J Clin Pathol, 1981 Mar, 34(3), 267 - 70 An unexpected fungal infection in a patient with leukaemia; Jameson B et al.; A 58-year-old man, who was entering remission from acute monocytic leukaemia, died unexpectedly after five days of fever . Cultures of necropsy material grew the yeast Trichosporon beigelii, and subsequent histological examination showed a widely disseminated infection . This fungus usually causes a localised lesion of the hair shaft (piedra) . Deep-seated infections due to Trichosporon spp . have been recorded infrequently and disseminated infections on only five previous occasions . None of these has been from the United Kingdom . This case report describes some of the difficulties of diagnosis. J Bacteriol, 1981 Mar, 145(3), 1452 - 5 Regulation of dimorphism in Histoplasma capsulatum by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate; Medoff J et al.; During temperature-induced transition of the dimorphic pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum from the single yeast cell form to the multicellular mycelial form, there was an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels as well as a striking accumulation of cAMP in the medium . cAMP levels also changed during the reverse mycelium-to-yeast transition. Mycopathologia, 1981 Feb 13, 73(2), 73 - 8 Susceptibility of immunodeficient mice to challenge infection with Histoplasma capsulatum; Anderson KL et al.; Groups of mice were neonatally thymectomized and treated with antithymocyte serum (ATS) prior to challenge infection with viable yeast phase (YP) Histoplasma capsulatum G-17M . Moderate leucocytosis and moderate lymphopenia were seen in immunodeficient animals after infection . Surviving immunodeficient mice exhibited low levels of migration inhibition activity, while peritoneal exudate cells and spleen cells harvested from surviving infected and untreated normal mice showed significant migration inhibition in the presence of histoplasmin antigen . The LD50 values for YP cells of H . capsulatum were 1.1 x 10(6) for normal untreated mice, 6.0 x 10(5) for thymectomized mice, and 6.3 x 10(5) for ATS-treated mice . Thymectomized mice that also received ATS treatment exhibited an LD50 of 1.7 x 10(5) and were 6.5 times more susceptible to infection then normal mice . Mice which were either thymectomized or treated with ATS were 1.7 times as susceptible as normal mice to infection with H . capsulatum . The criterion of susceptibility is a decrease in the LD50 value. Mutat Res, 1981 Feb, 88(2), 217 - 21 Effect of sodium azide on sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster cells; Arenaz P et al.; Previous reports from this laboratory and others indicate that sodium azide is a unique mutagen . It is highly mutagenic in S . typhimurium TA1530 as well as in barley, rice, peas, yeast and Chinese hamster V79 cells . However, azide apparently does not produce chromosome breaks in barley, Vicia or human lymphocytes . Therefore, a study of the effects of azide on sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) appeared warranted . Human whole blood and Chinese hamster K1 cell line were exposed for 4 and 2 h resp . to various concentrations of sodium azide ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-7) M . Cells were harvested and chromosomes stained by the FPG technique . In human lymphocytes, concentrations above 10(-4) induced lethality whereas the K1 cell line was sensitive to concentrations above 10(-5) M . The lower concentrations of azide produced no significant increase in SCE frequency above controls . Concurrent mitomycin C treatments produced significant increases in SCE levels . This apparent lack of induction of SCEs above background combined with previous data demonstrating negative clastogenic but very positive mutagenic activity of azide confirms the uniqueness of this mutagen . It would appear that azide is one of the few known potent mutagens that does not increase SCEs and/or break chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Feb, 78(2), 1019 - 22 L-Fucose-terminated glycoconjugates are recognized by pinocytosis receptors on macrophages; Shepherd VL et al.; 125I-Labeled L-fucose-albumin complex and rat preputial beta-glucuronidase are rapidly cleared from plasma after intravenous infusion . L-Fucose-albumin retards the plasma clearance of beta-glucuronidase whereas D-fucose-albumin is inactive . In vitro, 125I-labeled L-fucose-albumin is taken up into rat or rabbit alveolar macrophages by receptor-mediated pinocytosis . Uptake (37 degrees C) is time-dependent, is saturable with increasing ligand concentration (Kuptake = 4.4 X 10(-8) M), and requires Ca2+ . 125I-labeled D-fucose-albumin is poorly taken up . Binding (4 degrees C) is saturable and Ca2+ dependent . Binding and uptake are fully inhibited by yeast mannan . A series of neoglycoproteins, including L-fucose-albumin, were tested as inhibitors of uptake of 125I-labeled beta-glucuronidase into macrophages . The following order of potency was observed: L-Fuc = D-Man greater than GlcNAc approximately D-Glc greater than D-Xyl much greater than than D-Gal = L-Ara = D-Fuc . L-Fucose-terminated oligosaccharides coupled to bovine serum albumin also block 125I-labeled beta-glucuronidase uptake into macrophages. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Feb, (2), 84 - 7 {Effect of polyanions on macrophage-lymphocyte interaction}; Lysenko AI et al.; The effect of polyanions on the interaction of antigen-stimulated macrophages and lymphocytes was studied in vivo . Treatment of cell mixture of macrophages and lymphocytes with poly = A : U or dextran sulfate induced a considerable increase in the number of lymphocytes contacting with macrophages during the first hours of cultivation . Under similar conditions yeast RNA had a certain anticooperative effect . According to the data obtained by scanning electron microscopy, the contacts between the interacting cells were realized by means of cytoplasmic bridges or close membrane connections. Mycopathologia, 1981 Jan 30, 73(1), 17 - 9 Frequency and significance of fungal isolations from conjunctival sac and their role in ocular infections; Sehgal SC et al.; Five hundred conjunctival swabs, from 150 males and 100 females with no history of ocular infections, were collected and cultured for the isolations of fungi . Eighty (16%) of the total specimens yielded positive fungal isolations . The isolation rate was more from the males than the females subjects . Mycelial fungi were predominant than the yeast organisms . Aspergillus species were the commonest isolates with A . flavus taking the lead in the isolations being positive 16 of the total 24 Aspergillus species isolated . A variable rate of fungal isolations was observed in different months of the year . The percentage of the isolations increases after the local use of Efcorlin-N . Nineteen of the 20 eyes studied did not yield the same fungal species in the repeated samples. Mycopathologia, 1981 Jan 30, 73(1), 33 - 8 Fungal contamination and mycotoxin-producing potential of dried beans; Hitokoto H et al.; A total of 604 samples of about 7 different types of beans was examined to determine their mycological profiles, and suitability for use as solid substrates for mycotoxin production . All of the samples were collected from bean jam makers in Tokyo by the official food examiners . Genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were predominant, and genus Wallemia was also found commonly in all types of beans . Mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus strains were isolated from 52 samples of beans, approximately 9% of the total . The highest incidence of toxigenic Aspergillus (14.1%) was found in kidney beans . Red beans and peas inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus were found to produce about 7 to 8 times more toxin than was obtained in a liquid medium . and red beans inoculated with A . versicolor produced more toxin than was obtained in yeast extract sucrose broth . Green peas inoculated with Fusarium graminearum produced about 8 times more T-2 toxin than was obtained in 1% peptone containing Czapek solution under comparable culture conditions. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 115 - 9 Chemically defined medium for Legionella pneumophila growth; Ristroph JD et al.; A chemically defined medium containing 18 amino acids, inorganic salts, rhamnose, choline, and ferric pyrophosphate has been developed . The final concentrations of salts and amino acids were modeled after yeast extract . This medium supported the growth of four serogroups of Legionella pneumophila . Growth in shake cultures at 37 degrees C produced a lag time of approximately 5 h and a generation time of 4 h with a maximum growth yield of 10 9 colony-forming units per ml . A soluble brown pigment was observed in the stationary phase of growth . The optimal pH was 6.3 . Rhamnose and choline were stimulatory; arginine, serine, threonine, cysteine, valine, and methionine were essential . Supplemental iron was not required to attain maximum growth, but iron deprivation caused an extended lag phase. J Nutr, 1981 Jan, 111(1), 76 - 88 Effect of dietary methionine on the biopotency of selenite and selenomethionine in the rat; Sunde RA et al.; The effect of dietary methionine (Met) on the Biopotency of selenium (Se) from selenite and selenomethionine (Se-Met) was studied in rats fed a 30% torula yeast-based diet containing 0.24% Met and less than 0.02 ppm Se . Biopotency was quantitated by assaying liver, plasma and heart for the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increase elicited by a given level of Se fed for 1 week to Se-deficient rats . At dietary Se levels up to 0.5 ppm Se, the level of dietary Met supplementation did not alter selenite biopotency . In contrast, dietary Met supplementation increased the biopotency of Se-Met . With basal Met intakes, the biopotency of Se-Met was 25% that of selenite below 0.5 ppm Se . The addition of 0.4% Met to the diet made Se-Met biopotency equivalent to selenite biopotency in one experiment, but in a second experiment with younger, faster growing rats, 0.4% Met did not completely restore the biopotency of Se-Met . These results indicate that low dietary Met decreases the biopotency of Se-Met but not of selenite . Altered Se metabolism at suboptimal dietary Met may occur because more Se-Met is incorporated into protein and thus less Se is available for GSH-Px synthesis . These results suggest that adequate dietary Met is required for optimal utilization of the Se in feedstuffs of plant origin, as Se-Met is presumably a major form of plant selenium. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1981, 47(4), 353 - 66 Dimorphic behaviour and taxonomy of Trichosporiella sporotrichoides; van Oorschot CA et al.; Three strains of Trichosporiella sporotrichoides van Oorschot showed divergent reactions to suspension plating . A comparison was made with other yeast-like fungi and some descriptive terms were redefined or introduced . Strain CBS 671.74 developed the same hyphae with lateral conidia as in streak cultures . Strain CBS 577.77 showed initial-stage budding eventually giving rise to hyphae with lateral conidia . CBS 152.76 showed phenotypic segregation with suspension plating and an additional pseudomycelial form in liquid culture . Further differences between the strains were found in carbohydrate composition of cells, ultrastructure of cell walls and in growth patterns on various sugars . Two strains with basidiomycetous affinities are reclassified in the genus Trichosporon . A third strain with ascomycetous affinities is redescribed as Trichosporiella ornithopoda spec . nov. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1981, 47(4), 289 - 96 The nitrogen requirements of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter and Frateuria; Gossele F et al.; The nitrogen requirements of 96 Gluconobacter, 55 Acetobacter and 7 Frateuria strains were examined . Only some Frateuria strains were able to grow on 0.5% yeast extract broth or 0.5% peptone broth . In the presence of D-glucose or D-mannitol as a carbon source, ammonium was used as the sole source of nitrogen by all three genera . With ethanol, only a few Acetobacter strains grew on ammonium as a sole nitrogen source . Single L-amino acids cannot serve as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter or Frateuria . The single L-amino acids which were used by most strains as a sole nitrogen source for growth are: asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, proline and alanine . Some Acetobacter and Gluconobacter strains deaminated alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid, threonine, serine and proline . No Frateuria strain was able to develop on cysteine, glycine, threonine or tryptophan as a sole source of nitrogen for growth . An inhibitory effect of valine may explain the absence of growth on this amino acid . No amino acid is "essential" for Gluconobacter, Acetobacter or Frateuria. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1981, 21(9), 677 - 87 {Effect of oxygen partial pressure on citric acid synthesis in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica using n-alkanes}; Stottmeister U et al.; The dependence of growth formation of citric acids (citrate: isocitrate = 1:1) on oxygen parital pressure of an alkane utilising yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica was investigated . During growth oxygen corresponds to a Michaelis-Menten-kinetics (Ks = 2.0 . 10(-5) M) . The respiration quotient RQ for a dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 10-100% (air saturation) is 0.46 +/- +/- 0.04 . The phase of product formation is characterized by 3 sections . Immediately after N-exhaustion the cell activities are the highest . They decline during the first 30 hours of production . Besides the production of reserve material in this first section the highest production rate for citrate and isocitrate is observed . The rate of citric acid production depends on the oxygen partial pressure and is governed by Michaelis-Menten-kinetics . The specific production rate and the rate of oxygen consumption correspond to KS-values of 4.0 X 10(-5) and 3.3 X 10(-5) M, respectively . The RQ-value declines to a constant value of 0.23 +/- 0.02 and is not influenced by oxygen partial pressures in the range of 10--100% (related to air saturation) . During the second section cell activities remain nearly constant for about 100 h . Due to this constancy the following equation could be derived: 14 O2 + C15H32 leads to 2 C6H8O7 + 3 CO2 + 8 H2O . In the third section the cell activities decline again. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1981, 28(4), 347 - 57 Morphogenetic effect of L-cysteine on dermatophytes; Nguyen NT et al.; In the presence of L-cysteine, all the 24 dermatophyton fungi under study grew poorly . None of the strains, except Trichophyton menatographytes var . quinckeanum, grew in the presence of 0.04 M L-cysteine . The strains growing on a medium containing L-cysteine showed morphological changes . The surface of the colonies lost its velvety appearance and became awnless or waxy . The strains grown in the presence of L-cysteine abundantly formed chlamydospores . The chains of chlamydospores may resemble yeast cell chains, but true budding forms were not found in cultures in vitro . If strains precultivated on L-cysteine-containing medium were injected intraperitoneally into mice budding forms appeared in the peritoneal fluid. Ultramicroscopy, 1981, 6(3), 259 - 66 Ice crystals specifically decorate hydrophilic sites on freeze-fractured models membranes; Walzthony D et al.; Experiments with yeast plasmalemma fracture faces, produced at -196 degrees C and exposed to pure water vapor before replication, showed a "specific decoration" with ice crystals of those pits in the extraplasmatic face where the matching particles of the plasmatic face had been removed (H . Gross et al., J . Cell Biol . 79 (1978) 646) . THe preferred growth of cubic ice crystals on the small depressions of the extraplasmatic face could be caused by the cavity-like character of the surface relief or by physicochemical surface properties which differ from those of the surrounding lipid fractures face . The following results suggest that not geometric or topographic but physicochemical surface properties are responsible for the trapping of water molecules in the regions of the depressions . Freeze-fractured multilamellar stearic-acid crystals and cardiolipin liposomes exhibit after fracturing hydrophobic faces and hydrophilic steps (bimolecular steps with two polar head groups in half of the step height) which act as preferential nucleation sites and lead to the formation of discrete ice crystals mainly along the steps . Multilamellar crystals of the paraffin n-octatriacontane (C38H78) exhibit after freeze-fracturing hydrophobic faces and geometrically identical, but hydrophobic steps . In contrast to stearic acid these steps do not act as preferential nucleation sites. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1981, 26(2), 133 - 6 Effect of cultivation conditions on cellulase activity of higher fungi; Ginterova A et al.; Production of cellulases was followed in 4 cultures of higher fungi (Agrocybe cylindracea, Len tinus tigrinus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ramaria formosa) cultivated on various substrates under different conditions . Stationary cultivation was more suitable than the submerged one . Addition of carboxymethy cellulose (CMC) was more suitable than addition of glucose . The cellulase activity in the presence of CMC was higher after a 12-d cultivation than after a 23-d period . Pine sawdust was most effective of all the substrates tested for the production of cellulases . Beech sawdust and wheat or rye straw were also useful . The addition of yeast autolyzate decreased the production of cellulases . A culture of L . tigrinud was the best producer. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 1981 Jan, 77(1), 73 - 85 {Topical anti-inflammatory activity of dexamethasone 17-valerate (author's transl)}; Kyuki K et al.; The anti-inflammatory activity of dexamethasone 17-valerate ointment (DV-17, 0.12%) was investigated by topical application in mice and rats, and the effects compared with those of dexamethasone (DX, 0.12%), betamethasone 17-valerate (BV-17, 0.12%), beclomethasone 17,21-dipropionate (BE, 0.025%) and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (HC, 0.1%) which were prepared with the same ointment base . DV-17 inhibited markedly the superficial inflammation such as increased vascular permeability induced by intradermal injection of histamine or bradykinin in rats and edema induced by a drop of croton oil into the mouse ear . DV-17 also inhibited significantly rat paw edema induced by carrageenin, yeast, nystatin and mustard . The inhibitory activity of DV-17 on those acute inflammatory responses was similar to that of DX and BV-17 . In the inhibitory activity on carrageenin induced paw edema, DV-17 was less potent than that of DX when given orally, however was similar to DX in topical application . DV-17 also inhibited granulation tissue proliferation by subcutaneous paper disk implantation and nontreated foot swelling in adjuvant arthritic rats, but the inhibitory activity of DV-17 on the inflammation of these distant areas was lower than that of DX . On the other hand, systemic effects such as decrease in weight of adrenal or thymus and body weight loss were most evident in the case of DX and lower with DV-17 . DV-17 prolonged wound healing and inhibited the delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by picryl chloride . The activity was equivalent to that of DX and BV-17 . From the above results, it may be considered that DV-17 possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity, whereas it has fewer side effects and is a useful glucocorticoid for external application. J Immunol Methods, 1981, 41(3), 279 - 88 A modified 'low pH' lignocaine method to isolate human monocytes: a comparison with other separation procedures; Zanella A et al.; A modified 'low pH' lignocaine method for the recovery of human monocytes from untreated plastics is described and compared with other adherence separation procedures, viz . mechanical scraping by a rubber policeman, microexudate-coated plastic method and pretreatment of plastics by the fetal calf serum (FCS) . Monocytes separated by each of the above-mentioned techniques carried out in parallel were characterised by morphological and functional criteria: non-specific esterase staining, contamination by T- and B-lymphocytes, viability, adherence, neutral red uptake, phagocytosis of yeast particles, random mobility, chemotaxis, and tumoricidal activity both in the absence and in the presence of interferon and lymphokines . The 'low pH' lignocaine method appears to be a simple and reproducible technique for the isolation of human monocytes . It seem preferable to other adherence procedures inasmuch as it yields viable, pure and functionally intact monocytes without requiring preconditioned plastics. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(1), 97 - 107 {Effect of dl-alpha-tocopherol on incorporation of selenium in "selenium-indicating" organs and on glutathione peroxidase activity in rat and rabbit erythrocytes following application of therapeutic doses of sodium selenite}; Wiesner E et al.; An explanation of the functions of both vitamin E and selenium in metabolism and an account of the correlations between them is followed by reference to the results obtained by the authors of this paper from studies into the effects of dl-alpha-tocopherol on selenium levels in the M . longissimus dorsi, blood, and liver as well as on the activity of glutathione-peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in erythrocytes of rabbit and rat, following application of therapeutic doses of selenium (0.5 mg/kg live weight) . In both species selenium application increased the glutathione-peroxidase activity in erythrocytes . Vitamin E had no additional effect . Application of selenium was followed by rise in intraorganic selenium concentrations . In rabbit, the effect of vitamin T on intraorganic distribution of selenium caused an increased of the selenium level in the liver, but not in the muscles . No vitamin E effect was recordable in the rat . The findings are discussed, with conclusions being suggested for the treatment of metabolic disorders in the context of selenium and vitamin E and for non-invasive liver therapy. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1981 Winter, 21(4), 175 - 81 Formation of gizzard erosion-inducing substance in heated casein-histidine mixture; Miyazaki S et al.; Formation of a toxic substance inducing gizzard erosion (GE) was examined by using mainly a casein-histidine mixture as a simple model of fish meal . When a casein-histidine mixture was heated at 135 degrees C for three or five hours or at 160 degrees C for one hour, it induced severe GE . Changes in pH of histidine solution seemed to have little effect on the production of the toxic substance . Addition of a heated mixture of 30 mg of histidine and 150 g of casein (per kg of diet) failed to induce GE . A mixture of 750 mg of histidine and 150 g of casein was enough to produce a maximal toxicity . A heated mixture of histidine and isolated soybean protein, ovalbumin or gluten induced severe GE . A heated mixture of gelatin and histidine had a somewhat milder toxicity . On the other hand, zein and yeast treated in the same way showed only a slight toxicity . Two kinds of pre-treatment of casein before the addition of histidine were proved to be ineffective to inhibit the formation of the toxic substance . The toxicity of heated casein-histamine was rather lower than that of heated casein-histidine . Studies were also made on releasing of the toxic substance from heated casein-histidine into the soluble fraction by acidic hydrolysis and precipitation of this substance at acidic pH. Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(8A), 1373 - 6 {Open clinical trial in dermal mycoses of a 1% ciclopiroxolamine solution in polyethylene glycol 400 carried out in FR Germany/Study with shortened therapy (author's transl)}; Torres J et al.; In an open multicentre study, a 1% solution of 6-cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone, 2-aminoethanol salt (ciclopiroxolamine, Cic . Hoe 296, Batrafen) in polyethylene glycol 400 was examined for its topical activity in 344 cases of dermal mycoses . 65.4% of them were caused by dermatophytes and 19.2% by yeast-like fungi . In most cases, the treatment period was two weeks, with one or two daily applications . The examiners found global therapeutic effectiveness in 97.5% of the mycoses, the rate of very good and good results being 84.0%, and a very good tolerance in 99.0% . Individual side effects were predominantly subjective and transient. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am, 1981, 9(1), 11 - 8 {Mycosis of the foot in people over 40}; Wertheim de Magaldi S; Some aspects of the ecology of the human foot in the stage of senescence have been studied . Systematically 200 hospitalized patients, chosen at random, between the ages of 40 and 96 years were examined . The following was observed: 1.) 133 patients (66,5%) presented lesions suspected as dermatomycoses . 2.) 67 patients (33,5%) were free from clinical lesions . 42 (31,5%) positive direct examinations were obtained from the first group and 8 (11,8%) from the second one . In culture were isolated different strains of Dermatophytes obtained from 50 patients as follows: a) From digital fold scales: Trichophyton mentagrophytes: 26 (v . granulosa: 9 . v . gypsea: 16, v nivea: 1) . Trichophyton rubrum: 18, Epidermophyton floccosum: 1 . b) From toe nails: Trichophyton mentagrophytes v . granulosa: 3, Trichophyton rubrum: 7 . c) From the sole: Trichophyton rubrum: 1 . A series of fungi supposed contaminants were isolated among which because of frequency the following are specified: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp., Fusarium sp., some yeast and some Demataceae. Eur J Biochem, 1981, 114(1), 101 - 4 Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity by polymeric NAD derivatives with different NAD densities; Furukawa S et al.; Polymeric NAD derivatives with different NAD densities were prepared by the copolymerization of NAD N6-{N-(N-acryloyl-1-methoxycarbonyl-5-aminopentyl)-propionamide} with acrylamide in different molar ratios, from 4 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-2) . The cofactor activities of the polymeric NAD derivatives for lactate, yeast alcohol and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases decreased with the increase in the NAD density of the polymer, and the lactate dehydrogenase showed no activity for the polymeric NAD derivatives with NAD densities of 2 x 10(-3) and 1 x 10(-2) mol/mol acrylamide polymerized . The polymeric NAD derivatives inhibited the activities of lactate and yeast alcohol dehydrogenases but did not inhibit those of horse liver alcohol and malate dehydrogenases . The polymeric NAD derivatives were competitive inhibitors with respect to NAD for the reaction of lactate dehydrogenase: the inhibition constant decreased from 2.2 microM to 0.02 microM with the increase in the NAD density from 4 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-2) mol/mol acrylamide polymerized. Sci Total Environ, 1981 Jan, 17(1), 13 - 29 Nutritional role of chromium; Anderson RA; Chromium is an essential trace element required for normal carbohydrate metabolism . The biological function of chromium is closely associated with that of insulin and most chromium-stimulated reactions are also insulin dependent . Proper chromium nutrition leads to a decreased requirement for insulin and also an improved blood lipid profile . Most fresh foods and minimally processed foods are good sources of dietary chromium . Inorganic chromium does not potentiate insulin action and must be converted to an organic biologically active form . An organic form of chromium capable of potentiating insulin has been isolated from brewer's yeast and was shown to contain: Cr, nicotinic acid and a combination of amino acids . Synthetic insulin potentiating organic chromium complexes containing chromium, nicotinic acid, glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid or chromium, nicotinic acid and glutathione have been prepared . These complexes have not been purified to homogeneity since they dissociate during purification . Suitable analytical bioassays are available to measure total chromium and the organic biologically-active forms of chromium, respectively. Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(7), 1105 - 10 Pharmacological and toxicological studies of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: KC-8973; Matsuo T et al.; A benzophenone derivative, 4-butyl-2'-fluorobenzophenone (KC-8973), having anti-inflammatory effects has been studied pharmacologically and toxicologically . On the carrageenin-induced paw edema, KC-8973 had the most potent activity of the tested commercial non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . KC-8973 had a moderate effect on bradykinin-induced capillary permeability and lesser effect on dextran-, egg white- and serotonin-induced paw edemas in rats, respectively . From the detailed studies of prophylactic and therapeutic effects on the adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, it was demonstrated that KC-8973 has an immuno-suppressive activity in addition to an anti-inflammatory effect . KC-8973 had a local-analgesic and antipyretic effect on the rat paw edema induced by brewer's yeast . KC-8973 caused no undesirable side effect at pharmacologically effective dose in the 1-month sub-acute toxicological study. J Mol Evol, 1981, 18(1), 15 - 7 Amino acid codes in mitochondria as possible clues to primitive codes; Jukes TH; Differences between mitochondrial codes and the universal code indicate that an evolutionary simplification has taken place, rather than a return to a more primitive code . However, these differences make it evident that the universal code is not the only code possible, and therefore earlier codes may have differed markedly from the previous code . The present universal code is probably a "frozen accident." The change in CUN codons from leucine to threonine (Neurospora vs . yeast mitochondria) indicates that neutral or near-neutral changes occurred in the corresponding proteins when this code change took change took place, caused presumably by a mutation in a tRNA gene. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1981, 26(4), 328 - 33 Standardization of assay procedure and some properties of ribonuclease from Aspergillus candidus; Kunhi AA et al.; Screening of several fungal cultures resulted in the selection of an isolate of Aspergillus candidus which produced a considerable around of RNa-degrading enzyme in both surface and submerged methods of cultivation . The conditions for the assay of the RNAase were standardized at pH 4.5, 55 degrees C and using 0.25% yeast RNA as substrate . The enzyme was stable at pH 5.2 . EDTA was found to activate the enzyme slightly . at temperatures 50-60 degrees C there was considerable loss in enzyme activity which was traced to the presence of a contaminating protease which presumably degraded the RNAase optimally at this temperature . The protease could be preferentially inactivated at or above 75 degrees C . The crude enzyme, in addition to RNAase was found to possess DNAase, nonspecific phosphodiesterase and 3'- and 5'-phosphomonoesterase activities. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1981, 136(3), 254 - 62 Formation of aflatoxins by some Egyptian Aspergillus flavus strains; Mabrouk SS et al.; In all the fifteen investigated Aspergillus flavus and A . parasiticus strains the maximum quantities of aflatoxins, produced on rice powder-corn steep (RC) medium, ranged from 1.17 to 23.29 times as much as those produced on yeast extract-sucrose (YES) medium . The shake cultures lowered aflatoxin formation . The maximum yields of aflatoxins did not coincide with maximum fungal growth . In most A . flavus strains investigated, the total aflatoxin content of the mycelia highly exceeded that of the culture filtrates. Cell, 1981 Jan, 23(1), 251 - 9 Analysis of a drosophila tRNA gene cluster: two tRNALeu genes contain intervening sequences; Robinson RR et al.; A recombinant DNA phage containing a cluster of Drosophila melanogaster tRNA genes has been isolated and analyzed . The insert of this phage has been mapped by in situ hybridization to chromosomal region 50AB, a known tRNA site . Nucleotide sequencing of the entire Drosophila tRNA coding region reveals seven tRNA genes spanning 2.5 kb of chromosomal DNA . This cluster is separated from other tRNA regions on the chromosome by at least 2.7 kb on one side, and 9.6 kb on the other . Two tRNA genes are nearly identical and contain intervening sequences of length 38 and 45 bases, respectively, in the anticodon loop . These two genes are assigned to be tRNALeu genes because of significant sequence homology with yeast tRNA3Leu, and secondary structure homology with yeast tRNA3Leu intervening sequence . In addition, an 8 base sequence (AAAAUCUU) is conserved in the same location in the intervening sequences of Drosophila tRNALeu genes and a yeast tRNA3Leu gene . Similar sequenes occur in all other tRNAs containing intervening sequences . The remaining five genes are identical tRNAIle genes, which are also identical to a tRNAIle gene from chromosomal region 42A . The 5' flanking regions are only weakly homologous, but each set of isoacceptors contains short regions of strong homology approximately 20 nucleotides preceding the tRNA coding sequences: GCNTTTTG preceding tRNAIle genes; and GANTTTGG preceding tRNALeu genes . The genes are irregularly distributed on both DNA strands; spacing regions are divergent in sequence and length. Mol Gen Genet, 1981, 184(3), 557 - 9 Nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal region of rat 18S ribosomal DNA; Torczynski R et al.; The 3'-terminal 230 base-pairs (bp) of the gene for 18S rRNA and 40 bp of the adjoining spacer have been sequenced for the Sprague-Dawley rat . This mammalian sequence has been compared with the known sequences of yeast, fruit fly, silkworm, and frog . This study has shown that the nucleotide-sequence differences between rat and frog are the smallest among and longer species, probably reflecting their evolutionary closeness and longer maturation time compared to the others . There is little similarity in the nucleotide sequences of the transcribed spacer regions of the five species compared. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jan, 19(1), 110 - 3 Liquid chromatographic assay of ketoconazole; Andrews FA et al.; A reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the rapid and quantitative determination of ketoconazole has been developed . Drug levels from 0.5 to 10 microgram/ml can be determined in either yeast nitrogen base medium or human serum by using an octadecylsilane column . A retention time of 4.9 +/- 0.1 min resulted when the drug was eluted from a column with 75% methanol-25% 0.02 M (pH 7.5) phosphate buffer at a flow rate of 2 ml/min . Optimum sensitivity was obtained at a wavelength of 231 nm. Int J Pept Protein Res, 1981 Jan, 17(1), 107 - 17 Irreversible thermal denaturation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A . Physico-chemical characterization of initial products; Ramnath S et al.; The isolation and characterization of the products formed during the irreversible thermal denaturation of enzyme RNAase-A are described . RNAase-A, when maintained in aqueous solution at pH 7.0 and 70 degrees for 2 h, gives soluble products which have been fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 into four components . These components are designated RNAase-At1, RNAase-At2, RNAase-At3 and RNAase-At4 according to the order of their elution from Sephadex G-75 . RNAase-At4 shows the same specific activity towards yeast RNA as native RNAase-A and is virtually indistinguishable from it by the physical methods employed . However, chromatography on CM-cellulose separates it into three components that show the same u.v . spectra and specific activity towards yeast RNA as native RNAase-A . RNAase-At1, RNAase-At2 and RNAase-At3 are all structurally altered derivatives of RNAase-A and they exhibit low specific activity (5-10%) towards yeast RNA . In the presence of added S-protein, all these derivatives show greatly enhanced enzymic activity . RNAase-At1 and RNAase-At2 are polymers, covalently crosslinked by intermolecular disulfide bridges; whereas RNAase-At3 is a monomer . Physical studies such as 1H-n.m.r., sedimentation analysis, u.v . absorption spectra and CD spectra reveal that RNAase-At3 is a unfolded derivative of RNAase-A . However, it is seen to possess sufficient residual structure which gives rise to a low but easily detectable enzymic activity. Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Jan-Feb, 50(1), 106 - 9 {Ultrastructure of Candida utilis during pulsed carbon feeding and in the presence of different initial concentrations of nitrogen}; Petrikevich SB et al.; The yeast Candida utilis IBPM-Y-405 was cultivated in a chemically defined medium in the conditions of pulse addition of a carbon source . The ultrastructure of the yeast cells was studied at different initial concentrations of a nitrogen source (0.152, 0.088 and 0.044 g of NH4+ per litre of the medium) . Morphologically different mitochondria (dense and transparent) were found in one and the same cell at an initial concentration of NH4+ equal to 0.088 g per litre of the medium . When this concentration was equal to 0.044 g per litre of the medium, the number of transparent mitochondria increased, the mitochondria shrank, giant vacuoles comprising regions of the cytoplasm appeared in the cells, as well as large lipid inclusions, the cytoplasm became less thick and contained crystal-like inclusions . All of the aforementioned ultrastructural changes are quite reversible if the initial concentration of the nitrogen source is increased. Biochemistry, 1980 Dec 9, 19(25), 5932 - 8 Characterization of phosphorylated oligomannosides from Hansenula wingei mannoprotein; Hashimoto C et al.; Yeast cell wall mannoproteins often contain phosphate esterified to the oligosaccharide side chains, and partial acetolysis yields both neutral and phosphorylated fragments {Thieme, T . R., & Ballou, C . E . (1971) Biochemistry 10, 4121--4129} . We have isolated the acidic acetolysis fragments from Hansenula wingei mannoprotein {Yen, P . H., & Ballou, C . E . (1974) Biochemistry 13, 2420--2427} and have separated them into a mannopentaose monophosphate (Man5P) and a mannotriose monophosphate (Man3P) . On the basis of selective enzymatic and partial acid hydrolysis and 1H and 31P NMR studies, Man5P was shown to have the structure P leads to 6 alpha Man1 leads to 3 alpha Man1 leads to 2 alpha Man1 leads to 2 alpha Man1 leads to 2Man (where Man = D-mannopyranose) . The 31P NMR spectrum of the Man3P showed it to be a mixture of a phosphate monoester and a phosphate diester, which was separated by ion-exchange chromatography . The monoester had the structure P leads to 6 alpha Man1 leads to 3 alpha Man1 leads to 3Man whereas the diester had the properties of a cyclic phosphate . Although native H . wingei mannoprotein contains phosphodiester linkages, the starting mannoprotein preparation was isolated under alkaline conditions that hydrolyze such bonds, and it did not show a phosphodiester signal in the 31P NMR spectrum . We conclude that the cyclic phosphate was an artifact formed during the acetolysis reaction . Because acetolysis of H . wingei mannoprotein yields only phosphorylated mannotriose and mannopentaose whereas the mannoprotein contains mannotetraose side chains as well, the phosphorylation process must be a very specific event in the biosynthesis of the glycoprotein. Arch Ophthalmol, 1980 Dec, 98(12), 2217 - 9 Experimental inflammatory serous detachment of the retina; Macy JI et al.; Rhesus monkey eyes were studied after the development of inflammatory serous retinal detachments following internal carotid artery injection of live, yeast-phase Histoplasma capsulatum organisms . Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a tracer to examine the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers . The HRP was present in a decreasing gradient from the choroid into the subretinal space and was not found to have leaked from retinal vessels . The source of subretinal fluid in this model of inflammatory serous retinal detachment was leakage from the choroid through a defective outer blood-retinal barrier, induced by disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium . This model has relevance to understanding the serous retinal detachments common to diseases affecting the choroid. J Nutr, 1980 Dec, 110(12), 2460 - 6 Dietary selenium and age-related susceptibility of rat erythrocytes to oxidative damage; Chow CK et al.; The effects of age and dietary selenium on cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress were studied in rat erythrocytes . Young (26 or 40 days) and mature adult (11 or 15 months) male rats were fed a Torula yeast-based low selenium and low vitamin E diet supplemented with either 0, 1.0 to 2.0 ppm selenium (as sodium selenite) for 5 weeks . The rates of spontaneous hemolysis amd methemoglobin formation and levels of glutathione (GSH), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase, but not of GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly higher in the erythrocytes of young rats than in those of the adults . Adult rats, however, had higher levels of plasma vitamin E and GSH peroxidase than those of the young group . Dietary selenium markedly increased activity of plasma GSH peroxidase and partially retarded the rates of hemolysis and methomoglobin formation, but it had no significant effect on the erythrocyte levels of GSH, GSH reductase, catalse, G6P dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase or plasma vitamin E levels of young rats . Except of GSH peroxidase activity, dietary selenium had no significant effect on any other measurements made in the erythrocytes or plasma of adult rats . The results suggest that the ability of adult rats . The results suggest that the ability of adult rats to retain higher levels of vitamin E and selenium than the young rats may be partly responsible for the increased resistance of their erythrocytes against oxidative stress. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Dec, 12(6), 807 - 9 Room temperature storage of Legionella cultures; Hebert GA; Charcoal-yeast extract agar slant cultures of Legionella representing all four named species were stored at room temperature in the dark . Some L . pneumophila strains survived 2 months, L . bozemanii and L . dumoffii strains were viable at 4 months, and L . micdadei strains remained viable after 1 year in storage. J Bacteriol, 1980 Dec, 144(3), 1193 - 6 Effect of pH on the rate of Candida utilis cell cycle initiation; Thomas KC; The rate of cell cycle initiation (as determined by the rate of bud emergence) in yeast Candida utilis under ammonium-limited phased cultivation was dependent on the pH at which the yeast was grown. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Dec, 128(2), 162 - 71 Direct studies of dikaryotization in Schizophyllum commune . I . Live inter-cellular nuclear migration patterns; Niederpruem DJ; Compatible matings of Schizophyllum commune were performed on glucose-peptone-yeast extract medium appended with gelatin (18%) and studied by phase contrast microscopy during nuclear migration . Three categories of nuclear migration were observed . Type I involved a pulsatile jerking of the entire cytoplasmic contents of the hypha, changed direction periodically, and, during periods of cytoplasmic tranquility, the nucleus continued to migrate . Type II A migration of nuclei occurred in the absence of visible cytoplasmic flow . Both Type I and Type II A nuclear movements exceeded the hyphal growth rate by 10--20-fold . Type II B nuclear migration also occurred in the absence of visible cytoplasmic flow and the velocity was within the range of the hyphal growth rate . No specific organelles that were detected either directed or facilitated Type II A or Type II B nuclear movements . The nucleolus could either lead or trail relative to the direction of nuclear movement . Nuclear migration can be attributed to both cytoplasmic flow and self motility, depending upon the particular regions of the migration hypha in which it occurs. Nature, 1980 Nov 20, 288(5788), 293 - 6 Methylation map of Xenopus laevis ribosomal RNA; Maden BE; One of the most enigmatic features of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA is the presence of many methylated nucleotides . The numbers of RNA methyl groups range from approximately 70 per ribosome in yeast to over 100 in vertebrates . Here it is shown that the methylated nucleotides in Xenopus laevis rRNA are broadly but non-uniformly distributed . In 18S rRNA 2'-O-methylations are partly concentrated in the 5' region and base methylations near the 3' end . In 28S rRNA methyl groups are infrequent in the 5' region, moderately frequent in the central region and abundant in an 1,100-nucleotide tract near the 3' end. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Nov 20, 626(1), 64 - 72 A 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interaction between cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase; Smith MB et al.; The reaction between ferrocytochrome c and yeast cytochrome c peroxidase was studied using cytochrome c derivatives specifically trifluoroacetylated at single lysine amino groups . The only modifications that decreased the reaction rate were those of lysines immediately surrounding the heme crevice, lysines 13, 25, 79, and 87 . Modification of lysines 22, 55, 88, and 99 had no effect on the reaction . The 19F chemical shifts of the cytochrome c derivatives trifluoroacetylated at lysines 13, 79, and 87 were not changed upon complex formation with cytochrome c peroxidase, indicating that no detectable conformational changes occurred . The cytochrome c trifluoroacetyl groups had the same T1 values in the paramagnetic fluorocytochrome c peroxidase complex as in the diamagnetic reduced form of the complex, indicating that they were more than 2.3 nm from the paramagnetic iron atom in cytochrome c peroxidase . This is consistent with a separation of at least 1.5-2.0 nm between the iron atom of cytochrome c and the iron atom of cytochrome c peroxidase. Biochemistry, 1980 Nov 11, 19(23), 5297 - 302 Stopped-flow radiationless energy transfer kinetics: direct observation of enzyme-substrate complexes at steady state; Lobb RR et al.; Measurement of radiationless energy transfer (RET) between enzyme tryptophan residues and a fluorescent dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) substrate under stopped-flow conditions forms the basis of a rapid and sensitive kinetic approach to delineation of enzyme mechanisms . Both the pre steady state and steady state can be studied on one experiment . The ES complexes of even rapidly turned over dansyl substrates are observed directly at enzyme concentrations of 10(-8)-10(-6) M . If {ET} < Km, a steady state of ES complex formation and breakdown can be achieved and maintained even though the reaction is completed in a few seconds . RET kinetic analysis under stopped-flow steady-state conditions both simplifies and supplements conventional initial rate kinetic studies as illustrated here with bovine and yeast carboxypeptidases and alpha-chymotrypsin acting on Dns-(Gly)3-L-OPhe and Dns-(Gly)2-L-PheOMe, respectively . Since both the concentration and rate of breakdown of intermediates are observed, the kinetic parameters Kcat and Km can be determined precisely by multiple means . The capability of observing both steady-state and pre-steady-state RET kinetics in the same experiment greatly reduces errors in quantitative analysis, allowing a more rigorous definition of enzyme mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res, 1980 Nov 11, 8(21), 4989 - 5005 Structure and developmental expression of the chick alpha-actin gene; Ordahl CP et al.; Recombinant DNA clones containing chick alpha-actin mRNA sequence have been isolated and used as probes to analyze the structure and developmental expression of the chick alpha-actin gene . The full length, 2000 nucleotide alpha-actin mRNA is detected in poly(A) RNA at early and late stages of in vivo leg muscle development . As expected, the alpha-actin mRNA is present at very low levels at early myogenic stages but is a high abundance species in terminally differentiated muscle . However, most of the alpha-actin mRNA from fused leg muscle is shorter than 2000 nucleotides, and occurs in relatively discrete size classes . An alpha-actin-like mRNA can be detected in poly(A) RNA from early embryonic brain, indicating that transcription of the alpha-actin gene may not be strictly muscle-specific at all stages of development . We have identified at least 3, very short (< 100 base pairs) intervening sequences in the alpha-actin gene which was isolated from a chick genomic library . The structure of the chick alpha-actin gene differs, therefore, from the structures of actin genes from yeast and Drosophila, both of which contain a single, relatively long, intervening sequence. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1980 Nov-Dec, 55(6), 721 - 9 {Study of the life cycle of fungal parasite from fishes (author's transl)}; Chauvier G; In pure culture the parasitic fungus isolated from fish shows a remarkable peculiarity for it can: a) exhibit caryogamy in dicaryotic elements that are either small yeast-like cells or short mycelial tubes expanding from larger yeasts; b) conjugate two yeastlike circular isogametes and produce thereafter an oocyst in which endospores take form; c) merge two hyphae expanding from two round cells and produce by means of this somatogamous process a sporangium in which endospores take form. Clin Allergy, 1980 Nov, 10(6), 699 - 704 Management of chronic idiopathic urticaria by the identification and exclusion of dietary factors; Gibson A et al.; The role played by dietary chemical factors in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) was assessed in seventy-six patients by challenge Stable remission was first established by using an empirically established 'exclusion diet' . A diet modified to exclude those chemicals giving a positive response to challlenge was demonstrated to be of therapeutic value for time periods of up to 18 months . Re-testing twelve patients at 12 months indicated that most patients positive to salicylate or benzoate challenge retained this pattern of reactivity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1980 Nov-Dec, 89(6 Pt 1), 563 - 6 Blastomycosis of the larynx; Suen JY et al.; Blastomycosis is an uncommon fungal disease which may mimic carcinoma of the larynx . Physical examination may show a granular appearance early in the disease with progression to laryngeal fibrosis . Histologic examination usually shows pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, microabscesses, and giant cells . The broad-based budding yeast organisms may be easily overlooked unless special stains are used . Two cases of laryngeal blastomycosis which were originally treated as carcinoma are reported. Arch Dis Child, 1980 Nov, 55(11), 876 - 8 Atopy in parents of children dying with sudden infant death syndrome; Warnasuriya N et al.; 36 parents of infants who had died suddenly did not differ in frequency of atopic symptoms, immediate skin tests, IgE, IgE antibody, immunoglobulin G, A, and M, or yeast opsonisation, from 36 matched controls, although atopy was common (about half had atopy in both groups. Int J Pept Protein Res, 1980 Nov, 16(5), 359 - 64 Ribonuclease inhibitor from bovine brain; Burton LE et al.; A ribonuclease inhibitor from bovine brain has been purified 27 000-fold by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-RNase A with an overall yield of 46% (ca . 0.4 mg/kg tissue) . The purified inhibitor gives a single band by SDS-gel electrophoresis . By gel filtration the molecular weight is ca . 50 000; the molecular weight of the complex with bovine pancreatic RNase A is ca . 62 000, indicative of 1:1 binding on a molar basis . The inhibition of the action of RNase A on yeast RNA by the inhibitor is noncompetitive with a Ki of 7 x 10(-10) M . The protein is very similar in its properties, including amino acid composition, to the inhibitor previously isolated from human placenta . The amount of inhibitor per g of protein in bovine brain is about one-seventh of the value for human placenta . No difference was found in the distribution of inhibitor between white and gray matter; one-tenth of the inhibitor present is bound to a brain ribonuclease which is released in active form after reaction with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate . Essentially no free neutral ribonuclease activity could be detected in brain homogenates in the absence of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Nov-Dec, 49(6), 945 - 51 {Effect of input nitrogen concentrations on Candida utilis growth in continuous culture with pulsed carbon feed}; Litvinenko LA et al.; The yeast Candida utilis IBPMY-405 was cultivated in a synthetic medium at a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 in the regime of pulse glucose feed . The periodicity of glucose additions was determined by the current signal of an optical density sensor . Changes of the signal in the course of time were of a periodical character with the constant frequency and amplitude of fluctuations as long as the experimental conditions remained the same . Three concentrations of ammonium nitrogen were used (0.152, 0.064 and 0.043 g/l) to assay the number of cells in a unit volume of the culture, the percentage of budding cells, the quantity of nitrogen assimilated per cell, the consumption of oxygen, the increment of optical density in response to the addition of glucose (delta x) and the time taken by optical density to increase (tx) . The parameters of phase I in the cycle of changes in optical density (tx and delta x) were found to depend on how the culture was supplied with nitrogen . As this supply decreased, tx increased and delta x decreased . The respiration rate and the percentage of budding cells underwent cyclic fluctuations while the overall quantity of cells per unit volume of the culture remained constant . An attempt has been made to substantiate the applicability of the parameters tx and delta x for testing the culture and rapidly identifying nitrogen limitation during continuous cultivation of Candida utilis in the regime of plus feed with source of carbon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Nov, 18(5), 822 - 8 Growth and antifungal homoazasterol production in Geotrichum flavo-brunneum; Rodriguez RJ et al.; The growth cycle and production of 15-aza-24-methylene-8, 14-cholestadiene-3 beta-ol (15-azasterol) in Geotrichum flavo-brunneum strain NRRL28804 have been studied . During the growth cycle of this organism, morphological changes were noted which corresponded to changes in the pH of the culture medium . A physiological shift from acid to base production also occurred during the growth cycle . Concomitant with this physiological shift was the synthesis of 15-azasterol . Upon synthesis of this azasterol, variations in the sterol pool were observed . These variations are identical to sterol alterations in susceptible yeast cells exposed to this drug (P . R . Hays, W . D . Neal, and L . W . Parks, Antimicrob . Agents Chemother . 12: 185-191, 1977.) It appears that NRRL28804 avoids growth inhibition from 15-azasterol by confining its production to late in the growth cycle. Agents Actions, 1980 Nov, 10(5), 451 - 6 Anti-inflammatory/anti-pyretic salicylic acid esters with low gastric ulcerogenic activity; Rainsford KD et al.; The methyl and some other esters of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acids and their derivatives were found to have much lower gastric ulcerogenic activity (when assayed in the stress-sensitized rat) compared with their corresponding acids . There was little or no loss in therapeutic potencies of these salicylate esters as determined by assessment of anti-inflammatory activity (against the carrageenan-induced oedema) and antipyretic activity (against yeast-induced fever in rats . The methyl ester of acetylsalicylic acid (=AME) was almost devoid of gastric irritancy/ulcerogenicity (as observed with acetylsalicylic acid) when given orally to pigs for 10 days . AME had appreciable anti-inflammatory activity in the adjuvant-arthritis model and at high doses (200 mg/kg t.i.d.) was without the lethal effects seen with acetylsalicylic acid . Moreover, no toxic effects were seen after long-term administration of 100-1000 mg/kg/day AME for 3-4 months . The results provide further evidence for the hypothesis that the carboxylic acid moiety of salicylates is a major factor in the gastric ulcerogenic activity of these drugs . The methyl esters of these salicylates may be considered as models for the development of pro-drugs and in some cases may be therapeutic alternatives to acetylsalicylic acid or salicylate. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 40(5), 855 - 61 Effect of aeration and carbon dioxide on cell morphology of Candida utilis; Straskrabova V et al.; The effect of CO2 availability on cell size, shape, and aggregation in continuous cultures of Candida utilis was studied in minimal medium with glucose or ethanol as the sole carbon and energy source . Enrichment with CO2 was achieved (i) by using the substrate with more C atoms, (ii) by using pure oxygen and thus decreasing aeration intensity at the same dissolved-oxygen concentration, or (iii) by adding CO2 to the aeration gas . The cells were always of yeast shape, and no filaments were formed . In cultures with a biomass concentration above 6 g (dry weight) per liter, no cell aggregates were observed . In cultures with a lower biomass, the daughter cells failed to separate from the parent cells and formed aggregates with thickened walls . The average cell number per aggregate was found to be higher, and the average protoplast volume lower, under conditions of probable CO2 limitation . Simultaneously, the ratio of total dry weight to wet weight of protoplasts was considerably higher, indicating an increased share of wall or extracellular material . The possible effect of the observed morphological changes for maintaining a suitable concentration gradient of CO2 around the cell is discussed. Infect Immun, 1980 Oct, 30(1), 147 - 9 Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Histoplasma capsulatum; Ratnoff WD et al.; The present study was performed to determine whether Histoplasma capsulatum (yeast phase) is able to activate the alternative complement pathway . H . capsulatum yeasts were shown to consume C3 in C4-deficient guinea pig serum . Immunoelectrophoretic conversion of alternative pathway component factor B confirmed that C3 consumption was mediated by activation of the alternative pathway . These results demonstrate that H . capsulatum is able to activate the alternative complement pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Oct 1, 632(2), 298 - 309 An application of ellipsometry . Assessment of polysaccharide and glycoprotein interaction with lectin at a liquid/solid interface; Horisberger M; Lectins were specifically adsorbed from solution onto metallized glass slides coated with polysaccharide, glycopeptide and glycoprotein films . The degree of interaction was determined by measuring the thickness of the bound lectin layer with an ellipsometer after washing and drying the slide . The binding of concanavalin A (tetrameric) and succinyl concanavalin A (dimeric) to a yeast mannan film was studied as a function of lectin concentration, temperature, rinsing time and the extent of stirring of the slide . The maximum thickness of bound concanavalin A and succinyl concanavalin A was 11 amd 3.8 nm, respectively . The method permitted the measurement of the association constants for both lectins (1.0 x 10(7) M-1 for concanavalin A, 2 x 10(6) M-1 for succinyl concanavalin A) and the detection of 0.6 pmol concanavalin A . The same sensitivity was observed with anti-mannan antibodies . The binding of both lectins was shown to be specific using sugar haptens . When compared with methyl alpha-D-mannoside, the affinity of concanavalin A for D-mannose and D-glucose was 14 and 3%, respectively . A film of mucin glycopeptide (universal adsorbent) interacted similarly with concanavalin A, Ricinus communis I, soya bean and wheat germ lectins . However, films of glycoproteins such as fetuin, ceruloplasmin and Aspergillus niger beta-D-galactosidase interacted to different degrees with those lectins . The relative affinity of wheat germ agglutinin for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and for chitin-derived oligosaccharides was also determined . When films of sialoglycoproteins were treated wih neuraminidase, the thickness of the bound peanut agglutinin layer increased . Although this method cannot determine quantitatively the sugar composition of the film, it permits rapid estimation of the interaction of lectins with polysaccharides and glycoproteins, using little material. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Oct, 615(2), 381 - 91 Human milk ribonuclease; Dalaly BK et al.; Two components having ribonuclease (EC 3.1.27.5) activity were isolated from human milk . Each component of human milk ribonuclease (RNAase) moved at a slightly different rate when electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel but at the same rate when ultracentrifuged . The major component had a molecular weight of approx . 14 000, an isoelectric point of pH 7.9, and exhibited a broad absorbance maximum between 277 and 281 nm . Human milk RNAase hydrolyzed yeast RNA, poly(cytidylic acid) and poly(uridylic acid) but not DNA, poly(adenylic acid) or poly(guanylic acid) . Maximum activity occurred at pH 7.7 and 60 degrees C . Amino acid analysis of the major component revealed a large number of alanine, valine, glycine and aspartic acids but no tryptophan or free sulfhydryl groups . Lysine was the N-terminal amino acid . Tryptic hydrolysis yielded 18 peptides, some of which are similar to those from bovine pancreatic RNAase . Human milk RNAase activity was increased in the presence of NaCl, KCl and sodium citrate and decreased by CaCl(2), MgCl(2), FeSO(4), ZnSO(4) and CuSO(4). Can J Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 26(10), 1209 - 13 Factors affecting the production of hydrogenase by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans; Martin SM et al.; An examination of conditions for the growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, with the aim of optimizing hydrogenase production, is reported . An ammonium sulfate-lactate-yeast extract medium gave 5 to 10 times as much hydrogenase activity as a peptone-yeast extract medium . It made little if any difference whether the gas used for sparging was nitrogen, hydrogen, or a mixture thereof but increasing the rate of sparging and agitation did result in a slight decrease in activity . Control of pH during culture development was of little benefit to hydrogenase production . At least two hydrogenases were present in D . desulfuricans: one periplasmic, the other membrane bound. Scand J Dent Res, 1980 Oct, 88(5), 446 - 54 Effect of nystatin in the treatment of denture stomatitis; Bergendal T et al.; The effect of nystatin treatment on denture stomatitis subclassified as generalized simple inflammation and inflammatory papillary hyperplasia has been studied . Twenty-four patients were carefully instructed to apply a thin layer of nystatin dusting powder on the fitting surface of the maxillary denture three times a day for 14 d . Different parameters were studied on three occasions; at the beginning of experiment and after 14 and 28 d . An untreated group of 24 patients with the same types of denture stomatitis served as control . The effect of treatment was evaluated by changes in the clinical erythema, the yeast colonization obtained by mycologic sampling on the palatal mucosa and on the denture base, and changes in the histologic picture of the mucosa obtained by biopsy . Subepithelial inflammation, leukocyte penetration, edema and thickness of the epithelium were histologic parameters . After 14 d of treatment the experimental group compared with the control group showed a statistically significant decrease in palatal erythema and in the amount of yeast colonies . No significant changes were found microscopically . Twenty-eight days after start, i.e . 14 d after withdrawal of the nystatin, there still was a statistically significant improvement of the palatal erythema in the experimental group compared with the controls . However, no patient was totally cured . There were no significant changes in the number of yeast colonies and the histologic parameters. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 1980 Oct, 361(10), 1503 - 10 Selective guanosine phosphate deficiency in hepatoma cells induced by inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase; Kaiser WA et al.; Inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase in AS-30D hepatoma cells in suspension culture resulted in a pronounced and selective reduction of guanine nucleotide pools . Total acid-soluble guanine nucleotides decreased to 40% and the content of GTP and GDP dropped to about 20% of control within 4 h when mycophenolate or ribavirin were used as the inhibitors . Induction of GTP deficiency was associated with a 50% rise in UTP and other uracil nucleotides . Guanosine rapidly reversed both the reduction of guanine nucleotide pools and the elevation of cellular UTP contents . Enzymatic nucleotide analyses in cell and tissue extracts after treatment with ribavirin indicated that ribavirin 5'-triphosphate was an effective substrate for yeast hexokinase, yeast phosphoglycerate kinase, and nucleosidediphosphate kinase from yeast or bovine liver . These results were confirmed in detail by the use of synthetic ribavirin 5'-triphosphate and 5'-diphosphate . The latter nucleotide analog was also a substrate of pyruvate kinase from muscle . Mycophenolate-induced GTP deficiency was associated with an arrest of hepatoma cell growth in suspension culture . Ribavirin, at an equimolar concentration, was much less effective in this respect . None of the two inhibitors had a detectable effect, however, in vivo when guanine or uracil nucleotides were assayed in liver . This indicated that an inhibition of de novo guanylate synthesis in vivo can be compensated by salvage pathway synthesis. Biochemistry, 1980 Sep 30, 19(20), 4674 - 82 Physical studies of the interaction of a calf thymus helix-destablizing protein with nucleic acids; Karpel RL et al.; UP1, a calf thymus protein that destabilizes both DNA and RNA helices, dramatically accelerates the conversion of the inactive conformers of several small RNA molecules to their biologically active forms {Karpel, R . L., Swistel, D . G., Miller, N . S., Geroch, M . E., Lu, C., & Fresco, J . R . (1974) Brookhaven Symp . Biol . 26, 165-174} . Using circular dichroic and spectrophotometric methods, we have studied the interaction of this protein with a variety of synthetic polynucleotides and yeast tRNA3Leu . As judged by perturbations in polynucleotide ellipticity or ultraviolet absorbance, the secondary structures of the single-stranded helices poly(A) and poly(C), as well as the double-stranded helices poly{d(A-T)} and poly(U.U), are largely destroyed upon interaction with UP1 at low ionic strength . This effect can be reversed by an increase in {Na+}: half the UP1-induced perturbation of the poly(A) CD spectrum is removed at 0.05 M Na+ . The variation of poly(A) ellipticity and ultraviolet absorbance with {UP1}/{poly(A)}p is used to determine the length of single-stranded polynucleotide chain covered by the protein: 7 +/- 1 residues . A model is presented in which the specificity of UP1 for single strands and their concomitant distortion are a consequence of maximal binding of nucleic acid phosphates to a unique matrix of basic residues on the protein . Analogous to the effect on polynucleotides, UP1-facilitated renaturation of yeast tRNA3Leu follows the partial destruction of the inactive tRNA's secondary structure . At the tRNA absorbance maximum, UP1 effects a hyperchromic change of 10%, representing one-third of the secondary structure of the inactive conformer . This change is also clearly observable as a perturbation of the tRNA's circular dichroism spectrum. Nucleic Acids Res, 1980 Sep 25, 8(18), 4111 - 24 3' Terminal labelling of RNA of RNA with beta-32P-pyrophosphate group and its application to the sequence analysis of 5S RNA from Streptomyces griseus; Simoncsits A; Nucleotide pyrophosphate transferase isolated from Streptomyces griseus is used to transfer pyrophosphate group from gamma-32P-ATP to the 3'-OH of tRNA, generating a strictly terminal label at its 3' end . Using yeast tRNAPhe as model compound, it is demonstrated that the labelled molecule is suitable for rapid gel sequencing by both enzymatic and chemical methods . RNA molecules terminated by pyrimidine nucleoside are poor pyrophosphate acceptors . To label RNAs of this kind, first guanosine 5'-phosphate 3'-(beta-32P)-pyrophosphate (pGpp) is prepared from gamma-32P-ATP and GMP by nucleotide pyrophosphate transferase . pGpp is then ligated to the 3' end of RNA by T4 RNA ligase . The complete nucleotide sequence of 5S RNA from Streptomyces griseus is established by rapid gel sequencing methods performed on 3'-(beta-32P)-pyrophosphate labelled molecule. JAMA, 1980 Sep 12, 244(11), 1219 - 20 Metronidazole for vaginal trichomoniasis . Seven-day vs single-dose regimens; Hager WD et al.; This randomized, double-blind evaluation of metronidazole therapy for trichomonal vaginitis compared the efficacy and side effects of a single 2-g dose and the standard seven-day regimen (250 mg three thimes daily) . Eighty (86%) of the 93 women examined seven to 21 days after therapy with the 2-g regimen, and 76 (91.6%) of 83 examined after the seven-day regimen, were cured . These cure rates were not significantly different . In addition, symptom duration and the occurrence of side effects and yeast infection were not significantly different for the two treatment groups . Because the efficacy and side effects of the two regimens are comparable and the 2-g dose is easier to administer and less expensive, we recommend the 2-g dose as standard treatment for trichomoniasis. Clin Allergy, 1980 Sep, 10(5), 575 - 84 The atopic syndrome: in vitro immunological characteristics of clinically defined subgroups of atopic subjects; Turner MW et al.; Total IgE, selected specific IgE antibody levels, C2 and yeast opsonization were measured in four clinically defined subgroups of atopic patients who had previously been HLA-typed . Each group was characterized by a distinctive mean total IgE level and profile of specific IgE responses . All groups gave comparable levels of IgE antibodies to Timothy grass pollen but in patients initially presenting with infantile eczema and who subsequently developed asthma and/or hay fever, IgE antibodies to bovine milk proteins, egg ovalbumin and cat dander were frequently observed whereas in patients initially presenting with hay fever later in life these antibodies were usually absent . Computer assisted analysis failed to show any association between IgE antibody responses and (a) the HLA phenotypes A1,B8 and A3,B7 (b) C2 levels and (c) the yeast opsonization index. Sabouraudia, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 229 - 35 Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium bantianum: a case in a female who had cutaneous alternariosis in her childhood; Hironaga M et al.; A rare case is presented of mycotic infection in a Japanese female, who had cutaneous alternariosis in the face at age 9, and died of cerebral phacohyphomycosis 8 years later . To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which these two unusual and different mycoses have occurred successively in the same person . The cerebral lesions were located in the right parietal region close to the sulcus centralis and in the region of the right cerebral lateral fissure . They were granulomatous and characterized by the presence of numerouse microabscesses . In the center of these were seen many dematiaceous fungal elements that consisted mainly of light brown, septate hyphae 1.5-2.5 micrometer in diameter, from which elongated cells 3-4 X 8-10 microgram in size were seen proliferating . In addition, yeast-like cells 8-10 microgram in diameter were observed . The etiologic agent isolated from the brain lesions was identified as Cladosporium bantianum (Sace.) Borelli (=Cladosporium trichnoides Emmons) on the basis of our morphological and physiological findings and its neurotropism in experimentally inoculated mice. Toxicol Lett, 1980 Sep, 6(4-5), 251 - 6 Respiratory pentane: a measure of in vivo lipid peroxidation applied to rats fed diets varying in polyunsaturated fats, vitamin E, and selenium and exposed to nitrogen dioxide; Dillard CJ et al.; Pentane is one decomposition product of omega 6-unsaturated lipid hydroperoxides . The measurement of respiratory pentane is one of the most sensitive in vivo tests of lipid peroxidation . This measurement was applied to test the ability of a low level, short-term exposure of rats of nitrogen dioxide to induce lipid peroxidation . When exposed to 4.48 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 60 min, no increase in pentane production was detected . For 10 weeks prior to exposure, the rats were fed Torula yeast-based diets with 10% stripped lard or 10% stripped corn oil . The ratios of basal pentane production by rats fed the following antioxidants were for corn oil- and lard-fed rats, respectively: 40 I.U . vitamin E/kg and 0 selenium: 0 vitamin E and 0.1 ppm selenium: 0 vitamin E and 0 selenium, 1:2.2:5.8 and 1:1.9:3.5 . Pentane production was significantly (P<0.05) greater by corn oil-fed rats than by lard-fed rats only when both vitamin E and selenium were absent from the diet. Ann Allergy, 1980 Sep, 45(3), 144 - 9 A double-blind study of sublingual provocative food testing: a study of its efficacy; Lehman CW; Fifteen patients with chronic allergic conditions were tested in a double-blind manner, using sublingual food drops containing egg, corn, milk, yeast or placebo . Edema and swelling of the nasal mucosa were observed as frequently when a placebo was given as when sublingual food drops were given . This method of testing does not differentiate between placebo and food drops. J Nutr, 1980 Sep, 110(9), 1736 - 44 The ineffectiveness of supplementary cystine in legume-based rat diets; James KA et al.; The effectiveness of cystine supplementation in improving the nutritional quality of diets deficient in sulfur amino acids was investigated by measuring the weight gain and protein efficiency ratio of rats fed basal 10% protein diets and basal diets supplemented with either 2.0 g/kg DL-methionine or 4.0 g/kg L-cystine . Whereas methionine improved the weight gain of rats and the protein quality of all sources of dietary protein tested, cystine gave a positive response with diets containing lupin tops, casein, yeast and leaf protein concentrate but was ineffective for sweet lupin seed, soybean meal, broad beans and lentils . The ineffectiveness was observed as a general depression of weight gain and protein efficiency ratio . The depression was statistically significant for some diets containing lentils as the sole source of protein . The endogenous methionine and cystine contents of the diets were determined . and the ratios of cystine to methionine were correlated with the responses to supplementary cystine . Generally supplementary cystine was effective where the ratio was less than one and was ineffective where greater than one . The data are discussed in relation to the generally accepted concepts of the dietary methionine-cystine interrelationship. J Clin Invest, 1980 Sep, 66(3), 592 - 8 Pinocytosis in human synovial cells in vitro . Evidence for enhanced activity in rheumatoid arthritis; Krakauer KA et al.; Human synovial tissue cells in monolayer can be shown to take up and digest a soluble protein, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) . Uptake of HRP was linear with increasing concentrations of substrate and cell protein and with time for up to 4 h . Low temperature (4 degrees C), and sodium fluoride, an inhibitor of glycolysis were the most effective metabolic inhibitors of endocytosis . In addition, colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubule assembly, and yeast mannan, an inhibitor of mannose-specific receptors, reduced HRP uptake . Synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RSC) demonstrated a statistically significantly higher rate of endocytosis (247 +/- 107 ng HRP/100 micrograms cell protein per 2 h.) than cells from control, nonrheumatoid patients (NSC) (100 +/- 80 ng HRP/100 micrograms cell protein per 2 h) . Thus, it is possible to discriminate RSC from NSC by their quantitatively different rates of endocytosis . Digestion of HRP by synovial cells is statistically significant by 6 h after uptake . A faster initial rate of digestion was seen in RSC . Over the first 6--8 h of incubation 42% of the endocytosed HRP was still cell-associated in RSC and 67% remained in NSC cultures . However, by 24 h 20--30% of endocytosed HRP was found in both types of cultures . These results indicate that endocytosed molecules may accumulate more rapidly in RSC and persist within their lysosomes for a longer time than in NSC . The quantitative determination of enhanced endocytosis by RSC compared with NSC suggests that this increased activity may have a role in the pathological function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 26(9), 1038 - 48 {Sporulation of Entomophthora obscura Hall and Dunn in liquid culture}; Latge JP; Growth and production of azygospores of Entomophthora obscura were studied through batch cultures in media containing glucose, or vegetable oil, and yeast extract . In media containing 3% glucose and 1% yeast extract, an 8-h lag phase occurred and sporulation began only at the 40th hour of culture; spore maturation lasted 4 days in average . Young mycelial stages were characterized by high nucleic acid and protein but low lipid concentrations . During sporogenesis stages, the quantity of lipids and chitin increased and the concentration of total polyosides (chitin excluded) was lower in comparison with the mycelial stages . Sporulation was induced by means of medium starvation in carbon and (or) nitrogen . The only sporulation inhibitor which allowed considerable growth was sodium fluoroacetate. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 127(2), 119 - 24 Regulation of alcohol oxidase synthesis in Hansenula polymorpha: oversynthesis during growth on mixed substrates and induction by methanol; Eggeling L et al.; The regulation of the synthesis of alcohol oxidase, catalase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase was investigated in the methanol-utilizing yeast Hansenula polymorpha . The organism was found to synthesize immunologically identical alcohol oxidases during growth on glycerol and methanol . Growth on glycerol, however, was not dependent on the alcohol oxidase, as was shown with a mutant without alcohol oxidase protein . Similarly it was shown with a catalase activity negative mutant that high catalase activity during growth on glycerol was not a prerequisite for the utilization of this substrate, though absolutely required for growth on methanol . Experiments were conducted with mixed substrates to study the influence of methanol on alcohol oxidase synthesis . In batch cultures, growth on ribose plus methanol resulted in an enhanced rate of alcohol oxidase synthesis as compared to ribose alone . In continuous cultures, (D = 0.1 h-1) addition of methanol to glycerol-, glucose-, or sorbose-limited cultures gave rise to increased alcohol oxidase activity of up to 20 U/mg, which is about by 2 times higher than the specific activity used for growth on methanol alone . The increase in specific activity of the dissimilatory enzymes on the mixed substrates is partly due to methanol per se, as was shown by a mutant unable to dissimilate or assimilate methanol. J Neurochem, 1980 Sep, 35(3), 756 - 9 Phylogenetic distribution of neuron-specific enolase; Clark-Rosenberg RL et al.; Neurons and neuroendocrine cells contain a unique isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase which is not found in other cells . This acidic enolase isoenzyme has been designated neuron specific enolase or NSE and is easily identified by its elution on DEAE sephadex . The present study shows that brain tissue from species such as yeast, fish and frog do not contain appreciable amounts of acidic "NSE-like" enolase suggesting that lower species do not have this neuronal isoenzyme. Cell, 1980 Sep, 21(2), 581 - 8 Terminal repeats of the Drosophila transposable element copia: nucleotide sequence and genomic organization; Levis R et al.; We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the terminal regions of two members of the copia sequence family of D . melanogaster . The first 276 bp at one end of a copia element are repeated in direct orientation at its other end . The direct repeats on a single copia element are identical to each other, but they differ by two nucleotide substitutions between the two elements which were examined; this suggests that during transposition only one direct repeat of the parent element is used as a template for both direct repeats of the transposed element . Each direct repeat itself contain a 17 bp imperfectly matched inveted terminal repetition . The ends of copia show significant sequence homology both to the yeast Ty1 element and to the integrated provirus of avian spleen necrosis virus, two other eucaryotic elements known to insert at many different chromosomal locations . Analysis of the genomic organization of the direct repeat sequence demonstrates that it seldom, if ever, occurs unlinked to an entire copia element. Biochemistry, 1980 Aug 19, 19(17), 3957 - 60 Effect of hydrostatic pressure upon ethidium bromide association with transfer ribonucleic acid; Torgerson PM et al.; The binding of ethidium bromide to yeast phenylalanine-specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAPhe) has been investigated in the pressure range from 1 atm to 9 kbar in the presence of 100 mM sodium chloride and 10 mM magnesium chloride, pH 7.7 . One high-affinity binding site for ethidium is present, with a dissociation constant of 2.4 X 10(-6) M at 1 atm and 22 degrees C . Binding to this site is enhanced with increasing pressure, the dissociation constant reaching 2.9 X 10(-7) M at 2 kbar . Pressure also promotes the binding of ethidium to lower affinity sites of tRNAPhe . The standard volume change upon complex formation is found to be 25.6 +/- mL/mol for the first ethidium bound . If sodium is replaced by lithium in the buffer, the standard volume change is 23.3 +/- 0.5 mL/mol . We conclude that decrease of the electrostatic repulsion in the negatively charged tRNAPhe by binding of the positively charged ethidium is the main cause of the relatively large volume decrease upon complex formation . The electrostatic repulsion that must be present in this case, as well as in other nucleic acids, implies that intercalating binding sites are of the "soft" type as previously defined {Torgerson, P.M., Drickamer, H.G., & Weber, G . (1979) Biochemistry 18, 3079} . Model studies by others of the binding site characteristics are in agreement with this concept. Biochem J, 1980 Aug 1, 189(2), 263 - 75 The ribonucleases of bovine skeletal muscle; Davies GE et al.; Bovine skeletal muscle contains small amounts of at least six heat- and acid-stable RNA-degrading enzymes . Our results are the first evidence for multiple ribonucleases in skeletal muscle . Three of these have been highly purified, and each has been shown to be a pyrimidine-specific endoribonuclease by use of a rapid sequencing technique employing gel electrophoresis . However, synthetic co-polymers containing adenylate or guanylate residues in addition to pyrimidine residues are hydrolysed at higher rates than are the pyrimidine homopolymers . With 0.63 mM yeast RNA as substrate, all three enzymes (ribonucleases I, II and III) are optimally active in alkaline solution (pH 7.5-8.5) containing 0.05-0.15 M univalent salts, do not require bivalent cations, and have molecular weights of 13 000-20 000 . The properties of muscle ribonuclease I are very similar to those of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A . Muscle ribonucleases II and III have characteristics similar to those of ribonucleases found in various other bovine tissues . In common with all previously studied pyrimidine-specific endoribonucleases, the bovine muscle ribonucleases are inhibited by such purine homopolynucleotides as polyadenylate . Furthermore, polyamines, present in low concentrations, can reverse or regulate the amount of inhibition of enzyme activity. Cell, 1980 Aug, 21(1), 189 - 94 Senescence in Podospora anserina: amplification of a mitochondrial DNA sequence; Jamet-Vierny C et al.; Senescence in Podospora anserina has long been shown to be under cytoplasmic control . Comparison of DNAs isolated from young and senescent cultures made it possible to detect the presence, in senescent cultures only, of a specific DNA (SEN-DNA) . This DNA consists of repeated sequences arranged in a multimeric set of circular molecules . In this study we have examined one particular SEN-DNA whose monomer unit is 6300 bp long . Using the Southern hybridization technique, we have demonstrated that this SEN-DNA results from the amplication of a sequence of the mitochondrial chromosome . This amplification, which resembles the process leading to rho- ("petite") mutations in yeast, is discussed in relation to the determinism of senescence. Biochem Genet, 1980 Aug, 18(7-8), 809 - 28 Proteins of the Drosophila melanogaster male reproductive system: two-dimensional gel patterns of proteins synthesized in the XO, XY, and XYY testis and paragonial gland and evidence that the Y chromosome does not code for structural sperm proteins; Ingman-Baker J et al.; Testes and paragonial glands of Drosophila melanogaster wild-type males were labeled in vitro using (35S)methionine, and the proteins synthesized were analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis . Testes and paragonial glands were also labeled in vivo by feeding male larvae 35S-labeled yeast and then dissecting the adult males . Approximately 1200 proteins were resolved by autoradiography of the gels . The in vitro method was shown to be more sensitive and to allow faithful synthesis of all proteins produced in vivo . {3H}Proline was also used to label testes, and no significant differences from the 35Spattern were noted . Testes and paragonial glands from XO and XYY males were labeled in vitro with {35S}methionine, and the proteins synthesized were compared to those produced by wild-type males of identical autosomal background . No differences attributable to the Y chromosome could be detected in the testes or paragonial gland samples . Pure sperm were dissected manually from in vivo labeled males and the proteins analyzed . Ninety-two proteins were detected, which were all synthesized in comparable amounts by XO, XY, and XYY males, showing that the Y chromosome does not code for any of these structural sperm proteins . It is postulated that no Y chromosome products were detected because they are organizational or regulatory proteins present only in very small amounts in the adult testes . 35S-labeled males were also mated to unlabeled females and the transferred proteins analyzed on two-dimensional PAGE . The contributions of the testis and paragonial gland to the ejaculate were determined. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 40(2), 333 - 6 Influence of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by Aspergillus parasiticus; Lin YC et al.; The effect of temperature cycling on the relative productions of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was studied . The cycling of temperature between 33 and 15 degrees C favored aflatoxin B1 accumulation, whereas cycling between 35 and 15 degrees C favored aflatoxin G1 production . Cultures subjected to temperature cycling between 33 and 25 degrees C at various time intervals changed the relative productions of aflatoxins B1 and G1 drastically . Results obtained with temperature cycling and yeast extract-sucrose medium with ethoxyquin to decrease aflatoxin G1 production suggest that the enzyme system responsible for the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to G1 might be more efficient at 25 degrees C than at 33 degrees C . The possible explanation of the effect of both constant and cycling temperatures on the relative accumulations of aflatoxins B1 and G2 might be through the control of the above enzyme system . The study also showed that greater than 57% of aflatoxin B1, greater than 47% of aflatoxin G1, and greater than 50% of total aflatoxins (B1 plus G1) were in the mycelium by day 10 under both constant and cyclic temperature conditions. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Aug, 41(8), 1263 - 5 Cultural and histopathologic confirmation of canine blastomycosis diagnosed by an agar-gel immunodiffusion test; Phillips WE Jr et al.; Sixteen sera from 17 dogs with blastomycosis produced a precipitin band identical with the diagnostically significant precipitin A band formed by a Blastomyces dermatitidis reference antiserum and a soluble B dermatitidis yeast-form antigen in the agar-gel immunodiffusion test (94% sensitivity) . The other serum from a dog with histopathologic demonstration of B dermatitidis in pulmonic tissues produced an unrelated precipitin band . Sixteen of the 17 diagnoses made by the detection of precipitin A were confirmed by isolation and culture of B dermatitidis or by histopathologic demonstration of the pathogen . Three cases were confirmed by cultural isolation only, 10 by histopathologic demonstration only, and 3 by both . In three other dogs given amphotericin B, there were demonstrable changes in serum precipitin A reactions. Nucleic Acids Res, 1980 Jul 11, 8(13), 2871 - 84 Nucleotide sequence encoding the 5' end of Xenopus laevis 18S rRNA; Salim M et al.; We have sequenced a region of cloned Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA encompassing the last 24 nucleotides of the external transcribed spacer and the first 275 nucleotides of the 18S gene . The start of the 18S gene was identified by correlating the results obtained from RNA hybridization and fingerprinting with the DNA sequence . This 5' region of 18S rRNA contains five 2'-O-methyl groups and at least six pseudouridine residues . Several of these modified nucleotides are clustered into a relatively short region from nucleotides 99-124 . Nucleotides 227-250 constitute a distinctive sequence of 24 consecutive G and C residues . Comparison with the first 160 nucleotides of a yeast 18S gene (25) reveals three blocks of high sequence homology separated by two short tracts where homology is low or absent . The external transcribed spacer sequences diverge widely from within a few nucleotides of the start of the 18S gene. Eur J Biochem, 1980 Jul, 108(2), 457 - 63 Comparative conformations of uridine and pseudouridine and their derivatives; Neumann JM et al.; Stimulated by the suggestion that pseudouridine psi-39 in yeast tRNAPhe could be in a syn conformation {R . E . Hurd and B . R . Reid (1977) Nucleic Acid Research 4, 2747-2755}, we have made a comparative study of the solution conformations of psi and U derivatives, using the proton-proton Overhauser effect . Rotation around the glycosidic bond is observed for pseudouridine and 3 psi MP as well as for uridine and 3'UMP . However pseudouridine an 3 psi MP are mostly syn, whereas uridine, 3'-UMP and 5'UMP are mostly anti . There is no evidence for a correlation between sugar conformation and orientation around the glycosidic bond . The results are confirmed by relaxation measurements . They are discussed in the light of earlier studies . They tend to support the suggestion of Hurd and Reid . They raise the question of the orientation of the pseudouridine found elsewhere in tRNA (e.g . in the T psi C loop). Vopr Pitan, 1980 Jul-Aug, (4), 66 - 9 {Correlation of the 3,4-benzopyrene content in grain, grist products and baked bread}; Dikun PP et al.; The content of 3,4-benz (a) pyrene (BP) in wheat corn, grist products and baked bread was studied by the fluorescent-spectral technique under different content of the carcinogen in the initial corn . The content of BP in grist products correlated, within the range of experimental errors, with its content in corn . The content in flour was 30-60% of the total content in grist products . The bread baked from the dough that included only flour, yeast and water had much less BP (with reference to dry weight) as compared with that in the initial flour . Provided the dough was supplemented with KBrO3 the bread contained twice as much BP unlike that to which KBrO3 had not been added. J Infect Dis, 1980 Jul, 142(1), 32 - 9 Interaction of Histoplasma capsulatum with human platelets; Des Prez RM et al.; Thrombocytopenia is a common accompaniment of disseminated histoplasmosis . The yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum does not directly injure human platelets freed of plasma . Preincubation of H . capsulatum with plasma enabled it to induce prompt platelet aggregation and selective release of {3H}serotonin without release of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase and the cytoplasmic marker, lactate dehydrogenase . Platelet aggregation was mediated by adenosine diphosphate, as shown by the blocking of the reaction by apyrase . Indomethacin inhibited both aggregation and serotonin release, indicating their dependence on prostaglandin synthesis by platelets . Plasma IgG conferred {3H}serotonin-releasing activity after complexing with yeasts, and plasma fibrinogen was necessary for platelet aggregation; classical and alternative complement pathways were not involved . The interaction of H . capsulatum with human platelets, mediated by IgG and fibrinogen without complement, represents a new attribute of this fungal pathogen and may contribute to thrombocytopenia complicating disseminated histoplasmosis. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 566 - 70 {Effect of Zn2+ on growth and the properties of Candida utilis in continuous cultivation}; Andreeva EA et al.; The purpose of this work was to study the effect of zinc ions on the growth and physiological properties of the chemostat culture of Candida utilis BKM Y-1668 . Zinc at a concentration of 250-300 mg/l was found to inhibit the growth of the culture . The resistance of the culture to zinc ions can be increased within 40 generations if the yeast is grown in the regime of chemostat and the concentration of zinc ions is gradually increased . The growth of the resistant culture by zinc ions was inhibited at a concentration of 500 mg/l . If the yeast was cultivated with an addition of the inhibitor, the economic coefficient decreased, while the utilization of glycerol, nitrogen and phosphorus per 1 g of the biomass increased twofold and more; the rate of oxygen uptake by the cells and the rate of carbon dioxide evolution decreased, whereas the concentration of keto and amino acids in the medium increased. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 501 - 7 {Electron transport chains of Torulopsis candida}; Il'chenko AP et al.; The systems of electron transport to oxygen and other acceptors were analyzed during endogenous respiration of Torulopsis candida resting cells taken at the logarithmic phase of growth of the culture in a medium containing glucose and hexadecane . The following electron transport chains were shown to function in the cells growing both on glucose and hexadecane: (1) the main (phosphorylating) respiration chain inhibited by cyanide and antimycin A and comprising flavoproteins and cytochromes b, c and a+a3; (2) the cyanide resistant electron transport chain inhibited by hydroxamic acids (it seems to function more intensively in the cells grown on glucose); (3) the chain of electron transport to H2O2 which is blocked with antimycin A and includes flavoproteins, cytochromes b and c, and apparently cytochrome c peroxidase; (4) the chain(s) containing cytochrome P-450 and found in the microsomal fraction of yeast cells grown on hexadecane. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 524 - 6 {Methanol dehydrogenase activity of Hansenula polymorpha in chemostat cultivation}; Swartz J et al.; The activity of methanol dehydrogenase in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha was studied in chemostat; it did not depend on the concentration of oxygen within the range of low and high pO2 values, on temperature at 37 and 30 degrees C, or on pH from 4.5 to 5.0 . No noticeable differences in the activity were found when the growth was limited with methanol or oxygen . Apparently, the activity of methanol dehydrogenase in H . polymorpha depends on a factor or a group of factors not taken into account in this experiment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1980 Jul, 214(1), 16 - 23 Suprofen, a new peripheral analgesic; Capetola RJ et al.; The antinociceptive properties of suprofen {alpha-methyl-4-(thienylcarbonyl)benzene acetic acid} are described in a pathologically induced hyperalgesic model, the rat adjuvant arthritis flexion test . By using this assay, suprofen was characterized as an orally effective, non-narcotic analgesic with a rapid onset and 4-hr duration of activity . Suprofen is 50 times more potent than acetaminophen, five times more potent than codeine and equipotent to the new peripheral analgesics, zomepirac and diflunisal . In combination experiments, suprofen potentiates the analgesic effects of acetaminophen and, unlike morphine, the analgesic effect of suprofen is not blocked by naloxone . In other hyperalgesic assays, suprofen is an extremely potent inhibitor of arachidonate-induced writhing and is equipotent to morphine in the yeast-induced paw edema (Randall-Selitto) assay . Additionally, suprofen is inactive on the normal paw in the Randall-Selitto test, the mouse Eddy hot-plate test and the tail withdrawal reflex assay induced by warm water in rats, all sensitive tests capable of detecting central (narcotic) but not peripheral analgesics . Activity on prostaglandin biosynthesis from several species and tissues suggests that suprofen is a tissue selective inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis . These experiments suggest that suprofen represents a new class of potent, orally effective, peripheral (non-narcotic) analgesics with potential usefulness in a variety of clinical pain situations formerly reserved for narcotics. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1980 Jul, 107(7), 631 - 4 {Granuloma gluteale infantum: ultrastructural study (author's transl)}; Ortonne JP et al.; Intracytoplasmic structures resembling rickettsia-like bodies are observed in the dermal macrophages of a case of granuloma gluteale infantum . The cells which contained these bodies show severe necrotic changes . No yeast and nor crystalline structures were observed in the dermal infiltrate . The relevance of these observations is discussed. Br J Pharmacol, 1980 Jul, 69(3), 491 - 3 The effect of conditions influencing endogenous prostaglandins on the activity of delta'-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice; Fairbairn JW et al.; 1 The cataleptic effect of delta'-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) depends upon the availability of the precursors of prostaglandins and the response is reduced in mice maintained on a diet deficient in arachidonic acid (AA) and restored by exogenous AA given intraperitoneally, or by feeding a normal diet . 2 In yeast-induced fever, which is accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of prostaglandins, THC shows an enhanced cataleptic effect . 3 Exposure to cold which results in depletion of prostaglandins reduces the effect of THC. Biochemistry, 1980 Jun 24, 19(13), 3016 - 22 Properties of a purified nucleolar ribonuclease from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells; Eichler DC et al.; A nucleolar ribonuclease specific for single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been isolated and extensively purified from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells . The enzyme is optimally active at neutral pH and degrades RNA via a 2',3'-cyclic intermediate leaving 3'- or 2',3'-cyclic terminated oligonucleotides . The ribonuclease has an apparent molecular weight of 38 500 as judged by sedimentation equilibrium and is a basic protein having an isoelectric point greater than 9.0 . The enzyme preferentially cleaves poly(C) over poly (U), poly(A), or poly(C).poly(I) . Limit digestion products of poly(C) degratation are on the average tri-, tetra-, and pentanucleotides . In the partial digestion of yeast 5.8S rRNA, the nucleolar ribonuclease cleaves only CpA phosphodiester bonds . Spermidine, spermine, and histone I inhibit the activity of nucleolar ribonuclease . Antibodies directed toward pancreatic RNase do not cross-react with the Ehrlich nucleolar ribonuclease. Biochemistry, 1980 Jun 10, 19(12), 2593 - 7 Liver aldolase anomeric specificity; Schray KJ et al.; Stopped-flow kinetic studies of liver aldolase and of mixed liver-muscle aldolase catalyzed reactions of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) have been carried out and interpreted by computer simulation . These experiments indicate no utilization or binding of the alpha anomer by the liver enzyme unlike the findings for either the muscle aldolase which binds the alpha anomer nonproductively or the yeast aldolase which catalyzes its cleavage . Both beta-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and its acyclic keto form may serve as substrates, necessitating the spontaneous anomerization of the alpha anomer before its utilization . Thus, liver aldolase cleaves 100% of the substrate present in the millisecond time scale because of the inability to bind alpha-FBP, allowing rapid spontaneous anomerization . This result fulfills earlier predictions of the differing specificities and substrate binding properties for aldolases from yeast, muscle, and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Jun 10, 591(1), 53 - 62 Cytochrome a-type terminal oxidase derived from Thiobacillus novellus . Molecular and enzymatic properties; Yamanaka T et al.; Cytochrome a-type terminal oxidase was purified from Thiobacillus novellus to an electrophoretically homogeneous state and some of its properties were studied . The enzyme shows absorption peaks at 428 and 602 nm in the oxidized form, and at 442 and 602 nm in the reduced form . The CO compound of the reduced enzyme shows peaks at 431 and 599 nm . The enzyme has 1 mol of haem a and 1 g-atom of copper per 55600 g and is composed of two kinds of subunit, of 32000 and 23000 daltons, respectively . The enzyme reacts rapidly with tuna, bonito and yeast cytochromes c as well as with T . novellus cytochrome c, while it reacts slowly with horse and cow cytochromes c . The reduction product of oxygen catalysed by the enzyme is water. Agents Actions, 1980 Jun, 10(3), 279 - 86 Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol and other alcohols on rat paw edema and pleurisy; Strubelt O et al.; The rat paw edema due to carrageenan, yeast, and dextran was dose-dependently antagonized by oral administration of ethanol . Carrageenan-induced paw edema was also inhibited by methanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol . The rat carrageenan pleurisy was reduced by oral pretreatment with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide . Central depression, altered adrenal functions, increased osmolality, and hypothermia were no important factors for these actions of solvents . It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of ethanol on inflammatory responses increases the susceptibility of alcoholics to infection. J Parasitol, 1980 Jun, 66(3), 434 - 8 Solubilization of membrane-bound ribonuclease (RNAse) and alkaline phosphatase from the isolated brush border of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda); Gamble HR et al.; Plasma membrane from the brush border isolated from the tegument of Hymenolepis diminuta contains membrane-bound ribonuclease (RNase) and alkaline phosphatase activities . RNase (yeast RNA substrate), alkaline phosphatase (p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate), and additional membrane proteins were solubilized by sonication or treatment with the detergents dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, beta-octyl-D-glucopyranoside, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or ZwittergentTM 3-12 (N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) . At optimal conditions, greater than 90% of both enzymes and total protein were solubilized by the latter two detergents, whereas beta-octyl-D-glucopyranoside, dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, and sonication were only partially effective . Nonionic detergents did not solubilize the membrane effectively. J Cell Biol, 1980 Jun, 85(3), 754 - 65 Phagosome-lysosome fusion . Characterization of intracellular membrane fusion in mouse macrophages; Kielian MC et al.; Several approaches have been used to study the determinants of phagosome-lysosome fusion in intact mouse macrophages . Lysosomes were labeled with the fluorescent vital dye acridine orange and the rate and extent of their fusion with yeast-containing phagosomes was monitored by fluorescence microscopy . Fusion was also assayed by electron microscopy, using horseradish peroxidase or thorium dioxide as a marker for secondary lysosomes . Good agreemen samples with an enzymatic marker, and thorium dioxide-labeled samples evaluated by stereology . The rate of usion as assayed by fluorescence was not affected by the number of particles ingested, serum concentration, or prior uptake of digestible or nondigestible substances . With this assay it was possible to observe the rate of fusion separate from and uninfluenced by the phagocytic rate . Both the rate and extent of fusion were dramatically increased after several days in culture and similar changes were found by use of the EM assays . Fusion was strongly affected by incubation temperature, having a Q10 of 2.5 No detectable fusion occurred below 15 degrees C, and this inhibition was rapidly reversed when cells were returned to 37 degrees C. Am J Pathol, 1980 Jun, 99(3), 731 - 40 Zymosan-induced experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in rabbits; Barrios R et al.; An experimental model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis is presented . New Zealand white rabbits, previously immunized against yeast-derived zymosan, reacted to intratracheal challenge developing extensive pneumonitis . The lesions healed in a few weeks . Control animals challenged with inert particulate material (latex beads) or suspending fluid (PBS-Mg++) did not show pulmonary inflammation . Nonimmunized rabbits developed only transient pneumonitis after zymosan challenge . This reaction was clearly different from that seen in the group of immunized animals . The model reveals that biologically active substances such as zymosan, which is able to activate the alternate pathway of complement and mononuclear phagocytes, requires an active immune state in order to cause significant tissue damage . Isolated exposure to this kind of substance may not be sufficient to cause lung disease. Sabouraudia, 1980 Jun, 18(2), 91 - 5 Exophiala jeanselmei causing mycetoma pedis in India; Thammayya A et al.; Exophiala jeanselmei causing mycetoma pedis in a 65-year-old Bengalee businessman was described . The right lower leg and foot were irregularly swollen, firm, painless, non-tender and had many small nodules and sinuses all over the swelling . The lower end of the tibia and bones of the foot were affected . The discharge from the sinuses and nodules contained black brown, soft, vermicular, crescent-shaped to irregular granules, measuring 0.5--2.00 mm and composed mostly of swollen spherical cells, 4-8 micrometer diameter, and a few hyphae, 2.5--3.0 micrometer diameter . The isolate was polymorphic in nature and exhibited various morphological features such as yeast-like cells producing secondary conidia, toruloid hyphae, and terminal and intercalary annellophores bearing annelloconidia at one or more points. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 39(6), 1129 - 33 Preferential utilization of phenol rather than glucose by Trichosporon cutaneum possessing a partially constitutive catechol 1,2-oxygenase; Shoda M et al.; A phenol-utilizing yeast, Trichosporon cutaneum POB 14, which has a partially constitutive activity of catechol 1,2-oxygenase, utilized phenol in preference to glucose in a medium containing both phenol (200 mg/liter) and glucose (0.15%) as carbon sources . The glucose consumption was not observed until the concentration of phenol decreased to around 10 mg/liter . This phenomenon was confirmed by {U-14C}glucose uptake experiments . The intracellular activities of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and catechol 1,2-oxygenase (EC 1.13.1.1) changed inversely when phenol was added during growth in the glucose medium. Agents Actions, 1980 Jun, 10(3), 266 - 73 The anti-inflammatory and analgesic profile of 6,11-dihydrodibenzo-{b.e.}-thiepin-11-one-3-acetic acid (tiopinac); Rooks WH 2nd et al.; Tiopinac displayed marked anti-inflammatory activity when given p.o . in rat models of acute and chronic inflammation . It inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema (40 x phenylbutazone), and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma (0.8 x indomethacin) . In an 18-day test, tiopinac prevented the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis (10-15 x naproxen) and had similar activity versus pre-induced arthritis . Tiopinac exhibited antiphlogistic activity in adrenalectomized rats . It did not have corticosteroid activity . Depending upon the type of analgesic test used, the potency of tiopinac varied . When given p.o . it inhibited phenylquinone-induced writhing in the mouse and rat (respectively 16 and 10 x aspirin) . In contrast, tiopinac had approximately 10 times the potency of indomethacin in increasing the pain threshold when yeast-inflamed paws were compressed . The pain threshold of the noninflamed paw was not increased . Tiopinac was highly active versus pain induced by flexing the adjuvant arthritic-inflamed paw (greater than or equal to 1000 x aspirin) . It was inactive in the mouse hot-plate test in which opiate-like agents are active . Tiopinac, p.o., lowered yeast-induced pyrexia (130 x aspirin) . Tiopinac did not have significant cardiovascular or CNS activity . Whereas the Ed50 versus adjuvant arthritis in rats was 0.1 mg/kg/day p.o., rats tolerated up to 20 mg/kg/day p.o . in the 8-day cotton-pellet test . Lack of anorexia and emesis in dogs with up to 30 mg/kg p.o . and mild oral activity in producing gastric erosion in acute and subacute studies in rats suggests that tiopinac may have relatively little gastrointestinal irritating activity. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1980 Jun, 104(6), 290 - 2 Hansenula polymorpha infection in a child with chronic granulomatous disease; McGinnis MR et al.; In a patient with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood documented by the nitroblue tetrazolium test, an infection of the mediastinal lymph nodes developed that was caused by Hansenula polymorpha, an ascomycetous yeast . To our knowledge, this yeast has not been previously shown to be an etiologic agent of disease in man . The diagnosis was made by growing the yeast from cultures of several biopsy specimens collected at the time of thoracotomy . Susceptibility testing showed that the yeast was sensitive to amphotericin B . Treatment with amphotericin B reversed this life-threatening episode. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1980 Jun, 213(3), 445 - 9 Blockade by l-lysine of non-narcotic analgesics; Iorio LC et al.; The antinociceptive effects of the non-narcotic analgesics clonixin, flunixin, acetylsalicylic acid, aminopyrine and phenylbutazone in the yeast paw test were blocked by l-lysine . Blockade occurred at doses of l-lysine which did not affect pain threshold . The site(s) or mechanism of action of blockade could not be determined with certainty . It appears unlikely that l-lysine prevented the analgesics from getting to active sites since plasma or brain levels of flunixin were not altered for up to 2 hr after drug administration and binding of flunixin to plasma protein was not affected . Blockade by l-lysine appears to occur at least in part at a peripheral site since it was not blockade by l-arginine or l-ornithine which compete for a common transport syst