Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(8), 599 - 610 {Anabolic and catabolic enzymes of urea metabolism in a carbohydrate-utilizing strain of Candida guilliermondii}; Metz W et al.; The yeast "H" of the genus Candida guilliermondii can grow on hydrocarbons as the only source for carbon . Urea can serve as a nitrogen source for this yeast which lacks detectable urease activity . During urea metabolism ammonia has never been accumulated in the culture medium . However, transferring the yeast from complete urea-medium into an urea containing phophate-buffer, the degradation of urea continues and ammonia is accumulated as well as CO2 evolved . In cell-free extracts of the yeast urea amidolyase activity was detected in the presence of ATP, biotin and specific cations . Obviously, the synthesis of urea amidolyase is induced by urea and arginine and repressed by the catabolite ammonia . Similarly the synthesis of arginase is regulated by arginine and ammonia . The analytical data of the arginase action differ significantly in relation to the carbon source of the culture medium . Both the level of arginase and ornithine carbamyl-transferase change in a characteristic way during the batch-culture . From the lower level of arginase in relation to ornithine carbamyltransferase it can be concluded that especially in alkane-metabolizing yeast the arginine catabolism is not very intensive. Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(4), 219 - 29 An analysis of factors influencing the isolation rate of herpes simplex virus; Tada A et al.; Attempts were made to improve the rate of isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from clinical specimens by minimizing loss of virus infectivity during transportation and employing the most sensitive cells for isolation . Basical analyses using standard strains of type 1 and type 2 HSV indicated that virus titer decrease was marked even at low temperatures in environments free of proteinous stabilizer such as normal serum or tissue extract, negating the generally held concept that HSV is stable in distilled water . YLE (Earle-lactalbumin HYDROLYSATE-YEAST EXTRACT) medium containing 20% inactivated calf serum was determined to be a transport medium of choice, because degradation of suspended virus during storage and freeze-thawing was negligible and loss of virus during Millipore filtration was minimal . Special coating of the membrane could also be obviated by the use of this solution . In a cell susceptibility test using clinical specimens, secondary rabbit kidney (SRK) cells were the most sensitive, showing a quick development of cytopathic effect . Vero and RK-13 cells were the second best, whereas monkey kidney, HeLa and L cells were far less sensitive . A total of 136 specimens from suspected cases, sent by dermatologists, were tested using SRK cells, and 99 strains of type 1 and 15 strains of type 2 HSV were isolated . Excluding one case from which vaccinia virus was isolated, the isolation rate of HSV was 84.4%. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Jan, 19(1), 101 - 24 Nonporous magnetic materials as enzyme supports: studies with immobilized chymotrypsin; Munro PA et al.; Chymotrypsin has been immobilized to several nonporous magnetic materials . Nickel particles were considered to be most suitable as immobilized enzyme supports . Chymotrypsin immobilized to nonporous magnetic supports was not fouled significantly by either whole milk or clarified yeast homogenate . AE-cellulose-chymotrypsin was rapidly fouled by both these materials and chymotrypsin immobilized to acrylic-based ion exchangers was slowly fouled . Immobilized enzyme activity was found to be inversely proportional to particle diameter for nonporous rock magnetic particles . Immobilization by adsorption and then glutaraldehyde crosslinking was used to produce controlled amounts of chymotrypsin on the particles . Esterolytic activity increased with enzyme loading but caseinolytic activity did not increase . Chymotrypsin is inhibited by metal ions from the magnetic supports . It is partially protected by use of a preliminary protein coating and may be reactivated by incubation with EDTA or BSA. Eur J Biochem, 1977 Jan, 72(2), 309 - 15 Preparation of coenzymic activity of soluble polyethyleneimine-bound NADP+ derivatives; Zappelli P et al.; Alkylation at N-1 of the NADP+ adenine ring with 3,4-epoxybutanoic acid gave 1-(2-hydroxy-3-carboxypropyl)-NADP+ . Enzymic reduction of the latter, followed by alkaline Dimroth rearrangement and enzymic reoxidation, gave N6-(2-hydroxy-3-carboxypropyl)-NADP+ . On the other hand, bromination at C-8 of the NADP+ adenine ring, followed by reaction with the disodium salt of 3-mercaptroproionic acid, gave 8-(2-carboxyethylthio)-NADP+ . Carbodimide coupling of the three carboxylic NADP+ derivatives to polyethyleneimine afforded the corresponding macromolecular NADP+ analogues . The carboxylic and the polyethyleneimine derivatives synthesized have been shown to be co-enzymically active with yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, liver glutamate dehydrogenase and yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase . The degree of efficiency relative to NADP+ with the three enzymes ranged from 17% to 100% for the carboxylic derivatives and from 1% to 36% for the polyethyleneimine analogues . On comparing the efficiences with the three enzymes of the N-1 derivatives to the one of the corresponding N6 anc C-8 analogues, the order of activity was N-1 greater than N6 greater C-8, except in the case of the carboxylic compounds with glutamate dehydrogenase, where this order was inverted . None of these modified cofactors were active with pig heart isocitrate dehydrogenase. Med J Zambia, 1976 Dec-1977 Jan, 10(6), 157 - 9 The treatment of trichomonal vaginitis using single dose tinidazole (Fasigyn-Pfizer); Wacha DS; A total of twenty eight patients living in a around the City of Lusaka, Zambia were subjected to a drug trial to determine the effect of a single oral dose of Tinidazole (Fasigyn Pfizer) in the treatment of Trichomonal Vaginitis . All the twenty eight patients were proven cases of Trichomonal Vaginitis from microscopy of cervical smears . Two grammes of Fasigyn were used as a single oral dose with yeast as Placebo . Twenty patients were originally treated with Fasigyn and eight received yeast . However two patients in the Fasigyn group absconded, but one later reported satisfactory results . The husbands of two others were untreated . Four patients had other vaginal infections . A microscopic cure rate of 100% and a corrected clinical cure rate of 93.3% was obtained using fasigyn . The side effects were minimal and the patients themselves regarded them as mild. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Dec, 114(6), 1179 - 83 Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from pigeon manure; Sarosi GA et al.; We recently diagnosed and treated a 45-year-old white male horticulturist with acute progressive blastomycosis . Epidemiologic studies revealed that the patient used a load of pigeon manure as fertilizer approximately 6 weeks before becoming ill . He used the pigeon manure only once, resealed the remainder, and stored it in his hothouse . Samples of the pigeon guano were digested with 10 per cent KOH, and the characteristic yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis were seen in large numbers . The fungus was cultured from another sample of the same material . This is the first time that the pathogenic fungus B . dermatitidis has been isolated from the environment in association with a human case. Arch Surg, 1976 Dec, 111(12), 1404 - 5 Postoperative acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopsis glabrata; Miller DD; Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopis glabrata, an opportunistic yeast, developed postoperatively in a 70-year-old man who had an extremely complicated course after resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm . The infection first appeared as an acute surgical abdomen, three days after resumption of solid food intake subsequent to a prolonged ileus and after 31 days of parenteral hyperalimentation . The condition was successfully treated by cholecystostomy; at the time of writing, six months after cholecystostomy, there are no gastrointestinal symptoms. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 241 - 9 Proteolytic activation and inactivation of chitin synthetase from Mucor rouxii; Ruiz-Herrera J et al.; Crude chitin synthetase preparations from the mycelial and yeast forms of Mucor rouxii behaved differently . The mycelial preparations, incubated at 28 degrees C, lost virtually all chitin synthetase activity in a few hours; by contrast, the activity of enzyme preparations from yeast cells increased several fold during similar incubations . These spontaneous changes were probably caused by endogenous protease(s) . Seemingly, the chitin synthetase in yeast preparations was present mainly in a latent, 'zymogenic', form that was activated by proteases . In the mycelial preparations, chitin synthetase was present mainly in an active state and was rapidly degraded by endogenous proteolysis . Exogenous proteases accelerated activation and destruction of chitin synthetase; an acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis was the most effective activator . The activation of chitin synthetase was inhibited by a soluble protein in the cell-free extract . Treatment with the detergent Brij 36T stabilized the chitin synthetase of crude preparations against spontaneous changes . Stabilized preparations were rapidly activated by exogenous proteases . The different behaviour of chitin synthetases in crude extracts of mycelium and yeast cells is consistent with, and perhaps partially responsible for, the differences in wall construction between mycelial and yeast forms of M . rouxii. J Med Chem, 1976 Dec, 19(12), 1371 - 7 Design of substrate-site-directed inhibitors of adenylate kinase and hexokinase . Effect of substrate substituents on affinity on affinity for the adenine nucleotide sites; Hampton A et al.; Nineteen derivatives of adenosine 5'-phosphate (AMP) bearing acylaminomethyl, acetoxy, or alkylaminomethyl substituents on the phosphate-ribose bridge (5' and O-5' positions) of AMP together with 2',3'-O-ethylidene, 2',3',-O-isopropylidene, and 2',3'-di-O-acetyl derivatives of AMP have been synthesized . Their substrate and/or competitive inhibitor properties with pig rabbit muscle AMP kinases indicate that all the substituents except 2',3'-O-ethlidene with the pig enzyme permitted binding of AMP at its enzymic site . Determination of enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constants showed that several compounds with substituents on the ribose-phosphate bridge bind as well or better than AMP . The affinity is ascribed in part to interaction between substituents and a lipophilic region of the enzymes adjacent to the ribose-phosphate bridge in the enzyme-AMP complexes . The enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constants reveal a structural dissimilarity between the pig and rabbit enzymes in the vicinity of the lipophilic region . The substrate and inhibitor properties of eight ATP derivatives gave evidence that affinity of ATP for its substrate site on the AMP kinases is compatible with acetyl- or chloroacetylaminomethyl groups at the phosphate-ribose bridge or with 2',3'-O-ethylidene or isopropylidene residues . The yeast hexokinase-ATP complex tolerated an acetylaminomethyl group at C-5' or a benzoylaminomethyl group adjacent to O-5' . The present findings regarding substituent tolerance could be used in the design of adenine nucleotide site-directed irreversible inhibitors. Biokhimiia, 1976 Dec, 41(12), 2220 - 8 {Mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids on respiratory chain of mitochondria}; Akimenko VK et al.; The mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids and their derivatives on respiratory chain of rat liver and Candida lipolytica yeast mitochondria was studied . The alkaloids were shown to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain . The site of their action is localized between b and c cytochromes . Besides their ability to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain, alkaloids are shown to be specific inhibitors of "exogenous" NADH-dehydrogenase of C . lipolytica yeast mitochondria . In addition to their inhibiting properties alkaloids can stimulate ATPase activity of mitochondria . O-alkylation of pseudane-IX permits to differentiate the inhibiting and uncoupling properties of this alkaloid. Arch Microbiol, 1976 Dec 1, 111(1-2), 123 - 35 Cytochemical studies on the localization of methanol oxidase and other oxidases in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha; Veenhuis M et al.; The localization of methanol oxidase activity in cells of methanol-limited chemostat cultures of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been studied with different cytochemical staining techniques . The methods were based on enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme during aerobic incubations of whole cells in methanol-containing media . The results showed that methanol-dependent hydrogen peroxide production in either fixed or unfixed cells exclusively occurred in peroxisomes, which characteristically develop during growth of this yeast on methanol . Apart from methanol oxidase and catalase, the typical peroxisomal enzymes D-aminoacid oxidase and L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase were also found to be located in the peroxisomes . Urate oxidase was not detected in these organelles . Phase-contrast microscopy of living cells revealed the occurrence of peroxisomes which were cubic of form . This unusual shape was also observed in thin sections examined by electron microscopy . The contents of the peroxisomes showed, after various fixation procedures, a completely crystalline or striated substructure . It is suggested that this substructure might represent the in vivo organization structure of the peroxisomal enzymes. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Dec, 71(1), 301 - 8 Acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase of Candida lipolytica . 2 . Regulation of cellular content and synthesis of the enzyme; Mishina M et al.; The level of acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase activity in Candida lipolytica undergoes large variations depending upon the carbon source on which the yeast is grown . Cells grown on n-alkanes or fatty acids exhibit a lower activity level than do cells grown on glucose . Among the n-alkanes and fatty acids tested, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, oleic acid and linoleic acid reduce the enzyme activity to the lowest levels, which are 16-18% of the activity level in glucose-grown cells . Immunochemical titrations and Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis with specific antibody as well as kinetic studies have indicated that the observed decrease in the level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity is due to a reduction in the cellular content of the enzyme . Furthermore, isotopic leucine incorporation studies with the use of the immunoprecipitation technique have demonstrated that the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme in oleic-acid-grown cells is diminished to 12% of that in glucose-grown cells . Evidence has also been obtained to support the view that the enzyme in this yeast is not degraded at a rate high enough to contribute to the marked decrease in the cellular content of the enzyme . Thus, it is concluded that the reduction in acetyl-CoA carboxylase content in fatty-acid-grown cells is due to diminished synthesis of the enzyme. Biochimie, 1976 Nov 13, 58(9), 1089 - 100 Structural studies on RNA from Bombyx mori L . I . Nucleoside composition of enriched tRNA species from the posterior silkgland purified by coutercurrent distribution; Garel JP et al.; A large scale fractionation of tRNA from the posterior silkgland of the silkworm Bombyx mori L . by countercurrent distribution is described . One single 1,500 transfer distribution carried out with Phosphate buffer-Fromamide-Isopropanol (PFI) solvent system yields highly enriched isoaccepting species with increasing mobility order: tRNA1Gly, tRNA1-2Ala, tRNATyr, tRNA2Gly, tRNA1Ser and tRNA2Ser with 75%, 70%, 90%, 60%, 60%, and 90% purities respectively . Nucleosides fingerprint analysis of each iso-tRNA species confirms the anticodon structures previously suggested for tRNA2Ala (IGC), tRNA2bGly (U-CC) (U-CC) and tRNA2bSer (IGA) . Twenty two minor nucleosides, three of them with unknown structure, have been detected . They are: m5C in tRNA1Gly, m1I in all tRNAAla species, polar A and U called X in tRNATyr, polar U derivative in tRNAGly2, mt6A in tRNASer1 and i6A tRNA2Ser . Both tRNASer species have m3C and ac7C . We do not detect Q, Y and thiol derivatives . The elution characteristics of silkgland tRNA species may be expressed in a semilogarithmic diagram where log K (K is the partition coefficient) is related to the base ratio A/Y) and the coding properties . The distribution pattern of silkgland tRNAs has been compared with that of Yeast and Rat liver tRNAs fractionated by countercurrent distribution with the PFI and PMB (Potassium phosphate buffer, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-butoxy ethanol) solvent systems. Antibiotiki, 1976 Nov, 21(11), 974 - 9 {Polysaccharide biological activity dependent on structural characteristics}; Aksenov OA et al.; Anti-Influenza and interferonogenic activity of polysaccharides from the glucane class produced extracellularly by the yeast-like organism Aureobasidium pollulans was studied on albino mice . The polysaccharides differed from each other by the branching level and content of bonds beta-C1-C3 and alpha-C1-C between the monomers . At the moment of the drugs administration to the albino mice the level of the early interferon was in correlation with the following 2 factors: the level of the polysaccharide branching and the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C3, while the amount of interferon produced in 24 hours correlated only with the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C4 . The anti-influenza activity of the polysaccharides depended on the level of interferon production induced by them in the mice . Preparations stimulating production of sufficient amounts of both early and later interferon had the maximum activity. Can J Biochem, 1976 Nov, 54(11), 927 - 34 Purification of an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase from Candida utilis; Villa TG et al.; An exo-1,3-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.-) has been purified from the culture fluid of the yeast Candida utilis, and its biochemical properties have been studied . The amino acid analysis revealed a high content of acidic amino acids . The purified enzyme had 20% carbohydrate and a net negative charge showing higher affinity for laminarin than for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and yeast cell-wall 1,3-beta-glucans . In addition, the enzyme hydrolyzed the substrates starting from the nonreducing ends, releasing glucose as the exclusive hydrolysis product . The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by lactones and also by some heavy-metal ions. Br J Nutr, 1976 Nov, 36(3), 449 - 56 Nutritional evaluation of the protein of dried tomato pomace in the rat; Drouliscos NJ; 1 . Nutritional evaluation of dried tomato pomace (DTP-20) as a source of protein was carried out using weanling rats . Comparisons were made with casein (CS), soya-bean meal (SOM-45) and the hydrocarbon-grown yeast Toprina (BP-T) . The growth-promoting effects of the diets were evaluated over a period of 28 d of ad lib . feeding . 2 . The unsupplemented DPT-20 had a protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 2-18 +/- 0-13 and a net protein utilization (NPU) of 0-55 . The addition of DL-methionine (5 g/kg) resulted in a PER of 1-74 +/- 0-15 (t 2-99, P less than 0-01) and a NPU of 0-40, while the addition of an amino acid mixture resulted in a PER of 2-33 +/- 0-08 (t 1-84, P greater than 0-1) and a NPU of 0-70 . 3 . The reason for the decrease in growth and the reduced PER and NPU values recorded for the methionine-supplemented group of rats is not clear and it is discussed in connexion with an imbalance or a slight toxicity caused by the added amino acid. Gastroenterology, 1976 Nov, 71(5), 715 - 9 Candida esophagitis: a prospective study of 27 cases; Kodsi BE et al.; A prospective study of candida esophagitis was undertaken to determine the spectrum of this disease in a general hospital . During 1 year, in 370 consecutive endoscopies, 27 patients with Candida esophagitis were detected . The diagnosis was established by finding white plaques on endoscopy, yeast organisms on microscopic examination of a direct smear from the plaques, and a serum agglutinin titer of at least 1:160 . Of these 27 patients, 14 had esophageal symptoms . Twelve patients were reendoscoped after nystatin or nystatin and flucytosine therapy . Nine patients showed absence of lesions, a negative smear, and disappearance of symptoms . Control patients had no plaques on endoscopy, no yeast organisms on microscopical examination of esophageal brushings, and a positive titer in 4 to 17% of cases . A minimal agglutinin titer of 1:160 was found in 4 to 12% of two additional groups on controls . Absence of titer precluded a diagnosis of Candida esophagitis. Z Naturforsch {C}, 1976 Nov-Dec, 31(11-12), 741 - 5 {Experimental investigations on ultraweak photonemission form biological systems (author's transl)}; Ruth B et al.; Measurements on untreated yeast cells, potato- and cucumber seedlings have confirmed the existence of photon emission from biological systems known as "ultraweak luminescence" . The intensity is of the order of 10(2) counts per second, and the spectral distrubtion shows a maximum near 550 nm . The dependence of th photon emission on certain chemicals has been investigated . Some chemicals, as for instance acetone, intensify the photon emission from cucumber seedlings without essential change of the spectral distribution . On the other hand, NaCl leads to a shift to the red region of the spectrum . The treatment of EAT-cells by 4-Hydroperoxycyclofosfamide involves a nonlinear enhancement of the intensity with increasing concentration . There are some indications that collective interactions of the system are more appropriate than simple chemiluminescence reactions. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Nov-Dec, 45(6), 1005 - 11 {Transitional state of Candida utilis chemostat culture after shock caused by a low pH value of the medium during 1 generation}; Rabotnova IL et al.; Transitional states of Candida utilis BKM Y-1668 were found during its growth in conditions of chemostat at D of 0.1 hr(-1) and glycerol limit after a shock caused by an extreme pH value (2.2) . The optical density of the cells, the amount of dry biomass and protein, the activity of respiration, the content of ATP, and the activity of ATPase decreased, the character of the decrease being that of damped oscillations . Qualitative changes were detected in the activity of respiration, oxygen uptake was not inhibited by cyanide . More glycerol and phosphorus are utilized in processes of vital activity . Therefore, a sharp change of pH values causes profound changes in the metabolism of the yeast cell. Arch Dermatol Res, 1976 Oct 27, 256(3), 247 - 54 Influences of retinoic acid and retinoid on skin metabolism . Investigations of oxygen consumption and enzymatic activities of human skin; Raab WP et al.; All-trans retinoic acid and its derivative retinoid, two new compounds with expanding therapeutic spectrum in dermatology, were investigated in biochemical assays . Both substances provoke an increase in oxygen consumption of rat skin whereas in human skin only retinoid was found active in this respect . In resting yeast cells, both substances failed to exert any significant influence on oxygen consumption.--Pure G-6-PDH was inhibited by retinoic acid and retinoid in concentrations as low as 5 mug/ml . In human skin homogenates, LDH-, GAPDH-, and G-6-PDH-activities were inhibited by retinoic acid whereas GOT-, LAP-, and ALD-activites remained practically unchanged following an incubation with retinoic acid in concentrations between 1 and 100 mug/ml for 60 min.--The data collected in this study were briefly discussed with regard to the use of retinoic acid and its derivatives in psoriasis. Nature, 1976 Oct 14, 263(5578), 567 - 72 Nucleotide rigidity; Evans FE et al.; It is show that in aqueous solution the backbone conformation of adenosine is as much flexible as that of 3'-AMP, 5'-AMP and 3', 5'-ADP indicating that nucleotides are not any more rigid than nucleosides . The flexible conformation of the monomeric components is conserved in the nucleotidyl units of destacked ApA, ApApA and poly(A), but it is not conserved in base stacked conditions . The findings are extended to guanosine, uridine and cytidine systems . It is projected that in aqueous solution, conformations of the individual nucleotidyl units of yeast tRNAhe are confined to the classically stable domains in the base stacked region and non-rigid flexible structures populate in the unstacked region comprising D16, D17, G20, U47 and A76. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Oct 11, 445(3), 632 - 44 Phosphoglycerate kinase from young and old Turbatrix aceti; Gupta SK et al.; Phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate-1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) from young and old Turbatrix aceti has been purified to homogeneity . The "old" enzyme exhibits a marked reduction in specific activity both in crude homogenates and in pure form when compared to preparations from young nematodes . The specific activities for pure "young" and "old" enzymes are 650-750 and 300-400 units/mg, respectively . All other properties of "young" and "old" enzymes were nearly identical, including molecular weight (43 000), Km, behavior on columns, thermal stability and mobility during gel electrophoresis at three pH values . The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanism of formation of "altered" enzymes . In addition, certain properteis of the nematode phosphoglycerate kinase are compared with those of the enzyme from yeast and rabbit muscle. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 Oct, 80(4), 767 - 76 Ribonucleases from porcine brain . Partial purification and properties; Nishikawa K et al.; 1 . An acid ribonuclease was partially purified from an acetone powder of porcine brain . This enzyme was an acidic protein with a molecular weight of aroung 70,000 . It acted on yeast RNA optimally at about pH 5.9, yielding only a mixture of 3'-mononucleotides, and therefore appears to be an exonuclease . It did not hydrolyze heat-denatured calf thymus DNA or bis(rho-nitrophenyl) phosphate . It was fairly unstable to heat and acid . 2 . An alkaline ribonuclease was partially purified from the same source simultaneously . This enzyme was a basic protein with a molecular weight of 25,000-26,000 . It was a pyrimidine-specific endoribonuclease, and acted on yeast RNA optimmally at around pH 7.4 . It did not hydrolyze heat-denatured calf thymus DNA or bis(rho-nitrophenyl) phosphate . It was fairly stable to heat and acid. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 22(10), 1415 - 24 Endosymbionts of Sitodrepa panicea; Bismanis JE; Morphological and physiological characteristics of seven strains of yeast-like symbionts isolated from Sitodrepa panicea justify their inclusion into the genus Torulopsis as a new species: T . buchnerii . The symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial: the symbionts obtain some nitrogenous compounds and carbohydrates, such as proline and trehalose from the host's hemolymph, and synthesize and make available to the host all the essential amino acids and vitamins, except biotin. J Lab Clin Med, 1976 Oct, 88(4), 640 - 8 Regulation of some functions of granulocytes by zinc of the prostatic fluid and prostate tissue; Stankova L et al.; Oxygen consumption, phagocytosis, and activity of hexosomonophosphate shunt (HMS) of dog and human polystyrene latex-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were inhibited by normal and infected human prostatic fluid (PF) and prostate extract; resting cells were not affected . Granulocytes incubated in 7 per cent PF increased five times their zinc content . Inorganic zinc added to synthetic medium which contained activated granulocytes also inhibited O2 consumption and phagocytosis of yeast particles in a concentration-dependent manner; resting cells were not affected . Incubation of PF with CaNa2 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) abolished the inhibitory effect of PF; extensive dialysis of PF against this chelating agent reduced the inhibition by half . After the PF was dialyzed against saline, the low molecular weight dialysate retained inhibitory effects . Extracts from dog liver, spleen, and human saliva were not inhibitory . Polyamines, which next to zinc are also present in PF in high concentrations, had no effect on granulocytes, O2 consumption, and HMS activity . Human as well as dog PF were inhibitory to human or dog granulocytes, respectively . Besides granulocytes, rat peritoneal macrophages were inhibited by PF as well . It is concluded that PF and extract from prostate inhibit various functions of phagocytes mainly because of high concentration of zinc . The existence of other, large molecular weight, heat-resistant substances in PF which contribute to zinc effect cannot be ruled out. Am J Vet Res, 1976 Oct, 37(10), 1195 - 200 Effects of parturition and lactation on blood and milk cell concentrations, corticosteroids, and neutrophil phagocytosis in the cow; Guidry AJ et al.; Blood differential leukocytes, erythrocytes, milk somatic cells, and neutrophil phagocytosis in 14 Holstein-Friesian cows were measured at 2-day intervals for 2 weeks before parturition, on the day of parturition, on postpartum days 1,2,5,10,15, and 30, and at monthly intervals throughout lactation . Circulating corticosteroids were measured in 6 cows on days -6, -4, -2, on the day of parturition, and on days +1, +2, +5, +10, +15, +30, and +60 . Circulating neutrophils on day -2 on the day of parturition, on days 2, 10, and 15 averaged 3,363, 5,889, 3,085, 4,116, and 3,558/mm, respectively . The increase in neutrophils at parturition was accompanined by an increase in corticosteroids (2.7, 9.0, 11.1, 6.1, and 5.4 ng/ml of blood plasma on days -4 and -2, on the day of parturition, and on days +1 and +2, respectively) . The phagocytic ability of circulating neutrophils was determined by incubating yeast cells with whole blood (30 minutes, 37 C) and microscopically counting yeast cells per neutrophil . Mean yeast cells per neutrophil decreased (P less than 0.01) during the 2nd week after parturition (7.4, 6.5, 6.6, and 7.2 on days +2, +10, +15, and +30, respectively) . But this decrease was compensated for by an increase in circulating neutrophils during the same period. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1976 Oct, 15(2), 377 - 80 Detection of nucleic acid-protein complexes by equilibrium ultracentrifugation; Lanks KW et al.; Formation of complexes between yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA and phenylalanyl aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase is shown to occur under equilibrium conditions in the analytical ultracentrifuge . The technique of equilibrium sedimentation should be useful for the detection of transient associations between proteins and nucleic acids when only small amounts of unlabeled, but highly purified, materials are available. Nucleic Acids Res, 1976 Oct, 3(10), 2749 - 55 Sequence determination of the 3' terminal T1 oligonucleotide of 18S ribosomal RNA; Eladari ME et al.; We have reexamined the primary structure of the 3' terminal oligonucleotide of 18S RNA from chicken fibroblasts and have shown, contrary to previously published results that this extremity G-A-U-C-A-U-U-AOH is identical to that of the rabbit, drosophila and bombyx . Furthermore the electrophoretic mobility and composition of the 3' terminal oligonucleotides of 18S RNA from rat and human cells are similar to that of other RNAs and show that the identity of structure for this region of 18S RNA extends to include all tested species between yeast and man . This finding reveals a marked degree of evolutionary constraint on the structure of this region. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1976 Oct, 58(4), 471 - 6 Cytotoxic testing for food allergy: evaluation of reproducibility and correlation; Benson TE et al.; Cytotoxic food tests still present conflicting opinions concerning their validity . Nine atopic patients with or without a history of food allergy were studied along with 5 nonatopic patients . All tests were conducted in a double-blind fashion with 6 determinations for each of 10 food antigens . Reproducibility of the test (5/6 positive or negative) was demonstrated with wheat, milk, yeast, chocolate, and orange . In the nonatopic group, reproducible results were obtained for wheat, egg, yeast, chocolate, and chicken . Clinical correlation with 11 foods in 7 patients was demonstrated . However, there were 46 positive tests without correlation and 2 negative tests with positive histories . Therefore, there appears to be reproducibility of the tests to only 3 foods but no apparent correlation with clinical symptoms . At the present time, cytotoxic tests offer no reliable help in establishing the diagnosis of food allergy. J Biol Chem, 1976 Sep 25, 251(18), 5745 - 51 Properties of a human liver ribonuclease . Inhibition by polynucleotides and specificity for phosphodiester bond cleavage to yield purine nucleosides at the 5' termini; Frank JJ et al.; A ribonuclease, purified 2500-fold from human liver, was found to be inactive against synthetic homopolynucleotides, whereas synthetic co-polymers containing adenylic acid were rapidly degraded . The specificity of the RNase is unique in that only purine residues, in a 5:4 ratio of guanylic to adenylic acid, are found at the 5' termini of the degradation products of yeast RNA . No specificity was observed at the 3' termini of the fragments . When analyzed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, approximately 80% of the oligonucletoides were 4 to 11 residues in length . The hydrolysis of RNA by the liver enzyme, when examined in low ionic strength buffer, could be increased severalfold over control levels by the addition of polyamines . The enzyme was found to exist as two distinct species on sucrose gradients, with molecular weights of 128,000 and 14,000 . However, the addition of spermidine to the gradients resulted in the recovery of all the enzyme activity as the smaller species . The polyamines were also shown to reverse the inhibition of the enzyme by the ordered polynucleotides, polyguanylic acid and polyadenylic acid . Inhibition of enzyme activity by the polyadenylic acid segment of various mammalian mRNAs was also demonstrated. Biochemistry, 1976 Sep 7, 15(18), 3925 - 32 Catalytic activation of transfer ribonucleic acid by a mammalian protein; Dickman SR et al.; A tRNA activator has been isolated from mammalian organs which increases the capability of tRNA to accept certain amino acids through the action of mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases . This activity may be separated from the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for isoleucine, lysine, serine, and methionine by fractionation of liver or pancreas cytosol with ammonium sulfate or by chromatography over Sephadex G-200 . The tRNA activating material is nondialyzable and is destroyed by trypsin or short heating . It acts catalytically . A molecular weight of approximately 45,000 was obtained by chromatography of tRNA activator on a calibrated Sephadex G-150 column . Activator increases acceptance of yeast tRNA for the amino acids isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, and methionine . It shows higher activity on liver tRNAMet f, tRNAMet m, and tRNALys than on unfractionated liver tRNA . Removal of protein from mammalian tRNA by extra phenol extractions, chromatography, or proteinase treatment increases its response to activator. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol, 1976 Sep-Oct, 12(5), 399 - 404 {Activity of valyl-tRNA-synthetase and alanyl-tRNA-synthetase in intact and denervated rabbit muscles}; Teslenko LV et al.; The rate of acylation of non-fractionated tRNA from baker yeast and beef liver with valine-I-C14 and alanine-I-C14 had been measured . The yeast tRNA was found to be the active acceptor of valine while the beef tRNA intensively accepted alanine . The specific activities of valyl- and alanyl-tRNA synthetases from intact m . soleus (red) when measured with yeast tRNA were 4.3 and 3.3 times higher than the activities of the respective enzymes from intact m . gastrocnemius (mixed) . 30 days after sciatic nerve section the activities of both aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in denervated red and mixed muscles had become nearly equal . Equalization of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific activities in the denervated muscles occured as a result of the changes in the catalytic properties and, possibly, in the intracellular concentration of the enzymes. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 153 - 8 Matrix-bound phosphoglucose isomerase . Formation and properties of monomers and hybrids; Bruch P et al.; Dimeric phosphoglucose isomerase from rabbit muscle was immobilized by reaction with cyanogen-bromide-activated Sephrose 4B . The catalytic parameters and stability properties of the free and matrix-bound isomerases were essentially identical . Total monomerisation of the matrix-bound enzyme was achieved with 8 M urea as determined by a study in which one subunit was labelled with iodo{14C}acetate and the other with the 3H-labelled reagent . Although matrix-bound monomers were devoid of isomerase activity, they were still capable of binding the substrate . Matrix-bound monomers exhibited the ability to redimerize with soluble isomerase subunits from either rabbit or human yielding catalytically active dimers . Yeast isomerase monomers, in contrast, did not yield active hybrids with the rabbit monomers . Furthermore, soluble subunits, which had been inactivated with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were also capable of hybridizing with and inducing catalytic activity in the matrix-bound monomers . These studies indicate the prerequisite of dimer formation for catalytic activity but the independent action of the catalytic centers of the dimer. Genetics, 1976 Sep, 84(1), 77 - 94 Environmental determination of selective significance or neutrality of amylase variants in Drosophila melanogaster; De Jong G et al.; Strains homozygous at the amylase locus were derived from a polymorphic laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster . The Amy4,6 strain has higher enzyme activity than Amy1 strain.-Maltose has the same nutritional value as starch.- The effect of starch in pure culture depends on the yeast level . At low yeast level increasing starch increases survival, at high yeast level increasing starch increases mean dry weight . The strains do not differ in survival or mean dry weight in pure culture.--In mixed cultures at 50% input of Amy4,6 and Amy1 as larvae the percentage Amy4,6 in adults is present with increasing maltose at low yeast levels in mixed culture . The increase in percentage Amy4,6 with increasing starch must be due to selection on the amylase locus working by competition for food in the larval stage . The single locus selection coefficient is determined by the environment and can reach quite high values.--Viability selection in the presence of starch is in the direction indicated by the enzyme activities. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 159 - 68 Structural analyses of mutant and wild-type alcohol dehydrogenases from drosophila melanogaster; Schwartz MF et al.; Four genetic variants of alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster have been examined: wild-type F-enzyme (from the AdhF strain), the D-type mutant form (from the AdhD strain), which is catalytically active, and two proteins lacking enzymic activity (from the Adhn11 and Adhn5 strains) . The proteins were compared by mapping of tryptic peptides . One pair of difference peptides was seen in the comparisons of the D and F-type enzymes . These peptides were purified and their sequences determined . The difference between the two proteins was shown to be an exchange at a single position of glycine in the F for glutamic acid in the D-type protein . This exchange is consistent with the greater acidity of alcohol dehydrogenase from the AdhD strain and can be produced by a single base mutation . The difference between the n11 and F-type proteins was not detected and is suggested to be in a large tryptic peptide . In addition to the difference peptides, other fragments from Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase were isolated and analyzed . The sequences determined account for approximately 50% of the amino acids in the protein and include regions around the two cysteine residues as well as possible terminal structures . All peptides analyzed were examined for structural identities with horse and yeast alcohol dehydrogenases . No clearly significant similarities were seen between the Drosophila enzyme and the other two proteins but low degrees of homology are possible . From the variations in cysteine-containing regions large differences appear to exist between the active sites of the insect enzyme and the other alcohol dehydrogenases. Arch Ophthalmol, 1976 Sep, 94(9), 1513 - 9 Granulomatous necrotizing retinochoroiditis caused by Sporotrichum schenkii . Report of a case including immunofluorescence and electron microscopical studies; Font RL et al.; A middle-aged man had blurred vision, redness, and pain in the right eye . Ophthalmoscopic examination revealed slowly progressive necrotizing retinitis in the peripheral superonasal quadrant . The clinical impression was toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, but lesions failed to respond to steroids, pyrimethamine, and sulfonamides . The eye was enucleated and, histopathologically, showed necrotizing granulomatous retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis, numerous cigarshaped, yeast-like organisms located within the necrotic retina and subretinally, and a subretinal asteroid body . Organisms were identified as Sporotrichum schenkii by immunofluorescence techniques . Electron microscopical studies of the fungus disclosed an unusually thickened capsule with a well-developed cell wall, the outer portion of which exhibited a radiating pattern of granular filamentous material . The ability of S schenkii to cause endophthalmitis in a patient without apparent primary infection should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of a cryptogenic, slowly progressive intraocular infection. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 1976 Sep, 72(6), 753 - 62 {Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (flurbiprofen)}; Masumoto S et al.; Anti-inflammatory mechanism of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (Flurbiprofen, FP-70) was studied by various analysis in comparison with other drugs . It was found in the test of rat edema induced by various phlogists that carrageenin and yeast-induced edemas were markedly inhibited by FP-70, whereas dextran, formalin, serotonin and bradykinin-induced edemas were scarcely inhibited by FP-70 . The action of FP-70 was similar to that of soy bean trypsin inhibitor . However, FP-70 showed no effects on kinin synthetase and kininase . FP-70 showed a marked inhibition on prostaglandin synthesis . The inhibitory effect of FP-70 was 10.1, 96.5 and 2280.6 times as large as indomethacin, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid, respectively . FP-70 did not inhibit the permeability of dye induced by prostaglandin E2 in the rat skin . FP-70 inhibited the acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities of isolated lysosome of rat liver and also suppressed the release of acid phosphatase from the lysosome . These effects were similar to those of indomethacin . On the other hand, FP-70 suppressed markedly the heat-induced hemolysis of dog erythrocytes . The effect was similar to that of indomethacin and was 10 times stronger than those of ibuprofen, ibufenac and phenylbutazone . Activation of rat liver mitochondrial ATPase by FP-70 at a concentration of 10 muM was 74.7%, while indomethacin showed 37.8% activation at the same concentration . FP-70 as well as ibuprofen and phenylbutazone uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria . From the above and previously reported results, it is suggested that the potent anti-inflammatory action of FP-70 is the result of the following effects; inhibition on the protein and leucocyte migration, inhibition on the prostaglandin synthesis, stabilization of the cell membrane and activation of ATPase. J Bacteriol, 1976 Sep, 127(3), 1063 - 9 Effect of chloramphenicol on the electron systems in Ustilago cynodontis; Durieu-Trautmann O et al.; The mycelial cells of Ustilago cynodontis possess at least two electron transport systems: a cyanide-sensitive cytochrome pathway, which represents the major route for electron transport, and an alternative cyanide-insensitive pathway, inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid . In the presence of chloramphenicol in the culture medium, mycelial cells respire only by the alternatuve chain . The stable induced yeast-like cells, obtained by prolonged chloramphenicol treatment of the mycelial cells, respire as the untreated mycelial cells; this result indicates that the phenotypic change induced by chloramphenicol is not related to a modification of the respiratory system. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 13 - 9 A low-molecular-weight ATPase from wheat-seedling mitochondria; Tuppy H et al.; An ATPase which strikingly differed from the mitochondrial ATPases of yeast and of animal tissues was obtained when wheat seedling mitochondria, or electron transport particles derived from them, were subjected to ultrasonication and treated with ammonium sulphate . The enzyme which was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex (A50) failed to be inactivated as low as 43 000 . The enzyme preparation was capable of hydrolysing ADP, in addition to ATP, and several other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates . In contrast to the ATPase of animal mitochondria, the activity of the wheat enzyme was almost as insensitive to oligomycin in intact mitochondria as it was after isolation from the organelles. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Sep, 68(1), 5 - 12 Isolation and partial characterization of the cytochrome oxidase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris; King MT et al.; The cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) of Rhodopseudomonas palustris was extracted with Triton X-100 plus KCl, from the membrane fraction of cells grown aerobically in the dark . The solubilized enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose . The purification resulted in a 108-fold enrichment of cytochrome oxidase on the basis of specific activity when compared to the membrane fraction . The purified enzyme was phosphate-sensitive (less than mM), oxidized reduced bovine, horse and yeast cytochrome c, and was inhibited 50% by 0.5 muM KCN or 7 muM NaN3 . The native purified preparation migrated as one band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In the presence of dodecylsulfate four major polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 30500, 25500, 12200 and 9500 were observed . The enzyme reacted with oxygen via cytochrome o . The purified preparation contained cytochrome c but was free of flavoproteins and NADH-linked and succinate-linked enzyme activities of the respiratory chain. Experientia, 1976 Aug 15, 32(8), 1087 - 8 Large scale cultivation of a free-living nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans); Vanfleteren JR; A method is presented for the large scale cultivation of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, using continuous aeration and agitation in glass ware (stirrer flasks) developed for the continuous culture of suspended cells . With this technique, populations up to 10(9) nematodes may be obtained in a 10 1 culture in less than 6 weeks with an inoculum of some 50 worms . Costs can be reduced by using an inexpensive yeast extract, available from the food industry. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1163 - 8 In vitro binding of sterols by extracts from Mucor rouxii cells grown under different environmental conditions; Safe S et al.; Aqueous cell wall and cytoplasm extracts from Mucor rouxii cells grown under acrobic and anaerobic (oxygen-limiting) conditions were obtained . Both of the extracts from the anaerobic and aerobic cells solubilized lanosterol and ergosterol but not to the same extent; ergosterol was complexed about 2-3 times greater than the same concentration of lanosterol . It was also apparent that the relative bindingcapacities of the cell extracts were dependent on the cell growth environment . Two additional fractions were obtained from each extract by (a) methanol precipitation and (b) refluxing in 2% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution followed by methanol precipitation . The binding activities of these precipitates and the corresponding precipitates from yeast extract were compared and the results indicated a range of binding activites which depended on both the extract and the sterol . The data suggested that the in vitro sterol binding of M . rouxii extracts was not due to one particular macromolecule but that a number of compounds were involved in this complexation process. Arch Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 109(1-2), 175 - 9 {Purification and characterization of peroxidase from Phellinus igniarius (author's transl)}; Kruger G et al.; A Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) of the basidiomycet Phellinus igniarius was derived from mycel and a medium containing glucose and extract of yeast by using various methods of preparation . The enzyme resists extreme conditions (pH, temperature salt concentration) . Its optimum pH for activities is in the acid range . Two isoenzymes were found . The molecular weight, isoelectric point, Michaelis-Menten constant, indolacetic acid oxidase activity and spectral and analytical properties of this peroxidase were determined . It is assumed that the enzyme has an intracellular as well as an extracellular field of activity. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 2(2), 77 - 80 Comparison of immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis; Bauman DS et al.; The immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for histoplasmosis were compared on 2,090 initial sera from 70 proven cases of histoplasmosis, 177 routine chest hospital patients, and 1,843 coal miners from outside the major endemic area for histoplasmosis . The complement fixation test using histoplasmin as antigen detected antibodies in the sera of 72.8% of the 70 proven cases, while the complement fixation test using yeast antigen detected antibodies in 94.3% of the case sera, and the immunodiffusion test using histoplasmin antigen detected antibodies in 90% of the sera . The tests were also compared for sensitivity, specificity, and ease of performance. J Med Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 9(3), 303 - 8 Antibodies to Candida after operations on the heart; Evans EG et al.; The occurrence of yeasts and antibodies to yeasts was studied in patients undergoing open-heart surgery without antifungal prophylaxis, and in a similar group receiving antifungal prophylaxis . An association was demonstrated between the occurrence of commensal yeasts and the appearance of antibodies . None of the patients developed overt systemic or superficial yeast infection . The antigenic stimulus for the post-operative production of antibodies appeared to be the increase in the yeast flora that occurred shortly after operation . When the commensal yeast population was suppressed by antifungal antibiotics, the antibody response was also reduced . The implications of these findings in the interpretation of serological tests for diagnosis of systemic yeast infections are discussed. Biokhimiia, 1976 Aug, 41(8), 1504 - 9 {On hexokinase isozymes}; Gobeev VN et al.; Electrophoretic study of hexokinase (HK) associated with the soluble fraction of mouse transplantable hepatoma 22a revealed that almost all bands of HK activities overlapped the bands of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities in the gels . Similar results were obtained for liver, muscle and brain soluble fractions, as well as for various extracts from hepatoma 22a mitochondria and commercial preparation of yeast HK . A single type of HK, which does not overlap G6PDH activity, was located between types I and II (according to the Katzen classification) as a diffuse band of 1 hour manifestation . A possibility of structural organization of glycolytic enzymes in the cell essential for the quantitative estimation of the isozyme pattern is discussed. Biokhimiia, 1976 Aug, 41(8), 1488 - 96 {Estimation of kinetic constants and study of site specificity of Zajdela ascite hepatoma and rat liver tRNA-methylases}; Tarasiavichene LE et al.; Individual yeast tRNAVal1 was used as a substrate for estimation of kinetic constants and study of site specificity of m5C-and m1A-methylases of Zajdela ascite hepatoma and rat liver . It was demonstrated that the rate of yeast tRNAVal1 methylation by hepatoma tRNA-methylases is 4--5 times higher than that induced by liver tRNA-methylases . The rates of 1-hour methyl groups incorporation into tRNAVal1 were 3.7 and 4.7 times higher in case of m5C-and m1A-methylases and 9.4 and 4.5 times higher in case of m1G-and m7G-methylases of hepatoma than the respective rates obtained for corresponding liver methylases . The main products of methylation were m5C and m1A containing about 90% of total radioactivity incorporated into tRNA . m5C-methylases of liver and hepatoma had similar affinity for S-Ad-Met . The Km value for both enzymes was 2.66 micronmole; the Km values for m1A-methylases of liver and hepatoma with respect to S-Ad-Met were the same and equal to 0,25 micronmole . m5C and m1A methylases of liver and hepatoma had adequate affinity for yeast tRNAVal1; their site specificity was the same, since they methylated in yeast tRNAVal1 cytosine in the tetracytidylic sequence of C49--C52 and adenine in the 59th position from the 5'-end of the molecule. Cutis, 1976 Aug, 18(2), 247 - 9 An allergist looks at urticaria; Beakey JF; Some etiologic possibilities which must be considered are foods, drugs, infection, inhalant sensitivity, psychic factors, physical agents, underlying connective tissue disease or neoplasm, insect bite or stings and genetic abnormalities . A painstaking history and a complete physical examination are, of course, mandatory . These are followed by appropriate studies for whatever etiologic factors are suggested by the history and physical examination . Certain routine or more sophisticated studies might be indicated including a complete blood count, urinalysis, stools for ova and parasites, antinuclear antibody titer, complete complement, sedimentation rate, sinus, chest and dental X rays and any other specified test depending on where the clues lead . O'Loughlin described a practical approach in the use of laboratory studies for the diagnosis of chronic urticaria . Skin tests can be helpful especially for inhalants, but food tests are usually not reliable in the diagnosis of chronic urticaria . The acute urticaria reaction to a food is clinically obvious and this type of patient does not usually seek medical attention or need extensive investigation . Treatment includes a few basic medications . Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril), which combines tranquilizer and antihistamine action, is frequently effective . Cyproheptadine HCL (Periactin) both a serotonin and histamine antagonist with anticholinergic effect, is also helpful--especially in combination with hydroxyzine . Antihistamines, ephedrine, epinephrine, aminophyllin and occasionally corticosteroids are helpful . Immunotherapy with inhalants is occasionally indicated . Eliminating possible offending foods, dyes or drugs has been previously discussed . Anti-candidal therapy and low yeast diet is effective when indicated . The final aspect of the investigation and treatment process might best be described as "patient support"--patience on the part of the physician . It should be realized that in 75% of the cases of chronic urticaria, no convincing etiology is found . It should also be realized that urticaria all too frequently "settles down" due as much to the natural course as to the careful ministrations of the physician. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1188 - 90 Uptake of L-proline by Histoplasma capsulatum; Dabrowa N et al.; The uptake and incorporation of L-proline by yeast cells of the dimorphic zoopathogen Histoplasma capsulatum were studied . The amino acid was assimilated in at least two ways: by an active transport system with a Km of 1.7 X 10(-5) M and by simple diffusion . The active transport system was sterospecific and severely restricted to neutral aliphatic side-chain amino acids . Certain analogues inhibited L-proline uptake and prevented incorporation of the amino acid into cellular constituents . The inhibition of L-proline uptake by L-leucine was competitive . Since L-leucine and L-proline are seemingly transported by a system with similar characteristics, must be concluded, as originally postulated, that the buckled ring of L-proline, in solution, acts as an aliphatic side chain and that this cyclic amino acid is transported by a system more or less specific for amino acids with neutral aliphatic side chains. Mycopathologia, 1976 Jul 16, 58(3), 131 - 5 Chemical composition of Oidiodendron kalrai; Cino PM et al.; The chemical composition of yeast cells of Oidiodendron kalrai was analyzed and is expressed as percent dry weight . Cultures were grown in tryptone broth and in a liquid synthetic medium containing ammonium salts as a nitrogen source . After 48 h, carbohydrate levels were higher in the synthetic medium, but lipid levels were lower, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein contents did not differ significantly in the two media . The chemical components were also studied at different stages of growth . DNA remained relatively constant, but other components varied with the age of culture . The RNA was 6.6% at 18 h and declined rapidly to 5% by 24 h and remained constant, An initial protein content of 23% at 18 h increased rapidly to 37% by 48 h and gradually declined to 30% by day 10 . The lipid content of 33% at 18 h decreased over the entire growth period to 10% by day 10 . An initial carbohydrate level of 30% increased to a maximum of 54% by day 5 and then declined. Scand J Dent Res, 1976 Jul, 84(4), 229 - 33 Evaluation of a dehydrated test strip,Microstix -Candida for detection of Candida-induced denture stomatitis; Budtz-Jorgensen E; The outgrowth of yeast from the fitting surface of the maxillary denture and the palatal mucosa was estimated in 63 denture wearers by means of smears and by culture on Microstix-Candida (M-C) . There was a significant relationship between the concentration of yeasts as assessed by smears and by M-C . There were confluent spots on M-C, indicating large numbers of yeast cells, in 81% of 37 denture wearers with a positive microscopic diagnosis for Candida-induced denture stomatitis, whereas there were confluent spots on M-C in only one of 26 denture wearers with a negative microscopic diagnosis for infection . It is concluded that the M-C test seems to have sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to be an alternative to the smear for establishing the diagnosis of Candida-induced denture stomatitis. Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1976 Jul-Dec, 14(2), 145 - 90 {Oxygen absorption of a biodynamic system in a transitional regimen . I . Determination of operational parameters}; Cunha BC et al.; In this first of three parts, operational parameters (power consumption with and without aeration, aeration number, oxygen volumetric transfer coefficient and hold up) of the system used are presented, together with graphs and tables to show the relation between these parameters and controlable operating variables . Later the values here presented will be correlated with KLa determined by SOM, the kinetics of oxygen transfer in yeast cultures. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Jul, 10(3), 351 - 9 {The fungal flora of Ankara air in January 1972 and 1974 and its relationship to allergic diseases}; Okuyan M et al.; The fungal flora of the air in Ankara was searched during first week of January 1972 and 1974 . Different areas of the city were chosen for investigation . The central and outskirt areas showed different patterns of fungal flora during January 1972 and January 1974 . In the central areas there was a remarkable decrease in yeast flora between the two years . However, mould flora was increased in some extent . No notable difference could be detected in outskirt areas . Penicillium and Aspergillus species were isolated most frequently . It is concluded that this flora was influenced by heavy pollution of the air in Ankara . This pollution is caused mainly by: (1) Heating systems with crude coal and oil, (2) Heavy motor traffic, (3) Geographical situation of the city, cup-shaped land with poor air draughts. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 614 - 9 {Effect of nitrogen source on growth of Arthrobacter simplex and its biosynthesis of cholinesterase}; Imsenecki AA et al.; The effect of organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen on biomass accumulation and cholinesterase synthesis was studied with Arthrobacter simplex var . cholinesterasus . The culture assimilates nitrogen of ammonium compounds better than other forms of inorganic nitrogen; the best nitrogen source for biosynthesis of cholinesterase is ammonium phosphate . Nitrogen of nitrates is not assimilated . The amount of biomass is almost twice as high on the medium with peptone, casein or casein hydrolysate as on the medium with mineral nitrogen, while the activity of cholinesterase on these nitrogen sources decreases 1.5--2.0 times . Yeast extract as a nitrogen source increases biomass accumulation by a factor of 2.5 and does not supress synthesis of cholinesterase . The concentration of the enzyme synthesized per unit biomass on the medium with yeast extract is the same as on the medium containing ammonium phosphate . The effect of amino acids and amides, i.e . beta-alanine, proline, amides of aspartic and glutamic acids, and their mixtures, is similar to the action of yeast extract: they stimulate biomass accumulation and do not inhibit synthesis of the enzyme . Other amino acids supress synthesis of cholinesterase . The amount of accumulated biomass in the presence of glutamic acid is twice as high as in the case of any other amino acid, and three times as high as on the medium containing ammonium phosphate . Similar action of glutamic acid is manifested when it is used in mixtures with other amino acids . On the medium containing glutamic acid as a sole source of nitrogen, an increase in biomass production is accompanied with a decrease in biosynthesis of the enzyme by 50% . Repression of the biosynthesis is less if glutamic acid is added in mixtures with proline, beta-alanine and asparagine. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jul, 127(1), 516 - 22 D-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and polyhedral inclusion bodies in Thiobacillus intermedius; Purohit K et al.; The growth-related parameters of Thiobacillus intermedius, cultured in glutamate-CO2-S2O32- medium, have been determined . After centrifugation at 48,000 X g for 1 h, 24% of the D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity of the disrupted-cell suspensions obtained from CO2-S2O32--and glutamate-CO2-S2O3(3)- grown cells could be sedimented, and the specific activities of this enzyme in the supernatant fractions were almost equivalent . The enzyme was stable in T . intermedius starved of thiosulfate in the presence and absence of glutamate, but a progressive decrease was evident in several growth cycles, each cycle supported by resupplementation of cells with thiosulfate . Polyhedral inclusion bodies were present in CO2-S2O3(2)- and glutamate-CO2S2O3(2)- grown cells . The number of polyhedral bodies per cell increased during mixotrophic growth approximately in proportion to the observed increase in the specific activity of RuBPCase . RuBPCase could not be detected in T . intermedius grown heterotrophically on yeast extract, nor could polyhedral bodies be found. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jul 1, 66(2), 251 - 5 Reconstitution of chemically synthesized ribooligonucleotides with naturally occurring tRNA fragments; Ohtsuka E et al.; Chemically synthesized yeast tRNA terminal fragments were reconstituted with natural tRNA fragments which were obtained by partial digestion with RNase T1 . The synthetic 3'-nonanucleotide (I) accepted alanine (3% with respect to the intact tRNA) when combined with a 4-fold excess of the natural 5'-quarter and the chemically synthesized hexanucleotide (II) stimulated the aminoacylation of the natural 3'-half molecule. Biochemistry, 1976 Jun 29, 15(13), 2899 - 901 Crystalline 3-phospho-d-glycerate kinase from horse muscle; Johnson PE et al.; Phosphoglycerate kinase has been isolated in crystalline form from horse muscle . A convenient isolation procedure is described that yields homogeneous enzyme of specific activity 700 units/mg (30 degrees C) . The enzyme is monomeric, and has a molecular weight 47 000 . Of the eight cysteine residues in the protein, two react rapidly with Nbs21 with the concomitant loss of the catalytic activity . Since the isolation of phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast (Bucher, 1955) there have been several reports of purification methods yielding enzyme approaching molecular homogeneity, from rabbit muscle (Beisenherz et al., 1953; Czok and Bucher, 1960; Rao and Oesper, 1961; Avramov and Repin, 1965; and Scopes, 1969) and from chicken muscle (Gosselin-Rey, 1965) . Crystalline material has been isolated from human erythrocytes (Hashimoto and Yoshikawa, 1962), and from yeast and rabbit muscle (Krietsch and Bucher, 1970) . Cystallographic work on phosphoglycerate kinase from horse muscle by Blake et al . (1972) and Blake and Evans (1974) has prompted mechanistic interest in the enzyme, and we report here a simplified isolation procedure and some properties of the crystalline material from this source. Biochemistry, 1976 Jun 29, 15(13), 2791 - 9 Rate of tritium labeling of specific purines in relation to nucleic acid and particularly transfer RNA conformation; Gamble RC et al.; The kinetics of the incorporation of tritium into the C-8 positions of purine units in nucleic acids has been studied . The polymers investigated include poly(A), poly(A): poly (U) duplex, a double-stranded viral RNA, tRNA, and DNA . In the random coil state, the kinetics of incorporation of tritium into the purine sites of the polymers are identical with those for the corresponding purine mononucleotides . When the nucleic acids are in their native conformations, however, the purine labeling rates are reduced below that expected for the free mononucleotides . The magnitude of the effect is remarkably dependent upon the particular nucleic acid . For example, at 37 degrees C the purines in double-stranded DNA label at a rate two- to threefold slower than the corresponding mononucleotides, but in a double-stranded viral RNA, a 30- to 40-fold effect is found . The data suggest a strong influence of microscopic helix structure on the rate of tritium incorporation . First-order rate constants for the exchange of tritium into specific purine sites in yeast tRNAPhe were also determined . This was done by partially labeling the nucleic acid in tritiated water, and subsequently removing free and loosely bound tritium . Under conditions where exchange-out does not occur, the nucleic acid was digested with specific nucleases; chromatographic separation then enabled specific activities of purines from specific sites to be obtained . The rate constants for these sites show a large variation . They are markedly reduced for those residues occurring in cloverleaf helical sections and, in certain cases, for those known from crystallographic data to be involved in tertiary interactions . As examples of bases that can participate in tertiary interactions, the crystal structures show A14 and G15 in special base-pairing arrangements . Both purines (A14 and G15) occur in single-stranded sections of the cloverleaf; both show markedly reduced C-8 hydrogen-exchange rates . On the other hand, rate constants for bases and regions known to be on the outside of the moleculesuch as the anticodon loop and the 3' terminusare perturbed the least . In one instance, a base in the dihydrouridine loop believed to be involved in tertiary interactions, according to crystallographic studies, incorporates tritium as if it were relatively unperburbed by the tRNA structure . The structural interactions of this base may be partially or completely broken at 37 degrees C in solution. J Biol Chem, 1976 Jun 25, 251(12), 3664 - 70 Studies on heart phosphofructokinase . Use of fructose 6-sulfate as an alternative substrate to study the mechanism of action and active site specificity; Martensen TM et al.; Fructose 6-sulfate was synthesized by direct sulfurylation of fructose and was isolated by two selective steps: (a) conversion of the 6-sulfuryl ester to fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate with phosphofructokinase; (b) conversion of fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate to fructose 6-sulfate by fructose-1,6-diphosphatase . Utilizing crystalline sheep heart phosphofructokinase, kinetic studies with the alternative substrate were carried out at pH 8.2 which is optimal for nonallosteric kinetics . The data are consistent with an ordered addition of the two substrates with the first, MgATP, being at thermodynamic equilibrium . The Vmax and Km obtained with fructose 6-sulfate were 0.03- and 100-fold, respectively, that obtained with the natural substrate . The study suggests that the divalent phosphoryl moiety is intimately involved in the active site conformation . Identification of the product of the reaction, fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate, was confirmed through studies with aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and by 31P NMR . The utilization of fructose 6-sulfate as a substrate by yeast glucose-6-phosphate isomerase could not be demonstrated. J Biol Chem, 1976 Jun 25, 251(12), 3730 - 3 The enzymic conversion of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in mammalian mitochondria; Poulson R; Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in yeast cells, has been found in several mammalian tissues . It has been extracted from rat liver mitochondria by sonication in the presence of salt and detergent and partially purified . The enzyme is similar in many respects to yeast protoporphyrinogen oxidase . Based on its behavior on Sephadex G-200 the molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 35,000 . Catalysis by protoporphyrinogen oxidase was specific for proteoporphyrinogen IX (apparent Km of 11 muM) and proceeded maximally at pH 8.6 to 8.7 . The effect of temperature on enzyme activity plotted according to Arrhenius gave a value of E of 9,100 calories per mol . Enzyme activity was inhibited in the presence of high salt concentrations and temperatures above 45 degrees . Oxygen was essential for protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity and an alternative elevtron acceptor has not yet been found . No requirement for a metal or other cofactor could be demonstrated . The presence of monothiol groups was indicated; however, it is not known whether the thiol groups are involved directly in the binding of substrate to the enzyme. Arch Dermatol Res, 1976 Jun 21, 255(3), 265 - 70 Enzyme inhibition in human skin homogenates by hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate and hydrotisone butyrate; Raab WP et al.; In fresh human skin homogenates, the activities of four enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), "acid" phosphatase (AcP), and "leucine aminopeptidase" (LAP) were assayed following an incubation with hydrocortisone, hydrocotisone acetate, or hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, respectively . Concentration of the three compounds measured 2.75 mMol/l . Hydrocortison butyrate inhibited LDH-G-6-PDH-, and AcP-activities . Hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone acetate exerted a significant inhibitory action only in the case of G-6-PDH-activity.--On pure G-6-PDH from yeast, the inhibition exerted by hydrocortisone butyrate was significantly stronger than the inhibition exerted by the two other steroids . Time/action diagrams revealed the fact that hydrocortisone butyrate is superior to the other two compounds from the beginning of the incubation period.--The date sustain the assumption that hydrocortisone butyrate exerts biochemical-pharmacological actions of its own and that it may not be considered just as an esterified transport form of hydrocortisone. Biochemistry, 1976 Jun 1, 15(11), 2423 - 31 Polymorphism of Sporothrix schenckii surface polysaccharides as a function of morphological differentiation; Mendonca L et al.; The alkali-extractable polysaccharides from different morphological types of two Sporothrix schenckii strains (1099.12 and 1099.18) were investigated . Dissociation of morphological phase transition and temperature effects was possible in a synthetic medium which produced cultures with 100% yeast forms either at 25 or at 37 degrees C . Only rhamnomannans with single-unit alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl side chains were formed by the yeast forms irrespective of the incubation temperature . The higher temperature inhibited formation of 4-O- and 2,4-di-O-substituted alpha-D-mannopyranose units in the rhamnomannan . An apparently unsporulated mycelium culture of one S . schenckii strain (1099.12) synthesized a galactomannan whose structure was partially determined by methylation analysis and by proton and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . In another strain (1099.18), a mannan was excreted in the medium of an apparently conidia-less mycelial form at 25 degrees C with short incubation . Its structure was also partially determined . An apparent mixture of this mannan and a rhamnomannan rich in alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose side chains formed in these cultures on prolonged incubation . The proportion of the excreted rhamnomannan increased as the mycelium sporulated and conidia were more numerous . Mannans or galactomannans may be transient polysaccharides in the young mycelium of S . schenckii . As the culture develops, rhamnomannans are formed in amounts usually masking the presence of other mannose-containing polysaccharides . It is suggested that in S . schenckii different polysaccharides are formed with side chains containing different proportions of rhamnose, mannose, or galactose, as a function of morphological differentiation. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 Jun, 79(6), 1287 - 95 Hybridization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in borate; Suzuki K et al.; Conditions for the hybridization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) {EC 1.2.1.12} in the presence of dilute borate were examined with horseshoe crab and rabbit GPDs . Hybridization was strongly dependent upon pH, borate concentration, and temperature . The optimum medium for hybridization was 10mM Tris-HCl-1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol-1mM EDTA containing 10-20 mM borate, pH 8.5-9.0 . Hybridization was performed by incubation of two electrophoretically distinct GPDs at 30 degrees for 3-15 hr in the above medium at a protein concentration of 1-2 mg/ml . The time course of hybridization was analyzed under the optimized conditions . Symmetrical A2B2-type hybrid appeared only 5 min after incubation for 1 hr . Hybridization of GPDs from 7 different species was examined under the optimal conditions . Hybridization was detected with rabbit-horseshoe crab, yeast-rabbit, yeast-chicken, and chicken-horseshoe crab combinations . Subunit-subunit interaction, the mechanism of hybridization, and the structure of GPD are discussed based on the results obtained. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jun, 126(3), 1266 - 70 Volatile factor involved in the dimorphism of Mucor racemosus; Mooney DT et al.; Both hyphal and yeastlike development of Mucor racemosus and M . rouxii were demonstrated under 100% N2 . Under standardized conditions in yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium, the morphology depended on the N2 flow rate and not on the glucose concentration . The effect was related to the rate of flushing of the atmosphere over the culture medium . The results indicate that a volatile compound produced by Mucor is involved in morphogenesis. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jun 1, 65(2), 465 - 72 Studies of glutamate dehydrogenase . Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase from Candida utilis by a pH and temperature-dependent conformational transition; Neumann P et al.; Glutamate dehydrogenase from Candida utilis undergoes a reversible conformational transition between an active and an inactive state at low pH AND low temperature . This conformational transition can also be followed by fluorescence measurements . The temperature-dependent equilibrium between the active and the inactive state is characterized by a transition temperature of 10.7 degrees C and a delta H value of 148 kcal/mol (620 kJ/mol) . The temperature dependence of the enzymic activity above 15 degrees C yields an activation energy of 15 kcal/mol (63 kJ/mol), a larger value than that for the beef liver enzyme (9 kcal/mol; 38 kJ/mol) . In contrast to the yeast enzyme the Arrhenius plot is linear and, therefore, the beef liver enzyme is not transformed into an inactive conformation at low temperatures . Sedimentation analysis shows that the inactivation of the Candida utilis enzyme is not caused by change in the quaternary structure . The pH dependence of the conformational transition at low pH measured by fluorescence change is characterized by a pK value of 7.01 for the enzyme in the absence and of 6.89 for the enzyme in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate with a Hill coefficient of 3.4 in both cases . Similar results are found when the pH dependence of the enzymic activity is analyzed . With the beef liver enzyme the same pK value is obtained but with a Hill coefficient of 1 indicating cooperativity only in the case of the Candida utilis enzyme . The best fit of the pH dependence of the rate constants of the fluorescence changes was obtained with pK values of 7.45 and 6.45 for the active and the inactive state respectively . In this model the lowest time constant which is obtained at the pH of the equilibrium was found to be 0.05 s-1 . Preincubation experiments with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate but not with the coenzyme shift the equilibrium to the active conformation . The coenzyme obviously reduces the rate constant of the conformational transition . The sedimentation coefficient (SO20, w) and the molecular weight were found to be 11.0 S and 276 000, respectively . The enzyme molecule is built up by six polypeptide chains each having a molecular weight of 47 000. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 31(6), 986 - 9 Cultivation of mycoplasmas in a modified tissue culture medium; Gabridge MG et al.; A new medium, which contained a chemically defined tissue culture base ("medium 199"), was developed for the cultivation of mycoplasmas . When supplemented with albumin, glucose, serum, and yeast extract, the new medium adequately supported the growth of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. J Nutr, 1976 May, 106(5), 702 - 9 Effect of selenium on rat growth, growth hormone and diet utilization; Ewan RC; Female rats were fed a selenium-deficient diet composed of Torula yeast, sucrose, vitamins (including tocopheryl acetate) and minerals from weaning and during breeding, gestation and lactation . The offspring were used to study the effects of selenium on growth, diet utilization and growth hormon status . The Torula yeast diet containing 200 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate was fed alone or supplemented with 0.025 or 0.1 ppm of selenium as selenite . Rats fed the selenium-supplemented diets grew significently faster and consumed significantly more diet than rats fed the unsupplemented diet . Anterior pituitary weights were lower in selenium-deficient rats, but if expressed per unit of body weight, were similar to pituitary weight of selenium-supplemented animals . Total growth hormone in the anterior pituitary was reduced in selenium-deficient rats . A metabolism study indicated that rats allowed ad libitum access to supplemented diets consumed more diet and obtained more metabolizable energy from the diet than rats fed the deficient diet . It the intake of rats fed the supplemented diets was limited to that of rats allowed ad libitum access to deficient diet, growth of rats was similar . However, metabolizable energy content of the diet increased quadratically and nitrogen digestibility increased linearly as thelevel of selenium increased . Selenium deficiency reduced growth primarily by decreased diet consumption, but also reduced the utilization of energy and nitrogen. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 444 - 9 {Enzyme activity of citrate, glyoxylate and pentosephosphate cycles during synthesis of citric acids by Candida lipolytica}; Glazunova LM et al.; The activity of key enzymes of the citrate and glyoxylate cycles was compared in yeast cells during intensive synthesis of citric acids and in its absence in the course of growth of Candida lipolytica on glucose ("glucose" yeast cells) and on hexadecane ("hexadecane" yeast cells) . Citrate and isocitrate were found to be formed by the yeast in the tricarboxylic acid cycle . The ability of the yeast for "overproduction" of citrate and isocitrate during its growth on glucose and hexadecane depends on the high activity of the key enzyme of cycle, citrate synthase, as compared with the activity of other enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle . Citrate predominated among excreted acids during growth on glucose in conditions of nitrogen deficiency while isocitrate prevailed during growth on hexadecane . The predominating synthesis of citrate in the first case seems to be related to a lower activity of aconitase in the "glucose" cells as compared with the "hexadecane" cells. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 400 - 5 {Localization of ubiquinone-9 in electron transport chain of Candida guilliermondii}; Tarasova NV et al.; The activity of ubiquinone-dependent enzyme systems was studied in mitochondrial fractions of the yeast Candida guilliermondii cultivated on the medium containing carbohydrates of hydrocarbons as a source of carbon . The activity of NADH2-oxidase and succinate-CoQ-reductase was higher in systems with mitochondrial fractions from the cells grown on the medium with n-paraffins than in mitochondrial fractions from the cells cultivated on the medium with glucose . About 30% of intracellular ubiquinone is located in the mitochondrial fraction of hydrocarbon oxidizing yeast cells; however, the activity of enzymes was stimulated upon introduction of exogeneous ubiquinones into the systems . Therefore, exogeneous ubiquinones may be involved in the electron transport chain during oxidation of reduced substrates . Both ubiquinone-dependent enzyme systems are resistant to storage. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 May, 79(5), 1013 - 9 Stereospecificity of conversion of uric acid into allantoic acid by enzymes of Canadida utilis; Okumura I et al.; 1 . Allantoinase {EC 3.5.2.5} was isolated from cells of Candida utilis and unpurified by chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 after treatment with urea to remove urate oxidase {EC 1.7.3.3.} . 2 . The purified allantoinase catalyzed the hydrolysis of allantoin into allantoic acid . However, only half of the allantoin produced from uric acid by urate oxidase was converted . The rest of the allantoin was unchanged, and showed a negative optical rotation . 3 . On the other hand, the combined action of crude urate oxidase and allantoinase resulted in nearly complete conversion of uric acid into allantoic acid . Furthermore, the unpurified allantoinase preparation hydrolyzed racemic allantoin to allantoic acid completely . 4 . These results indicate that the urate oxidase produces racemic allantoin from uric acid and that the allantoinase attacks only allantoin of positive optical rotation . The results also suggest that allantoin racemase is present in the yeast cells. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 685 - 90 Effect of substrate on metabolite production of Alternaria alternata; Burroughs R et al.; Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether are commonly associated with weathered grain sorghum . Production of these metabolites and altenuene by isolates of Alternaria alternata was evaluated on various sterile grain substrates . At 35% moisture content and 25 C, metabolite yields were highest on rice, intermediate on sorghums, and lowest on wheat and yellow corn . Fourteen-to 21-day cultures on milled rice were best in terms of ease of metabolite recovery, even though yields were higher on 28-day cultures of rough and brown rice . Metabolite production was reduced when rice was supplemented with yeast extract or yeast extract plus Czapek-Dox broth. Poult Sci, 1976 May, 55(3), 987 - 94 Biological potency of selenium from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine in the chick; Osman M et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of selenium (Se) from sodium selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine for promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis . The chicks used were hatched from eggs low in Se . They were fed a basal diet made up mostly of corn (low in Se) and torula yeast or the basal diet supplemented with various levels of Se from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, or selenocystine . At 10 mug . of added Se per kg of diet, sodium selenite and selenocystine were about equal in promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis . Selenomethionine was less effective . Tissues from chicks fed the various Se sources providing 60 mug . Se per kg of diet for four weeks were analyzed for Se . The content of tissues from chicks fed sodium selenite or selenocystine was similar . Chicks fed selenomethionine had a higher concentration of Se in the pancreas and breast muscle than chicks fed the other two Se sources, but a lower concentration in the kidney, liver, and heart . The level of Se in the kidney, liver, or heart which a Se source produces seems to be more important for preventing exudative diathesis than that which is found in the pancreas or muscle. Eur J Biochem, 1976 May 1, 64(2), 351 - 60 Preparation and properties of 3-halopyridine--adenine dinucleotides, NAD+ analogues and model compounds; Abdallah MA et al.; The preparation of model compounds 1-(2',6'-dichlorobenzyl)-3-halogenopyridinium and the study of their properties were achieved . Their chemical reduction to the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines is proved by spectroscopic analysis . 3-Iodopyridine--adenine dinucleotide was prepared by enzymic transglycosidation while the 3-chloro, 3-bromo and 3-iodo pyridine--adenine dinucleotides were synthesized from 3-amino-pyridine--adenine dinucleotide . The 3-halogenopyridine--adenine dinucleotides were proved to be active as hydrogen acceptors with alcohol as a substrate . The absorption band at 290 nm of cinnamaldehyde appeared to be a very sensitive tool for studying the enzymic reaction . With the alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast, only slight activity was detected . 3-Halogenopyridine--adenine dinucleotides are competitive inhibitors with respect to nicotinamide--adenine dinucleotide with alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase . The use of 3-iodopyridine--adenine dinucleotide as a heavy-atom derivative for X-ray structure determination is proposed. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 May-Jun, 127(4), 465 - 76 {Dimorphism in "Ustilago cynodontis" . II--Glucidic metabolism (author's transl)}; Prieur P et al.; The glucidic metabolism has been studied in four strains of Ustilago cynodontis . Two of them--M1 and M7--are mycelial strains, the two others --L1 and L7--being yeast like are respectively issued from M1 and M7 . The results obtained show that the choice between the different glucidic catabolism pathways takes place at the phosphofructokinase level . When the phosphofructokinase is lacking (M1) the catabolism occurs via the pentose phosphate cycle followed by the last glycolytic reactions (between triose-phosphates and pyruvic acid) . When the phosphofructokinase is present it always enters into competition with a very active phosphoglucose isomerase which makes it ineffective (L1, M7, L7) . In those cases the catabolism still proceeds through the pentose cycle either completely (L7) or incompletely (L1, M7), depending in the presence or the absence of transketolase . In the last case it is the phosphoketolases which carry out the conversion between fructose-5-phosphate, xylulose-6-phosphate and acetyl-phosphate. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 437 - 9 {Effect of H+, OH-, Cu2+ and Ag+ on amino acid composition of Candida utilis cells in chemostat culture}; Khovrychev MP et al.; Amino acid composition was determined in the cells of Candida utilis VKM Y-1668 growing in the regime of chemostat . The growth was inhibited by pH of the medium, copper and silver ions, and glycerol deficiency as a control . Some specific differences have been found in the amino acid composition of the yeast depending on the nature of the inhibitor. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1976 Apr 28, 160(4), 353 - 8 Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus by citrus oils; Alderman GG et al.; Aspergillus parasiticus was inoculated into grapefruit juice and a glucose-yeast extract medium; both contained 500-7000 ppm of citrus oils that were incorporated into the media by sonication . Orange and lemon oil were more inhibitory to mold growth and aflatoxin production than was dlimonene, the main constituent of the two peel oils . After 7 days at 28 degrees C, 2000 ppm of lemon and 3000 ppm of orange oil in grapefruit juice afforded maximum suppression of mold growth and toxin formation . When the glucose-yeast extract medium was used, 3000 ppm of either oil were needed to achieve the same result . After 4 days at 28 degrees C, orange oil at 3500 ppm in either medium markedly inhibited mold growth (as evidenced by dry weight of mold mycelium) and aflatoxin production (only 14 and 1% of the amount normally produced in the juice and artificial medium, respectively) . Higher concentrations of orange oil further reduced mold growth and aflatoxin production and also delayed the onset of sporulation, if it occurred . Although aflatoxin was detected in all samples, only 0.2 to 0.5% of the amount found in controls (without the citrus oil) was present when the medium contained 7000 ppm orange oil . The mold consistently grew, albeit very poorly, on the glass at the liquid-atmosphere interface even when the substrate contained a large amount of citrus oil. J Biol Chem, 1976 Apr 25, 251(8), 2226 - 33 Characterization of proteins from Ascaris lumbricoides which bind specifically to carboxypeptidase; Homandberg GA et al.; Inhibitors of the peptidase and esterase activities of carboxypeptidases A and B have been isolated from extracts of Ascaris lumbricoides var suis . These proteins were obtained by treatment of the aqueous extracts at low pH, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, molecular sieving on Bio-Gel P-4, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose . The inhibitors were resolved into three homogeneous peaks on CM-cellulose . These components, CM-A, CM-B, and CM-C, have constant specific activity and were recovered in a 41% yield . They moved as single bands when subjected to electrophoresis at high or low pH on polyacrylamide gels and they have similar amino acid compositions . Methionine, tyrosine, and cysteine are absent from each of the inhibitors . The 65 residues of CM-B suggest a minimum molecular weight of 7530, in close agreement to the value of 7600 +/- 200 determined on a Bio-Gel P-100 column . Each of the proteins has the same NH2-terminal residues, NH2-Asx-Glx-Val-Glx- and the same COOH-terminal residue, leucine . A plot of per cent acrylamide versus log relative mobility suggests that the three proteins are charge isomers . CM-B appears to be stable to high NaCl concentrations, extremes of pH, high temperatures, and digestion by intestinal proteases . Carboxypeptidase C, carboxypeptidase N, and yeast protease C are not inhibited by CM-B . However, the exopeptidase and esterase activities of human carboxypeptidase A are inhibited . The inhibitors appear to bind to bovine carboxypeptidase A with an atypical stoichiometry . Two moles of CM-B inhibitor bind to 1 mol of enzyme . The evidence is: (a) a demonstrated purity of bovine carboxypeptidase A, (b) minimal and maximal inhibitor molecular weights by different methods, of 7600 and 8300, and (c) a maximum specific activity of apparently homogeneous inhibitors which is 50% of that predicted for unit stoichiometry. Arch Microbiol, 1976 Apr 1, 107(3), 321 - 7 Origin of sclerotia-like cells in submerged Claviceps purpurea producing clavine alkaloids; Vorisek J et al.; Ultrathin sectioning of submerged mycelium of Claviceps purpurea Tul . producing clavine alkaloids revealed yeast-like budding resulting in asexual spores-blastospores . These deciduous spores were born by extended hyphal cells and retained the same ultrastructure of cell organelles . Both the extended hyphae and the blastospores resembled the cells of ergot sclerotial tissue . A surface culture of C . purpurea Tul . producing no alkaloids was used as a reference. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1976 Apr, 14(4), 173 - 6 The influence of D-penicillamine on enzymatic activities: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase . Correlation with serum levels measured in humans; Raab WP et al.; The influence of D-penicillamine on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of yeast (pure enzyme), human hemolysate, and human skin homogenate were determined . In high concentrations, D-penicillamine inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (concentrations above 6.7 mmol/l, i . e . l g/l) . In low concentrations, D-penicilliamine exerts an indirect influence by removing some inhibiting metal ions, such as zinc . In human skin homogenates, an activating action of D-penicillamine on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity occurs due to the chelation of metal ions. Br J Dermatol, 1976 Apr, 94(4), 401 - 6 Challenge test battery in chronic urticaria; Warin RP et al.; The use of a battery of challenge tests in the routine investigations of patients with chronic urticaria has an important place, demonstrating an exacerbating factor in over half the patients . Diets designed to reduce the ingestion of the substances concerned are associated with clearing or considerable improvements in 75% of the patients treated. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Apr 1, 63(2), 483 - 90 Isolation and characterization of the 'photosynthetic' phosphoglycerate kinase from Beta vulgaris; Cavell S et al.; 1 . Phosphoglycerate kinase has been isolated from a photosynthetic plant tissue, Beta vulgaris leaves . The purification procedure is described . 2 . The best preparation had no detectable impurity on electrophoresis, and had a specific activity comparable with the same enzyme from other sources . 3 . The molecular weight was not distinguishably different from that of the yeast or muscle enzyme, as measured by polyacrylamide-dodecylsulphate electrophoresis . Measurement of aromatic and sulphydryl residues indicated a close similarity with the yeast enzyme . The enzyme appears to have substantially lower isoelectric point than phosphoglycerate kinases from other sources . 4 . Kinetic studies indicated that the affinities for the substrates MgATP2- and 3-phosphoglycerate were not significantly different from those of the 'glycolytic' yeast enzyme . There was no evidence that the B . vulgaris enzyme had specific properties making it more suitable for its gluconeogenic rather than glycolytic role. Acta Allergol, 1976 Apr, 31(2), 167 - 70 Urticaria from alcoholic beverages; Karvonen J et al.; Three cases of urticaria/angioneurotic oedema produced by alcoholic beverages are presented . In two of them, the causative agent was probably yeasts in wines . An intracutaneous test with Candida, a conjunctival provocation test with Candida, and peroral challenge tests with wines were positive in both cases . The symptoms disappeared when the patients went on a low-yeast diet . In the third case, ethanol itself and acetic acid apparently were the factors underlying urticaria . Peroral challenge tests with ethanol, brandy and acetic acid were positive, but those with acetaldehyde remained negative . The patient has been asymptomatic after giving up alcoholic drinks alone. Arch Int Physiol Biochim, 1976 Apr, 84(2), 259 - 67 Nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the growth and survial of Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel (Coleoptera); Saxena SC et al.; Recent investigations on the nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the survival and growth of Oryzaephilus mercator show that fructose, glucose, dextrin and glycogen are of high nutritive value, fructose being even better than natural control diet (wheat + 5% yeast) . Maltose, soluble starch, mannitol and sorbitol, although support some growth, are not of as good nutritive value as control diet . All pentoses, sorbose, galactose, lactose, raffinose, potato starch, inulin and dulcitol are of no nutritive value. Biokhimiia, 1976 Apr, 41(4), 630 - 8 {Nuclear ribonucleases and post-transcriptional changes of RNA . Specificity and other properties of rat liver nuclear endonuclease}; Gorchakova GA et al.; Some physico-chemical properties, specificity and the character of action of rat liver nuclear ribonuclease are studied . The enzyme maximal activity was observed at pH 7.5--8.0, ionic strength 0.02--0.3, Mg2+ being necessary . Nuclease is an oligomer, having molecular weight is 160000--180000 daltons and containing separate associates . Purified enzyme is free of contaminating activities (polynucleotidephosphorylase, DNAse; 5'-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatases) . It is shown to hydrolyse polyA and RNA for endonuclease type, degradation products being oligonucleotides terminating with 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl groups . RNAse hydrolyses all phosphodiester bonds in polynucleotides, developing no specificity to the nature of bases . Relative hydrolysis rate for different substrates decreased as follows: polyA greater than yeast RNA greater than polyC greater than polyU greater than 28S rRNA greater than greater than 18S rRNA greater than polyA-polyU . The enzyme may be classified as ribonucleate-5'-nucleotidehydrolase (EC 3.1.4.9.). Biochem J, 1976 Apr 1, 155(1), 1 - 4 Dehydrogenation of the phosphonate analogue of glucose 6-phosphate by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Adams PR et al.; 6,7 -Dideoxy-alpha-D-gluco-heptose 7-phosphonic acid, the isosteric phosphonate analogue of glucose 6-phosphate, was synthesized in six steps from the readily available precursor benzyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside . The analogue is a substrate for yeast glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, showing Michaelis-Menten kinetics at pH7.5 and 8.0 . At both pH values the Km values of the analogue are 4-5 fold higher and the values approx . 50% lower than those of the natural substrate . The product of enzymic dehydrogenation of the phosphonate analogue at pH8.5 is itself a substrate for gluconate 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem, 1976 Mar 25, 251(6), 1597 - 602 Studies on the mechanism of 3-ketosphinganine synthetase; Krisnangkura K et al.; The biosynthesis of sphinganine and 4-D-hydroxysphinganine was studied in rat liver microsomes and whole cells of yeast (Hansenula ciferri) . It was shown in both cases that the condensation of {2,3,3-2H3}serine and palmitic acid yielded long chain bases containing only two deuterium atoms, both of which were located on the terminal (C-1) carbon atom by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . When the reaction with the liver microsomal system was carried out in 2H2O with the protium species of serine, the sphinganine contained a deuterium atom on C-2 . These results suggest that the synthesis of 3-ketosphinganine involves the replacement of the alpha-hydrogen atom and the carboxyl group of serine by a proton from the medium and a palmitoyl group, rather than a previously proposed mechanism in which the alpha-hydrogen of serine is retained . Some stereochemical requirements of 3-ketosphinganine synthetase are discussed. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Mar 16, 63(1), 1 - 8 A quantitative model for partition in aqueous multiphase systems; Johansson G et al.; A model for the partition of charged molecules in aqueous multiphase systems has been developed . The partition coefficient of one component, or the overall partition coefficient of a number of components, between two arbitrary phases is expressed in terms of the difference in electrical potential between the phases (due to electrolytes present in the system), the net charges of the partitioned components and their partition coefficients in a (sometimes hypothetical) uncharged state . The fraction of material in one phase has also been described as a function of the net charges of the partitioned components . The model fits well to experimental data for partition of chromate, pyridine, ribonuclease A, two types of CO-hemoglobin and an enzyme mixture (yeast lysate) in three-phase systems consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), dextran, Ficoll and water . Minor deviations from the model are construed to be a pH-dependent uptake of ions . The data have also been used to detect differences in solvation of similar proteins, as well as the presence of several forms of some glycolytic enzymes present in yeast lysate. J Biol Chem, 1976 Mar 10, 251(5), 1406 - 12 Inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenases by palmitoyl coenzyme A; Kawaguchi A et al.; In extension of a previous study with yeast glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (Kawaguchi, A., and Bloch, K . (1974) J . Biol . Chem . 249, 5793-5800), the structural changes accompanying the inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase and several malate dehydrogenases by palmitoyl-CoA and by sodium dodecyl sulfate have been investigated . Palmitoyl-CoA converts liver glutamate dehydrogenase to enzymatically inactive dimeric subunits (Mr = 1.2 X 10(5)) and tightly binds to the dissociated enzyme . Removal of the inhibitor from the palmitoyl-CoA-dimer complex fails to regenerate enzyme activity . The Ki values for palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of malate dehydrogenases (oxalacetate reduction) are, for the enzyme from pig heart mitochondria, 1.8 muM, 500 muM from pig heart supernatant, and 10 muM from chicken heart supernatant . These inhibitions are readily reversible . Palmitoyl-CoA does not alter the quaternary structure of any of the malate dehydrogenases and binds only weakly to these enzymes . Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase assayed in the direction malate to oxalacetate is much less sensitive to palmitoyl-CoA, with Ki values of 50 muM at pH 10 and greater than 50 muM at pH 7.4 . While the differences in palmitoyl-CoA sensitivity in the forward and backward reactions catalyzed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase are unexplained, a physiological rationale for these differential effects is offered . Sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociates the various dehydrogenases to monomeric subunits in contrast to the more selective effects of palmitoyl-CoA. Nucleic Acids Res, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 809 - 16 Tritium labelling of nucleic acids accompanied by conversion of cytosine to uracil; Scheinker VS; A new method of incorporation of tritium into nucleic acids with an accompanying conversion of cytosine to uracil is proposed . The method is based on the reaction of nucleic acids with bisulfite in the presence of 3H2O . Under certain conditions poly(C) is quantitatively converted to a radioactive poly(U), whereas similar bisulfite treatment of poly(U) does not result in any tritium incorporation . Specificity of the reaction is confirmed by the results of analysis of modified tRNA and rRNA . Incubation of tRNA with bisulfite and 3H2O does not lead to cleavage of the polynucleotide chain . Similar treatment of the denatured DNA results in tritium incorporation into DNA which is accompanied by a conversion of cytosine to uracil . There is virtually no reaction between native DNA and bisulfite . Only certain cytosone residues in yeast tRNAVal/2a interact with bisulfate providing that reaction is carried out under sufficiently mild conditions. J Invest Dermatol, 1976 Mar, 66(3), 178 - 82 Growth requirements and lipid metabolism of Pityrosporum orbiculare; Porro MN et al.; The yeast, Pityrosporum orbiculare, isolated from lesions from lesions of tinea versicolor, grows in vitro only if fatty acids from the C12 to C24 series are added to the culture medium . Except for elaidinic and nervonic acids, all saturated and unsaturated fatty acids tested support growth . P . orbiculare can synthesize various lipid fractions containing both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from a single fatty acid . Glucose and asparagine stimulate growth but exogenous vitamins do not. Scand J Dent Res, 1976 Mar, 84(2), 94 - 7 Initiation and aggravation of denture stomatitis by sucrose rinses; Olsen I et al.; The purpose of this study was to assess whether frequent exposure to sucrose would aggravate or initiate a palatal candidosis in denture wearers . Eight subjects with generalized simple or granular inflammation in the palate (inflammation group) and six with clinically healthy palatal mucosa (control group) carried out 1-min mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution four times daily for 15 d . In the inflammation group an aggravated palatal erythema was seen in two subjects after 7 d, and in another subject after 15 d . Among the controls a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of one subject after 7 d, and in another one after 15 d . An increased number of yeast colonies on palatal and denture agar models and/or hyphae on palatal and denture smears was found in all subjects with clinical signs of aggravated or initiated denture stomatitis. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1976 Mar-Apr, 69(2), 125 - 34 {Blastomyces dermatitidis blastomycosis in Africa . First Algerian case}; Liautaud B et al.; A case of fatal generalized Blastomycosis is reported . It was the first case of that mycosis observed in Algeria . The parasitic yeast-like cells of the fungus were seen in pus and tissue sections and Blastomyces dermatitidis cultured from pathological specimens . Yeast-like form was obtained in vitro on Kurung's agar at 37 degrees C . Male hamsters infected with this strain failed to develop an experimental disease . The occurrence and distribution of Blastomycosis in Africa are discussed. Mol Biol (Mosk), 1976 Mar-Apr, 10(2), 437 - 44 {The mechanism of the reaction forming tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophan:tRNA-ligase}; Kochkina LL et al.; The rates of tryptophanyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase were measured in a concentration range of each substrate (tryptophan, ATP and yeast tRNATrp) and also in the presence of various concentrations of substrate analogues (tryptamine and alpha,beta-methylene analogue of ATP) concentrations . The data obtained were compared with the kinetic equations which described various possible mechanisms of the reaction . The comparison of the mechanisms was based on the calculation of relative probabilities of each hypothesis the efficiency of which was demonstrated earlier . The calculations have shown that two mechanisms according to which the intermediate enzyme-aminoacyl-adenylate complex formation involves the enzyme-aminoacyl-tRNA complex are the most probable ones. Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 790 - 9 In vivo and in virto cellular responses to cytoplasmic and cell wall antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum in artificially immunized or infected guinea pigs; Domer JE; Guinea pigs were infected with different doses of yeasts of Histoplasma capsulatum or artifically immunized with several concentrations of unextracted yeast cell walls, and then tested in vivo and in vitro for cell-mediated responses to various subcellular fractions of the fungus . Three types of cell-mediated responses were measured, viz., skin test activity, production of migration inhibition factor, and lymphocyte transformation . Positive cutaneous reactions were elicited in animals immunized with 100 or 1,000 mug of cell walls when such animals were skin-tested with cell wall glycoprotein of soluble cytoplasmic substances, whereas animals immunized with 2,000 mug of cell walls did not react significantly greater than unsensitized animals when skin-tested with the same antigens . Histoplasmin did not elicit cutaneous sensitivity in guinea pigs infected with the smallest inoculum, 6 X 10(5) yeast cells, or in animals immunized with cell walls, regardless of the concentration of cell walls used as immunogen . However, hypersensitivity to H . capsulatum could be detected with cytoplasmic substances in animals infected with 6X 10(5) . In guinea pigs infected with larger doses, i.e., 10 X 10(7), 15 X10(7), or 20 X 10(7), hypersensitivity could be detected with histoplasmin, cell wall glycoprotein, a ribosome-rich fraction, and soluble cytoplasmic substances . Both cell wall glycoprotein and soluble cytoplasmic substances were functional in migration inhibition factor assays with peritoneal exudate cells from animals immunized with 100 or 1,000 mug of cell walls . The transformation of lymphocytes from infected and artificially immunized guinea pigs in the presence of cell wall glycoprotein and soluble cytoplasmic substances was variable and unpredictable, the lymphocytes from some animls within a given group transforming and those from other animals showing no evidence of stimulation . Moreover, the level of stimulation could not be correlated with the degree of dermal hypersensitivity . These findings suggest that cell wall glycoprotein, and the fractions containing ribosomes and soluble cytoplasmic substances, could be useful antigens in assays for cellular immunity, and warrant further investigation with respect to specificity and active components. J Bacteriol . 1976 Mar;:1226-8. Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus; Orlowski M et al.; The dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus was found to contain the cyclic nucleotide guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) . Approximately equivalent amounts of the compound were found in ungerminated spores, yeastlike c