Mutat Res, 1989 Oct, 224(2), 253 - 61 Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosome aberrations for 4 aliphatic epoxides in mice; Giri AK et al.; Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberrations (CA) in bone marrow cells were analyzed after in vivo exposure in mice to 4 aliphatic epoxides, namely 1-naphthyl glycidyl ether (NGE), 1-naphthyl propylene oxide (NPO), 4-nitrophenyl glycidyl ether (NPGE) and trichloropropylene oxide (TCPO) . These compounds were selected as being among the most mutagenic aliphatic epoxides in our previous structure-mutagenicity studies with the Ames test . There were significant dose-related increases in SCE and CA results for all 4 epoxides . The order of genotoxicity as established through SCE was NGE greater than NPO greater than NPGE approximately equal to TCPO greater than solvent control . It is of interest that Ames Salmonella results are consistent with in vivo genotoxicity for these compounds . However, only the plate test version of the Ames procedure is consistent with this order of in vivo genotoxicity and neither preincubation Ames testing results nor chemical alkylation rates would have predicted this order. Mutat Res, 1989 Oct, 224(2), 171 - 5 Mutagenicity of oxaspiro compounds with Salmonella; Sinsheimer JE et al.; The spiro attachment of an epoxide group to a tetrahydropyran ring in the trichothecene mycotoxins has prompted this study of the mutagenicity and alkylation rates of the trichothecene, anguidine, and 5 related model oxaspiro compounds . While the model compounds were weak alkylating agents of 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine as a test nucleophile, anguidine lacks such activity . Also, while mutagenicity was not established for anguidine in Salmonella TA100, 3 of the oxaspiro compounds were weakly mutagenic and 2 compounds were toxic to the bacteria . The toxicity and mutagenicity of the model compounds are more related to their polarity than to their alkylation rates. Infect Immun, 1989 Oct, 57(10), 3136 - 41 Functional homology of virulence plasmids in Salmonella gallinarum, S . pullorum, and S . typhimurium; Barrow PA et al.; The virulence-associated plasmids of strains of Salmonella gallinarum and S . pullorum were transferred separately by mobilization with the F plasmid into virulence plasmid-cured derivatives of S . gallinarum, S . pullorum, and S . typhimurium and into a prototrophic Escherichia coli K-12 strain . The transconjugants were tested for virulence in chickens of different ages and in mice . The S . gallinarum and S . pullorum plasmids were able to restore full virulence in the three Salmonella strains, thus demonstrating functional homology in virulence plasmids from these Salmonella serotypes and biotypes . The virulence phenotypes of the transconjugants remained the same as that of the parent strain of the recipient . This, together with the fact that E . coli K-12 containing either of the virulence plasmids was avirulent for chickens, suggested that in addition to plasmid genes, chromosomal genes are important in determining virulence, particularly in determining the ability to survive and multiply in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system . The virulence plasmids were not self-transmissible and could not be transduced by temperate bacteriophages lysogenizing field strains of S . gallinarum . They were not in the same incompatibility group as F but were fi+. Microb Pathog, 1989 Oct, 7(4), 299 - 310 Vaccination route, infectivity and thioglycollate broth administration: effects on live vaccine efficacy of auxotrophic derivatives of Salmonella choleraesuis; Nnalue NA et al.; An aromatic-dependent, therefore non-virulent, derivative of a mouse-virulent strain of Salmonella choleraesuis previously shown not to be effective as a live vaccine when given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to Itys mice, was administered to BALB/c mice . Two doses given i.p . or by feeding did not protect against i.p . or oral challenge with 50 to 5000 LD50 of the virulent ancestor strain . By contrast two doses given intravenously (i.v.) gave almost complete protection against i.p . or oral challenge with 500 LD50 and some protection against larger doses . The number of live bacteria (cfu) in the liver and spleen 24 h after administration of the live vaccine was less than 1% of the number inoculated i.p., but c . 25% of the number injected i.v . The number of cfu in the gut 24 h after oral vaccine administration was only c 10(-5) of the number fed . Administration of thioglycollate broth i.p . 5 days before i.p . vaccination increased recovery of live vaccine cfu in the liver and spleen and its protective efficacy . In each case the live vaccine did not multiply extensively in vivo . We have previously shown that a purine- and a thymine-requiring derivative of S . choleraesuis were each considerably attenuated but unlike the aro derivative were effective as i.p . live vaccines in mice . Doses of these strains (c . 10(4) cfu) found protective were administered i.p . to BALB/c mice . Each strain multiplied extensively in the liver and spleen to c . 10(7) cfu by day 6 . All these results are in agreement with a correlation of protective efficacy of a live vaccine with the persistence of a large number of the vaccine bacteria in the liver and spleen for several days. Mol Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 3(10), 1379 - 83 Unique sequences in region VI of the flagellin gene of Salmonella typhi; Frankel G et al.; The H1 (now renamed fliC; lino et al., 1988) alleles specifying antigenically different Salmonella flagellins are identical at their ends but differ greatly towards the middle, where there are two hypervariable segments (regions IV and VI) . The flagellar antigen, d, of Salmonella typhi, is found also as phase-1 antigen in many other Salmonella species . We cloned the H1-d gene of a strain of S . typhi and determined the nucleotide sequence of its two hypervariable regions . Comparison with gene H1-d of Salmonella muenchen showed substantial differences in region VI: four scattered amino acid differences and ten adjacent amino acids in the inferred S . typhi sequence, all of which differ from the corresponding nine amino acids in the S . muenchen sequence . The results of polymerase chain reaction amplification indicated the presence of the S . typhi version in all of 18 additional S . typhi strains and the presence of the S . muenchen version in all four non-S . typhi species with flagellar antigen d . The difference in amino acid sequence in segment VI may be responsible for the minor serological differences between antigens d of S . typhi and antigen d of S . muenchen. Immunobiology, 1989 Oct, 179(4-5), 293 - 307 Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by lipopolysaccharide and defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures; Feist W et al.; We have investigated the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by human mononuclear cells (MNC) and isolated human monocytes/macrophages stimulated with S- and R-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS), natural lipid A, and natural and synthetic partial structures thereof . We found that LPS of Salmonella minnesota (S . min.) Rb2, which represents a partial structure of wildtype LPS of Salmonella abortus equi (S.a.e.) lacking the O-chain and parts of the outer core region, was the most active inducer of all substances tested, even more active than the wildtype LPS . Lipid A also induced the production of TNF-alpha by monocytes/macrophages but was less active than wildtype LPS . The natural Escherichia coli (E . coli) type hexaacyl lipid A (compound 506) was more active than the natural S . min . type heptaacyl lipid A (compound 516) . The 1- and 4'-monodephospho partial structures (compounds 505 and 504) of E . coli lipid A were less active and represented the smallest structures tested that were able to induce TNF-alpha release by monocytes/macrophages . Synthetic tetraacyl lipid A precursor Ia of E . coli lipid A, lacking non-hydroxylated fatty acids (compound 406), and the monosaccharide precursor lipid X did not induce the release of TNF-alpha in MNC or isolated monocytes/macrophages . This might indicate that the ability of a lipid A structure to induce the release of TNF-alpha is closely connected with the conditions to be at least hexaacylated and/or to contain hydroxylated fatty acids . These results demonstrate a structure-dependent hierarchy of LPS and natural or synthetic partial structures in their capacity of inducing TNF-alpha release by monocytes/macrophages. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1989 Oct, 13(3), 545 - 53 Carcinogenic potential of gasoline and diesel engine oils; McKee RH et al.; Used gasoline engine oils are carcinogenic in mouse skin and mutagenic in Salmonella . The toxicity of fresh gasoline engine oils and that of fresh and used diesel engine oils are less well defined . The present studies examined the dermal carcinogenic potential of a series of fresh and used oils from both gasoline and diesel engines . The used oils represented a variety of operating conditions . The objective of the study was to assess the potential carcinogenic hazards associated with exposure to these materials . The majority of the used gasoline engine oils tested were carcinogenic although one oil, collected after a relatively short drainage interval, was inactive in the dermal carcinogenesis bioassay . Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were elevated in the used oils in comparison to the fresh oils . The fresh gasoline engine oils and both the fresh and used diesel engine oil samples were noncarcinogenic, and there was little evidence of elevated PAH levels in the used diesel engine oils . The carcinogenic potency of used oils from gasoline engines was related to drainage interval, but other factors such as contribution of the fuel due to blowby and driving cycle may also have been important . The used diesel engine oils were not carcinogenic even after extended use. EMBO J, 1989 Oct, 8(10), 3149 - 52 Intragenic recombination in a flagellin gene: characterization of the H1-j gene of Salmonella typhi; Frankel G et al.; Salmonella typhi, the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, typically has only a phase-1 flagellar antigen, d, but some isolates, found only in Indonesia, have antigen j instead, and may have a second flagellar antigen, z66 . It appears that intragenic recombination involving a directly repeated 11 bp sequence in the H1-d flagellin gene changed the flagellar antigen to j, by deleting 261 bp in its central, antigenically determinant, part . Sequencing of the hypervariable regions of genes H1-d and H1-j, and hybridization of such genes, after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction, with oligonucleotide probes specific for the deleted segment or for the sequence produced by the recombination confirmed that all the j alleles have the postulated deletion . By applying the polymerase chain reaction to study S . typhi isolates from Jakarta, not previously tested in respect to flagellar antigen, we showed that gene H1-j was nearly as common as H1-d in these isolates. Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1989 Oct-Dec, 20(4), 279 - 86 {Elaboration of an immunosorbent for the purification of porins from Salmonella typhi 9, 12, Vi:d}; Pelayo R et al.; The current work was undertaken to purify porins of Salmonella typhi, which are outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that induce protection in mice against challenge with the bacteria in mucin . OMPs, isolated with a non-ionic detergent, had a 4% contamination with LPS (endotoxin) and molecular sizes ranging from 17 to 70 KDa . Porins (Mw 38-41 KDa) were isolated from OMPs preparative SDS-PAGE . Anti-porins antisera were raised in rabbits and specific IgG was purified, which was coupled to Sepharose-CNBr . This immunosorbent was used to purify LPS-free porins. Med Trop (Mars), 1989 Oct-Dec, 49(4), 429 - 30 {Analysis of 3 years of blood cultures in the University Hospital Center of Treichville (Abidjan)}; Edoh V et al.; From august 1985 to september 1988, 7819 blood cultures aero-anaerobic bacteria in a Brain Heart-broth . 1383 blood cultures were positive (18%) . We isolated first Salmonella, followed then by Staphylococci. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol, 1989 Oct-Dec, 48(4), 323 - 40 Activation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by ribosomal extract of Salmonella typhi strain . Electron microscopy studies; Dima VF et al.; Normal macrophages and Salmonella typhi ribosomal antigen-activated (immune) ones were studied by electron microscopy . Examination of fine sections from samples incubated between 30 and 120 minutes at 37 degrees C, emphasized phagocytic ability of activated macrophages (29-69% activated macrophages phagocytized 3.7-5.6 bacteria/cell, in contrast to 23-43% with 2.6-4.4 bacteria/phagocytized by non-immune cells) . The ultrastructural studies of activated macrophages, performed by electron microscopy, showed the following aspects: a) macrophages with pseudopodiform prolongations, presenting the tendency of bacterial sequestration: b) phagosomes with ingested virulent germs; c) . bacteria presenting various degrees of wall and cytoplasm alterations; d) . mitochondria with multiple cristae; e) . cells with well developed Golgi apparatus and the presence of lysosomes in great numbers; f) . existence of a space between the phagosome membrane and the bacterial wall . Experimental results demonstrated: I . an increased phagocytic activity of Salmonella typhi ribosomal antigen-activated macrophages and II . activation expressed as ultrastructural modifications at the level of immune macrophages and also of the bacteria phagocytized by them. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol, 1989 Oct-Dec, 48(4), 299 - 321 Reaction and response of newborn guinea pigs to experimental Salmonella typhi infection; Dima VF et al.; Newborn guinea pigs, orally infected with Salmonella typhi were examined at various intervals of time in order to determine bacterial distribution in tissues and to establish possible correlation with the clinical aspects manifested . Histopathological examination evidenced typical lesions in jejunum, ileum, caecum and especially in regional lymphatic tissues . Spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes presented granulomatous lesions similar to those observed in in human typhoid fever . After oral administration, the animals reacted with anorexia, febrile reactions, bacteremia, diarrhoea, positive stool cultures, dehydration, lethargy and antibodies too were produced . Our results indicate that typhoid infection may be induced in newborn guinea pigs; the model may be used for an assessment of attenuated live typhoid vaccine control. Trop Geogr Med, 1989 Oct, 41(4), 368 - 71 Paratyphoid fever presenting with renal failure and nephrotic syndrome; Onwubalili JK; A previously healthy 39-year-old woman had a short, febrile illness that culminated in severe, acute renal failure in association with features of the nephrotic syndrome . Salmonella paratyphi B was isolated from her blood and stool . Treatment with chloramphenicol, dialysis, heparin and steroids was followed by gradual but complete recovery . Paratyphoid is usually more benign than typhoid fever, but is not without danger and may be complicated by potentially fatal renal disease. Mater Med Pol, 1989 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 319 - 22 Splenic abscesses due to Salmonella (report of two cases); Oguz M et al.; Two cases with splenic abscesses due to salmonella infection have been presented and the relevant literature has been reviewed . Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have been discussed. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1989 Oct, 23(4), 369 - 78 {Microbiological quality control of lipsticks which are on the market in our country}; Akin A et al.; In this study, microbiological quality control of lipsticks has been investigated . In 81 samples, we found that 34 of them (42%) had total aerobic plate count and 19 of them (23.5%) were found to consist mold and yeast which are not allowed by the cosmetic regulations . In none of the samples, pathogen microorganisms such as S . aureus, P . aeruginosa, E.coli, Salmonella and Shigella were detected . Indeed, after carefully examining of the microbiological content of these lipsticks, their biostatistical efficiency was also determined . In each counting procedure, for different bacteria, it was found that only one sample was effective at the 3rd and 14th day . The remaining 9 lipstick samples (90%) were kept under investigation until the end of the testing procedure on the 28th day. Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1989 Oct-Dec, 20(4), 315 - 20 {Monoclonal antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhi 9,12,VI:d . Analysis of passive protection in a mouse model of typhoid fever}; Paniagua J et al.; The current work was undertaken in order to assess the role of the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella typhi in the induction of passive protection against the challenge with the bacteria in a mice model . BALB/c mice were immunized with the whole bacteria, mice with high anti-LPS antibody titers were killed, the spleens were removed and splenocytes were fused with the mouse plasmocytoma SP2/0 . Two IgM monoclonal antibodies against porins were developed . Each one of these Mabs recognized the polysaccharide region of LPS . Passive immunization with supernatant fluid of mice with one of these monoclonal antibodies did not protect against challenged with 20 LD50 and 100 LD50 of Salmonella typhi . The results suggest that LPS is not valuable immunogen for the induction of a protective status against typhoid fever. J Exp Med, 1989 Oct 1, 170(4), 1231 - 41 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein opsonizes LPS-bearing particles for recognition by a novel receptor on macrophages; Wright SD et al.; Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase reactant that binds bacterial LPS . We show that LBP binds to the surface of live Salmonella and to LPS coated erythrocytes (ELPS), and strongly enhances the attachment of these particles to macrophages . LBP bridges LPS-coated particles to macrophages (MO) by first binding to the LPS, then binding to MO . Pretreatment of ELPS with LBP enabled binding to MO, but pretreatment of MO had no effect . Moreover, MO did not recognize erythrocytes coated with LBP unless LPS was also added, thus suggesting that interaction of LBP with LPS results in a conformational change in LBP that allows recognition by MO . Binding of LBP-coated particles appears to be mediated by a receptor found on blood monocytes and MO but not on other leukocytes or umbilical vein endothelium . The receptor is mobile in the plane of the membrane since binding activity on MO was downmodulated upon spreading of cells on surfaces coated with LBP-LPS complexes . The receptor appears to be distinct from other opsonic receptors since downmodulation of CR1, CR3, Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, and Fc gamma RIII with mAbs did not affect binding of LBP-coated particles, and leukocytes from CD18-deficient patients bound LBP-coated particles normally . Coating of erythrocytes with LBP-LPS complexes strongly enhanced phagocytosis observed in the presence of suboptimal amounts of anti-erythrocyte IgG . However, binding mediated by LBP-LPS complexes alone caused neither phagocytosis of the LBP-coated erythrocytes nor initiation of an oxidative burst . The results of our studies define LBP as an opsonin . During the acute phase, LBP can be expected to bind gram-negative bacteria and bacterial fragments and promote the interaction of coated bacteria with phagocytes. Nature, 1989 Sep 28, 341(6240), 323 - 6 Cloned cytotoxic T cells recognize an epitope in the circumsporozoite protein and protect against malaria; Romero P et al.; Protective immunity against malaria is induced by vaccination of hosts with irradiation-attenuated sporozoites . This immunity is mediated in part by neutralizing antibodies that are directed mainly against the repeat domain of the circumsporozoite protein . Early experiments showed, however, that B-cell-depleted mice that are immunized with sporozoites can resist challenge, indicating that T-cell effector mechanisms may also have a role in protection . This idea was supported by the recent observation that protective immunity also requires T-cells expressing the CD8 antigen (CD8+ T cells) whose target is probably the developing liver-stage parasites . Moreover, an oral Salmonella vaccine that expresses the circumsporozoite protein is able to protect against murine malaria in the absence of antibodies . Here we report the identification of an epitope contained within amino acids 249-260 of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein that is recognized by H-2Kd-restricted cytotoxic T cells . Passive transfer into mice of cytotoxic-T-cell clones that recognize this epitope conferred a high degree of protection against challenge . These results provide the first direct evidence that CD8+ T cells that are specific for a defined epitope can confer protection against a parasitic infection. BMJ, 1989 Sep 23, 299(6702), 771 - 3 Case-control study of infections with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in England; Cowden JM et al.; OBJECTIVE--To determine the source of indigenous sporadic infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 . DESIGN--Case-control study of primary sporadic cases identified by the Public Health Laboratory Service between 1 August and 30 September 1988 . SETTING--PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Division of Enteric Pathogens, 11 PHLS laboratories, and 42 local authority environmental health departments in England . SUBJECTS--232 Patients (cases) with confirmed primary sporadic infection, for 160 of whom (88 female) (median age 30 years, age range 4 months to 85 years) data were obtained by questionnaire about consumption of fresh eggs, egg products, precooked chicken, and minced meat in the three days and one week before onset of the symptoms . Up to three controls, matched for neighbourhood, age, and sex (if aged greater than 11 years), were asked the same questions for the same calendar period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Association of primary sporadic infection with consumption of suspected food items . RESULTS--Illness due to S enteritidis phage type 4 was significantly associated with consumption of raw shell egg products (homemade mayonnaise, ice cream, and milk drinks containing eggs) (matched p = 0.02) and shop bought sandwiches containing mayonnaise (matched p = 0.00004) or eggs (matched p = 0.02) . Illness was also significantly associated with eating lightly cooked eggs (unmatched p = 0.02), but not soft boiled eggs, and precooked hot chicken (matched p = 0.006) . Reported consumption of eggs was not appreciably different between cases and controls before or after the median date of interview . CONCLUSIONS--Fresh shell eggs, egg products, and precooked hot chicken are vehicles of S enteritidis phage type 4 infection in indigenous sporadic cases . Public health education and reduction in contamination of eggs and infection of poultry with S enteritidis are needed to reduce the incidence of human infection. Cancer Lett, 1989 Sep 15, 47(1-2), 63 - 7 An important role for cytosol in the microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine to a mutagen: evidence for two different mutagenic metabolites; Guttenplan JB; Microsomal-mediated mutagenesis induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Salmonella TA100 at neutral pH was only slightly affected by cytosol and was similar in its threshold type dose-response curve to mutagenesis induced by direct-acting N-nitroso-N-methyl compounds . However, mutagenesis in strain TA104 was greatly enhanced by cytosol and this mutagenesis did not exhibit a threshold . In the presence of microsomes alone NDMA was more potent in TA100 than TA104, but in the presence of microsomes plus cytosol (S-9 fraction) this order was reversed at the doses tested . A possible explanation for these results is that NDMA is metabolized by microsomes to a mutagen (presumably methyldiazonium ion; MDI) that is more potent in TA100 than in TA104, but in the presence of S-9 fraction a fraction of the NDMA is metabolized by a pathway leading to a different mutagen with a different specificity . The ratio of metabolism via these pathways appears to be dependent on pH. J Mol Biol, 1989 Sep 5, 209(1), 109 - 14 Total reconstitution of Salmonella flagellar filaments from hook and purified flagellin and hook-associated proteins in vitro; Ikeda T et al.; Salmonella flagellar filaments comprise the following distinct parts connected in series: a curved hook composed of a single kind of subunit (hook protein); two short segments made up of hook-associated proteins (HAP1 and HAP3); a long helical filament composed of flagellin; and a cap composed of HAP2 . In this study, a procedure was developed to isolate HAPs from the culture medium of a short-flagella mutant . We demonstrate that hook-filament complex can be formed in vitro by sequential addition of HAP1, HAP3 and flagellin to hook fragments. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1989 Sep, 271(3), 281 - 92 Enterotoxic, cytotoxic, necrotic and lethal activities in cell-free extracts of Salmonella strains isolated from humans; Gonzalez EA et al.; Unconcentrated cell-free sonic extracts from thirty Salmonella strains isolated from the faeces and blood of humans were investigated for the production of enterotoxins in various tests (Vero cell, infant mouse, rabbit skin permeability and rabbit ileal loop), as well as for lethal activity in adult mice . Sonic extracts from 23 (76.7%) strains were lethal for mice, 21 (70%) increased skin permeability and 3 (10%) showed necrotizing activity for the rabbit skin . No Salmonella strain producing typical Escherichia coli toxins, such as thermolabile (LT) or thermostable (STa) enterotoxins, Verotoxin (VT) or cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) cytotoxins, were detected . Non-repetitive fluid accumulation in rabbit loops was obtained when unconcentrated sonic extracts from 10 selected strains were assayed in seven rabbits . Growth of Salmonella in casamino acid yeast extract medium, followed by treatment of bacterial cells with polymyxin B, was demonstrated to be a rapid and sensitive method for releasing the delayed permeability factor. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 280 - 2 Comparative efficacy of four vaccines against Salmonella virchow in chicks in India; Ghosh SS; The efficacy of four vaccines in preventing Salmonella virchow infection in poultry was assessed by determining survivors after challenge, bacteriological status of tissues and excretion through stool and eggs following artificial infection in vaccinated and control birds . The study indicated that formol killed oil-adjuvant vaccine conferred the highest degree of immunity followed by gel and Freund's complete adjuvant vaccines. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Sep, 96(8), 421 - 3 {Salmonella gallinarum biovar gallinarum as the cause of a highly acute septicemic disease in adult laying hens kept in battery cages}; Hinz KH et al.; Early in the summer of 1988 two flocks each of them consisted of about 7500 brown laying hens of a heavy hybrid line were affected by fowl typhoid . The birds have been bought at the age of 20 weeks and housed in two buildings placed close together in one farm . The disease started in flock I at the age of 26 weeks and in flock II at the age of 36 weeks . In repeated trials amoxicillin was effective in the treatment of fowl typhoid when given in the drinking water for ad libitum consumption over a 4-7 days period; however relapse occurred 3-4 days after withdrawal of the drug . All the hens were slaughtered 5 days after termination of the last therapy . In spite of the treatment 18.3% of the hens in flock I and 14.3% of those in flock II died within the observation period of 47 days and 22 days respectively . Egg production was not affected . The source of the fowl typhoid producing organisms could be not elucidated. J Vasc Surg, 1989 Sep, 10(3), 254 - 7 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: a new challenge? Report of a case; Dupont JR et al.; The case of a 64-year-old white man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm infected with Salmonella is presented . Five points related to this case are addressed . It is feared that the vascular surgeon may face patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and abdominal aortic aneurysms infected with Salmonella with increasing frequency in the future . This case raises medical, ethical, and moral questions. Infection, 1989 Sep-Oct, 17(5), 290 - 3 Non-typhi Salmonella bacteraemia; Bassa A et al.; We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients with non-typhi Salmonella bacteraemia in our hospital from 1979 to 1988 . During the study period 45 non-typhi Salmonella bacteraemias were diagnosed in 43 patients . Ten patients were under one year old and 11 were over 60 . Seven cases of sepsis presented in patients with AIDS . Only three episodes were nosocomially acquired . In two of three patients the bacteraemia was preceded by an episode of acute gastroenteritis and one third presented without gastroenteritis . Complications and mortality were infrequent in spite of the differing degrees of adequacy of antibiotic treatment which was inappropriate in many cases . We have attempted to assess optimal antibiotic therapy, taking into account the duration and means of administration, in different groups of patients with nontyphi Salmonella bacteraemia. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Sep, 36(7), 509 - 14 {The differential diagnosis of Salmonella abortus ovis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in sheep abortions}; Plagemann O; 55 strains of Salmonella abortus ovis and 3 strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (two serotypes I, one serotype II), isolated out of aborted ovine fetuses from northern Bavaria, were investigated and compared culturally, biochemically and serologically . The identification of S . abortus ovis (group B) could not be achieved by use of Api 20 E . The code-number 4004500/47 identified S . typhi (group D) only . Y . pseudotuberculosis serotype II but not serotype I agglutinated with the polyvalent and the specific anti-0: 4-Salmonella serum . No agglutination was observed with the flagella anti-H-sera. Mutat Res, 1989 Sep, 227(1), 63 - 7 Sodium azide mutagenesis in mammals: inability of mammalian cells to convert azide to a mutagenic intermediate; Arenaz P et al.; Sodium azide is unique among mutagens . It is highly mutagenic in many plant and bacterial species but marginally mutagenic in mammalian cells . A possible explanation for this difference in mutagenic efficiency may lie in the inability of mammalian cells to convert azide to the putative ultimate mutagen . Normal human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster cells or cell-free extracts from these cell lines were treated with azide and the sonicates tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain TA1530 . The data suggest that neither cell line was capable of converting azide to a mutagenic intermediate . In addition, both cell lines expressed the enzyme O-acetylserine(thio)-lyase which is responsible for the conversion of azide to azidoalanine, the putative mutagenic intermediate . Although mammalian cells possess the enzyme responsible for the conversion of azide to azidoalanine, they appear incapable of converting azide into a mutagenic intermediate in appreciable quantities . Further, the data support the conclusion that azide may be further modified in mammalian cells to an intermediate that is not genotoxic. Mutat Res, 1989 Sep, 214(1), 159 - 64 Methylreductic acid and hydroxymethylreductic acid: oxygen radical-forming agents in heated starch; Kasai H et al.; Two compounds forming oxygen radicals were isolated from heated starch by monitoring the potency to form 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine from deoxyguanosine during purification procedures . These compounds were identified as hydroxymethylreductic acid and methylreductic acid . The former compound was mutagenic to Salmonella strains TA100, TA102 and TA104 and the latter compound induced sister-chromatid exchanges in human NL3 cells . Hydroxymethylreductic acid was found to be a novel compound . Considerable amounts of these compounds were detected in various heat-processed foods. Mutat Res, 1989 Sep, 214(1), 153 - 8 Mutagenicity of active oxygen species in bacteria and its enzymatic or chemical inhibition; De Flora S et al.; The mono-electronic reduction of oxygen in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system led to the formation of active species eliciting an evident and highly reproducible mutagenic response in strain TA104 of S . typhimurium . Similar effects were observed by generating oxy radicals either extracellularly or inside bacterial cells . Mutagenicity was selectively detected in TA104 and not in other Salmonella strains, which points out the importance of the hisG428 mutation and of the deletion excising the uvrB gene, as far as sensitivity to oxy radicals is concerned . The mutagenicity of the system was further enhanced in the presence of superoxide dismutase . Catalase did not affect the mutagenicity of hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase, whereas it inhibited the mutagenicity induced by the mixture of hypoxanthine with xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase . This demonstrates that not only hydrogen peroxide but also the superoxide radical anion is positive in this system . Glutathione and 2 synthetic thiols, i.e., N-acetylcysteine and alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine, besides decreasing the high spontaneous mutagenicity of TA104, efficiently prevented the mutagenicity of active oxygen species. Microbiologia, 1989 Sep, 5(2), 95 - 103 Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes isolated in Spain from human and non human sources (1983-1987); Echeita MA et al.; Salmonella serotypes over a five year period were studied in order to know their prevalence in Spain . The Salmonella Reference Centre received a total of 17,612 strains from 1983-1987 . The majority (16,133) were of human origin and only 1,479 strains were isolated from non-human sources . The serotyping yielded 100 different serotypes, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (8) being the commonest in both groups, 61.18% of human origin and 31.91% of non-human origin . Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium the commonest serotype in many countries, occupies second place in our results with the following percentages 11.87% and 9.67% respectively . Among the strains of human origin Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi occupies fourth place (3.24%) . This is very low compared with the high number of clinically diagnosed typhoid fever cases declared in the country: over 5,000 cases per year. Indian J Med Sci, 1989 Sep, 43(9), 239 - 40 Osteomyelitis: a rare complications of Salmonella senftenberg infection--a case report; Dravid MN et al.; A case of chronic osteomyelitis is rare complication of salmonella senftenberg infection and is reported. Indian J Med Res, 1989 Sep, 89, 290 - 6 Evaluation of coagglutination test for serotyping of enteropathogenic bacteria; Ram S et al.; Results of conventional agglutination and coagglutination (COA) tests for serotyping of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Shigella, Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae were compared . Eighty isolates of different serotypes of EPEC falling in the Wellcome polyvalent (OK) 2, 3 and 4 antisera, showed good (4+) agglutination with COA reagent up to 1:960 dilution . Out of 50 strains of Shigella species tested, 25 of Sh . dysenteriae and 5 of Sh . sonnei gave good reaction up to 1:1920 dilution and 15 of Sh . flexneri up to 1:960 dilution in COA test . Similar reaction (4+) by 5 strains of Sh . boydii was seen up to 1:480 dilution only . All 100 isolates of different Salmonella species viz., S . paratyphi A (5), S . typhimurium (50), S . typhi (15), S . weltevreden (5) and S . senftenberg (25), when serotyped by COA, gave good reaction in 1:480 dilution except S . typhi factor 9 and dH antisera, which gave very weak reaction at 1:480 dilution and good reaction at 1:280 dilution . All seven isolates of V . cholerae gave good reaction in COA test even up to 1:1920 dilution . No cross reaction with any COA reagent was obtained in the 1206 heterologus isolates tested . Thus due to its higher efficiency, lower cost and good specificity, COA may prove to be a better method for serotyping of enteropathogens. Indian J Med Res, 1989 Sep, 89, 287 - 9 Coagglutination test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever; Mathai E et al.; Staphylococcal coagglutination (CoA) test for the detection of Salmonella typhi O (factor 9) antigen was evaluated as a diagnostic test in typhoid fever . Supernatants from 106 blood cultures with Gram negative bacilli were subjected to CoA test . The sensitivity of the CoA test for the detection of S . typhi O antigen was 88 per cent and the specificity 97 per cent. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi, 1989 Sep, 88(9), 869 - 73 Acute effects of fever, fasting and aspirin on infant rat gastric mucosa; Chen PH et al.; Clinical experience shows that young children with gastrointestinal bleeding have frequently had some preceding febrile illness for which aspirin was administered . Febrile young children often have poor food or liquid intake, or have been in a fasting state because of diarrhea, vomiting or anorexia . The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of fever, fasting and oral aspirin administration on the gastrointestinal mucosa . One hundred and sixty-eight infant rats, from 21 to 28 days of age and weighting from 70 to 120 g were studied . Random assignment was made to eight groups (Grs): Control (Gr I); aspirin administration only (Gr II); fasting only (Gr III); fever only (Gr IV); aspirin and fever (Gr V); fasting and fever (Gr VI); aspirin and fasting (Gr VII); and aspirin, fever and fasting (Gr VIII) . Aspirin was given orally in a single daily dose of 200 mg/kg for two days . Fever was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 ml salmonella vaccine . Fasting time lasted from 40 to 48 hours (8 hours prior to the beginning of the experiment to the end of study) . The severity of the gastric bleeding was estimated by scoring the number of petechiae and the percentage of the hemorrhagic erosion area from grade 0 to 3 . Results showed that rats in Grs VII and VIII had significantly more severe grades of petechiae and hemorrhage than the other groups . These were the groups where the risk factors of fasting and aspirin administration coexisted . In addition to fasting, Gr VIII had fever, but this group did not show more gastric mucosal damage than Gr VII showed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Microb Pathog, 1989 Sep, 7(3), 195 - 202 Lipopolysaccharide alteration mediated by the virulence plasmid of Salmonella; Kawahara K et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella dublin, S . enteritidis, S . typhimurium, S . choleraesuis and their derivative strains was analysed to investigate the correlation between LPS and virulence plasmid of Salmonella . All wild-type strains had smooth type LPS, i.e . LPS with long O-specific polysaccharide . The virulence plasmid-cured strain of S . dublin, C524, exhibited a shorter O-specific chain than its parent strain, 5240 . No distinct ladder bands were observed at the high molecular weight region on the SDS-PAGE gel for C524 LPS . By chemical analysis the number of O-repeating unit of C524 LPS was shown to be approximately one . The chain length of O-specific polysaccharide was restored by reintroduction of the virulence plasmid . The alteration of LPS by curing and reintroduction of the virulence plasmid was not observed when other wild-type strains of S . dublin were used . In the case of S . enteritidis, S . typhimurium, and S . choleraesuis, alteration of neither chemical composition nor electrophoretical profile of LPS was detected by curing and reintroduction of the virulence plasmids . Those results suggest that certain factor for regulation of the chain length of O-specific polysaccharide is encoded on the virulence plasmid of S . dublin. J Ethnopharmacol, 1989 Sep, 26(2), 101 - 9 Study of Rwandese medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea I; Maikere-Faniyo R et al.; A series of 20 medicinal plants used in the Rwandese traditional medicine to treat diarrhoeal diseases has been screened for antibacterial activity against several Salmonella and Shigella and for antidiarrhoeal activity on mice . Fifty percent of the plants tested showed antibacterial activity against one or more microorganisms and 65% showed antidiarrhoeal activity. J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Sep, 67(3), 283 - 91 Immunological and genetical relatedness of type-1 and type-2 fimbriae in salmonellas of serotypes Gallinarum, Pullorum and Typhimurium; Crichton PB et al.; The fimbriae of 50 strains of serotype Gallinarum and 35 strains of serotype Pullorum of the genus Salmonella were compared with the type-1 fimbriae of serotype Typhimurium strains by immune electron microscopy and dot blot hybridization tests with gene probes for type-1 fimbriation in Typhimurium . The fimbriae of Gallinarum and Pullorum strains were coated with Typhimurium type-1 fimbrial antiserum and probes hybridized strongly with DNA of Gallinarum and Pullorum strains under stringent conditions . Furthermore, when Typhimurium type-1 fimbrial antiserum, that had been absorbed with fimbriate Gallinarum or Pullorum bacteria, was used in immune gold labelling experiments, it was shown that residual antibody recognized sites of possible adhesin incorporation at intervals along the length of Typhimurium type-1 fimbriae . These findings suggest that the type-2 fimbriae produced by all Gallinarum and Pullorum strains are non-adhesive forms of adhesive, type-1 fimbriae . This observation is of interest because type-1 fimbriae have never been reported in naturally occurring strains of these two avian-adapted serotypes. J Med Microbiol, 1989 Sep, 30(1), 59 - 68 Characterisation of a fimbrial, mannose-resistant and eluting haemagglutinin (MREHA) produced by strains of Salmonella of serotype Sendai; Old DC et al.; Strains of Salmonella of serotype Sendai, producing a mannose-resistant and eluting haemagglutinin (MREHA) when cultured at 37 degrees C but not at 18 degrees C, were examined by electronmicroscopy after negative staining . Production of this MREHA, previously thought to be nonfimbrial, was correlated with the presence of thick fimbriae with an external diameter of 13.6 nm . These fimbriae were readily fragmented and, when purified, had an estimated Mr of 28 Kda . Production of fimbrial MREHA by Sendai strains was associated with the ability to adhere to a wide range of substrates and to form a fimbrial pellicle at the surface of liquid media incubated statically in air . The origin of this unusual Sendai fimbrial MREHA is unknown . Thin filamentous structures produced independently of fimbrial MREHA by Sendai strains were also described . Fimbrial MREHA was not produced by strains of the antigenically similar serotype Miami which, however, and unlike Sendai strains, formed mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin and type-1 fimbriae . The ability to differentiate strains of Miami and Sendai (serotype 1,9,12:a: 1,5) by means of their fimbriae is noted. J Bacteriol, 1989 Sep, 171(9), 4648 - 54 Fimbriation genes of Salmonella enteritidis; Muller KH et al.; From a cosmid clone, a 5.3-kilobase (kb) HindIII fragment of Salmonella enteritidis DNA containing the fimA gene was subcloned into bacteriophage T7 promoter vectors in both orientations . Predominantly mature fimbrin (14,000 Mr) was produced by clones containing the 5.3-kb insert, whereas the original cosmid clone predominantly accumulated a prefimbrin precursor (16,500 Mr) . T7 RNA polymerase-dependent expression of the 5.3-kb insert and of a series of nested deletions revealed several membrane-localized polypeptides (80,000, 40,000, 29,000, 25,000, and 16,500 Mrs) transcribed in the same direction as fimA as well as a single polypeptide (9,000 Mr) transcribed in the opposite direction . Mini-Mu and TnphoA (Tn5 IS50L::phoA) transposon mutagenesis was used to identify a 2- to 3.5-kb region downstream of fimA that affected fimbrin production and processing . A more distant region (greater than 7 kb), revealed by Tn10 and Mu dI mutagenesis, was also required for fimbriation but did not hybridize with the 5.3-kb fragment . Yet another distant region did hybridize to the 5.3-kb fragment, suggesting the existence of other fimbriation-related genes. Ann Trop Paediatr, 1989 Sep, 9(3), 169 - 72 Systemic Salmonella infections in sickle cell anaemia; Webb DK et al.; Salmonella infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease . In Jamaica, 16 episodes of systemic Salmonella infection were recognized in 308 children with sickle cell disease followed prospectively in a cohort study from birth . There were eight cases with osteomyelitis, seven with septicaemia, and one with meningitis . Salmonella dactylitis was the commonest presentation of osteomyelitis in the young child . Comparison of clinical features between children with Salmonella dactylitis and dactylitis owing to avascular bone necrosis showed that children with osteomyelitis had significantly higher fever, prolonged history and fluctuant swellings . Fever above 38.5 degrees C occurred in four of five children with Salmonella dactylitis, but in only one of 59 with uncomplicated dactylitis (P = 0.01) . Chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were both effective for systemic infection, and ampicillin alone was inadequate . Three deaths occurred, two from septicaemia and one from meningitis. Lancet, 1989 Aug 19, 2(8660), 436 - 8 Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection of broiler chickens: a hazard to public health; Rampling A et al.; The pericardial fluids and contents of caeca and spleens from 81 broiler chickens that had been condemmed at processing factories because of macroscopic pericarditis were examined for Salmonella species . 47 (58%) of these chickens yielded S enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 . Viable counts of the organism in fluids from 6 of the most severely affected hearts ranged from 10(4) to 10(7) colony-forming units/ml . S enteridis PT4 was also isolated from 8 of 20 fresh chilled chickens on retail sale . No other serotype of Salmonella or phage type of S enteritidis was cultured either from the chickens with pericarditis or from the fresh chilled chicken. J Appl Toxicol, 1989 Aug, 9(4), 271 - 5 Effects of aflatoxin on the immune system of the chick; Virdi JS et al.; A decreased antibody response to injected sheep red blood cells and weight losses to the extent of 25-38% were observed in the bursa Fabricii and thymus in chicks fed an aflatoxin diet (10% w/w) for 3 weeks . The immune organs did not show any significant histopathological changes . The antibody titre decreased from day 6 of treatment onward until the 15th day, when the antibody titre had disappeared completely in the test chicks . The body weight gain was also less in test chicks (9.7-37.3%) given test feed or test feed along with Salmonella pullorum in water (10(8) cfu ml 1) in comparison to chicks given toxin-free diet and water after 3 weeks of feeding trials . The disappearing component in the test chicks' liver homogenate was found to be antigenic by immunoelectrophoretic studies. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1989 Aug, 188(5), 404 - 20 {Chemical and biological characterization of electrofilter dusts of a waste incinerator . 1 . Comparison of different extraction methods for organic dust contents and their mutagenicity}; Nogueira M et al.; Particles collected by electrostatic precipitation from a municipal waste incinerator were used to study sample extraction methods for the mutagenicity bioassay . The Ames-Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation method with tester strain TA 100 was employed . A series of organic solvents with different polarities was employed to identify the most efficient solvent for removing mutagens from the ashes: Soxhlet extraction with toluene and pretreatment with diluted HCl; Soxhlet extraction with toluene following 2-ethoxy-ethanol; reflux extraction with toluene: 2-ethoxy-ethanol: HCl conc.; Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane . The results demonstrate that the amount of extractable mass correlates with the polarity of the solvents; however, the extractable mass did not correlate with the mutagenic activity of the extracts . The Soxhlet extraction with toluene and pretreatment with diluted HCl proved to be the best method for the extraction of mutagenic compounds present in particles collected by electrostatic precipitation from municipal waste incinerators, although it does not remove the maximum amount of extractable organic matter from the particles. Surgery, 1989 Aug, 106(2), 292 - 9; discussion 299-300 Endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation: a study of mechanisms; Deitch EA et al.; Previously, we documented that nonlethal doses of endotoxin cause the translocation (escape) of bacteria from the gut to systemic organs . The purpose of this study was to determine which portion(s) of the endotoxin molecule induces bacterial translocation and to examine the role of xanthine oxidase activity in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation . Nonlethal doses of Salmonella endotoxin preparations (wild type, Ra, or Rb), containing the terminal portion of the core polysaccharide, induced bacterial translocation, whereas those preparations lacking the terminal-3 sugars (Rc, Rd, Re, or lipid A) did not induce bacterial translocation . Additionally, only those endotoxin preparations that induced bacterial translocation injured the gut mucosa, increased ileal xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activity, and disrupted the normal ecology of the gut flora, resulting in overgrowth with enteric bacilli . Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol prevented endotoxin (Ra)-induced mucosal injury and reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation from 83% to 30% (p less than 0.01) . These results suggest that endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation requires the presence of the terminal core lipopolysaccharide moiety and that xanthine oxidase-generated oxidants are important in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced mucosal injury and bacterial translocation. Surgery, 1989 Aug, 106(2), 147 - 54; discussion 154-5 Treatment of experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis with murine monoclonal antibodies directed against lipopolysaccharide; Priest BP et al.; Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) are currently being evaluated as an adjunctive form of therapy for lethal gram-negative bacterial sepsis and shock . The exact binding site within the LPS molecule against which antibody should be directed in order to maximize both cross-reactivity among bacterial strains and protective capacity has not been established . By developing a panel of MAbs that bound to various regions of the LPS molecule (O saccharide; outer, intermediate, and inner core; lipid A), we were able to determine that some epitopes in the inner core/lipid A region of LPS were broadly shared among different genera of gram-negative microorganisms, on the basis of immunoblot analysis of MAb binding to LPS . Pretreatment with lower doses of O saccharide-specific MAbs (2 micrograms per animal) provided protection against a lethal intraperitoneal challenge of viable Salmonella minnesota bacteria, compared with core LPS-specific MAbs, which required at least 1.0 mg of MAb per mouse to provide a similar degree of immunoprotection . Although inner core LPS-specific MAbs are less protective than O saccharide-specific MAbs, these MAbs will probably be more useful in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis because of their ability to bind to many types of LPS and enhance survival during infection, which is caused by a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Aug, (8), 94 - 7 {Immunomodulating therapy with myelopid in experimental Salmonella infection}; Osmanova LIa et al.; The influence of myelopid on immunological characteristics in experimental Salmonella infection has been studied . This preparation has been found to produce a pronounced effect on the characteristics of immune response: it increases the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood and the lymphoid organs . The indirect rosette-formation test has shown that myelopid facilitates earlier and more rapid binding and elimination of the antigen (S . typhimurium) from the body . Under the influence of myelopid the release of antigen-binding lymphocytes from the thymus to the peripheral lymphoid organs becomes more intensive. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Aug, 50(8), 1272 - 8 Evaluation of the opsonic capacity of core lipopolysaccharide antiserum of equine origin against smooth Escherichia coli 0111:B4, using macrophage chemiluminescence; Morris DD et al.; A study was performed to determine whether equine antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would enhance phagocytosis of smooth gram-negative (GN) organisms by equine macrophages . Five healthy adult horses (group A) were immunized with a bacterin prepared from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota R595 to produce antibodies to core LPS . Five horses (group B) served as nonimmunized controls and were given physiologic saline solution instead of the rough mutant bacterin . Serum antibody titers to core LPS and to smooth E coli 0111:B4 were determined by indirect ELISA . Four serum pools were prepared: pool 1 = sera from horses in group B prior to immunization; pool 2 = sera from horses in group A prior to immunization (preimmune serum); pool 3 = sera from horses in group B, 7 days after the last saline injection; pool 4 = sera from horses in group A, 7 days after the last immunization (core LPS antiserum) . The serum pools, either unheated or heated 30 minutes at 56 C, in 3 dilutions (1/50, 1/100, 1/500) were used to opsonize smooth E coli 0111:B4 in an assay of equine peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence (CL) . Peritoneal fluid was collected from clinically normal horses and the macrophages were purified by adherence to borosilicate glass scintillation vials . Each serum type and dilution was added to triplicate vials containing 10(7) colony-forming units of E coli 0111:B4 . Luminol-dependent CL was measured with a liquid scintillation counter in the out-of-coincidence mode . Each serum dilution was tested in duplicate vials without bacteria to asses serum-induced nonspecific CL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Aug, 103(1), 47 - 52 Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection associated with the consumption of fresh shell-egg products; Cowden JM et al.; In 1988 there were two outbreaks of infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in adjacent local authorities . The first affected 18 of 75 helpers and guests who attended a private function . Investigations revealed that home-made vanilla ice-cream containing uncooked eggs was the vehicle of infection and the causative organism was identified at the premises of the egg producer . The second affected 84 of 422 delegates attending a conference dinner, and 12 of 50 hotel staff at risk . A dessert made with lightly-cooked egg yolk and raw egg white was associated with infection, and the epidemic strain was cultured from the shell of an egg and an environmental sample from the producer's farm . It is of interest that one outbreak involved free-range and one battery-produced eggs, and that in one the vehicle was prepared at home and in the other in commercial premises . In neither incident was any deficiency in standards of egg production or catering practice discovered. Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Aug, 103(1), 35 - 45 The survival of salmonellas in shell eggs cooked under simulated domestic conditions; Humphrey TJ et al.; Strains of Salmonella enteritidis, S . typhimurium and S . senftenberg inoculated into the yolks of shell eggs were found to survive forms of cooking where some of the yolk remained liquid . Survival was largely independent of the size of the initial inoculum . The organisms also grew rapidly in eggs stored at room temperature and after 2 days the number of cells per gram of yolk exceeded log10 8.0 . With this level of contamination viable cells could be recovered from eggs cooked in any manner. Circ Shock, 1989 Aug, 28(4), 369 - 84 Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor in the conscious rat; Turner CR et al.; The purpose of this study was to examine the dose response to a highly purified human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) preparation (1-2 x 10(7) U/mg; less than 0.05 ng endotoxin/mg TNF alpha) in the conscious rat . Rats received intravenous bolus injections of 0.3 mg/kg (n = 6), 1.0 mg/kg (n = 17), 3.0 mg/kg (n = 11), or 10 mg/kg (n = 15) of TNF alpha, 30 mg/kg (n = 7) Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (LPS), or isotonic saline (n = 11) . Upon termination of the experiment, the lungs were removed for lavage or histology . Survival was 0% 24 hr after the injection of LPS and 83, 59, 73, and 73% after the lowest to highest doses of TNF alpha, respectively . As with endotoxin, TNF alpha caused a dose-dependent increase in heart rate (HR) (P less than 0.05) within 0.5 hr of administration, which remained elevated throughout the 24 hr period . TNF alpha had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) acutely, but it caused a 15-20% decrease in MABP 24 hr post exposure (P less than 0.05) . TNF alpha increased hematocrit within 0.5 to 3 hr in all dose groups by 10-15% . Furthermore, TNF alpha produced a thrombocytopenia in all dose groups, although the decrease in platelet count was less than that produced by endotoxin . TNF alpha doses of 1-10 mg/kg caused leukopenia within 0.5 hr (P less than 0.05) . Lavage and histology revealed no changes in the number of pulmonary neutrophils . These results suggest that TNF alpha stimulated dose-dependent responses, which were consistent with those produced by LPS . However, these responses to TNF alpha were appreciably smaller than those reported for either LPS or for TNF alpha from other sources. Circ Shock, 1989 Aug, 28(4), 357 - 67 Prophylactic immunotherapy in newborn rat endotoxicosis; Goto M et al.; The incidence and mortality of gram negative sepsis/septic shock remains high in newborns . In this paper, we postulated that prophylactic immunotherapy may be beneficial in newborn endotoxicosis . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerant rats were produced by serial Salmonella enteritidis LPS injections, and their sera were used for immunotherapy . Antiserum cotreatment blunted hypoglycemia and lactacidemia in S . enteritidis endotoxicosis and decreased the mortality . In 0-day-old rats, antiserum cotreatment groups had a decreased mortality when injected with S . enteritidis LPS (P less than .001), S . typhosa LPS (P less than .005), and Escherichia coli LPS (P less than .05) . This global protection suggested that antibody to S . enteritidis LPS could be due to a common LPS antigen . Prophylactic antiserum administration to pregnant rats on the 18th day of gestation decreased the mortality of S . enteritidis endotoxicosis in 0-day-old rats (P less than .001) . The prophylactic effects of antiserum was achieved by transplacental passage to the conceptus . We conclude that prophylactic as well simultaneous immunotherapy was beneficial in newborn rat endotoxicosis. Circ Shock, 1989 Aug, 28(4), 333 - 45 Adenosine restores myocardial responsiveness to insulin during acute endotoxin shock in vivo; Law WR et al.; We recently reported that adenosine potentiated insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake (MGU) in vivo and that adenosine receptor blockade resulted in myocardial insulin resistance . Since myocardial insulin resistance has been reported to occur during endotoxin shock, we decided to investigate whether infusion of adenosine could ameliorate this condition . Studies were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs that were instrumented to measure mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), circumflex arterial blood flow (Q), myocardial glucose uptake (MGU), and oxygen uptake (MVO2) . Endotoxin shock was induced by administration of an intravenous bolus of Salmonella typhymurium endotoxin (1 mg/kg) . The response to insulin was determined during hyperinsulinemic (4 U/min), euglycemic clamp (INS) . The ability of adenosine to potentiate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured during sequential infusions of adenosine (0.01 mumol/min to 10 mumol/min) or during infusion of a single concentration of adenosine (1.0 mumol/min) into the circumflex artery . In control dogs INS resulted in an approximate twofold elevation of myocardial glucose uptake over basal values (2.6 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 0.7 mg/min; mean +/- S.E.M.) . There was no significant effect of INS on MAP, Q, or MVO2 in this group . Adenosine infusions resulted in potentiation of insulin-stimulated MGU . During shock INS elevated MAP, Q, and MVO2 to levels that were not significantly different from the control group, but did not raise MGU above the pre-endotoxin level . Adenosine infusions elevated insulin-stimulated MGU during shock to levels similar to those observed in the control group during respective adenosine infusion rates . MAP and MVO2 were not significantly altered by INS + adenosine in the shock group as compared with the effect of INS alone . From these results we conclude that adenosine restored the myocardial glucose uptake response to insulin during endotoxin shock . The response of the oxygen supply to demand ratio to INS suggests that myocardial adenosine production may be reduced during endotoxin shock. Sci Total Environ, 1989 Aug, 84, 185 - 99 Mutagenic activity in groundwater in relation to mobilization of organic mutagens in soil; Kool HJ et al.; In this study, the presence of mutagenic activity (Ames Salmonella-microsome assay) in different types of uncontaminated Dutch soils is demonstrated . The mutagenic activity can be mobilized by eluting the soils with organic solvents . The highest mutagenic activity was obtained using dimethylsulfoxide . It is also shown that the organic mutagens can be mobilized by percolating the soils with rain water, although this phenomenon is not always observed . Finally, the results of this study suggest that the organic mutagens found in groundwater may, at least in part, arise from mobilization of organic mutagens in soil by rain water. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1989 Aug, 8(8), 499 - 502 Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Salmonella associated with nondysenteric persistent diarrhea; Bhan MK et al.; A hospital-based case-control study including 92 children with diarrhea for longer than 14 days and 92 controls without gastrointestinal symptoms was performed to describe the association between the excretion of enteric pathogens and persistent diarrhea . In patients the most frequently isolated stool pathogens were enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (19.6%), nontyphoidal Salmonella spp . (17.4%), E . coli with diffuse adherence pattern (7.6%), G . lamblia (7.6%) and enterotoxigenic E . coli (5.4%) . The excretion rates in patients were significantly greater than in controls only for nontyphoidal Salmonella spp . (P = 0.0006) and enteroaggregative E . coli (P = 0.016). Cancer Lett, 1989 Aug, 46(3), 173 - 80 Mutagenic and cytogenetic studies of N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; Padma PR et al.; The tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(Methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were tested for mutagenic and clastogenic effects using a battery of short-term test systems . These test systems include the Ames test, micronucleus test (MNT), induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange (SCEs) . NNN and NNK were tested for their potency in inducing mutations in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and their clastogenic action were tested by the micronucleus inducing ability in vivo using Swiss mice . Studies on the induction of chromosomal aberrations and SCE exchange were carried out using human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures . In the Ames test and MNT, NNN was positive but in comparisons with NNK, NNK was a more potent mutagen . Present studies clearly proves the genotoxic potential of both NNN and NNK and between the two NNK is more potent. Mutat Res, 1989 Aug, 226(4), 229 - 33 Release of mutagens from finished leather; Clonfero E et al.; Extracts of a leather widely used in the furniture and dress-making industries were tested for their mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Extracts obtained after vigorous treatment of leather samples in a Soxhlet apparatus with toluene or ethanol were mutagenic in strain TA98 of S . typhimurium in the absence of S9 mix . The analysis of extracts of leather at various intermediate stages of processing showed that the mutagenic activity appeared after the coloration process . The responsible compound was identified to be an azo dye (Color Index: Acid Brown 83) whose mutagenic potency was about 4 revertants/micrograms. J Indian Med Assoc, 1989 Aug, 87(8), 179 - 80 An evaluation of modified Widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever; Rao BN; Serum samples obtained from 50 bacteriologically positive cases of Salmonella Typhi infection as well as 50 healthy individuals were subjected to conventional and modified Widal tests simultaneously . A 4-fold difference in the titres was noticed in 50 sera of the test group and no change in the titres of the control group . The early rising 'O' antibodies which are of IgM in nature and formed due to recent infection are inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol while it has no effect on IgG antibodies which are formed due to flagellar 'H' antigens or due to anamnestic response or by nonspecific reasons . The use of modified Widal test along with conventional one can therefore help in the diagnosis of enteric fever with certainty. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi, 1989 Aug, 5(8), 436 - 47 Characterization of cytotoxicity and R-plasmid in Salmonella krefeld; Peng CF et al.; From 1981 to 1984, 254 isolates of Salmonella krefeld were isolated from newborns and infants with acute gastroenteritis in southern Taiwan . All the crude enterotoxin preparations of S . krefeld caused the cytotoxic elongation reaction in Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells . Cytotoxic enterotoxin was also produced by S . krefeld inducing Vero cells to round up and appear partially detached from the culture plate . It was noted that S . krefeld showed internalization and multiplication in CHO-K1 cells . S . krefeld exhibited 12 different resistant patterns . And the predominant patterns were found to be resistant to kanamycin and ampicillin (Ka-Amr), and resistant to kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (Ka-Am-Cm-Ter) . It was found that two distinct plasmids of 34 megadalton (Md) and 120 Md were commonly present in these strains . S . krefeld haboured 34 Md and 120 Md R-plasmid, which conferred resistance to Ka-Amr and Ka-Am-Cm-Ter, respectively . From the resistance transferred patterns, Ka-Amr was the most common resistance among transconjugants . The frequency of transfer of the 34 Md R-plasmid (2.71 x 10(-3) transconjugants/donor cell) from S . krefeld to E . coli K-12 14R525 was 20 times higher than that of the 120 Md R-plasmid (1.48 x 10(-4) transconjugants/donor cell) . In analysis of the restriction endonuclease digest of the 34 Md plasmid obtained from different bacterial sources, their specific identical DNA fragment pattern suggested that the outbreak infection due to S . krefeld had a common origin. Genetics, 1989 Aug, 122(4), 737 - 47 Recombination between homologies in direct and inverse orientation in the chromosome of Salmonella: intervals which are nonpermissive for inversion formation; Segall AM et al.; Sequences placed in inverse order at particular chromosome sites (permissive) recombine to generate an inversion; the same sequences, placed at other sites (nonpermissive) interact recombinationally but do not form the expected inversion recombinants . We have investigated the events that occur between sequences at nonpermissive sites . Genetically marked lac operons in inverse order were placed at nonpermissive sites in a single chromosome and Lac+ recombinants were selected . No inversions were formed . The Lac+ recombinants recovered include double-recombinant types in which information appears to have undergone a nonreciprocal information exchange; one mutant copy is repaired with no alteration of the other copy . Recombination within the lac operon is stimulated more than 100-fold by the presence of extensive homology (antenna sequences) outside of the region for which recombination is selected . Sequences placed in direct order at the ends of the same noninvertible chromosome segment recombine to form all the expected recombinant types including those in which a reciprocal exchange has generated a duplication . All the detected recombinant types can be accounted for by recombination between sister chromosomes . These results are discussed in terms of two alternative models . One explanation of the failure to detect inversion of some intervals is that particular inversions are lethal, despite the fact that no essential sequences are disrupted . Another explanation is that chromosome topology prevents sequences at nonpermissive sites in a single chromosome from engaging in the direct interaction required for inversion formation, but allows the sister strand exchanges that can generate the recombinant observed. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989 Aug, 140(2), 417 - 22 Carcinogen metabolism studies in human bronchial and lung parenchymal tissues; Petruzzelli S et al.; The pulmonary metabolism of xenobiotics was investigated by measuring the glutathione content and the activity of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase, and uridine 5' -diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase enzymes in S-12 fractions of bronchial tree and peripheral lung parenchyma obtained at surgery from 21 patients . In parallel, the same preparations were used to assess either the activation of promutagens, i.e., benzo(a)pyrene, 2-aminofluorene, cyclophosphamide, and a cigarette smoke condensate, to metabolites reverting his- Salmonella typhymurium strains, or the decrease of direct-acting mutagens, i.e., sodium dichromate, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, epichlorohydrin, and ICR 191 . As compared to bronchus preparations, parenchymal preparations contained considerably higher concentrations of reduced glutathione, had a significantly higher epoxide hydrolase activity, and, as assessed by means of a quantitative index, were more efficient in activating 2-aminofluorene and in reducing the mutagenicity of dichromate and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide . These data may suggest that parenchymal lung tissue is more capable than bronchial tissue to detoxify reactive intermediates of xenobiotics, possibly explaining the greater susceptibility of bronchi to cigarette smoke-induced cancers. Bioorg Khim, 1989 Aug, 15(8), 1113 - 27 {Thioglycoside synthons for obtaining di-, tri- and hexasaccharide fragments of O-specific polysaccharides of Salmonella from serogroups A, B and D1}; Cherniak AIa et al.; The synthesis of a versatile trisaccharide synthon is described with the combination of protecting groups suitable for preparing higher oligosaccharides of the sequence Man-Rha-Gal and for introducing side-chain substituents (such as residues of 3,6-dideoxy-hexoses and alpha-D-glucose) . This synthon was used for the synthesis of protected tri- and hexasaccharide fragments (as 2-phtalimidoethyl glycosides) of Salmonella polysaccharides (serological groups A, B, and D1). Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Aug, (8), 33 - 7 {The antigenic characteristics of Salmonella typhi L forms}; Prozorovskii SV et al.; The study of the possibility of detecting the specific antigens of S . typhi L forms has revealed that out of three destructive methods under study (osmotic lysis, freezing-thawing, sonication) only ultrasonic disintegration has proved to be effective for S . typhi L forms . Three specific fractions capable of interacting only with specific antibodies to S . typhi L forms have been revealed in the course of chromatographic separation of the soluble antigenic complex of S . typhi stable L forms and the subsequent analysis of the fractions thus obtained in the enzyme immunoassay. J Biol Chem, 1989 Jul 15, 264(20), 11750 - 3 Reconstitution of the thermostable trimeric phage P22 tailspike protein from denatured chains in vitro; Seckler R et al.; Intermediates in the intracellular chain folding and association pathway of the P22 tailspike endorhamnosidase have been identified previously by physiological and genetic methods . Conditions have now been found for the in vitro refolding of this large (Mr = 215,000) oligomeric protein . Purified Salmonella phage P22 tailspikes, while very stable to urea in neutral solution, were dissociated by moderate concentrations of urea at acidic pH . The tailspike protein was denatured to unfolded polypeptide chains in 6 M urea, pH 3, as disclosed by analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence, and circular dichroism . Upon dilution into neutral buffer at 10 degrees C, the polypeptides fold spontaneously and associate to form trimeric tailspikes with high yield . Like native phage P22 tailspikes, the reconstitution product is resistant to denaturation by dodecyl sulfate in the cold and displays endorhamnosidase activity . Sedimentation coefficients, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence emission maxima of native and reconstituted tailspikes are identical within experimental error . By characterization of intermediates, localization of temperature-sensitive steps, and analysis of the effect of previously identified folding mutations, the reconstitution system described should allow comparison of in vivo and in vitro folding pathways of this large protein oligomer. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1989 Jul 7, 114(27), 1069 - 72 {Monoclonal gammopathy in HIV infection}; Lohr HF et al.; A lambda-light chain-IgA plasmocytoma, accompanied by a changing clinical picture of fever, nocturnal perspirations and weight loss, developed in a 46-year-old homosexual male with AIDS, stage IV (classification according to the Centers for Disease Control) . He had been suffering from recurrent Salmonella septicaemia . Serum protein electrophoresis demonstrated marked elevation of the beta- and gamma-fractions (44% and 24%, respectively) . There were 15% plasma cells in the differential blood count and in the bone marrow smear . Immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated free lambda-light chains . The IgA concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was raised to 202 mg/l, and there was an IgA paraproteinaemia . The patient died during a recurrence of the Salmonella septicaemia from septic cardiovascular failure. Brain Res, 1989 Jul 3, 491(1), 173 - 9 Systemic endotoxin increases L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid content of mouse cerebral cortex; Heyes MP et al.; Systemic infections and injection of endotoxin are known to increase L-tryptophan release from skeletal muscle and increase systemic L-tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway . To investigate the effects of systemically administered endotoxin on brain L-tryptophan metabolites . C57BL6/6NCR mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 10 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equii and samples of serum and cerebral cortex collected . After 9 h, serum L-tryptophan concentration was decreased by 51% . At 9 h and 24 h, increases in L-tryptophan metabolites in cerebral cortex were: L-tryptophan, 42% and 39%; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 38% and 67%; 3-hydroxykynurenine, 235% and 381%; and quinolinic acid, 76% and 306% . Cortical quinolinic acid concentration was still elevated at 48 h (88%) and 72 h (79%) after lipopolysaccharide . No significant changes in cortical serotonin concentrations were found at the time points examined . When L-tryptophan (0.37 mmol/kg) was administered systemically to either normal or lipopolysaccharide-treated mice, increases in cortical L-tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine concentrations were largest in mice treated with both lipopolysaccharide and L-tryptophan . These results suggest that disturbances in L-tryptophan metabolism that follow systemic endotoxin administration extend to the central nervous system . The consequences of these changes in L-tryptophan metabolites remain to be determined. Vopr Med Khim, 1989 Jul-Aug, 35(4), 89 - 91 {The status of the monooxygenase enzyme system of the liver in Salmonella infection in rats}; Krakovskii ME et al.; Content and activity of microsomal cytochromes P450 and b5, amidopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase were studied in liver tissue of rats with salmonelliasis . Distinct inhibition of the liver monooxygenase enzymatic system was detected during the acute period of the disease; its normalization was complete within the reconvalescence period . Endotoxinemia appears to be mainly responsible for alterations in the microsomal enzymes activity observed. Indian J Med Res, 1989 Jul, 89, 229 - 32 A mouse monoclonal antibody to Vi antigen & its usefulness in the serotyping of Salmonella; Mohan N et al.; Three IgM monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) designated as MK2, MK3 and MK5 and specific for the Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi have been produced . These antibodies recognise the epitope involving the O-acetyl group of Vi antigen . In slide agglutination tests, these MoAb's agglutinated all 11 isolates of S . typhi but not the other Gram negative bacteria . This selective reactivity makes them better reagents for the identification of S . typhi than the conventional polyclonal antiserum. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1989 Jul 1, 195(1), 59 - 63 Prevalence of Salmonella and multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in California dairies; Pacer RE et al.; A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 75 randomly selected dairies in one California county . Salmonella was isolated from 12 (16%) dairies; S newport was isolated from 6 (8%) . Chloramphenicol-resistant S newport and S dublin were isolated from 8 (10.7%) dairies . Dairies with Salmonella had higher average calf mortality rates (P = 0.064; odds ratio {OR}, 3.8) . Dairies with S newport had a greater than expected occurrence of illnesses in adult cows compared with dairies with no S newport (P = 0.048; OR, 6.7) or with no Salmonella serotypes isolated (P = 0.047; OR, 6.9) . Dairies with chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella were more likely to have used chloramphenicol during the preceding 18-month period compared with dairies with chloramphenicol-susceptible Salmonella or no Salmonella (P = 0.023; OR, 9.5). Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 Jul, 33(7), 1113 - 5 Permeability and penicillin-binding protein alterations in Salmonella muenchen: stepwise resistance acquired during beta-lactam therapy; Bellido F et al.; A patient with Salmonella muenchen sepsis was unsuccessfully treated with ampicillin . During therapy, four strains that showed stepwise ampicillin resistance and affected other beta-lactams and unrelated antibiotics were isolated sequentially . Resistance was caused by decreased outer membrane permeability associated with diminished expression of porin OmpF . Furthermore, the most resistant isolate overproduced the PBP 3 target molecule. Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 385 - 91 Feasibility of using proteins from Salmonella gallinarum vs . 9R live vaccine for the prevention of fowl typhoid in chickens; Bouzoubaa K et al.; Proteins from a field strain of Salmonella gallinarum MSG1 were compared with 9R live vaccine strain for their protection against experimental fowl typhoid in chickens . Proteins from S . gallinarum gave better protection than the 9R live vaccine as measured by clearance of challenge organism from internal organs . Proteins given twice with an adjuvant at 200 micrograms/100 g body weight resulted in 95% protection, compared with 60% protection with 9R given orally . The 9R live vaccine produced more hepatic and splenic lesions and, when administered orally as a single dose, was the least protective (60%) . In the group vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of 9R without an adjuvant, both the challenge strain and the 9R vaccine strain were isolated from the ovaries of some birds . All chickens vaccinated with 9R strain or with proteins developed antibodies detectable by microagglutination test, and in some vaccinated groups as many as 100% of the birds developed antibody levels detected by seroagglutination. J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 27(7), 1640 - 5 Immunoblot detection of class-specific humoral immune response to outer membrane proteins isolated from Salmonella typhi in humans with typhoid fever; Ortiz V et al.; The studies reported here were undertaken to assess the ability of the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella typhi to induce a humoral immune response in humans with typhoid fever . OMPs were isolated with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and were found to be contaminated with approximately 4% lipopolysaccharide . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns showed protein bands with molecular size ranges from 17 to 70 kilodaltons; the major groups of proteins were those that correspond to the porins and OmpA of gram-negative bacteria . Rabbit antiserum to OMPs or to S . typhi recognized OMPs after absorption with lipopolysaccharide . Sera from patients with typhoid fever contained immunoglobulin M antibodies which reacted with a protein of 28 kilodaltons and immunoglobulin G antibodies which reacted mainly with the porins, as determined by immunoblotting . These results indicate that the porins are the major immunogenic OMPs from S . typhi and that the immune response induced in the infection could be related to the protective status. Circ Shock, 1989 Jul, 28(3), 279 - 91 Alterations in plasma levels and complexing of Gc (vitamin D-binding protein) in rats with endotoxic shock; Watt GH et al.; Septic shock is known to involve increased metabolism of arachidonic acid and generation of certain eicosanoids . Recently, a new extracellular pool of unsaturated fatty acids including arachidonate has been found in relation to group-specific component (Gc), a vitamin D-binding plasma protein that sequesters monomeric G-actin . Since complexing with G-actin displaces fatty acids, possible alterations in plasma levels of Gc and extent of complexing were sought in serial samples obtained from rats with shock induced by Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (12.5-15 mg kg-1) . Gc levels in animals receiving endotoxin exhibited bimodal alterations, with a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) at 1 hour, followed by a progressive elevation to 160% of starting concentrations at 6 days in animals that survived, whereas in sham-injected animals the change observed was a continuous rise to 147% at 6 days . A statistically significant increase in the percentage of Gc complexed was observed in all endotoxemic rats from 2 hours onward (P less than 0.01), in contrast to sham-injected animals, in which the percentage of Gc complexed remained at less than 5% . Levels in survivors peaked at 30 +/- 5.2% at 8 hours and then decreased to normal (2 +/- 0.9%) by 6 days (n = 7), whereas in nonsurvivors complexed Gc continued to rise until time of death (66-80%) at 6-12 hours (n = 4) . Correlation of these results with glucose, transaminases, and immunoreactive TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha indicated that decreased absolute levels of Gc represent a consistent early change in endotoxic shock and that the percentage of Gc complexed is an accurate prognostic indicator of severity. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1989 Jul 1, 195(1), 113 - 7 Bacterial culture of blood from critically ill dogs and cats: 100 cases (1985-1987); Dow SW et al.; Of 100 critically ill dogs and cats, 49 (39 dogs, 10 cats) had bacteremia . Gram-negative bacilli were the most common isolates from the bloodstream of dogs with bacteremia (46%), and gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 36% and 31% of positive cultures, respectively; 15% of positive cultures were polymicrobial . In cats, gram-negative bacilli (especially Salmonella enteritidis) and anaerobic bacteria were the most common isolates, and 30% of positive cultures were polymicrobial . Gram-positive cocci were not isolated from the blood-stream of cats . Odds ratios, adjusted for the combined effects of disease status (severe vs nonsevere), results of bacterial culture of blood result (positive vs negative), and species (dog vs cat) were calculated for mortality in animals in the study . In animals with bacteremia, severe disease increased the risk of death 11.6-fold, compared with the risk in animals with nonsevere disease . Bacteremia increased mortality 10-fold in animals with severe disease, compared with mortality in animals with severe disease without bacteremia . Animals with severe disease and bacteremia were 15.6 times more likely to die than were those with nonsevere disease and negative culture results . In animals with nonsevere disease, culture results (positive vs negative) were not related significantly to mortality . Disease status (severe vs nonsevere) in animals without bacteremia also was not significantly related to mortality . There was no significant difference in overall mortality in dogs, compared with that in cats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) South Med J, 1989 Jul, 82(7), 837 - 40 Epidemic of restaurant-associated illness due to Salmonella newport; Narain JP et al.; In June and July 1982, a large outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a barbecue restaurant involved 120 persons in central Arkansas . The illness was characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting; 23 patients (19%) were hospitalized . Epidemiologic investigation showed that persons who became ill were more likely to have eaten ham or pork sandwiches at the restaurant before their illness than those who remained well . Stool cultures from 19 customers and each of the eight restaurant employees were positive for Salmonella newport . Cultures of a ham slice obtained from the restaurant and a partially consumed pork sandwich obtained from one ill person both grew Salmonella of same serotype. Infect Immun, 1989 Jul, 57(7), 2072 - 8 Modulation of endotoxin lethality in mice by hydrazine sulfate; Silverstein R et al.; Although the precise mechanism of endotoxin lethality has yet to be defined, it is well recognized that the amount of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is reproducibly and significantly reduced after challenge with endotoxin . Hydrazine has been shown to be a specific inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, causing a metabolic crossover at the step catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase . More recently, it has also been shown that hydrazine sulfate may be of potential therapeutic value against cancer cachexia . The experiments described in this paper demonstrate that treatment of CF1 mice with hydrazine sulfate 5 h prior to challenge with endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis significantly improved survival . Furthermore, such treatment counteracted the drop in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in isolated cytosol otherwise evident at 6 h and 12 h after endotoxin challenge . Despite this, there was no corresponding improvement in the plasma glucose, measured at 6, 12, and 24 h following endotoxin challenge . It is suggested that the endogenous response to the metabolic crossover initiated by hydrazine may contribute to the protection . The response to hydrazine sulfate has yet to be fully elaborated but does include the increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity . In contrast with the protection seen upon hydrazine sulfate pretreatment, injecting a corresponding dose of hydrazine sulfate after the endotoxin resulted in more fatalities. J Mol Recognit, 1989 Jul, 2(1), 37 - 43 Definition of the phage G13 receptor as structural domains of trisaccharides in Salmonella and Escherichia coli core oligosaccharides; Wollin R et al.; The interaction between phage G13 and different bacterial and synthetic oligosaccharides has been studied using equilibrium dialysis inhibition . The results, and conformational analysis of the oligosaccharides, make us conclude that the phage G13 carbohydrate receptor is a conformational domain involving three sugar residues . The following trisaccharide elements contain the domain: alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-{alpha-D-Galp-(1----6)}-alpha-D-Glcp, alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-{alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-alpha-D-Manp , and alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)-{L-gly-alpha-D-man-Hepp-(1----7)}-L-gly-alph a-D- man-Hepp . Thus two structures, either a hexose substituted with alpha-D-glycopyranosyl groups in the 3- and 6-positions, or a heptose substituted with such groups in the 3- and 7-positions are functional G13 binding sites . Such domains are present in several cores of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella and Escherichia coli species . Some cores, e.g . those from S . typhimurium chemotypes Ra, Rb1 and Rb2, contain two such domains . The identification of two G13 receptor domains within different core saccharides could explain the broad host range of this phage. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1989 Jul 1, 51(1), 37 - 40 Conversion of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 7 involves loss of lipopolysaccharide with concomitant loss of virulence; Chart H et al.; Three strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) and 33 strains of S . enteritidis phage type 7 (PT7) were examined for the ability to produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and for plasmid carriage . The LPS of all strains of PT4 gave a typical 'ladder' pattern by SDS-PAGE and silver staining, and on serotyping these strains were shown to express the O-antigens 9, 12 . In contrast, strains of PT7 did not express long-chain LPS and were autoagglutinable . All strains of PT4 and the majority of strains of PT7 carried a single plasmid of 38 MDa, indistinguishable when characterised by restriction endonuclease fragmentation analysis . Epidemiological and experimental observations have demonstrated a relationship between strains of S . enteritidis PT4 and PT7, and our results, using mice, show that the loss of ability of strains of PT4 to snythesise LPS is responsible for the conversion of highly virulent strains of PT4 to avirulent strains of PT7 . From epidemiological data of human infections in England and Wales, we suggest that strains of S . enteritidis PT7 may be less virulent for humans. Z Naturforsch {C}, 1989 Jul-Aug, 44(7-8), 680 - 8 Cytostatic activity of aeroplysinin-1 against lymphoma and epithelioma cells; Kreuter MH et al.; (+/-)-Aeroplysinin-1, an optically active 1,2-dihydroarene-1,2-diol, was isolated from the marine sponges Verongia aerophoba (+-isomer) and Ianthella ardis (- -isomer) . For the experiments presented we used the +-isomer from Verongia aerophoba . Here we describe the hitherto unknown biological and pharmacological property of this compound to display pronounced anticancer activity against L5178y mouse lymphoma cells (ED50: 0.5 microM) . Friend erythroleukemia cells (ED50: 0.7 microM), human mamma carcinoma cells (ED50: 0.3 microM) and human colon carcinoma cells (ED50: 3.0 microM) in vitro . Furthermore, aeroplysinin caused a preferential inhibition of {3H}thymidine (dThd) incorporation rates in L5178y mouse lymphoma cells if compared with murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro . At concentrations between 1.1 and 28.5 microM, the {3H}dThd incorporation rates in L5178y cells were suppressed to 28%-0% but only to 78%-18% in murine spleen lymphocytes . The same differential effect in vitro was found with the following epithelial cells: 14.70 microM of the compound were required to inhibit normal human fibroblasts to 50%, but only 2.9 microM in the assays with human malign keratinocytes or malignant melanoma cells to observe the same inhibitory effect . Moreover, aeroplysinin-1 displayed antileukemic activity in vivo using the L5178y cell/NMRI mouse system; administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days, the T/C (%) value was determined to be 338 . Preliminary toxicology studies revealed an acute LD50 of 202 mg/kg and a subacute LD50 of 150 mg/kg . Aeroplysinin-1 is neither a direct mutagen nor a premutagen in the umu/Salmonella typhimurium test system. Rev Infect Dis, 1989 Jul-Aug, 11 Suppl 5, S1179 - 87 Quinolones in the treatment of Salmonella carriers; Rodriguez-Noriega E et al.; Infections caused by Salmonella typhi are commonly followed by a chronic carrier state despite positive clinical and initial bacteriologic responses . The use of primary antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has several major drawbacks, including in some instances the failure to prevent the carrier state . The appearance worldwide of strains with multiple resistance to the most commonly used regimens has prompted the search for new forms of therapy . Among the agents studied have been third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, which are active in vitro against bacterial enteropathogens like S . typhi . Resolution of chronic carriage of S . typhi and other salmonellae is difficult, and regimens commonly fail (including those that combine antibiotic administration with removal of the gallbladder) . In addition to being active in vitro against Salmonella species, the newer quinolones adequately penetrate the intestinal lumen, liver, bile, and gallbladder . Initial experience with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in oral treatment of the chronic S . typhi carrier state in adults has been promising. Cornell Vet, 1989 Jul, 79(3), 231 - 47 The effect of immunity to core lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the production of thromboxane and prostacyclin by equine peritoneal macrophages; Morris DD et al.; An experiment was designed to determine whether a change in the ability of macrophages to respond to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria was involved in the development of cross-reactive immunity to endotoxemia . The endotoxin-induced production of thromboxane A2(TxA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) by peritoneal macrophages from horses which were hyperimmunized against the common core region of LPS were compared to those in unimmunized horses . Bacterins used for induction of core LPS immunity were prepared from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4, and the R 595 mutant of Salmonella minnesota . Serum antibody titers to core LPS were determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Immunized horses had a marked increase in titer to core LPS (p less than 0.05), while there was no change in titer in unimmunized control horses . The only significant difference in the in vitro LPS-induced production of TxA2 and PGI2 by peritoneal macrophages between immunized and control horses was a greater production of TxA2 by macrophages from immunized horses in response to 10 ng/ml LPS (p less than 0.05) . Results of this experiment do not support the concept that cross-reactive immunity to LPS is attended by reduced production of TxA2 and PGI2 by equine peritoneal macrophages. Mutat Res, 1989 Jul, 221(1), 53 - 67 International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens . ICPEMC publication No . 17 . Can a mechanistic rationale be provided for non-genotoxic carcinogens identified in rodent bioassays? Clayson DB. In a recent survey of the results of the National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program's Carcinogenesis Bioassay Program, Ashby and Tennant (1988) drew attention to the high proportion of carcinogens that were non-genotoxic insofar as their response to the Salmonella-microsome test was concerned . The present review contrasts these findings with what is known mechanistically about non-genotoxic carcinogens that affect the tissues which are considered to be particularly prone to non-genotoxic tumor induction . Excessive and often thresholded increases in cellular proliferation in the affected tissues appear to be one common feature in tumor induction by these agents, which act either through cytotoxicity followed by regeneration or through hormone-mimetic action . It is suggested that a weight of the evidence approach on a chemical by chemical basis is necessary to decide the relevance of these agents to the human situation. Mutat Res, 1989 Jul, 223(3), 267 - 72 Genotoxicity of zinc in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays; Thompson ED et al.; The genotoxicity of zinc was examined in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays . Zinc acetate produced dose-related positive responses in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and an in vitro cytogenetic assay with Chinese hamster ovary cells, but was negative in the Salmonella mutation assay and did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes . Zinc-2,4-pentanedione produced frameshift mutations in Salmonella tester strains TA1538 and TA98, but did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes . The effect of ligand binding of zinc in the in vitro test systems is discussed. Behring Inst Mitt, 1989 Jul, (84), 236 - 54 Interaction of fluid phase C1/C1q and macrophage membrane-associated C1q with gram-negative bacteria; Clas F et al.; Many gram-negative bacteria are killed after treatment with normal non-immune sera and directly bind and activate C1 in the absence of antibodies . For the immediate killing of such serum-sensitive bacteria, like R-forms of Salmonella strains, all serum complement components are essential . When purified serum C1 to C9 are used, further activation of the cascade requires an additional serum factor . This glycoprotein differs from antibody and mediates the attachment of C4b to the bacterial cell surface . The antibody-independent interaction with C1 occurs via C1q, which binds to LPS . In addition outer membrane proteins bind C1q and C1 . The association of these porins with LPS may potentiate the antibody-independent C1q and C1 binding to serum-sensitive bacteria . Porins can contribute to complement activation mainly through the classical pathway . LPS and porins from bacterial cell walls are also involved in the binding of gram-negative bacteria to macrophages . This antibody-independent attachment and ingestion of gram-negative bacteria is mediated by endogenous macrophage-membrane associated C1q. Rev Argent Microbiol, 1989 Jul-Dec, 21(3-4), 127 - 32 {Comparative study of 4 methods for isolating Salmonella from surface waters}; Anselmo RJ et al.; The study presented here is the first stage of a project designed to determine the presence of Salmonella serotypes in Lujan river waters, which flow beside the urban area of the homonymous city, in the province of Buenos Aires . It consisted in a comparative study of four methods for Salmonellae detection in 200 samples: Tetrathionate-brilliant green; mannitol-selenite; Rappaport 25 and modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth, each of them with and without pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water . The submerged gauze technique was applied to the sampling in three different spots of the river: at the town center, two km water above, and two down-stream from the city . Best results were obtained when modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment broth and brilliant green agar with 0.25% of sodium deoxycholate were used, after pre-enrichment of the samples in buffered peptone water . Salmonella were isolated from 46% of the samples studied, and 16 serotypes were identified: S . Typhimurium, S . Enteritidis, S . Infantis, S . Mbandaka, S . Israel and S . Subspecies IV 18 z36: z38:-, among them. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Jul, (7), 78 - 80 {The complex serologic diagnosis of typhoid fever}; Obgol'ts AA et al.; A parallel serological study of the blood sera of typhoid patients has been made by the methods of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis and the indirect hemagglutination test with a view to establish the presence of soluble typhoid antigens and their corresponding antibodies . As shown in this study, the occurrence of Salmonella typhi O- and Vi-antigens is essentially higher than the content of specific antibodies in diagnostically significant titers. J Med Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 29(3), 195 - 8 A simple adherence test for detection of IgM antibodies in typhoid; Ong LY et al.; A simple adherence test to detect IgM antibodies in patients with typhoid is described . The test utilises the IgM-"capture" approach, in which the test serum is applied to microtitration plate wells previously coated with anti-human IgM, followed by application of a stained Salmonella typhi antigen suspension which shows adherence in positive cases . By this test, 58 (95%) of 61 sera from confirmed cases of typhoid possessed IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S . typhi . In patients for whom a diagnosis of typhoid was based only on a significant Widal-test titre, 31 (41%) of 76 sera had IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S . typhi . Some cross-reactivity of the IgM antibodies was detected, especially with the O antigens of S . paratyphi A and B . A total of 82 sera from non-typhoidal fevers (leptospirosis, typhus, dengue fever) showed no reactivity in this test . In normal sera there was no detectable IgM to the O antigen of S . typhi and only a small number (3.9%) had low levels of IgM to the H antigen . The significance and potential importance of this simple, sensitive, specific and economical test is discussed. J Infect Dis, 1989 Jul, 160(1), 145 - 9 Ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns provide increased sensitivity for typing Salmonella typhi strains; Altwegg M et al.; To date, epidemiologic associations among strains of Salmonella typhi are based exclusively on phage typing, which may be of limited value if a common phage type is involved . Analysis of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns allows separation of most independently isolated strains of identical phage types . The sensitivity of the method is dependent on the restriction enzymes used to digest chromosomal DNA . It was highest for PstI, which separated 16 of 20 strains that belonged to 8 phage types including 3 untypable strains . Three strains differed in their phage types but had identical ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns . Also, two pairs of strains indistinguishable by phage typing exhibited identical patterns; however, two of these strains were expected to be identical because they were isolated from two patients who were likely exposed to the same source . Ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns appear to be stable . Thus, the method may complement phage typing and aid in further differentiation of strains. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1989 Jun 20, 12(2), 115 - 20 Salmonella cholerasuis bacteremia and mycotic aneurysm of abdominal aorta--report of five cases; Chan P et al.; From August 1986 to October 1987, there were 5 cases of primary mycotic aneurysm of the lower abdominal aorta in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaoshiung . All patients were proved to have Salmonella cholerasuis (Sal . chol.) septicemia by blood culture . The ages ranged from 60 to 80 years old, the mean age was 71.6 years old . The male to female ratio was 4 to 1, 3 patients had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 3 had hypertension . The duration of symptoms lasted from 1 week to 2 months before diagnosis . Clinically, all patients had sepsis with fever, chills, leucocytosis, and complained of pain in the lower abdomen (80%), at flank (20%) or low back (20%) . Abdominal tenderness was present in 3 (60%) . Two patients underwent surgery, 1 expired during the operation, the other expired 1 month after operation because of retroperitoneal abscess and sepsis . Three were discharged in septic shock and expired within 1 day . The mortality rate was 100% . The diagnosis of complicated aneurysm of the lower abdominal aorta was established in all by computed tomography (CT) . In conclusion, when there are clinical manifestations of sepsis, positive blood culture for Sal . chol., and pain or tenderness in the lower abdomen, flank area or back, one should consider the possibility of mycotic aneurysm of the lower abdominal aorta . Although the prognosis is poor, early surgical intervention may improve the outcome . And the diagnosis is best established by CT. J Biol Chem, 1989 Jun 15, 264(17), 10072 - 82 DNA-binding properties of the Hin recombinase; Glasgow AC et al.; The recombinase of the Salmonella inversion system, Hin, mediates site-specific recombination between two 26 base pairs (bp) inverted repeat sequences (hixL and hixR) which flank a 993-bp DNA segment . We have investigated Hin recognition of, and association with, the hix recombination sites . Nuclease and chemical protection studies with linear and supercoiled DNA substrates demonstrate that Hin initially binds hixL and hixR independently of binding of the other protein components of the inversion system, Fis and HU . DNA-binding assays with mutant recombination sites and methylation interference experiments indicate that the critical bases for Hin recognition of its DNA-binding site are within an 8-bp sequence covering adjacent major and minor grooves of the DNA helix in each of the 12-bp half-sites of the hix recombination sites . The nature of the Hin-hix complexes in these binding studies and the results of gel filtration assays with purified Hin suggests that Hin binds the recombination sites as a dimer . The implications of the nature of the interactions of Hin with its recombination sites on the mechanism of the recombination reaction and on the novel features of DNA recognition by Hin are discussed. Carbohydr Res, 1989 Jun 15, 189, 161 - 8 Structure of the lipopolysaccharide antigenic O-chain produced by Salmonella ohio (O:6,7); Di Fabio JL et al.; Salmonella ohio, which belong to Group C1 (0:6,7) of the Kauffmann-White classification system, produces a smooth lipopolysaccharide which by glycose analysis, methylation, deamination, and 1H-n.m.r . studies was shown to have an O-polysaccharide chain composed of a repeating hexasaccharide unit having the structure {----2)-{alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)}-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-M anp- (1----2)-beta-D-Manp-(1----3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----2)-beta-D-Ma np-(1----}n. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 1989 Jun, 15(1), 12 - 4 Typhoid hepatitis: two case reports; Mahmood BA; Two cases of typhoid hepatitis are being reported . Both the patients presented with jaundice, high fever, toxaemia, abdominal distension, diarrhoea, coating of tongue and hepatomegaly . Significant Widal titres were observed and LFT were grossly altered in both . Blood culture yielded Salmonella typhi in each case . Both the cases were treated with chloramphenicol and made uneventful recovery. J Commun Dis, 1989 Jun, 21(2), 133 - 6 Salmonella newport isolations from a general hospital in Pune; Dravid M et al.; Salmonella newport had not been reported from the Pune (Maharashtra) area till 1983 . After the first isolate in 1984, the isolation rate showed a significant increase . A total of 64 isolates todate (two isolates in 1984, six in 1985 and 56 in 1986) have been encountered at Sassoon General Hospital, Pune . It has been commonly isolated from adults (54.7 per cent) . Most of the strains were multi-drug resistant. Food Chem Toxicol, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 393 - 7 Assays of the biological activities of guaiane sesquiterpenoids isolated from the fruit bodies of edible lactarius species; Anke H et al.; Three sesquiterpenoids that are found in the edible mushrooms Lactarius deliciosus, L . deterrimus and L . sanguifluus, have been assayed for biological activity . The compounds tested were a stearic acid ester of a sesquiterpene (I) and a sesquiterpene aldehyde (lactaroviolin, II) and alcohol (deterrol, III) . The assays used were for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella assay, for antimicrobial activity against bacterial fungi and algae, for cytotoxicity against Ehrlich ascitic tumour cells and L 1210 cells, and for phytotoxic activity against Lepidium sativum and Seteria italica . All three compounds showed weak mutagenic activity in the Ames assay . Two compounds (II and III) were found to have moderate cytotoxic activity and one (III) exhibited weak antibacterial activity . No compound revealed phytotoxic, algicidal or antifungal activity. Arch Intern Med . 1989 Jun;149(6):1452. Long-term suppression of Salmonella aortitis with an oral antibiotic; Donabedian H; An aneurysm of the aortic arch infected with Salmonella choleraesuis is presumed to be inevitably fatal unless the patient receives corrective surgery and antibiotic therapy . I report such a case in a patient who refused surgery and who has been maintained free of infectious symptoms for over 26 months using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administered orally. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Jun 1, 102(6), 205 - 8 {Salmonella gallinarum field isolates of the biovars pullorum and gallinarum}; Hinz KH et al.; In 40 cases salmonellae of the serovar Salmonella (S.) gallinarum were culturally isolated from domesticated gallinaceous birds submitted for diagnostic purposes in the period of 1979-1989 . On the basis of the cultural and biochemical features found 35 of them could be assigned to the biovar Pullorum and 5 to the biovar Gallinarum . Of 35 isolates of the biovar Pullorum, 29 were isolated from pure bred chickens of small fancy-exhibition type flocks, 4 from floor-housed adult brown hybrid