the uptake system.

Infect Immun, 1975 Feb, 11(2), 387 - 94
Immunological studies on Histoplasma capsulatum; De Sanchez SB et al.; Alveolar macrophages freshly harvested from normal and immunized rabbits were parasitized with yeast cells and protoplasts of Histoplasma capsulatum . Macrophages obtained from either normal or sensitized rabbits failed to phagocytize protoplasts, whereas, the yeast cells were actively ingested . There was no detectable intracellular killing by macrophages . A serological similarity was found between the whole yeast cell, the purified isolated cell wall, and the protoplasts of the fungus . Aprecipitin test of the protoplasts of the fungus gave a postive band, whereas immunodiffusion in agar was negative . Addition of immune sera activated phagocytosis, the immune sera against cell walls being the most active.

J Parasitol, 1975 Feb, 61(1), 24 - 30
Differentiation of Entamoeba: a new medium and optimal conditions for axenic encystation of E . invadens; Rengpien S et al.; Nutritional and culturing requirements for efficient axenic encystation of Entamoeba invadens have been studied . A simple and reliable axenic encystation medium has been developed . It contains 0.5% tryptic digest of casein, 0.5% yeast extract, and 5% dialyzed serum in 5 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0 . Mass encystation (avg 70%) occurred within 30 hr when axenically growing trophozoites of E . invadens IP-l were transferred to this medium before they entered stationary growth phase . Mass encystation of E . invadens PZ occurred similarly, but less reproducibly . Two E . histolytica strains did not encyst . Experiments established that differentiation did not depend upon changes in the external environment after amebase were transferred to encystation medium and, therefore, was initiated by the shift from growth to encystation medium.

J Biol Chem, 1975 Jan 25, 250(2), 479 - 87
Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases in the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii; Young HA et al.; Three forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been separated by chromatography of extracts of yeast-like cells and mycelium of the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii . Each of the three eznymes has been purified by means of protamine sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and velocity sedimentation . Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed differences in the subunit compositions of all three purified enzymes . The properties of the enzymes from M . rouxii were similar to those of polymerases from other eukaryotic organisms . Denatured DNA was a better template than native DNA for all three enzymes but each enzyme had a distinct pattern of activities with different templates . Enzymes I and III displayed optimal activity with Mn-2gs the divalent cation and were stimulated significantly by Kcl and (NH4)2S04 . Enzyme II had a greater activity with Mg-2gnd was only slightly stimulated by KCl and (NH4)2SO4 . None of the enzymes were inhibited by cycloheximide or by rifampicin: all were inhibited by actinomycin C and rifampin AF/018: only enzyme II was inhibited by alpha-amanitin . No differences could be found in the properties of the same enzymes isolated from yeast-like cells or mycelium.

Biochemistry, 1975 Jan 14, 14(1), 50 - 4
Crystallization and partial characterization of prenyltransferase from avian liver; Reed BC et al.; Prenyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.1) has been obtained from chicken liver in a stable crystalline form . The enzyme has been shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4, and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels . Electrofocusing of the crystalline enzyme results in a single sharp protein peak with a pI of 5.72 . The protein is a dimer of molecular weight 86,000 whose subunits were not resolved by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate . Michaelis constants of 0.5 muM for both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate are 3-20-fold lower than those found for prenyltransferase from yeast or pig liver (Eberhardt, N., and Rilling, H . C . (1974), J . Biol . Chem . (in press); Dorsey, J . K., Dorsey, J . A., and Porter, J . W . (1966), J . Biol . Chem . 241, 5353; Holloway, P . W., and Popjak, G . (1967), Biochem . J . 104, 57) . The enzyme primarily synthesizes farnesyl pyrophosphosphate from dimethylallyl or geranyl pyrophosphate although some geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is formed under certain conditons . This is the first preparation of a stable crystalline enzyme of sterol and terpene biosynthesis.

Ann Rech Vet, 1975, 6(3), 311 - 4
{Toxinogenic moulds in silage . V . - Production of byssochlamic acid in liquid medium with by Byssochlamys nivea Westling, Byssochlamys fulva Olliver and Smith and Paecilomyces varioti Bainier isolated in forages (author's transl)}; Escoula L; The toxinogenesis of 10 strains of Byssochlamys nivea, 4 of Byssochlamys fulva and 8 of Paecilomyces varioti is studied in Czapek's enriched liquid medium (8 p . 1000 glucose + 2p . 1000 yeast extract) at 26 degrees C . 60 p . 100 of Byssochlamys nivea filtrates, 100 p . 100 of Byssochlamys fulva filtrates and 37 p . 100 of Paecilomyces varioti filtrates contain byssochlamic acid after 60 days of culture at 26 degrees C . The concentrations observed vary from 40 to 540 p.p.m . In these moulds, patuline-production ability has also been tested (Escoula, 1975 c) . There seems to be no relation between the production of patuline and of byssochlamic acid in these three species.

Ann Rech Vet, 1975, 6(3), 303 - 10
{Toxinogenic moulds of silage . IV . - Patulin production in liquid medium using fungus species isolated in silages (author's transl)}; Escoula L; The toxinogenesis of 18 strains of Byssochlamys nivea, 4 of Byssochlamys fulva, 7 of Paecilomyces varioti, 2 of Aspergillus clavatus, I of Aspergillus terreus, and I of Penicillium urticae, isolated in ensilaged forages, is tested at 26 degrees C in Czapek's enriched liquid medium (8 p . 1000 glucose + 2 p . 1000 yeast extract) . 100 p . 100 of Byssochlamys nivea strains, 75 p . 100 of Byssochlamys fulva and 12 p . 100 of Paecilomyces varioti strains produce patulin after 9 days of culture . Mycotoxin concentrations recovered range from 0.5 to 1 120 p.p.m . Only highly toxinogenic strains when they invade silage cutting fronts, would be able to develop detectable amounts of patulin.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1975, 29(1), 51 - 60
{Value of alkane-produced protein and three animal meals for growth and body nitrogen of meal worms (Tenebrio molitor L.)}; Gnacadja PC; Different types of chemical and biological procedures for screening protein quality of many foods are available . It is recognized however that such assays cannot be part of a routine screening technic . For good technologists and plant breeders in search of novelties, the main problems arise from the small size of samples available and the need to evaluate a large number of materials in a short period of time . The development of more accurate, economical and/or faster bioassay methods would be useful for solving some of the general and applied nutrition problems . The possibility of using larvae of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as a bioassay test organism for nutritional evaluation of proteins has been suggested (8) and previous investigations (9, 10, 11, 12,13, etc.) indicated that these larvae can be used in such studies because of a short, rapid growth period and a sensitivity to slight changes in protein quality and quantity . The present investigation was designed to asses the nutritional quality of artificial diets containing various levels of BP-protein (pure n-alkanes grown yeast or yeast G) when fed to larvae of T . molitor . The results were compared with those of Difco vitamin-free casein, fish and meat meals studied in the same manner . The chemical compositions of these proteins sources was also reported . Defatted meals of the samples were used to prepare diets containing from 0,6 to 20 p . 100 of dietary protein . The basic protein free diet used contained: dextrose: 97 p . 100, McCollum's salt mixture: 2 p . 100, cholesterol: 1 p . 100 and a solution of B-vitamins and zinc chloride: 0,1 ml/g . The dextrose portion of the diets is adjusted as the protein concentration fluctuates . Larvae of T . molitor, Gembloux strain, race F, ranging in weight from 9,60 to 12,00 mg were selected from stock cultures, rearing in the ground wheat-Brever's yeast medium . They were starved for 48 hr . and were weighed again before being placed on the test diets for 4 weeks . Groups of thirty larvae having an average initial weight of approximately 10 mg were reared individually in vials at 27 degrees C and 70 p . 100 relative humidity with 1,5 g of diet each . At the end of the experimental period,the larvae were weighed to the nearest 0,1 mg and the gains in fresh weight were recorded . Then, all the larvae from the same diet, previously killed with chloroform were used from nitrogen determinations . Data on gains in weight and body nitrogen of larvae were analyzed, using analysis of variance and NEWMAN and KEUL's multiple range test . The results suggest that the protein levels allowing maximuum growth and body nitrogen vary from 9 to 12 p . 100 and these levels were suitable for the comparisons . Based on the criterion of larval weight, the nutritional quality of the protein sources was : BP-protein greater than casein = fish meal greater than meat meal (P less than 0,01)...

Physiol Chem Phys, 1975, 7(6), 565 - 70
Studies on 5-hydroxyuridine (isobarbituridine): X . Isolation and tentative identification of 5-hydroxymethyluridine from ribosomal RNA; Lis AW et al.; Yeast ribosomal RNA was hydrolyzed to its constituent nucleosides with the aid of snake venom and bacterial alkaline phosphatase . Lyophilized hydrolysate was labeled with radioactive 5-hydroxyuridine and applied to partition chromatography . It was found that some components of rRNA are held on the column and can be eluted with water . Eighty-nine percent of the label, a large portion of cytidine, and several unidentified compounds were found in the water wash . The direct application of the wash concentrate to ascending paper chromatography in saturated butanol-H2O resulted in the separation of three distinct UV-absorbing bands . Further resolution and characterization of one band of unidentified material revealed the presence of an additional nucleoside . On the basis of chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior and UV-absorption spectra, it was tentatively identified as 5-hydroxymethyluridine.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1975 Jan-Feb, 9(1), 48 - 54
{Recognition between tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases of different specificities}; Bonne Zh et al.; A few examples of incorrect interactions between aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases and tRNAs extracted from the same organism have already been demonstrated . These interactions can lead, in most cases, to incorrect aminoacylations . The lack of specificity of the aminoacyl-tRNA suggests that incorrect interactions could be a general phenomenon . The aim of this study is to check whether incorrect interactions are a general feature, i.e . whether every aminoacyl-tTNA-synthetase is able to interact with homologous non-cognate tRNAs . In that case, it is interesting to know whether a given aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase is able to recognize any tRNA or only a particular group of tRNAs . The existence of such groups would lead to the concept of tRNA families . For that, we estimated the affinities of non-cognate homologous tRNA species for yeast valyl-tRNA-synthetase by using competition experiments . The measured affinities varied, in standard aminoacylation conditions, between 1:100 to 1:1000 of that of the non-cognate tRNA . In the absence of Mg2+ ions or in the presence of low concentration of this cation, the affinities were higher and could reach 1:3 of the affinity of the cognate tRNA . On the other hand, we determined the inhibitory effect of a high concentration of tRNAVal toward the aminoacylation of tRNAs specific for 13 amino acids . In order to compare the effects, we determined approximate Km/Ki values . These values ranged from 0.07 for methionyl tRNA synthetase to 0.002 for leucyl tRNA synthetase . For some aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases, the inhibition was too low to be detected by this technique . Two conclusions arise from this study . First, it seems that non-specific recognitions are quite a general phenomenon . Secondly, if one classifies tTNAs according to their affinities for valyl-tRNA-synthetase, it does not appear any well cut group of tRNAs . This result is not conflicting with the fact that on the basis of aminoacylation criteria several authors have found tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase families since we have already shown that discrimination depends rather on the maximal velocity of the reaction than on the affinity between the tRNA and the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases . Finally, the non-existence of clear-cut recognition families of tRNAs casts some doubts on the approach consisting in the characterisation of recognition sites of the tRNAs by the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases by comparing the sequences of tRNAs which are amonoacylated by a given aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase.

Zentralbl Gynakol, 1975, 97(26), 1636 - 40
{Incidence of the Blastomyces and Trichomonad infections during the use of hormonal and intrauterine contraception}; Birnbaum H et al.; PIP: The vaginal smear of 200 women treated with hormonal contraceptives (group A) 45 women using an IUD (group B), and 220 women representing an untreated control group (group C) was investigated on infection with vaginal yeasts and trichomonads . It was found, that infection with vaginal yeasts in women of group A was significantly higher (23.7%), than in women of group B (9.0%) and group C (9.5%) . The occurrence of trichomonads was also different between the groups . It was about 6.6% in group B and 6.8% in group C but only 2.1% in group A . From these results concluded, that hormonal contraceptives act as a stimulating factor on vaginal yeast infections .

Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1975 Fall, 15(3), 139 - 56
Koch's stulates and experimental ocular histoplasmosis; Wong VG et al.; The present study shows clearly that focal choroiditis is produced in rabbits by infecting the animals with a mycelial form of H . capsulatum . Identification of this organism as the pathogenic agent was made by histopathological and mycological observations . This fungus was recovered from infected ocular lesions in those eyes enucleated within four weeks following the appearance of uveitus-a time period consistent with the clinical and pathological appearance of multiple granulomas in the choroid . The absence of organisms in the contralateral eyes of these same animals at eight weeks suggests perhaps that recovery was associated with the emergence of immunity by two months following the appearance of uveitus . This is supported in part by our previous study, which supplied evidence that animals were protected from further uveitis on subsequent reinfections (after they had recovered from their initial infection) by a mycelial or yeast form of the fungus . Similar protection was also seen in animals that had prior exposures to heat-killed organisms . Moreover, onset of the ocular changes occurred usually two weeks after infection . This evidence strongly suggests that the experimental choroiditis may be immunologically induced . H . capsulatum recovered from infected eyes (Groups I and II) produced identical ocular lesions clinically and histopathologically when injected into normal animals (Groups IA and IIA) . Fulfillment of Koch's postulates in experimental ocular histoplasmosis was achieved within only one month following the appearance of uveitis . This may be of fundamental importance in that efforts to demonstrate a causal relationship between the ocular picture and benign systemic histoplasmosis have been unsuccessful in man . Because of the striking similarity between the experimental choroiditis in rabbits and the changes observed in presumed ocular histoplasmosis in man, studies in primates are necessary . Since the ocular anatomy is similar in monkeys and in man, there remains the necessity to reproduce the hemorrhagic disciform lesion of the macula, which represents the gravest aspect of presumed ocular histoplasmosis.

Acta Microbiol Pol B, 1975, 7(2), 77 - 90
Studies on the decomposition of lignosulfonates by the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes pubescens; Wojtas-Wasilewska M et al.; The fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes pubescens were grown in a mineral medium containing 1% of glucose and 0.9% of lignosulfonates introduced into the culture medium in the form of yeast waste liquor . Chromatography of extracts of the medium and determinations of sulphur and lignosulfonates have revealed that the fungi studied utilized the constituents of the yeast waste liquor (lignosulfonates) as carbon source . This was manifested in an increase of dry mass of the mycelium and protein as compared with the control . The constituents of the yeast waste liquor were also found to have a stimulating effect on the formation of both exo-and endoenzymes, laccase and peroxidase . This may indicate that these oxidases take part in the decomposition of lignosulfonates.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 122 - 6
{Production of Candida lipolytica protoplasts}; Akimenko VK et al.; Optimal conditions were found for the production and isolation of the protoplasts of Candida lipolytica . The maximum amount of the protoplasts was produced after 90 minutes of the incubation with a crude preparation of the enzyme from Helix pomatia (100 mg/g wet biomass) . Longer incubation results in lysis of the protoplasts and structural damages of the intracellular components . The yield of the protoplasts does not depend on the nature of stabilizing agent . A decrease in the stabilizer concentration increases the yield of the protoplasts four times . Preliminary treatment of the yeast cells with a 0.1 M solution of SH compounds (cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol) does not increase the yield of the protoplasts; and 0.2 M solution of these compounds decreased the yield of the protoplasts.

Gerontologia, 1975, 21(2), 102 - 16
Longevity, growth rate and related traits among strains of Tribolium castaneum; Soliman MH et al.; Longevity of eight laboratory strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, with various geographic backgrounds, was studied under constant laboratory conditions of 33 degrees C and 70% relative humidity in standard medium (95% whole wheat flour and 5% dried yeast) during a period of 227 days starting from the egg stage . The eggs were collected from the same parents, first a few days after emergence and afterwards at intervals of 13, 9, 10 and 11 days . Mean survival time (MST) was found to be strain-specified . It ranges from 128.6 days for KJ (Kyoto, Japan) to 174.2 days for ES (Edinburgh, Scotland) . MST was highly correlated with the percentage of adults alive after 227 days, which did not change the ranking order of strain longevity . Parental age had no effect on longevity . The mean adult longevity of the strains was correlated with the available data on adult weight, growth rate, viability and productivity . There was no relationship between adult weight and longevity . LIfe span was found to depend on growth rate (measured as 13-day larval weight), percent viability (from 13-day larvae to adulthood) and productivity . Developmental time was also found to influence adult life span within certain limits (two extreme strains deviated) . The data suggest that ageing and death in T . castaneum is under genetic control and support the idea that ageing, allied to development, is genetically controlled.

Histochemistry, 1975, 41(4), 365 - 8
Ultrastructural detection of lectin receptors by cytochemical affinity reaction using mannan-iron complex; Roth J et al.; A two-step affinity reaction is described for electron microscopic demonstration of the Concanavalin A as well as the Lens culinaris lectin receptors by means of the yeast mannan-iron complex . First the tissue was incubated in the lectin . Afterwards the incubation in the yeast mannan-iron complex was performed and reaction takes place between the still free second sugar binding site of membrane bound lectin molecules and the polysaccharides . This membrane receptor-lectin-polysaccharide complex is revealed by the electron dense iron core of the yeast mannan-iron complex . The specificity of the reactions could be demonstrated by addition of the hapten or by incubation in the yeast mannan-iron complex only . The proposed technique has proved useful for demonstration of lectin receptors in the small intestine.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 21(1), 79 - 84
The effect of growth environment on the chloroform-methanol and alkali-extractable cell wall and cytoplasm lipid levels of Mucor rouxii; Safe S et al.; The distribution of chloroform-methanol and alkali-extractable lipids in the cell walls of aerobically grown filamentous cells from Mucor rouxii has been determined . The results have been compared with the corresponding lipid composition of yeast-like cells from M . rouxii, which can be produced in two ways: by growth under anaerobic conditions and by aerobic growth in the presence of 0.22% phenethyl alcohol (PEA) . It was observed that in most cases the crude cytoplasmic fraction contained higher levels of several lipids (i.e., squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids) than did the corresponding cell walls . The cell walls did, however, contain both "free" (chloroform-methanol extractable) and "bound" (alkali extractable) lipids although the relative amounts were markedly dependent on the cell growth environment . The aerobically grown filamentous cell walls contained higher levels of squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids than did aerobically grown yeast-like PEA-induced cell walls and there was also considerable variation in the "free"/"bound" ratios of the various lipid components . The lipid levels in both the cell walls and cytoplasm of the anaerobically grown cells were considerably lower than those of the cells grown under aerobic conditions . In addition, the differences in the growth environment were also reflected in the compositions of the individual lipid fractions from both the cell wall and the cytoplasm fraction.

Adv Intern Med, 1975, 20, 197 - 214
Clinical complications of oral contraceptives; Kaplan NM; PIP: Reports of complications due to estrogen-progestagen combinations are summarized . Common minor symptoms include nausea, abdominal distress, headache, depression, and weight gain . Some of these are directly due to the pill, but others are not; for instance, depression may result from pyrodoxine deficiency, but psychodynamic factors explain the problem in others . Effects on the reproductive organs include secondary amenorrhea in about 2 of every 1000 women; structural and functional changes of the ovaries, uterus, and cervix; increase in incidence of yeast vulvovaginitis; and inhibition of lactation . Most changes in laboratory values of various constituents of blood and other body fluids reflect changes in hepatic function . Thromboembolic diseases, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia are rare but more serious conditions for which the pill may be responsible in some cases . Contribution of the pill to carcinogenesis and fetal abnormalities has not been proven .

Psychopharmacol Commun, 1975, 1(1), 67 - 74
Alterations in the cellular-mediated immune responsiveness of chronic marihuana smokers; Petersen BH et al.; Chronic marihuana smokers and matched nonsmokers were compared with respect to several aspects of both their humoral and cellular immune system . Immunoglobulin and complement levels, SMA 12 and hematologic values from marihuana smokers did not differ significantly from those obtained from nonsmokers . However, the number of T-lymphocytes with respect to the ratio of T and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was lowered in marihuana smokers . In addition, phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes was apparently less effective in smokers . The polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PNM) from the blood of smokers contained fewer cells capable of phagocytizing yeast cells than did PMN from nonsmokers . While marihuana smoking does appear to affect immune mechanisms at no time in these studies were any deleterious physiological effects that could be directly associated with the alterations in the immune system observed in the marihuana smokers.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek . 1975;41(4):UNKNOWN.
A new species of the genus Bullera derx; Stadelmann F; A new yeast species, Bullera piricola, is described . The three strains studied were all isolated from the pear phylloplane . This species differs from all Bullera species known at present by forming symmetrical as well as asymmetrical ballistospores . The problem of its integration into the genus Bullera Derx is discussed . An amended diagnosis of the genus Bullera is given.

Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Jan, 45(1), 108 - 10
Use of potassium sorbate for treatment of fungal infections; McKinnon DA et al.; One hundred and twenty-two cases of vaginal fungal infections treated with potassium sorbate are presented . A new method of follow-up home application by means of vaginal tampons is tried . Relief of symptoms is prompt, and yeast organism disappear; the safety and superior efficacy of a strengthened (3%) solution is established . Treatment of fungal infections in males is also discussed.

Exp Pathol (Jena), 1975, 10(1-2), 28 - 38
{Ribonuclease activity following partial hepatectomy in the liver of healthy and alloxan diabetic rats and histological findings in the islets of Langerhans (author's transl)}; Blech W et al.; Question: What changes in the level of ribonuclease activity (RNase activity) can be observed in the regenerating liver of healthy and alloxan diabetic rats following partial hepatectomy? What coincidental alterations of the ratio A-cells to B-cells do occur in the islets of Langerhans? Materials and methods: 120 male Wistar rats of averagely 180 g body weight were fed a standard diet ("Rehbrucke") with drinking water ad libitum . After deprivation of food for 15 hours the animals were sacrificed by heart puncture under ether anesthesia . The caudal part of the body was rinsed free from blood by ice-cooled physiological saline via the aorta . After removal of the livers each 2 g of liver tissue were homogenized in 0.25 M saccharose or 70% ethyl alcohol . For the study of impairment of ribonuclease activity in the liver following different lesions the animals were divided into 3 test groups of 35 animals each: group 1: alloxan diabetes; group 2: liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy; group 3: alloxan diabetes in combination with liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy . From each group always 4 to 6 animals were sacrificed at the following time intervals: 2nd day and 4th day as well as after 3, 4 and 6 weeks . In 8 animals the enzymatic activity was not influenced . RNA content and dry weight of the livers of all test animals were determined . In liver homogenates with saccharose the ribonuclease activity was measured according to the method of FIERS (1961) using highly purified yeast RNA for substrate . This technique is especially suitable for raw tissue homogenates . After 30 min incubation at 37 degrees C and precipitation of the high-molecular polynucleotides as well as of protein by means of methylglycol and barium perchlorate the not precipitable low-molecular oligonucleotides which were produced by ribonuclease action, were spectrophotometrically measured in the supernatant at 260 nm . The deltaE-value was calculated for the employed quantity of RNA related to mg of protein brought into action . Demonstration and determination of the ribonuclease inhibitor was abandoned . Two different RNA substrate concentrations were used; in the higher concentration the activity was measured at pH 5.5 to 6 and 7.5, in the lower concentrations at pH 7 . Protein measurement was performed after the method of LOWREY (LOWREY et al . 1951) as modified by GLASER and KLEINE (1962); blood sugar was determined in tail vein blood by means of o-toluidine technique . In the liver homogenate with ethyl alcohol the RNA extraction was modified according to the data given by OGUR and ROSEN (1950); RNA determination was done colorimetrically using orcin hydrochloric acid . For dry weight determination the same homogenate was used . Alloxan diabetes was induced by injecting the rats 175 mg/kg b.w . of alloxan after fasting for 24 hours . The 5% alloxan solution in citrate buffer (pH = 4) was prepared immediately before injection . For further experimentation only those animals with blood sugar values of greater than 300 mg/100 ml were employed...

Vopr Biokhim Mozga, 1975, 10, 5 - 32
{Role of adenine mono- and dinucleotides in ammonia formation in brain tissue}; Buniatian GKh; The investigations carried out have shown that not only AMP but ADP also undergoes direct deamination in both soluble and mitochondrial fractions of rat brain tissue . Deamination of AMP is stimulated by the addition of ATP and the activity of one of the isoenzymes of AMP-aminohydrolase is markedly enhanced by both yeast and brain hexokinase . Activation by hexokinase is mainly due to its SH groups, through which hexokinase reacts with AMP-aminohydrolase, forming, probably, a protein-protein complex in which AMP aminohydrolase activity is considerably increased . Hexokinase does not affect the deamination of ADP and NAD . Further experiments are needed to find out whether the activation of AMP-aminohydrolase is accomplished by hexokinase itself or by an other protein contaminating it . Deamination of NAD, in contrast to AMP and ADP, takes place only in mitochondria and does not occur in the soluble fraction . In mitochondria besides deamination, AMP and ADP undergo intensive dephosphorylation, while the deamination of NAD is not accompanied by an increase of phosphate, i . e . mitochondria lack enzymes which breakdown NAD to mono nucleotides . Our data indicate that the formation of deamino -NAD from NAD and reamination of deamino-NAD by aspartate to NAD by the formation of intermediary NAD-succinate is of greater importance . The formation of the latter and that of deamino-NAD from NAD as well as the presence of preformed deamino-NAD in mitochondria have been demonstrated by Movsessian . The occurrence of these processes in mitochondria and their role in the formation of ammonia from amino acids is of importance in as much as oxaloacetate formation and its conversion to aspartate, which is necessary for the reamination of deamino-NAD, are localized in mitochondria . The main source of the amino nitrogen of aspartate is known to be glutamate, which incorporates the amino nitrogen of most amino acids . alpha-Keto-glutarate, which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate, is also formed in mitochondria are the most favourable site for the formation of ammonia from amino acids with the participation of pyridine nucleotides . Of the purine mono and dinucleotides studied deamino-NAD is most effective in the formation of ammonia from amino acids in mitochondria since in contrast to purine mono nucleotides, deamino-NAD and NAD are not dephosphorylated in mitochondria . According to some authors the reamination of IMP by aspartate is of importance in the formation of ammonia from amino acids in brain tissue . In our studies, however, IMP was not effective in the formation of ammonia from aspartate in mitochondrial fractions . IDP was found to be more effective . IMP and IDP may probably participate in the formation of ammonia in the soluble fraction, where nucleotidase activity is considerably low.

Physiol Chem Phys, 1975, 7(6), 517 - 22
Hydroxyamino compounds produced by the oxidation of diamines with diamine oxidase in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase; Dupre S et al.; When the diamines putrescine, cadaverine, cystamine and lanthionamine are oxidized by purified pig kidney diamine oxidase in the presence of NADH and either liver or yeast crystalline alcohol dehydrogenase, NADH is oxidized . Chromatographic evidence obtained in the case of putrescine and cystamine indicates the production of the respective hydroxy-amino compound . In the case of cystamine, the product of the reaction is mercapto-ethanol-cysteamine mixed disulfide which may represent a biological source for the production of mercaptoethanol used for other reactions.

Tex Rep Biol Med, 1975, 33(2), 303 - 11
Anti-inflammatory activity of thiabendazole and its relation to parasitic disease; van Arman GG et al.; In 6 differnet animal assays in the laboratory, thiabendazole had clear anti-inflammatory effect, though it was less potent than aspirin in all assays . These findings add support to clinical suggestions that the drug may have anti-inflammatory properties in man . Such properties may contribute to the clinical response observed following the use of thiabendazole in cases of trichinosis, cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, dracunculosis and scabies . In parasitic infections in which corticosteroids are commonly used in clinical management, notably trichinosis, the fact that thiabendazole does not appear to have immunosuppressive activity may confer an added clinical advantage.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1975, 55(2), 151 - 3
Clofazimine-enhanced phagocytosis in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris; Molin L; The phagocytic ability of neutrophil leucocytes was found to be impaired in patients suffering from pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (PPP) . This ability was studied with the aid of the yeast particle method . In 78% of 27 patients whose PPP was in a static phase, the phagocytic function was enhanced, while the PPP abated concomitantly and the pustules disappeared . Impaired phagocytosis and the beneficial effect of clofazimine signify the pathogenic importance of defective neutrophils in PPP.

Mykosen, 1974 Aug 1, 17(8), 173 - 8
Vulvovaginal candidosis and oral contraceptives; Pumpianski R et al.; PIP: A study of the incidence of vulvovaginal candidosis (VC) associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use during the period 1963-1971 in 20,028 new gynecological and obstetric patients is presented . The overall incidence of VC for all patients regardless of OC use rose from 8.2% in 1963 to 8.7% in 1971 . From 1968 to 1971 the incidence of VC related to OC use rose from .4% to 14% while the number of OC users increased to 7% . This increase in VC paralleled the diminution of VC in which no predisposing factors were identified . No marked difference was observed in the incidence of VC in which predisposing factors were identified . OCs were also associated with a threefold increase in the incidence of asymptomatic vaginal yeasts . It was concluded that oral contraceptives enhance asymptomatic and clinical vulvovaginal yeast infestation .

Nutr Rev, 1974 Feb, 32(2), 39 - 41
Folic acid absorption, anticonvulsant and contraceptive therapy; Genital infections in developing countries: experience in a family planning clinic; PIP: A study was undertaken to determine the incidence of 3 common genital infections in women seen at 1 urban and 1 rural family planning clinic in Kenya . 100 married and 100 unmarried women, 50 in each group making their 1st visit and not using contraception and the other 50 using contraception, were studied in Nairobi . 50 randomly-selected patients in a rural clinic were also studied . Laboratory procedures were carried out to identify gonorrhea, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis . Although these women represented largely the better educated and more professionally active strata of Kenyan society, more than 1/2 exhibited signs of at least 1 of these diseases; some had all 3 infections . These results are particularly noteworthy because most of the women had presented for contraceptive and not medical treatment . Gonorrhea occurred more often among unmarried than among married women, but there were no differences according to use or nonuse of contraceptives . The unmarried and the contraceptive users had more yeast infections . Family planning programs in Kenya and other areas of the developing world have a role to play in treating and controlling venereal diseases and genital infections . They must also combat the commonly-held notion that the use of contraception actually leads to such maladies, either through the contraceptive itself or through increased promiscuity .

J Lipid Res, 1970 Sep, 11(5), 480 - 5
Biosynthesis of presqualene pyrophosphate by liver microsomes; Rilling HC; Microsomes from rat liver have been shown to synthesize a squalene precursor from farnesyl pyrophosphate . This intermediate is identical with presqualene pyrophosphate, a 30-carbon cyclopropane containing pyrophosphate ester that had previously been isolated from yeast . The squalene precursor was found to be tightly, but not covalently, bound to microsomes.

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