Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Jan, 35(1), 39 - 40 {Micromethods for the Widal reaction}; Mamat H et al.; Micro methods are described at the example of Salmonella and Yersinia-O-Widal and the Salmonella-H-Widal . The reaction is performed by micro titre plates with painted antigens . Basic Fuchsin had been used . Other antigen concentrations are partially required as to the tubule agglutination . The parallel comparison of the tubule and micro methods with test serum resulted in an important variation range of the tubule method . By subjective registration the rates may vary between 3 to 6 titre stages, same results in the micro method amount to 1 titre stage only . Thus by means of the micro method, the evidence of the Widal reaction is improved reducing at the same time expenses for material and work. Circ Shock, 1989 Jan, 27(1), 83 - 91 The role of intestinal endotoxin in experimental peritonitis; Schoeffel U et al.; Escape of endotoxin from the intraintestinal site was investigated in experimental models of intestinal ischemia and during intraabdominal infection in rats . Following the instillation of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin (S-form) into the proximal large bowel, we recorded the presence of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the bowel wall, the intestinal lymph nodes, the peritoneal cavity, and in the liver sinusoids by immunohistochemical methods . At 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after the operative procedure, peritoneal fluid, blood, and tissue samples were taken . Survival rates were similar between the two test-groups (occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery {SMA} and cecal ligation and puncture {CLP}) and were not influenced by the amount of the injected endotoxin . There was no detectable morbidity in the sham-operated control animals with endotoxin doses up to 20 mg . Endotoxin could only be detected at 24 and 48 hr in the SMA group in the liver as well as in the peritoneal sediment and in intestinal lymph nodes . CLP and control samples remained negative throughout the observation period . Bacteria were found intraperitoneally within 12 to 24 hr in the SMA group and within 3 to 12 hr in the CLP group. Rev Infect Dis, 1989 Jan-Feb, 11(1), 1 - 8 Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1975-1984: increasing role of foreign travel; Ryan CA et al.; To explore changes in the epidemiology of typhoid fever in the United States, cases reported to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and typhoid case report forms submitted by state and local governments are reviewed . The incidence of typhoid fever in the United States fell from one case per 100,000 population in 1955 to 0.2 cases per 100,000 in 1966 and has since remained fairly stable . Review of case report forms for 2,666 cases of acute typhoid fever that occurred between 1975 and 1984 showed that 62% were imported, in contrast to only 33% during 1967-1972 . The proportion of cases imported has continued to rise, reaching 69% in 1984 . The major sources of the 1975-1984 cases were Mexico (39%) and India (14%) . The case-fatality rate was 1.3% . Antimicrobial resistance was a minor problem, and large outbreaks were unusual . Further decline in the incidence of typhoid fever in the United States probably must await the advent of an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects for use by travelers. J Lab Clin Med, 1989 Jan, 113(1), 112 - 7 Monophosphoryl lipid A blocks the hemodynamic effects of lethal endotoxemia; Rackow EC et al.; Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a "nontoxic" derivative of lipid A . We hypothesized that, because of the structural similarity between MPL and the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (a "toxic" moiety of endotoxin), hemodynamic events occurring during endotoxemia could be attenuated by administration of MPL . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota wild type S and MPL from S . minnesota R595 were used for the study . Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive either (1) 0.50 mg LPS per 100 gm body weight intravenously, (2) 0.50 mg MPL per 100 gm body weight intravenously, or (3) 0.5 mg MPL per 100 gm body weight intravenously followed in 15 minutes by 0.50 mg LPS per 100 gm body weight intravenously . Arterial pressure, thermodilution cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation were measured before and 30 and 60 minutes after LPS administration . In LPS-treated animals, cardiac output decreased from 448 +/- 28 ml/kg/min to 336 +/- 15 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.02), and central venous oxygen saturation decreased from 71% +/- 1% to 62% +/- 2% (p less than 0.05) . Mean arterial pressure decreased from 134 +/- 5 mm Hg to 90 +/- 6 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) . In MPL-treated and MPL + LPS-treated animals, no significant changes were observed in cardiac output, central venous oxygen saturation, or arterial pressure . These data indicate that MPL is not associated with the adverse cardiovascular responses observed after LPS administration . Furthermore, administration of MPL blocks the development of acute circulatory failure during endotoxemia. Soc Sci Med, 1989, 29(8), 991 - 7 Acute diarrhoeal disease in India and Indonesia; Edmundson SA et al.; Acute diarrhoea is still a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity, second only to pneumonia as a killer of children, in India and Indonesia . Untreated diarrhoea precipitates malnutrition and is often the underlying cause of marasmus and kwashiorkor . Shigella and salmonella dysenteries are responsible for about 60% of all cases in Indonesia and India . These bacillary agents respond well to trimethoprim . Amoebiasis responds well to metronidazole . Most cases can be managed in the home, even if the exact cause is unknown, by giving liquids or a simple rehydration drink . Diarrhoea can be prevented by improving communal sanitation and personal hygiene, and by giving breast as opposed to bottle feeding of infants . Earlier introduction of supplementary feeding could provide the child with higher energy reserves giving it a better chance of survival when diarrhoeal insults occur. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1989, 34(3), 195 - 201 Factors affecting intra- and extracellular phospholipase A1 production by Salmonella newport; Saxena M et al.; The effect of various physico-chemical factors on production of intra- and extracellular phospholipase A1 by Salmonella newport was investigated . Maximum intracellular enzyme levels were observed when cells were grown in brain heart infusion broth, after 12 h of incubation at 37 degrees C . Highest level of extracellular phospholipase A1, however, was seen in synthetic medium (pH 7.0) after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C . Agitation during incubation had no effect on the intracellular enzyme synthesis but enhanced extracellular enzyme levels . Addition of surfactants to the growth media significantly decreased both intra- and extracellular phospholipase A1 production. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1989, 59(2), 219 - 23 Nutrition evaluation and mutagenicity testing of freeze-dried distiller's grains with solubles; Pintauro SJ et al.; Distiller's grains with solubles (DGS) was obtained from a commercial fermentation of 90% corn and 10% wheat for ethanol production . The DGS was freeze-dried and proximate analysis resulted in 17.6% protein, 5.5% fat, 3.0% ash, 17.3% moisture, 21.6% neutral detergent fiber, and 35% carbohydrate by difference . Fatty acid analysis and amino acid analysis were similar to those of corn . Tryptophan was the limiting amino acid with a chemical score of 47 . Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was 1.49 . Mutagenicity testing of lipid and aqueous extracts of DGS in the Ames Salmonella mammalian microsome assay were negative. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1989, 82(3), 332 - 40 A study of Salmonella typhi isolated in Suez Canal area . Biotyping, phage typing and colicinogenic property; Shoeb S et al.; In this work a total of 82 strains of Salmonella typhi were isolated from Egyptian patients diagnosed as quiry enteric fever . These cases were from Ismalia, Suez and port Said Areas . The strains fell in 16 phage types . Phage types N, 40, E1, and degraded Vi were the commonest phage type in Ismailia, while phage types degraded Vi and C1 were the commonest in Port Said . Phage types Di-N, degraded Vi, A and C1 were the commonest in Suez . Chemotyping of Salmonella typhi showed that the majority of the strains belonged to chemotype I (82%), and the rest belonged to chemotype II (18%) . Colicin production was negative and all the strains were susceptible to the currently used antibiotics. J Clin Lab Anal, 1989, 3(3), 191 - 5 Humoral and cellular immune responses to Salmonella typhi in patients with typhoid fever; Mastroianni CM et al.; Humoral and cellular immune responses to Salmonella typhi have been studied in nine children with typhoid fever . By using dot immunobinding assay, anti-O-polysaccharide chain and antilipid A antibody titers have been evaluated during the course of the disease . Anti-O-polysaccharide chain antibody titers are lower at the first week and increase up to the third week of the infection . On the other hand, antilipid A antibody levels, which are already higher at the beginning of the disease, progressively augment during the following weeks . Concerning cellular immunity to S . typhi, antibacterial activity mediated by typhoid peripheral mononuclear cells has been determined . Results show this function to be depressed in the initial phase of typhoid, increasing with the time . Together, these data bring new insight on immunity in typhoid patients. Environ Mol Mutagen, 1989, 13(4), 332 - 8 Application of the carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection method to recent National Toxicology Program short-term test data; Ennever FK et al.; Identification of potentially cancer-causing chemicals is a priority in our society . Short-term assays for mutation or chromosomal damage, which are rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible, have found widespread use; however, concern has arisen recently because such assays do not coincide completely with the standard rodent bioassay for carcinogenesis . Lack of perfect correlation is not surprising, given the complex, multicausal nature of the carcinogenic process . We have developed methodologies for interpreting short-term tests to predict carcinogenicity, which allow consideration of the influence of the proportion of carcinogens expected in the tested chemicals, the complexities of the rodent carcinogenesis bioassay, and factors affecting the worth of information . These methodologies are applied to a set of data on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of 73 chemicals (NTP-73) recently published by the National Toxicology Program; they illustrate that with this approach, batteries of short-term tests can indeed be predictive of rodent carcinogenicity or noncarcinogenicity and that batteries are more predictive than the Salmonella assay alone . The analysis is validated using an additional group of chemicals with results in the same short-term tests as NTP-73. J Med Assoc Thai, 1989 Jan, 72 Suppl 1, 183 - 6 Failure of norfloxacin to eradicate intestinal colonization of non-typhoidal salmonella in infants; Sirinavin S et al.; Infant colonization with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is common and eradication is problematic . Oral norfloxacin has promising properties for solving this problem, though it has potential toxicity to infants . The drug has been available in Thailand since 1987 . Since then, some infants who had diarrhea or NTS colonization were treated with oral norfloxacin 15-20 mg/kg/day for 3-5 days on individual physician's judgement . This observational study was performed in infants and children who had NTS in stool, seen at Ramathibodi hospital from September 1987 to February 1988, in order to give preliminary information . Sixteen of 48 infants received oral norfloxacin treatment . Nine infants had established failure of NTS eradication from follow-up rectal swab cultures . Five infants did not have follow-up rectal swab culture, and two had negative culture once on day 7 after treatment . Considering that 7 infants who did not have evidence of bacteriologic failure were free from colonization, the excretion rate during the first two weeks could be estimated as 56 per cent which is not less than the natural history of this disease . This observation suggests failure of oral norfloxacin, 15 mg/kg/day given in 2 divided doses for 3 days, in eradication NTS colonization in infants. Chem Biol Interact, 1989, 69(4), 359 - 72 Isolation of methylcarbamoyl-adducts of adenine and cytosine following in vitro reaction of methyl isocyanate with calf thymus DNA; Segal A et al.; Methylisocyanate (MIC) is the direct-acting acylating compound involved in the Bhopal, India disaster which occurred on December 3rd, 1984 . The accidental release of MIC resulted in at least 2000 deaths, thousands of injuries and exposure of at least 200,000 people to varying amounts of MIC . We have studied how MIC reacts with 2'-deoxyribonucleosides at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C for 1 h . MIC acylates exocyclic amino groups resulting in the following methylcarbamoyl (MC) adducts: N6-MC-Ade (0.5% yield) and N4-MC-dCyd (6%) . No adducts were detected with dThd and dGuo . UV, NMR and mass spectrometry were employed to spectroscopically characterize these adducts . MIC was reacted with calf thymus DNA (pH 7.0, 37 degrees C, 1 h) and yielded N6-MC-Ade (0.3 nmol/mg DNA) and N4-MC-dCyd (2.0 nmol/mg DNA) . The inability of others to observe genetic mutations by MIC in Salmonella and Drosophila is consistent with the exocyclic adducts at N4 of Cyt and N6 of Ade where normal hydrogen bonding can occur after rotation of the methylcarbamoyl group anti to the Watson-Crick side of the molecule assuming that MIC binds to DNA within the intact cell. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1989, 29(3), 205 - 10 Serological response of non-human primates to human melanoma disialoganglioside GD3; Stuhlmiller GM et al.; The immunogenicity of the disialoganglioside, GD3, a melanoma-tumor-associated antigen, has been evaluated in non-human primates . Sera from four chimpanzees and two monkeys were evaluated for anti-GD3 antibody activity by solid-phase radioimmunoassay using GD3 and control gangliosides as targets . Serum from one monkey, immunized with cells from a melanoma cell line, was strongly reactive with GD3, having a titer of greater than 2500 . In contrast, serum from this animal was non-reactive with several other gangliosides including the structurally similar GM3 . Anti-GD3 reactivity was also demonstrable, albeit in low titer, in the sera of an additional monkey and a chimpanzee . Each of these animals had likewise been immunized using cells from melanoma cell lines . On the basis of these observations, suggestive of a primate anti-GD3 antibody response, we initiated a series of immunizations of chimpanzee using purified GD3 bound to Salmonella minnesota, R595 . IgG reactive with melanoma cells in the cell-binding assay was first detected in sera collected after 4 immunizations and increased in titer against each reactive melanoma cell line during the immunizations . Reactivity of this serum with melanoma cell lines demonstrated a direct correlation with the expression of GD3 by the respective cell line . Anti-GD3 reactivity was evident in solid-phase radioimmunoassay against purified GD3 beginning with serum collected after 11 immunizations . By comparison with its binding to the control ganglioside panel, this serum demonstrated strong specificity for GD3 (titer = 640) while having only marginal reactivity with GM3 (titer = 40) . Immune serum from this animal was also able specifically to block subsequent binding of a murine IgM anti-GD3 antibody (DMab7) to target GD3 in solid-phase radioimmunoassay . Together, these observations suggest that GD3, in the form of a purified molecule bound to a bacterial matrix or as part of the intact melanoma cell membrane, can be immunogenic in non-human primates, and is able to elicit an antibody response of appropriate specificity. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1989, 29(3), 179 - 84 Antibody response after immunization with the gangliosides GM1, GM2, GM3, GD2 and GD3 in the mouse; Livingston PO et al.; The gangliosides GM2, GD2 and GD3 are differentiation antigens expressed on the cell surface of human melanomas and other cancers of neuroectodermal origin . We have compared the antibody response after vaccination with gangliosides GM1, GM2, GM3, GD2 and GD3 in the mouse . Purified gangliosides were injected subcutaneously alone or attached to Salmonella minnesota mutant R595 after pretreatment of the mice with low-dose cyclophosphamide . Spontaneous GM1 antibodies, but not antibodies against the other gangliosides, were detected in many mice, the incidence increasing with age . Purified gangliosides injected alone (in saline) induced no antibody response . R595/GM1 and R595/GD3 vaccination induced consistent high-titer antibody responses . R595/GM2 and R595/GD2 induced occasional antibody responses, and R595/GM3 induced no antibody response . Comparison of the antibody responses induced against these gangliosides in the mouse with those in man reveals that GM1, GM3 and GD2 have a similar immunogenicity in both species while the relative immunogenicity of GM2 and GD3 is reversed . To understand better the basis for these differences, the antibody responses against the five gangliosides in man and the mouse were compared with their known expression in normal tissues . No correlation was detected between ganglioside expression in normal brain and immunogenicity, consistent with this being a cloistered site . The antibody responses did correlate inversely with expression in normal non-brain human and murine tissues . Variations between species of ganglioside immunogenicity may reflect variations in ganglioside expression in normal tissues. Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1989, 246(2), 79 - 82 Determination of lipid A in human middle ear effusions with the competitive ELISA technique; Tanimura F; Lipid A is a covalently bound component of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides and is the biologically active component in endotoxin . In order to detect and quantitate lipid A in middle ear effusions (MEE) from patients with otitis media with effusion (OME), antisera against lipid A were produced in mice by repeated immunization with conjugates using lipid A from Salmonella minnesota Re595 and bovine serum albumin . As a result, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that was specific for lipid A . From the ELISA results, 10 out of 15 samples from the serous type MEE (mean, 13.57 +/- 2.17 micrograms/ml) and 5 out of 6 from the mucoid type MEE (17.73 +/- 4.34 micrograms/ml) were positive . These findings indicate that lipid A may contribute to the pathogenesis of both types of human OME. Microbiol Immunol, 1989, 33(2), 87 - 97 Location on the chromosome of the lac gene in a lactose-fermenting Salmonella litchfield strain; Hamada K et al.; We present conclusive evidence for the chromosomal location of the lac gene in a lactose-fermenting Salmonella litchfield strain (AO Lac+) . Two Hfr strains constructed from AO Lac+ had abilities to transfer the lac gene to S . typhimurium LT2 at relatively high frequencies . Detailed characterization of the transconjugants suggested that the lac in AO Lac+ was located on the host chromosome between galE (18 min) and trpB (34 min) . Transduction experiments using P22 phage showed that the lac was cotransduced with gal, but not with trpB . These results clearly indicate that the lac gene is located at a position near 18 min of the linkage map of Salmonella. Microbiologica, 1989 Jan, 12(1), 49 - 54 Salmonella mbandaka isolated in Italy . 1979-1986; Fantasia M et al.; A total of 350 strains of Salmonella mbandaka were isolated in Italy during the period 1979 to 1986 . S . mbandaka was a rare serotype in Italy . It was first isolated from water in 1979 . Since that year the number of isolates has increased: 1980 (3), 1981 (21), 1982 (21), 1983 (24), 1984 (54), 1985 (108), 1986 (118) . 67.1% of the strains were isolated from humans, 14.6% from food, 15.1% from water and 2.9% from animals . Frozen eggs and egg-based products were the most frequently contaminated foods . Of the forty-six strains tested for drug resistance, two were multiresistant to gentamicin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin and to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline and tobramycin, respectively. Salud Publica Mex, 1989 Jan-Feb, 31(1), 82 - 90 {Sanitary control of food in Mexico city}; Sarti-Gutierrez EJ et al.; This work was undertaken as to avoid health risks to tourism in the "XIIth Soccer World Cup, Mexico 86" . The above project was carried out through proper quality control of foods, drinking water as well as a definite care of personal hygiene of all those involved in the catering business (132 restaurants were included) . The mentioned report informs only of the work of the National Public Health Laboratory in the Sanitary Epidemiological Program . The following products were analyzed: 133 water samples, 272 animated and nonliving surfaces, and 399 foods . Twenty seven percent of water samples were rejected, as well as 85% of the different surfaces and 60% of the food samples . High counts of mesophilic aerobics, followed by coliforms, S . aureus and Salmonella sp., were the principal specimens encountered . Therefore, it was suggested the permanent development of a sanitary epidemiological program. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1989, 569, 1 - 16 Disease problems in the Third World; Walsh JA; PIP: The mean annual rate of decline of the probability of dying 5 years of age in developing countries is 2.5% . Nevertheless disease accounts for a considerable proportion of premature deaths . The leading causes of death in these countries, in order, include respiratory disease, diseases of the circulatory system, low birth weight, diarrhea, measles, injuries, malnutrition, and neoplasms . These conditions represent diseases of poverty and affluence . Respiratory infections are common among 5-year old children and cause a high proportion of child deaths . Circulatory diseases tend to be limited to adults . Control of hypertension, diet, smoking prevention, and exercise can prevent circulatory diseases . The risk of dying in infancy and childhood and of developmental disabilities is higher among low birth weight infants than those who weigh 2500 gm . In Bangladesh, 50% of infants weight 2500 gm . Low birth weight is the underlying cause of death for many infants who die of respiratory infections and diarrhea . Oral rehydration can successfully treat most diarrhea cases . Malnutrition and diarrhea tend to occur together and feed off each other . In fact malnourished people are more susceptible to all infections . Malnourished children suffer from disabilities in development and growth . The greatest sufferers of measles are infants and malnourished children . Immunization of all =or 9-month old infants would eradicate measles . Children and young adults are at the highest risk of injuries . Lung cancer is on the rise in developing countries due to the increase of tobacco smoking . Various means of controlling malaria are use of mosquito nets, antimalarial drugs, reduction of mosquito breeding places, and pesticides . The new infectious disease, AIDS, has emerged as a considerable health problem in developing countries . High priority research areas are vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia, Plasmodium app., rotavirus, Salmonella typhi (Ty21a), and Shigella spp . Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1989, 169, 54 - 9 A comparison of furazolidone and ampicillin in the treatment of invasive diarrhea; Prado Camacho JL; A single-blind, parallel, randomized study comparing the efficacy of furazolidone and ampicillin in the treatment of children with acute invasive diarrhea was conducted among outpatients at the Hospital General de Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl in Mexico between August 1986 and October 1987 . Seventy-eight patients were admitted to the study; 39 were randomized to receive furazolidone (5 mg/kg/day for 5 days), and 39 were randomized to receive ampicillin (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) . The enteropathogens Shigella sp, Salmonella sp, and Escherichia coli were isolated in 87.2% of the initial stool cultures . A preliminary assessment of the patients' clinical status was made on day 3 . At that time 97.4% of furazolidone patients had improved, compared with 65.7% of patients in the ampicillin group (p = 0.002) . At the end of the treatment period (day 6), 100% of evaluable patients treated with furazolidone had a negative stool culture, compared with 71% of evaluable patients treated with ampicillin (p = 0.002) . Both absence of watery stools by day 5 and a negative day 6 stool culture determined treatment success . Overall, there was a greater percentage of treatment successes in the furazolidone group than in the ampicillin group (92.3% versus 51.3%, p = 0.001) . Tolerance to both drugs was very good . One patient treated with ampicillin developed urticaria, which required discontinuation of treatment; the reaction resolved spontaneously after treatment discontinuation . No adverse reactions were reported in the furazolidone group . The results of this study showed that furazolidone was more effective than ampicillin in the treatment of acute invasive diarrhea . It is suggested that furazolidone should be the treatment of choice for this disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1989, 169, 19 - 23 Furazolidone and chloramphenicol for treatment of typhoid fever; Carcelen A et al.; Seventy-one adults who were hospitalized between March 1985 and March 1987 were entered into a randomized, double-blind study to compare the efficacy and safety of furazolidone and chloramphenicol in therapy for typhoid fever . Patients received chloramphenicol capsules (total daily dosage, 2 g) plus placebo tablets for furazolidone tablets (total daily dosage, 800 mg) plus placebo capsules for 14 days . Seven patients were excluded from the analysis of efficacy because blood, bile, or bone marrow cultures at admission failed to demonstrate the presence of Salmonella typhi . Four additional patients were excluded because of intercurrent illness or failure to return for follow-up visits . Cure was achieved in 31 (97%) of 32 chloramphenicol recipients and 24 (86%) of 28 furazolidone recipients . In the chloramphenicol group, one patient experienced moderate sideroblastic anemia, and another experienced moderate neutropenia . Both adverse reactions resolved spontaneously within 7 days . Mild gastritis was reported by two patients who received furazolidone and one who received chloramphenicol . This study has demonstrated that furazolidone is an effective and safe alternative to chloramphenicol for the treatment of typhoid fever in adults. J Cell Sci Suppl, 1989, 11, 99 - 107 Passage of Salmonella through polarized epithelial cells: role of the host and bacterium; Finlay BB et al.; Salmonella are intracellular parasites which enter their hosts by penetrating the intestinal epithelial barrier . We examined the interaction of S . choleraesuis and S . typhimurium with Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and human larynx (HEp-2) epithelial cells to characterize bacterial adherence, invasion and penetration through epithelial monolayers . Epithelial cell microfilaments were required for bacterial internalization and surrounded the bacteria as they were internalized . The bacteria entered membrane-bound vacuoles inside epithelial cells where they replicated . When polarized MDCK cell monolayers were infected, we found that Salmonella could pass through this barrier and enter medium bathing the opposite surface, although most bacteria remained within the monolayer . Synthesis of several Salmonella proteins was induced by the presence of epithelial cell surfaces, and these proteins were required for bacterial adherence and invasion . This induction was stimulated by trypsin- and neuraminidase-sensitive structures on epithelial cells. Int J Immunopharmacol, 1989, 11(7), 781 - 7 The adjuvant effect of a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analog on temperature-sensitive Salmonella mutant vaccine; Onozuka K et al.; Adjuvant effect of a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog, MDP-Lys (L18), MurNAc-L-Ala-D-glu{Lys(CO-(CH2)16-CH3)-OH}NH2 on a live Salmonella enteritidis vaccine, a temperature-sensitive mutant Ts-O strain that was obtained from the virulent S . enteritidis No.11 strain and could not grow at 37 degrees C, but could multiply at 25 degrees C as fast as the parent strain, was examined . Although the Ts-O organisms were avirulent and could hardly multiply in vivo when the organisms were injected into C57BL/6 mice and its mutant beige strain, which has a malfunction of phagocytic cells, injection of these mice with Ts-O endowed them with some protective immunity against infection by the virulent No.11 strain . When MDP-Lys(L18) was injected with Ts-O vaccine, the protection and the bactericidal capacity in the peritoneal cavities and spleens of these mice were augmented . MDP-Lys(L18) was still effective when it was injected at 48 h before or after the inoculation of Ts-O vaccine . Its effect was also observed against infection by the virulent S . cholerae-suis Hokkaido strain, a strain that does not share common O-antigenic determinants with the S . enteritidis No.11 or Ts-O strain . In addition, the mice that were inoculated simultaneously with Ts-O organisms and MDP-Lys(L18) were examined 10 days later for their footpad delayed type hypersensitivity reactions against Ts-O antigen . Mice inoculated with MDP-Lys(L18) and Ts-O showed augmented footpad swelling in comparison with the controls . These findings indicate that MDP-Lys(L18) is capable of augmenting the cellular immunity by live vaccine. Environ Mol Mutagen, 1989, 14(4), 254 - 63 Biotesting of wastewater: a comparative study using the Salmonella and CHO assay systems; Waters LC et al.; Means to assess the toxicity of wastewaters are essential to implementing the Federal Clean Water Act . Health risk assessment based on single chemicals is limited by the number of chemicals that can be identified and to those chemicals for which toxicity data are available . Long-term whole animal tests on large numbers of wastewater samples are not practical . In this study, two short-term tests, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, were evaluated as potentially useful biomonitors of wastewaters . Standard assay protocols were modified to allow testing of up to 2.5 and 3.4 ml of unconcentrated water in the bacterial and mammalian cell tests, respectively . Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity were detected in some unconcentrated wastewater samples using these modifications . Data on eight wastewater samples, representing five different sites, indicated that the Salmonella test is the more sensitive indicator of mutagenic activity in those samples, whereas the CHO test is a sensitive indicator of the presence of cytotoxic components . Wastewater concentrates, prepared by adsorption onto XAD-2 and "blue cotton," were compared in the two bioassays . In a single concentrate, the two short-term tests detected distinctly different mutagens . Advantages of using the CHO-AS52 cell line instead of the CHO-K1BH4 line for detecting wastewater mutagens were indicated . This study illustrates the complementary use of multiple bioassays and concentration methods to detect and characterize toxic components in wastewater. Przegl Epidemiol, 1989, 43(2), 218 - 22 {Sensitivity of Salmonella strains to Augmentin and new generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides}; Dolna I et al.; The authors evaluated the sensitivity of Salmonella rods to augmentin (amoxicilin and clavulanic acid) and 23 antibiotics routinely used in antibiograms . Salmonella strains were isolated in the years 1987-88 from the faeces of children and adults . It was found that 94% of strains were sensitive to augmentin . Among cephalosporins the most effective were cefotaxime and cephtriaxone (100% of sensitive strains) and among aminoglycosides--amikacin (100%) and netilmicin (93%) . S . typhimurium revealed greater resistance to antibiotics than S . enteritidis, which points to the need of making antibiograms before starting a therapy of infections induced by S . typhimurium. Magnesium, 1989, 8(3-4), 179 - 89 Alterations in cellular calcium and magnesium during circulatory/septic shock; Sayeed MM et al.; Hepatic cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents and the role of these ions in cellular dysfunction were studied in rat hemorrhagic and endotoxic models which simulate various facets of human circulatory/septic shock states . Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding rats to a state of vascular decompensation at the mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg . Endodotoxic shock was ascertained after observing hypoglycemia, hyperlacticacidemia and hemorrhagic bowel lesions in rats injected with Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (15-20 mg/kg) . In a late stage of hemorrhagic shock, significant changes occurred in mitochondrial ion contents; Ca2+ increased and Mg2+ decreased as compared to controls . These ionic changes were correlated with depressed mitochondrial respiratory functions . Addition of 6 mM Mg2+ to shocked-rat isolated mitochondria significantly restored mitochondrial functions . In endotoxic shock, hepatic Mg2+ content was significantly lower compared to controls . Treatment of rats with the calcium antagonist, diltiazem, several minutes prior to endotoxin injections, resulted in restoration of hepatic cellular Mg2+ to control levels . Studies of hepatic intracellular Ca2+ regulation in endotoxic shock revealed (1) an elevation in free cytosolic Ca2+, (2) a blunting of catecholamine-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and (3) an inhibition of intracellular messenger-induced Ca2+ release by the endoplasmic reticulum. Environ Mol Mutagen, 1989, 14(2), 98 - 106 Lack of genotoxicity with acrylate polymers in five short-term mutagenicity assays; Thompson ED et al.; Two linear polymers of acrylic acid (average molecular weight = 2,000 and 4,500) and one linear copolymer of acrylic and maleic acids (average molecular weight = 12,000) were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella mammalian microsome assay, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay at the TK locus, an unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, and either an in vitro cytogenetic assay with CHO cells or the bone marrow micronucleus assay in mice . The results of all the assays were uniformly negative for the three polymers. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1989, 60, 112 - 5 Ciprofloxacin in the elimination of enteric Salmonella carriage stage; Lahdevirta J; According to the present experience, ciprofloxacin seems to be a new promising drug for the treatment of enteric salmonella carriage stage . This paper reviews results with ciprofloxacin and older drugs . While the cure rates in previous studies were about 70%, it was at least 90% with ciprofloxacin although the treatment time was shorter and the rate of side effects was lower . However the final place of ciprofloxacin on this indication needs to be investigated further. Scand J Infect Dis, 1989, 21(3), 241 - 4 Salmonella bacteremia in renal transplant recipients; Ejlertsen T et al.; Three cases of salmonella bacteremia in renal transplant recipients are reported . Two patients had prolonged salmonella infections with recurring bacteremia . The longest interval between bacteremic relapses was 15 years . 27 cases from the literature of salmonella bacteremia in renal transplant recipients are reviewed . The courses of salmonellosis in renal transplant recipients are more serious than in other non-compromised patients, being complicated by bacteremia in 70% of the cases . Renal transplant recipients have prolonged carrier states and frequent relapses or recurrences of salmonellosis . 45% of the salmonella bacteremias in renal transplant recipients are seen after a high dose methylprednisolone treatment for graft rejection episodes. Res Microbiol, 1989 Jan, 140(1), 27 - 32 {Use of nonradioactive probes to detect the gene for 3-aminoside-acetyltransferase type IV in strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.}; Perrin B et al.; Forty-three isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella dublin and S . thyphimurium of animal origin were studied by colony hybridization using an intragenic probe specific for the gene encoding 3-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase type IV, which confers resistance to apramycin and gentamicin . Non-radioactive biotinylated and sulphonated DNA probes were used . No false-positive results were found and the positive results obtained were in agreement with those previously revealed with radioactive probes. Yonsei Med J, 1989, 30(1), 65 - 71 Diagnostic usefulness of Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test(Vi-IFAT) for typhoid fever--a prospective study; Kim JM et al.; Although the confirmative diagnosis of typhoid fever is by culture of the causative organism, usually from blood, a serological test is still necessary to provide a more rapid method of diagnosis . The indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a Salmonella typhi Vi antigen and a FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulin, was evaluated for the diagnosis of typhoid fever . Serum specimens were collected from patients with febrile diseases on admission . Of the 32 patients with titers of 1:64 or more, 22 were confirmed to have typhoid fever by blood culture and 7 had fever of undetermined origin that was considered to be typhoid fever clinically . Three patients were diagnosed to have salmonellosis other than typhoid fever . Of the 121 patients with titers of 1:32 or less, 105 patients had non-typhoidal febrile disease, 15 patients had fever of undetermined origin, and one patient was confirmed to have typhoid fever by blood culture . When a Vi antibody titer of 1:64 or more was taken as serological evidence for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, the sensitivity and specificity were 95.7% and 97.2%, respectively . The incidence of positive test results following fever onset was 70.0% within 1 week of fever onset, 88.9% from 1 to 2 weeks, and 100% after 2 weeks . In conclusion, the Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test(Vi-IFAT) can be employed as a useful serologic test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Environ Mol Mutagen, 1989, 13(4), 304 - 13 In vitro genotoxicity of dyes present in colored smoke munitions; Brooks AL et al.; Genetic toxicology studies were conducted on organic dyes and mixtures used in colored smoke munitions . The dyes studied included Solvent Red 1; two different batches (Lot 1 and Lot 2) of Disperse Red 11; terephthalic acid; and a mixture of 25 parts Solvent Red 1, 5 parts Disperse Red 11, and 16 parts terephthalic acid . The dyes were evaluated for their ability to produce mutations in Salmonella bacterial strains and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . The dyes were also tested in CHO cells to determine cytotoxicity and the induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberration . None of the dyes were genotoxic in the standard Ames assay using bacterial strain TA1535 or TA100 with or without the addition of S-9 or in TA98 and TA1538 without S-9 . With S-9, Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) showed significant mutagenic activity in TA98 and TA1538 which increased as a function of S-9 concentration . However, the maximum level of mutagenic activity detected was low (3.8 revertants/micrograms) . The azo dye Solvent Red 1 was also negative in a pre-incubation assay designed to reduce azo compounds to free amines . Solvent Red 1 was cytotoxic to mammalian cells, caused a significant increase in SCE, but was not mutagenic or clastogenic . Disperse Red 11 (Lot 1 and Lot 2) were not cytotoxic or clastogenic but produced an increase in cell cycle time and SCE frequency . Only Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) increased mutations in the CHO/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) assay . The mutagenic activity of the dye mixture was not significant, suggesting no synergistic interaction between the dyes . These studies demonstrated that none of the dyes was clastogenic and that a contaminant in Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) may be responsible for the weak mutagenic activity in both mammalian and bacterial cell systems. Microb Pathog, 1989 Jan, 6(1), 51 - 60 Protective immunity in mouse salmonellosis: comparison of smooth and rough live and killed vaccines; Muotiala A et al.; Protective immunity against Salmonella infection was studied in a mouse model . To study specificity of protection we used smooth (O-4,5,12) and rough vaccines; live and killed vaccines of both types were compared . The protection was assessed by enumerating the number of bacteria in the livers, and by following survival of the mice after intravenous challenge with smooth O-4,5,12 bacteria . Passively transferred antibodies induced by the smooth vaccines had a small protective effect and those induced by the rough vaccines no protective effect in this model . Both live vaccines induced long-lasting protective immunity which was much stronger than that mediated by antibodies . Since the live rough vaccine induced protective immunity and contained no O antigen we conclude that the protective immunity induced by it was mainly cell-mediated and directed to other antigens than the O antigen, the target of protective antibodies . Both killed vaccines also induced protective immunity, but this was weaker than that induced by the corresponding live vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 1989, 146, 35 - 49 Selective delivery of antigens by recombinant bacteria; Curtiss R 3rd et al.; The means to attenuate Salmonella and to endow such avirulent strains with the ability to express colonization and virulence antigens from other pathogens has achieved considerable progress during the past several years . One can therefore begin to design and construct strains with specificity to a given animal host and to express in a defined way specific colonization and virulence antigens in a manner to stimulate long-lasting immunity to the Salmonella and to the pathogen supplying the genetic information for the colonization and virulence antigens . Since most pathogens colonize on or invade through mucosal surfaces, the use of recombinant bivalent Salmonella vaccine strains to stimulate a mucosal immune response would induce the development of a first line of defense against a diversity of pathogens . Mucosal immunity should therefore reduce contagious spread of many pathogens since the dose to overcome the mucosal immune barrier would be increased to result in a diminished likelihood of infection . The fact that the recombinant Salmonella vaccine strains also induce humoral and cellular immune responses justifies their use for induction of long-lasting immunity . Although considerable progress has been made in targeting antigens to the GALT by use of avirulent Salmonella, a similar strategy for delivery of antigens to the BALT has yet to be discovered and developed . In addition to constituting a system for induction of immunity against a diversity of pathogens, the recombinant avirulent Salmonella system should provide a means to explore parameters of the mucosal immune response . This would include investigation of the location and duration of memory, the age dependence of induction of mucosal immunity, and the means for the possible induction of oral tolerance with regard to either the mucosal or humoral response to an antigen expressed by the recombinant Salmonella . It is also possible to contemplate using the avirulent Salmonella to target expression of various modulators of the immune system such as interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma to the GALT and thus further enhance the immune response . Lastly, one can introduce into avirulent Salmonella strains genes for putative colonization antigens in order to investigate whether induction of an immune response against the putative colonization antigen does or does not interfere with infection . This system, therefore, permits another means to analyze the relative importance of various bacterial surface attributes in conferring pathogenicity to the microbe. Avian Dis, 1989 Jan-Mar, 33(1), 103 - 11 Effect of a new pelleting process on the level of contamination of poultry mash by Escherichia coli and Salmonella; McCapes RH et al.; The efficacy of a new pelleting process in eliminating naturally occurring Escherichia coli and salmonella from poultry mash was assessed by comparing the microbial load in raw and processed mash . Instead of using steam produced in a boiler, the new process conditioned mash in an Original Vertical Conditioner with steam and other hot gases generated by direct combustion in a Vaporator . E . coli was isolated from 72-100% of samples of raw mash in all trials, and the mean number of colony-forming units of E . coli/g of samples was 6.8 +/- 4.0 X 10(4) . Salmonellae (S . senftenberg, S . bredeney, and S . mbandaka) were isolated from 5-10% of samples of raw mash utilized in three of the seven trials . Within limitations of the sampling and analytical tests utilized, the new pelleting process eliminated salmonella from all mash in which the organism was known to be present but eliminated E . coli in only three trials . The process appeared to be 100% effective against both organisms when mash entering the pellet mill from the conditioner had a temperature of 85.7 C and a moisture content of 14.5% and had been retained and treated with steam and hot gases for 4.1 minutes. Vet Microbiol, 1989 Jan, 19(1), 85 - 9 The detection of Salmonella infection in calves by the fluorescent antibody test; Wray C et al.; The fluorescent antibody test (FAT) was used for the direct detection of salmonellas in 182 lymph nodes from adult cattle and from calves submitted for autopsy or used for experimental purposes . Salmonellas were detected in 22 samples by the FAT and in 18 by culture examination . The predictive value of the FAT was 68% and it was concluded that the test could be used for the rapid presumptive diagnosis of bovine salmonellosis. J Appl Physiol, 1989 Jan, 66(1), 112 - 9 Endotoxin-pretreated neutrophils increase pulmonary vascular permeability in dogs; Welsh CH et al.; Endotoxin causes pulmonary vascular neutrophil sequestration and injures the lung . Whether this is primarily due to a direct effect of endotoxin on the endothelium or is mediated by an action on the neutrophil is unclear . Canine neutrophils, isolated on plasma-Percoll gradients in vitro, were incubated with Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin, washed, and injected via wedged pulmonary arterial catheters into discrete lung zones of anesthetized dogs, whereas untreated neutrophils were administered into contralateral control lung zones . 113mIn-transferrin was administered intravenously 2 h before the animals were killed . Morphometry and extravascular protein accumulation were assessed at 4 h . Endotoxin treatment of neutrophils ex vivo induced a two- to three-fold increase in neutrophils in these lung zones (0.096 +/- 0.012 vs . 0.05 +/- 0.002 neutrophils/alveolar septal intercept, P less than 0.05) . Extravascular-to-intravascular protein ratios in zones receiving endotoxin-treated neutrophils were significantly increased compared with control zones (0.146 +/- 0.02 vs . 0.079 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.05) . Because complement fragments increase injury to endothelium in vitro, exogenous C5 fragments were administered to other dogs before administration of neutrophils but failed to significantly increase the extravascular protein signal (0.154 +/- 0.03 vs . 0.124 +/- 0.04) . In summary, endotoxin treatment of neutrophils leads to neutrophil sequestration and increased pulmonary extravascular protein accumulation . C5 fragments failed to further enhance the protein accumulation . These data are consistent with an effect of endotoxin on the neutrophil to initiate neutrophil-endothelial interaction and subsequent lung injury. Przegl Epidemiol, 1989, 43(4), 373 - 8 {Epidemiology of Salmonella infections in the Lithuanian Soviet Republic and organizational principles in their prevention}; Luksemburg K; The epidemiological analysis of salmonella infection in Lithuania in the last 10 years is presented . Data are shown concerning unequal spread of infections depending on the region, the incidence in relation to age, occupation . The aetiological structure of the organism and other parameters of the epidemiological process are discussed calling a particular attention to the analysis of factors and conditions determining the spread of salmonelloses among mammals, birds and humans, and the organizational principles of control and prevention of these infections. Med Arh, 1989, 43(4-6), 207 - 10 {Pefloxacin in the treatment of septicemia, purulent meningitis and salmonellosis}; Dordevic D et al.; Thirty two patients (16 female and 16 male), ranging in age from 13 to 80 years, were treated with pefloxacin (Abactal) at The Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions . Pefloxacin was applied parenterally in 21 patients with serious infections . 15 of the cases had the signs of verified septicemia, i . e . bacteriemia; 5 patients developed purulent meningitis, i . e . meningoencephalitis; and in one patient bronchopneumonia occurred . Isolated causative agents (Staphylococcus aureus, S . epidermis and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria), were sensitive to pefloxacin . In 11 patients with enterocolitis Abactal was also included in the treatment because of the increasing occurrence of the resistance of Salmonella spp . to various chemotherapeutics and excellent "in vitro" effects of pefloxacin to those multiple-resistant species . Salmonella virchow was isolated from the stools of 6 patients . Salmonella enteritidis from 3 patients, Shigella sonnei from one, and in one case the causative agent was not identified . Pefloxacin was applied per os or parenterally in the dosage of 800-1200 mg in the period from 5-9 days . In all the patients (100%) eradication of the causative agents found in stools was done as early as the third or fourth day of the therapy . There were no adverse effects. Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1989, 25(4), 595 - 9 Mutagenicity and PAH content of airborn particulates and of fallen dusts from two Hungarian towns and emission samples from aluminum reduction and power plants; Torok G et al.; Urban air particulates (suspended particles and settling dust), furthermore dust emitted by a Soderberg aluminum reduction plant and a coal burning power plant from an industrial town, Ajka (30,000 inhabitants) were analysed for PAH content (liquid chromatography) and mutagenicity (Salmonella microsome test) . Air particulates from Papa--a town of similar size without considerable heavy industry--and corresponding plant emission from Inota, a third town in the study, served as controls . The dust content and the PAH concentration, as well as the mutagenic potency of the air in Ajka were higher than in Papa . Mutagenicity of the airborne particulates showed a clear seasonality with a winter maximum and a summer minimum in both towns . The mutagenic potency of air correlated well with the air BaP and total PAH content in Ajka, but not in Papa . The amounts of extractable organic material and mutagenic potency as calculated for unit quantity of airborne particulate matter was higher in the Papa samples . Similar differences between the two towns were observed in the case of fallen dust, too . On the basis of examination of emitted dust, it can be stated, that in the mutagenicity of urban air, the aluminum plant emission plays a considerably higher role than the power plant emission, which is the main component of air dust pollution in Ajka. Ther Hung, 1989, 37(4), 209 - 15 Attempt with oral immunobiotherapy (broncho-vaxom) and immunochemotherapy (broncho-vaxom + neomycin) for the elimination of bacteria in symptom-free "other Salmonella" carriers; Munnich D et al.; Forty-five symptomless "other Salmonella" carriers were treated; stool became negative for Salmonella in 22 of the 25 patients treated with Broncho-Vaxom (88%) and in 16 of the 20 patients treated with Broncho-Vaxom + Neomycin (80%) (who had discharged Salmonella for not longer than one month previously) . This result is very favourable when compared to data of references of thoroughly controlled patients according to which 69% was the highest rate of bacterial negativity obtained in the treated patients who discharged "other Salmonellas" for not longer than 1 month . The stool of all 10 patients admitted as symptomless carriers of "other Salmonellas" became negative for bacteria in response to the mentioned therapy (in 6 cases of Group I, and 4 cases of Group II) . Treatment was unsuccessful primarily in chronic alcohol addicts and toxicosis cases (13%) . The unresponsiveness of the two patients suffering from cholelithiasis and excreting also "other Salmonella" with the bile deserves attention . In such cases the positivity of the bile for Salmonella was a reason for exclusion from the study . Further studies (completed with immunological data) are required to assess the value of Broncho-Vaxom immunobiotherapy, and Broncho-Vaxom + Neomycin immunotherapy. Gerontology, 1989, 35(5-6), 297 - 304 Age- and sex-related differences in febrile response to peripheral pyrogens in the rabbit; Deeter LB et al.; A reduced febrile response with aging has been reported in mice, rats, rabbits, squirrel monkeys and man . Young adult male and female rats and rabbits respond differently to pyrogens, but little is known about relative febrile responses in old male and female animals . To further describe the effects of age and sex on fever, we gave intravenous injections of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (0.05 micrograms/kg) and of endogenous pyrogen (EP) (40 microliters/kg) to old and young, male and female rabbits . Old females did not exhibit smaller fevers in response to endotoxin compared to young females, but both young and old females had smaller fevers than aged and young males . Old male rabbits did not have a decreased febrile response to endotoxin . Old females, but not old males, showed a reduced febrile response to EP, the presumed endogenous mediator of endotoxin fever, when compared to young rabbits . To determine if the reduced febrile responses were due to reduced capacity to generate heat, D-amphetamine sulfate (2 or 5 mg/kg i.v.) was administered, and the resulting hyperthermias indicated that all groups of rabbits, including the aged and young females, were capable of raising body temperature to high levels . Body weight and reduced capacity to produce and retain heat do not contribute to these differences in fever . We conclude that the febrile response is not uniform over age, and that it is also strongly influenced by sex and type of pyrogen. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1989, 169, 28 - 33 Antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial enteropathogens in Latin America and worldwide; Santos JI et al.; We conducted an in vitro susceptibility study of bacterial pathogens to various antimicrobials . Strains of Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez were tested against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, gentamicin, and furazolidone . Over the 3-decade period, the resistance of enteropathogens to furazolidone showed the least overall increase . Klebsiella susceptibility to the aminoglycosides decreased during the same period . Worldwide reports of enteropathogenic resistance to antimicrobials are also reviewed . In comparing the results of these worldwide studies with our own, we conclude that there is a need for periodic surveillance and testing of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. Przegl Epidemiol, 1989, 43(3), 315 - 9 {Salmonella food poisoning treated at the Infectious Disease Clinic, Institute of Internal Medicine, Medical Academy, in Cracow 1983-1986}; Skutecka-Krzciuk J et al.; In the years 1983-1986 in the Department of Infectious Diseases Medical Academy in Cracow 189 adult patients were treated for salmonellosis . A significant rise was noted in the number of cases in recent years . The most frequent pathogen was Salmonella enteritidis . The clinical pattern of salmonellosis was similar to that described in preceding years . The disease was associated with increased urea level and decreased sodium level in serum, appearance of young cell forms in white blood cell count, and acetonuria . Most convalescents were discharged with positive results of stool cultures. Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 1989, 79(3), 317 - 25 GD3 expression by cultured human tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin; He X et al.; Seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive with ganglioside II3(NeuAc)2-LacCer (GD3) were generated; four of these mAbs (DMAb-21, DMAb-22, DMAb-23, and DMAb-24) by immunizing mice with GD3 adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota and the remaining three (DMAb-7, DMAb-8, and DMAb-17) with melanoma line SK-MEL 28, which contains 1.4 nmol sialic acid of GD3 per mg protein . The specificities of the mAbs were defined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostain and solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SP-RIA) with a panel of purified gangliosides . DMAb-7 and DMAb-8 reacted with GD3, IV3(NeuAc)2nLcOse4Cer(3',8'-LD1), and very weakly with IV3(NeuAc)2II3NeuAcGgOse4Cer (GT1a), but not with II3NeuAc-LacCer (GM3), II3NeuAcGgOse3Cer(GM2), II3NeuAcGgOse4Cer (GM1), II3NeuAc, IV3NeuAcGgOse4Cer (GD1a), II3(NeuAc)2GgOse3(GD2), II3(NeuAc)2GgOse4Cer (GD1b), IV3NeuAcII3(NeuAc)2, GgOse4Cer(GT1b), suggesting the binding epitope to be a terminal tetrasaccharide NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Glc or GlcNAc) . DMAb-7 and DMAb-8 were used to investigate the expression of GD3 on cultured human tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin . Thirteen of 19 gliomas, 3 of 5 medulloblastomas, 5 of 5 neuroblastomas, 2 of 2 melanomas, and 1 of 3 teratomas were shown to react with DMAb-8 and/or DMAb-7 by cell surface-RIA (CS-RIA) and immunofluorescence (IF) assays . HPTLC and densitometric analysis confirmed these results, as positive immunostains in the GD3 region were obtained with oligoganglioside fractions from 9 glioma, 1 medulloblastoma, 2 neuroblastoma, 1 melanoma, and 1 teratoma cell line . Glioma cell line U-105 MG and medulloblastoma cell line Daoy contain GD3 as shown by HPTLC immunostain analysis of extracts, although GD3 was undetectable on the cell surface as determined by CS-RIA and IF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Indian J Exp Biol, 1989 Jan, 27(1), 26 - 31 Carcinoscorpius rotunda cauda amoebocyte lysate for detection of endotoxins--its preparation, stability, sensitivity and comparison with Limulus amoebocyte lysate; Rao DV et al.; Carcinoscorpius amoebocyte lysate (CAL) was prepared from C . rotunda cauda by a modification of the method described by Mahalanabis et al . {Indian J Med Res, 70 (1979) 35} . Seasonal variation as well as batch variation was observed in the yield of haemolymph and the total lysate protein . In the presence of E . coli lipopolysaccharide (pure, free endotoxin) and E . coli and Salmonella cell suspensions (bound endotoxin), the CAL formed a gel after incubation at 37 degrees C . The gelling time varied from 10-90 min depending on the concentration of endotoxin used; higher concentrations formed gel more rapidly . The endotoxin detection capacity (sensitivity) of the lysate preparations was influenced by the season in which prepared, but not by the total protein content . Ten fold increase in the sensitivity was achieved by a purification step using chloroform . Although subsequent frozen storage with or without lyophilization did not alter the initial sensitivity, it was either decreased considerably or lost totally when the lysate was stored for 4 months at 4 degrees C or for 2 months at 30 degrees C . Under the same conditions, Limulus lysate was more stable . The lost sensitivity could not be regained by the incorporation of divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) . The CAL preparations in general were able to detect as little as 10-100 pg of endotoxin or as few as 10(3) cells of E . coli or 10(4) cells of Salmonella and were comparable to LAL . CAL could be used successfully in lieu of Limulus amoebocyte lysate in the detection and assay of endotoxins. Scand J Infect Dis, 1989, 21(4), 421 - 6 The influence on the secretory IgA antibody levels in lactating women of oral typhoid and parenteral cholera vaccines given alone or in combination; Hahn-Zoric M et al.; 41 lactating Pakistani women were vaccinated orally with Salmonella typhi vaccine alone or in combination with parenteral Vibrio cholerae whole cell vaccine, in order to study the possible difference in the secretory response after live and inactivated vaccines . The antibody response in saliva, milk and serum was recorded using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA . All had prevaccination antibody levels against the 2 vaccines . The live S . typhi vaccine gave a serum IgG and IgA response but did not influence the IgM levels . Salivary or milk secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody levels showed both increases and decreases but in most cases remained unchanged . Even if the vaccine was given in enteric coated capsules, the milk and salivary SIgA response was more often decreased than increased, although somewhat higher serum IgG levels were attained with this preparation . Parenteral cholera vaccination enhanced both serum and SIgA milk antibody response . Combination of the 2 vaccines did not have any untoward effect on the antibody response in serum or in secretions against V . cholerae or S . typhi LPS . The results show that an oral vaccine often induces a rather poor, or even negative mucosal antibody response, while a parenteral vaccine provokes a substantial SIgA response in individuals orally primed by natural exposure . This is in agreement with our previous findings with oral and parenteral poliovirus vaccines in this population. Microbiol Immunol, 1989, 33(9), 747 - 60 A possible correlation between histological changes in regional subcutaneous tissue induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and their adjuvant activities; Yokochi T et al.; Previously it was demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumoniae O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) exhibited much stronger adjuvant action on antibody response to subcutaneously (s.c.) injected sheep red blood cells or deaggregated bovine serum albumin than did other kinds of LPS, the R-form LPS lacking the O-specific polysaccharide chain of KO3 LPS (R-LPS), and the lipid A fractionated from KO3 LPS . We compared histological changes in the regional subcutaneous tissues of mice injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with KO3 LPS, the lipid A, and R-LPS . At the early stage after injection, KO3 LPS induced the infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells, mainly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), at the site of injection . Neither R-LPS nor the lipid A induced the accumulation of PMN so much as KO3 LPS did . When injected s.c . with LPS from Escherichia coli O111 (EO111 LPS) and O55 (EO55 LPS), and Salmonella enteritidis (Sent LPS), the appearance of PMN at the regional site was much less than KO3 LPS . KO3 LPS could accumulate more 51Cr-labeled leukocytes at the injection site than EO111 LPS and Sent LPS . Administration of acetylsalicylic acid, which can inhibit leukocyte migration in inflammatory lesions, suppressed its adjuvant action . It was therefore suggested that the strong adjuvant action of KO3 LPS in s.c . injection might be dependent on its potent capability of accumulating PMN at the regional subcutaneous tissue . Furthermore, at the late stage after injection, the formation of several lymphoid follicles at the regional site was seen only in mice injected with KO3 LPS . It might be also related to the strong adjuvant action of KO3 LPS. Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1989, 41(2), 115 - 20 {Selected properties of lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting Salmonella agona strains isolated from specimens from hospitalized infants}; Kukulska D et al.; The aim of this study was to compare some of the properties of 28 lactose-positive and 28 lactose-negative Salmonella agona strains isolated from faeces of infants hospitalized in the same hospital . Some of biochemical properties, sensitivity to 14 antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents and sensitivity to bacteriophages used for typing of this Salmonella genus were tested . Results of biochemical examinations revealed that lactose-fermenting strains retain the remaining of Salmonella of subspecies I . Two biochemical features are of particular importance: the ability to ferment lactose on all lactose containing media and a lack of the ability to produce H2S on Kligler medium . These two features differentiate lactose-fermenting strains of Salmonella from non-lactose fermenting ones . Antibiotic sensitivity pattern differed between lactose-positive and lactose-negative strains . Lactose-positive strains showed higher degree of resistance than lactose-negative strains . The differences in resistance were seen in the case of chloramphenicol, doxycycline, gentamicin and tetracycline . Both lactose-positive and lactose-negative strains were sensitive to colistin, neomycin, nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid . They were resistant to ampicillin, cloxacillin, rifampicin, streptomycin, sulfatiazol and biseptol . Bacteriophage typing revealed that all lactose-negative strains isolated in this study from clinical samples belonged to the same phage pattern V . Lactose-positive strains belonged to two phage types VB and XI . Type VB prevailed. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 1989, 58(1), 89 - 93 The fate of lipopolysaccharide in cultured rat Kupffer cells; Van Bossuyt H et al.; Cultured rat Kupffer cells were incubated in presence of biologically tritiated Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide . Uptake of lipopolysaccharide increased rapidly during the first 2 h of incubation and then levelled off . Within the first h of incubation 10(6) Kupffer cells were able to ingest up to 18 micrograms lipopolysaccharide . Kupffer cells metabolised lipopolysaccharide and released lipopolysaccharide-related substances, but neither the cell-associated lipopolysaccharide nor the released lipopolysaccharide products were detoxified, as measured by the mouse lethality test. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 1989, 57(3), 141 - 7 The role of bile acids in the reduction in lipopolysaccharide uptake by cultured rat Kupffer cells; Van Bossuyt H et al.; The influence of bile salts on the binding and uptake of Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide by cultured Kupffer cells was studied . In control preparations, the percentage of cell-associated lipopolysaccharide increased with time and reached a plateau after about 2 h incubation at 37 degrees C . About 1.2 micrograms lipopolysaccharide was associated with 10(6) Kupffer cells at this time interval . In the presence of 0.3, 0.6 and 1 mumol bile salts/ml the cell-associated lipopolysaccharide was respectively, about 5%, 13% and 29% lower than in control cultures . In the presence of 1 mumol bile salts/ml, the association of lipopolysaccharide to cells at 0 degrees C was about 25% lower than in controls . Preincubation of Kupffer cells with 1 mumol bile salts/ml, with or without lipopolysaccharide, did not affect cell-associated lipopolysaccharide after removal of the bile salts . The rate of secretion of radioactivity by Kupffer cells was not influenced by the presence of bile salts during the uptake or the secretion periods . Bile acids proved to inactivate lipopolysaccharide . From these observations it was concluded that low concentrations of bile salts influence the binding and uptake of lipopolysaccharide by Kupffer cells . It was, therefore, considered likely that, in patients with obstructive jaundice, the high serum bile acid level accounts for spill-over of portal lipopolysaccharide into the systemic blood. Plasmid, 1989 Jan, 21(1), 31 - 42 A plasmid to visualize and assay termination and antitermination of transcription in Escherichia coli; Franklin NC; To facilitate the analysis of termination and antitermination of transcription in prokaryotes, a complex operon has been assembled into the pBR322 replicon, drawing upon natural and synthetic DNA elements . This operon is initiated from a strongly inducible promoter without temperature restraints . It includes a severe transcription terminator and therefore requires antitermination of transcription to express a downstream lacZ reporter gene . Antitermination can be provided by an upstream N-utilization site from phage lambda, working in conjunction with N protein supplied in trans from a compatible plasmid . In this situation, the nusA gene of Salmonella, substituted into the Escherichia coli host, prevents lacZ function, confirming that a good facsimile of lambda's specific antitermination mechanism has been recreated . The nonessential, easily assayed product of this operon, beta-galactosidase, is also screenable by colony color on chromogenic substrate . The plasmid described will therefore serve as a tester for mutations affecting the various aspects of transcription regulation by termination. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1989 Jan 1, 48(1), 29 - 33 A novel fimbrial haemagglutinin produced by a strain of Salmonella of serotype Salinatis; Yakubu DE et al.; A strain of Salmonella of serotype Salinatis, that produced a mannose-resistant and eluting haemagglutinin (MREHA) when cultured at 37 degrees C but not at 18 degrees C, was examined by electron microscopy after negative staining . Production of this MREHA, previously described as being non-fimbrial, was correlated with the presence of thin fimbriae which had an external diameter of 3.6 nm . The purified Salinatis thin fimbriae had an estimated Mr of 19 kDa . This fimbrial MREHA was not produced by strains of the antigenically related serotypes Duisburg and Sandiego. Int J Tissue React, 1989, 11(4), 169 - 73 Role of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide on anti-HSV activity of macrophages from different anatomical sites; Arena A et al.; It is generally agreed that endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria play a modulatory role on several macrophage functions . The intrinsic activity versus herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 of Kupffer cells, peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, harvested from normal and tumour-bearing rats, was evaluated . Moreover, the effects of different intravenous treatments with S . enteritidis endotoxin were investigated . The antiviral activity of peritoneal, alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells from tumour-bearing rats is definitely impaired but it appears to be positively modulated by in-vivo administration of S . enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Eicosanoids, 1989, 2(2), 101 - 7 Concentration-dependent, stereoselective inhibition of the endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration in conscious rats with the peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist SK & F 104353; Smith EF 3rd et al.; Endotoxemia is associated with increases in a number of humoral mediators including vasopressin, thromboxane and leukotrienes (LT), all of which may participate in the pathophysiologic responses to endotoxemia . Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration was attenuated with a peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist, SK & F 104353 . The purpose of this study was to investigate further the mechanism of endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration . Injection of LTD4 (51 nmol/kg, i.v.) produced an increase in the hematocrit of conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats: administration of SK & F 104353 (2 mg/kg, i.v . + 10 mg/kg/h, i.v . infusion) blocked completely this response to exogenous LTD4 . Injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (30 mg/kg, i.v.) increased the hematocrit from 41 +/- 1 vol% to 55 +/- 1 vol% . Following pretreatment with SK & F 104353 (2 mg/kg, i.v . + 10 mg/kg/h, i.v.), the hemoconcentration was attenuated to 46 +/- 1 vol% (p less than 0.01) . Simultaneous determination of plasma drug concentrations over a range of doses indicated that inhibition of the hemoconcentration produced by SK & F 104353 was concentration-dependent (IC30 = 0.5 microgram/ml) . The IC30 for the stereoisomer, SK & F 104373, was 50 micrograms/ml . The 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitors, SK & F 86002 and BW 775C, also attenuated the endotoxin-induced increase in hematocrit, whereas indomethacin, heparin, daltroban, or the selective V1 vasopressin receptor antagonist {d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)}AVP did not significantly affect the endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration . The endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration was inhibited in a concentration-dependent, stereoselective manner with a peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist, and by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, indicating that this response is mediated by peptidoleukotrienes. Int J Immunopharmacol, 1989, 11(7), 801 - 8 Phagocytosis and bactericidal action of mouse peritoneal macrophages treated with leukotriene B4; Demitsu T et al.; The effects of exogenous leukotriene B4 (LTB4) on the resistance of mouse peritoneal macrophages against Salmonella (S.) typhimurium and Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa infections were studied . In vitro, LTB4 added to macrophage monolayers at final concentrations of 10(-12)-10(-8) M, enhanced their phagocytosis of S . typhimurium to 2.3 times the control level and that of P . aeruginosa to 1.8 times the control level . The intracellular killing rates were also elevated by the addition of LTB4: for S . typhimurium, 83.3% (LTB4) vs 59.1% (control) and for P . aeruginosa, 46.5% (LTB4) vs 9.2% (control) . In vivo, intraperitoneally injected LTB4 (5 ng) enhanced the clearance at 24 h of intraperitoneally injected S . typhimurium from the mouse peritoneal cavity (2.38 x 10(3) +/- 0.94 x 10(3) cells {LTB4} vs 5.73 x 10(5) +/- 1.90 x 10(5) {control}) and spleen (5.00 x 10(2) +/- 0.94 x 10(2) {LTB4} vs 2.47 x 10(4) +/- 0.84 x 10(4) {control}), but this effect disappeared by 48 h . In contrast, in beige mice, an experimental model of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome that is characterized by susceptibility to bacterial infection, there was no induction of the eliminating effect by intraperitoneal injection of LTB4 . Activation of macrophages by exogenous LTB4 seemed to have contributed to such an augmented resistance of macrophages to bacterial infection . This study suggested a possible use of LTB4 in bacterial infectious diseases whereby phagocytes are able to play a key role in host defense. Microbiol Immunol, 1989, 33(7), 519 - 25 Specific immunoglobulin response in mice immunized with porins and challenged with Salmonella typhi; Sharma P et al.; Specific antiporin antibody (IgG, IgM, and IgA) response was studied in control, infected, immunized-infected, and immunized mice . The activity of specific IgG immunoglobulins was found to be the highest in immunized and immunized-infected groups in which 87.5% protection had been observed by laboratory potency test in mice; the next-highest activities were those of IgM and IgA immunoglobulins . However, in the infected group the activity of specific IgM and IgG immunoglobulins was almost similar. Tierarztl Prax, 1989, 17(1), 93 - 5 {Microbiological study results (bacteriology and electron microscopy) of diarrhea in dog whelps}; Zschock M et al.; Bacteriological examinations of 159 faeces and intestinal contents of dogs with diarrhoea revealed E . coli in 157 specimens . 73 of these samples contained non haemolytic strains, 18 haemolytic isolates, and 66 haemolytic, as well as non haemolytic strains . Klebsiella sp . and Staphylococcus aureus were found in 9 cases, and Salmonella sp . (group B) was isolated once only . By electron microscopy parvovirus could be detected in 19 samples . Ten were positive for coronavirus and one for rotavirus . Morphologically not finally identified coronavirus like and picornavirus like particles were found in 3 cases, respectively . A significant relationship between the occurrence of virus infections and the isolation of certain bacteria species was not found . In 45 E . coli strains virulence factors, such as the heat labile enterotoxin (LT) and the verotoxin (VT), could not be detected, but 31 of these isolates showed different haemagglutination patterns which were still present by 14 of them in the presence of mannose (mannose resistant haemagglutination, MR-HA) . These MR-HA inducing E . coli isolates were present more often in parvovirus positive samples (in 6 of 10) than they could be detected in parvovirus negative ones (in 8 of 35), implicating a potential pathogenic role of these E . coli strains for the parvovirus enteritis of dogs. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense, 1989, 60(5-6), 229 - 38 {Salmonellae in the Parma River: 2 years of monitoring}; Tanzi ML et al.; During the period April 1987-February 1989 the contamination of Parma river by Salmonella was studied . These pathogens were almost constantly isolated all over the period of survey (91.7% of samples were positive) . The concentration of Salmonella Spp, evaluated as MPN/1, appeared to be also remarkable, ranging from 1 to 92/l . The variety of serotypes appeared furthermore considerable either regarded on the whole (38 serotypes) or related to the single drawings (from 2 to 14 serotypes simultaneously present in 90.9% of samples) . Some serotypes as: S . typhimurium, S . livingstone, S . brandenburg, S . panama, have been recovered from most of samples, some others as S . give, S . Stanleyville, S . agona have been recovered only in a few times. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Jan, (1), 41 - 5 {Seasonal distribution and age structure of those ill with salmonellosis due to causative agents with different drug resistances}; Magdei MV et al.; The medicinal resistance of Salmonella strains isolated on the territory of the Moldavian SSR in 1985 was studied . The greatest number of multiresistant microorganisms was shown to occur among S . java, S . virchow and S . infantis, i.e . the serovars dominating in the etiological structure of Salmonella infections on this territory . The seasonal distribution of cases of Salmonella infections and the age structure of patients with these infections induced by multiresistant strains and antibiotic-sensitive strains were found to have essential differences. Avian Dis, 1989 Jan-Mar, 33(1), 1 - 7 Studies on feasibility of producing Salmonella-free turkeys; Pomeroy BS et al.; The feasibility of producing salmonella-free turkeys was investigated over a 5-year period . In Phase 1, a hatchery-breeder flock operation was monitored extensively for 4 years . Hatching eggs from a primary breeder over this period (1978-81) resulted in salmonella-free day-old poults from which 7500 hens and 600 tons were selected for breeders each of the 4 years . Approximately 2.5 million poults were produced over the 4 years . Salmonella arizonae was isolated from the hatchery debris over a 2-week period in 1980 . The pelleted feed contained no animal protein products except fish solubles . A sample of feed from each delivery was cultured with no salmonella isolations . Environmental samples of dust and litter remained negative for salmonella . Phase 2 involved monitoring seven grow-out flocks initiated with salmonella-free poults with extra precautions directed at the feed and environment . The intestinal tracts of five of seven flocks at the time of marketing were negative for salmonella . Phase 3 involved a primary breeder-hatchery that had a 10-year history of S . sandiego infection in its breeder flocks and poults . A vaccination program using an autogenous oil-adjuvant bacterin supplementing other sanitation and management efforts resulted in elimination of S . sandiego . Because the breeder went out of business, it was not possible to determine if the freedom from salmonella could be sustained over a period of years. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 1989, 23(4), 231 - 7 Exacerbation of toxic effects by endotoxin contamination of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor; Ozaki Y et al.; The toxic effects of endotoxin-free human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rH-TNF), shown to contain less than 50 pg endotoxin/mg rH-TNF, were investigated and compared with those of rH-TNF and endotoxin coadministered at 4-400 ng endotoxin/mg rH-TNF in female Sprague-Dawley rats . The mean lethal dose of 5.9 mg/kg rH-TNF found for the endotoxin-free rH-TNF was far higher than that attributed to rH-TNF by other investigators . Coadministration with endotoxin derived from E . Coli . Salmonella abortus equi, or Serratia marcescens reduced the apparent mean lethal dose of rH-TNF in correspondence to the endotoxin concentration, with a value of 0.7 mg/kg rH-TNF observed at 1600 ng, 757 ng, and 5260 ng endotoxin/mg rH-TNF, respectively . Coadministration also resulted in more severe histopathologic and physicochemical effects than rH-TNF alone . Histopathologic abnormalities observed only in coadministration included interlobular edema and hemorrhage of the pancreas and, most remarkably, splenomegaly, which was not observed with rH-TNF alone even at lethal doses . The results indicate that particular care in determining endotoxin contamination is essential in any consideration of TNF toxicity. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1989 Jan, 23(1), 35 - 9 {Antibiotics used for paratyphi B infections resistant to classical treatment and the results of their use}; Tasdemir HA et al.; Salmonella paratyphi B is a pathogenic agent causing outbreaks and keeping epidemiologic importance . The classical treatment of this disease is made by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole in resistant strain . The resistant strains tends to cause a treatment problem . We report treatment and antibiogram results of 48 patients exactly diagnosed as paratyphi B infection by clinic and laboratory evaluation . These patients came to pediatric clinic of Erzincan state Hospital from Erzincan town and its backgrounds and had ages between 3 months and 5 years . All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole but usually sensitive to 3 . generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime had greatest sensitivity ratio with 79.1%) and amikacin. Microbios, 1989, 59(240-241), 203 - 10 Effect of date extract on growth and spore germination of Bacillus subtilis; Sallal AK et al.; Berhi date extract was studied for its effect on the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . From 80 to 99% inhibition was observed in nutrient broth cultures containing 20% (w/v) date extract . Spore germination of B . subtilis was inhibited completely using various concentrations of date extract . Cell elongation and depression in the cell wall of B . subtilis were seen by scanning electron microscopy as a result of incubation in a growth medium containing dates. Urol Res, 1989, 17(5), 285 - 8 Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on growth of murine bladder cancer, MBT-2; Lee K et al.; Intradermal palpable MBT-2 tumor responded with bacterial lipopolysaccharide to hemorrhagic necrosis (LPS) in C3H/HeN (endotoxin sensitive) mice . We have tested LPS fractions isolated from E . coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella minnesota, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia culture filtrates . All these LPS preparations showed tumor necrotizing activity accompanied by toxicity (body weight loss) in C3H/HeN mice . However, MBT-2 tumors grown in an endotoxin-resistant strain (C3H/HeJ) of mice did not respond to LPS, even at a very high dose . In vitro, the LPS showed no cytotoxic effect on MBT-2 cells . For comparison, systemic administration of tumor necrosis factor (cachexin ) did not affect the i.d . tumor growth . These data indicate that host reactions to LPS (endotoxicity) plays a pivotal role in the expression of tumor necrosis . Accordingly, comparisons of tumor response between endotoxin sensitive and resistant mice avoid potential overestimation of the therapeutic value of certain bacterial products and/or LPS contaminated agents. Przegl Epidemiol, 1989, 43(2), 192 - 204 {Veterinary aspects of zoonose-related diseases in humans}; Truszczynski M; The paper presents the possibilities, difficulties and inabilities of veterinary medicine in the prophylaxis of zoonotic diseases in humans . With reference to this, the author characterized Salmonella paratyphi induced alimentary toxicon-infections, Q fever and chlamydiosis . The article also discusses current views on some neoplastic diseases in animals and their possible transmission to humans. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1989, 308, 821 - 6 Can hemofiltration increase survival time in acute endotoxemia--a porcine shock model; Staubach KH et al.; In a porcine endotoxin shock model employing a continuous intravenous administration of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin the cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters were studied with main emphasis on the effect of hemofiltration (HF) as the only therapeutical measurement on the enhancement of survival time . Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites Thromboxan B2 and 6-Keto-PGF 1-alpha could be lowered significantly by hemofiltration . Measuring the inadequacy of the supply and delivery systems in terms of O2-uptake, CO2 production, lung mechanics, TPR, CO, heart rate and MAP the control group seemed to be more severely compromised than the hemofiltrated groups, although the final outcome as for survival time could not be increased significantly . HF can nonselectively counteract some toxic effects of shock mediators without depriving the organism of beneficial components of a protective system being stimulated at the same time . Once the AA cascade is initiated, pharmacologic inhibition is of limited value as long as a direct specific therapeutic manipulation is still not available . Elimination of mediators by HF helps to combat the overstimulation of host defense mechanisms in ET shock which represents the ultimate threat to the host. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989 Jan, 8(1), 82 - 3 Fatal septic thrombophlebitis due to Salmonella enteritidis; Navarro M et al.; The case is reported of a patient with gastric adenocarcinoma with metastases who developed a septic focus in a saphenous vein . Salmonella enteritidis was cultured from blood, sputum and stool specimens, and from a thrombus removed from a varicosity of the saphenous vein . Extraintestinal infections caused by non-typhoid salmonella usually afflict debilitated and immunocompromised patients . Metastatic septic foci may appear anywhere in the organism, including the vascular system, but involvement of the venous system has not previously been reported. Eksp Onkol, 1989, 11(1), 21 - 4 {Imprinting effect of aroclor 1254 in the metabolic activation of benz{a}pyrene by rat liver tissue}; Mizgirev IV et al.; A well-known inductor of a system of multifunctional monooxygenases, the arochlor 1254, being applied to one-day rats produced an imprinting effect which was expressed in a strong and long-term increase in the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene by the liver S9-fraction in the Salmonella/microsome test, as well as in the arylhydrocarbonhydroxylase activity . The imprinting was not revealed when the inductor was applied on the 9th day as well as it was not revealed for 2-acetylaminofluorene in the liver, or benzo(a)pyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene in the kidneys, independently of the period of application. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1989, 68(3), 234 - 40 Subclass characterization of IgG anti-S.typhi lipopolysaccharide antibodies with commercial monoclonal antibodies; Nardiello S et al.; We have evaluated several commercial monoclonal antibodies, specific for human IgG subclasses, for their reactivity in an ELISA test for the characterization of subclasses of IgG anti- Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies . Four monoclonals, each specific for a single IgG subclass, were chosen for their good reactivity . In 19 typhoid and non-typhoid serum samples, the sum of the ELISA values obtained with the four subclass-specific monoclonals was highly correlated with the ELISA values obtained with a monoclonal anti-total IgG . Moreover, there was no competition among the various IgG subclasses of anti-LPS antibodies . These data indicate that the subclass distribution of IgG anti-LPS antibodies, calculated on the basis of ELISA values in the subclass-specific assays, is likely to reflect the actual distribution of the different subclasses in whole serum . Different subclass patterns of IgG anti-LPS antibodies were observed in serum samples from 11 patients with typhoid fever, with IgG1 and IgG2 being the most represented subclasses . The ELISA method described here will be useful to elucidate the factors that influence the anti-LPS subclass profile during the humoral immune response to Salmonella typhi. Pol J Occup Med, 1989, 2(2), 171 - 85 Mutagenic and genotoxic activity of chosen dyes and surface active compounds used in the textile industry; Przybojewska B et al.; This study was designed to investigate the mutagenic and genotoxic properties of ten dyes and four surface active compounds using Salmonella/microsome assay and the micronucleus test . Five of the investigated dyes (Acid Blue 7, Acid Green 16, Direct Black 19:1, Basic Red 22, Basic Orange 28) possessed mutagenic activity with regard to test strains of Salmonella . In addition, all of them increased the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of mice . Three other compounds (Acid Blue 62, Direct Yellow 12, Direct Red 81), which were not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay, were genotoxic in the micronucleus test . The other two dyes (Reactive Blue 13, Acid Red 213), as well as tested surface active compounds, did not exert mutagenic and genotoxic effects, and therefore, it is most probable that they do not have carcinogenic properties . Besides, it was noted that Acid Blue 62, Direct Black 19:1, Direct Red 81 and Basic Orange 28 cause a significant decrease in the ratio polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of mice, which means that, at the doses used in the experiment, they are toxic to the erythrocyte series cells of bone marrow . The other compounds under consideration have no such effect. G Ital Chemioter, 1989 Jan-Dec, 36(1-3), 65 - 8 {Role of Enterococcus faecium SF 68 in experimental infection in mice}; Chisari G et al.; The normal intestinal flora is an important defence against various infectious agents . It also allows important metabolic stages in the host . The Authors studied the ability of Enterococcus faecium SF 68 to protect the mice (Swiss strain) from infection by Salmonella typhi and its role when used with penicillin in infection by Staphylococcus aureus . Our results showed that SF 68, determined a good protection against infection . Moreover the association E . faecium SF 68-antibiotic lowers the mortality rate in the infected mice compared with the control group. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1989, 36(4), 439 - 43 Effect of detoxification processes on the interferon-inducing activity of bacterial endotoxins; Sourek J et al.; The interferon (IFN)-inducing activity of detoxified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was tested in rabbits treated with LPS preparation derived from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis and Shigella dysenteriae serovar 1 . Of the detoxification procedures used, alkaline hydrolysis, hydroxylaminolysis, formalization, treatment with sodium deoxycholate and the radiodetoxification (fast or slow) methods had no appreciable effects on the IFN-inducing potential of LPS . In contrast, acetylation or prolonged alkaline hydrolysis of LPS resulted in up to a 9-fold reduction of IFN-induction capacity and effects of Cu++ or Fe++ cations bound to LPS were clearly inhibitory (Fe more than Cu). Ann Ig, 1989 Jan-Apr, 1(1-2), 295 - 311 {Mechanism of the mutagenic/carcinogenic action of cigarette smoke at the pulmonary level: enzymatic induction, activation and detoxification}; Scassellati Sforzolini G et al.; Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and dimethylnitrosamine demethylase (DMND) activities in pulmonary and hepatic tissues of male Sprague-Dawley rats were assayed following pretreatment with known inducers (benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, Aroclor 1254, phenobarbital) and with mainstream (MS) and side-stream (SS) cigarette smoke condensate and their related fractions . Biochemical assays by spectrophotofluorimetry (AHH activity) and spectrophotometry (DMND activity) and by a biological assay (Ames test) were performed to detect AHH and DMND induction . Ames test proved to be much less sensitive than the spectrophotometric analysis for the AHH determination . Both main-stream and side-stream cigarette smoke condensates and some fractions, containing water-soluble bases, water-insoluble bases, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were found to induce AHH activity in lung and liver, the lung being induced to the greatest extent . The highest levels of AHH inducibility were found for the SS-smoke condensate and related fractions . In particular, the insoluble-bases fraction gave the highest induction . On the contrary, pulmonary DMND activity was not affected by pretreatment with the same materials, while hepatic DMND response was only minimally induced by Aroclor and phenobarbital treatment . Twenty-two S12 preparations of surgical lung specimens obtained from smoker and non-smoker cancer patients were also assayed to detect aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), dimethylnitrosamine demethylase (DMND), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, in both normal and neoplastic lung tissue from the same patients . Pulmonary fractions were also tested for their ability to activate some precarcinogens into mutagenic metabolites in the Ames test . Statistically significant differences were found for AHH and DMND activities between normal and neoplastic tissue of smoker patients . In addition, higher AHH activity in the neoplastic tissue of the smoker group was observed compared with that found in the non-smoker group . No difference were found for GST activity . All the lung S12 preparations were able to metabolize water-soluble bases and water-insoluble bases, derived from main-stream cigarette smoke condensate, into mutagenic agents in the Salmonella test system . However, S12 preparations from smokers group neoplastic tissues were more effective. J Community Health, 1989 Winter, 14(4), 227 - 41 The health of children adopted from India; Smith-Garcia T et al.; Little information is presently available about health issues associated with intercountry adoptions . This research starts to fill this gap by surveying the health problems of 200 children from India adopted by 166 Oregon families during the period 1978-1987 . Parents' responses to a mail questionnaire revealed that at least 37.5% of the children were premature . The children's birth weights and birth lengths were 3 to 4 SDs below WHO norms, and almost all the children's weights and heights by age, at time of arrival in the United States were below WHO's 50th percentile value . Feeding problems were frequent (35.0%), as were salmonella (30.5%), malnutrition (22.0%), anemia (18.5%), and developmental delays (18.0%) . Many children were not tested for communicable diseases endemic to India such as hepatitis B, tuberculosis and salmonellosis . Many diseases and health problems were unanticipated by parents on the basis of medical reports received from India, and parents expressed a need for greater support and better resources in dealing with these health problems. J Clin Lab Anal, 1989, 3(6), 345 - 9 Effects of substance P on the spontaneous binding of Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) to human peripheral blood lymphocytes; De Simone C et al.; The effects of substance P (SP) on Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were evaluated . Two parameters of bacterial cytoadherence were considered, namely the binding lymphocytes (BL) and the number of bound-bacteria/lymphocyte (BB) . The results showed that SP inhibits both BL and BB in a significant manner . Furthermore, distribution of Salmonella binding to CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was studied following SP pretreatment of lymphoid cells . This neuropeptide is able to hamper the bacterial cytoadherence to both T-cell subpopulations and, in particular, the inhibitory effect on the T-suppressor/cytotoxic subset was more pronounced . These findings are discussed in terms of SP intervention in the mechanism of host protection against invading microorganisms. Microbiol Immunol, 1989, 33(6), 479 - 88 Route-related variation in the immunogenicity of killed Salmonella enteritidis vaccine: role of antigen presenting cells; George A et al.; In order to assess the role of the route of immunization on the immunogenicity of killed Salmonella vaccine, mice were immunized with killed S . enteritidis by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intradermal (i.d.) routes . Whereas the former was non-immunogenic, the i.d . immunization generated an excellent delayed-type hypersensitivity response; further, i.p . immunization could even suppress the subsequent i.d . immunization . Since the peritoneal macrophages (MO) are known to be particularly low in Ia or MHC-class II antigens, so essential for antigen presentation, the non-immunogenicity by i.p . route was thought to be due to their poor presentation efficiency . Poly I: poly C, an interferon inducer, is known to enhance the MHC-class II expression; hence effect of poly I: poly C treatment on the immunogenicity of the killed vaccine by i.p . route was tested and indeed the non-immunogenicity was corrected . Poor efficiency of presentation of S . enteritidis antigen by peritoneal cells and its improvement by prior poly I: poly C treatment was further confirmed by in vitro lymphocyte transformation test using primed T cells and peritoneal cells from normal and poly I: poly C treated mice . Poly I: poly C treatment also enhanced expression of Ia antigens on peritoneal cells. Bioorg Khim, 1989 Jan, 15(1), 111 - 22 {Synthesis of (2-acrylamidoethyl)-3-O- (3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl)-alpha and beta-rhamnopyranosides for preparation of polyacrylamide copolymers with the specificity of O:8 factor of Salmonella}; Cherniak AIa et al.; Condensation of (2-trifluoracetamidoethyl) 2-O-acetyl-4-O-benzoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside and (2-trifluoroacetamidoethyl) 2,4-di-O-benzyl-beta-L-rhamnopyranoside with 3,6-dideoxy-2,4-di-O-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl bromide followed by deprotection and N-acryloylation gave (2-acrylamidoethyl) 3-O-(alpha-abequopyranosyl)-alpha-and-beta-L-rhamnopyranosides+ ++, respectively . The glycosides obtained were converted, via radical copolymerization with acrylamide, into copolymers having as branches disaccharide determinants of the 0 : 8 factor of Salmonella. Environ Mol Mutagen, 1989, 13(3), 227 - 33 Mutagenicity of airborne particles from a nonindustrial town in Italy; Barale R et al.; The mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter collected in Pisa, a small nonindustrial town located in Italy, has been monitored over 1 year using the Ames Salmonella Test . Airborne particulate was collected on fibreglass filters using a Hi-Vol sampler and extracted by sonication and Soxhlet acetone extraction in sequence . TA 98 and TA 100 salmonella strains gave positive results with the great majority of samples . The mutagenicity trend fits with a harmonic regression with a peak during December/January and inversely correlates with the temperature . No correlations were observed with other meteorological conditions such as wind, cloud, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and humidity . The ratio between mutagenicity/microgram of particulate matter with S9 and that without S9 remains more or less constant regardless of seasonal fluctuations, suggesting that during cold months quantitative increases of mutagens onto particulate matter have probably occurred . The comparison of air mutagenicity in different sites suggests that motor vehicle exhaust fumes are the major source of air pollution . Finally, because of high-traffic volume, air mutagenicity at street level is comparable to that observed in several metropolitan areas all over the world. J Infect Dis, 1989 Jan, 159(1), 35 - 42 Immunochemical specificity of human antibodies to lipopolysaccharide from the J5 rough mutant of Escherichia coli O111:B4; Schwartzer TA et al.; Antibody to the core region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O111:B4 (J5) is reported to cross-react with LPS from other gram-negative bacteria . We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test various LPSs and their constituents for their ability to inhibit binding of human IgG antibody to J5 LPS to J5 LPS . Results were expressed as the concentration of inhibitor required to cause 50% inhibition of binding (I50) . I50 values of antibody to J5 LPS for J5 LPS ranged from 5 x 10(-7) M to 8 x 10(-9) M . I50 values for Salmonella minnesota (Rc) were higher (2 x 10(-4) M to 2 x 10(-7) M) . Other rough LPS failed to inhibit to 50% (up to 2 x 10(-4) M) . J5 lipid A and core oligosaccharide inhibited, with I50 values ranging from 2 x 10(-5) M to 3 x 10(-8) M . Fifty percent inhibition was not achieved by smooth LPS (8 x 10(-5) M), heterologous lipid A (3 x 10(-4) M), or core LPS constituents (5 x 10(-3) M) . These data suggest that IgG J5 LPS antibodies are specific for the Rc chemotype of the core of LPS. Toxicology, 1988 Dec 30, 53(2-3), 179 - 98 In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the genotoxic potential of 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol; Slesinski RS et al.; 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) has intentional human exposure because of its application to skin as an insect repellent and its use in various skin care products . Genotoxicity studies on EHD were conducted to determine mutagenic and clastogenic potential using in vitro and in vivo test systems . In vitro tests were conducted both with and without an Aroclor-induced, rat-liver S9 metabolic activation system and within a range of cytotoxic to non-cytotoxic doses . EHD did not produce dose-related positive increases in gene mutations in the Salmonella (Ames) test or in the CHO/HGPRT forward mutation test . No statistically significant or dose-related increases in sister chromatid exchanges indicative of DNA damage were produced by EHD in CHO cells . Small but statistically significant increases in chromosome aberrations were produced in CHO cells only in tests with S9 activation . However, no evidence of clastogenicity of EHD was obtained in vivo in a mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test or in 2 rat bone marrow chromosome aberration studies using single or repeated dosing procedures . The overall negative pattern of mutagenic and clastogenic results in the majority of tests conducted suggests that EHD is unlikely to pose significant hazard as a genotoxic agent or to possess carcinogenic initiating activity in animals. J Immunol, 1988 Dec 15, 141(12), 4271 - 5 The C4 and C2 but not C1 components of complement are responsible for the complement activation triggered by the Ra-reactive factor; Ji YH et al.; Ra-reactive factors (RaRF) are the name of a group of C-dependent bactericidal factors that bind specifically to Ra chemotype strains of Salmonella . These factors are present in the sera of a wide variety of vertebrates and have common characteristics . Here we investigate the C components required for the C activation induced by mouse RaRF, by using hemolysis of Ra LPS-coated E (ELPS) as a model system . It was found that C1-depleted and C1q-depleted sera were as effective as the undepleted serum in the lysis of ELPS sensitized with RaRF . Addition of the C1 component or C1q subcomponent to the depleted sera did not increase the effect . On the other hand, C4 and C2 components were found to be essential for the lysis of RaRF-sensitized ELPS . Activities of C4 and C2 remained on the sensitized cells even after washing the cells, suggesting that the classical C3 convertase, C4b2a, is generated on the RaRF-sensitized ELPS. Lancet, 1988 Dec 3, 2(8623), 1295 - 7 Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection: association with hen's eggs; Coyle EF et al.; Epidemiological and microbiological investigation of the four outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 that occurred in Wales in 1988 implicated foods containing shell eggs from hens as the vehicle of infection . In a case-control study of sporadic cases there was a significant association between infection and egg consumption in the 3 days before illness . These findings provide data to support the warnings from the Departments of Health in the United Kingdom about risks of infection from eating raw or undercooked hens' eggs. Immunol Lett, 1988 Dec, 19(4), 335 - 40 Gangliosides suppression of murine lymphoproliferation and interleukin 1 production; Jeng KC et al.; Studies were carried out to determine whether inhibition of gangliosides on lymphoproliferation was related to interleukin (IL)-1 . The results showed that gangliosides, GM1 and GT1b were able to inhibit the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes from C57BL/6J mice in dose-dependent fashion, whereas asialo-GM1 was not inhibitory . However, gangliosides, GM1 and asialo-GM1 did not suppress the production of IL-1 in Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritoneal adherent cells . Various types of LPS including S . enteritidis, S . minnesota and Escherichia coli 055:B5 were used to stimulate the production of IL-1 in adherent cell cultures . The IL-1 production was not affected by gangliosides, GD1a and GD1b . Although GT1b suppressed IL-1 production of human monocytes to 82% of control level it did not, however, affect the IL-1 production of murine adherent cells . Thus, the inhibitory mechanism of gangliosides on murine immune cells remains unclear, and warrants further study. J Ethnopharmacol, 1988 Dec, 24(2-3), 193 - 8 Ocimum sanctum--a preliminary study evaluating its immunoregulatory profile in albino rats; Godhwani S et al.; A methanol extract and an aqueous suspension of Ocimum sanctum leaves were investigated for their immunoregulatory profile to antigenic challenge of Salmonella typhosa and sheep erythrocytes by quantifying agglutinating antibodies employing the Widal agglutination and sheep erythrocyte agglutination tests and E-rosette formation in albino rats . The data of the study indicate an immunostimulation of humoral immunologic response as represented by an increase in antibody titre in both the Widal and sheep erythrocyte agglutination tests as well as by the cellular immunologic response represented by E-rosette formation and lymphocytosis . The results of the study indicate an immunostimulant capability for Ocimum sanctum which may be contributory in explaining the adaptogenic action of the plant. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1988 Dec, 19(4), 623 - 7 Isolation of Salmonella typhi from standard whole-blood culture vs blood-clot cultures; Tjaniadi P et al.; The use of 10% oxgall and bile broth medium, both supplemented with freshly prepared 100 u/ml streptokinase, for isolating Salmonella typhi by clot culture technique was evaluated and compared against whole blood culture systems (3 ml blood in 9 ml media and 8 ml blood in 72 ml media) . These gave a 1:4 and 1:10 blood to medium ratio, respectively . Clot cultures in 10% oxgall (CLOX) gave a 57% positive isolation rate for S . typhi . A similar result was obtained from clot cultures in bile broth medium (CLBB) . A total of 184 samples identified as positive for S . typhi were tested . There was no significant difference between the use of 10% oxgall or bile broth medium when used for clot culture . The whole blood culture systems still showed a significantly better rate of isolation than the clot culture methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1988 Dec, 9(12), 542 - 7 An outbreak of Salmonella gastroenteritis in an urban jail; Alcabes P et al.; An outbreak of gastroenteritis in New York City's largest jail involved 145 cases over a two-month period . The outbreak was unusual in that two Salmonella strains (serogroups B and D) were involved . Management of the outbreak involved screening kitchen workers by culture of stool samples, and education regarding personal hygiene . Obstacles to investigation and management of the outbreak arose out of the special nature of the jail environment; these included jurisdictional problems and high turnover of the inmate population. J Hepatol, 1988 Dec, 7(3), 325 - 37 Cellular and subcellular distribution of injected lipopolysaccharide in rat liver and its inactivation by bile salts; Van Bossuyt H et al.; The cellular and subcellular distribution of biologically tritiated Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied at different time intervals after intravenous injection in rats . At 1 min after injection of LPS via the portal vein label was present over Kupffer cell phagosomes . Between 30 min and 7 days after injection, silver grains were mainly associated with phagosomes and lysosomes and occasionally with the membrane of Kupffer cells . A few parenchymal cells were labeled at 5 min in their mitochondria, cell membrane and the periphery of the cell . Radioactivity was also present in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (from 15 min), fat droplets and the nucleus (from 3 h) up to 7 days . Sinusoidal endothelial and fat-storing cells were never labeled . In conclusion, both Kupffer cells and parenchymal cells play a role in the uptake of LPS by the liver . The uptake and processing of endotoxin is rapid, since label is found early after administration and radioactivity is detected in the bile within 1 h . This radioactivity represents non-detoxified LPS, since it is lethal for galactosamine-sensitised mice after extraction with hot phenol/water . However, in the presence of bile salts, the LPS is