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| Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 2, S122 - 30 Taxonomy and clinical significance of Actinomycetaceae and Propionibacteriaceae; Schaal KP et al.; In spite of considerable advances during the last years, classification and identification of Actinomycetaceae and Propionibacteriaceae still present major problems . Uncertainties about the systematic position and taxonomic status of several genera and species, the lack of reliable distinguishing characteristics or use of inadequately adapted techniques of investigation interfere with both micribiological and clinical research and also with routine work in the diagnostic laboratory . Nevertheless, besides actinomycosis, an etiologically well defined suppurative infection, several other diseases and lesions such as lacrimal canaliculitis, caries and periodontal disease, inflammation following use of intrauterine pessaries, various types of abscess, septicaemia, and acne vulgaris have been attributed to the direct or indirect pathogenic effects of fermentative actinomycetes, propionibacteria, or eubacteria . Many questions concerning their individual pathogenicity and their pathomechanisms still remain to be answered, however. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 25(12), 1394 - 400 The effect of L-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid on growth and production of extracellular isoleucine and valine by Eubacterium ruminantium and a related rumen isolate; Stevenson IL; Two anaerobic rumen bacteria, Eubacterium ruminantium and a closely related isolate, were studied to determine the effect of the valine antimetabolite alpha-aminobutyric acid on growth and production of extracellular isoleucine and valine in an amino acid free medium . In the absence of alpha-aminobutyrate, these organisms actively excreted valine during growth (90-195 microgram/mL) but only accumulated limited concentrations of isoleucine (3-7 microgram/mL) in the culture broth . Growth of both organisms was reduced in the presence of 0.5-1.5% alpha-aminobutyrate but this inhibition was largely overcome by the use of preadapted inoculum . Metabolism of alpha-aminobutyrate was also increased using preadapted inoculum . During growth in the presence of 0.5-1.5% alpha-aminobutyrate, both organisms accumulated high concentrations of isoleucine (100-225 microgram/mL) while the normal accumulation of valine was unaffected . alpha-Ketobutyrate, a product of alpha-aminobutyrate metabolism, also stimulated isoleucine excretion by these organisms . The results are discussed in relation to the regulation of the biosynthetic pathways of isoleucine and valine in these rumen anaerobes and the potential significance of this amino acid excretion in ruminant nutrition. Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Dec, 32(12), 1394 - 400 {Clinical experience of cefoxitin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology (author's transl)}; Doko F; Cefoxitin was given to the 7 patients of infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, and the following results were obtained: 1) The clinical response was excellent in 2 patients, good in 4 and poor in 1 patient with the efficacy rate of 85.7% . Out of the 4 patients resistant to the previous therapy with other antibiotics, 3 patients responded to cefoxitin, and all the 3 patients of anaerobic infections responded satisfactorily to cefoxitin . 2) Microorganisms isolated were 2 strains each of E . coli and Staphylococcus aureus, 3 strains of Peptococcus and 1 strain of Eubacterium lentum . All the 8 strains isolated were sensitive to cefoxitin . As to bacteriological response, all the strains isolated were eradicated except 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus which recurred on the 9th day after completion of the therapy with the eradication rate of 87.5% . 3) No subjective nor objective side effects were noted . Especially, the elevated GOT and GPT observed on a patient complicated with hepatitis prior to the initiation of cefoxitin treatment were found to be normal upon completion of the treatment. Nucleic Acids Res, 1979 Nov 10, 7(5), 1321 - 33 The number, physical organization and transcription of ribosomal RNA cistrons in an archaebacterium: Halobacterium halobium; Hofman JD et al.; Because it is now clear that archaebacteria may be as distinct from eubacteria as either group is from eukaryotic cells, and because a specifically archaebacterial ancestry has been proposed for the nuclear-cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells, we undertook to characterize, for the first time, the ribosomal RNA cistrons of an archaebacterium (Halobacterium halobium) . We found these cistrons to be physically linked in the order 16S-23S-5S, and obtained evidence that they are also transcribed from a common promoter(s) in the order 5'-16S-23S-5S-3' . We showed that, although slightly larger immediate precursors of 16S and 23S are readily seen, no common precursor of both 16S and 23S can be easily detected in vivo . In all these respects the archaebacterium H . halobium is like a eubacterium and unlike the nuclear-cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells . We found, however, that it differs from eubacteria of comparable (large) genome size in having only one copy of the rRNA gene cluster per genome. J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 755 - 60 Plasmenylethanolamine: growth factor for cholesterol-reducing Eubacterium; Mott GE et al.; A plasmalogen, plasmenylethanolamine, is required for in vitro growth of strains of Eubacterium which convert cholesterol to coprostanol . Plasmenylethanolamine was isolated from calf brain by selective saponification of lipid fractions separated by thin-layer or column chromatography . Cholesterol-containing thioglycolate broth plus purified plasmenylethanolamine or its 2-lyso derivative supported growth of Eubacterium ATCC 21408 and a cholesterol-reducing Eubacterium isolated from baboon feces . Plasmenylethanolamine obtained from commercial sources also supported growth of these organisms, but none of a number of other pure lipids would support growth . Metabolism of the alkenyl ether group of plasmenylethanolamine occurred during growth. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jul 27, 574(1), 154 - 63 Characterization of a C21 neutral steroid hormone transforming enzyme, 21-dehydroxylase, in crude cell extracts of Eubacterium lentum; Feighner SD et al.; A strain of the obligate anaerobe, Eubacterium lentum, isolated from human feces, catalyzes the 21-dehydroxylation of 11-deoxycorticosterone to progesterone . A quantitative radiochromatographic assay was developed to measure 21-dehydroxylase activity in cell extracts . Maximum enzyme activity in cell extracts required both a reduced pyridine nucleotide and an oxidized flavin coenzyme . However, photochemically reduced flavin (FMNH2) could replace the requirement for NAD(P)H plus oxidized flavin . NAD(P)H : flavin (either FMN or FAD) oxidoreductase activity was detected spectrophotometrically in cell extracts assayed under anaerobic conditions . 21-Dehydroxylase was active from pH 5.4 to 8.5 with an apparent optimum between 6.4 and 6.8 using mixtures of NADH plus FMN as coenzymes . The substrate concentration at half-maximal reaction velocity was 8.0 microM and a specific acitivity of 5.8 nmol {3H}progesterone formed . h-1 . mg-1 protein was determined using {3th}deoxycorticosterone as substrate . Atabrine, rotenone, acriflavin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (all at 1 mM) inhibited 21-dehydroxylase activity in cell extracts by 25, 24, 35 and 84%, respectively . These results suggest that 21-dehydrogenase may be coupled to a NAD(P)H : flavin oxidoreductase system in E . lentum. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Jun 1, 96(3), 597 - 604 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius; Zillig W et al.; Purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is composed of 10 different subunits, one of which is present as four copies . Their molecular weights are 122 000, 101 000, 44 000, 32 000, 24 000, 17 500, 13 800, 11 800 (four copies), 11 200, 10 800, summing up to a total Mr of 423 500 . The sedimentation velocity is 13.5 S, indicating that at 0.5 M NH4Cl the enzyme exists in the monomeric form . At pH 9.2 in cellogel electrophoresis two of the subunits migrate towards the cathode . The composition is quite different from that of a typical eubacterial RNA polymerase . Its complexity reminds one of eucaryotic RNA polymerase . Maximal transcription of DNA from a Halobacterium halobium phage oH (oH DNA) proceeds at pH 8.5 AND 75 DEGREES C . The enzyme is stable up to 75 degrees C and strictly requires a DNA template . oH DNA and poly{d(A-T) . d(A-T)} are the most efficient . The temperature dependence of the transcription rate is characteristic for the template . Actinomycin D and heparin prevent transcription, while rifampicin, streptolydigin and alpha-amanitin have no effect . During storage, even at -- 70 degrees C, the enzyme loses its activity to transcribe oH DNA, whereas transcription of poly{d(A-T) . D(A-6)} remains unaffected. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 May, 37(5), 1001 - 6 New markers for Eubacterium lentum; Bokkenheuser VD et al.; Of 37 strains of Eubacterium lentum and phenotypically similar organisms, 26 (70%) synthesized a corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and/or a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase . It appeared that the corticoid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identical to the bile acid 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase . Steroid-metabolizing enzymes were found both in E . lentum and in phenotypically similar organisms . E . lentum is characterized by nitrate reduction and enhanced growth in the presence of arginine . Many phenotypically similar organisms possess either one or the other of the two markers . In contrast, using the steroid-metabolizing enzymes as markers, a "steroid-active" and a "steroid-inactive" group were established with minimal overlapping of metabolic characteristics . Synthesis of the steroid enzymes was positively correlated with production of gas from H2O2 and formation of H2S . A simple method for the detection of corticoid 21-dehydroxylase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, one or both of which were present in 92% of the steroid-active group, is described. Carbohydr Res, 1979 Apr, 70(1), 117 - 23 Chemical structure of the polysaccharide antigen of Eubacterium saburreum, strain O2; Kondo W et al.; The polysaccharide antigen produced by Eubacterium saburreum, strain O2, is composed of (1 leads to 6)-linked beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosyl residues, all of which are substituted with 6-deoxy-alpha-D-altro-heptofuranosyl groups at O-3. Oncology, 1979, 36(5), 208 - 10 Immuno-electron microscopic localization of a choriogonadotropin-like antigen in cancer-associated bacteria; Slifkin M et al.; The presence of choriogonadotropin-like material and its intimate association with the membranes of the wall of bacteria isolated from cancer patients, has been demonstrated by immuno-electron microscopy utilizing the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeled antibody technique . The bacteria were an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a carcinoma of colon, and ATCC 25559 strain of Eubacterium lentum, an anaerobic microorganism originally isolated from a rectal tumor. Obstet Gynecol, 1978 Aug, 52(2), 198 - 204 Antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid; Thadepalli H et al.; The antimicrobial effect of amniotic fluid (AF) obtained during the first (AF1) and second (AF2) trimesters was compared with the third (AF3) against anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides fragilis ss . fragilis (6 strains), Eubacterium lentum (3 strains), and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (4 strains) . Escherichia coli (5 strains) served as a positive control . AF1 supported the growth of all 4 anaerobes (except B fragilis for 4 hours) for the entire 24-hour period tested . AF2 supported the growth of E coli and B fragilis for 24 hours but temporarily inhibited P anaerobius and E lentum . In contrast, AF3 inhibited all bacteria tested for 8 hours or more . It is concluded that AF1 is the least inhibitory, AF3 the most, and AF2 intermediate for the organisms tested . Lack of antimicrobial effect of AF on anaerobic bacteria may be one explanation for the higher incidence of anaerobic infections during absortion than during the prenatal period. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jun, 35(6), 1185 - 92 Methanogenesis from acetate: a nonmethanogenic bacterium from an anaerobic acetate enrichment; Ward DM et al.; A methanogenic acetate enrichment was initiated by inoculation of an acetate-mineral salts medium with domestic anaerobic digestor sludge and maintained by weekly transfer for 2 years . The enrichment culture contained a Methanosarcina and several obligately anaerobic nonmethanogenic bacteria . These latter organisms formed varying degrees of association with the Methanosarcina, ranging from the nutritionally fastidious gram-negative rod called the satellite bacterium to the nutritionally nonfastidious Eubacterium limosum . The satellite bacterium had growth requirements for amino acids, a peptide, a purine base, vitamin B12, and other B vitamins . Glucose, mannitol, starch, pyruvate, cysteine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, and asparagine stimulated growth and hydrogen production . Acetate was neither incorporated nor metabolized by the satellite organism . Since acetate was the sole organic carbon source in the enrichment culture, organism(s) which metabolize acetate (such as the Methanosarcina) must produce substrates and growth factors for associated organisms which do not metabolize acetate. J Gen Microbiol, 1978 Jun, 106 Pt 2, 227 - 32 A polysaccharide antigen from the Gram-positive organism Eubacterium saburreum containing dideoxyhexose as the immunodominant sugar; Hofstad T et al.; A highly active surface antigen, reacting by precipitation and complement fixation, has been isolated from Eubacterium saburreum strain L32 . The antigen is a polysaccharide polymer built up of galactose, ribose and dideoxyhexose . The dideoxyhexose is the immunodominant sugar. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jun, 35(6), 1066 - 73 Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence; Berg RD; Strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., and Fusobacterium sp . were isolated from the cecum of a conventional mouse . An immunofluorescent method utilizing rabbit antisera specific for each of these three strains was developed to determine their population levels in the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice . Population levels of these anaerobes in groups of gnotobiotic mice colonized with either Bacteroides, Eubacterium, or Fusobacterium were compared with those of gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains . Bacteroides population levels in gnotobiotes colonized with all three strains were 100-fold less than the Bacteroides population level in gnotobiotes colonized with only the Bacteroides strain . Eubacterium or Fusobacterium population levels were not reduced by the presence of the other anaerobic strains . Thus, strictly anaerobic Eubacterium sp . and Fusobacterium sp . that colonized gnotobiotic mice caused a reduction in the in vivo population levels of a strictly anaerobic Bacteroides sp. Can J Microbiol, 1978 Mar, 24(3), 298 - 306 Effects of heavy metals and other trace elements on the fermentative activity of the rumen microflora and growth of functionally important rumen bacteria; Forsberg CW; The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements were tested on the rumen microflora using the rate of fermentation in vitro as the assay . The elements (and the concentration causing 50% inhibition) in decreasing order of toxicity were Hg2+ (20 microgram/ml), Cu2+ (21 microgram/ml), Cr6+ (70 microgram/ml), Se4+ (73 microgram/ml), Ni2+ (160 microgram/ml), Cd2+ (175 microgram/ml), As3+ (304 microgram/ml) and As5+ (1610 microgram/ml) . The elements tested that were either weak or noninhibitory at concentrations greater than 400 microgram/ml included Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Co2+ . Methylmercury was as inhibitory as mercuric chloride to the fermentation . When the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was tested on separated bacterial and protozoal fractions, it was more inhibitory to the bacteria . The inhibitory effects of trace elements were also determined for a number of axenic cultures of rumen bacteria . The bacteria which most frequently exhibited the greatest sensitivity were Bacteroides succinogenses, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides amylophilus, and Eubacterium ruminantium . Those often exhibiting intermediate sensitivities included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Megasphera elsdenii, while Streptococcus bovis was very refractory to all elements tested . Rumen fluid provided a modest protective effect for the bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Dec 21, 489(3), 466 - 76 NAD-dependent 3alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities from Eubacterium lentum ATCC no . 25559; MacDonald IA et al.; Eubacterium lentum (ATCC No . 25559) was shown to contain 3alpha-and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases both of which were NAD-dependent and active against conjugated and unconjugated bile salts . In addition, the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was active against members of the Androstan series containing a 3alpha-hydroxyl group regardless of the stereo-orientation of the 5-H- . No measurable activity against 7alpha-, 7beta-, 11beta-, or 17beta-hydroxyl groups was demonstrated . The growth of E . lentum and the production of 3alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were greatly enhanced by the addition of L-, D- or DL-arginine to the medium . Yields of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were optimal in the range of 0.50-0.75% arginine; however, the growth of the organisms was further enhanced at arginine concentrations greater than 0.75% . The 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was heat labile and could be selectively inactivated by heating at 50 degrees C for 45 min . Both the heated enzyme preparation (containing only 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and the unheated enzyme preparation (containing 3alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) were useful in the spectrophotometric quantification of bile salts . The optimal pH values for 3alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were 11.3 and 10.2, respectively . Kinetic studies have Km estimates of 2.10(-5) M and 1.0.10(-4) M with 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoyl glycine and 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoate for the two respective enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1977 Nov, 74(11), 5088 - 90 Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms; Woese CR et al.; A phylogenetic analysis based upon ribosomal RNA sequence characterization reveals that living systems represent one of three aboriginal lines of descent: (i) the eubacteria, comprising all typical bacteria; (ii) the archaebacteria, containing methanogenic bacteria; and (iii) the urkaryotes, now represented in the cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells. Arch Microbiol, 1977 Jun 20, 113(3), 209 - 13 Fatty acid composition of Simonsiella strains; Jenkins CL et al.; Gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of bound fatty acids extracted from the cells of 48 Simonsiella strains showed that these aerobic, gliding, multicellular-filamentous bacteria have fatty acid profiles of the pattern considered typical of Gram-negative eubacteria . All strains contained predominantly tetradecanoic acid (29.5%), 9-hexadecenoic acid (22.2%), an unidentified acid with an equivalent chain length of approximately 20 carbon atoms (15.8%), and dodecanoic acid (11.4%) . Discriminant analysis of the mean relative percentages of 12 fatty acids correctly assigned 94% of the strains to groups based on their source of origin (i.e., the oral cavities of sheep, cat, human or dog); the relative amounts of only 3 of the fatty acids (9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid) provided most of this discrimination. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(5-6), 407 - 12 Bacteriolytic myxobacteria: parasites or scavengers? Jacques-Pierson F, Mangenot F. The activity range of an enzymatic preparation from Myxococcus xanthus was assayed against some soil and rhizospheric bacteria . The lysis of unequally aged sensitive eubacterial populations, as related to their viability, was investigated and, at last, the often used streak method was checked and the relationship between cell viability and susceptibility to lysis is discussed. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1976 Oct-Dec, 44(4), 443 - 7 Immunochemical analysis of soluble antigens of Mycobacterium lepraemurium; Kwapinski G et al.; Soluble antigens obtained from purified M . lepraemurium were identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as three different proteins, M-W 1 X 10(4), 1 X 10(5), and 4 X 10(6), and two polysaccharide-polypeptides . Three antigens were found to react with anti-M . leprae antiserum; a single antigen proved to be immunologically related to M . tuberculosis, M . similae, M . balnei and a few other mycobacteria, but not to Eubacteriales and fungi, as examined by immunoelectrophoresis . In the dermal hypersensitivity assay, the guinea pigs sensitized with soluble antigens of M . lepraemurium only responded to the antigens of M . lepraemurium, M . leprae and partly to M . scrofulaceum, but not to other antigens, including lepromin and leprous serum globulins. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 96(1), 25 - 33 The effects of alkalinity and hypertonicity on the morphology and motility of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain B16; Kaiser GE et al.; Effects of alkalinity and hypertonicity on the motile behaviour of Leptospira interrogans (biflexa) B16 were observed, quantified, and compared with effects previously shown by similar factors on the motility of eubacteria . Leptospira interrogans tolerated relatively high concentrations of hydroxide ions . Motility similar to that in controls was observed at pH values up to 9-8; but at pH 10-0 motility declined sharply with time of exposure, and there was structural alteration, visible as a blebbing of the cell envelope . Unlike the behaviour of eubacteria, immobilization of L . interrogans induced by hydroxide ions could not be reversed by lowering the pH . It is suggested that by restricting entry of hydroxide ions, the cell envelope protects its motility apparatus from adverse effects . Leptospira interrogans was completely immobilized in 0-5 M and 1-0 M-sucrose solutions . Unlike the eubacteria, leptospires were incapable of spontaneous reversion to motile forms and resumption of motility was dependent on both concentration and time of exposure to sucrose . Deuterium oxide did not affect movement, suggesting that even though leptospire endoflagella and the exoflagella of eubacteria are analogous, the motile behaviour of L . interrogans is significantly different from that of eubacteria. J Bacteriol, 1976 Aug, 127(2), 780 - 4 Arginine, a growth-limiting factor for Eubacterium lentum; Sperry JF et al.; Eubacterium lentum is a gram-positive, asaccharolytic, obligately anaerobic bacillus, which grows to a low turbidity (absorbancy at 650 nm = 0.05 to 0.1) in peptone-based medium . The addition of substrate amounts of arginine or citrulline dramatically increased growth (absorbancy at 650 nm =1.4) . The presence of an arginine dihydrolase pathway was confirmed by measurement of the necessary enzymes and demonstration of the intermediate compounds . The production of adenosine 5'-triphosphate from the arginine dihydrolase pathway appeared to be the sole source of energy for growth of this organism . Each of 11 strains showed definite growth stimulation . Ten of the 11 strains had cytochromes . Growth stimulation with arginine and the presence of cytochromes offer two new positive criteria for the identification of E . lentum. J Biol Chem, 1976 Jun 25, 251(12), 3834 - 7 Direct transfer of the phosphoryl moiety of mannitol 1-phosphate to {14C}mannitol catalyzed by the enzyme II complexes of the phosphoenolpyruvate: mannitol phosphotransferase systems in Spirochaeta aurantia and Salmonella typhimurium; Saier MH Jr et al.; Spirochaeta aurantia possesses a phosphoenolpyruvate:mannitol phosphotransferase system which catalyzes the transmembrane transport and phosphorylation of mannitol . In vitro studies showed that both phosphoenolpyruvate and mannitol 1-phosphate could serve as phosphate donors . The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent reaction required two soluble proteins, Enzyme SI and HPr, and an integral membrane complex, Enzyme SII . Only Enzyme SII was required for the mannitol 1-phosphate-dependent reaction . Enzyme II-dependent transphosphorylation of sugars was also demonstrated in eubacterial extracts . The results lead to the suggestion that the Enzyme II complexes of bacterial phosphotransferase systems possess nonoverlapping binding sites for sugar and sugar phosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 31(6), 907 - 12 Anaerobic bacteria from the large intestine of mice; Harris MA et al.; Anaerobic bacteria from the colon of laboratory mice were enumerated and isolated using strict anaerobic techniques . Direct microscopic counts revealed 4.4 X 10(10) organisms in each gram (wet weight) of colon contents . Actual cultural counts averaged 3.2 X 10(10) organisms, which was 73% of the direct microscopic count . The tentatively identified genera were Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium . Strains of Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium were biochemically homogeneous . Strains of Bacteroides and Eubacterium, on the other hand, were biochemically heterogeneous and were subdivided into several distinct groups . The data indicate that many of the isolates are different from previously described species of the respective genera and may belong to new species. Carbohydr Res, 1976 Apr, 47(2), 261 - 7 Structural studies of the polysaccharide antigen of Eubacterium saburreum, strain 49; Hoffman J et al.; The polysaccharide antigen produced by Eubacterium saburreum, strain L 49, is composed of D-glycero-D-galacto-heptose and a new sugar, tentatively identified as 6-deoxy-D-altro-heptose . It contains chains of alternating (1 leads to 3)- and (1 leads to 6)- linked beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosyl residues, the latter being substituted with 6-deoxy-alpha-heptofuranosyl groups at O-3 . The polysaccharide further contains 0-acetyl groups, linked to O-7 of part of the heptosyl residues and to O-2 of part of the 6-deoxyheptosyl groups. J Bacteriol, 1976 Mar, 125(3), 905 - 9 Cytochrome spectrum of an obligate anaerobe, Eubacterium lentum; Sperry JF et al.; An obligately anaerobic bacterium, Eubacterium lentum, was shown to contain cytochromes a, b, and c and a carbon monoxide-binding pigment . Extracts of cells grown with hemin gave a typical absorption spectrum for cytochrome c with maxima at 424, 525, and 553 nm . Extracts from cells grown in the absence of hemin also had an absorption peak corresponding to cytochrome b (562 nm) in their reduced versus oxidized spectrum . Extraction of hemes and formation of pyridine hemochromes allowed quantitation of protoheme IX and heme c . Large amounts of cytochrome c masked the presence of cytochrome b in cells grown in medium containing hemin . When cells were grown in the presence of 50 mM nitrate, cytochrome A (606 nm) was detected . In anaerobic extracts of cells grown either with or without nitrate, cytochromes b and c were reduced by formate and oxidized by NO3 . Cytochrome a appeared to be partially oxidized by NO3 and completely oxidized by air. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Oct, 83(5), 471 - 6 Immunochemistry of a cell wall polysaccharide isolated from Eubacterium saburreum, strain L49; Hofstad T; A polymer isolated from E . saburreum strain L49 contained O-acetylated glycero-galacto-heptose as the main constituent, and in addition an unknown aldose . The polymer was located at the outer part of the bacterial cell wall . The polymer reacted with antiserum to L49 microorganisms by precipitation and complement fixation . Two antigenic specificities were detected, one of which was destroyed by de-acetylation . The rabbit antibodies to both specificities were low-molecular-weight antibodies. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 90(1), 100 - 14 The hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by five bacterial isolates from the sheep rumen, including a new species; Kemp P et al.; Five strictly anaerobic bacteria able to hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acids were isolated from sheep rumen . One was characterized as Ruminococcus albus, two as Eubacterium spp . and two as Fusocillus spp., one of which is named as a new species . The Fusocillus organisms were able to hydrogenate oleic acid and linoleic acid to stearic acid, and linolenic acid to cis-octadec-15-enoic acid . The R . albus and the two Eubacteria did not hydrogenate oleic acid but converted linoleic and linolenic acids to a mixture of octadecenoic acids; trans-octadec-II-enoic acid predominated but several isomeric cis and trans octadecenoic acids were produced together with isomers of non-conjugated octadecadienoic acids . The intermediate and final products of hydrogenation by each organism were compatible with the results from mixed rumen bacteria. Isr J Med Sci, 1975 Sep, 11(9), 896 - 905 Effect of microbial substances of different origins on the growth of Mycobacterium leprae; Olitzki AL; Mycobacterium leprae multiplied in media enriched with substances originating from other mycobacteria, from non-acid-fast Actinomycetales or from gram-positive or gram-negative Eubacteriales . Most of the M . leprae strains did not grow on a synthetic medium containing the amino acids present in M . smegmatis, but the growth-promoting effect of sonic extracts of this organism indicated that substances of bacterial origin, other than amino acids, do act as growth factors . The identification of the growing, acid-fast microorganisms with M . leprae was verified by their ability to oxidize D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (D-dopa test) . M . leprae did not multiply on Nakamura medium unless at least 40% of medium NM7 enriched by bacterial substances was present . Adequate aeration was essential for multiplication of M . leprae in enriched NM7 and No . 3 media. J Biol Chem, 1975 Aug 10, 250(15), 6181 - 4 A specific cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-binding protein in Caulobacter crescentus; Sun IY et al.; A binding protein specific for cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) has been partially purified from extracts of the eubacterium Caulobacter crescentus and resolved from cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-binding activity . Binding of cyclic GMP is not affected by the addition of cyclic AMP or 5'-GMP, but is inhibited about 50 percent by a 50-fold molar excess of dibutyryl cyclic GMP or cyclic hypoxanthine 3':5'-monophosphate . The apparent dissociation constant for the cyclic GMP-binding protein complex is 1.1 X 10(-6) M. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 21(7), 1102 - 12 Isolation and chemical characterization of outer envelope of Leptospira pomona; Zeigler JA et al.; Cells of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona harvested from a chemically defined medium were resuspended in 0.01 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.3 . Electron microscopy showed that 90 min of exposure effectively ruptured the outer envelope, freeing it from the cells as small flakes . Both zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients and centrifugation in isopycnic KBr and CsCl gradients could be used to separate the outer envelope from the axial filaments and protoplasmic cylinders . The latter method resulting in higher yields of purified envelope with the particular protocols used . Thin sections of isolated outer envelope showed the same trilaminar structure seen in sections of intact cells . The outer layers were 1.5 nm thick and appeared as single layers of electron-dense particles . The central electron-transparent layer was 2.0-2.5 nm thick and appeared structureless . The gross chemical composition of the purified outer envelope was 47% protein, 27% carbohydrate, and 23% lipid . Colorimetric carbohydrate determinations revealed hexose, pentose, and 6-deoxyhexose; hexosamine was identified during amino acid analysis . Muramic acid, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were not detected . Thin-layer chromatography revealed only polar lipids, about 98% phosphatidylethanolamine and 2% lysophosphatidylethanolamine . Fatty acids identified by gas-liquid chromatography were octadecanoic, octadecenoic, hexadecanoic, and hexadecenoic . Amino acid analysis revealed 17 amino acids, histidine and glutamic acid being most abundant . The outer envelope was interpreted to be comparable with the outer double-track layer found in the cell covering of gram-negative eubacteria. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 87(2), 198 - 210 Transfer of drug resistance to myxococcus from bacteria carrying drug-resistance factors; Parish JH; Resistance to chloramphenicol was successfully transferred from strains of Escherichia coli carrying R factors representative of compatibility groups F, W, S and N to strains of Myxococcus xanthus and M . fulvus . Resistance to kanamycin was transferred from an R factor in group S, and to neomycin from an R factor of group P . Myxobacterial strains differed in their capacity to take up the resistances and also in the stability of the resistance character . strains of M . fulvus were obtained that acquired resistance to chloramphenicol without exposure to R plus eubacterial strains . Cell-free preparations of all the chloramphenicol-resistant strains catalysed the acetylation of the drug . Cholramphenicol resistance was successfully transferred from the presumed R plus strains of Myxococcus and also from the spontaneously occurring chloramphenicol-resistant M . fulvus to other Myxococcus strains . Moreover, recombinants resistant to both rifampicin and 5-fluorouracil were obtained, though infrequently, by mixing Myococcus strains resistant to rifampicin and chloramphenicol with other myxococci resistant to 5-fluorouracil, both when the chloramphenicol resistance was derived from S-a (group W) and when it was the endogenous M fulvus resistance . Thus it appears that S-a and a new chloramphenicol resistance factor from M . fulvus will mobilize a chromosomal genetic marker in Myxococcus.
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Transgalactic Ltd (manufacturer of Bioscreen C software) |
Privacy Statement | P.O. Box
1393, 00101 Helsinki, Finland,
Last modified: May 25, 2005
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