Salmonella

Mutat Res, 1989 Oct, 224(2), 253 - 61
Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosome aberrations for 4 aliphatic epoxides in mice; Giri AK et al.; Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberrations (CA) in bone marrow cells were analyzed after in vivo exposure in mice to 4 aliphatic epoxides, namely 1-naphthyl glycidyl ether (NGE), 1-naphthyl propylene oxide (NPO), 4-nitrophenyl glycidyl ether (NPGE) and trichloropropylene oxide (TCPO) . These compounds were selected as being among the most mutagenic aliphatic epoxides in our previous structure-mutagenicity studies with the Ames test . There were significant dose-related increases in SCE and CA results for all 4 epoxides . The order of genotoxicity as established through SCE was NGE greater than NPO greater than NPGE approximately equal to TCPO greater than solvent control . It is of interest that Ames Salmonella results are consistent with in vivo genotoxicity for these compounds . However, only the plate test version of the Ames procedure is consistent with this order of in vivo genotoxicity and neither preincubation Ames testing results nor chemical alkylation rates would have predicted this order.

Mutat Res, 1989 Oct, 224(2), 171 - 5
Mutagenicity of oxaspiro compounds with Salmonella; Sinsheimer JE et al.; The spiro attachment of an epoxide group to a tetrahydropyran ring in the trichothecene mycotoxins has prompted this study of the mutagenicity and alkylation rates of the trichothecene, anguidine, and 5 related model oxaspiro compounds . While the model compounds were weak alkylating agents of 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine as a test nucleophile, anguidine lacks such activity . Also, while mutagenicity was not established for anguidine in Salmonella TA100, 3 of the oxaspiro compounds were weakly mutagenic and 2 compounds were toxic to the bacteria . The toxicity and mutagenicity of the model compounds are more related to their polarity than to their alkylation rates.

Infect Immun, 1989 Oct, 57(10), 3136 - 41
Functional homology of virulence plasmids in Salmonella gallinarum, S . pullorum, and S . typhimurium; Barrow PA et al.; The virulence-associated plasmids of strains of Salmonella gallinarum and S . pullorum were transferred separately by mobilization with the F plasmid into virulence plasmid-cured derivatives of S . gallinarum, S . pullorum, and S . typhimurium and into a prototrophic Escherichia coli K-12 strain . The transconjugants were tested for virulence in chickens of different ages and in mice . The S . gallinarum and S . pullorum plasmids were able to restore full virulence in the three Salmonella strains, thus demonstrating functional homology in virulence plasmids from these Salmonella serotypes and biotypes . The virulence phenotypes of the transconjugants remained the same as that of the parent strain of the recipient . This, together with the fact that E . coli K-12 containing either of the virulence plasmids was avirulent for chickens, suggested that in addition to plasmid genes, chromosomal genes are important in determining virulence, particularly in determining the ability to survive and multiply in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system . The virulence plasmids were not self-transmissible and could not be transduced by temperate bacteriophages lysogenizing field strains of S . gallinarum . They were not in the same incompatibility group as F but were fi+.

Microb Pathog, 1989 Oct, 7(4), 299 - 310
Vaccination route, infectivity and thioglycollate broth administration: effects on live vaccine efficacy of auxotrophic derivatives of Salmonella choleraesuis; Nnalue NA et al.; An aromatic-dependent, therefore non-virulent, derivative of a mouse-virulent strain of Salmonella choleraesuis previously shown not to be effective as a live vaccine when given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to Itys mice, was administered to BALB/c mice . Two doses given i.p . or by feeding did not protect against i.p . or oral challenge with 50 to 5000 LD50 of the virulent ancestor strain . By contrast two doses given intravenously (i.v.) gave almost complete protection against i.p . or oral challenge with 500 LD50 and some protection against larger doses . The number of live bacteria (cfu) in the liver and spleen 24 h after administration of the live vaccine was less than 1% of the number inoculated i.p., but c . 25% of the number injected i.v . The number of cfu in the gut 24 h after oral vaccine administration was only c 10(-5) of the number fed . Administration of thioglycollate broth i.p . 5 days before i.p . vaccination increased recovery of live vaccine cfu in the liver and spleen and its protective efficacy . In each case the live vaccine did not multiply extensively in vivo . We have previously shown that a purine- and a thymine-requiring derivative of S . choleraesuis were each considerably attenuated but unlike the aro derivative were effective as i.p . live vaccines in mice . Doses of these strains (c . 10(4) cfu) found protective were administered i.p . to BALB/c mice . Each strain multiplied extensively in the liver and spleen to c . 10(7) cfu by day 6 . All these results are in agreement with a correlation of protective efficacy of a live vaccine with the persistence of a large number of the vaccine bacteria in the liver and spleen for several days.

Mol Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 3(10), 1379 - 83
Unique sequences in region VI of the flagellin gene of Salmonella typhi; Frankel G et al.; The H1 (now renamed fliC; lino et al., 1988) alleles specifying antigenically different Salmonella flagellins are identical at their ends but differ greatly towards the middle, where there are two hypervariable segments (regions IV and VI) . The flagellar antigen, d, of Salmonella typhi, is found also as phase-1 antigen in many other Salmonella species . We cloned the H1-d gene of a strain of S . typhi and determined the nucleotide sequence of its two hypervariable regions . Comparison with gene H1-d of Salmonella muenchen showed substantial differences in region VI: four scattered amino acid differences and ten adjacent amino acids in the inferred S . typhi sequence, all of which differ from the corresponding nine amino acids in the S . muenchen sequence . The results of polymerase chain reaction amplification indicated the presence of the S . typhi version in all of 18 additional S . typhi strains and the presence of the S . muenchen version in all four non-S . typhi species with flagellar antigen d . The difference in amino acid sequence in segment VI may be responsible for the minor serological differences between antigens d of S . typhi and antigen d of S . muenchen.

Immunobiology, 1989 Oct, 179(4-5), 293 - 307
Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by lipopolysaccharide and defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures; Feist W et al.; We have investigated the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by human mononuclear cells (MNC) and isolated human monocytes/macrophages stimulated with S- and R-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS), natural lipid A, and natural and synthetic partial structures thereof . We found that LPS of Salmonella minnesota (S . min.) Rb2, which represents a partial structure of wildtype LPS of Salmonella abortus equi (S.a.e.) lacking the O-chain and parts of the outer core region, was the most active inducer of all substances tested, even more active than the wildtype LPS . Lipid A also induced the production of TNF-alpha by monocytes/macrophages but was less active than wildtype LPS . The natural Escherichia coli (E . coli) type hexaacyl lipid A (compound 506) was more active than the natural S . min . type heptaacyl lipid A (compound 516) . The 1- and 4'-monodephospho partial structures (compounds 505 and 504) of E . coli lipid A were less active and represented the smallest structures tested that were able to induce TNF-alpha release by monocytes/macrophages . Synthetic tetraacyl lipid A precursor Ia of E . coli lipid A, lacking non-hydroxylated fatty acids (compound 406), and the monosaccharide precursor lipid X did not induce the release of TNF-alpha in MNC or isolated monocytes/macrophages . This might indicate that the ability of a lipid A structure to induce the release of TNF-alpha is closely connected with the conditions to be at least hexaacylated and/or to contain hydroxylated fatty acids . These results demonstrate a structure-dependent hierarchy of LPS and natural or synthetic partial structures in their capacity of inducing TNF-alpha release by monocytes/macrophages.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1989 Oct, 13(3), 545 - 53
Carcinogenic potential of gasoline and diesel engine oils; McKee RH et al.; Used gasoline engine oils are carcinogenic in mouse skin and mutagenic in Salmonella . The toxicity of fresh gasoline engine oils and that of fresh and used diesel engine oils are less well defined . The present studies examined the dermal carcinogenic potential of a series of fresh and used oils from both gasoline and diesel engines . The used oils represented a variety of operating conditions . The objective of the study was to assess the potential carcinogenic hazards associated with exposure to these materials . The majority of the used gasoline engine oils tested were carcinogenic although one oil, collected after a relatively short drainage interval, was inactive in the dermal carcinogenesis bioassay . Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were elevated in the used oils in comparison to the fresh oils . The fresh gasoline engine oils and both the fresh and used diesel engine oil samples were noncarcinogenic, and there was little evidence of elevated PAH levels in the used diesel engine oils . The carcinogenic potency of used oils from gasoline engines was related to drainage interval, but other factors such as contribution of the fuel due to blowby and driving cycle may also have been important . The used diesel engine oils were not carcinogenic even after extended use.

EMBO J, 1989 Oct, 8(10), 3149 - 52
Intragenic recombination in a flagellin gene: characterization of the H1-j gene of Salmonella typhi; Frankel G et al.; Salmonella typhi, the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, typically has only a phase-1 flagellar antigen, d, but some isolates, found only in Indonesia, have antigen j instead, and may have a second flagellar antigen, z66 . It appears that intragenic recombination involving a directly repeated 11 bp sequence in the H1-d flagellin gene changed the flagellar antigen to j, by deleting 261 bp in its central, antigenically determinant, part . Sequencing of the hypervariable regions of genes H1-d and H1-j, and hybridization of such genes, after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction, with oligonucleotide probes specific for the deleted segment or for the sequence produced by the recombination confirmed that all the j alleles have the postulated deletion . By applying the polymerase chain reaction to study S . typhi isolates from Jakarta, not previously tested in respect to flagellar antigen, we showed that gene H1-j was nearly as common as H1-d in these isolates.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1989 Oct-Dec, 20(4), 279 - 86
{Elaboration of an immunosorbent for the purification of porins from Salmonella typhi 9, 12, Vi:d}; Pelayo R et al.; The current work was undertaken to purify porins of Salmonella typhi, which are outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that induce protection in mice against challenge with the bacteria in mucin . OMPs, isolated with a non-ionic detergent, had a 4% contamination with LPS (endotoxin) and molecular sizes ranging from 17 to 70 KDa . Porins (Mw 38-41 KDa) were isolated from OMPs preparative SDS-PAGE . Anti-porins antisera were raised in rabbits and specific IgG was purified, which was coupled to Sepharose-CNBr . This immunosorbent was used to purify LPS-free porins.

Med Trop (Mars), 1989 Oct-Dec, 49(4), 429 - 30
{Analysis of 3 years of blood cultures in the University Hospital Center of Treichville (Abidjan)}; Edoh V et al.; From august 1985 to september 1988, 7819 blood cultures aero-anaerobic bacteria in a Brain Heart-broth . 1383 blood cultures were positive (18%) . We isolated first Salmonella, followed then by Staphylococci.

Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol, 1989 Oct-Dec, 48(4), 323 - 40
Activation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by ribosomal extract of Salmonella typhi strain . Electron microscopy studies; Dima VF et al.; Normal macrophages and Salmonella typhi ribosomal antigen-activated (immune) ones were studied by electron microscopy . Examination of fine sections from samples incubated between 30 and 120 minutes at 37 degrees C, emphasized phagocytic ability of activated macrophages (29-69% activated macrophages phagocytized 3.7-5.6 bacteria/cell, in contrast to 23-43% with 2.6-4.4 bacteria/phagocytized by non-immune cells) . The ultrastructural studies of activated macrophages, performed by electron microscopy, showed the following aspects: a) macrophages with pseudopodiform prolongations, presenting the tendency of bacterial sequestration: b) phagosomes with ingested virulent germs; c) . bacteria presenting various degrees of wall and cytoplasm alterations; d) . mitochondria with multiple cristae; e) . cells with well developed Golgi apparatus and the presence of lysosomes in great numbers; f) . existence of a space between the phagosome membrane and the bacterial wall . Experimental results demonstrated: I . an increased phagocytic activity of Salmonella typhi ribosomal antigen-activated macrophages and II . activation expressed as ultrastructural modifications at the level of immune macrophages and also of the bacteria phagocytized by them.

Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol, 1989 Oct-Dec, 48(4), 299 - 321
Reaction and response of newborn guinea pigs to experimental Salmonella typhi infection; Dima VF et al.; Newborn guinea pigs, orally infected with Salmonella typhi were examined at various intervals of time in order to determine bacterial distribution in tissues and to establish possible correlation with the clinical aspects manifested . Histopathological examination evidenced typical lesions in jejunum, ileum, caecum and especially in regional lymphatic tissues . Spleen, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes presented granulomatous lesions similar to those observed in in human typhoid fever . After oral administration, the animals reacted with anorexia, febrile reactions, bacteremia, diarrhoea, positive stool cultures, dehydration, lethargy and antibodies too were produced . Our results indicate that typhoid infection may be induced in newborn guinea pigs; the model may be used for an assessment of attenuated live typhoid vaccine control.

Trop Geogr Med, 1989 Oct, 41(4), 368 - 71
Paratyphoid fever presenting with renal failure and nephrotic syndrome; Onwubalili JK; A previously healthy 39-year-old woman had a short, febrile illness that culminated in severe, acute renal failure in association with features of the nephrotic syndrome . Salmonella paratyphi B was isolated from her blood and stool . Treatment with chloramphenicol, dialysis, heparin and steroids was followed by gradual but complete recovery . Paratyphoid is usually more benign than typhoid fever, but is not without danger and may be complicated by potentially fatal renal disease.

Mater Med Pol, 1989 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 319 - 22
Splenic abscesses due to Salmonella (report of two cases); Oguz M et al.; Two cases with splenic abscesses due to salmonella infection have been presented and the relevant literature has been reviewed . Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have been discussed.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1989 Oct, 23(4), 369 - 78
{Microbiological quality control of lipsticks which are on the market in our country}; Akin A et al.; In this study, microbiological quality control of lipsticks has been investigated . In 81 samples, we found that 34 of them (42%) had total aerobic plate count and 19 of them (23.5%) were found to consist mold and yeast which are not allowed by the cosmetic regulations . In none of the samples, pathogen microorganisms such as S . aureus, P . aeruginosa, E.coli, Salmonella and Shigella were detected . Indeed, after carefully examining of the microbiological content of these lipsticks, their biostatistical efficiency was also determined . In each counting procedure, for different bacteria, it was found that only one sample was effective at the 3rd and 14th day . The remaining 9 lipstick samples (90%) were kept under investigation until the end of the testing procedure on the 28th day.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1989 Oct-Dec, 20(4), 315 - 20
{Monoclonal antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhi 9,12,VI:d . Analysis of passive protection in a mouse model of typhoid fever}; Paniagua J et al.; The current work was undertaken in order to assess the role of the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella typhi in the induction of passive protection against the challenge with the bacteria in a mice model . BALB/c mice were immunized with the whole bacteria, mice with high anti-LPS antibody titers were killed, the spleens were removed and splenocytes were fused with the mouse plasmocytoma SP2/0 . Two IgM monoclonal antibodies against porins were developed . Each one of these Mabs recognized the polysaccharide region of LPS . Passive immunization with supernatant fluid of mice with one of these monoclonal antibodies did not protect against challenged with 20 LD50 and 100 LD50 of Salmonella typhi . The results suggest that LPS is not valuable immunogen for the induction of a protective status against typhoid fever.

J Exp Med, 1989 Oct 1, 170(4), 1231 - 41
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein opsonizes LPS-bearing particles for recognition by a novel receptor on macrophages; Wright SD et al.; Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase reactant that binds bacterial LPS . We show that LBP binds to the surface of live Salmonella and to LPS coated erythrocytes (ELPS), and strongly enhances the attachment of these particles to macrophages . LBP bridges LPS-coated particles to macrophages (MO) by first binding to the LPS, then binding to MO . Pretreatment of ELPS with LBP enabled binding to MO, but pretreatment of MO had no effect . Moreover, MO did not recognize erythrocytes coated with LBP unless LPS was also added, thus suggesting that interaction of LBP with LPS results in a conformational change in LBP that allows recognition by MO . Binding of LBP-coated particles appears to be mediated by a receptor found on blood monocytes and MO but not on other leukocytes or umbilical vein endothelium . The receptor is mobile in the plane of the membrane since binding activity on MO was downmodulated upon spreading of cells on surfaces coated with LBP-LPS complexes . The receptor appears to be distinct from other opsonic receptors since downmodulation of CR1, CR3, Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, and Fc gamma RIII with mAbs did not affect binding of LBP-coated particles, and leukocytes from CD18-deficient patients bound LBP-coated particles normally . Coating of erythrocytes with LBP-LPS complexes strongly enhanced phagocytosis observed in the presence of suboptimal amounts of anti-erythrocyte IgG . However, binding mediated by LBP-LPS complexes alone caused neither phagocytosis of the LBP-coated erythrocytes nor initiation of an oxidative burst . The results of our studies define LBP as an opsonin . During the acute phase, LBP can be expected to bind gram-negative bacteria and bacterial fragments and promote the interaction of coated bacteria with phagocytes.

Nature, 1989 Sep 28, 341(6240), 323 - 6
Cloned cytotoxic T cells recognize an epitope in the circumsporozoite protein and protect against malaria; Romero P et al.; Protective immunity against malaria is induced by vaccination of hosts with irradiation-attenuated sporozoites . This immunity is mediated in part by neutralizing antibodies that are directed mainly against the repeat domain of the circumsporozoite protein . Early experiments showed, however, that B-cell-depleted mice that are immunized with sporozoites can resist challenge, indicating that T-cell effector mechanisms may also have a role in protection . This idea was supported by the recent observation that protective immunity also requires T-cells expressing the CD8 antigen (CD8+ T cells) whose target is probably the developing liver-stage parasites . Moreover, an oral Salmonella vaccine that expresses the circumsporozoite protein is able to protect against murine malaria in the absence of antibodies . Here we report the identification of an epitope contained within amino acids 249-260 of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein that is recognized by H-2Kd-restricted cytotoxic T cells . Passive transfer into mice of cytotoxic-T-cell clones that recognize this epitope conferred a high degree of protection against challenge . These results provide the first direct evidence that CD8+ T cells that are specific for a defined epitope can confer protection against a parasitic infection.

BMJ, 1989 Sep 23, 299(6702), 771 - 3
Case-control study of infections with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in England; Cowden JM et al.; OBJECTIVE--To determine the source of indigenous sporadic infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 . DESIGN--Case-control study of primary sporadic cases identified by the Public Health Laboratory Service between 1 August and 30 September 1988 . SETTING--PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Division of Enteric Pathogens, 11 PHLS laboratories, and 42 local authority environmental health departments in England . SUBJECTS--232 Patients (cases) with confirmed primary sporadic infection, for 160 of whom (88 female) (median age 30 years, age range 4 months to 85 years) data were obtained by questionnaire about consumption of fresh eggs, egg products, precooked chicken, and minced meat in the three days and one week before onset of the symptoms . Up to three controls, matched for neighbourhood, age, and sex (if aged greater than 11 years), were asked the same questions for the same calendar period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Association of primary sporadic infection with consumption of suspected food items . RESULTS--Illness due to S enteritidis phage type 4 was significantly associated with consumption of raw shell egg products (homemade mayonnaise, ice cream, and milk drinks containing eggs) (matched p = 0.02) and shop bought sandwiches containing mayonnaise (matched p = 0.00004) or eggs (matched p = 0.02) . Illness was also significantly associated with eating lightly cooked eggs (unmatched p = 0.02), but not soft boiled eggs, and precooked hot chicken (matched p = 0.006) . Reported consumption of eggs was not appreciably different between cases and controls before or after the median date of interview . CONCLUSIONS--Fresh shell eggs, egg products, and precooked hot chicken are vehicles of S enteritidis phage type 4 infection in indigenous sporadic cases . Public health education and reduction in contamination of eggs and infection of poultry with S enteritidis are needed to reduce the incidence of human infection.

Cancer Lett, 1989 Sep 15, 47(1-2), 63 - 7
An important role for cytosol in the microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine to a mutagen: evidence for two different mutagenic metabolites; Guttenplan JB; Microsomal-mediated mutagenesis induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Salmonella TA100 at neutral pH was only slightly affected by cytosol and was similar in its threshold type dose-response curve to mutagenesis induced by direct-acting N-nitroso-N-methyl compounds . However, mutagenesis in strain TA104 was greatly enhanced by cytosol and this mutagenesis did not exhibit a threshold . In the presence of microsomes alone NDMA was more potent in TA100 than TA104, but in the presence of microsomes plus cytosol (S-9 fraction) this order was reversed at the doses tested . A possible explanation for these results is that NDMA is metabolized by microsomes to a mutagen (presumably methyldiazonium ion; MDI) that is more potent in TA100 than in TA104, but in the presence of S-9 fraction a fraction of the NDMA is metabolized by a pathway leading to a different mutagen with a different specificity . The ratio of metabolism via these pathways appears to be dependent on pH.

J Mol Biol, 1989 Sep 5, 209(1), 109 - 14
Total reconstitution of Salmonella flagellar filaments from hook and purified flagellin and hook-associated proteins in vitro; Ikeda T et al.; Salmonella flagellar filaments comprise the following distinct parts connected in series: a curved hook composed of a single kind of subunit (hook protein); two short segments made up of hook-associated proteins (HAP1 and HAP3); a long helical filament composed of flagellin; and a cap composed of HAP2 . In this study, a procedure was developed to isolate HAPs from the culture medium of a short-flagella mutant . We demonstrate that hook-filament complex can be formed in vitro by sequential addition of HAP1, HAP3 and flagellin to hook fragments.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1989 Sep, 271(3), 281 - 92
Enterotoxic, cytotoxic, necrotic and lethal activities in cell-free extracts of Salmonella strains isolated from humans; Gonzalez EA et al.; Unconcentrated cell-free sonic extracts from thirty Salmonella strains isolated from the faeces and blood of humans were investigated for the production of enterotoxins in various tests (Vero cell, infant mouse, rabbit skin permeability and rabbit ileal loop), as well as for lethal activity in adult mice . Sonic extracts from 23 (76.7%) strains were lethal for mice, 21 (70%) increased skin permeability and 3 (10%) showed necrotizing activity for the rabbit skin . No Salmonella strain producing typical Escherichia coli toxins, such as thermolabile (LT) or thermostable (STa) enterotoxins, Verotoxin (VT) or cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) cytotoxins, were detected . Non-repetitive fluid accumulation in rabbit loops was obtained when unconcentrated sonic extracts from 10 selected strains were assayed in seven rabbits . Growth of Salmonella in casamino acid yeast extract medium, followed by treatment of bacterial cells with polymyxin B, was demonstrated to be a rapid and sensitive method for releasing the delayed permeability factor.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 280 - 2
Comparative efficacy of four vaccines against Salmonella virchow in chicks in India; Ghosh SS; The efficacy of four vaccines in preventing Salmonella virchow infection in poultry was assessed by determining survivors after challenge, bacteriological status of tissues and excretion through stool and eggs following artificial infection in vaccinated and control birds . The study indicated that formol killed oil-adjuvant vaccine conferred the highest degree of immunity followed by gel and Freund's complete adjuvant vaccines.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Sep, 96(8), 421 - 3
{Salmonella gallinarum biovar gallinarum as the cause of a highly acute septicemic disease in adult laying hens kept in battery cages}; Hinz KH et al.; Early in the summer of 1988 two flocks each of them consisted of about 7500 brown laying hens of a heavy hybrid line were affected by fowl typhoid . The birds have been bought at the age of 20 weeks and housed in two buildings placed close together in one farm . The disease started in flock I at the age of 26 weeks and in flock II at the age of 36 weeks . In repeated trials amoxicillin was effective in the treatment of fowl typhoid when given in the drinking water for ad libitum consumption over a 4-7 days period; however relapse occurred 3-4 days after withdrawal of the drug . All the hens were slaughtered 5 days after termination of the last therapy . In spite of the treatment 18.3% of the hens in flock I and 14.3% of those in flock II died within the observation period of 47 days and 22 days respectively . Egg production was not affected . The source of the fowl typhoid producing organisms could be not elucidated.

J Vasc Surg, 1989 Sep, 10(3), 254 - 7
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: a new challenge? Report of a case; Dupont JR et al.; The case of a 64-year-old white man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm infected with Salmonella is presented . Five points related to this case are addressed . It is feared that the vascular surgeon may face patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and abdominal aortic aneurysms infected with Salmonella with increasing frequency in the future . This case raises medical, ethical, and moral questions.

Infection, 1989 Sep-Oct, 17(5), 290 - 3
Non-typhi Salmonella bacteraemia; Bassa A et al.; We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients with non-typhi Salmonella bacteraemia in our hospital from 1979 to 1988 . During the study period 45 non-typhi Salmonella bacteraemias were diagnosed in 43 patients . Ten patients were under one year old and 11 were over 60 . Seven cases of sepsis presented in patients with AIDS . Only three episodes were nosocomially acquired . In two of three patients the bacteraemia was preceded by an episode of acute gastroenteritis and one third presented without gastroenteritis . Complications and mortality were infrequent in spite of the differing degrees of adequacy of antibiotic treatment which was inappropriate in many cases . We have attempted to assess optimal antibiotic therapy, taking into account the duration and means of administration, in different groups of patients with nontyphi Salmonella bacteraemia.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Sep, 36(7), 509 - 14
{The differential diagnosis of Salmonella abortus ovis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in sheep abortions}; Plagemann O; 55 strains of Salmonella abortus ovis and 3 strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (two serotypes I, one serotype II), isolated out of aborted ovine fetuses from northern Bavaria, were investigated and compared culturally, biochemically and serologically . The identification of S . abortus ovis (group B) could not be achieved by use of Api 20 E . The code-number 4004500/47 identified S . typhi (group D) only . Y . pseudotuberculosis serotype II but not serotype I agglutinated with the polyvalent and the specific anti-0: 4-Salmonella serum . No agglutination was observed with the flagella anti-H-sera.

Mutat Res, 1989 Sep, 227(1), 63 - 7
Sodium azide mutagenesis in mammals: inability of mammalian cells to convert azide to a mutagenic intermediate; Arenaz P et al.; Sodium azide is unique among mutagens . It is highly mutagenic in many plant and bacterial species but marginally mutagenic in mammalian cells . A possible explanation for this difference in mutagenic efficiency may lie in the inability of mammalian cells to convert azide to the putative ultimate mutagen . Normal human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster cells or cell-free extracts from these cell lines were treated with azide and the sonicates tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain TA1530 . The data suggest that neither cell line was capable of converting azide to a mutagenic intermediate . In addition, both cell lines expressed the enzyme O-acetylserine(thio)-lyase which is responsible for the conversion of azide to azidoalanine, the putative mutagenic intermediate . Although mammalian cells possess the enzyme responsible for the conversion of azide to azidoalanine, they appear incapable of converting azide into a mutagenic intermediate in appreciable quantities . Further, the data support the conclusion that azide may be further modified in mammalian cells to an intermediate that is not genotoxic.

Mutat Res, 1989 Sep, 214(1), 159 - 64
Methylreductic acid and hydroxymethylreductic acid: oxygen radical-forming agents in heated starch; Kasai H et al.; Two compounds forming oxygen radicals were isolated from heated starch by monitoring the potency to form 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine from deoxyguanosine during purification procedures . These compounds were identified as hydroxymethylreductic acid and methylreductic acid . The former compound was mutagenic to Salmonella strains TA100, TA102 and TA104 and the latter compound induced sister-chromatid exchanges in human NL3 cells . Hydroxymethylreductic acid was found to be a novel compound . Considerable amounts of these compounds were detected in various heat-processed foods.

Mutat Res, 1989 Sep, 214(1), 153 - 8
Mutagenicity of active oxygen species in bacteria and its enzymatic or chemical inhibition; De Flora S et al.; The mono-electronic reduction of oxygen in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system led to the formation of active species eliciting an evident and highly reproducible mutagenic response in strain TA104 of S . typhimurium . Similar effects were observed by generating oxy radicals either extracellularly or inside bacterial cells . Mutagenicity was selectively detected in TA104 and not in other Salmonella strains, which points out the importance of the hisG428 mutation and of the deletion excising the uvrB gene, as far as sensitivity to oxy radicals is concerned . The mutagenicity of the system was further enhanced in the presence of superoxide dismutase . Catalase did not affect the mutagenicity of hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase, whereas it inhibited the mutagenicity induced by the mixture of hypoxanthine with xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase . This demonstrates that not only hydrogen peroxide but also the superoxide radical anion is positive in this system . Glutathione and 2 synthetic thiols, i.e., N-acetylcysteine and alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine, besides decreasing the high spontaneous mutagenicity of TA104, efficiently prevented the mutagenicity of active oxygen species.

Microbiologia, 1989 Sep, 5(2), 95 - 103
Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes isolated in Spain from human and non human sources (1983-1987); Echeita MA et al.; Salmonella serotypes over a five year period were studied in order to know their prevalence in Spain . The Salmonella Reference Centre received a total of 17,612 strains from 1983-1987 . The majority (16,133) were of human origin and only 1,479 strains were isolated from non-human sources . The serotyping yielded 100 different serotypes, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (8) being the commonest in both groups, 61.18% of human origin and 31.91% of non-human origin . Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium the commonest serotype in many countries, occupies second place in our results with the following percentages 11.87% and 9.67% respectively . Among the strains of human origin Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi occupies fourth place (3.24%) . This is very low compared with the high number of clinically diagnosed typhoid fever cases declared in the country: over 5,000 cases per year.

Indian J Med Sci, 1989 Sep, 43(9), 239 - 40
Osteomyelitis: a rare complications of Salmonella senftenberg infection--a case report; Dravid MN et al.; A case of chronic osteomyelitis is rare complication of salmonella senftenberg infection and is reported.

Indian J Med Res, 1989 Sep, 89, 290 - 6
Evaluation of coagglutination test for serotyping of enteropathogenic bacteria; Ram S et al.; Results of conventional agglutination and coagglutination (COA) tests for serotyping of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Shigella, Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae were compared . Eighty isolates of different serotypes of EPEC falling in the Wellcome polyvalent (OK) 2, 3 and 4 antisera, showed good (4+) agglutination with COA reagent up to 1:960 dilution . Out of 50 strains of Shigella species tested, 25 of Sh . dysenteriae and 5 of Sh . sonnei gave good reaction up to 1:1920 dilution and 15 of Sh . flexneri up to 1:960 dilution in COA test . Similar reaction (4+) by 5 strains of Sh . boydii was seen up to 1:480 dilution only . All 100 isolates of different Salmonella species viz., S . paratyphi A (5), S . typhimurium (50), S . typhi (15), S . weltevreden (5) and S . senftenberg (25), when serotyped by COA, gave good reaction in 1:480 dilution except S . typhi factor 9 and dH antisera, which gave very weak reaction at 1:480 dilution and good reaction at 1:280 dilution . All seven isolates of V . cholerae gave good reaction in COA test even up to 1:1920 dilution . No cross reaction with any COA reagent was obtained in the 1206 heterologus isolates tested . Thus due to its higher efficiency, lower cost and good specificity, COA may prove to be a better method for serotyping of enteropathogens.

Indian J Med Res, 1989 Sep, 89, 287 - 9
Coagglutination test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever; Mathai E et al.; Staphylococcal coagglutination (CoA) test for the detection of Salmonella typhi O (factor 9) antigen was evaluated as a diagnostic test in typhoid fever . Supernatants from 106 blood cultures with Gram negative bacilli were subjected to CoA test . The sensitivity of the CoA test for the detection of S . typhi O antigen was 88 per cent and the specificity 97 per cent.

Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi, 1989 Sep, 88(9), 869 - 73
Acute effects of fever, fasting and aspirin on infant rat gastric mucosa; Chen PH et al.; Clinical experience shows that young children with gastrointestinal bleeding have frequently had some preceding febrile illness for which aspirin was administered . Febrile young children often have poor food or liquid intake, or have been in a fasting state because of diarrhea, vomiting or anorexia . The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of fever, fasting and oral aspirin administration on the gastrointestinal mucosa . One hundred and sixty-eight infant rats, from 21 to 28 days of age and weighting from 70 to 120 g were studied . Random assignment was made to eight groups (Grs): Control (Gr I); aspirin administration only (Gr II); fasting only (Gr III); fever only (Gr IV); aspirin and fever (Gr V); fasting and fever (Gr VI); aspirin and fasting (Gr VII); and aspirin, fever and fasting (Gr VIII) . Aspirin was given orally in a single daily dose of 200 mg/kg for two days . Fever was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 ml salmonella vaccine . Fasting time lasted from 40 to 48 hours (8 hours prior to the beginning of the experiment to the end of study) . The severity of the gastric bleeding was estimated by scoring the number of petechiae and the percentage of the hemorrhagic erosion area from grade 0 to 3 . Results showed that rats in Grs VII and VIII had significantly more severe grades of petechiae and hemorrhage than the other groups . These were the groups where the risk factors of fasting and aspirin administration coexisted . In addition to fasting, Gr VIII had fever, but this group did not show more gastric mucosal damage than Gr VII showed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Microb Pathog, 1989 Sep, 7(3), 195 - 202
Lipopolysaccharide alteration mediated by the virulence plasmid of Salmonella; Kawahara K et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella dublin, S . enteritidis, S . typhimurium, S . choleraesuis and their derivative strains was analysed to investigate the correlation between LPS and virulence plasmid of Salmonella . All wild-type strains had smooth type LPS, i.e . LPS with long O-specific polysaccharide . The virulence plasmid-cured strain of S . dublin, C524, exhibited a shorter O-specific chain than its parent strain, 5240 . No distinct ladder bands were observed at the high molecular weight region on the SDS-PAGE gel for C524 LPS . By chemical analysis the number of O-repeating unit of C524 LPS was shown to be approximately one . The chain length of O-specific polysaccharide was restored by reintroduction of the virulence plasmid . The alteration of LPS by curing and reintroduction of the virulence plasmid was not observed when other wild-type strains of S . dublin were used . In the case of S . enteritidis, S . typhimurium, and S . choleraesuis, alteration of neither chemical composition nor electrophoretical profile of LPS was detected by curing and reintroduction of the virulence plasmids . Those results suggest that certain factor for regulation of the chain length of O-specific polysaccharide is encoded on the virulence plasmid of S . dublin.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1989 Sep, 26(2), 101 - 9
Study of Rwandese medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea I; Maikere-Faniyo R et al.; A series of 20 medicinal plants used in the Rwandese traditional medicine to treat diarrhoeal diseases has been screened for antibacterial activity against several Salmonella and Shigella and for antidiarrhoeal activity on mice . Fifty percent of the plants tested showed antibacterial activity against one or more microorganisms and 65% showed antidiarrhoeal activity.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Sep, 67(3), 283 - 91
Immunological and genetical relatedness of type-1 and type-2 fimbriae in salmonellas of serotypes Gallinarum, Pullorum and Typhimurium; Crichton PB et al.; The fimbriae of 50 strains of serotype Gallinarum and 35 strains of serotype Pullorum of the genus Salmonella were compared with the type-1 fimbriae of serotype Typhimurium strains by immune electron microscopy and dot blot hybridization tests with gene probes for type-1 fimbriation in Typhimurium . The fimbriae of Gallinarum and Pullorum strains were coated with Typhimurium type-1 fimbrial antiserum and probes hybridized strongly with DNA of Gallinarum and Pullorum strains under stringent conditions . Furthermore, when Typhimurium type-1 fimbrial antiserum, that had been absorbed with fimbriate Gallinarum or Pullorum bacteria, was used in immune gold labelling experiments, it was shown that residual antibody recognized sites of possible adhesin incorporation at intervals along the length of Typhimurium type-1 fimbriae . These findings suggest that the type-2 fimbriae produced by all Gallinarum and Pullorum strains are non-adhesive forms of adhesive, type-1 fimbriae . This observation is of interest because type-1 fimbriae have never been reported in naturally occurring strains of these two avian-adapted serotypes.

J Med Microbiol, 1989 Sep, 30(1), 59 - 68
Characterisation of a fimbrial, mannose-resistant and eluting haemagglutinin (MREHA) produced by strains of Salmonella of serotype Sendai; Old DC et al.; Strains of Salmonella of serotype Sendai, producing a mannose-resistant and eluting haemagglutinin (MREHA) when cultured at 37 degrees C but not at 18 degrees C, were examined by electronmicroscopy after negative staining . Production of this MREHA, previously thought to be nonfimbrial, was correlated with the presence of thick fimbriae with an external diameter of 13.6 nm . These fimbriae were readily fragmented and, when purified, had an estimated Mr of 28 Kda . Production of fimbrial MREHA by Sendai strains was associated with the ability to adhere to a wide range of substrates and to form a fimbrial pellicle at the surface of liquid media incubated statically in air . The origin of this unusual Sendai fimbrial MREHA is unknown . Thin filamentous structures produced independently of fimbrial MREHA by Sendai strains were also described . Fimbrial MREHA was not produced by strains of the antigenically similar serotype Miami which, however, and unlike Sendai strains, formed mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin and type-1 fimbriae . The ability to differentiate strains of Miami and Sendai (serotype 1,9,12:a: 1,5) by means of their fimbriae is noted.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Sep, 171(9), 4648 - 54
Fimbriation genes of Salmonella enteritidis; Muller KH et al.; From a cosmid clone, a 5.3-kilobase (kb) HindIII fragment of Salmonella enteritidis DNA containing the fimA gene was subcloned into bacteriophage T7 promoter vectors in both orientations . Predominantly mature fimbrin (14,000 Mr) was produced by clones containing the 5.3-kb insert, whereas the original cosmid clone predominantly accumulated a prefimbrin precursor (16,500 Mr) . T7 RNA polymerase-dependent expression of the 5.3-kb insert and of a series of nested deletions revealed several membrane-localized polypeptides (80,000, 40,000, 29,000, 25,000, and 16,500 Mrs) transcribed in the same direction as fimA as well as a single polypeptide (9,000 Mr) transcribed in the opposite direction . Mini-Mu and TnphoA (Tn5 IS50L::phoA) transposon mutagenesis was used to identify a 2- to 3.5-kb region downstream of fimA that affected fimbrin production and processing . A more distant region (greater than 7 kb), revealed by Tn10 and Mu dI mutagenesis, was also required for fimbriation but did not hybridize with the 5.3-kb fragment . Yet another distant region did hybridize to the 5.3-kb fragment, suggesting the existence of other fimbriation-related genes.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1989 Sep, 9(3), 169 - 72
Systemic Salmonella infections in sickle cell anaemia; Webb DK et al.; Salmonella infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease . In Jamaica, 16 episodes of systemic Salmonella infection were recognized in 308 children with sickle cell disease followed prospectively in a cohort study from birth . There were eight cases with osteomyelitis, seven with septicaemia, and one with meningitis . Salmonella dactylitis was the commonest presentation of osteomyelitis in the young child . Comparison of clinical features between children with Salmonella dactylitis and dactylitis owing to avascular bone necrosis showed that children with osteomyelitis had significantly higher fever, prolonged history and fluctuant swellings . Fever above 38.5 degrees C occurred in four of five children with Salmonella dactylitis, but in only one of 59 with uncomplicated dactylitis (P = 0.01) . Chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were both effective for systemic infection, and ampicillin alone was inadequate . Three deaths occurred, two from septicaemia and one from meningitis.

Lancet, 1989 Aug 19, 2(8660), 436 - 8
Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection of broiler chickens: a hazard to public health; Rampling A et al.; The pericardial fluids and contents of caeca and spleens from 81 broiler chickens that had been condemmed at processing factories because of macroscopic pericarditis were examined for Salmonella species . 47 (58%) of these chickens yielded S enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 . Viable counts of the organism in fluids from 6 of the most severely affected hearts ranged from 10(4) to 10(7) colony-forming units/ml . S enteridis PT4 was also isolated from 8 of 20 fresh chilled chickens on retail sale . No other serotype of Salmonella or phage type of S enteritidis was cultured either from the chickens with pericarditis or from the fresh chilled chicken.

J Appl Toxicol, 1989 Aug, 9(4), 271 - 5
Effects of aflatoxin on the immune system of the chick; Virdi JS et al.; A decreased antibody response to injected sheep red blood cells and weight losses to the extent of 25-38% were observed in the bursa Fabricii and thymus in chicks fed an aflatoxin diet (10% w/w) for 3 weeks . The immune organs did not show any significant histopathological changes . The antibody titre decreased from day 6 of treatment onward until the 15th day, when the antibody titre had disappeared completely in the test chicks . The body weight gain was also less in test chicks (9.7-37.3%) given test feed or test feed along with Salmonella pullorum in water (10(8) cfu ml 1) in comparison to chicks given toxin-free diet and water after 3 weeks of feeding trials . The disappearing component in the test chicks' liver homogenate was found to be antigenic by immunoelectrophoretic studies.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1989 Aug, 188(5), 404 - 20
{Chemical and biological characterization of electrofilter dusts of a waste incinerator . 1 . Comparison of different extraction methods for organic dust contents and their mutagenicity}; Nogueira M et al.; Particles collected by electrostatic precipitation from a municipal waste incinerator were used to study sample extraction methods for the mutagenicity bioassay . The Ames-Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation method with tester strain TA 100 was employed . A series of organic solvents with different polarities was employed to identify the most efficient solvent for removing mutagens from the ashes: Soxhlet extraction with toluene and pretreatment with diluted HCl; Soxhlet extraction with toluene following 2-ethoxy-ethanol; reflux extraction with toluene: 2-ethoxy-ethanol: HCl conc.; Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane . The results demonstrate that the amount of extractable mass correlates with the polarity of the solvents; however, the extractable mass did not correlate with the mutagenic activity of the extracts . The Soxhlet extraction with toluene and pretreatment with diluted HCl proved to be the best method for the extraction of mutagenic compounds present in particles collected by electrostatic precipitation from municipal waste incinerators, although it does not remove the maximum amount of extractable organic matter from the particles.

Surgery, 1989 Aug, 106(2), 292 - 9; discussion 299-300
Endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation: a study of mechanisms; Deitch EA et al.; Previously, we documented that nonlethal doses of endotoxin cause the translocation (escape) of bacteria from the gut to systemic organs . The purpose of this study was to determine which portion(s) of the endotoxin molecule induces bacterial translocation and to examine the role of xanthine oxidase activity in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation . Nonlethal doses of Salmonella endotoxin preparations (wild type, Ra, or Rb), containing the terminal portion of the core polysaccharide, induced bacterial translocation, whereas those preparations lacking the terminal-3 sugars (Rc, Rd, Re, or lipid A) did not induce bacterial translocation . Additionally, only those endotoxin preparations that induced bacterial translocation injured the gut mucosa, increased ileal xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activity, and disrupted the normal ecology of the gut flora, resulting in overgrowth with enteric bacilli . Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol prevented endotoxin (Ra)-induced mucosal injury and reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation from 83% to 30% (p less than 0.01) . These results suggest that endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation requires the presence of the terminal core lipopolysaccharide moiety and that xanthine oxidase-generated oxidants are important in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced mucosal injury and bacterial translocation.

Surgery, 1989 Aug, 106(2), 147 - 54; discussion 154-5
Treatment of experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis with murine monoclonal antibodies directed against lipopolysaccharide; Priest BP et al.; Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) are currently being evaluated as an adjunctive form of therapy for lethal gram-negative bacterial sepsis and shock . The exact binding site within the LPS molecule against which antibody should be directed in order to maximize both cross-reactivity among bacterial strains and protective capacity has not been established . By developing a panel of MAbs that bound to various regions of the LPS molecule (O saccharide; outer, intermediate, and inner core; lipid A), we were able to determine that some epitopes in the inner core/lipid A region of LPS were broadly shared among different genera of gram-negative microorganisms, on the basis of immunoblot analysis of MAb binding to LPS . Pretreatment with lower doses of O saccharide-specific MAbs (2 micrograms per animal) provided protection against a lethal intraperitoneal challenge of viable Salmonella minnesota bacteria, compared with core LPS-specific MAbs, which required at least 1.0 mg of MAb per mouse to provide a similar degree of immunoprotection . Although inner core LPS-specific MAbs are less protective than O saccharide-specific MAbs, these MAbs will probably be more useful in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis because of their ability to bind to many types of LPS and enhance survival during infection, which is caused by a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Aug, (8), 94 - 7
{Immunomodulating therapy with myelopid in experimental Salmonella infection}; Osmanova LIa et al.; The influence of myelopid on immunological characteristics in experimental Salmonella infection has been studied . This preparation has been found to produce a pronounced effect on the characteristics of immune response: it increases the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood and the lymphoid organs . The indirect rosette-formation test has shown that myelopid facilitates earlier and more rapid binding and elimination of the antigen (S . typhimurium) from the body . Under the influence of myelopid the release of antigen-binding lymphocytes from the thymus to the peripheral lymphoid organs becomes more intensive.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Aug, 50(8), 1272 - 8
Evaluation of the opsonic capacity of core lipopolysaccharide antiserum of equine origin against smooth Escherichia coli 0111:B4, using macrophage chemiluminescence; Morris DD et al.; A study was performed to determine whether equine antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would enhance phagocytosis of smooth gram-negative (GN) organisms by equine macrophages . Five healthy adult horses (group A) were immunized with a bacterin prepared from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota R595 to produce antibodies to core LPS . Five horses (group B) served as nonimmunized controls and were given physiologic saline solution instead of the rough mutant bacterin . Serum antibody titers to core LPS and to smooth E coli 0111:B4 were determined by indirect ELISA . Four serum pools were prepared: pool 1 = sera from horses in group B prior to immunization; pool 2 = sera from horses in group A prior to immunization (preimmune serum); pool 3 = sera from horses in group B, 7 days after the last saline injection; pool 4 = sera from horses in group A, 7 days after the last immunization (core LPS antiserum) . The serum pools, either unheated or heated 30 minutes at 56 C, in 3 dilutions (1/50, 1/100, 1/500) were used to opsonize smooth E coli 0111:B4 in an assay of equine peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence (CL) . Peritoneal fluid was collected from clinically normal horses and the macrophages were purified by adherence to borosilicate glass scintillation vials . Each serum type and dilution was added to triplicate vials containing 10(7) colony-forming units of E coli 0111:B4 . Luminol-dependent CL was measured with a liquid scintillation counter in the out-of-coincidence mode . Each serum dilution was tested in duplicate vials without bacteria to asses serum-induced nonspecific CL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Aug, 103(1), 47 - 52
Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection associated with the consumption of fresh shell-egg products; Cowden JM et al.; In 1988 there were two outbreaks of infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in adjacent local authorities . The first affected 18 of 75 helpers and guests who attended a private function . Investigations revealed that home-made vanilla ice-cream containing uncooked eggs was the vehicle of infection and the causative organism was identified at the premises of the egg producer . The second affected 84 of 422 delegates attending a conference dinner, and 12 of 50 hotel staff at risk . A dessert made with lightly-cooked egg yolk and raw egg white was associated with infection, and the epidemic strain was cultured from the shell of an egg and an environmental sample from the producer's farm . It is of interest that one outbreak involved free-range and one battery-produced eggs, and that in one the vehicle was prepared at home and in the other in commercial premises . In neither incident was any deficiency in standards of egg production or catering practice discovered.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Aug, 103(1), 35 - 45
The survival of salmonellas in shell eggs cooked under simulated domestic conditions; Humphrey TJ et al.; Strains of Salmonella enteritidis, S . typhimurium and S . senftenberg inoculated into the yolks of shell eggs were found to survive forms of cooking where some of the yolk remained liquid . Survival was largely independent of the size of the initial inoculum . The organisms also grew rapidly in eggs stored at room temperature and after 2 days the number of cells per gram of yolk exceeded log10 8.0 . With this level of contamination viable cells could be recovered from eggs cooked in any manner.

Circ Shock, 1989 Aug, 28(4), 369 - 84
Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor in the conscious rat; Turner CR et al.; The purpose of this study was to examine the dose response to a highly purified human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) preparation (1-2 x 10(7) U/mg; less than 0.05 ng endotoxin/mg TNF alpha) in the conscious rat . Rats received intravenous bolus injections of 0.3 mg/kg (n = 6), 1.0 mg/kg (n = 17), 3.0 mg/kg (n = 11), or 10 mg/kg (n = 15) of TNF alpha, 30 mg/kg (n = 7) Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (LPS), or isotonic saline (n = 11) . Upon termination of the experiment, the lungs were removed for lavage or histology . Survival was 0% 24 hr after the injection of LPS and 83, 59, 73, and 73% after the lowest to highest doses of TNF alpha, respectively . As with endotoxin, TNF alpha caused a dose-dependent increase in heart rate (HR) (P less than 0.05) within 0.5 hr of administration, which remained elevated throughout the 24 hr period . TNF alpha had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) acutely, but it caused a 15-20% decrease in MABP 24 hr post exposure (P less than 0.05) . TNF alpha increased hematocrit within 0.5 to 3 hr in all dose groups by 10-15% . Furthermore, TNF alpha produced a thrombocytopenia in all dose groups, although the decrease in platelet count was less than that produced by endotoxin . TNF alpha doses of 1-10 mg/kg caused leukopenia within 0.5 hr (P less than 0.05) . Lavage and histology revealed no changes in the number of pulmonary neutrophils . These results suggest that TNF alpha stimulated dose-dependent responses, which were consistent with those produced by LPS . However, these responses to TNF alpha were appreciably smaller than those reported for either LPS or for TNF alpha from other sources.

Circ Shock, 1989 Aug, 28(4), 357 - 67
Prophylactic immunotherapy in newborn rat endotoxicosis; Goto M et al.; The incidence and mortality of gram negative sepsis/septic shock remains high in newborns . In this paper, we postulated that prophylactic immunotherapy may be beneficial in newborn endotoxicosis . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerant rats were produced by serial Salmonella enteritidis LPS injections, and their sera were used for immunotherapy . Antiserum cotreatment blunted hypoglycemia and lactacidemia in S . enteritidis endotoxicosis and decreased the mortality . In 0-day-old rats, antiserum cotreatment groups had a decreased mortality when injected with S . enteritidis LPS (P less than .001), S . typhosa LPS (P less than .005), and Escherichia coli LPS (P less than .05) . This global protection suggested that antibody to S . enteritidis LPS could be due to a common LPS antigen . Prophylactic antiserum administration to pregnant rats on the 18th day of gestation decreased the mortality of S . enteritidis endotoxicosis in 0-day-old rats (P less than .001) . The prophylactic effects of antiserum was achieved by transplacental passage to the conceptus . We conclude that prophylactic as well simultaneous immunotherapy was beneficial in newborn rat endotoxicosis.

Circ Shock, 1989 Aug, 28(4), 333 - 45
Adenosine restores myocardial responsiveness to insulin during acute endotoxin shock in vivo; Law WR et al.; We recently reported that adenosine potentiated insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake (MGU) in vivo and that adenosine receptor blockade resulted in myocardial insulin resistance . Since myocardial insulin resistance has been reported to occur during endotoxin shock, we decided to investigate whether infusion of adenosine could ameliorate this condition . Studies were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs that were instrumented to measure mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), circumflex arterial blood flow (Q), myocardial glucose uptake (MGU), and oxygen uptake (MVO2) . Endotoxin shock was induced by administration of an intravenous bolus of Salmonella typhymurium endotoxin (1 mg/kg) . The response to insulin was determined during hyperinsulinemic (4 U/min), euglycemic clamp (INS) . The ability of adenosine to potentiate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured during sequential infusions of adenosine (0.01 mumol/min to 10 mumol/min) or during infusion of a single concentration of adenosine (1.0 mumol/min) into the circumflex artery . In control dogs INS resulted in an approximate twofold elevation of myocardial glucose uptake over basal values (2.6 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 0.7 mg/min; mean +/- S.E.M.) . There was no significant effect of INS on MAP, Q, or MVO2 in this group . Adenosine infusions resulted in potentiation of insulin-stimulated MGU . During shock INS elevated MAP, Q, and MVO2 to levels that were not significantly different from the control group, but did not raise MGU above the pre-endotoxin level . Adenosine infusions elevated insulin-stimulated MGU during shock to levels similar to those observed in the control group during respective adenosine infusion rates . MAP and MVO2 were not significantly altered by INS + adenosine in the shock group as compared with the effect of INS alone . From these results we conclude that adenosine restored the myocardial glucose uptake response to insulin during endotoxin shock . The response of the oxygen supply to demand ratio to INS suggests that myocardial adenosine production may be reduced during endotoxin shock.

Sci Total Environ, 1989 Aug, 84, 185 - 99
Mutagenic activity in groundwater in relation to mobilization of organic mutagens in soil; Kool HJ et al.; In this study, the presence of mutagenic activity (Ames Salmonella-microsome assay) in different types of uncontaminated Dutch soils is demonstrated . The mutagenic activity can be mobilized by eluting the soils with organic solvents . The highest mutagenic activity was obtained using dimethylsulfoxide . It is also shown that the organic mutagens can be mobilized by percolating the soils with rain water, although this phenomenon is not always observed . Finally, the results of this study suggest that the organic mutagens found in groundwater may, at least in part, arise from mobilization of organic mutagens in soil by rain water.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1989 Aug, 8(8), 499 - 502
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Salmonella associated with nondysenteric persistent diarrhea; Bhan MK et al.; A hospital-based case-control study including 92 children with diarrhea for longer than 14 days and 92 controls without gastrointestinal symptoms was performed to describe the association between the excretion of enteric pathogens and persistent diarrhea . In patients the most frequently isolated stool pathogens were enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (19.6%), nontyphoidal Salmonella spp . (17.4%), E . coli with diffuse adherence pattern (7.6%), G . lamblia (7.6%) and enterotoxigenic E . coli (5.4%) . The excretion rates in patients were significantly greater than in controls only for nontyphoidal Salmonella spp . (P = 0.0006) and enteroaggregative E . coli (P = 0.016).

Cancer Lett, 1989 Aug, 46(3), 173 - 80
Mutagenic and cytogenetic studies of N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; Padma PR et al.; The tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(Methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were tested for mutagenic and clastogenic effects using a battery of short-term test systems . These test systems include the Ames test, micronucleus test (MNT), induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange (SCEs) . NNN and NNK were tested for their potency in inducing mutations in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and their clastogenic action were tested by the micronucleus inducing ability in vivo using Swiss mice . Studies on the induction of chromosomal aberrations and SCE exchange were carried out using human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures . In the Ames test and MNT, NNN was positive but in comparisons with NNK, NNK was a more potent mutagen . Present studies clearly proves the genotoxic potential of both NNN and NNK and between the two NNK is more potent.

Mutat Res, 1989 Aug, 226(4), 229 - 33
Release of mutagens from finished leather; Clonfero E et al.; Extracts of a leather widely used in the furniture and dress-making industries were tested for their mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Extracts obtained after vigorous treatment of leather samples in a Soxhlet apparatus with toluene or ethanol were mutagenic in strain TA98 of S . typhimurium in the absence of S9 mix . The analysis of extracts of leather at various intermediate stages of processing showed that the mutagenic activity appeared after the coloration process . The responsible compound was identified to be an azo dye (Color Index: Acid Brown 83) whose mutagenic potency was about 4 revertants/micrograms.

J Indian Med Assoc, 1989 Aug, 87(8), 179 - 80
An evaluation of modified Widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever; Rao BN; Serum samples obtained from 50 bacteriologically positive cases of Salmonella Typhi infection as well as 50 healthy individuals were subjected to conventional and modified Widal tests simultaneously . A 4-fold difference in the titres was noticed in 50 sera of the test group and no change in the titres of the control group . The early rising 'O' antibodies which are of IgM in nature and formed due to recent infection are inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol while it has no effect on IgG antibodies which are formed due to flagellar 'H' antigens or due to anamnestic response or by nonspecific reasons . The use of modified Widal test along with conventional one can therefore help in the diagnosis of enteric fever with certainty.

Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi, 1989 Aug, 5(8), 436 - 47
Characterization of cytotoxicity and R-plasmid in Salmonella krefeld; Peng CF et al.; From 1981 to 1984, 254 isolates of Salmonella krefeld were isolated from newborns and infants with acute gastroenteritis in southern Taiwan . All the crude enterotoxin preparations of S . krefeld caused the cytotoxic elongation reaction in Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells . Cytotoxic enterotoxin was also produced by S . krefeld inducing Vero cells to round up and appear partially detached from the culture plate . It was noted that S . krefeld showed internalization and multiplication in CHO-K1 cells . S . krefeld exhibited 12 different resistant patterns . And the predominant patterns were found to be resistant to kanamycin and ampicillin (Ka-Amr), and resistant to kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (Ka-Am-Cm-Ter) . It was found that two distinct plasmids of 34 megadalton (Md) and 120 Md were commonly present in these strains . S . krefeld haboured 34 Md and 120 Md R-plasmid, which conferred resistance to Ka-Amr and Ka-Am-Cm-Ter, respectively . From the resistance transferred patterns, Ka-Amr was the most common resistance among transconjugants . The frequency of transfer of the 34 Md R-plasmid (2.71 x 10(-3) transconjugants/donor cell) from S . krefeld to E . coli K-12 14R525 was 20 times higher than that of the 120 Md R-plasmid (1.48 x 10(-4) transconjugants/donor cell) . In analysis of the restriction endonuclease digest of the 34 Md plasmid obtained from different bacterial sources, their specific identical DNA fragment pattern suggested that the outbreak infection due to S . krefeld had a common origin.

Genetics, 1989 Aug, 122(4), 737 - 47
Recombination between homologies in direct and inverse orientation in the chromosome of Salmonella: intervals which are nonpermissive for inversion formation; Segall AM et al.; Sequences placed in inverse order at particular chromosome sites (permissive) recombine to generate an inversion; the same sequences, placed at other sites (nonpermissive) interact recombinationally but do not form the expected inversion recombinants . We have investigated the events that occur between sequences at nonpermissive sites . Genetically marked lac operons in inverse order were placed at nonpermissive sites in a single chromosome and Lac+ recombinants were selected . No inversions were formed . The Lac+ recombinants recovered include double-recombinant types in which information appears to have undergone a nonreciprocal information exchange; one mutant copy is repaired with no alteration of the other copy . Recombination within the lac operon is stimulated more than 100-fold by the presence of extensive homology (antenna sequences) outside of the region for which recombination is selected . Sequences placed in direct order at the ends of the same noninvertible chromosome segment recombine to form all the expected recombinant types including those in which a reciprocal exchange has generated a duplication . All the detected recombinant types can be accounted for by recombination between sister chromosomes . These results are discussed in terms of two alternative models . One explanation of the failure to detect inversion of some intervals is that particular inversions are lethal, despite the fact that no essential sequences are disrupted . Another explanation is that chromosome topology prevents sequences at nonpermissive sites in a single chromosome from engaging in the direct interaction required for inversion formation, but allows the sister strand exchanges that can generate the recombinant observed.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989 Aug, 140(2), 417 - 22
Carcinogen metabolism studies in human bronchial and lung parenchymal tissues; Petruzzelli S et al.; The pulmonary metabolism of xenobiotics was investigated by measuring the glutathione content and the activity of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase, and uridine 5' -diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase enzymes in S-12 fractions of bronchial tree and peripheral lung parenchyma obtained at surgery from 21 patients . In parallel, the same preparations were used to assess either the activation of promutagens, i.e., benzo(a)pyrene, 2-aminofluorene, cyclophosphamide, and a cigarette smoke condensate, to metabolites reverting his- Salmonella typhymurium strains, or the decrease of direct-acting mutagens, i.e., sodium dichromate, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, epichlorohydrin, and ICR 191 . As compared to bronchus preparations, parenchymal preparations contained considerably higher concentrations of reduced glutathione, had a significantly higher epoxide hydrolase activity, and, as assessed by means of a quantitative index, were more efficient in activating 2-aminofluorene and in reducing the mutagenicity of dichromate and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide . These data may suggest that parenchymal lung tissue is more capable than bronchial tissue to detoxify reactive intermediates of xenobiotics, possibly explaining the greater susceptibility of bronchi to cigarette smoke-induced cancers.

Bioorg Khim, 1989 Aug, 15(8), 1113 - 27
{Thioglycoside synthons for obtaining di-, tri- and hexasaccharide fragments of O-specific polysaccharides of Salmonella from serogroups A, B and D1}; Cherniak AIa et al.; The synthesis of a versatile trisaccharide synthon is described with the combination of protecting groups suitable for preparing higher oligosaccharides of the sequence Man-Rha-Gal and for introducing side-chain substituents (such as residues of 3,6-dideoxy-hexoses and alpha-D-glucose) . This synthon was used for the synthesis of protected tri- and hexasaccharide fragments (as 2-phtalimidoethyl glycosides) of Salmonella polysaccharides (serological groups A, B, and D1).

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Aug, (8), 33 - 7
{The antigenic characteristics of Salmonella typhi L forms}; Prozorovskii SV et al.; The study of the possibility of detecting the specific antigens of S . typhi L forms has revealed that out of three destructive methods under study (osmotic lysis, freezing-thawing, sonication) only ultrasonic disintegration has proved to be effective for S . typhi L forms . Three specific fractions capable of interacting only with specific antibodies to S . typhi L forms have been revealed in the course of chromatographic separation of the soluble antigenic complex of S . typhi stable L forms and the subsequent analysis of the fractions thus obtained in the enzyme immunoassay.

J Biol Chem, 1989 Jul 15, 264(20), 11750 - 3
Reconstitution of the thermostable trimeric phage P22 tailspike protein from denatured chains in vitro; Seckler R et al.; Intermediates in the intracellular chain folding and association pathway of the P22 tailspike endorhamnosidase have been identified previously by physiological and genetic methods . Conditions have now been found for the in vitro refolding of this large (Mr = 215,000) oligomeric protein . Purified Salmonella phage P22 tailspikes, while very stable to urea in neutral solution, were dissociated by moderate concentrations of urea at acidic pH . The tailspike protein was denatured to unfolded polypeptide chains in 6 M urea, pH 3, as disclosed by analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence, and circular dichroism . Upon dilution into neutral buffer at 10 degrees C, the polypeptides fold spontaneously and associate to form trimeric tailspikes with high yield . Like native phage P22 tailspikes, the reconstitution product is resistant to denaturation by dodecyl sulfate in the cold and displays endorhamnosidase activity . Sedimentation coefficients, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence emission maxima of native and reconstituted tailspikes are identical within experimental error . By characterization of intermediates, localization of temperature-sensitive steps, and analysis of the effect of previously identified folding mutations, the reconstitution system described should allow comparison of in vivo and in vitro folding pathways of this large protein oligomer.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1989 Jul 7, 114(27), 1069 - 72
{Monoclonal gammopathy in HIV infection}; Lohr HF et al.; A lambda-light chain-IgA plasmocytoma, accompanied by a changing clinical picture of fever, nocturnal perspirations and weight loss, developed in a 46-year-old homosexual male with AIDS, stage IV (classification according to the Centers for Disease Control) . He had been suffering from recurrent Salmonella septicaemia . Serum protein electrophoresis demonstrated marked elevation of the beta- and gamma-fractions (44% and 24%, respectively) . There were 15% plasma cells in the differential blood count and in the bone marrow smear . Immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated free lambda-light chains . The IgA concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was raised to 202 mg/l, and there was an IgA paraproteinaemia . The patient died during a recurrence of the Salmonella septicaemia from septic cardiovascular failure.

Brain Res, 1989 Jul 3, 491(1), 173 - 9
Systemic endotoxin increases L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid content of mouse cerebral cortex; Heyes MP et al.; Systemic infections and injection of endotoxin are known to increase L-tryptophan release from skeletal muscle and increase systemic L-tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway . To investigate the effects of systemically administered endotoxin on brain L-tryptophan metabolites . C57BL6/6NCR mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 10 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equii and samples of serum and cerebral cortex collected . After 9 h, serum L-tryptophan concentration was decreased by 51% . At 9 h and 24 h, increases in L-tryptophan metabolites in cerebral cortex were: L-tryptophan, 42% and 39%; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 38% and 67%; 3-hydroxykynurenine, 235% and 381%; and quinolinic acid, 76% and 306% . Cortical quinolinic acid concentration was still elevated at 48 h (88%) and 72 h (79%) after lipopolysaccharide . No significant changes in cortical serotonin concentrations were found at the time points examined . When L-tryptophan (0.37 mmol/kg) was administered systemically to either normal or lipopolysaccharide-treated mice, increases in cortical L-tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine concentrations were largest in mice treated with both lipopolysaccharide and L-tryptophan . These results suggest that disturbances in L-tryptophan metabolism that follow systemic endotoxin administration extend to the central nervous system . The consequences of these changes in L-tryptophan metabolites remain to be determined.

Vopr Med Khim, 1989 Jul-Aug, 35(4), 89 - 91
{The status of the monooxygenase enzyme system of the liver in Salmonella infection in rats}; Krakovskii ME et al.; Content and activity of microsomal cytochromes P450 and b5, amidopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase were studied in liver tissue of rats with salmonelliasis . Distinct inhibition of the liver monooxygenase enzymatic system was detected during the acute period of the disease; its normalization was complete within the reconvalescence period . Endotoxinemia appears to be mainly responsible for alterations in the microsomal enzymes activity observed.

Indian J Med Res, 1989 Jul, 89, 229 - 32
A mouse monoclonal antibody to Vi antigen & its usefulness in the serotyping of Salmonella; Mohan N et al.; Three IgM monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) designated as MK2, MK3 and MK5 and specific for the Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi have been produced . These antibodies recognise the epitope involving the O-acetyl group of Vi antigen . In slide agglutination tests, these MoAb's agglutinated all 11 isolates of S . typhi but not the other Gram negative bacteria . This selective reactivity makes them better reagents for the identification of S . typhi than the conventional polyclonal antiserum.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1989 Jul 1, 195(1), 59 - 63
Prevalence of Salmonella and multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in California dairies; Pacer RE et al.; A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 75 randomly selected dairies in one California county . Salmonella was isolated from 12 (16%) dairies; S newport was isolated from 6 (8%) . Chloramphenicol-resistant S newport and S dublin were isolated from 8 (10.7%) dairies . Dairies with Salmonella had higher average calf mortality rates (P = 0.064; odds ratio {OR}, 3.8) . Dairies with S newport had a greater than expected occurrence of illnesses in adult cows compared with dairies with no S newport (P = 0.048; OR, 6.7) or with no Salmonella serotypes isolated (P = 0.047; OR, 6.9) . Dairies with chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella were more likely to have used chloramphenicol during the preceding 18-month period compared with dairies with chloramphenicol-susceptible Salmonella or no Salmonella (P = 0.023; OR, 9.5).

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 Jul, 33(7), 1113 - 5
Permeability and penicillin-binding protein alterations in Salmonella muenchen: stepwise resistance acquired during beta-lactam therapy; Bellido F et al.; A patient with Salmonella muenchen sepsis was unsuccessfully treated with ampicillin . During therapy, four strains that showed stepwise ampicillin resistance and affected other beta-lactams and unrelated antibiotics were isolated sequentially . Resistance was caused by decreased outer membrane permeability associated with diminished expression of porin OmpF . Furthermore, the most resistant isolate overproduced the PBP 3 target molecule.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 385 - 91
Feasibility of using proteins from Salmonella gallinarum vs . 9R live vaccine for the prevention of fowl typhoid in chickens; Bouzoubaa K et al.; Proteins from a field strain of Salmonella gallinarum MSG1 were compared with 9R live vaccine strain for their protection against experimental fowl typhoid in chickens . Proteins from S . gallinarum gave better protection than the 9R live vaccine as measured by clearance of challenge organism from internal organs . Proteins given twice with an adjuvant at 200 micrograms/100 g body weight resulted in 95% protection, compared with 60% protection with 9R given orally . The 9R live vaccine produced more hepatic and splenic lesions and, when administered orally as a single dose, was the least protective (60%) . In the group vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of 9R without an adjuvant, both the challenge strain and the 9R vaccine strain were isolated from the ovaries of some birds . All chickens vaccinated with 9R strain or with proteins developed antibodies detectable by microagglutination test, and in some vaccinated groups as many as 100% of the birds developed antibody levels detected by seroagglutination.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 27(7), 1640 - 5
Immunoblot detection of class-specific humoral immune response to outer membrane proteins isolated from Salmonella typhi in humans with typhoid fever; Ortiz V et al.; The studies reported here were undertaken to assess the ability of the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella typhi to induce a humoral immune response in humans with typhoid fever . OMPs were isolated with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and were found to be contaminated with approximately 4% lipopolysaccharide . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns showed protein bands with molecular size ranges from 17 to 70 kilodaltons; the major groups of proteins were those that correspond to the porins and OmpA of gram-negative bacteria . Rabbit antiserum to OMPs or to S . typhi recognized OMPs after absorption with lipopolysaccharide . Sera from patients with typhoid fever contained immunoglobulin M antibodies which reacted with a protein of 28 kilodaltons and immunoglobulin G antibodies which reacted mainly with the porins, as determined by immunoblotting . These results indicate that the porins are the major immunogenic OMPs from S . typhi and that the immune response induced in the infection could be related to the protective status.

Circ Shock, 1989 Jul, 28(3), 279 - 91
Alterations in plasma levels and complexing of Gc (vitamin D-binding protein) in rats with endotoxic shock; Watt GH et al.; Septic shock is known to involve increased metabolism of arachidonic acid and generation of certain eicosanoids . Recently, a new extracellular pool of unsaturated fatty acids including arachidonate has been found in relation to group-specific component (Gc), a vitamin D-binding plasma protein that sequesters monomeric G-actin . Since complexing with G-actin displaces fatty acids, possible alterations in plasma levels of Gc and extent of complexing were sought in serial samples obtained from rats with shock induced by Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (12.5-15 mg kg-1) . Gc levels in animals receiving endotoxin exhibited bimodal alterations, with a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) at 1 hour, followed by a progressive elevation to 160% of starting concentrations at 6 days in animals that survived, whereas in sham-injected animals the change observed was a continuous rise to 147% at 6 days . A statistically significant increase in the percentage of Gc complexed was observed in all endotoxemic rats from 2 hours onward (P less than 0.01), in contrast to sham-injected animals, in which the percentage of Gc complexed remained at less than 5% . Levels in survivors peaked at 30 +/- 5.2% at 8 hours and then decreased to normal (2 +/- 0.9%) by 6 days (n = 7), whereas in nonsurvivors complexed Gc continued to rise until time of death (66-80%) at 6-12 hours (n = 4) . Correlation of these results with glucose, transaminases, and immunoreactive TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha indicated that decreased absolute levels of Gc represent a consistent early change in endotoxic shock and that the percentage of Gc complexed is an accurate prognostic indicator of severity.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1989 Jul 1, 195(1), 113 - 7
Bacterial culture of blood from critically ill dogs and cats: 100 cases (1985-1987); Dow SW et al.; Of 100 critically ill dogs and cats, 49 (39 dogs, 10 cats) had bacteremia . Gram-negative bacilli were the most common isolates from the bloodstream of dogs with bacteremia (46%), and gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 36% and 31% of positive cultures, respectively; 15% of positive cultures were polymicrobial . In cats, gram-negative bacilli (especially Salmonella enteritidis) and anaerobic bacteria were the most common isolates, and 30% of positive cultures were polymicrobial . Gram-positive cocci were not isolated from the blood-stream of cats . Odds ratios, adjusted for the combined effects of disease status (severe vs nonsevere), results of bacterial culture of blood result (positive vs negative), and species (dog vs cat) were calculated for mortality in animals in the study . In animals with bacteremia, severe disease increased the risk of death 11.6-fold, compared with the risk in animals with nonsevere disease . Bacteremia increased mortality 10-fold in animals with severe disease, compared with mortality in animals with severe disease without bacteremia . Animals with severe disease and bacteremia were 15.6 times more likely to die than were those with nonsevere disease and negative culture results . In animals with nonsevere disease, culture results (positive vs negative) were not related significantly to mortality . Disease status (severe vs nonsevere) in animals without bacteremia also was not significantly related to mortality . There was no significant difference in overall mortality in dogs, compared with that in cats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

South Med J, 1989 Jul, 82(7), 837 - 40
Epidemic of restaurant-associated illness due to Salmonella newport; Narain JP et al.; In June and July 1982, a large outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a barbecue restaurant involved 120 persons in central Arkansas . The illness was characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting; 23 patients (19%) were hospitalized . Epidemiologic investigation showed that persons who became ill were more likely to have eaten ham or pork sandwiches at the restaurant before their illness than those who remained well . Stool cultures from 19 customers and each of the eight restaurant employees were positive for Salmonella newport . Cultures of a ham slice obtained from the restaurant and a partially consumed pork sandwich obtained from one ill person both grew Salmonella of same serotype.

Infect Immun, 1989 Jul, 57(7), 2072 - 8
Modulation of endotoxin lethality in mice by hydrazine sulfate; Silverstein R et al.; Although the precise mechanism of endotoxin lethality has yet to be defined, it is well recognized that the amount of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is reproducibly and significantly reduced after challenge with endotoxin . Hydrazine has been shown to be a specific inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, causing a metabolic crossover at the step catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase . More recently, it has also been shown that hydrazine sulfate may be of potential therapeutic value against cancer cachexia . The experiments described in this paper demonstrate that treatment of CF1 mice with hydrazine sulfate 5 h prior to challenge with endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis significantly improved survival . Furthermore, such treatment counteracted the drop in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in isolated cytosol otherwise evident at 6 h and 12 h after endotoxin challenge . Despite this, there was no corresponding improvement in the plasma glucose, measured at 6, 12, and 24 h following endotoxin challenge . It is suggested that the endogenous response to the metabolic crossover initiated by hydrazine may contribute to the protection . The response to hydrazine sulfate has yet to be fully elaborated but does include the increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity . In contrast with the protection seen upon hydrazine sulfate pretreatment, injecting a corresponding dose of hydrazine sulfate after the endotoxin resulted in more fatalities.

J Mol Recognit, 1989 Jul, 2(1), 37 - 43
Definition of the phage G13 receptor as structural domains of trisaccharides in Salmonella and Escherichia coli core oligosaccharides; Wollin R et al.; The interaction between phage G13 and different bacterial and synthetic oligosaccharides has been studied using equilibrium dialysis inhibition . The results, and conformational analysis of the oligosaccharides, make us conclude that the phage G13 carbohydrate receptor is a conformational domain involving three sugar residues . The following trisaccharide elements contain the domain: alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-{alpha-D-Galp-(1----6)}-alpha-D-Glcp, alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-{alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-alpha-D-Manp , and alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)-{L-gly-alpha-D-man-Hepp-(1----7)}-L-gly-alph a-D- man-Hepp . Thus two structures, either a hexose substituted with alpha-D-glycopyranosyl groups in the 3- and 6-positions, or a heptose substituted with such groups in the 3- and 7-positions are functional G13 binding sites . Such domains are present in several cores of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella and Escherichia coli species . Some cores, e.g . those from S . typhimurium chemotypes Ra, Rb1 and Rb2, contain two such domains . The identification of two G13 receptor domains within different core saccharides could explain the broad host range of this phage.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1989 Jul 1, 51(1), 37 - 40
Conversion of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 7 involves loss of lipopolysaccharide with concomitant loss of virulence; Chart H et al.; Three strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) and 33 strains of S . enteritidis phage type 7 (PT7) were examined for the ability to produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and for plasmid carriage . The LPS of all strains of PT4 gave a typical 'ladder' pattern by SDS-PAGE and silver staining, and on serotyping these strains were shown to express the O-antigens 9, 12 . In contrast, strains of PT7 did not express long-chain LPS and were autoagglutinable . All strains of PT4 and the majority of strains of PT7 carried a single plasmid of 38 MDa, indistinguishable when characterised by restriction endonuclease fragmentation analysis . Epidemiological and experimental observations have demonstrated a relationship between strains of S . enteritidis PT4 and PT7, and our results, using mice, show that the loss of ability of strains of PT4 to snythesise LPS is responsible for the conversion of highly virulent strains of PT4 to avirulent strains of PT7 . From epidemiological data of human infections in England and Wales, we suggest that strains of S . enteritidis PT7 may be less virulent for humans.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1989 Jul-Aug, 44(7-8), 680 - 8
Cytostatic activity of aeroplysinin-1 against lymphoma and epithelioma cells; Kreuter MH et al.; (+/-)-Aeroplysinin-1, an optically active 1,2-dihydroarene-1,2-diol, was isolated from the marine sponges Verongia aerophoba (+-isomer) and Ianthella ardis (- -isomer) . For the experiments presented we used the +-isomer from Verongia aerophoba . Here we describe the hitherto unknown biological and pharmacological property of this compound to display pronounced anticancer activity against L5178y mouse lymphoma cells (ED50: 0.5 microM) . Friend erythroleukemia cells (ED50: 0.7 microM), human mamma carcinoma cells (ED50: 0.3 microM) and human colon carcinoma cells (ED50: 3.0 microM) in vitro . Furthermore, aeroplysinin caused a preferential inhibition of {3H}thymidine (dThd) incorporation rates in L5178y mouse lymphoma cells if compared with murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro . At concentrations between 1.1 and 28.5 microM, the {3H}dThd incorporation rates in L5178y cells were suppressed to 28%-0% but only to 78%-18% in murine spleen lymphocytes . The same differential effect in vitro was found with the following epithelial cells: 14.70 microM of the compound were required to inhibit normal human fibroblasts to 50%, but only 2.9 microM in the assays with human malign keratinocytes or malignant melanoma cells to observe the same inhibitory effect . Moreover, aeroplysinin-1 displayed antileukemic activity in vivo using the L5178y cell/NMRI mouse system; administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days, the T/C (%) value was determined to be 338 . Preliminary toxicology studies revealed an acute LD50 of 202 mg/kg and a subacute LD50 of 150 mg/kg . Aeroplysinin-1 is neither a direct mutagen nor a premutagen in the umu/Salmonella typhimurium test system.

Rev Infect Dis, 1989 Jul-Aug, 11 Suppl 5, S1179 - 87
Quinolones in the treatment of Salmonella carriers; Rodriguez-Noriega E et al.; Infections caused by Salmonella typhi are commonly followed by a chronic carrier state despite positive clinical and initial bacteriologic responses . The use of primary antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has several major drawbacks, including in some instances the failure to prevent the carrier state . The appearance worldwide of strains with multiple resistance to the most commonly used regimens has prompted the search for new forms of therapy . Among the agents studied have been third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, which are active in vitro against bacterial enteropathogens like S . typhi . Resolution of chronic carriage of S . typhi and other salmonellae is difficult, and regimens commonly fail (including those that combine antibiotic administration with removal of the gallbladder) . In addition to being active in vitro against Salmonella species, the newer quinolones adequately penetrate the intestinal lumen, liver, bile, and gallbladder . Initial experience with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in oral treatment of the chronic S . typhi carrier state in adults has been promising.

Cornell Vet, 1989 Jul, 79(3), 231 - 47
The effect of immunity to core lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the production of thromboxane and prostacyclin by equine peritoneal macrophages; Morris DD et al.; An experiment was designed to determine whether a change in the ability of macrophages to respond to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria was involved in the development of cross-reactive immunity to endotoxemia . The endotoxin-induced production of thromboxane A2(TxA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) by peritoneal macrophages from horses which were hyperimmunized against the common core region of LPS were compared to those in unimmunized horses . Bacterins used for induction of core LPS immunity were prepared from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4, and the R 595 mutant of Salmonella minnesota . Serum antibody titers to core LPS were determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Immunized horses had a marked increase in titer to core LPS (p less than 0.05), while there was no change in titer in unimmunized control horses . The only significant difference in the in vitro LPS-induced production of TxA2 and PGI2 by peritoneal macrophages between immunized and control horses was a greater production of TxA2 by macrophages from immunized horses in response to 10 ng/ml LPS (p less than 0.05) . Results of this experiment do not support the concept that cross-reactive immunity to LPS is attended by reduced production of TxA2 and PGI2 by equine peritoneal macrophages.

Mutat Res, 1989 Jul, 221(1), 53 - 67
International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens . ICPEMC publication No . 17 . Can a mechanistic rationale be provided for non-genotoxic carcinogens identified in rodent bioassays?
Clayson DB.
In a recent survey of the results of the National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program's Carcinogenesis Bioassay Program, Ashby and Tennant (1988) drew attention to the high proportion of carcinogens that were non-genotoxic insofar as their response to the Salmonella-microsome test was concerned . The present review contrasts these findings with what is known mechanistically about non-genotoxic carcinogens that affect the tissues which are considered to be particularly prone to non-genotoxic tumor induction . Excessive and often thresholded increases in cellular proliferation in the affected tissues appear to be one common feature in tumor induction by these agents, which act either through cytotoxicity followed by regeneration or through hormone-mimetic action . It is suggested that a weight of the evidence approach on a chemical by chemical basis is necessary to decide the relevance of these agents to the human situation.

Mutat Res, 1989 Jul, 223(3), 267 - 72
Genotoxicity of zinc in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays; Thompson ED et al.; The genotoxicity of zinc was examined in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays . Zinc acetate produced dose-related positive responses in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and an in vitro cytogenetic assay with Chinese hamster ovary cells, but was negative in the Salmonella mutation assay and did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes . Zinc-2,4-pentanedione produced frameshift mutations in Salmonella tester strains TA1538 and TA98, but did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes . The effect of ligand binding of zinc in the in vitro test systems is discussed.

Behring Inst Mitt, 1989 Jul, (84), 236 - 54
Interaction of fluid phase C1/C1q and macrophage membrane-associated C1q with gram-negative bacteria; Clas F et al.; Many gram-negative bacteria are killed after treatment with normal non-immune sera and directly bind and activate C1 in the absence of antibodies . For the immediate killing of such serum-sensitive bacteria, like R-forms of Salmonella strains, all serum complement components are essential . When purified serum C1 to C9 are used, further activation of the cascade requires an additional serum factor . This glycoprotein differs from antibody and mediates the attachment of C4b to the bacterial cell surface . The antibody-independent interaction with C1 occurs via C1q, which binds to LPS . In addition outer membrane proteins bind C1q and C1 . The association of these porins with LPS may potentiate the antibody-independent C1q and C1 binding to serum-sensitive bacteria . Porins can contribute to complement activation mainly through the classical pathway . LPS and porins from bacterial cell walls are also involved in the binding of gram-negative bacteria to macrophages . This antibody-independent attachment and ingestion of gram-negative bacteria is mediated by endogenous macrophage-membrane associated C1q.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1989 Jul-Dec, 21(3-4), 127 - 32
{Comparative study of 4 methods for isolating Salmonella from surface waters}; Anselmo RJ et al.; The study presented here is the first stage of a project designed to determine the presence of Salmonella serotypes in Lujan river waters, which flow beside the urban area of the homonymous city, in the province of Buenos Aires . It consisted in a comparative study of four methods for Salmonellae detection in 200 samples: Tetrathionate-brilliant green; mannitol-selenite; Rappaport 25 and modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth, each of them with and without pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water . The submerged gauze technique was applied to the sampling in three different spots of the river: at the town center, two km water above, and two down-stream from the city . Best results were obtained when modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment broth and brilliant green agar with 0.25% of sodium deoxycholate were used, after pre-enrichment of the samples in buffered peptone water . Salmonella were isolated from 46% of the samples studied, and 16 serotypes were identified: S . Typhimurium, S . Enteritidis, S . Infantis, S . Mbandaka, S . Israel and S . Subspecies IV 18 z36: z38:-, among them.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Jul, (7), 78 - 80
{The complex serologic diagnosis of typhoid fever}; Obgol'ts AA et al.; A parallel serological study of the blood sera of typhoid patients has been made by the methods of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis and the indirect hemagglutination test with a view to establish the presence of soluble typhoid antigens and their corresponding antibodies . As shown in this study, the occurrence of Salmonella typhi O- and Vi-antigens is essentially higher than the content of specific antibodies in diagnostically significant titers.

J Med Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 29(3), 195 - 8
A simple adherence test for detection of IgM antibodies in typhoid; Ong LY et al.; A simple adherence test to detect IgM antibodies in patients with typhoid is described . The test utilises the IgM-"capture" approach, in which the test serum is applied to microtitration plate wells previously coated with anti-human IgM, followed by application of a stained Salmonella typhi antigen suspension which shows adherence in positive cases . By this test, 58 (95%) of 61 sera from confirmed cases of typhoid possessed IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S . typhi . In patients for whom a diagnosis of typhoid was based only on a significant Widal-test titre, 31 (41%) of 76 sera had IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S . typhi . Some cross-reactivity of the IgM antibodies was detected, especially with the O antigens of S . paratyphi A and B . A total of 82 sera from non-typhoidal fevers (leptospirosis, typhus, dengue fever) showed no reactivity in this test . In normal sera there was no detectable IgM to the O antigen of S . typhi and only a small number (3.9%) had low levels of IgM to the H antigen . The significance and potential importance of this simple, sensitive, specific and economical test is discussed.

J Infect Dis, 1989 Jul, 160(1), 145 - 9
Ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns provide increased sensitivity for typing Salmonella typhi strains; Altwegg M et al.; To date, epidemiologic associations among strains of Salmonella typhi are based exclusively on phage typing, which may be of limited value if a common phage type is involved . Analysis of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns allows separation of most independently isolated strains of identical phage types . The sensitivity of the method is dependent on the restriction enzymes used to digest chromosomal DNA . It was highest for PstI, which separated 16 of 20 strains that belonged to 8 phage types including 3 untypable strains . Three strains differed in their phage types but had identical ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns . Also, two pairs of strains indistinguishable by phage typing exhibited identical patterns; however, two of these strains were expected to be identical because they were isolated from two patients who were likely exposed to the same source . Ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns appear to be stable . Thus, the method may complement phage typing and aid in further differentiation of strains.

Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1989 Jun 20, 12(2), 115 - 20
Salmonella cholerasuis bacteremia and mycotic aneurysm of abdominal aorta--report of five cases; Chan P et al.; From August 1986 to October 1987, there were 5 cases of primary mycotic aneurysm of the lower abdominal aorta in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaoshiung . All patients were proved to have Salmonella cholerasuis (Sal . chol.) septicemia by blood culture . The ages ranged from 60 to 80 years old, the mean age was 71.6 years old . The male to female ratio was 4 to 1, 3 patients had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 3 had hypertension . The duration of symptoms lasted from 1 week to 2 months before diagnosis . Clinically, all patients had sepsis with fever, chills, leucocytosis, and complained of pain in the lower abdomen (80%), at flank (20%) or low back (20%) . Abdominal tenderness was present in 3 (60%) . Two patients underwent surgery, 1 expired during the operation, the other expired 1 month after operation because of retroperitoneal abscess and sepsis . Three were discharged in septic shock and expired within 1 day . The mortality rate was 100% . The diagnosis of complicated aneurysm of the lower abdominal aorta was established in all by computed tomography (CT) . In conclusion, when there are clinical manifestations of sepsis, positive blood culture for Sal . chol., and pain or tenderness in the lower abdomen, flank area or back, one should consider the possibility of mycotic aneurysm of the lower abdominal aorta . Although the prognosis is poor, early surgical intervention may improve the outcome . And the diagnosis is best established by CT.

J Biol Chem, 1989 Jun 15, 264(17), 10072 - 82
DNA-binding properties of the Hin recombinase; Glasgow AC et al.; The recombinase of the Salmonella inversion system, Hin, mediates site-specific recombination between two 26 base pairs (bp) inverted repeat sequences (hixL and hixR) which flank a 993-bp DNA segment . We have investigated Hin recognition of, and association with, the hix recombination sites . Nuclease and chemical protection studies with linear and supercoiled DNA substrates demonstrate that Hin initially binds hixL and hixR independently of binding of the other protein components of the inversion system, Fis and HU . DNA-binding assays with mutant recombination sites and methylation interference experiments indicate that the critical bases for Hin recognition of its DNA-binding site are within an 8-bp sequence covering adjacent major and minor grooves of the DNA helix in each of the 12-bp half-sites of the hix recombination sites . The nature of the Hin-hix complexes in these binding studies and the results of gel filtration assays with purified Hin suggests that Hin binds the recombination sites as a dimer . The implications of the nature of the interactions of Hin with its recombination sites on the mechanism of the recombination reaction and on the novel features of DNA recognition by Hin are discussed.

Carbohydr Res, 1989 Jun 15, 189, 161 - 8
Structure of the lipopolysaccharide antigenic O-chain produced by Salmonella ohio (O:6,7); Di Fabio JL et al.; Salmonella ohio, which belong to Group C1 (0:6,7) of the Kauffmann-White classification system, produces a smooth lipopolysaccharide which by glycose analysis, methylation, deamination, and 1H-n.m.r . studies was shown to have an O-polysaccharide chain composed of a repeating hexasaccharide unit having the structure {----2)-{alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)}-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-M anp- (1----2)-beta-D-Manp-(1----3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----2)-beta-D-Ma np-(1----}n.

Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 1989 Jun, 15(1), 12 - 4
Typhoid hepatitis: two case reports; Mahmood BA; Two cases of typhoid hepatitis are being reported . Both the patients presented with jaundice, high fever, toxaemia, abdominal distension, diarrhoea, coating of tongue and hepatomegaly . Significant Widal titres were observed and LFT were grossly altered in both . Blood culture yielded Salmonella typhi in each case . Both the cases were treated with chloramphenicol and made uneventful recovery.

J Commun Dis, 1989 Jun, 21(2), 133 - 6
Salmonella newport isolations from a general hospital in Pune; Dravid M et al.; Salmonella newport had not been reported from the Pune (Maharashtra) area till 1983 . After the first isolate in 1984, the isolation rate showed a significant increase . A total of 64 isolates todate (two isolates in 1984, six in 1985 and 56 in 1986) have been encountered at Sassoon General Hospital, Pune . It has been commonly isolated from adults (54.7 per cent) . Most of the strains were multi-drug resistant.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 393 - 7
Assays of the biological activities of guaiane sesquiterpenoids isolated from the fruit bodies of edible lactarius species; Anke H et al.; Three sesquiterpenoids that are found in the edible mushrooms Lactarius deliciosus, L . deterrimus and L . sanguifluus, have been assayed for biological activity . The compounds tested were a stearic acid ester of a sesquiterpene (I) and a sesquiterpene aldehyde (lactaroviolin, II) and alcohol (deterrol, III) . The assays used were for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella assay, for antimicrobial activity against bacterial fungi and algae, for cytotoxicity against Ehrlich ascitic tumour cells and L 1210 cells, and for phytotoxic activity against Lepidium sativum and Seteria italica . All three compounds showed weak mutagenic activity in the Ames assay . Two compounds (II and III) were found to have moderate cytotoxic activity and one (III) exhibited weak antibacterial activity . No compound revealed phytotoxic, algicidal or antifungal activity.

Arch Intern Med . 1989 Jun;149(6):1452.
Long-term suppression of Salmonella aortitis with an oral antibiotic; Donabedian H; An aneurysm of the aortic arch infected with Salmonella choleraesuis is presumed to be inevitably fatal unless the patient receives corrective surgery and antibiotic therapy . I report such a case in a patient who refused surgery and who has been maintained free of infectious symptoms for over 26 months using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administered orally.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Jun 1, 102(6), 205 - 8
{Salmonella gallinarum field isolates of the biovars pullorum and gallinarum}; Hinz KH et al.; In 40 cases salmonellae of the serovar Salmonella (S.) gallinarum were culturally isolated from domesticated gallinaceous birds submitted for diagnostic purposes in the period of 1979-1989 . On the basis of the cultural and biochemical features found 35 of them could be assigned to the biovar Pullorum and 5 to the biovar Gallinarum . Of 35 isolates of the biovar Pullorum, 29 were isolated from pure bred chickens of small fancy-exhibition type flocks, 4 from floor-housed adult brown hybrid laying hens and one each from broiler chicks and pheasant chicks (Phasianus colchicus) . Acute to subacute courses of the pullorum disease were observed in the 4 flocks of brown hybrid hens . Of 5 isolates of the biovar Gallinarum, 4 were isolated from adult brown hybrid laying hens kept in battery cages and one from floor-housed brown hybrid pullets of the laying type . First cases of fowl typhoid occurred early in the summer of 1988 . The disease was characterized by a peracute course in the 4 flocks of brown laying hens and by a more acute course in the pullet flock . The primary source of the fowl typhoid producing organisms was not elucidated.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 55(6), 1591 - 8
Ecology of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and Salmonella spp . and role of zooplankton in their seasonal distribution in Fukuyama coastal waters, Japan; Venkateswaran K et al.; Seasonal variation of human pathogens such as Vibrio Cholerae non-01 and Salmonella spp . in Fukuyama coastal waters and the role of zooplankton in their distribution were studies for a period of 1 year . Comparison of two established methods, viz., the elevated temperature method and the two-step enrichment method of enumerating V . cholerae, showed that the former is superior in the recoveries of V . cholerae non-01 . Isolation of this pathogen on a wider range of salinities (0.4 to 32.5%) revealed that these organisms are apparently an autochthonous component of the aquatic environment . Temperature appears to be the most crucial element in governing the distribution of V . cholerae non-01 . Among the 69 isolates serotyped, 22 different serovars were identified, while one isolate failed to react with any of the known Louisiana State University antisera tested . Zooplankton samples did not harbor more V . Cholerae non-01 than the water column did . Better isolation of an allochthonous pathogen, viz., Salmonella spp., was noticed from the water samples when swabs were employed . Of the 251 isolates serotyped, 18 serotypes with three variants of Salmonella spp . were identified . A high amount of nutrients in the water column increased the survival rate of these pathogens in saline waters as evidenced by a higher incidence of various serotypes in polluted Fukuyama port than in clean marine waters . Salmonella spp . association between V . cholerae non-01 of Salmonella spp . with zooplankton could be noticed as influencing their seasonal distribution.

Ir Med J, 1989 Jun, 82(2), 66 - 7
Changing patterns in childhood gastroenteritis; Carson JW; A study was made of gastroenteritis and the causal organisms in children under 14 years admitted to a large Dublin isolation fever unit in 1987 . The findings were compared with a similar study at the hospital in 1981 . In 1621 admissions in 1987 (1770 in 1981), there was a significant drop in the incidence of E . coli (10.1% vs . 22.6% in 1981), Salmonella spp . (3.0% vs . 4.9%) and Shigella spp . (1.7% vs . 4.9%) . Cryptosporidium was identified in 4% of cases in 1987, mainly from rural backgrounds . The peak incidence of total cases was in late winter compared with the 1981 peak in late summer/early autumn . The length of stay in hospital fell significantly (9.5 vs . 18.3 days) . This change in the pattern of gastroenteritis in Ireland has already been described in other developed countries 15-20 years ago.

JAPCA, 1989 Jun, 39(6), 836 - 46
Chemical and biological characterization of products of incomplete combustion from the simulated field burning of agricultural plastic; Linak WP et al.; Chemical and biological analyses were performed to characterize products of incomplete combustion emitted during the simulated open field burning of agricultural plastic . A small utility shed equipped with an air delivery system was used to simulate pile burning and forced-air-curtain incineration of a nonhalogenated agricultural plastic that reportedly consisted of polyethylene and carbon black . Emissions were analyzed for combustion gases; volatile, semi-volatile, and particulate organics; and toxic and mutagenic properties . Emission samples, as well as samples of the used (possibly pesticide-contaminated) plastic, were analyzed for the presence of several pesticides to which the plastic may have been exposed . Although a variety of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were identified in the volatile, semi-volatile, and particulate fractions of these emissions, a substantial fraction of higher molecular weight organic material was not identified . No pesticides were identified in either combustion emission samples or dichloromethane washes of the used plastic . When mutagenicity was evaluated by exposing Salmonella bacteria (Ames assay) to whole vapor and vapor/particulate emissions, no toxic or mutagenic effects were observed . However, organic extracts of the particulate samples were moderately mutagenic . This mutagenicity compares approximately to that measured from residential wood heating on a revertant per unit heat release basis . Compared to pile burning, forced air slightly decreased the time necessary to burn a charge of plastic . There was not a substantial difference, however, in the variety or concentrations of organic compounds identified in samples from these two burn conditions . This study highlights the benefits of a combined chemical/biological approach to the characterization of complex, multi-component combustion emissions . These results may not reflect those of other types of plastic that may be used for agricultural purposes, especially those containing halogens.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Jun, 66(6), 523 - 8
The effect of incubation temperature and magnesium chloride concentration on growth of salmonella in home-made and in commercially available dehydrated Rappaport-Vassiliadis broths; Peterz M et al.; Growth rate of salmonellas in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (RV) decreased with higher temperature when incubated at 40, 42 and 43 degrees C . Home-made RV and RV-Merck were less inhibitory than RV-Oxoid and RV-lab m . At 43 degrees C growth of all strains of Salmonella dublin were almost completely inhibited in all types of RV . In home-made RV and RV-Merck incubated at 42 degrees C, Salm . dublin was not inhibited any more than other serotypes tested . Variations in growth rate between different types of RV could be explained by differences in concentration of MgCl2 . RV with higher MgCl2-concentration were most inhibitory . It is proposed that RV should be incubated at 41.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C (42.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C in a waterbath) and that the amount of MgCl2.6H2O should be approximately 28.6 g/l of the ready-to-use medium, which corresponds to the formula in the original description.

Hybridoma, 1989 Jun, 8(3), 353 - 60
Monoclonal antibodies against flagellar antigen of Salmonella typhi; Qadri A et al.; Two hybrid cell clones secreting monoclonal antibodies against flagellar antigen isolated from Salmonella typhi, were produced and characterized . The antibodies bound specifically to the flagellar strain of S . typhi and did not show any reactivity with a flagellar S . typhi or with flagellar strains of S . dublin, S . paratyphi A, S . paratyphi B, S . typhimurium, E . coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The antibodies recognized a determinant present on a group of proteins migrating between 45 Kd and 60 Kd . These monoclonal antibodies would be useful reagents for clinical and epidemiological studies.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Jun, 102(3), 537 - 40
Cryptosporidium as a common cause of childhood diarrhoea in Italy; Caprioli A et al.; Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in the stools of 9 (7.2%) of 124 Italian children with diarrhoea, examined during the period 1 January-31 December 1984 . In two children, the parasite was associated with other enteric pathogens . The duration of diarrhoea was 2-30 days, with a median of 6 days . In all cases the infection was self limiting . The mean age of the Cryptosporidium-positive children was 34 months, and all cases occurred in the warm season . Cryptosporidium was found to be the third most common enteric pathogen after rotavirus and Salmonella spp.

Infect Immun, 1989 Jun, 57(6), 1858 - 61
Effect of a purA mutation on efficacy of Salmonella live-vaccine vectors; Sigwart DF et al.; We made delta aroA, delta purA, and delta aroA delta purA derivatives of a strain of Salmonella dublin and isolated a nalidixate-resistant mutant of each construct . An inoculum of each of the nearly isogenic nalidixate-resistant auxotrophs was administered to BALB/c mice by gavage . The ability of each strain to colonize, invade, persist in tissues, and evoke serum and mucosal antibody responses to the lipopolysaccharide of the parent strain was examined . Only the delta aroA strain colonized, invaded, persisted, and (more importantly) evoked sustained significant serum and mucosal antibody responses . Neither the delta purA nor the delta aroA delta purA strain showed any of these abilities . These observations demonstrate that the purA defect, which causes a requirement for adenine, reduces the live-vaccine efficacy of attenuated Salmonella strains and may limit the effectiveness of Salmonella strains as carriers of heterologous antigens . These findings may be important in the selection of attenuated S . typhi strains for use in humans either as antityphoid live vaccines or as vectors for antigens of other pathogens.

Infect Immun, 1989 Jun, 57(6), 1786 - 91
Retention of bacterial lipopolysaccharide at the site of subcutaneous injection; Yokochi T et al.; The tissue distribution of Klebsiella pneumoniae O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) was studied in mice injected subcutaneously (s.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 125I-labeled KO3 LPS . Marked retention of KO3 LPS radioactivity could be found at the site of s.c . injection for several weeks . On the other hand, about 85% of the radioactivity rapidly disappeared from the peritoneal cavity within 6 h after i.p . injection . The long-term presence of KO3 LPS at the injection site was also supported by experiments with 51Cr-labeled KO3 LPS and immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining methods . The R-form LPS lacking the O-specific polysaccharide chain of KO3 LPS and the lipid A fraction of KO3 LPS seemed to remain at the site in larger amounts and for longer times than KO3 LPS . There were no marked differences in the retention pattern at the injection site among KO3 LPS, Escherichia coli LPS, Salmonella typhosa LPS, and Salmonella enteritidis LPS . However, much less radioactivity accumulated in the livers and spleens of mice injected with either KO3 LPS or S . typhosa LPS compared with the other LPS preparations . It was suggested that retention of LPS at the site of s.c . injection may play an important role in the development of various biological actions of s.c . injected LPS.

Indian J Med Sci, 1989 Jun, 43(6), 145 - 50
Surveillance of salmonellae in India for drug resistance; Saxena SN et al.; Out of 3001 salmonella received during 1984-85, 2985 strains were tested for antibiotic resistance and R-pattern transfer . Multidrug resistance was observed in 73% of diarrhoeal and 43% of non-diarrhoeal isolates . Antibiotic resistance markers were transferable in 46.6% of diarrhoeal and 41.1% of non-diarrhoeal isolates . Two out of 4 salmonella sero-types isolated for the first time in India during this period were multidrug resistant.

Cell Biol Toxicol, 1989 Jun, 5(2), 169 - 88
The mutagenic potential of high flash aromatic naphtha; Schreiner CA et al.; Catalytic reforming is a refining process that converts naphthenes to aromatics by dehydrogenation to make higher octane gasoline blending components . A portion of this wide boiling range hydrocarbon stream can be separated by distillation and used for other purposes . One such application is a mixture of predominantly 9-carbon aromatic molecules (C9 aromatics, primarily isomers of ethyltoluene and trimethylbenzene), which is removed and used as a solvent--high-flash aromatic naphtha . A program was initiated to assess the toxicological properties of high-flash aromatic naphtha since there may be human exposure through inhalation or external body contact . The current study was conducted partly to assess the potential for mutagenic activity and also to assist in an assessment of carcinogenic potential . The specific tests utilized included the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay, the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) forward mutation assay in CHO cells, in vitro chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assays in CHO cells, and an in vivo chromosome aberration assay in rat bone marrow.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1989 Jun, 137(6), 337 - 40
{Systemic salmonella infections in chemotherapy in 2 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia}; Muhlbauer B et al.; A 15 year old patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, previously diagnosed as being a salmonella carrier, developed S . typhimurium sepsis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, in spite of pretreatment with chloramphenicol . Clinical improvement and termination of salmonella excretion were achieved by treatment with multiple antibiotics . Another patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a 3 year old boy not previously identified as a salmonella carrier, also developed sepsis and osteomyelitis, together with pathological fractures during chemotherapy . Chloramphenicol, administered after isolation of S . typhimurium from blood cultures, led to resolution of the bony defects, complete recovery, and cessation of salmonella excretion . Selective cultures for salmonellae seem indicated in patients with malignant diseases, prior to chemotherapy.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1989 Jun, 188(3-4), 284 - 93
{Glucuronidase detection and indol capillary test as reliable rapid identification procedures for the detection of E . coli in foods--toxinogenic strains included}; Bulte M et al.; The fluorogenic beta-D-Glucuronidase test, together with an Indol-capillary test for rapid identification of E . coli, were proved with 60 toxinogenic, 335 nontoxinogenic wild-type strains, and 87 other gram-negative isolates from food . With a sensitivity of 96.5% and a specificity of 95.6%, the fluorogenic assay can be recommended as a reliable method for presumptive determination of E . coli . For confirmation, a time-, material- and labour-saving Indol-capillary test with simultaneous demarcation of fluorescence-positive Salmonella spp . should be carried out . This includes enterotoxigenic E . coli as well, with the exception of some fluorescence-negative Verotoxin-producing strains . As the primary cultivation medium the Plate-count-Monensin-KCl-Agar supplemented with 50 micrograms/ml 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (PMK-MUG) can be recommended . Not suitable appear such media containing lactose due to acidification, while metabolizing the carbohydrate . This may significantly reduce or extinguish the fluorescence . The procedure recommended here permits also a reliable determination of lactose-negative E . coli-biotypes.

Ann Pediatr (Paris), 1989 Jun, 36(6), 374 - 8
{Chronic septic granulomatosis . Clinical and therapeutic aspects}; Mouy R; Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood is characterized clinically by the occurrence of severe and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections . The underlying biologic anomaly is defective microbicidal capacity of phagocytic cells with an abnormal oxidative response during phagocytosis . In most instances, inheritance is recessive and X-linked . Purulent adenitis and skin infections are the most common manifestations, but the overwhelming majority of deaths are caused by pulmonary aspergillosis, abscesses of the liver, and Salmonella infections . The most frequently recovered microorganisms include staphylococci, Aspergillus, Salmonellae, and Gram-negative rods . Bacterial infections seem to be considerably less frequent in patients under long-term prophylactic treatment with the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination . However, no oral antifungal agent is as yet available for the prevention of pulmonary aspergillosis, as ketoconazole has proved ineffective.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1989 Jun, 8(6), 364 - 7
Nontyphoidal Salmonella enteric infections and bacteremia; Wittler RR et al.; Antimicrobial treatment of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually advocated for infants younger than 3 months of age based on published data showing that infants in this age group are more prone to have bacteremia and develop extraintestinal focal infections . A review of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates from our institution from January, 1981, through March, 1988, was undertaken to assess the role of age and specific serovar on the incidence of bacteremia . Two hundred twenty isolates were identified: one cerebrospinal fluid, 14 blood and 205 stool . The mean age of patients with bacteremia was 182 months, not significantly different from the mean age of 142 months for patients with stool isolates . Salmonella weltevreden was the most frequent isolate accounting for 23% of all isolates and all isolates of this organism were from stool cultures . Patients with S . weltevreden infections had mean and median ages of 50 and 2.5 months and were younger than patients with stool isolates from other serovars who had mean and median ages of 174 and 38 months . Infants younger than 3 or 6 months of age with positive stool cultures in whom blood cultures were obtained did not demonstrate a higher incidence of bacteremia than did older patients . We conclude that the incidence of bacteremia in patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis is highly related to the invasiveness of the infecting specific Salmonella serovar.

Ann Rheum Dis, 1989 Jun, 48(6), 518 - 9
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and arthritis; Bignardi GE; In 1986 and 1987 nine patients with a raised antibody titre to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were found . Two of these results were almost certainly due to the cross reactivity between some Y pseudotuberculosis serogroups and some salmonella serotypes . Of the other seven patients with otherwise unexplained Y pseudotuberculosis serology, three suffered from severe arthritis and two had symptoms suggestive of sacroiliitis . Our data and published reports suggest that reactive arthritis might follow both Y enterocolitica and Y pseudotuberculosis infections.

Pediatr Res, 1989 Jun, 25(6), 634 - 40
Effect of immune globulin intravenous on opsonization of bacteria by classic and alternative complement pathways in premature serum; Shaio MF et al.; The mechanisms involved in the effect of immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) on bacterial opsonization by both complement pathways in premature serum were elucidated in this study . Of the bacteria used, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis were nonencapsulated while Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli 07 K1 were encapsulated . As demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, IGIV showed specific antibody titers of 1:32 for S . aureus and S . enteritidis and of 1:8 for S . pyogenes and E . coli 07 K1 . IGIV alone had no direct opsonic activity against these organisms . Addition of IGIV did not alter the opsonic activity of normal adult serum against these organisms . In contrast, addition of IGIV promoted the opsonic activity of premature serum against the nonencapsulated bacteria to levels matching that in normal adult serum . The IGIV preparation significantly improved the opsonization of bacteria by the classic (from 39 to 68% of that in adult serum) and alternative (from 22 to 97% of that in adult serum) complement pathways in premature serum . IGIV also markedly augmented C3 deposition on the bacteria by both complement pathways . These studies suggest that IGIV containing high titers of specific antibodies promote opsonization of bacteria by the enhancement of complement pathway activation, especially the alternative pathway, in premature serum.

Mutat Res, 1989 Jun, 223(2), 73 - 103
Classification according to chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella and level of carcinogenicity of a further 42 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by the U.S . National Toxicology Program; Ashby J et al.; This paper is an extension and update of an earlier review published in this journal (Ashby and Tennant, 1988) . A summary of the rodent carcinogenicity bioassay data on a further 42 chemicals tested by the U.S . National Toxicology Program (NTP) is presented . An evaluation of each chemical for structural alerts to DNA-reactivity is also provided, together with a summary of its mutagenicity to Salmonella . The 42 chemicals were numbered and evaluated as an extension of the earlier analysis of 222 NTP chemicals . The activity patterns and conclusions derived from the earlier study remain unchanged for the larger group of 264 chemicals . Based on the extended database of 264 NTP chemicals, the sensitivity of the Salmonella assay for rodent carcinogens is 58% and the specificity for the non-carcinogens is 73% . A total of 32 chemicals were defined as equivocal for carcinogenicity and, of these, 11 (34%) are mutagenic to Salmonella . An evaluation is made of instances where predictions of carcinogenicity, based on structural alerts, disagree with the Salmonella mutagenicity result (12% of the database) . The majority of the disagreements are for structural alerts on non-mutagens, and that places these alerts as a sensitive primary screen with a specificity lower than that of the Salmonella assay . That analysis indicates some need for assays complementary to the Salmonella test when screening for potential genotoxic carcinogens . It also reveals that the correlation between structural alerts and mutagenicity to Salmonella is probably greater than 90% . Chemicals predicted to show Michael-type alkylating activity (i.e., CH2 = CHX; where X = an electron-withdrawing group, e.g . acrylamide) have been confirmed as a structural alert, and the halomethanes (624 are possible) have been classified as structurally-alerting . To this end an extended carcinogen-alert model structure is presented . Among the 138 NTP carcinogens now reviewed, 45 (33%) are non-mutagenic to Salmonella and possess a chemical structure that does not alert to DNA-reactivity . These carcinogens therefore either illustrate the need for complementary genetic screening tests to the Salmonella assay, or they represent the group of non-genotoxic carcinogens referred to most specifically by Weisburger and Williams (1981); the latter concept is favoured.

Mutat Res, 1989 Jun, 223(2), 213 - 9
Mutagenicity of expectorate from workers in a coke plant; Krokje A; Methanol extracts of hydrolyzed expectorate samples from workers in a coke plant were tested with the Salmonella reversion assay . The expectorates from exposed smokers (but also to a certain extent from exposed non-smokers) were mutagenic; however, the control samples from both smokers and non-smokers were not . The positive results produced by the expectorate samples from exposed smokers suggest a synergistic relationship between exposure to air pollution in the working atmosphere and smoking.

Mutat Res, 1989 Jun, 223(2), 171 - 82
The Salmonella mutagenicity test: evaluation of 29 drug candidates; Aaron CS et al.; The Salmonella mutagenicity test (Ames assay) is part of the routine screening battery applied to all new drugs at The Upjohn Company . The purpose of this paper is to report results for 29 compounds . These compounds are very diverse in chemical structure and represent classes of compounds selected because of known biological activity and other reasons . None of the compounds reported here produced an increase in revertant colonies in the Salmonella strains employed (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538) and therefore the Salmonella mutagenicity results with these materials do not suggest potential for mutagenesis or carcinogenesis.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Jun, 102(3), 459 - 65
Subdivision of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by plasmid profile typing; Threlfall EJ et al.; Differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis by plasmid profile typing has been compared to differentiation by phage typing . Examination of the type strains of the 27 S . enteritidis phage types showed that only 11 profile patterns could be identified . Moreover, two profile patterns were found in 15 of the type strains, including those of the two most common phage types in Britain, types 4 and 8 . On this basis, plasmid profile typing is not as sensitive as phage typing for the primary subdivision of S . enteritidis . When differentiation of 534 strains of the 27 phage types was attempted using plasmid profiles, variation in pattern suitable for epidemiological subdivision was found in 13 phage types and there were 9 profile patterns in strains of phage type 4 . Plasmid profile typing can, therefore, be regarded as an effective adjunct to phage typing for the subdivision of S . enteritidis.

Circ Shock, 1989 Jun, 28(2), 121 - 30
Hyperinsulinemia elicited by interleukin-1 and nonlethal endotoxemia in rats; Cornell RP; Nonlethal endotoxemia was produced in conscious fasted rats by the intravenous (i.v.) administration of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 30 micrograms/100 g together with the typical acute-phase response of fever at 4 hr post-LPS . Also at 4 hr post-LPS both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia were manifested, the (insulin:glucagon) (I:G) molar ratio was not different from saline control animals, and normoglycemia was maintained . The monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is synthesized de novo and then released by macrophages and monocytes following LPS phagocytosis, has been implicated in the typical responses to endotoxemia . Therefore, human natural IL-1 was injected i.v . at a dose of 50 U into conscious fasted rats . IL-1-induced fever occurred at 30 min postinjection . Hyperinsulinemia equal to two times the saline control value was also present at 30 min after monokine injection, with plasma insulin levels declining to below control values by 60 min and remaining depressed for up to 12 hr . In contrast, plasma glucagon concentrations were not significantly altered at any time between 15 min and 12 hr post-IL-1 . Despite IL-1-elicited hyperinsulinemia with unchanged glucagon, which elevated the I:G molar ratio, normoglycemia was maintained after monokine administration . The coincident onset of fever and hyperinsulinemia at 30 min after i.v . administration of IL-1 suggests a common mediator for both responses.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1989 Jun, 28(6), 266 - 7
Left pleural effusion: masking subphrenic abscess--caused by Salmonella enteritidis serotype Heidelberg; Schwartz ID et al.; The authors describe a young girl presenting with fever and respiratory distress and a chest x-ray showing a left lower lobe infiltrate and an effusion . She also had splenomegaly . Salmonella enteritidis serotype Heidelberg was isolated by thoracentesis . Further evaluation disclosed an occult but large left subphrenic abscess, explaining the misleading presentation and radiograph . A review of salmonella infections associated with subphrenic abscess is discussed.

Carcinogenesis, 1989 Jun, 10(6), 1123 - 6
Mutagenicity in Salmonella and sister chromatid exchange in mice for the bay-region syn- and anti-diol epoxides of 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene; Sinsheimer JE et al.; Dose-response relationships for (+/-)-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta,6 beta-epoxy-1,4-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrene and its 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxy diastereomer, the syn- and anti-diol epoxides of 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene respectively, have been established for their mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 and for their in vivo sister chromatid exchange in the bone-marrow cells of mice . Both isomers were mutagenic in the eta mole per plate range with the syn isomer being in the order of fifteen times more active with TA98 and five times more mutagenic in TA100 than its anti isomer . The anti isomer was more genotoxic in the sister chromatid exchange assay than the syn isomer . Statistically significant results were obtained as low as 1.5 mg/kg body weight for the anti isomer and 3 mg/kg for the syn isomer . The present study supports the inclusion of methyl-substituted bay-region diol epoxides in the concept that the syn isomer, with quasi-diequatorial hydroxyl groups, can contribute to the genotoxicity of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of those compounds which form hindered bay-region diol epoxides.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1989 Jun, 63(6), 623 - 32
{Studies on the clinical and bacteriological effects of ofloxacin on the typhoid patients and carriers}; Kurimura O et al.; Fundamental and clinical studies of OFLX were performed against the patients with typhoid fever and typhoid carriers . 1) Clinical and bacteriological effects: Eight patients with typhoid fever and 3 typhoid carriers were treated with OFLX . Daily doses of the agent were 900 mg in 5 adult patients, 600 mg in a child patient and 3 adult carriers . In one case of the remaining 2 adult patients, daily doses of the agent changed from 800 mg to 1200 mg and from 900 mg to 1200 mg in the other one . The duration of the treatment was 9, 14 or 21 days . Clinical efficacies of OFLX against the patients proved 4 cases were "excellent", 3 cases were "good" and one case was "poor" . The eradication of Salmonella typhi recognized in all cases containing 3 carriers with the exception of the "poor" case . Adverse reactions were observed transiently in 3 patients, such a slight decrease of RBC count, decrease of granulocyte count and elevation of GPT value respectively . 2) Antimicrobial activity: MICs of OFLX against 40 strains of S . typhi were 0.05 micrograms/ml and 0.1 micrograms/ml . The MICs of NFLX, CPFX and T-3262 were almost the same as that of OFLX, and those of ENX, NY-198 and NA were higher than that of OFLX . The peaks of MIC of CP and ABPC, first choice drug against typhoid fever, were 1.56 micrograms/ml and 0.38 micrograms/ml respectively . 3) Serum concentration; Serum concentrations of OFLX were serially measured on 5 patients through the day . The concentrations of the drug were distributed from 0.82 micrograms/ml to 6.34 micrograms/ml at 6.30 a.m . and from 2.52 micrograms/ml to 11.2 micrograms/ml at 9:00 p.m . Those of the day time showed considerable individual differences.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 135 ( Pt 6), 1407 - 6
Antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp . at different pH values; Laub R et al.; We have examined the effects of acidic pH, in the range of those prevailing within phagosomes and lysosomes, on the growth and the susceptibility to different antibiotics of several strains of Salmonella spp . The minimal inhibitory concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration of several beta-lactams were increased considerably during culture at pH 5.2 . The extent of the increase was a function of: (1) the beta-lactam structure and, more particularly, the hydrophobicity of the side-chain of the molecule; and (2) the bacterial serotype . This phenotypic resistance at acid pH was not due to beta-lactamase activity or to a lower growth rate . In contrast, rifamycin SV was more active at acidic pH than at neutral pH and chloramphenicol, another highly hydrophobic drug, was equally efficacious at both pH values . Membrane lipopolysaccharide mutants, but not porin mutants, cultivated at an acidic pH were inhibited by lower concentrations of the beta-lactams . This suggests that the increased resistance to beta-lactams, and the increased susceptibility to rifamycin SV, at acidic pH, could have resulted from modified permeability of the outer membrane to antibiotics.

Mol Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 3(6), 733 - 43
Cloning and expression of plasmid DNA sequences involved in Salmonella serotype typhimurium virulence; Norel F et al.; A 22kb region of the 90kb virulence-associated plasmid, pIP1350, of Typhimurium strain C52 was cloned into the mobilizable vector pSUP202, yielding plasmid pIP1352 . This recombinant plasmid restored full virulence to plasmidless strain C53 in a mouse model . Transposon Tn5 insertion mutagenesis demonstrated the existence of two DNA sequences in pIP1352 designated VirA and VirB, both of which are essential for the expression of virulence . A recombinant plasmid containing only the VirA and VirB regions markedly increased the virulence of the plasmidless strain C53, but did not confer full virulence . These results suggested that a third virulence-associated region might be present on pIP1352 . Eleven proteins encoded by the 22kb insert sequence of pIP1352 were identified in Escherichia coli SE5000 maxicells . The VirA region encoded at least two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 71,000 and 28,000 and the VirB region encoded two proteins of 43,000 and 38,000.

J Appl Toxicol, 1989 Jun, 9(3), 169 - 73
Role of activated oxygen species on the mutagenicity of benzo{a}pyrene; Wei CE et al.; Different scavengers of active oxygen species (superoxide dismutase, catalase, mannitol and dimethylfuran) were tested in the Ames Salmonella assay to determine the role of the reactive oxygen species in the benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P) mutagenesis process . Exogenously added superoxide dismutase or catalase at 10-100 micrograms ml-1 top agar, or 3-12 mM mannitol showed no effect on B{a}P mutagenicity in the presence of S9 mix . However, dimethylfuran (DMF), a singlet oxygen scavenger, inhibited in a dose-related manner the mutagenic response of B{a}P in the presence of the microsomal fraction . DMF at 3 and 6 mM inhibited the number of revertants by 69 and 93% for strain TA 100, and 76 and 78% for TA98, respectively . DMF at these levels was neither toxic nor mutagenic to the bacteria . The result indicates that singlet oxygen may play an important role in promoting B{a}P mutagenicity.

Mutat Res, 1989 Jun, 223(2), 111 - 20
Comparative mutagenicity testing of a drug candidate, U-48753E: mechanism of induction of gene mutations in mammalian cells and quantitation of potential hazard; Aaron CS et al.; U-48753E is a potential human drug which was subjected to a battery of short-term assays for genetic activity . The compound was negative in the Salmonella (Ames) test, the in vitro UDS assay, the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test and the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal assay . However, it was weakly positive in the CHO/HPRT assay in the presence of metabolic activation (S9) . The weak positive response might easily have been labeled artifactual since there was no dose response and the dose level producing positive findings varied from experiment to experiment . In addition, the weak positive response was not confirmed in V79 cells . However, a reproducible dose-related increase in mutants was observed in the AS52/XPRT assay in the presence of S9 . Metabolism of this drug proceeds through conversion of aliphatic N-methyl groups to formaldehyde . Addition of formaldehyde dehydrogenase to the S9 resulted in elimination of the mutagenicity of the compound in AS52 cells . Thus, the mutants were probably induced by formaldehyde . From the endogenous levels of formaldehyde in human blood, and the limiting potential therapeutic dose levels, the genotoxic hazard associated with U-48753E is marginal . This assessment of risk and its quantitation depend upon an understanding metabolism and exposure limits imposed by known side effects of the drug . This study can serve as a model for quantitative genetic risk assessment when mutagenicity is due to N-demethylation and formation of formaldehyde in situ.

Biochem Cell Biol, 1989 Jun, 67(6), 278 - 80
Structure of the lipopolysaccharide antigenic O-chain produced by Salmonella livingstone (O:6,7); Di Fabio JL et al.; The lipopolysaccharide produced by Salmonella livingstone (O:6,7) was composed of an antigenic O-polysaccharide which was shown by composition, methylation analysis, and high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies to be a high molecular weight polymer containing D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and D-mannose residues (1:1:4) composed in a repeating hexasaccharide unit having the structure: (formula; see text)

J Appl Toxicol, 1989 Jun, 9(3), 159 - 68
Influence of particulate trap oxidizers on emission of mutagenic compounds by diesel automobiles; Rasmussen RE et al.; Diesel exhaust particles are known to contain mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals . The aim of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, catalytic particulate trap oxidizers on light-duty diesel engines may reduce the emission of particle-associated mutagenic chemicals into the environment . Exhaust particles were collected from Mercedes Benz and Volkswagen diesel automobiles, equipped with or without the manufacturer's exhaust traps, while running on a chassis dynamometer under specified load conditions . Exhaust particles were collected from a dilution tunnel onto 20" X 20" Teflon-coated fiberglass filters . Mutagenesis tests of dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the particles were conducted using the Ames Salmonella bacterial test system . The mutation rate was calculated in terms of histidine revertants per mile of travel during a set of standard test cycles . With both vehicles the traps produced an 87-92% reduction in the total amount of particulate material collected by the filters . There was no significant change in the specific mutagenic activity (revertants per microgram of DCM particle extract) with or without the traps . These studies support the notion that installation of exhaust traps which reduce particulate emission on diesel-powered vehicles will also reduce the emission of particle-associated mutagenic and carcinogenic materials into the environment.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989 Jun, 86(12), 4726 - 30
Expression of immunogenic epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen with hybrid flagellin proteins by a vaccine strain of Salmonella; Wu JY et al.; A nonvirulent Salmonella dublin flagellin-negative, aromatic-dependent live vaccine strain has been used to express hepatitis B virus surface antigen epitopes in an immunogenic form . The envelope proteins of the virion are encoded by the S gene, which contains the pre-S1, pre-S2, and S coding regions . Synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to amino acid residues S-(122-137) and pre-S2-(120-145) were inserted in-frame into the hypervariable region of a cloned Salmonella flagellin gene, and the recombinant plasmids were introduced into a flagellin-negative aroA mutant live vaccine strain of S . dublin, SL5928 . The flagellin gene was expressed in bacteria carrying the plasmids as detected by immunoblotting with anti-flagellin (H1-d) serum . Both the S and pre-S2 epitopes were detected in bacteria carrying the relevant plasmid by immunoblotting with anti-HBs (antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen) and anti-peptide antisera . Animals immunized intramuscularly or orally with the live recombinant bacteria developed antibodies specific to these hepatitis B virus epitopes as detected by ELISA.

Vet Rec, 1989 May 20, 124(20), 532 - 7
A three-year study of Salmonella dublin infection in a closed dairy herd; Wray C et al.; Over a period of three years, Salmonella dublin was isolated occasionally from the faeces of nine adult cattle in a closed dairy herd . The organism was also isolated from 12 of the samples collected after parturition; isolations were made from newborn calves on 11 occasions, from a vaginal swab once and from a milk sample once . Nine of the isolations from the calves were made from swabs obtained within 24 hours of birth . Throughout the investigation isolations were made from heifers, steers and older calves and 11 infected animals were detected . S . dublin was widespread in the farm environment and it was concluded that environmental contamination was an important source of infection for animals of all ages, some of which may have become latent carriers . The family history of one cow, seven of whose offspring were infected with S dublin, suggested the possibility of vertical transmission . Without reliable tests to detect latent carriers, it is suggested that control of this infection must be based on improved hygiene and the use of vaccination to improve the immunity of the herd.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1989 May 15, 194(10), 1464 - 6
Clinical features of salmonellosis in cats: six cases (1981-1986); Dow SW et al.; Of 6 cats with salmonellosis, only cats 1, 4, and 5 manifested clinical signs of gastroenteritis . In cats 2 to 5, salmonellosis was characterized by fever, a left-shifted leukogram, and vague nonspecific signs of illness . Salmonellae were isolated from blood and feces of cats 1 to 4, and from extraintestinal sites as part of a mixed gram-negative bacterial flora in cats 5 and 6 . Of 4 cats with Salmonella bacteremia, cats 2, 3, and 4 were successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, amoxicillin, and/or chloramphenicol; treatment with cephapirin was ineffective in 3 cats . In some cats, salmonellosis was observed as a chronic febrile illness without specific gastrointestinal signs or as a localized tissue infection.

BMJ, 1989 May 6, 298(6682), 1227 - 30
Economic impact of a nationwide outbreak of salmonellosis: cost-benefit of early intervention; Roberts JA et al.; The recognition and investigation of an outbreak of food poisoning in 1982 due to chocolate contaminated with Salmonella napoli enabled the food that carried the salmonella to be identified and four fifths of the implicated consignment of chocolate to be withdrawn . The economic benefits of prompt intervention in the outbreak have been assessed . The cost of the outbreak was over 0.5 pounds m . It is estimated that five deaths were prevented by the intervention and that 185 admissions to hospital and 29,000 cases of S napoli enteritis were avoided . This successful investigation yielded a 3.5-fold rate of return to the public sector and a 23.3-fold return to society on an investment in public health surveillance . A methodology is described that can be used to estimate the benefits of early intervention in outbreaks of foodborne illness and topics for further research are suggested . It is concluded that public health authorities and industry have much to gain by collaborating in the research into the design of cost effective programmes to prevent foodborne infections.

Res Microbiol, 1989 May-Jun, 140(4-5), 335 - 40
{1988 supplement (no . 32) to the Kauffmann-White scheme}; Le Minor L et al.; This supplement reports the characters of 35 Salmonella serovars recognized in 1988 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 22 serovars belong to subspecies 1, 4 to subspecies II, 6 to subspecies IIIb and 3 to subspecies IV.

Indian J Med Sci, 1989 May, 43(5), 113 - 7
Screening of in vitro antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula, Eclapta alba and Ocimum sanctum; Phadke SA et al.; Study of in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from the plants T . chebula, E . alba and O . sanctum was carried out by the disk diffusion technique . All showed such activity against human pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria . The activity against Salmonella organisms was shown only by T . chebula; against Shigella organisms by T . chebula and E . alha; but not by O . sanctum . The widest spectrum of antibacterial activity was shown by T . chebula . It was also most potent . The antibacterial spectrum of E . alba was in between that of T . chebula and O . sanctum . The narrowest spectrum of antibacterial activity was also most potent . The antibacterial spectrum of E . alba was in between that of T . chebula and O . sanctum . The narrowest spectrum of antibacterial activity was observed in O . sanctum.

Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1989 May, 18(3), 311 - 2
Multiple splenic abscesses following Pseudomonas sepsis; Mack P et al.; Splenic abscess is an unusual clinical entity, which in most cases is secondary to metastatic spread of bacteria from a primary site of infection . Before the antibiotic era, Salmonella typhi was a common offending organism but now staphylococci and streptococci are predominant organisms . We report two rare cases of multiple splenic abscesses caused by Pseudomonas infection . One case followed Pseudomonas septicaemia and the other was secondary to Pseudomonas pseudomallei osteomyletis of the femur . Both cases underwent splenectomy and promptly recovered.

Salud Publica Mex, 1989 May-Jun, 31(3), 326 - 33
{Sanitary quality of ham eaten in Mexico City}; Sarti-Gutierrez EJ et al.; Microbiological results of 2,539 hams were analyzed (counts of mesophilic aerobes, Salmonella sp . and S . aureus) at the National Public health Laboratory from 1979 to 1987 . In 58.7 percent of the cases the hams were not acceptable for human consumption, due to any of the above mentioned microbiological determinations . The main cause was the finding of high levels of mesophilic aerobes (57.5%), followed by Salmonella sp (4.4%) and S . aureus (0.43%) . Raw, cooked and smoked hams presented the highest counts of mesophilic aerobes . Virginia, american style and blade hams presented the most elevated frequencies of Salmonella sp . Baked ham was the one in better sanitary conditions . The conclusion is that the quality of hams in Mexico City is bad.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1989 May, 46(5), 343 - 5
{Effect of danazol on heterozygous c protein coagulation deficiency exacerbated by Salmonella typhi sepsis}; Lobato-Mendizabal E et al.; The case of an 8-month-old male with heterozygous coagulation protein C deficiency is presented . Sepsis due to Salmonella typhi aggravated the protein C deficiency and resulted in arterial thrombosis of the distal third of the lower right limb . The patient was treated with both heparin and danazol, the levels of functional protein C increasing and the necrotic phenomenon resolving, thus making unnecessary amputation of the limb . The observation is discussed with the evidences of danazol being useful in the treatment of patients with protein C deficiency.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 May, 27(5), 1112 - 4
Use of a DNA probe to detect Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever; Rubin FA et al.; A DNA probe was used to detect Salmonella typhi from blood samples from 14 of 33 patients with culture-confirmed typhoid fever, using the equivalent of 2.5 ml of blood . In contrast, S . typhi was detected in 17 of the same 33 patients by culture of 8 ml of blood . The probe hybridized to blood samples of 4 of 47 patients from whom S . typhi was not isolated.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1989 May-Jun, 72(3), 525 - 33
State programs for pesticide residues in foods; Minyard JP Jr et al.; Two U.S . data collection and dissemination programs, FEEDCON and FOODCONTAM, are described . FEEDCON provides information on contamination levels in animal feeds of toxic chemical residues (pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, mycotoxins, natural plant toxins, salmonella, and therapeutic drug cross-contaminations) . FEEDCON data are collected from approximately 40 state feed regulatory agencies, feed manufacturers, and related groups who subscribe ($100-$200 per year) to the program, which is sponsored by the Association of American Feed Control Officials . FOODCONTAM provides similar information, but is limited to pesticides, heavy metals and industrial chemicals (polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls, etc.) in human foods . Both programs have been developed and initiated under U.S . Food and Drug Administration contracts with the Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory . Program structures of both are outlined conceptually, and FOODCONTAM is described in detail . FOODCONTAM data-sharing program development is essentially complete, but expansion by incorporating FDA data with State Laboratory data is nearing reality.

Ann Pediatr (Paris), 1989 May, 36(5), 315 - 8
{Bacterial septicemias in children with homozygous sickle cell anemia . Analysis of 69 cases}; Omanga U et al.; A retrospective analysis of 69 case-reports of children with homozygous sickle cell anemia hospitalized from 1964 through 1985 at the Kinshasa University Pediatric Hospital highlights these patient's high susceptibility to bacterial septicemia . Among causative organisms, the most prevalent were salmonellae (20 cases), pneumococci (15 cases), and klebsiella (12 cases) . Clinical features of bacterial septicemia are identical in children with and without sickle cell anemia . Bone and/or joint infections are usually found in salmonella septicemia and meningeal or pleuropulmonary localizations in pneumococcal septicemia . Eighteen children (26%) died, including 10 with pneumococcal septicemia (5 cases) and 10 with Salmonella septicemia (5 cases) . Poor prognosis factors include resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents, frequently found with Salmonella organisms, and concomitant meningeal infection.

DICP, 1989 May, 23(5), 379 - 81
Use of an ambulatory infusion pump in a 12-year-old with Salmonella osteomyelitis; Vaida AJ et al.; A 12-year-old girl with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy presented with a Salmonella osteomyelitis of her right humerus requiring six weeks of parenteral antibiotic therapy . Home therapy was evaluated . Due to the frequency of the medication administration (every six hours) and the apprehension of the family members, a Pharmacia-Deltec CADD-VT Infusion Pump was chosen for drug administration . Based on the stability of ampicillin, 1.3 g q6h was administered to provide a minimum of 1 g for the last dose of a 24-hour cycle . Ampicillin 6 g contained in 100 mL of sterile water for injection provided a 60 mg/mL solution with an osmolarity of 347 mOsmol . The pump was programmed to deliver 22 mL of solution over one hour, every six hours . A keep-vein-open rate of 0.2 mL/h maintained line patency . A 100 mL cassette of solution prepared daily was replaced on the pump by a home therapy nurse each morning . At the end of six weeks of therapy, the osteomyelitis was eradicated . We found the use of an ambulatory infusion pump an effective, convenient, and cost-saving method of treatment for our patient.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 738 - 44
Structure-activity relationships for unsaturated dialdehydes . 3 . Mutagenic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and phytotoxic activities of merulidial derivatives; Anke H et al.; The mutagenic activity in the Ames' Salmonella assay, the antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and algae, the cytotoxic activities against Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells and L1210 cells, and the phytotoxic activities against Lepidium sativum and Setaria italica, of the unsaturated dialdehyde merulidial and six acetylated, hydroxylated, and cyclopropane ring isomerized derivatives of merulidial, are compared . Some possible structure-activity relationships are discussed.

Mutat Res, 1989 May, 226(1), 39 - 42
The involvement of dimethyl sulfoxide in a bacteriotoxic response of the Ames assay tester strains TA98 and TA100; Vaughan DJ et al.; Dimethyl sulfoxide is a widely accepted and recommended solvent in which to dissolve compounds to be tested for mutagenicity via the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . Using tester strains TA98 and TA100, we observed a bacteriotoxic response with various fractions isolated from beer when dissolved in DMSO but not when dissolved in water . Further characterization of the role of solvent in simple model systems consisting of butanol, DMSO and bacteria strongly suggests a chemical reaction occurs between dimethyl sulfoxide and specific chemical constituents of the test substance, nutrient broth, or the Ames bacterial strains . The result of such an interaction could be misinterpreted as a toxic response to the test substance when, in fact, the bacteriotoxicity could be due to another compound, chemically distinct from the test substance.

Infect Immun, 1989 May, 57(5), 1612 - 4
Antilipopolysaccharide factor from horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, inhibits lipopolysaccharide activation of cultured human endothelial cells; Desch CE et al.; Antilipopolysaccharide (anti-LPS) factor is a basic protein that is purified from the hemocyte lysate of the Japanese and American horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus and Limulus polyphemus) . Anti-LPS factor has previously been reported to inhibit LPS-mediated activation of limulus factor C, lyse endotoxin-sensitized erythrocytes, and inhibit the growth of some gram-negative bacteria . In this study, we examine the ability of anti-LPS factor purified from T . tridentatus to inhibit the activation of cultured human endothelial cells by LPS . Anti-LPS factor inhibited the stimulation of endothelial adhesiveness for neutrophils by LPS in a dose-dependent manner . Maximum inhibition was achieved when anti-LPS factor was mixed with LPS prior to addition to the endothelial cell monolayers . Anti-LPS factor inhibited endothelial cell activation by LPS derived from Salmonella minnesota Re and Rc mutants as well as from the wild type (smooth), suggesting that it recognizes the lipid A moiety of LPS.

Rev Infect Dis, 1989 May-Jun, 11 Suppl 3, S568 - 73
Vibrio cholerae vaccines; Kaper JB; Several approaches to the development of a safe and effective vaccine against Vibrio cholerae are currently being pursued . These candidate vaccines include (1) live V . cholerae strains attenuated by recombinant DNA techniques; (2) killed whole V . cholerae organisms plus purified cholera enterotoxin B subunit; and (3) cloned V . cholerae antigens in a Salmonella carrier strain . The first two approaches have been the most extensively studied in clinical trials, and all three types of vaccines are administered orally to maximize the stimulation of mucosal immunity . The live attenuated vaccine CVD103-HgR is inexpensive and was effective after a single dose but caused mild diarrhea in 4% of vaccinees . The killed whole cell plus B subunit vaccine is safe but requires the administration of multiple doses . The strong protective immunity conferred by the disease and the rapid progress recently achieved in vaccine development offer encouragement that a successful vaccine will soon be available.

Rev Infect Dis, 1989 May-Jun, 11 Suppl 3, S552 - 67
Progress in vaccines against typhoid fever; Levine MM et al.; The widely available heat-phenol-inactivated whole cell typhoid vaccine, which provides approximately 65% protection, has limited usefulness because of the adverse reactions it evokes . In contrast, several new typhoid vaccines promise protection without reactogenicity . Attenuated oral vaccine Ty21a has been evaluated in three field trials of efficacy in Santiago, Chile, involving 530,000 schoolchildren . Three doses of Ty21a in an enteric-coated formulation given within one week provided 69% efficacy for at least four years . Fewer doses conferred less protection, while adding a fourth dose significantly enhanced protection; increasing the interval between doses did not improve protection . Large-scale vaccination with Ty21a appeared to cause a herd-immunity effect . Ty21a has reached the stage of being a practical tool for public health . With respect to other vaccines, the safety and immunogenicity of an auxotrophic (Aro-,Pur-) Salmonella typhi mutant (strain 541Ty) has recently been evaluated . Lastly, parenteral purified Vi polysaccharide of S . typhi was safe and immunogenic and provided 64%-72% protection (for at least 17-21 months) in controlled field trials in Nepal and South Africa.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1989 May, 12(4), 748 - 56
The carcinogenic initiating and promoting properties of a lightly refined paraffinic oil; McKee RH et al.; The dermal carcinogenic potential of some petroleum-derived liquids is related to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content . However, repeated application of middle distillates (MDs), e.g., kerosene, diesel fuel, and heating oil, produced tumors in mouse skin . This result was unexpected since the MDs typically contain very low levels of biologically active PAHs . The present study examined the tumorigenic mechanism of a lightly refined paraffinic oil (LRPO), an MD shown to be active in mouse skin . The LRPO was separated into saturated and aromatic fractions . Whole LRPO and various fractions were tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay and for carcinogenic initiating and promoting activity . There was no evidence that any of the samples examined were mutagenic in bacteria or carcinogenic initiating agents in mouse skin . Thus no support was provided for the hypothesis that the complete tumorigenic activity of LRPO was in any way related to the presence of low levels of PAHs or to an interaction between initiating and promoting constituents . There was evidence that LRPO was a weak promoter of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin . It was also found that repeated application of LRPO produced chronic irritation and hyperplasia, and this may have been responsible for the promotional effects . Based on these data, it seemed likely that the complete carcinogenic activity of this class of products is also the result of an epigenetic process related to skin irritation.

HNO, 1989 May, 37(5), 207 - 10
{The antimicrobial effect of lysozyme on nasal mucosa}; Gluck U; We tested the effect of lysozyme on the nasal mucosa in a controlled double-blind in vivo study . The administration of non-pathogenic vaccine strains of living measles virus and of living Vivotif bacteria (attenuated Salmonella typhi) to 14 healthy subjects showed that lysozyme possesses a clear antimicrobial and antiviral effect.

Mutat Res, 1989 May, 223(1), 35 - 40
Identification of mutagens in Japanese pickles; Takenaka S et al.; A total of 108 samples of pickles, which were produced in districts with high and low incidences of stomach cancer in Japan, were extracted with methanol-chloroform . The extracts were bioassayed with Salmonella tester strains . The pickles produced in the high-cancer-incidence district were more mutagenic than those produced in the low-incidence district . The most mutagenic sample among 24 pickle specimens collected in the high-incidence district induced 130 revertants/mg of the crude extract for strain TA98 . The mutagenic compounds were purified, and 2 flavonols, quercetin and rhamnetin, were identified as the major mutagens in the pickles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The quantities of the 2 compounds were determined as 6.60 mg for quercetin, and 1.96 mg for rhamnetin per gram of the crude extract . The mutagenic activities of the pickles produced in the 2 districts were closely related to the amounts of quercetin in them.

J Infect Dis, 1989 May, 159(5), 872 - 80
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive monoclonal antibodies fail to inhibit LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor secretion by mouse-derived macrophages; Chia JK et al.; Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with epitopes on the O-side chain, core oligosaccharide, or lipid A of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion by mouse-derived RAW 264.7 macrophages . As little as 50 ng of purified LPS or lipid A stimulated macrophages to produce TNF detectable as cytotoxic activity in an L-929 fibroblast assay . None of 13 MAbs (concentration range, 0.1-1,000 micrograms/mL) blocked LPS- or lipid A (0.025-0.1 micrograms/mL)-induced TNF secretion by RAW 264.7 cells . Rabbit antiserum to synthetic lipid A also failed to block lipid A-induced TNF activity . Similar negative results were obtained when intact bacteria or membrane vesicles were used as TNF inducers . In contrast, polymyxin B, but not the less hydrophobic polymyxin B nonapeptide, produced almost complete inhibition of macrophage TNF secretion induced by LPS, lipid A, membrane vesicles, and intact bacteria . Thus, antibody reactivity with predominantly hydrophilic elements of LPS or lipid A may not affect hydrophobic interactions between lipid A and target cell membranes necessary and sufficient for the induction of TNF . These findings raise doubts concerning the existence of true endotoxin-neutralizing antibodies.

J Immunol, 1989 May 1, 142(9), 3229 - 38
IL-1 induction-capacity of defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures; Loppnow H et al.; Natural and synthetic lipid A as well as natural and synthetic oligosaccharide partial structures of LPS were examined in dose-response experiments to define the minimal structure necessary for IL-1 induction and release in cultures of human mononuclear cells . Wild type LPS (S . abortus equi) and rough mutant LPS was active in minimal-doses of 1 to 100 pg/ml, whereas synthetic heptaacyl and hexaacyl lipid A (Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli lipid A, respectively) induced IL-1 in minimal-doses of 100 to 1,000 pg/ml and 10 to 1,000 pg/ml, respectively . Nanogram amounts (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) of synthetic monodephospho partial structures of E . coli lipid A were necessary for IL-1 induction . Synthetic pentaacyl partial structures induced IL-1 very weakly . Synthetic tetraacyl and bisacyl partial structures lacking non-hydroxylated fatty acids were not active . Compared to LPS million-fold higher doses of natural and synthetic 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid containing core oligosaccharides were necessary for IL-1 induction . Dose-response investigations with LPS and natural or synthetic partial structures established the following hierarchy in IL-1 induction-capacity: LPS greater than lipid A much greater than lipid A partial structures greater than core oligosaccharides greater than oligoacyl lipid A . Lipid A was shown here to be the portion of LPS mainly responsible for induction of IL-1 activity . The high potency of lipid A in inducing IL-1 release and the failure of the precursor Ia of lipid A to induce IL-1 production and release was also observed measuring intracellular IL-1 activity after freeze-thawing the cells . Levels of IL-1 beta mRNA in extracts of mononuclear cells correlated with biologic activity . In co-incubation experiments, precursor Ia of lipid A produced dose-dependent inhibition of production and release of IL-1 activity induced by lipid A or LPS, but not by Staphylococcus epidermidis or PHA . Incubation of cells with precursor Ia for 1h, followed by a medium change and further incubation of stimulus without precursor Ia of lipid A also resulted in inhibition . We conclude that lipid A is the main portion of LPS responsible for induction of IL-1, and that specific activation- and/or binding-mechanisms are involved in stimulation of cells with LPS and/or lipid A.

J Bacteriol, 1989 May, 171(5), 2513 - 22
Overexpression of N antitermination proteins of bacteriophages lambda, 21, and P22: loss of N protein specificity; Franklin NC et al.; The N protein of bacteriophage lambda (N lambda) modifies Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in such a way that it transcribes through termination signals, a process called antitermination . N antitermination normally occurs only if the template contains a specific utilization or nut site upstream of the terminators and only in the presence of host-encoded Nus proteins . The lambda-related phages 21 and P22 produce N analogs, N21 and N22, but these require different nut sites and show a different pattern of functional interaction with one of the Nus factors, NusA, according to whether this protein is of E . coli or Salmonella origin (NusAEc or NusASal) . We report the overproduction of N lambda, N21, or N22, each of which was induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside at 37 degrees C from its cloned position downstream from ptac on a high-expression plasmid, each in a host that provided NusAEc or NusASal . Overproduction of each of these N proteins resulted in relaxed specificity for nut, which was shown by the ability to complement N mutants of heterologous phages; NusA specificity was determined by the N type that was present in these complementation tests . We also observed that excess N was able to suppress transcriptional polarity in the particular case of cloned 'trpA, the last gene of the tryptophan operon, although there was no effect on polarity within chromosomal trpE . Such polarity is attributed to the presence of cryptic intragenic terminators that become exposed in the absence of translation . Because there is no known nut site cis to 'trpA, we suggest that the 'trpA segment itself fortuitously contains a nut sequence that is able to function with excess N of any of the types tested and with either NusAEc or NusASal . We also found that excess N of any specificity, or even inactive N with missense mutation, could cause an increase in the level of NusAEc or NusASal, possibly because interaction between N and NusA, but independent of nut, whether functional or not, interferes with the autoregulation of NusA synthesis . These observations highlight the importance of protein concentration for the specificity of interactions both with other proteins and with nucleic acids . They also indicate that the interaction between N and NusA requires nut participation both for specificity and functionality.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1989 May, 8(2), 175 - 80
The role of hens' eggs in outbreaks of salmonellosis in north Spain; Perales I et al.; Most outbreaks of salmonellosis occurring in Spain are transmitted by hens' eggs . This prompted a study on the incidence of Salmonella in eggs . Salmonella was found in 5 of 372 eggs associated with foodborne disease; one strain was isolated from the inside of the egg . In 998 eggs not associated with human salmonellosis, Salmonella was found on 6 occasions, including once inside the egg . These percentages are in general higher than those found in other Western countries . The possibility of eggs being contaminated before laying is discussed and an approach for controlling salmonellosis transmitted in this way is presented.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1989 May, 63(5), 463 - 70
Enhancing effect of Salmonella enteritidis SPA on nonspecific resistance; Uchiya K et al.; The peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with soluble protective antigen (SPA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed an increase in chemotactic activity, but muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced macrophages did not show any enhancing effect . Conversely, the chemotactic activity of mice peritoneal neutrophils was enhanced by SPA, LPS or MDP treatment . The superoxide anion (O2-)-generating activity of SPA-induced macrophages was higher than LPS or MDP . And even 30 days after SPA treatment, a significant increase of O2(-)-generating activity was evident as compared to the control . SPA-induced macrophages showed a higher degree of intracellular killing of Listeria monocytogenes, in vitro, as compared to macrophages obtained from normal mice . In the studies of in vivo protection, the number of bacteria in the liver after challenging with L . monocytogenes was smaller in SPA-treated mice than in untreated mice . Also, SPA-treated mice showed an increased resistance to L . monocytogenes infection.

EMBO J, 1989 May, 8(5), 1581 - 90
Intermediates in Hin-mediated DNA inversion: a role for Fis and the recombinational enhancer in the strand exchange reaction; Johnson RC et al.; The site-specific inversion reaction controlling flagellin synthesis in Salmonella involves the function of three proteins: Hin, Fis and HU . The DNA substrate must be supercoiled and contain a recombinational enhancer sequence in addition to the two recombination sites . Using mutant substrates or modified reaction conditions, large amounts of complexes can be generated which are recognized by double-stranded breaks within both recombination sites upon quenching . The cleaved molecules contain 2-bp staggered cuts within the central dinucleotide of the recombination site . Hin is covalently associated with the 5' end while the protruding 3' end contains a free hydoxyl . We demonstrate that complexes generated in the presence of an active enhancer are intermediates that have advanced past the major rate limiting step(s) of the reaction . In the absence of a functional enhancer, Hin is also able to assemble and catalyze site-specific cleavages within the two recombination sites . However, these complexes are kinetically distinct from the complexes assembled with a functional enhancer and cannot generate inversion without an active enhancer . The results suggest that strand exchange leading to inversion is mediated by double-stranded cleavage of DNA at both recombination sites followed by the rotation of strands to position the DNA into the recombinant configuration . The role of the enhancer and DNA supercoiling in these reactions is discussed.

Exp Eye Res, 1989 May, 48(5), 693 - 705
Immunopharmacological analysis of endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat; Herbort CP et al.; Footpad injection of endotoxin causes exclusive ocular inflammation in the rat . In order to clarify its physiopathologic mechanism, we studied the effect of different treatments on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) . Salmonella endotoxin was injected into the footpads of Lewis rats . 18 hr later, inflammation was assessed by evaluating proteins and cells in the anterior chamber; arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, as well as substance P were measured by radioimmunoassay, and Ia-(MHC class II)-antigen expression in ciliary body was assessed by immunohistochemistry . The effect of inhibitors of phospholipase A2 (EPC), of lipoxygenase (azelastine) and of cyclo-oxygenase (diclofenac), as well as dexamethasone, cyclosporine (CsA) and anti-Ia antibody, were evaluated on these parameters . Phospholipase A2 inhibitor EPC and dexamethasone were most effective on inflammation: they also reduced AA metabolites very effectively and prevented Ia-expression . Lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors were partially effective on inflammation and on AA metabolites but failed to prevent Ia-expression . Immunosuppressive treatments (CsA and anti-Ia-antibody) also reduced inflammation . Our findings suggest that inflammation mediators initiate inflammation in EIU . Ia-Ag-expression is secondarily produced by mediators leading to additional inflammation due to immune mediated mechanisms.

Infect Immun, 1989 May, 57(5), 1356 - 62
Role of C1q in phagocytosis of Salmonella minnesota by pulmonary endothelial cells; Ryan US et al.; The Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota adheres in much greater numbers than the wild type to endothelial cells derived from the bovine pulmonary artery . Since the Re mutant is distinguished from wild-type S . minnesota by its ability to bind C1q and since endothelial cells possess receptors for C1q, we examined the role of C1q in the phagocytosis of the S . minnesota Re mutant . First, preincubating endothelial cells with C1q-enriched medium resulted in increased adherence of the Re mutant (17.9 x 10(4) versus 6.6 x 10(4} . Second, preincubating the Re mutant with C1q-enriched medium resulted in increased numbers of adherent bacteria (62.1 x 10(4) versus 6.6 x 10(4} . Preincubation of both endothelial cells and bacteria with C1q-enriched medium resulted in increased adherence above control levels but less adherence than when either cells or bacteria were preincubated separately in C1q-enriched medium . If serum depleted of C1q was used for preincubation of endothelial cells or bacteria, adherence was reduced below control levels . Thus, C1q plays an important role in the initial steps (recognition, binding, and ingestion) of phagocytosis . Next, the role of C1q was investigated in the respiratory burst response . Levels of superoxide anion released from endothelial cells 15 min after phagocytosis of the Re mutant (100 bacteria per endothelial cell) were assayed by measurement of the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c . Superoxide anion release was increased during phagocytosis of the Re mutant (35 nmol of O2- per 3 x 10(6) endothelial cells) and was also elevated above control values by incubation with soluble C1q (10 nmol of O2- per 3 x 10(6) endothelial cells) . These results indicate a role for C1q in both the ingestion and the response of endothelial cells to the S . minnesota Re mutant.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 1989 May-Jun, 9(3), 283 - 302
Influence of DDT and PCBs in rabbits and goats as related to nucleic acid, protein and lipid metabolism; Chung RA et al.; Rabbits were administered DDT (10 mgQ/kg) and rabbits and goats were administered pure PCB compounds or PCB mixtures (25 mg/kg for rabbits and 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg for goats) . All rabbits were also injected with ovalbumin and goats with Salmonella enteritidis-O antigen . Animals were sacrificed on day 21 when maximum antibody titer was obtained . Rabbits treated with 20 mg/kg DDT showed significantly reduced weight gain, feed consumption, weights of lung, liver and spleen, antiovalbumin synthesis in lung and spleen and maximum serum antibody titer . In addition, in the liver, protein, DNA and RNA contents and aminoacyl t-RNA activity were reduced . A decrease in serum protein was reflected in a decrease in albumin and gamma- and beta-globulin . Pure PCBs or PCB mixtures did not affect body weight, feed consumption or organ weights of rabbits . Protein and/or antiovalbumin synthesis increased in kidney, spleen and lung in rabbits after treatment with Aroclor 1242 or Aroclor 1254 . PCB compounds decreased body weights but did not affect organ weights of goats except for a liver weight increase at 20 mg/kg for 2,4-DCBP, Aroclor 1268 and PCT . Aroclors 1242, 1254 and 1268 significantly decreased anti-Salmonella enteritidis synthesis in lymph node, spleen and bone marrow in goats at 20 mg/kg . However, at 5 mg/kg, a significant increase in antibody synthesis was observed . Ultrastructural evaluation of PCB-treated rabbits revealed little or no pathological change at these dose levels.

J Appl Physiol, 1989 May, 66(5), 2407 - 18
Endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats: role of eicosanoids; Chang SW et al.; We studied lung vascular injury and quantitated lung eicosanoids in rats after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin . Within 40 min after endotoxin injection (20 mg/kg), lung tissue thromboxane B2 doubled, although 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) increased by 8- to 10-fold . Lung 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene C4 were variably increased by endotoxin . The levels of all eicosanoids returned to base line 6 h after endotoxin challenge . Lung vascular injury, as assessed by the extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water in isolated perfused lungs, was observed 90 min after endotoxin injection (0.02-20 mg/kg) in vivo . Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway with indomethacin and the lipoxygenase pathway with diethylcarbamazine and 2-(12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-dinyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoqui none failed to attenuate endotoxin-induced lung injury . In addition, essential fatty acid deficiency, which markedly reduced lung tissue levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene C4, did not protect against endotoxin injury . We conclude that although lung eicosanoids are activated during endotoxemia, they do not play a crucial role in the development of acute lung vascular injury in rats.

Mutat Res, 1989 May, 223(1), 49 - 64
Development and validation of the spiral Salmonella assay: an automated approach to bacterial mutagenicity testing; Houk VS et al.; Since its development by Dr . Bruce Ames and his colleagues more than a decade ago, the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay has become a widely accepted tool to assist in the identification of chemicals with mutagenic and carcinogenic potential . Several automated approaches to Salmonella testing have been proposed in recent years but have failed to gain acceptance in the scientific community due to poor performance or lack of demonstrated usefulness . In this paper we report on an automated system that successfully generates dose-response data and, moreover, reduces the labor, materials, and sample mass required to obtain such information . In the standard plate-incorporation assay, dose-response relationships are defined by testing discrete doses of the test agent on a series of agar plates . In contrast, the spiral Salmonella assay generates dose-response data from a continuous concentration gradient on a single agar plate . Upon analysis, each spiral plate yields a dose-response curve consisting of 13 data points that span a concentration range of about 15:1, which is equivalent to 5 two-fold serial dilutions . The performance of the spiral Salmonella assay was compared to that of the conventional plate-incorporation assay using 13 mutagens and 7 nonmutagens selected from a variety of chemical classes . Concordant qualitative responses were obtained for all compounds tested, and comparable dose-response relationships were generated by all mutagens with the exception of sodium azide and cyclophosphamide, which are highly water-soluble and, thus, are unable to maintain a well-defined concentration gradient on a spiral plate due to rapid diffusion . In general, toxicity was expressed at a lower dose in the spiral assay, and the mutagenic potencies (slopes of the dose-response curves) were greater in the spiral assay relative to the plate-incorporation assay . These differences will be discussed, as will the applicability of the spiral plating technique to routine screening and its relevancy to future mutagenesis testing.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 May, (5), 50 - 5
{The development of methods for obtaining monospecific ingredients for immunoenzyme analysis}; Vaneeva LI et al.; The methods of the modification of Salmonella O- and H-antigens and the preparation of biologically active sorbents on their basis have been developed . The use of these sorbents has permitted the isolation of affinity antibodies with strictly defined specific activity . The work shows the possibility of the successful use of carriers obtained on the basis of porous glass, chemically modified by acrylic copolymers containing activated carboxylic groups, and intended for the immobilization of antigens of both protein and carbohydrate nature.

J Exp Med, 1989 May 1, 169(5), 1733 - 45
The human mannose-binding protein functions as an opsonin; Kuhlman M et al.; The human mannose-binding protein (MBP) is a multimeric serum protein that is divided into three domains: a cysteine-rich NH2-terminal domain that stabilizes the alpha-helix of the second collagen-like domain, and a third COOH-terminal carbohydrate binding region . The function of MBP is unknown, although a role in host defense is suggested by its ability to bind yeast mannans . In this report we show that native and recombinant human MBP can serve in an opsonic role in serum and thereby enhance clearance of mannose rich pathogens by phagocytes . MBP binds to wild-type virulent Salmonella montevideo that express a mannose-rich O-polysaccharide . Interaction of MBP with these organisms results in attachment, uptake, and killing of the opsonized bacteria by phagocytes . These results demonstrate that MBP plays a role in first line host defense against certain pathogenic organisms.

BMJ, 1989 Apr 29, 298(6681), 1161 - 4
Outbreaks of salmonella infection in hospitals in England and Wales 1978-87; Joseph CA et al.; A total of 248 outbreaks of salmonella infection in hospital affecting over 3000 patients and 110 associated deaths were ascertained in England and Wales in 1978-87, compared with 522 outbreaks of salmonella in 1968-77 . The largest reduction was found in outbreaks from children's units and maternity units . Fifty seven (24%) outbreaks were considered to be due to foodborne salmonellosis, and 70 (30%) were reported as person to person spread of the infection . The psychiatric hospital was the type of hospital in which foodborne outbreaks most often occurred, but the risk of being affected in an outbreak not due to food seemed to be highest in maternity units . Better control of infection and better surveillance should lead to earlier investigation and control of outbreaks.

N Z Med J, 1989 Apr 12, 102(865), 158 - 60
Pituitary apoplexy; Hutchinson DO et al.; Pituitary apoplexy, a rare neurological emergency resulting from pituitary haemorrhage or infarction, should be considered a possibility in patients presenting with headache . Six cases are reported . The patients, four females and two males, ranged in age from 18 to 53 years . In only two had pituitary pathology previously been recognised . Headache occurred in all patients, visual field defects in four, ocular paresis in two, and subsequent hypopituitarism in five . The headache type suggested intracranial catastrophe in only one patient . A possible precipitant was noted for three of the episodes, including, in one patient, salmonella gastroenteritis . Cortisol deficiency during the acute event was common . Semi-urgent surgery was performed in two patients . In two others, prompt resolution of symptoms occurred following administration of dexamethasone.

Science, 1989 Apr 7, 244(4900), 70 - 2
Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin; Newton SM et al.; Bacterial flagella are potent immunogens and aromatic-dependent (aro) Salmonella as live vaccines evoke humoral and cellular immune responses . Such strains expressing epitopes of protective antigens as inserts in flagellin would provide a novel way to vaccinate against diseases caused by unrelated pathogens . A synthetic oligonucleotide specifying an epitope of cholera toxin subunit B was inserted in a Salmonella flagellin gene . The chimeric flagellin functioned normally and the epitope was expressed at the flagellar surface . Parenteral administration to mice of an aro A flagellin-negative strain of S . dublin expressing the chimeric flagellin gene evoked antibody to cholera toxin.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1989 Apr, 84(4), 433 - 5
Disseminated Salmonella arizona infection associated with rattlesnake meat ingestion; Bhatt BD et al.; Salmonella arizona is an uncommon enteric pathogen . We report a case of a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, receiving prednisone therapy, who developed fatal disseminated S . arizona infection after ingesting raw dried rattlesnake meat as a form of treatment for her illness . S . arizona was isolated from stool, blood, peritoneal fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid . The importance of being aware of the Mexican-American folk remedy involving the ingestion of rattlesnake meat in the forms of dried snake, snake powder, or snake powder capsules, and the risk of acquiring S . arizona enteric infections is discussed.

Mutat Res, 1989 Apr, 216(2), 127 - 35
A bootstrap analysis of four in vitro short-term test performances; Benigni R; The present analysis is aimed at estimating the confidence intervals of a number of association measures that describe the relationships of 4 in vitro short-term tests with rodent carcinogenicity, as well as with each other . The measures considered were: sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the short-term tests with respect to chemical carcinogens, and performance dissimilarity indices (Hamming distances) . The analysis refers to Salmonella, mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell mutation, chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and is based on the data generated in the frame of the U.S . National Toxicology Program (NTP) . It exploits the properties of a statistical technique, called bootstrap, to derive from only one sample of chemicals the variability intervals of the associations that the biological systems (mutagenicity assays and rodent carcinogenicity) would show in the 'universe' of the chemical compounds . The combination of the bootstrap technique with multivariate statistical methods pointed to a remarkable robustness and reliability of the information derived from the NTP data base, and provided descriptive insights into the data.

J Immunol, 1989 Apr 1, 142(7), 2513 - 8
Natural antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi in human cord blood; Romano M et al.; Cord blood mononuclear cells from normal human newborns possess natural antibacterial (NA) activity against Salmonella typhi, as assessed by an in vitro test . NA activity was significantly higher than that observed in PBMC from normal adult donors . Using fractionation on nylon wool and Percoll gradient or C-dependent killing with mAb, it was found that cells of the monocyte-macrophage series and CD4+ T lymphocytes were capable of exerting NA activity in newborns, in contrast with results obtained in adults, where the effector cell was a CD4+ T lymphocyte . The capability of expressing NA activity by CD4+ T lymphocytes from cord blood was also confirmed by flow cytometry sorting . Pretreatment of cord blood mononuclear cells with F(ab')2 fragments against human IgG, but not against human IgA, abrogate the NA activity . Furthermore, human IgA anti-S . typhi cannot arm CD4+ lymphocytes in cord blood . Thus it can be suggested that in newborns, the immune system still being immature, NA activity might be the expression of a mechanism of defence against infections, acting as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity expressed by monocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes armed with preexisting maternal IgG antibodies . This differs from NA activity of adults which is only mediated by CD4+ T lymphocytes armed by IgA.

Infect Immun, 1989 Apr, 57(4), 1240 - 7
Bordetella parapertussis invasion of HeLa 229 cells and human respiratory epithelial cells in primary culture; Ewanowich CA et al.; Bordetella parapertussis, a respiratory tract pathogen commonly regarded as noninvasive, was found to invade HeLa 229 cell monolayers . Following treatment of the monolayers with gentamicin, numbers of viable B . parapertussis recovered were comparable to those of invasive Salmonella and Shigella isolates . Invasion occurs through a cytochalasin-sensitive process which appears to be distinct from receptor-mediated endocytosis . Hyperimmune antisera raised against filaments hemagglutinin, a major adhesion of B . pertussis, did not inhibit invasion by B . parapertussis, suggesting that alternate adhesin(s) are required for invasion . In addition, B . parapertussis was found to invade human respiratory epithelial cells in primary culture, as demonstrated in ultrathin sections viewed by transmission electron microscopy . Although viable intracellular B . parapertussis persist within HeLa cells, they do not multiply there and the monolayers remain intact, suggesting a possible mechanism of carriage for these organisms.

Hepatology, 1989 Apr, 9(4), 562 - 9
Effect of repetitive low-dose endotoxin on liver parenchymal and Kupffer cell fibronectin release; Vincent PA et al.; Repetitive low-dose endotoxin, at a dose which will result in endotoxin tolerance, produces a marked but transient 2- to 3-day increase in plasma fibronectin . This elevation of fibronectin appears to contribute to increased hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic function observed with repetitive low-dose endotoxin administration . Although numerous cell types synthesize fibronectin, hepatocytes are believed to be the major cell source of fibronectin in the plasma . Since Kupffer cells also synthesize fibronectin, we sought to determine the relative contribution of hepatic Kupffer cells, as compared to parenchymal cells, to the elevation of plasma fibronectin following repetitive low-dose endotoxin administration . Kupffer cells isolated from rats previously treated for 3 consecutive days with 100 micrograms Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin released greater (p less than 0.01) amounts of fibronectin over time in culture (3, 6, 12 and 24 hr) as compared to Kupffer cells isolated from normal rats . Experiments in which fibronectin was normalized to DNA content of the cells in culture also showed similar results for fibronectin release by Kupffer cells (normal: 2.9 +/- 0.5 ng per microgram DNA per 24 hr; endotoxin-treated: 53.3 +/- 1.3 ng per microgram DNA per 24 hr) . Hepatocytes from endotoxin-treated rats released less (p less than 0.01) fibronectin over time than hepatocytes isolated from normal animals . As with Kupffer cells, results for fibronectin release by hepatocytes were similar when normalized to the DNA content (normal: 190.0 +/- 9.4 ng per microgram DNA per 24 hr; endotoxin-treated: 83.3 +/- 4.2 ng per microgram DNA per 24 hr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Pediatr, 1989 Apr, 114(4 Pt 1), 555 - 60
Incidence, severity, and prevention of infections in chronic granulomatous disease; Mouy R et al.; We retrospectively analyzed the frequency and nature of infections occurring in 48 patients with chronic granulomatous disease . The long-term use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ketoconazole as a preventive therapy for infections has also been evaluated . Lymphadenitis, lung infections, dermatitis, enteral infections, and hepatic abscesses were the most frequent infections . Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Aspergillus were the main microorganisms encountered . Twelve patients died: five from lung aspergillosis, three from hepatic abscesses, two from pneumonopathy of unknown origin, one from salmonellosis, and one from another probable infection that could not be proved . The actuarial survival rate was 50% at 10 years of age, with a prolonged plateau thereafter . There was no difference in survival rates between patients with X-linked and those with autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease . The 8-year actuarial survival rate was significantly higher for patients born in 1978 or afterward than for patients born before 1978 (92.9% vs 70.5%) . A retrospective analysis of the occurrence of bacterial and fungal infections in patients who received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ketoconazole as infection prophylaxis indicated that the former was effective against bacterial infections but that ketoconazole provided no protection against Aspergillus infections.

Ulster Med J, 1989 Apr, 58(1), 36 - 9
An outbreak of salmonellosis amongst holidaymakers in Madeira, July 1988; Smyth B et al.; In July 1988, 20 of 49 tourists from Northern Ireland became ill with gastrointestinal symptoms while on holiday in Madeira and four were admitted to hospital . Salmonella enteritidis was subsequently isolated from eight members of the party . Epidemiological investigations implicated fried and/or scrambled eggs as the vehicle of infection.

Vrach Delo, 1989 Apr, (4), 111 - 4
{The clinical picture and treatment of salmonellosis caused by rare Salmonella species}; Mel'nik GV; The clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of salmonellosis due to rare types of salmonellae were studied in 135 patients (males--58.5%, females--41.5%) . The disease occurred sporadically with prevalence of the alimentary factor of infection without distinct seasonal characteristics . The gastroenterocolitic variant of the disease prevailed with signs of sigmoiditis, cholangiohepatitis, irritation of the peritoneum and involvement of the respiratory tract in some patients . The pathogens showed a high sensitivity to antibiotics.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Apr, 66(4), 353 - 60
Evaluation of different plating media used in the isolation of salmonellas from environmental samples; Morinigo MA et al.; Different serotypes of salmonellas were compared for selectivity and efficiency of recovery using 11 plating media . No optimal growth was obtained after 24 h incubation in any of the media, but after 48 h, brilliant green, brilliant green-phenol red-lactose-sucrose, bismuth sulphite, xylose-lysine-deoxycholate and Hektoen enteric agars showed optimal recovery of all the salmonella serotypes . Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate and brilliant green-phenol red-lactose-sucrose agars were the most selective media for all salmonella serotypes . Addition of 10 micrograms/ml of sodium novobiocin to the tryptic soy-xylose-lysine and tryptic soy-brilliant green agars significantly improved their selectivity but reduced or inhibited the growth of some salmonella serotypes, including Salmonella typhi . Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar gave the highest recovery percentage of stressed salmonellas with a double-agar layer technique . Good recovery was also obtained on brilliant green-phenol red-lactose-sucrose, tryptic soy-brilliant green, tryptic soy-brilliant green-novobiocin, tryptic, soy-xylose-lysine and tryptic soy-xylose-lysine-novobiocin agars . Salmonella-shigella agar was the least efficient medium for the recovery of salmonellas under stress-induced or non-stressed conditions.

Microbiologica, 1989 Apr, 12(2), 143 - 5
Molecular analysis of Salmonella wien strains isolated from a neonatal unit outbreak; Nastasi A et al.; One hundred and thirteen S . wien strains, isolated in Palermo from August 1987 to May 1988 during an enteritis outbreak in a neonatal care unit, were investigated . Genetic and phenotypic characteristics of isolates suitable for epidemiological studies are reported.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1989 Apr, 55(4), 349 - 59
Antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated from different sources in Brazil during 1978-1983; Campos LC et al.; A total of 748 Salmonella strains (97 serovars) isolated from human (291), animal (119), environmental (141), food (102) and animal feed (95) sources were examined for resistance to 9 antimicrobial agents . Most of the human isolates were from hospitalized patients (282) . An overall resistance rate of 98.8% was determined with 100% for human and environmental isolates . Resistance to sulfadiazine (87.7%) was most common, followed by streptomycin (61.2%), ampicillin (39%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (37.9%) . Fifty one different resistance patterns were identified with Su (164 strains), Su-Sm (122) and Su-Sm-Tc-Cm-Km-Ap-Nx-Gm-Tm (95) predominating, the latter occurring only in human isolates . Multiple resistance was most frequently found among human isolates, particularly in S . derby and S . typhimurium strains . The relationship between antibiotic resistance, serovar and source of isolation of the Salmonella strains is discussed.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 Apr 1, 180(3), 519 - 26
Structural analysis of the nontoxic lipid A of Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4; Krauss JH et al.; Lipid A from Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4 consists of a D-glucosaminyl-(beta 1-6)-D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone, carrying diphosphorylethanolamine at C-1 of the reducing glucosamine and phosphorylethanolamine at C-4' of the nonreducing glucosamine . 1,4'-Bisphosphorylated lipid A, lacking the polar head groups, was also encountered and contributed to the observed microheterogeneity in the phosphate substitution . The amino functions of both glucosamines are substituted almost entirely by the rare 3-oxotetradecanoic acid, which is a characteristic constituent of lipid A in the genus Rhodobacter . 3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is ester-bound at C-3 and C-3' of the glucosamine disaccharide and the one at the nonreducing glucosamine (C-3') is partially substituted by dodecenoic acid to form an ester-bound diester . In free lipid A, hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-6' of the glucosamine disaccharide are unsubstituted . C-6' being the putative attachment point of the lipopolysaccharide core . The nontoxic Rhodobacter capsulatus lipid A shows extensive serological cross-reaction with the toxic Salmonella lipid A . Structural similarities in the hydrophilic part of both types of lipid A, dissimilarities in the hydrophobic part and their impacts on serologic properties are discussed.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 Apr 1, 180(3), 515 - 8
Characterization of the lipid A component of genuine smooth-form lipopolysaccharide; Jiao BH et al.; The smooth-form lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella abortus equi had earlier been separated into three distinct fractions, a long-chain fraction with an O chain containing 20-50 repeating units, a short-chain fraction consisting of an R lipopolysaccharide and another with 1-6 repeating units, and an R fraction identical to the lipopolysaccharide synthesized by Ra.b-mutant bacteria {Galanos et al . (1988) J . Chromatogr . 440, 397-404} . In this paper, the corresponding lipid A from each fraction was prepared by a newly elaborated procedure based on hydrolysis of the fractions in calcium acetate buffer (pH 3.5) followed by separation of the resulting free lipid A from the polysaccharide on a Sephadex G-100 column . Chemical analysis revealed that lipid A of the R fraction contained the expected spectrum and amounts of fatty acids and it proved to be structurally identical to lipid A of previously studied Salmonella R mutants . In contrast, the lipid A of the long-chain fraction contained only about 60% fatty acids compared to that of the R fraction . The lipid A of the short-chain fraction also expressed a reduced substitution pattern of acyl residues.

Can J Vet Res, 1989 Apr, 53(2), 188 - 94
The associations between milk production, milk composition and Salmonella in the bulk milk supplies of dairy farms in Ontario; McClure LH et al.; The purpose of this study was to assess changes in dairy herd milk production and milk composition associated with changes in Salmonella contamination of bulk milk on dairy farms in southwestern Ontario . Twenty-three dairy farms that had submitted milk filters for culture from which Salmonella were isolated (cases) and 23 farms that submitted Salmonella-negative milk filters (controls) were included in the study . The rolling herd averages for milk and fat of case and control farms for the months of December 1985, December 1986 and April 1987 were compared and no significant differences were detected . Case and control farms were divided into three groups (A,B,C) on the basis of Salmonella culture results of milk filters submitted at various time periods throughout the study . Daily and monthly changes in milk production and composition parameters that reflected the time periods of milk filter culture were compared . The following unconditional associations between a changing Salmonella infection status on dairy farms and changes in milk production or composition variables were significant (p less than or equal to 0.05): group A: case farms had higher plate loop counts than control farms; group B: case farms had younger cows than control farms; group C: case farms had cows with longer average days in lactation than control farms . After analytical control of confounding variables, the disappearance of Salmonella from bulk milk supplies of dairy farms was associated with a decrease in percent fat and in somatic cell count.

Arch Intern Med, 1989 Apr, 149(4), 941 - 3
Brain lesions in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Bishburg E et al.; Infections involving the brain have become a major complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . We have reviewed 48 cases of central nervous system lesions in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . and its related complex . All patients had computed tomographic scans with contrast performed; 31 of 48 were intravenous drug abusers . Computed tomographic abnormalities found included 21 patients with multiple ring-enhancing lesions, 13 with single ring-enhancing lesions, 11 with single hypodense lesions, and three with multiple hypodense lesions . Twenty-five patients had a positive serologic reaction for Toxoplasma . Sixteen patients had brain tissues examined . Of the 16 patients, six had cerebral Toxoplasma (one with concomitant Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and ten had diagnoses other than toxoplasmosis (three of whom had a positive serologic reaction for Toxoplasma) . Two patients had M tuberculosis; one patient had Nocardia asteroides with Salmonella enteritidis . Of the remaining seven patients, three had encephalitis of unknown cause, two had inconclusive tissue diagnoses, one had progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and one had vasculitis . In the population of intravenous drug users, brain lesions from diseases other than toxoplasmosis may be just as prevalent . Attempts to obtain a diagnosis from brain tissue is highly recommended to permit the design of effective and specific therapy for those diseases amenable to therapy.

Pediatr Nephrol, 1989 Apr, 3(2), 156 - 61
Renal lesions in young rats induced by Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin; Hurley RM et al.; Sepsis in newborns and infants is a major pediatric problem often associated with renal dysfunction . The present report deals with changes in renal tissue induced by Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in 10- and 28-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats . Our studies revealed a 90% lethality within 24 h of 0.1 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg S . enteritidis endotoxin injection in 10- and 28-day-old rats, respectively . The 10- and 28-day-old animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of the 90% lethality dose and were sacrificed at different intervals for histopathological evaluation of kidneys by light and electron microscopy . The glomeruli showed visceral epithelial and endothelial cell swelling and polymorphonuclear leukocyte and platelet accumulation in the capillary lumina . Cortical and medullary tubules showed edematous separation, mild focal epithelial cell damage and focal intertubular hemorrhage . Renal sections of 28-day-old experimental rats showed increased numbers of polymorphs in the glomerulus and enlarged mesangial matrix . These sections also showed an increase in the number of hemorrhagic foci in 10 x field compared with the 10-day-old experimental rats . Endothelial cells of renal vasculature showed cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolization, autophagic vesicle formation and presence of secondary lysosomes . Changes in the endothelial cells of peritubular microvasculature were extensive, resulting in focal degeneration and partial loss of endothelial lining . These studies show that infant rats are extremely sensitive to S . enteritidis endotoxin requiring 1/350 the dose given to young adults to induce histopathological changes in kidney; the endothelial cells of microvasculature appear to be the primary targets of endotoxic injury irrespective of age.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1989 Apr, 49(2-3), 299 - 303
Virulence of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 is related to the possession of a 38 MDa plasmid; Chart H et al.; Nine strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 were examined for virulence in BALB/c mice . The possession of a 38 MDa plasmid was necessary for full virulence . Strains carrying this plasmid had LD50 values of less than 20 bacteria whilst plasmid-free strains had LD50 values of greater than 10(6) bacteria when challenged intraperitoneally . Pathogenesis of disease involved the widespread distribution of bacteria throughout the tissues . Possession of the 38 MDa plasmid could not be linked with the ability of strains to express novel outer membrane proteins, to produce toxins affecting Vero, Y1, HeLa, Henle or HEp-2 cells, or to invade HEp-2 cells . Furthermore, the 38 MDa plasmid did not encode an aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system or the production of a haemolysin . Strains of S . enteritidis PT4 isolated in 1967, 1978 or 1979 and possessing the 38 MDa plasmid showed the same virulence properties as the current plasmid-carrying strains . This suggests that the enhanced virulence of the current strains for poultry is unlikely to be the result of changes in the 38 MDa plasmid.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 Apr, 33(4), 479 - 83
In vivo efficacy of zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) in experimental gram-negative-bacterial infections; Keith BR et al.; The therapeutic efficacy of orally administered zidovuldine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) was determined in animals infected with Escherichia coli and Salmonella dublin . The 50% effective dose (ED50) of zidovudine (9.6 to 11.8 mg/kg of body weight) compared favorably with that of trimethoprim (19.4 to 22.2 mg/kg) in mice with systemic E . coli infection . At 50 mg/kg, both zidovudine and ampicillin reduced the number of bacteria in the kidneys of mice and prevented lethal infection in mice with ascending pyelonephritis caused by E . coli . Zidovudine prevented a lethal S . dublin infection in calves over a wide dose range (8.0 to 31.0 mg/kg per day) . Zidovudine levels in plasma of uninfected mice were 28.2 +/- 4.5 and 7.9 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml at 30 and 60 min, respectively, exceeding the MICs for the bacteria used in the infections . Few zidovudine-resistant strains were observed . The in vivo data raise the possibility that zidovudine may have an antibacterial effect in patients receiving this therapy.

Eur J Vasc Surg, 1989 Apr, 3(2), 173 - 5
One-stage vascular surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm infected by salmonella; Ala-Kulju K et al.; A case is presented of abdominal aortic aneurysm infected with salmonella enteritidis, maintaining septicaemia . Immediate surgery became necessary because of imminent rupture of the aneurysm . The infected thrombus within the aneurysmal sac was debrided, with irrigation of antibiotic solution, and in situ aorto-iliac reconstruction was carried out . A prolonged course of ciprofloxacine and a short course of vancomycin were administered . Recovery was uneventful . The infection parameters are normal 6 months postoperatively and CT-scan shows no signs of periprosthetic infection . The relevant literature concerning the surgical procedures for mycotic aneurysms is reviewed.

Toxicology, 1989 Apr, 55(1-2), 183 - 91
Mutagenicity of cisplatin and carboplatin used alone and in combination with four other anticancer drugs; Hannan MA et al.; Mutagenicity of cisplatin and carboplatin was compared by using the drugs alone and in combination with bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and methotrexate in the Ames Salmonella assay employing the tester strains TA98, TA100 (excision deficient) and TA102 (excision proficient) . Cisplatin showed the maximum yield of histidine revertants in TA98 and TA100 at 2 micrograms/plate followed by a decrease in the number of mutants/plate with increasing concentrations . In the excision proficient strain TA102, there was no decline in the number of mutants/plate even at a concentration of 8 micrograms/plate . Basically, similar results were also obtained with carboplatin but using higher concentrations of the drug . When cisplatin or carboplatin was combined with other anticancer drugs, there was no differential modification of mutagenicity of the 2 platinum compounds in any of the bacterial tester strains.

Infect Immun, 1989 Apr, 57(4), 1347 - 50
Construction of a plasmid for expression of foreign epitopes as fusion proteins with subunit B of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin; Schodel F et al.; A novel vector (pFS2.2) for high-level expression of fusion polypeptides with the nontoxic subunit B (LT-B) of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in Escherichia coli and salmonellae is presented . It carries the complete coding sequence of LT-B under lac promoter control and a universal polylinker site for the in-frame insertion of foreign genes at the LT-B gene 3' end . By using this vector, fusion proteins comprising parts of the human or woodchuck hepatitis B virus surface and nucleocapsid antigens are expressed in E . coli and salmonella.

J Postgrad Med, 1989 Apr, 35(2), 79 - 82
Chloramphenicol resistant Salmonella species isolated between 1978 and 1987; Talawadekar NN et al.; During the ten year study i.e . 1978 to 1987, out of 53,251 cases of suspected enteric fever, S.typhi was isolated from 4005 cases (7%) and S.para typhi 'A' from 1108 cases (2.5%) . A total of 52 strains of S . typhi and 4 strains of S.para typhi 'A' were found to be resistant to chloramphenicol . Minimal inhibitory concentration was greater than 256 micrograms/ml of all the strains of S.typhi and S.para typhi 'A'.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1989 Apr-Jun, 21(2), 63 - 9
{Determination of the sanitary quality and detection of Salmonella spp and Yersinia enterocolitica in ice cream}; de Centorbi OP et al.; In order to determine the sanitary quality of ice-creams and the presence of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic species of Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica, 50 samples from 5 different industrial and semi-industrial producers in San Luis (Argentine) were examined . The enumeration of coliforms was positive for all the samples with values less than or equal to 20/g . Fourteen per cent of the samples were positive for the investigation of Staphylococcus aureus in 1 g . For the plates enumeration 12.0% of the samples gave less than 10 u.f.c./g, 4.0% between 101 and 1000 and 4.0% between 1001 and 10,000 . Fifteen strains were isolated, 26.6% biotype A (human ecovar) and the others biotype C (bovine ecovar) . All of them were susceptible to chloramphenicol, cephalosporin and erythromycin; 46.6% to penicillin G and ampicillin; 93.3% to kanamycin (6.6% intermediate ones = I); 73.3% to methicillin (26.6% I); 86.6% to tetracycline (13.3% I) . Six per cent of the samples over came the acceptability limit for S . aureus . Salmonella spp was not isolated . In 4.0% of the samples Y . enterocolitica were isolated, one of them typified as B1; 0:3, 50, 51, Lis Xz . The latter, isolated in samples with values of coliforms inferior to the limit fixed by some legislations, suggests a post elaboration contamination.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1988 Apr-Jun, 83(2), 189 - 92
Colicinogeny in Salmonella serovars isolated in Brazil; Campos LC et al.; A study of colicinogeny was made in 748 strains of Salmonella (97 serovars) isolated from different sources: human (291), animal (119), environmental (141), food (102) and animal feed (95) . Colicin production was detected in 64 strains (8.6%), particularly isolated from foods (30.4%) . Col E1 (53) and Ia (44) were the most frequently observed, especially in S . agona for environment and food sources . Col V production was identified in 5 strains of S . typhimurium within 8 producer cultures isolated from humans . Its relationship with the sources and serovars of Salmonella are discussed.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1988 Apr-Jun, 83(2), 153 - 9
{Enteropathogens detected in healthy children in 3 low income communities, in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil}; Leal NC et al.; Stools of 646 healthy children between zero and five years of age who live in 3 communities of slightly different economic levels and sanitary conditions were investigated for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E . coli (EIEC), Shigella and Salmonella . Cultures were positive for enterophatogens in 82 (12.69%) of the children . EPEC was the most frequent isolate (6.04%) followed by Shigella (4.18%) and Salmonella (2.17%) . Invasive E . coli (EIEC) was detected only twice . According to our results, the frequency of isolation of enterophatogenic bacteria decreases where the economic level and sanitary conditions improve . The percentage of 12.69% positive cultures among normal children shows that the healthy carrier plays an important role in the dissemination and maintenance of the agents of the enteric diseases.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1989 Apr, 59(2), 73 - 7
Humoral and cell mediated immune responses to porins of Salmonella typhi; Sharma P et al.; Humoral and cell mediated immune responses were studied in control, infected and immunized-infected mice at different time intervals . The levels of antiporin antibodies were found to be higher throughout the study period in immunized-infected group in which 87.5% protection was observed by mouse potency test . A significant increase in stimulation index of lymphocyte blast transformation as well as delayed type hypersensitivity response was observed in the same group as compared to infected and control group when porins were used as antigens . Using nonspecific mitogens like PHA and Con A the lymphocyte proliferation was maximum in control group whereas a significant depression was observed in infected mice . It is indicated from this study that porins are excellent antigens interacting efficiently with both arms of the host immune systems which could play a role in providing protection against the disease.

Rev Clin Esp, 1989 Apr, 184(6), 289 - 96
{Non-tuberculous spondylodiscitis . Multicenter study of 19 cases}; Gomez Rodriguez N et al.; 19 patients diagnosed as non-tuberculous infectious spondylodiscitis (NTIS) have been studied retrospectively over the last 10 years in three general hospitals . The etiology of 13 cases was confirmed (there were nine cases of Staphylococcus aureus, two of Brucella, one of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and another of Salmonella typhi), and the diagnosis of the remaining cases was based on clinical and radiological data as well as on the evolution with antibiotic treatment . The age of the majority of these patients ranged between 40 and 60 years (p less than 0.05), showing a clear predominance of males (p less than 0.05) . The most frequently appearing symptom at the beginning of the disease was local pain which was observed in nine patients; the rest presented mixed symptoms which led to misdiagnosis at admission; an exploratory laparotomy was carried out in one patient . The interval from the symptoms' onset to diagnosis ranged between two and sixteen weeks, with an average of 6.8 weeks . The VSG had values between 22 and 148 mm during the first hour, with an average of 83.3 mm . Seven patients underwent surgery, six of them presenting paraparesis-paraplegia, while another presented cervical spondylodiscitis . One patient passed away, two persisted with paraparesis-paraplegia as an irreversible sequela and one with persistent local pain.

Infect Immun, 1989 Apr, 57(4), 1271 - 5
Immune response to the iron-deprivation-induced proteins of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever; Fernandez-Beros ME et al.; Iron starvation conditions limited the growth of Salmonella typhi, as evidenced by an increase in the lag phase of a culture and a decrease in the number of bacteria reached in the stationary phase . The analysis of the outer membrane of bacteria grown under these conditions identified new protein components with apparent molecular weights of 83,000, 78,000, and 69,000 . The extent of induction of these proteins was regulated by increased iron deprivation . Immunoblot analysis showed that the serum of patients with typhoid fever exhibited an immunoglobulin G response to these iron-deprivation-induced proteins . The results of bioassays and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that pathogenic strains of S . typhi produced enterochelin but not aerobactin . Immunodetection with an anti-FepA antiserum confirmed that one of the induced proteins is the S . typhi analog of the Escherichia coli fepA gene product . These studies suggest a role for iron uptake in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever and confirm the immunogenicity of some of the outer membrane proteins of this pathogen.

Rev Saude Publica, 1989 Apr, 23(2), 170 - 4
{Phenolic coefficient in the microbiological evaluation of disinfectants for hospital and household use}; Timenetsky J et al.; The phenolic coefficient of 24 disinfectants (six for hospital and the remainder for household use) commercialized in S . Paulo were verified . The active compounds found were phenol, quaternary ammonium, formaldehyde, ethanol and chlorine, some of them in association . The microorganisms used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708 . The values of the phenolic coefficient ranged from 58.3 to 0.1 . The hospital disinfectants showed values greater than those of the disinfectants for household use, though these differences do not necessarily indicate the quality of the respective products . Conversely the microbiological method adopted showed that some products for household use had low or inexistent antibacterial activity because the phenolic coefficient could not be determined for the dilutions used for this evaluation.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1989 Apr, 63(4), 352 - 62
{Serovars, antimicrobial resistance and conjugative R plasmids of Salmonella isolated from human during the period of 1966-1986 in Tokyo . Research Group for Infectious Enteric Diseases}; Horiuchi S et al.; We examined 4,739 isolates of Salmonella isolated from patients with gastroenteritis during the period of 1966-1986 in Tokyo for the incidences of serovars, antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids . The period of study was divided into three: 1966-73 (early period), 1974-79 (middle period), and 1980-86 (late period) . The predominant serovars were S . typhimurium (34.3%), Infantis (5.6%), Panama (4.9%) in the middle period, S . typhimurium (31.7%), Paratyphi B (9.4%), Litchfield (7.3%) in the late period . These results were consistent with serovars of isolates from healthy citizens . The frequency of resistant isolates was as high as 86.9% in the early period, mostly streptomycin (SM)- and tetracycline (TC)-resistant isolates, but decreased significantly in the middle and the late periods, to 53.3 and 39.4%, respectively . The percentages of ampicillin (ABPC)-, chloramphenicol (CP)-, and kanamycin (KM)-resistant isolates increased in the late period . Strains carrying conjugative R plasmids were isolated as frequently as 57.8% of the total isolates in 1973, but as less frequently as 6.7% in 1981 indicating that the rate was roughly proportional to the incidence of the drug resistant isolates . The rate, however, increased gradually after 1981 . The predominant resistance pattern of the R plasmids was TC-resistance in the early period, gradually changed into multiple and finally to AP-, CP-, KM-, SM-, TC- and sulfonamides-resistance in the late period.

Indian J Med Sci, 1989 Apr, 43(4), 95 - 6
Isolation of Salmonella paratyphi A from thyroid abscess--a case report; Fule RP et al.; S . paratyphi A isolated from aberrant site i.e . thyroid abscess which is an unusual manifestation of focal salmonella infection . It is reported for its rare complications.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989 Apr, 8(4), 294 - 8
Detection of Salmonella species in faeces by latex agglutination in enrichment broth; Benge GR; A test was developed for the detection of Salmonella spp . in stool enrichment broths using latex particles coated with polyvalent salmonella H antiserum . The test detected salmonella in 146 of 168 positive specimens and gave a positive result in two of 308 culture negative specimens . There was a positive predictive value of 99.6% and a negative predictive value of 95.4%, with an overall efficiency of 95% . Results were available within 18h of receipt compared to the 48-72h required for conventional methods . A positive result was also available within 4h for 17 of 18 specimens tested from patients with active salmonella gastroenteritis . The latex test was rapid, easy to perform and cost-effective, and would appear to be a useful aid in the rapid diagnosis of salmonella infection and carriage.

Mutat Res, 1989 Apr, 211(2), 279 - 89
Genotoxicity of aniline derivatives in various short-term tests; Kugler-Steigmeier ME et al.; Various substituted aniline derivatives were tested for genotoxicity in several short-term tests in order to examine the hypothesis that a substitution at both ortho positions (2,6-disubstitution) could prevent genotoxicity due to steric hindrance of an enzymatic activation to electrophilic intermediates . In the Salmonella/microsome assay, 2,6-dialkylsubstituted anilines and 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (2,4,6-TMA) were weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 when 20% S9 mix was used, although effects were small compared to those of 2,4-dimethylaniline and 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (2,4,5-TMA) . In Drosophila melanogaster, however, 2,4,6-TMA and 2,4,6-trichloroaniline (TCA) were mutagenic in the wing spot test at 2-3 times lower doses than 2,4,5-TMA . In the 6-thioguanine resistance test in cultured fibroblasts, 2,4,6-TMA was again mutagenic at lower doses than 2,4,5-TMA . Two methylene-bis-aniline derivatives were also tested with the above methods: 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) was moderately genotoxic in all 3 test systems whereas 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-ethyl-6-methylaniline) (MMEA) showed no genotoxicity at all . DNA binding studies in rats, however, revealed that both MOCA and MMEA produced DNA adducts in the liver at levels typically found for moderately strong genotoxic carcinogens . These results indicate that the predictive value of the in vitro test systems and particularly the Salmonella/microsome assay is inadequate to detect genotoxicity in aromatic amines . Genotoxicity seems to be a general property of aniline derivatives and does not seem to be greatly influenced by substitution at both ortho positions.

Ugeskr Laeger . 1989 Mar 20;151(12):774.
{Fatal septicemia caused by Salmonella dublin}; Eriksen NH et al.; A case of Salmonella Dublin infection which ran a lethal course in a woman aged 49 years is described . Salmonella Dublin was first isolated in Denmark in recent years and appears to be associated with more serious clinical pictures than the other zoonotic Salmonella serotypes . The incidence of S . Dublin is increasing particularly in France and Belgium . It was first isolated from human cases in Denmark in recent years . In the clinical microbiological department in the County of Copenhagen, S . Dublin constitutes approximately 1% of the zoonotic Salmonella serotypes which are isolated from faeces while it is one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from blood.

J Immunol Methods, 1989 Mar 10, 118(1), 17 - 24
In vitro stimulation of immune spleen cells enhances the number of anti-lipid A-producing hybridomas; Erich T et al.; An in vitro stimulation method for the generation of hybridomas producing antibodies with specificity for the weakly immunogenic lipid A is described . Conditions influencing in vitro stimulation of immune spleen cells were investigated . Depending on the experimental conditions the percentage of specific antibody-producing hybridomas varied between 0 and 39% . Most successful was stimulation with both antigen and the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) for 3 days . In vitro stimulation of spleen cells from animals classically immunized with Salmonella Re mutant enhanced the number of lipid A-specific IgG-producing hybridomas from six after direct fusion to 17 after stimulation . These experiments indicate that the synergistic action of antigen and MDP is caused by preferential action on antigen selected B cells.

J Med Microbiol, 1989 Mar, 28(3), 205 - 10
Genetic evidence for a chromosomally integrated multiresistance plasmid in Salmonella dublin; Woodward MJ et al.; Of 1099 isolates of Salmonella dublin during 1985-86, 11 (1%) were resistant to three or more antibiotics . Strain S4659/85, a multiresistant isolate, lacked autonomous R plasmids but showed incompatibility with incH2 plasmids and donated resistance determinants in matings . Transconjugants acquired incomplete R plasmids which integrated stably into a specific chromosomal site . These data provide an insight into the behaviour of R plasmids in S . dublin.

Postgrad Med J, 1989 Mar, 65(761), 168 - 70
False aneurysm formation after Salmonella virchow infection of a pre-existent ventricular aneurysm--survival after surgical resection; Echevarria S et al.; A 55 year old man with a left ventricular aneurysm, secondary to a previous myocardial infarction, was hospitalized due to a Salmonella virchow bacteraemia . During a 3-week hospital course he was persistently bacteraemic and febrile despite antibiotic treatment . Gallium isotope scanning and 2-D-echocardiography were helpful in demonstrating the presence of an infected false aneurysm at the site of a true aneurysm . Surgical resection in addition to prolonged antibiotic therapy was necessary for cure.

FASEB J, 1989 Mar, 3(5), 1637 - 43
Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters red blood cell kinetics and induces anemia in vivo; Moldawer LL et al.; Chronic inflammatory diseases are often associated with decreased red blood cell (RBC) mass . The cytokines cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL 1) are produced by monocytes/macrophages in response to many inflammatory stimuli and have been implicated in the anemia of chronic disease . This study was undertaken to evaluate the mechanisms by which cachectin/TNF, IL 1, or endotoxin induce anemia . Hematologic parameters and RBC kinetics were quantitated in rats given chronic sublethal quantities of either recombinant human cachectin/TNF, recombinant human IL 1 alpha, or Salmonella endotoxin for 7 days . Cachectin/TNF or endotoxin treatment resulted in a 25 or 31% decrease, respectively, in total RBC mass, whereas RBC mass was unchanged by IL 1 administration . Anemia associated with either chronic cachectin or endotoxin administration was characterized by normal mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content, and reticulocyte numbers . {59Fe}RBC survival was significantly shortened in animals given cachectin, IL 1 or endotoxin, but the magnitude of the response was greatest in cachectin/TNF-or endotoxin-treated rats . Although cachectin/TNF-IL 1-, or endotoxin treatment resulted in similar hypoferremia and shortened plasma iron half-life, endotoxin or cachectin/TNF treatment (but not IL 1) significantly reduced the incorporation of plasma 59Fe into newly synthesized RBCs . We conclude that chronic cachectin/TNF administration produces anemia by decreasing RBC synthesis and reducing the life span of circulating RBCs . An endogenous cachectin/TNF response during inflammatory disease may contribute to an associated anemic state, whereas the modestly reduced red cell life span induced by IL 1 does not lead to a net reduction in RBC mass, presumably owing to a preserved RBC synthetic rate.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1989 Mar, 43(2), 279 - 83
{Brucella clearance as a sensitive method for the detection of cross reactions of Brucella abortus with Yersinia enterocolitica 03, 06, 09 and Salmonella urbana and Salmonella abony}; Hoffmann A et al.; Determination of the Brucella clearance rate has proved to enable assessment of Brucella immune reaction in rat, even after vaccination with Yersiniae and Salmonellae . Vaccination with Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica O6 and O9 produced 95 per cent of "high responders", whereas 65 per cent of "high responders" and 25 per cent of "non-responders" were recorded in the wake of O3 . Salmonella (S.) urbana vaccination gave 50 per cent of "high responders" and 27 per cent of "non-responders", while 100 per cent "non-responders" resulted from S . dublin . Vaccination, using Brucella abortus Buck 19, gave 100 per cent "high responders" . The differentiated nature of immune reactions to Y . enterocolitica O3, S . urbana, and S . abony has been attributed to an individual genetic capability of reaction to the cross-reactive antigen.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1989 Mar-Apr, (2), 33 - 8
{The effect of Opisthorchis invasion on the clinical course and outcome of abdominal typhoid . Indicators of non-specific resistance and phagocytosis in patients with abdominal typhoid combined with chronic opisthorchiasis}; Lepekhin AV; A number of non-specific resistance indices (complement, properdin, lysozyme, bactericidal activity of blood serum, phagocytosis indices) in Opisthorchis-invaded abdominal typhoid patients as well as in acute and chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi was inferior to those of uninvaded patients (with the exception of bactericidal index) . Complete recovery from opisthorchiasis stimulated the cessation of S . typhi elimination and increase in the level of some non-specific resistance factors.

Immunopharmacology, 1989 Mar-Apr, 17(2), 73 - 80
Prompt elevations of PGE2 and thromboxane A2 metabolites in peripheral node efferent lymph of sheep following drainage area immunization; Moore TC et al.; In the past decade, the main interest in the involvement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the immune response has been concerned with its role in immunomodulation (suppression) both in vitro and in vivo . Comparatively little attention has been devoted to its immunostimulatory role . It has been suggested that PGE2, like histamine, may function as a 'double agent', initially triggering, facilitating and augmenting a stimulatory immune response and later modulating, limiting and contributing to the turning off of this response . We here report an early (within minutes) immunostimulatory involvement of PGE2 (and thromboxane A2) in the sheep, with prompt elevations in levels of PGE2 and thromboxane B2 in popliteal lymph node efferent lymph following drainage area immunization with killed Salmonella muenchen bacteria . These elevations were associated with an increase in efferent lymph flow and an equally prompt but limited depression of lymphocyte outputs into efferent lymph ('shutdown', 'recruitment') . Local increases in blood flow and vascular permeability probably play important roles in these events.

Scand J Immunol, 1989 Mar, 29(3), 309 - 16
Immunochemical and biological reactivity of human anti-lipopolysaccharide IgG obtained by screening of blood donors; Fomsgaard A et al.; An anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation for the intravenous treatment of septic endotoxic shock was prepared by purifying immunoglobulin G (IgG) from pooled serum from Danish blood donors . The sera were selected by the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen blood donors for high concentrations of antibodies to a mixture of LPS from 11 different Gram-negative bacteria . ELISA was also used for indirect quantification of IgG antibodies to lipid A, and to rough LPS from Escherichia coli Ra and Salmonella minnesota R60 (Ra) . The concentration of human antibodies to the LPS mixture correlated with the concentration of antibodies to the E . coli and S . minnesota rough LPS and to lipid A . The specificity of sera with high concentrations of anti-LPS IgG was investigated by immunoblotting . Sera from individual donors reacted with LPS from different bacteria and recognized different sites on the LPS molecules . The range of specificities to different LPS was increased by the pooling of selected sera . The IgG fraction from the high titre donor pool neutralized biological activities of LPS such as activation of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate reaction and induction of tumour necrosis factor secretion from human monocytes.

Br Vet J, 1989 Mar-Apr, 145(2), 174 - 7
Prevalence of salmonellae, shigellae and Plesiomonas shigelloides in dogs in Zaria, Nigeria; Kwaga JK et al.; The prevalence of salmonellae, shigellae and Plesiomonas shigelloides among 303 dogs in Zaria was determined . Salmonella serotypes including S . kofandoka, a new serotype, were recovered from three dogs giving a proportion of 1.0% . None of the dogs from which salmonellae were isolated was showing evidence of gastroenteritis at the time of presentation . Neither Shigella nor Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated from any of the dogs.

Circ Shock, 1989 Mar, 27(3), 193 - 8
Hemodynamic effects of monophosphoryl lipid A compared to endotoxin; Astiz ME et al.; The acute hemodynamic effects of Salmonella minnesota monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) were compared with Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats . Ten animals were randomized to receive either 0.25 mg MPL/100 g or 0.25 mg LPS/100 g intravenously . Arterial pressure (MAP), thermodilution cardiac output (CO), and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) were measured prior to and 30 and 60 min after MPL or LPS administration . In LPS-treated animals, CO decreased from 356 +/- 23 to 229 +/- 24 ml/kg/min at 30 min (P less than .01) . MAP decreased from 115 +/- 7 to 89 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than .05), and COP decreased from 18.4 +/- 0.6 to 15.4 +/- 0.8 mm Hg (P less than .05) at 60 min . In MPL-treated animals, no significant changes were observed in CO, MAP, and COP at 30 and 60 min . Intravenous infusion of MPL does not produce the hemodynamic derangements or increases in capillary permeability observed with endotoxin . These observations are consistent with previous reports demonstrating the limited toxicity of this lipid A derivative.

Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig, 1989 Mar, 75(3), 262 - 6
{Complications of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella no typhi}; Ochoa J et al.; A review was made of the histories of 125 adult patients admitted for acute gastroenteritis (GEA) due to Salmonella no typhi . The complications that appeared in the series are analyzed . A total of 16 patients (12.8%) presented complications: the most common was bacteremia, 3 had renal tubular necrosis, 2 alithiasic cholecystitis that required surgery, 2 toxic megacolon, 2 rectal hemorrhage, 1 erythema nodosum and 1 intestinal perforation . The authors review the features of each complication.

Mol Gen Genet, 1989 Mar, 216(1), 44 - 50
Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli hag operator mutants whose hag48 expression has become repressible by a Salmonella H1 repressor; Hanafusa T et al.; The expression of an Escherichia coli K12 flagellin gene, hagA48, is insensitive to the Salmonella H1 repressor (rh1+) . By selecting merodiploid cells H2-rh1on-off/F'hag48 for motility in the presence of anti-H48 serum, mutants which had escaped from inhibition by the serum because of repression of their hag48 expression by rh1+ were isolated . Their nucleotide sequences were examined in the region containing the promoter, the position of which was confirmed by S1 nuclease analysis of the transcriptional initiation site . The two independently isolated mutants had the same heptamer insertion AGACGAT at a site overlapping with the promoter sequence, creating a putative operator sequence homologous to Salmonella H1, but not to H2 . Other candidates for operator mutants had reduced flagellar synthesis because of mutations between the transcriptional and translational initiation sites or in the structural gene . The sequence analysis also revealed a repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP) consensus sequence and a transcriptional terminator of hag48 in a small, functionally unknown open reading frame (ORF).

Mutagenesis, 1989 Mar, 4(2), 154 - 6
Antimutagenic effects of betel leaf extract against the mutagenicity of two tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines; Padma PR et al.; Epidemiological studies have implicated chewing tobacco alone to be more hazardous than chewing tobacco with betel quid . Experimental studies have shown that betel leaf is antimutagenic against standard mutagens like benzo{a}pyrene and dimethylbenz{a}anthracene . Since the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) are the only carcinogens present in unburnt forms of tobacco, including chewing tobacco, we tested the effect of an extract of betel leaf against the mutagenicity of the two important TSNA, viz., N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay with TA100 +S9 and the in vivo micronucleus test . In both the test systems it was observed that betel leaf extract suppressed the mutagenic effects of both the nitrosamines to a significant extent.

Mutagenesis, 1989 Mar, 4(2), 111 - 4
Mutagenic and antimutagenic factor(s) extracted from a desert mushroom using different solvents; Hannan MA et al.; A desert mushroom called Al-faga (Tirmania pinoyi) was sequentially extracted with boiling water, chloroform and ethanol under reflux conditions . The water extract was freeze-dried while the organic solvents were fully evaporated to obtain residues, which were redissolved in dimethylsulphoxide and then tested for mutagenicity in the Ames assay using the Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 . The aqueous extract failed to show any mutagenic activity while the chloroform extract proved to be mutagenic with and without metabolic activation . The ethanol extract was not mutagenic in the same tests . However, ethanol extract combined with known carcinogens like benzo{a}pyrene or 7,12-dimethyl-benz{a}anthracene (with metabolic activation) inhibited the carcinogen-induced mutagenicity in a dose-dependent manner . These results show that both mutagens and antimutagens may be extracted from a single food item by using different solvents.

Int J Epidemiol, 1989 Mar, 18(1), 254 - 60
Community-wide epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak in a rural township in Taiwan, Republic of China; King CC et al.; An outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Chu-Tung township, Taiwan, with dates of onset from 6 July to 8 August, 1983 . Fifty-four cases were hospitalized, of which 52 were laboratory confirmed . A chloramphenicol-resistant strain of Salmonella typhi was isolated from patients' blood samples . A community survey of 2772 people selected from 490 households by stratified systematic cluster sampling, presented an attack rate of 9.4 per 1000 and a case reporting rate of 10% . The attack rate was higher in males than females for persons younger than ten years, but was greater in females than in males aged 40 years and older . The only consistent characteristic of the early outbreak cases was drinking of tapwater (10/10, 100% versus 319/490, 65% of the controls) . None of the early cases but 36% (13/36) of the late cases had drunk stream or river water . Households of early cases had better hygienic conditions than those of late cases . Laboratory examination of environmental specimens indicated Escherichia coli contamination of tapwater, well water and all stream foci associated with human activities . The epidemiological data combined with laboratory results suggested that the epidemic might be due to repeated contamination of some common source (such as municipal tapwater) and/or a variety of other vehicles.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Mar, 27(3), 417 - 21
T-lymphocyte clones responsive to Shigella flexneri; Zwillich SH et al.; T lymphocytes from a patient with Shigella flexneri dysentery and postdysenteric reactive arthritis were cloned by limiting dilution with recombinant interleukin-2 and a strain of S . flexneri different from that which had infected her . Five of eight clones produced proliferated in response to the shigellae used to generate the clones . The response required irradiated syngeneic blood mononuclear cells as antigen-presenting cells . One such clone, MC12, proliferated in response to both the shigellae used to generate the clones and the infecting shigellae but not to other shigellae, Salmonella heidelberg, or control Escherichia coli . MC12 was CD3+, CD4+, CD8-, and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ . The proliferative response to the shigellae was blocked by antibody to HLA-DR but not by antibody to HLA-A,B,C . The response required antigen-presenting cells that shared HLA-DR antigens with the clone and appeared to be restricted by HLA-DR2 . The epitope recognized by MC12 was associated with the bacterial membranes . Thus, T-lymphocyte clones that proliferate in response to some shigellae can be isolated from patients with shigellosis.

Drug Chem Toxicol, 1989 Mar, 12(1), 77 - 83
Mutagenicity of enantiomers of penbutolol; Hussain SS et al.; With a view to examine the effect of chirality and the cause of batch-to-batch variation in the mutagenicity of penbutolol, penbutolol enantiomers - isopenbutolol {R(+)-enantiomer} and penbutolol {S(-)-enantiomer} - and two batches of Betapressin were tested employing the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA98 . The mutagenic activity of R(+)-enantiomer was found to be similar to that of a batch of penbutolol with a high content of this optical isomer . The pharmaceutical form of penbutolol, Betapressin, exhibited either less or equal mutagenic effectiveness to the S(-)-enantiomer . In the presence of the S9 mix, the mutagenicity of R(+)-enantiomer was only slightly affected in the low dose range of 40 to 160 micrograms/plate . A metabolite of penbutolol, (RS) l"-dehydropenbutolol, did not cause an increase in the number of revertants/plate.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1989 Mar-Apr, 72(2), 318 - 25
Fluorescent enzyme immunoassay for rapid screening of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 13 laboratories to validate an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods . The EIA was compared with the standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in 6 food types: ground black pepper, soy flour, dried whole eggs, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey . Uninoculated and inoculated samples were included in each food group analyzed . There was no significant difference in the proportion of samples positive by the EIA and culture procedures at the 5% level for any of the 6 foods . The enzyme immunoassay screening method has been adopted official first action as a rapid screening method for detection of Salmonella.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Mar, 96(3), 137 - 8
{Therapy trials with enrofloxacin (Baytril) in a laying hen flock with Salmonella pullorum infections}; Redmann T et al.; The course of a disease due to Salmonella pullorum in laying chickens is described . The experimental application of enrofloxacin (Baytril) at a dosage of 100 mg/l drinking water for 10 days resulted in a stop of the mortality rate, increment of egg production and reduction of Salmonella excretion . A recurrence of the disease was observed in the fifth week following the end of treatment with high mortality and decreasing egg laying . The treatment lead to a short-dated success but a permanent elimination of the germ from the flock was not achieved.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1989 Mar, 91(3), 327 - 30
Evaluation of two rapid methods to screen pathogens from stool specimens; Geers TA et al.; Two rapid methods, the Enteric Pathogen Screen (EPS) cards of the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, MO) and the Bactigen Salmonella-Shigella latex agglutination (LPA) method (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, NJ) were compared with conventional biochemical tests to screen stool cultures having suspicious colonial morphologic characteristics for the presence of Salmonella and Shigella in a study of 481 isolates from stool specimens and 104 stock cultures . Compared with conventional testing, overall, 327 of 394 (83%) clinically irrelevant organisms resulted in a report of no Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., or Yersinia enterocolitica with EPS . Four hundred forty-nine of 457 (98%) of clinically irrelevant organisms yielded negative LPA results . Because the LPA method is faster, eliminates more clinically irrelevant organisms from further testing, and does not require the use of an expensive identification system, the authors believe that it is better suited for direct screening for Salmonella and Shigella for most clinical laboratories.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Mar, 135 ( Pt 3), 503 - 11
Distribution of virulence plasmids within Salmonellae; Woodward MJ et al.; The virulence region of the Salmonella dublin 50 MDa plasmid shared homology with 678 of 1021 salmonellae tested in colony hybridization experiments . The majority of S . dublin, S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis isolates tested hybridized with the region whereas, with the exception of S . hessarek, S . pullorum and S . gallinarum, other serotypes did not . Homologous virulence regions were plasmid encoded . In S . typhimurium a common 60 MDa plasmid was present in all phage types tested but not in DT4, DT37 and DT170 . Smaller plasmids showing partial homology were found in DT12, DT18, DT193 and DT204C . In S . enteritidis a distinct plasmid profile for each of eight phage types was observed . Hybridizing plasmids were found in DT3, DT4, DT8, DT9 and DT11 whereas DT7, which was plasmid free, and DT10 and DT14, which harboured plasmids, did not hybridize . The extent of homology shared between S . dublin, S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis virulence plasmids was about 10 MDa and appeared conserved . Virulence plasmids from S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis did not show homology with a region of the S . dublin 50 MDa plasmid which was not associated with virulence functions whereas plasmids of about 24 MDa and 38 MDa in some S . typhimurium phage types did . The association of conserved virulence regions upon differing plasmids within salmonellae is discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of distribution and evolution of virulence genes.

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1989 Mar-Jun, 7(1-2), 18 - 20
An outbreak of food poisoning in a workers' camp in Saudi Arabia caused by Salmonella minnesota; al-Ghamdi M et al.; Between 13 and 16 September 1985, 168 of 419 Filipino workers, living in a camp near Dammam, Saudi Arabia, developed acute gastroenteritis with diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever . The outbreak was confined to those who ate from a single kitchen . The median approximate incubation period of the disease was 34 hours (range 8 to 96 hours) . Salmonella minnesota was isolated from the stools and rectal swabs of 34% of the patients . One of the 27 cooks was positive for the organism . There was no infection diagnosed among 390 close contacts of the patients, and the organism was also not grown from samples of leftover or fresh food . All isolates were sensitive to most of the commonly used antimicrobials, except tetracycline and streptomycin . A particular meal served from a single kitchen was tentatively implicated as the source of the outbreak.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1989 Mar, 63(3), 256 - 61
{Clinical studies on patients with legal communicable diseases encountered from 1981 to 1986}; Kobayashi Y et al.; Patients with legal communicable diseases admitted to Kawasaki Municipal Hospital between 1981 and 1986 were studied . Ages of patients were over 15 year-old . During this period 115 patients were admitted . Out of these patients 84 had Shigellosis, and 9 had amebiasis . Out of 20 Salmonellosis, 18 were due to Salmonella typhi and 2 were due to Salmonella paratyphi-A, respectively . Two were admitted because of Cholera . Out of the patients with Shigellosis, 27 were domestic and 57 were foreign infections, respectively . Most of patients were infected in South Asia or India and its neighbour countries . Shigella flexneri were mainly isolated from these patients . On the contrary, Shigella sonnei was the main causative organism of patients infected in Japan . Three amebiasis patients had liver abscesses with peritonitis, and 1 patient was a bisexual person . Out of Salmonellosis, 11 were patients with typhoid fever and 9 were carrier . One Cholera patient with severe diarrhea and acute renal failure was successfully treated and already reported elsewhere.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1989 Mar-Apr, 72(2), 303 - 11
Immunodiffusion screening method for detection of motile Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed to validate the performance of the 1-2 TEST for detection of motile salmonellae in foods . Detection is based on observation of an immobilized band of cells . Twenty-three laboratories participated in the study . The 1-2 TEST (immunodiffusion test) was compared with the standard culture procedure (BAM/AOAC; FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual) for detection of Salmonella in 6 food types: ground black pepper, soy flour, dried whole egg, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey . Uninoculated and inoculated samples were included in each food group analyzed . After the tests on the 6 foods were completed, analysis of the data for turkey and soy flour showed that certain collaborators obtained data inconsistent with the data from the majority of collaborators . No specific method deviations to account for the inconsistencies were reported by those collaborators, so the collaborative testing of these 2 foods was repeated . Analysis of data for pepper, chocolate, nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg, and the second set of soy flour and turkey indicated 96.1% agreement between the BAM/AOAC and immunodiffusion test methods . The false negative rates for the immunodiffusion test and BAM/AOAC methods were 3.6 and 1.7%, respectively . There was no significant difference in the productivity of the immunodiffusion test and BAM/AOAC method at the 5% level for any of the 6 foods . The immunodiffusion screening method has been approved official first action for detection of motile Salmonella in foods.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Mar, (3), 74 - 8
{Use of an affinity chromatography method for isolating monospecific Salmonella antibodies}; Iankina NF et al.; Obtaining antibodies to individual components of Salmonella antigenic complex is highly important for investigations aimed at the study of the antigenic structure of bacteria, their serological identification and the development of diagnostic preparations . The method of obtaining antibodies by the oxidation of Salmonella antigens with sodium periodate and creating immunosorbents based on these antibodies with subsequent affinity chromatography has been developed . Monospecific antibodies thus obtained (O2, O4, O9) have been studied and used as monospecific preparations in the agglutination test, the immunofluorescence test and the immunosorbent assay . The development of methods for stabilizing these preparations, thus ensuring their wide practical use, may be of interest.

Science, 1989 Feb 17, 243(4893), 940 - 3
Epithelial cell surfaces induce Salmonella proteins required for bacterial adherence and invasion; Finlay BB et al.; Salmonella bacteria are capable of entering (invading) and multiplying within eukaryotic cells . Stable adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells by S . choleraesuis and S . typhimurium were found to require de novo synthesis of several new bacterial proteins . This inducible event appears to be a coordinately regulated system dependent on trypsin- and neuraminidase-sensitive structures present on the epithelial cell surface . Mutants of S . choleraesuis and S . typhimurium were unable to synthesize these proteins and did not stably adhere to nor invade eukaryotic cells . Two such S . typhimurium mutants were avirulent in mice, an indication that these proteins are required for Salmonella virulence.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 Feb 15, 179(3), 659 - 65
Comparative X-ray and Fourier-transform-infrared investigations of conformational properties of bacterial and synthetic lipid A of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota as well as partial structures and analogues thereof; Labischinski H et al.; By using the X-ray and infrared spectroscopic characteristics of various synthetic analogues and partial structures of lipid A in the dried state, a comparison of these compounds with their natural counterparts was undertaken . As judged by their X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic features, the compounds tested could be divided into two main groups . The first group covered those samples synthesized in accordance with a previously assumed structure, while those synthesized in accordance with present knowledge on the lipid-A primary structure formed the second group . Members of the first group were characterized by a liquid-like, alpha-type arrangement of their fatty acyl chains in a non-lamellar supramolecular structure, while all members of the second group formed bilayered phases with a much more ordered, beta-type conformation of their fatty acyl chains . Synthetic Escherichia coli-type lipid A (compound 506), proved to be essentially identical to its natural counterpart with respect to those conformational properties accessible by our methods . The synthetic hepta-acyl species of Salmonella minnesota lipid A (compound 516) revealed an unexpected conformational behaviour, whereby a fatty-acyl-chain packing could be detected which was different from the hexagonal arrangement found for all other compounds of the second group.

Am J Physiol, 1989 Feb, 256(2 Pt 1), G275 - 82
Mechanisms contributing to gastric motility changes induced by PAF-acether and endotoxin in rats; Esplugues JV et al.; Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be involved in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal damage and motility changes . The effects of PAF in inducing gastric contractions in vivo have now been determined in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats . Local intra-arterial infusion of PAF (5-50 ng.kg-1.min-1 for 10 min) induced a maintained rise in intragastric pressure followed by a further postinfusion increase . Inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis had no effect on these gastric motility changes . However, pretreatment with cimetidine or methysergide decreased by 50% the initial increase in intragastric pressure, whereas mepyramine, adrenergic alpha- and beta-receptor blockade, atropine, hexamethonium, or vagotomy had no effect . During the local infusion of tetrodotoxin, the initial increase in intragastric pressure was not maintained, and the postinfusion increase was abolished . With these inhibitors and antagonists, there was no consistent correlation between the extent of PAF-induced mucosal damage and increase in intragastric pressure . Tetrodotoxin had no effect on the changes in intragastric pressure induced by the thromboxane mimetic U-46619 . Administration of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (50 mg/kg iv) also increased intragastric pressure, which peaked after 10 min and slowly declined thereafter . These effects were inhibited by the specific PAF-receptor antagonist L652,731, suggesting that the endogenous release of PAF may contribute to the endotoxin-induced increases in gastric motility . The present study suggests that PAF initially acts directly on smooth muscle and through histamine and serotonin release with a secondary motility response due to activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic, neuronal activity.

J Infect Dis, 1989 Feb, 159(2), 168 - 88
Specificity and cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the core and lipid A regions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Pollack M et al.; Twenty-nine murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against antigenic determinants in the core and lipid A regions of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . At least eight distinct MAb specificities were identified . Epitopes recognized by MAbs bearing these specificities were localized in the hexose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid regions of the core oligosaccharide and on lipid A . Two groups of MAbs exhibited multispecificity for similar but distinct core- and lipid A-related epitopes . Some core-reactive MAbs cross-reacted with corresponding E . coli and Salmonella rough mutant chemotypes; others were specific for E . coli J5 LPS . Lipid A-specific MAbs reacted with free lipid A from diverse sources . Few MAbs reacted with smooth LPS . Antibody cross-reactivity was restricted by inter- and intraspecies differences in covalent core structure and by epitope concealment by overlying O-side chain and core sugars . The putative cross-reactive and antiendotoxic properties of MAbs specific for the core-lipid A complex may be limited by the inability of such MAbs to recognize determinants on "native" LPS.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Feb, 27(2), 313 - 20
Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb . nov; Reeves MW et al.; Crude cell extracts of 26 isolates of Salmonella serotype typhi (S . typhi) and 48 other Salmonella isolates representing 28 serotypes and seven DNA hybridization subgroups were analyzed for electrophoretic variants of 24 metabolic enzymes by starch gel electrophoresis . All strains of S . typhi had identical isoenzyme patterns, indicating that they were a single clone . All of the enzymes detected in the remaining strains were polymorphic, and the degree of genetic variation was quite high . The average number of alleles per enzyme locus was 4.7, and the mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.556 . Thirty-two distinct allele profiles, or electrophoretic types (ETs), were found in these 48 strains of Salmonella serotypes other than S . typhi . Analysis of the genetic relationships of the ETs to each other showed that, with one exception, the ETs formed subgroups that were consistent with the subgroupings based on DNA hybridization studies . ET profiles were not always linked to specific serologic patterns . These data show that multilocus enzyme electrophoresis has a potential application in epidemiologic and taxonomic studies of salmonellae, although it is not differential for S . typhi . We also propose a new species, Salmonella bongori comb . nov., a new combination base on the elevation of Salmonella choleraesuis subsp . bongori to the level of species.

Carcinogenesis, 1989 Feb, 10(2), 357 - 63
Activation of the food-derived mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine by rabbit and human liver microsomes and purified forms of cytochrome P-450; McManus ME et al.; The specificity of rabbit cytochrome P-450 involved in the mutagenic activation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) was assessed using control and induced rabbit liver and lung microsomes, and six purified forms of cytochrome P-450 . The number of revertants produced/2.5 micrograms PhIP by control rabbit liver was 260 +/- 196/10 micrograms of microsomal protein (mean +/- SD; n = 3), and this increased to 1265 +/- 248 when 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced liver microsomes were used as the activation source in the Ames test . Microsomes form phenobarbital-, rifampicin- and acetone-pretreated rabbits showed no increase in activity over controls . Control lung microsomes did not activate PhIP to a mutagen, whereas TCDD-induced lung microsomes produced 1443 +/- 136 (mean +/- SD; n = 4) Ames/Salmonella revertants/100 micrograms protein . In reconstitution experiments cytochrome P450 forms 4 and 6 were found to be efficient activators of PhIP to a mutagen Form 6 was 3.1-fold more active than form 4 and produced 4577 revertants/10 pmol with a 20-min preincubation step in the Ames test . Cytochrome form 5 produced 17 revertants/10 pmol and forms 2, 3b and 3c were not active in metabolizing PhIP to a mutagen . A highly significant statistical correlation existed between the capacity of control and induced liver microsomes to activate PhIP to a mutagen and their cytochrome P-450 form 4 (r = 0.97, r2 = 0.94) and form 6 (r = 0.95, r2 = 0.90) content . These data strongly support the involvement of polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible forms of cytochrome P450 in the activation of PhIP in the rabbit . Anti-rabbit forms 4 and 6 IgGs recognized proteins in seven human liver microsomes of comparable mol . wt to rabbit cytochrome P-450 forms 4 and 6 . However, no correlation existed between the content of these proteins and the capacity of human liver microsomes to activate PhIP.

Arch Fr Pediatr, 1989 Feb, 46(2), 123 - 6
{Recurrent Salmonella dublin infections}; Giacchino R et al.; A recurrent septicemia in a 8-year old child is reported . Blood and lymphnode tissue cultures permitte the isolation of Salmonella dublin . Despite the in vitro susceptibility of the isolated bacteria and the prolonged antimicrobial therapy, sepsis had a protracted course with relapses.

Clin Nucl Med, 1989 Feb, 14(2), 104 - 6
Technetium-99m white blood cell imaging: false-negative result in salmonella osteomyelitis associated with sickle cell disease; Guze BH et al.; The authors report a case of sickle cell anemia associated osteomyelitis where the Tc-99m white blood cell imaging was negative, and bone imaging showed increased uptake in the region in question . The reasons for the possible false-negative image are discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Feb, (2), 55 - 60
{Condition of morbidity and prevention of acute intestinal infections in the USSR}; Narkevich MI et al.; The article presents original materials characterizing morbidity in acute enteric infections, such as typhoid fever and other Salmonella infections, dysentery, in the USSR . Morbidity registered in recent years is shown to be the consequence of the unsatisfactory solution of problems connected with supplying the population with epidemiologically safe water and foodstuffs . The decisive role played by sanitary and hygienic measures in the prevention and control of acute enteric infections is emphasized.

Microb Pathog, 1989 Feb, 6(2), 143 - 52
Invasion and lysis of HeLa cell monolayers by Salmonella typhi: the role of lipopolysaccharide; Mroczenski-Wildey MJ et al.; Adhesion to and penetration of HeLa cell monolayers by Salmonella typhi Ty2 requires the presence of a complete lipopolysaccharide as demonstrated by the inability of polysaccharide-defective mutants to invade the monolayer . Lysis of HeLa cell monolayers by Salmonella typhi Ty2 is associated with intracellular bacterial multiplication and no detectable production of extracellular toxins . The ability of Salmonella typhi to invade and lyse monolayers could provide a novel system for the study of its ability to invade the bloodstream from the intestine.

Poult Sci, 1989 Feb, 68(2), 297 - 305
Effect of Salmonella gallinarum infection on zinc metabolism in chicks; Hill CH; The effect of Salmonella gallinarum infection in chicks on serum, liver, and kidney zinc concentrations was studied . Within 48 h after intraperitoneal administration of the organism, serum zinc declined to approximately one-half the control value . In one experiment, the serum zinc concentration remained low for the 12 days of the experiment, whereas in a second experiment, the concentration gradually increased after 6 days postinoculation but never returned to the control value . Feeding as much as 500 ppm supplemental zinc did not prevent the infection-induced decline in the serum zinc concentration . The infection resulted in a sequestering of zinc in the liver; the kidney remained relatively unresponsive in this system . Fractionation of liver homogenates by gel filtration column chromatography revealed that the zinc in the livers of the infected animals eluted in a volume characteristic of metallothionein, whereas that of control animals was associated with high molecular weight proteins . Increasing the zinc content of the serum by repeated subcutaneous injections of zinc had no effect on mortality from this infection . Restricting feed consumption of uninfected chicks to that of infected animals did mimic the influence of infection of serum zinc and hepatic metallothionein concentrations.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1989 Feb, 75(2), 228 - 33
Immunity to Salmonella typhi: considerations relevant to measurement of cellular immunity in typhoid-endemic regions; Murphy JR et al.; Experiments were performed in Baltimore, Maryland and in Santiago, Chile, to determine the level of Salmonella typhi antigen-driven in vitro lymphocyte replication response which signifies specific acquired immunity to this bacterium and to determine the best method of data analysis and form of data presentation . Lymphocyte replication was measured as incorporation of 3H-thymidine into desoxyribonucleic acid . Data (ct/min/culture) were analyzed in raw form and following log transformation, by non-parametric and parametric statistical procedures . A preference was developed for log-transformed data and discriminant analysis . Discriminant analysis of log-transformed data revealed 3H-thymidine incorporation rates greater than 3,433 for particulate S . typhi, Ty2 antigen stimulated cultures signified acquired immunity at a sensitivity and specificity of 82.7; for soluble S . typhi O polysaccharide antigen-stimulated cultures, ct/min/culture values of greater than 1,237 signified immunity (sensitivity and specificity 70.5%).

J Rheumatol, 1989 Feb, 16(2), 231 - 4
Polyarticular Salmonella bacterial arthritis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus; van de Laar MA et al.; Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk for infections . Insufficiency of the reticuloendothelial system caused either by immunosuppressive therapy or inadequate opsonisation are mechanisms by which Salmonella infections in particular appear in these patients . Salmonella infections can provoke a polyarticular reactive arthritis while Salmonella bacterial arthritis usually is monarticular . We report on the seriousness of a Salmonella infection (enteritis complicated by polyarticular bacterial arthritis) in a patient with SLE.

J Rheumatol, 1989 Feb, 16(2), 203 - 8
Salmonella septic arthritis in systemic lupus erythematosus . The importance of chronic carrier state; Medina F et al.; Salmonella bacteremia is more frequently seen in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than in hospitalized patients with other diseases . In our experience . Salmonella enteritidis septic arthritis is more common in SLE than in patients with others connective tissue diseases . We report that 4 of 7 patients with SLE with glomerulonephritis and history of Salmonella enteritidis septic arthritis were chronic carriers of this bacteria, since positive cultures were obtained from feces, bone marrow and bile fluid from 20 84 months after Salmonella arthritis developed . In contrast, none of 24 patients with SLE without a history of Salmonella arthritis were chronic carriers and only one of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis had positive bile culture to S . typhi while otherwise being asymptomatic . From our study we conclude that patients with active SLE who have gomerulonephritis are at increased risk of becoming chronic carriers of Salmonella enteritidis and of developing Salmonella arthritis once combined prednisone cyclophosphamide treatment has begun . A chronic Salmonella carrier state must be ruled out in patients with active SLE living in endemic zones, before initiating immunosuppressive therapy.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 1989 Feb, 37(2), 407 - 9
Mutagenicity tests with a permeable mutant of yeast on carcinogens showing false-negative in Salmonella assay; Morita T et al.; The mutagenicity (Trp+ reversion) of procarcinogens such as N-nitrosodimethylamine, 3,4-benzpyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene has been detected with the permeable mutant of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae C658-K42 . The original strain C658, however, showed a positive response only to N-nitrosodimethylamine with S9 mix . The permeable mutant C658-K42 was employed for mutagenicity tests on 12 carcinogens which had been reported to be non-mutagenic in Salmonella/microsome tests . It was found that phenobarbital, thiourea, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and 4-aminoantipyrine were mutagenic in the presence of S9 mix . Benzene, o-toluidine and thioacetamide were weakly mutagenic . Negative results were obtained for diethylstilbestrol, safrole, acetamide, urethane and ethionine at the concentrations used . Caprolactam did not show any mutagenic effect on C658-K42 at concentrations up to 20 mg/ml . Sodium azide, which is unlikely to be carcinogenic but is strongly mutagenic in the Ames test, showed a very weak mutagenic effect on C658-K42.

Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 1989 Feb, 10(1), 34 - 6
{Large food poisoning of Salmonella typhi-murium caused by ice drinks}; Chen KC; A large number of patients with fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain outbreaks in Yongan, Fujian in late Aug . 1987 . 1113 patients fell ill in 5 days . S . typhi-murium were isolated from patients feces . Related HA-antibodies were detected in sera . All patients complained that they had eaten ice drink . Through investigating one of ice-bar, S . typhi-murium were detected from ice-cream and frozen cream, eggs and containers . A lot of contaminated bacteria were detected in ice cream containing 2.2 10(5)-1.5 10(8) and 2.9 10(5) in ice-brick per piece respectively . It was demonstrated that food poisoning outbreak was due to S . typhi-murium . Mean of patient's incubation period were 24.15 hrs., 78% diarrhea were less than 10 episodes . The incubation period, symptom were possessed of closed relation with the number of bacteria which patients taken in . After 4 months, a part of patients, poultry, eggs and polluted water were investigated, it was showed that S . typhi-murium were detected from 5% polluted water . Due to the potential danger has been existing . We should pay attention to surveillance and to prevent epidemic outbreak again.

Immunol Cell Biol, 1989 Feb, 67 ( Pt 1), 19 - 29
The in vitro proliferative response of lymphoid cells of mice infected with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX; Kotlarski I et al.; Intraperitoneal injection of (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F1 mice with live, but not killed Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) induced T cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity which were able to proliferate in vitro in response to two different forms of 11RX antigens . The majority of cells which proliferated were L3T4+ T cells and most of the response was restricted by the I-A locus of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex, although a smaller K region restricted response was also detected . T cells able to respond to 11RX antigens could only be demonstrated when non-adherent lymphoid cell suspensions from immunized mice were used, and usually a limited response was obtained unless small numbers of adherent cells present in normal peritoneal cell suspensions were added . Cells cultured in vitro for 3 days were able to mediate local transfer of delayed type hypersensitivity and secondary immunization did not enhance the reactivity of responding cells to 11RX antigens.

Mutat Res, 1989 Feb, 210(2), 249 - 53
Protective effect of hydroxychavicol, a phenolic component of betel leaf, against the tobacco-specific carcinogens; Amonkar AJ et al.; The phenolic compound, hydroxychavicol (HC), present in betel leaf, was synthesised and tested for its antimutagenic effect against the mutagenicity of the 2 tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in 2 different test systems, viz . the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and the micronucleus test using Swiss male mice . We are reporting the synthesis of HC of a high degree of purity . We observed that HC suppressed the mutagenic effects of NNN and NNK in both test systems used . These results indicate that HC may have a role to play in reducing the risk of oral cancer in betel quid with tobacco chewers.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1989 Feb, 8(1), 47 - 58
Predicting microbial growth: the consequences of quantity of data; Bratchell N et al.; Having developed a mathematical model of the growth responses in a laboratory medium of salmonellae (mixed inoculum of Salmonella thompson, S stanley and S . infantis) as affected by pH level, NaCl concentration and storage temperature, the consequences of systematic removal of data has been examined . Three-dimensional plots of fitted response surfaces for the whole data set and the data reduced by three strategies highlighted differences between models and illustrated the consequences of using insufficient data . The risk of an erroneous model was demonstrated.

Childs Nerv Syst, 1989 Feb, 5(1), 45 - 6
Bilateral subdural empyema due to Salmonella enteritidis in an infant; Okudera H et al.; A case is reported of an infant with bilateral subdural empyema due to Salmonella enteritidis . This Salmonella species is extremely uncommon as a pathogen in a focal infection in the central nervous system . Treatment by early surgical drainage, followed by systemic antibiotics and subdural irrigation, was successful . This is the first case reported of infantile subdural empyema due to S . enteritidis.

Sci Total Environ, 1989 Feb, 79(1), 69 - 83
Mutagenicity and alkylating activity of the aqueous chlorination products of humic acid and their molecular weight fractions; Agarwal SC et al.; Fluka humic acid used as a model substrate in these studies was analysed for elemental and the oxygen-containing functional groups . It was chlorinated at C:Cl molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:0.3 and subsequently separated into molecular weight fractions by ultrafiltration . The freeze-dried, chlorinated humic acid and the respective molecular weight fractions were analyzed for TOC, TOX, alkylating activity using 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine and mutagenicity by the Ames/Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA-98 and TA-100 . Results indicated that predominantly non-volatile, direct-acting mutagenic and/or alkylating agents were formed during humic acid chlorination and that these agents were unevenly distributed among the various molecular weight fractions . Formation of mutagenic and alkylating agents were highly dependent upon level of chlorination and total organic carbon . Higher levels of mutagenic and alkylating activities were produced with increasing concentration of chlorine in the range of 0.4-1.2 chlorine equivalents per mole of carbon . However, both these activities in the freeze-dried, chlorinated humic acid solutions containing the non-volatiles or the fresh solutions decreased gradually with increasing pH and storage time, apparently due to degradation and hydrolysis of some of the components.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1989 Feb, 63(2), 166 - 9
{Recurrent thoracic abscess due to Salmonella typhi}; Takenaka A et al.; Abscess formation by Salmonella typhi is an unusual manifestation . A woman aged 62 suffered from recurrent abscess in the anterior thorax for 35 years, which was released by spontaneous pus drainage each time . Pus cultures grew S . typhi, and the CT scan revealed a large abscess enclosing the sternum and left ribs.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1989 Feb, 7(2), 97 - 9
{Bacteremia associated with mycotic aneurysm of the transversal aortic arch and myocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis}; Martinez-Martinez L et al.; A 60-year-old male with diabetes mellitus had Salmonella enteritidis bacteremia associated with mycotic aneurysm of the transverse aortic arc and myocarditis . Antibiotic therapy with ampicillin and chloramphenicol was ineffective despite the fact that the microorganism was sensitive in vitro to those antimicrobials, and the patient had a progressive clinical deterioration which culminated in death.

Biochem Cell Biol, 1989 Feb-Mar, 67(2-3), 78 - 85
Structural analysis of the three lipopolysaccharides produced by Salmonella madelia (1,6,14,25); Di Fabio JL et al.; Salmonella madelia reported to express the O-antigenic factors 1, 6, 14, and 25, defined in the Kauffmann-White classification system, was found to produce three different homogeneous lipopolysaccharides, which differed in having three structurally distinct O-polysaccharide components . The O-polysaccharide fraction obtained by mild acetic acid hydrolysis of the S . madelia lipopolysaccharide was analyzed by chemical composition, nitrous acid deamination, periodate oxidation, methylation, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance methods and was demonstrated to be composed of three polysaccharides, PS(I), PS(II), and PS(III), which had the structures of repeating oligosaccharide units: (formula; see text)

J Chromatogr, 1989 Jan 27, 487(1), 1 - 7
Gas chromatographic determination of (phosphorylated) 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, heptoses and glucosamine in bacterial lipopolysaccharides after treatment with hydrofluoric acid, methanolysis and trifluoroacetylation; Sonesson A et al.; Quantification of phosphorylated sugar constituents of lipopolysaccharides has been performed by the following sequence: dephosphorylation by treatment with hydrofluoric acid, cleavage to monomeric constituents by methanolysis and analysis of the released sugars by capillary gas chromatography . Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella minnesota Rd1P+, Bordetella pertussis NIH 114 and Vibrio cholerae, NAG and 95R strains, were used as model substances . Comparison of the chromatographic data obtained from hydrofluoric acid-treated and untreated lipopolysaccharide preparations indicated that all lipopolysaccharides examined contained one moiety of glucosamine bound to phosphate in a stable linkage . 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid appeared phosphorylated to a variable extent . Lipopolysaccharides of the two V . cholerae strains contained one moiety of fully phosphorylated 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, whereas in that of S . minnesota Rd1P+ only one of the three moieties was phosphorylated . Lipopolysaccharide of B . pertussis had one moiety of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, ca . 70% phosphorylated . All four of the preparations examined contained L-glycero-D-manno-heptose in amounts varying from 2.6 to 5.2 moieties . In the lipopolysaccharides of B . pertussis and strain 95R of V . cholerae this sugar was unphosphorylated, whereas the two remaining strains contained one phosphorylated moiety of this sugar . Phosphorylated lipopolysaccharide constituents can be analysed by this approach on a 50-100 micrograms scale.

J Immunol, 1989 Jan 15, 142(2), 642 - 52
Immunostimulation of C3H/HeJ lymphoid cells by R-chemotype lipopolysaccharide preparations; Flebbe L et al.; Splenocytes from the C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) inbred mouse strains have been characterized by a genetic defect in their capacity to proliferate in response to purified protein-free LPS preparations . In this manuscript we provide experimental evidence to support the concept that the refractory state of B cells from endotoxin-unresponsive mice to mitogenic stimulation by LPS does not extend to R-chemotype LPS isolated from a variety of rough strains of Salmonella or Escherichia coli . We present several lines of evidence to suggest that the observed mitogenic activity is not the result of contamination of LPS with lipid A-associated proteins . The mitogenic activity of LPS extracted from rough strain mutant bacteria (R-LPS) appears to be dependent upon a structural requirement of the LPS in which the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate linkage of lipid A with core oligosaccharides is intact . Both alkaline and acid hydrolysis of R-LPS abrogates mitogenic activity in C3H/HeJ splenocytes; only the former is effective in reducing activity of the same LPS preparations in histocompatible normal splenocytes . Finally, we have found that the addition of either polymyxin B or S-chemotype LPS to R-LPS-stimulated C3H/HeJ splenocytes has only minimal effects on the mitogenic activity of the latter . These combined data would indicate that the concept of LPS-unresponsiveness of the C3H/HeJ and C57B1/10ScN inbred mouse strains is not necessarily applicable to all protein-free LPS preparations.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 Jan 15, 179(1), 11 - 6
Structural and physicochemical requirements of endotoxins for the activation of arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro; Luderitz T et al.; Lipopolysaccharides of different wild-type and mutant gram-negative bacteria, as well as synthetic and bacterial free lipid A, were studied for their ability to activate arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro . It was found that lipopolysaccharides of deep-rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli (Re to Rc chemotypes) stimulated macrophages to release significant amounts of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) . Lipopolysaccharides of wild-type strains (S . abortus equi, S . friedenau) only induced PGE2 and not LTC4 formation . Unexpectedly, free bacterial and synthetic E . coli lipid A were only weak inducers of LTC4 and PGE2 production . Deacylated Re-mutant lipopolysaccharide preparations were inactive . However, co-incubation of macrophages with both deacylated lipopolysaccharide and lipid A lead to the release of significant amounts of LTC4 and PGE2, similar to those obtained with Re-mutant lipopolysaccharide . The significance of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide for the induction of LTC4 was indicated by demonstrating that peritoneal macrophages of endotoxin-low-responder mice or of mice rendered tolerant to endotoxin did not respond with the release of arachidonic acid metabolites on stimulation with Re-mutant lipopolysaccharide and that polymyxin B prevented the Re-lipopolysaccharide-induced LTC4 and PGE2 release . Physical measurements showed that the phase-transition temperatures of both free lipid A and S-form lipopolysaccharide were above 37 degrees C while those of R-mutant lipopolysaccharides were significantly lower (30-35 degrees C) . Thus, with the materials investigated, an inverse relationship between the phase-transition temperature and the capacity to elicit LTC4 production was revealed.

Med Clin (Barc), 1989 Jan 14, 92(1), 1 - 4
{Acute gastroenteritis due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Spain . Presentation of 8 cases}; Molero X et al.; Eight cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in humans are described; to our knowledge, they are the first such reported cases in Spain . All cases appeared between August 20th and October 15th, with a frequency of 8.3% regarding the overall adult patients with acute gastroenteritis, and 11.5% regarding the overall patients with positive stool culture for any enteropathogenic organism . The eight strains were Kanagawa positive and in three patients other enteropathogenic organisms were isolated in addition to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, i.e . Aeromonas hydrophila in two and Salmonella serovariety enteritidis in another . In all cases fish or shellfish had been ingested outside the patients' homes; except for one patient, who ate living clams in the seaside of Galicia, all patients ingested them at seaside restaurants from the Barcelona province . The clinical features of acute gastroenteritis were definite in all patients, but no patients had significant electrolyte losses or required hospital admission . Recovery was spontaneous and no antimicrobial agents were required . All strains were sensitive to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and nearly always to co-trimoxazole.

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