Salmonella

J Bacteriol, 1990 Mar, 172(3), 1516 - 28
Crystallization of R-form lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli; Kato N et al.; Salmonella minnesota Re and Ra lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and Escherichia coli K-12 LPS formed three-dimensional crystals, either hexagonal plates (preferential growth along the a axis) or solid columns (preferential growth along the c axis), when they were precipitated by the addition of 2 volumes of 95% ethanol containing 375 mM MgCl2 and incubated in 70% ethanol containing 250 mM MgCl2 at 4 degrees C for 10 days . Analyses of crystals suggested that they consist of hexagonal lattices with the a axis (a side of the lozenge as a unit cell on the basal plane) of 0.462 nm for all these three kinds of LPSs and the c axes (perpendicular to the basal plane) of 5.85, 8.47, and 8.75 nm for S . minnesota Re and Ra LPSs and E . coli K-12 LPS, respectively, and that hydrocarbon chains of the lipid A portion play the leading part in crystallization, whereas the hydrophilic part of the lipid A (the disaccharide backbone) and R core exhibit a disordered structure or are in a random orientation . The phenomenon of doubling of the a axis to 0.924 nm was observed with crystals of S . minnesota Re LPS when they were incubated in 70% ethanol for an additional 180 days, but not with crystals of S . minnesota Ra LPS or E . coli K-12 LPS . S . minnesota S-form LPS possessing the O-antigen-specific polysaccharide and S . minnesota free lipid A obtained by acid hydrolysis of Re LPS did not crystallize under the same experimental conditions.

Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi, 1990 Mar, 45(2), 567 - 70
{Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for Salmonella O5-antigen}; Yamaura N et al.; The present report described the production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, TMY1, specific for an O-antigen of Salmonella bacilli . The following results were obtained: The slide agglutination test against strains of Salmonella serovars indicated the responsiveness of TMY1 . TMY1 was reactive only to strains that also possessed O5-antigen in group O4 . The agglutinating ability of TMY1 was absorbed completely with bacilli possessing O5-antigen in group O4 . When treated with 1 N HCl, bacilli possessing O5-antigen in group O4 showed no agglutinability in the presence of TMY1 . The data indicates that TMY1 was specific for O5-antigen . Strains of Salmonella group O4 were classified by the agglutination test with TMY1 into two subgroups, O5-antigen positive and negative, suggesting the usefulness of TMY1 as an epidemiologic tool for the serotyping of Salmonella.

Vet Med (Praha), 1990 Mar, 35(3), 187 - 92
{Antibacterial activity of milk-fermenting bacteria}; Lukasova J; Factors influencing salmonella survival in fermented milk products were investigated . Filtrates of yoghurt and cream cultures and a filtrate from milk precipitated by lactic acid were inoculated by salmonellas . The pH value was adjusted within the range of 7.0 to 4.5 . The content of nondissociated lactic acid was determined . The filtrates were incubated 24 and 48 hours at a temperature of 37 degrees C . In comparison with the milk filtrate, great inhibitory (at pH 6.5) and bactericidal (at pH 5.5) effects of the yoghurt culture on salmonellas were proved . The filtrate from the cream culture inactivated salmonellas at pH 4.5, the growth ceased at pH 5.5 . The effects of lactic and acetic acids on salmonellas at a concentration of 0.5% and pH 3.3, and acetic acid at a concentration of 0.05% and pH 5.1 were also studied.

Indian J Med Res, 1990 Mar, 91, 115 - 9
Specific immune responses in typhoid fever & after TAB vaccination; Bhaskaram P et al.; The specific immune responses to Salmonella typhi were investigated in 131 patients suffering from typhoid fever and 34 healthy individuals after TAB vaccination . A proportion of individuals failed to develop either specific humoral or cell mediated immune responses . About 5 per cent of the patients with natural infection and nearly 9 per cent of the vaccine recipients failed to develop both the responses . Frequent reinfection and carrier state, and lack of absolute protection following TAB vaccination could be due to the inability of a proportion of naturally infected and TAB vaccinated individuals to mount sufficient specific immune responses, due to the same mechanism.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1990 Mar, 36(3), 144 - 7
{Antimutagenic activity of vegetable and fruit extracts against in-vitro benzo(a)pyrene}; Edenharder R et al.; About 80% of the juices from twenty vegetables and fruits showed antimutagenic activity when tested in the presence of the mutagen and carcinogen benzo{a}pyrene using the Ames' Salmonella/microsome assay . In a standardized test system juices from raw celeriac, broccoli, red cabbage, carrots, green, peppers, lettuce, asparagus, apricots, red-currants, gooseberries, raspberries, and pineapple showed more than 50% inhibition . Leek, kohlrabi, cucumber, zucchini, French beans, fennel leaves, rhubarb, and sweet cherries were less effective . No antimutagenic activity was detected in onions, Chinese cabbage, radish, and white cabbage . Cooking considerably reduced the antimutagenic activity of celeriac, leek, broccoli, French beans, carrots, asparagus, cherries, and pineapple, but was ineffective or only moderately effective with kohlrabi, zucchini, cucumber, fennel leaves, lettuce, apricots, red-currants, gooseberries, and raspberries.

Aust N Z J Surg, 1990 Mar, 60(3), 225 - 6
AIDS and Salmonella-infected abdominal aortic aneurysm; Mestres CA et al.; The case of a bisexual male patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm requiring surgery is presented . Attention is drawn to the fact that an unpredictable number of operations will be needed in AIDS patients in the next future.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 Mar-Apr, 73(2), 248 - 56
Colorimetric deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization assay for rapid screening of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Curiale MS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 11 laboratories to validate a colorimetric DNA hybridization (DNAH) method for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods . The method was compared to the standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in nonfat dry milk, milk chocolate, soy isolate, dried whole egg, ground black pepper, and raw ground turkey . Samples inoculated with high (0.4-2 cells/g) and low (0.04-0.2 cells/g) levels of Salmonella and uninoculated control samples were included in each food group analyzed . There was no significant difference in the proportion of samples positive by DNAH and culture procedure for any of the 6 foods . The colorimetric DNA hybridization assay screening method has been adopted official first action as a rapid screening method for detection of Salmonella in all foods.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1990 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 175 - 84
Characterization of genotoxic components in sediments by mass spectrometric techniques combined with Salmonella/microsome test; Grifoll M et al.; The application of Salmonella/microsomal mammalian tests to column chromatography fractions isolated from river and marine sediments collected in the vicinity of Barcelona city, Spain, demonstrated a positive response (TA98 + S9 mix) among the polar fractions . Chemical analysis by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HRGC-NICI MS) provided sensitivity and selectivity to detect several mutagenic chemical classes . Among them, nitrated PAHs, azaarenes, aromatic amines, anhydrides, and ketones were identified . A total of 116 compounds were tentatively identified, 22 for the first time, of which 16 possessed mutagenic activity . However, a lack of correlation between chemical composition and fraction mutagenicity in the medium polarity fractions, especially in the river sediment, was evidenced . The occurrence of multiple interactions between components in spiked organic extracts is demonstrated.

Am J Public Health, 1990 Mar, 80(3), 286 - 9
Salmonella arizona infections in Latinos associated with rattlesnake folk medicine; Waterman SH et al.; In 1987 two Los Angeles County (California) hospitals reported four Latino patients with serious Salmonella arizona (Salmonella subgroup 3) infections who gave a medical history of taking rattlesnake capsules prior to illness . Capsules supplied by the patients or household members grew Salmonella arizona . We reviewed surveillance data for this Salmonella species and conducted a case-control study to determine the magnitude of this public health problem . Eighteen (82 percent) of the 22 Latino cases in 1986 and 1987 who were questioned reported ingesting snake capsules compared to two (8 percent) of 24 matched Latino controls with non-subgroup 3 salmonellosis or shigellosis (matched pair odds ratio = 18.0, CI = 4.2, 76.3) . An average of 18 cases per year of Salmonella arizona were reported in the county between 1980 and 1987 . In this investigation the majority of S . arizona cases reporting snake capsule ingestion had underlying illnesses such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, arthritis, cancer . The capsules were obtained primarily from Tijuana, Mexico and from Los Angeles, California pharmacies in Latino neighborhoods . Despite publicity and attempts to remove the capsules from sale in California, Salmonella arizona cases associated with snake-capsule ingestion continue to occur.

Rev Paul Med, 1990 Mar-Apr, 108(2), 52 - 6
{Mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta}; Piccinato CE et al.; Mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon disease that carries a high mortality rate . In this report, two patients with this disease are presented . In the first case, Salmonella sp was cultured from an atherosclerotic aneurysm, and in the second patient, the aneurysm was a complication of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial endocarditis . Both presented suggestive clinical findings of the disease with fever, back pain, and pulsatile and expansive abdominal mass . The first patient was submitted to emergency aneurysmectomy with insertion of a dacron aorto-bi-iliac prosthesis and antibiotic therapy for a long period . He died two months after surgery due to upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding . The second patient was submitted to a successful and not yet described arterial reconstruction which included ligation of the aortic aneurysm and interposition of an aorto-bi-iliac sequential venous graft with reverse autologous saphenous vein . The authors consider this technique to be a good choice for the surgical treatment of mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta particularly because it enables to avoid synthetic prosthesis.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Mar, 8(3), 169 - 76
Effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pl:C) on experimental mouse salmonellosis; Saxen H et al.; The effect of the non-specific immunomodulator polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pl:C) on the resistance to experimental salmonellosis was studied in the mouse . The polynucleotide was unexpectedly found to decrease the innate relative resistance of the mouse to this intracellular infection . pl:C (100 micrograms/mouse) injected 24 h before either intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge resulted in an increased intracellular rate of growth of the Salmonella in the liver, but did not affect the initial extracellular survival of the bacteria in the peritoneal cavity . By contrast, pl:C did not affect the course of mouse peritonitis caused by E . coli O18:K1, which multiplies extracellularly or that of Listeria monocytogenes, which, like Salmonella, grows intracellularly in the liver . The effect of pl:C on salmonellosis could not be explained by production of alpha or beta interferon (IFN) since it could not be demonstrated by injecting purified IFN nor could it be abolished by injecting neutralizing anti-IFN antibodies . Thus, pl:C seems to have a specific effect on salmonellosis by impairing the growth restriction of these bacteria in the liver macrophages.

Mutagenesis, 1990 Mar, 5(2), 199 - 202
'Cryptic' mutagens and carcinogenicity; Rosenkranz HS et al.; CASE, the Computer Automated Structure Evaluation method, predicts that a fraction of the chemicals identified as 'non-genotoxic' carcinogens, i.e . rodent carcinogens which are not mutagenic in Salmonella, are, in fact, potential Salmonella mutagens . These chemicals are termed 'cryptic mutagens', i.e . agents that possess structural determinants which endow them with potential mutagenicity . Even though this potential is not expressed in Salmonella, it may be expressed in other systems such as in the mutagenic activation of oncogenes.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Mar, 68(3), 289 - 95
Inhibition of the growth of enteropathogenic bacilli by bacteriocins produced by micro-organisms from the sediment of wells; Padilla C et al.; The bacterial flora of the sediment of 20 wells of water for human consumption in the rural area of the VII Region in Chile was examined . Fourteen strains of bacteria, from different wells, produced bacteriocins which inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi, Salm . typhimurium, Shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . About 50% of these strains contained plasmids of different molecular weight and a large number of these codified for bacteriocins . The results suggest what is required to implement an efficient, simple and economical biological system for the purification or control of the number of enteropathogenic bacilli of well water in the rural area.

Eur Respir J, 1990 Mar, 3(3), 299 - 303
Endotoxin-induced plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways in vivo and the effect of neutrophil depletion; Evans TW et al.; The contribution of neutrophils to the action of endotoxin on plasma exudation in the airways of anaesthetized guinea-pigs was quantified by measuring the extravasation of Evans blue dye . Endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis) caused a dose-dependent increase in microvascular leakage to Evans blue dye which was maximal after 25 min (p less than 0.05) . The minimum dose tested that induced a significant rise in leakage was 1.5 mg.kg-1 for "central" intrapulmonary airways (ipa); 4.5 mg.kg-1 for trachea and main bronchi and 7.5 mg.kg-1 for nasal mucosa, larynx and "peripheral" ipa . Depletion of circulating neutrophil numbers by 97% using an antibody to guinea-pig neutrophils caused no significant diminution of the effects of endotoxin on leakage in any part of the airway . There was no significant influx of neutrophils into the airway interstitium at the time of maximum extravasation of Evans blue . We conclude that endotoxin-induced airway microvascular permeability is dependent upon mechanisms other than circulating neutrophils.

Mutat Res, 1990 Mar, 240(3), 203 - 8
Genotoxicity studies on the organophosphorus insecticide chloracetophone; Kappas A et al.; Chloracetophone (O,O-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-1-(chloroacetoxy)phosphonate), a new insecticide of the organophosphorus group of pesticides, was tested for genotoxicity in a variety of systems with different genetic end-points and varying parameters . The test systems included 2 microbial systems, Salmonella and Aspergillus for point mutations and mitotic segregation, respectively, and human lymphocyte cultures and mammalian bone marrow cells (from rats and hamsters treated acutely and subacutely) for chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei . Chloracetophone was negative in Aspergillus at concentrations of 1-500 micrograms/ml, in human lymphocyte cultures at concentrations of 2.5-40 micrograms/ml, in rats at doses of 420-21 mg/kg b.w . and in hamsters at doses of 210-42 mg/kg b.w . for chromosomal aberrations . It did not cause any increase of micronuclei in human lymphocytes and rat bone marrow cells but did cause a significant increase in hamster bone marrow cells . Chloracetophone induced base-pair substitutions in strain TA100 of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation at a concentration range of 2000-6000 micrograms/plate.

Mutat Res, 1990 Mar, 240(3), 177 - 94
Methods for comparing Salmonella mutagenicity data sets using nonlinear models; Alvord WG et al.; A variety of linear and nonlinear mathematical models have been proposed to characterize Salmonella mutagenicity data sets, but no systematic procedure has been suggested for comparing two or more data sets across experiments, laboratories, occasions, mutagens or treatment conditions . In this paper, a general method for data-set comparison is provided . Nonlinear regression techniques are applied to real data sets . Data-set and parameter equivalence are described in depth . Confidence-band construction for nonlinear models and other graphical techniques are presented as auxiliary tools . Key Statistical Analysis System (SAS) code programs are provided.

Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1990 Mar, 4(1), 105 - 21
Future vaccines against enteric pathogens; Levine MM et al.; A small number of bacterial agents, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E . coli (EPEC), Shigella and Vibrio cholerae 01 and one virus, rotavirus, combine to cause a major proportion of the diarrheal illness of public health importance worldwide . Salmonella typhi is by far the major cause of enteric fever . Attempts to develop safe, practical, and effective vaccines against these agents are under way . Examples of vaccine candidates include live oral vaccines against S . typhi, V . cholerae, Shigella, and rotavirus, and inactivated, submit vaccines given parentally or orally against S . typhi, V . cholerae or ETEC . Although the oral attenuated S . typhi vaccine is ready for commercial license, it will be several years before the other vaccines are proven to be practically safe and effective in children and adults.

Med J Malaysia, 1990 Mar, 45(1), 42 - 8
Comparison of methods in the detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a Malaysian laboratory; Cheong YM et al.; The prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in 433 stool samples from diarrhoeal cases of all ages was studied using two commercially available test kits for the detection of heat labile toxin (LT) and the infant mouse assay for the heat stable toxin (ST) . 16 samples (3.7%) were positive for ETEC, of which nine were producing ST alone, six LT alone and only one was producing both LT and ST . Although the percentage of isolation rate was low, its occurrence was almost as common as the Shigella spp and Salmonella spp in the same study . Of the two test kits examined, the Phadebact ETEC-LT Test 50 (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden) was found to be more suitable for use in a routine diagnostic laboratory . Ten out of 12 (83%) of the strains tested were resistant to one or more antibiotics.

Jpn J Cancer Res, 1990 Mar, 81(3), 247 - 52
Decrease in the metabolic activating capacities of arylamines in livers bearing hyperplastic nodules: association with the selective changes in hepatic P-450 isozymes; Ozawa S et al.; The mechanism of the alteration in carcinogenic arylamine-activating capacities in livers bearing pre-neoplastic (or hyperplastic) nodules induced by the Solt-Farber protocol was investigated in relation to the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozymes . In the Salmonella mutagenesis test, the numbers of revertants induced with 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline and 2-aminofluorene were significantly lower in the presence of microsomes of nodule-bearing livers than of control livers . A similar tendency was also observed with another heterocyclic arylamine, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole . In Western blots using specific antibodies against 5 different forms of cytochrome P-450, hepatic contents of P-450-male (a main constitutive form) and P-450b (a main phenobarbital-inducible form) were decreased in the livers with hyperplastic nodules to 63% and 35% of the corresponding controls, while no significant decrease was observed in the contents of P-448-H (a main 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible form), P-450(6 beta-1) (testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase) and P-450e (a phenobarbital-inducible form) . In accordance with the reduction in P-450-male, capacities for microsomal 16 alpha- and 2 alpha-hydroxylations, but not 6 beta-hydroxylation, of testosterone were decreased in the livers with hyperplastic nodules . Although P-448-H has higher capacities for the activation of arylamines than does P-450-male, the hepatic content of P-450-male is more than ten-fold higher than that of P-448-H in both normal and nodule-bearing livers . These results indicate that the selective decrease in hepatic content of P-450-male is likely to be a main cause of the decrease in arylamine metabolic activating capacities in livers with hyperplastic nodules.

An Med Interna, 1990 Mar, 7(3), 144 - 6
{Spleen abscess}; Arazo P et al.; 3 cases of splenic abscess (SA), all of them with similar clinical findings; abdominal pain, liver and splenic enlargement and leukocytosis, are presented . The diagnosis was suspected by abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by CTR . We focused the interest on the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and the rareness of the bacteria isolated: Salmonella group D (two cases) and Bacteroides Fragilis.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Mar, 8(3), 177 - 88
Surface co-expression of Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi O-antigens on Ty21a clone EX210; Attridge SR et al.; In an attempt to construct a bivalent, live, oral cholera-typhoid vaccine, genes specifying the biosynthesis of Vibrio cholerae O-antigen have been transferred into a modified version of the attenuated, oral typhoid vaccine strain Salmonella typhi Ty21a . The present report investigates the production of V . cholerae and S . typhi O-antigens by one such clone, EX210 . When cultured without galactose supplementation EX210 produces surface O-antigen of V . cholerae type, as detected by haemagglutination-inhibition and bactericidal assays, and by immuno-electron microscopy . However, the protective efficacy of Ty21a depends upon growth in the presence of exogenous galactose and under these conditions only S . typhi O-antigen is detectable on the surface of EX210 . Subsequent experiments revealed that the proportion of polysaccharide of S . typhi type is dependent upon the level of galactose supplementation, and identified a limiting sugar concentration which results in surface co-expression of both O-antigens . Visualization of the two polysaccharides on silver-stained polyacrylamide gels indicates that S . typhi O-antigen subunits are polymerized into longer sidechains, suggesting that at higher galactose concentrations their predominance results in a masking of the shorter V . cholerae O-antigen.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Mar, (3), 77 - 81
{The common antigenic determinants of the H antigens of salmonellae}; Vaneeva LI et al.; Salmonella H-antigens have common and specific antigenic determinants . Studies on the determination of common antigenic determinants of H-antigens (a; b; d; i; 1,2 and nt) has been carried out . The order of the distribution of H-antigens according to the decrease of these common antigenic determinants in size is presented: d greater than a greater than 1,2 greater than b greater than nt . These data broaden our knowledge of the structure of H-antigens; they are also necessary for obtaining specific antibodies and conjugate preparations used in the enzyme immunoassay.

APMIS, 1990 Mar, 98(3), 255 - 68
Peyer's patches in experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves . Microvascular and epithelial changes contributing to atrophy of lymphoid follicles; Landsverk T et al.; Six calves were infected per os with Salmonella dublin and killed nine hours to seven days later . Early changes included occlusion of capillaries with a hyaline material, particularly in the ileal Peyer's patch (PP) . Central areas of the follicles contained hemorrhages and edema . In later stages the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of both the jejunal and ileal PP was fused with the adjacent epithelium and the follicles were collapsed . As judged from 5'nucleotidase histochemistry, follicles were depleted of lymphocytes whereas reticular cells were retained . Carbonic anhydrase (CA) histochemistry showed a decreased reaction in the ileal FAE and a reduced amount of CA reactive material in the follicles of the ileal PP, indicating loss of FAE differentiation and function . Hyaline material and fibrinous thrombi were seen occluding the blood capillaries and the lymphatics, respectively . The villi were atrophied and covered with thick fibrin deposits . Using antifibrinogen antibodies, immunoperoxidase stained fibrin in the lymphatics and the lumenal deposits but not the hyaline material in the capillaries . Reaction for CA indicated that this hyaline material originated from erythrocytes . Factors contributing to the follicle atrophy may include anoxia due to stasis in the microcirculation with the formation of erythrocyte thrombi, and reduced lymphopoiesis due to a decrease in the stimulating factors provided by the FAE.

Ugeskr Laeger, 1990 Feb 26, 152(9), 609 - 10
{Total hip prosthesis infected with Salmonella dublin}; Kristensen W et al.; In 1983, the bovine-specific Salmonella Dublin was demonstrated in man in Denmark . The organism is frequently isolated from blood but rarely causes gastroenteritis . The frequency of infection following hip replacement is less than 2% with Staphylococcus aureus as the commonest agent while Gram-negative rods are rarer but are considered to be more serious . Infection around a hip replacement frequently implies that the prosthesis must be removed . A case in which a hip replacement was infected with Salmonella Dublin is described here . The patient had looked after infected calves until operation and it is presumed that the prosthesis was infected haematogenically, either primarily or later . The infection was controlled surgically without removal of the prosthesis which was stable . Even although the condition is satisfactory six months after revision, the long-term prognosis is poor.

J Biol Chem, 1990 Feb 25, 265(6), 3455 - 61
Membrane receptors on rat hepatocytes for the inner core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides; Parent JB; Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent endotoxins that are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative septicemia . The liver is known to be the primary organ responsible for the clearance of LPS from the systemic circulation in mammals . In this work, 125I-labeled LPS have been used in a filtration assay for the specific binding of LPS to intact rat hepatocytes . Eight S-form (smooth) LPS with complete O-specific polysaccharide chains isolated from different O-serotypes of Salmonella and Escherichia coli as well as nine R-form (rough) LPS isolated from Salmonella mutants deficient in synthesis of their core oligosaccharides were used in this study . All 125I-labeled S-form LPS and R-form LPS, except Re, show specific binding to isolated hepatocytes . The binding is saturable, is inhibited with excess unlabeled homologous or heterologous LPS but not lipid A, and is trypsin sensitive . L-Glycero-D-mannoheptose (heptose), a constituent of the inner core region of almost all LPS, is a potent inhibitor of the specific binding of 125I-labeled Rb2 LPS, whereas other monosaccharides, including 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO), have weak or negligible inhibitor activity . These results strongly suggest the presence of a lectin-like receptor for the LPS inner core region (heptose-KDO region) on the plasma membrane of rat hepatocytes.

J Mol Biol, 1990 Feb 20, 211(4), 673 - 7
Termini of Salmonella flagellin are disordered and become organized upon polymerization into flagellar filament; Aizawa SI et al.; The terminal regions of Salmonella flagellin are essential for polymerization to form the flagellar filament . It has recently been suggested, on the basis of results from circular dichroism spectroscopy and scanning calorimetry, that these regions are disordered in solution . We report here direct evidence for disorder and mobility in the terminal regions of flagellin using 400 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy . Comparison of the n.m.r . spectra of monomeric and polymeric flagellin shows that the terminal regions become organized when polymerized to form the filament.

Biochemistry, 1990 Feb 20, 29(7), 1852 - 60
Transfer of preformed terminal C5b-9 complement complexes into the outer membrane of viable gram-negative bacteria: effect on viability and integrity; Tomlinson S et al.; An efficient fusion system between Gram-negative bacteria and liposomes incorporating detergent-extracted C5b-9 complexes has been developed that allows delivery of preformed terminal complexes to the cell envelope (Tomlinson et al., 1989b) . Fusion of Salmonella minnesota Re595 and Escherichia coli 17 with C5b-9-incorporated liposomes resulted in the transfer of 1900 C5b-9 complexes to each target bacterial cell . No loss in viability of bacteria was observed following fusion, even though the deposotion of 900 complexes onto the envelope following exposure to lysozyme-free serum effected a greater than 99% loss of viability . Increased sensitivity to antibiotics normally excluded from the cell by an integral outer membrane (OM), as well as the ability of the chromogenic substrate PADAC to gain access to periplasmically located beta-lactamase, indicated that transferred C5b-9 complexes functioned as water-filled channels through the OM . A similar conclusion was drawn from measurements demonstrating the uptake by cells of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (bromide), a result further indicating that the membrane potential across the cytoplasmic membrane was maintained following C5b-9 transfer to the OM . Examination of S . minnesota Re595 by electron microscopy revealed no obvious difference between cells exposed to lethal concentrations of lysozyme-free serum and cells following fusion with C5b-9-incorporated liposomes . These data suggest either that there are critical sites in the OM to which liposome-delivered C5b-9 complexes are unable to gain access or that bacterial cell death is related to events occurring during polymerization of C9 on the cell surface.

Cell, 1990 Feb 9, 60(3), 405 - 14
The excision of intervening sequences from Salmonella 23S ribosomal RNA; Burgin AB et al.; Novel, approximately 90 bp intervening sequences (IVs) were discovered within the 23S rRNA genes of S . typhimurium and S . arizonae . These non-rRNA sequences are transcribed and then excised during rRNA maturation . The rRNA fragments that result from the excision of the extra sequences are not religated . This results in fragmented 23S rRNAs . The excision of one IVS was shown to be catalyzed in vivo and in vitro by ribonuclease III . These IVSs are highly volatile evolutionarily, sometimes occurring in only some of the multiple rRNA operons of a particular cell . The sporadic nature of the occurrence of fragmented rRNAs among closely related organisms argues that such fragmentation is a derived state, not a primitive one . Possible sources of these IVSs, their parallels with internal transcribed spacers and introns in eukaryotes, and their possible roles in the evolutionary process are discussed.

Med Clin (Barc), 1990 Feb 3, 94(4), 130 - 4
{Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of a series of 7 cases}; Gutierrez-Rave Pecero V et al.; We report a series of seven patients with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome, which was quite characteristic of its etiological spectrum . Infections were the leading cause, among them a case associated with HIV and another one with Salmonella enteritidis (a hitherto unreported association) . The clinical findings consisted of fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, rash and pancytopenia . The diagnosis was carried out by bone marrow aspiration-biopsy except in two patients who were diagnosed at autopsy . The difficulty of the differentiation from malignant histiocytosis is discussed: one case of hemophagocytic syndrome due to diphenylhydantoin toxicity (the second reported one in the literature) was histologically undistinguishable from it . We think that, in any etiology, hemophagocytic syndrome is a reactive syndrome with variable intensity . The need for extensive microbiological investigation even in cases of histiocytosis of neoplastic appearance is emphasized.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Feb, 104(1), 63 - 71
Serological response of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infection; Chart H et al.; Fifty-eight sera, from 29 chickens originating from two layer flocks known to be naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, were examined for antibodies to S . enteritidis . Using the techniques of immunoblotting and ELISA, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S . enteritidis were detected in 43 of 58 sera . Antibodies were of the IgG class and bound to the S . enteritidis LPS antigen O = 12 . Bacterial agglutination reactions using whole-cell preparations of S . enteritidis and S . pullorum, correlated with anti-LPS antibody reactions as detected by immunoblotting and ELISA . A rapid means of screening chicken sera for antibodies to the LPS of S . enteritidis as an indicator of infection is discussed.

Br J Rheumatol, 1990 Feb, 29(1), 69 - 71
Salmonella pericarditis with tamponade in systemic lupus erythematosus; Sanchez-Guerrero J et al.; Despite the high frequency of both pericardial involvement and of infectious complications in SLE, septic pericarditis is uncommon . We report here a patient with SLE who developed tamponade due to Salmonella infection . Most of the other eight recorded cases of septic pericarditis in SLE were due to Staphylococcus aureus and none has been previously attributed to Gram-negative bacteria.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1990 Feb, 93(1), 22 - 7
Aetiological studies of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in Iran; Katouli M et al.; The aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases was investigated among 715 patients admitted to four Children's Hospitals in Tehran, during February 1986 to March 1987, and also among 443 patients attending the central Out-Patient Clinic in Sanandaj, State of Kordestan, during October 1986 . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were the most common pathogens found in both areas . Almost 26.7% of the patients in Tehran and 20.1% of the patients in Sanandaj were infected with EPEC . Enterotoxigenic E . coli (ETEC) were the next most frequent groups found (17.1% both in Tehran and Sanandaj), with heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing strains being dominant . Of 122 ETEC strains isolated in Tehran, 94 (77%) strains produced ST, 15 (12.3%) strains produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and 13 (10.7%) strains produced both LT and ST . Almost the same pattern of toxigenicity was observed among ETEC strains isolated in Sanadaj . Of the 76 ETEC strains isolated in this area, 70 (92.1%) strains were ST producers, followed by those producing both LT and ST (five strains) and LT only (one strain) . One strain of enteroinvasive E . coli (EIEC) was also isolated from a patient in Tehran . The rates of salmonella and shigella isolation were 8.8 and 5.7% in Tehran and 3.8 and 4% in Sanandaj respectively . Enterohaemorrhagic E . coli, Vibrio cholerae and V . parahemolyticus were not isolated but a mixture of two or more pathogens was found in 59 patients (8.2%) in Tehran and in 20 patients (4.5%) in Sanandaj . These findings suggest that diarrhoegenic E . coli are the most important cause of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in these areas in Iran.

Infect Immun, 1990 Feb, 58(2), 416 - 20
Protection of mice against the lethal toxicity of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by immunization with anti-idiotype antibody to a monoclonal antibody to lipid A from Eikenella corrodens LPS; Kato T et al.; We produced anti-idiotype antibodies to antibody to lipid A from Eikenella corrodens . The ALA-1 monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin M {IgM} isotype), which had already been produced in our laboratory (T . Kato, I . Takazoe, and K . Okuda, Infect . Immun . 57:656-659, 1989), had reacted strongly with lipid A from E . corrodens, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella minnesota . Four anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies to ALA-1 (Ab1), designated A2LA-1 (IgG1 isotype), A2LA-2 (IgG2a isotype), A2LA-3 (IgG2a isotype), and A2LA-4 (IgG3 isotype), which recognized the idiotype Ab1, were produced . A2LA-1, A2LA-2, and A2LA-3 were capable of over 61% inhibition of ALA-1 reactivity to E . coli J5 lipid A in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system . The sera of mice and rabbits immunized with the anti-idiotype antibodies revealed that the internal image anti-idiotype antibody induced the production of IgG antibodies that cross-reacted with or bound to lipid A . These studies indicate that A2LA-1 and A2LA-2 contained an antigenic epitope that mimicked lipid A . Immunization of mice with A2LA-1 resulted in prevention of lethal toxicity from E . coli J5 lipopolysaccharide.

Indian Pediatr, 1990 Feb, 27(2), 157 - 60
Salmonella senftenberg outbreak in a neonatal unit; Joseph AT et al.; Salmonella senftenberg was isolated from the stools of 35 newborns between June, 1987 and September, 1988 . Twenty nine (82.8%) babies were preterms and twenty six (74%) babies were less than 2,000 grams in weight . All of them were symptomatic within 6 days of life, 74.3% (26) within 4 days . All of them had loose stools and weight loss . Other features were sclerema, jaundice and paralytic ileus . The organism was sensitive to nalidixic acid (100%), amikacin (94.6%), gentamicin (72.9%), cephaloridine (56.7%), and chloramphenicol (29.8%) and resistant to benzyl penicillin and ampicillin . Babies showed good response to a combination of cephaloridine and amikacin along with supportive care . Five babies died, 4 of septicemic shock and one of pulmonary hemorrhage.

Indian Pediatr, 1990 Feb, 27(2), 153 - 6
Typhoid fever below five years; Pandey KK et al.; During a seven year period (1981-87), 53 cases of typhoid fever in children below five years were seen . This accounted for 13.5% of all typhoid admission in pediatrics during the above period . Predominant symptoms were fever (100%), vomiting (52.8%), diarrhea (30.2%) and anorexia (24.5%) . Chills and rigor associated with fever was noticed in 38% of the children . Salmonella typhi was isolated from blood in 22 of 53 (41.7%) cases . A significant finding on peripheral smear was eosinopenia (86.8%) . Complications like endotoxic shock, enteric encephalopathy and gastrointestinal hemorrhage were noticed in only few cases (7.6%) . There were no deaths.

Vet Med (Praha), 1990 Feb, 35(2), 81 - 6
{The effect of milk cultures on the survival of salmonellae in milk}; Lukasova J et al.; The influence was investigated of yoghurt and cream cultures on salmonella survival in milk . Salmonella-contaminated milk was blended with yoghurt culture and kept for three hours at the temperature of 43 degrees C; the mixture with cream culture was kept for 20 hours at the temperature of 22 degrees C . The samples were then stored at a room temperature and at the temperature of 4 degrees C . The two milk cultures exerted inhibitory effects on salmonellae within the range of 92.5 to 99.8% . The inhibitory effects depended on the activity of the culture (expressed by titration acidity), storage time and temperature and on the starting concentration of salmonellae.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Feb, 8(2), 101 - 7
The virulence plasmids of Salmonella serovars typhimurium, choleraesuis, dublin, and enteritidis, and the cryptic plasmids of Salmonella serovars copenhagen and sendai belong to the same incompatibility group, but not those of Salmonella serovars durban, gallinarum, give, infantis and pullorum; Ou JT et al.; We examined the compatibility of the Salmonella virulence plasmids of serovars choleraesuis, dublin, enteritidis, gallinarum and pullorum and the cryptic Salmonella plasmids of serovars copenhagen, durban, give, infantis and sendai, with the 90 kilobase pair (kb) virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium . The 90 kb virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium in the form of pWR33, a cointegrate of F'::Tn10lac+ts and the 90 kb virulence plasmid, was transferred by bacterial conjugation into the Salmonella strains (except for S . sendai) . The compatibility of their plasmids with the 90 kb virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium was then tested . Separately, a 90 kb virulence plasmid tagged with Tn5 was transformed into the S . sendai strain . The 90 kb virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium was found to be incompatible with the plasmids of serovars choleraesuis, copenhagen, dublin, enteritidis, and sendai, but compatible with the plasmids of serovars durban, gallinarum, give, infantis, and pullorum.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Feb, 34(2), 343 - 8
Successful treatment using gentamicin liposomes of Salmonella dublin infections in mice; Fierer J et al.; Gentamicin entrapped within stable multilamellar liposomes was used to treat mice after they were infected per os with Salmonella dublin . Of 10 mice, 8 survived after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of 2 mg of gentamicin liposomes per kg compared with 0 of 10 treated with the same amount of free gentamicin . All mice survived after treatment with a single i.v . or intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg of gentamicin liposomes per kg, whereas that dose of free drug was completely ineffective and caused neuromuscular paralysis when injected rapidly i.v . In mice treated with gentamicin liposomes, there was a steady decrease in the number of salmonellae in spleens for 2 weeks after treatment . High concentrations of gentamicin were present in the spleen for at least 10 days after treatment . Although gentamicin was not detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice treated with gentamicin liposomes, bacterial counts in the nodes also decreased over time . Small numbers of bacteria remained viable in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches but not in the spleens of mice treated with 20 to 80 mg/kg . Mice treated with doses of gentamicin liposomes as high as 80 mg/kg showed only a transient increase in blood urea nitrogen and no rise in serum creatinine . These results confirm that gentamicin in liposomes is less toxic in mice than is free gentamicin and is extremely effective therapy for disseminated Salmonella infections in mice.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 28(2), 361 - 2
Isolation of salmonellae from dried rattlesnake preparations; Babu K et al.; Salmonella arizonae and other Salmonella serovars were isolated from four different rattlesnake preparations which were used for self-treatment of various diseases . A case of disseminated S . arizonae infection is reported in a patient who had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and ingested dried rattlesnake.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 31(2), 85 - 93
A comparison of specificity and biological activity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide; Mehta ND et al.; Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and immune rabbit serum were raised against the rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota strain R595 . These antibodies were tested for their ability to inhibit LPS-induced B-cell mitogenicity and neutralise LPS toxicity in chick embryos . Immune rabbit serum inhibited both mitogenicity and LPS lethality . None of the MAbs or a cocktail of antibodies were able to neutralise LPS lethality in chick embryos . However, they were able to inhibit mitogenicity by varying degrees.

Mutat Res, 1990 Feb, 228(2), 105 - 24
Structural basis of carcinogenicity in rodents of genotoxicants and non-genotoxicants; Rosenkranz HS et al.; A set of 189 chemicals tested in the National Toxicology Program Cancer Bioassay was subjected to analysis by CASE, the Computer-Automated Structure Evaluation system . In the data set, 63% of the chemicals were carcinogens, approx . 40% of the carcinogens were non-genotoxic, i.e., they possessed neither "structural alerts" for DNA reactivity as defined by Ashby and Tennant, 1988, nor were they mutagenic for Salmonella . The data base can be characterized as a "combined rodent" compilation as chemicals were characterized as "carcinogenic" if they were carcinogenic in either rats or mice or both . CASE identified 23 fragments which accounted for the carcinogenicity, or lack thereof, of most of the chemicals . The sensitivity and specificity were unexpectedly high: 1.00 and 0.86, respectively . Based upon the identified biophores and biophobes, CASE performed exceedingly well in predicting the activity of chemicals not included among the 189 in the original set . CASE predicted correctly the carcinogenicity of non-genotoxic carcinogens thereby suggesting a structural commonality in the action of this group of carcinogens . As a matter of fact biophores restricted to non-genotoxic carcinogens were identified as were "non-electrophilic" biophores shared by genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens . The findings suggest that the CASE program may help in the elucidation of the basis of the action of non-genotoxic carcinogens.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Feb, 161(2), 255 - 60
Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella; Pavia AT et al.; Exposure to antimicrobials is known to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, but this effect has not been previously demonstrated with antimicrobial-sensitive strains . The effect of prior antimicrobial exposure was studied during a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis caused by an antimicrobial-sensitive strain of Salmonella havana: 19 (26%) of 72 persons infected had taken an antimicrobial within 30 days before onset of symptoms . Antimicrobial therapy was begun a mean of 15.9 days before and stopped a mean of 7.9 days before onset . In a case-control study, 11 (31%) of 35 case-patients had taken antimicrobials within 30 days of onset compared with 9 (13%) of 70 age- and neighborhood-matched controls (matched odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3, 13.5) . The association remained when controlled for the presence of underlying illness or immunosuppression . Prior antimicrobial exposure appears to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-sensitive and resistant strains of Salmonella . The delay between antimicrobial use and onset of symptoms suggests that the effect may be due to prolonged alteration of the colonic bacterial flora, resulting in decreased resistance to colonization.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1990 Feb, 28(2), 69 - 73
Evaluation of olestra in short-term genotoxicity assays; Skare KL et al.; Olestra, a mixture of hexa-, hepta- and octa-esters formed from the reaction of sucrose with long-chain fatty acids, was evaluated for its genotoxic potential in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test, the L5178Y thymidine kinase (TK+/-) mouse lymphoma assay, an unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in primary rat hepatocytes, and an in vitro cytogenetic assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells . The results indicated that olestra was non-genotoxic in these assays.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Feb, 25(2), 285 - 90
Nitrofurantoin resistance in isolates of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from poultry and humans; Rampling A et al.; All 38 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 from chickens and 86 of 89 isolates from human patients were resistant to nitrofurantoin . Resistance to other agents was rare . Thirteen of 16 isolates of S . enteritidis other than PT4 were nitrofurantoin-resistant, and resistance to other agents was slightly more common than with isolates of PT4 . Only one third of 83 isolates of other salmonella serotypes were nitrofurantoin-resistant, but resistance to other agents was more common and some isolates were multiply resistant . There was generally cross-resistance between nitrofurantoin and furazolidone although there were discrepancies with isolates that had MICs close to the breakpoint . It may be that use of nitrofurans in the poultry industry has selected for colonization and infection with S . enteritidis PT4 . This could explain the prevalence of the organism in poultry and in human enteric infection in the United Kingdom.

J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 136 ( Pt 2), 353 - 8
Isolation, characterization and nucleotide sequences of the aroC genes encoding chorismate synthase from Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli; Charles IG et al.; The aroC genes from Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate phospholyase (chorismate synthase) were cloned in E . coli and their DNA sequences were determined . The aroC gene from S . typhi was isolated from a cosmid gene bank by complementation of an E . coli aroC mutant . The corresponding E . coli gene was isolated from a pBR322 gene bank by colony hybridization using DNA encoding the aroC gene from S . typhi as a hybridization probe . Analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed that both genes have an open reading frame capable of encoding proteins comprising 361 amino acids . The calculated molecular mass of the protein from S . typhi is 39,108 Da while that of the protein from E . coli is 39,138 Da . Homology is particularly strong between the coding regions of the genes: 95% when protein sequences are compared, and 83% when DNA sequences are examined . Use of a deletion variant of the E . coli aroC gene demonstrates that the C-terminal 36 amino acids are not essential for the correct folding or functional activity of the chorismate synthase enzyme.

J Rheumatol, 1990 Feb, 17(2), 250 - 1
Postsalmonella reactive phenomena in 2 patients with ankylosing spondylitis: no modification of the underlying disease; Herrero-Beaumont G et al.; HLA-B27 related disease occurs in 2 main forms, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or reactive arthropathy/Reiter's syndrome . These entities often "breed true" within families or distinct ethnic groups . Reactive arthropathy/Reiter's syndrome may be complicated by AS, but little is known about the impact on AS of a de novo reactive arthropathy occurring at a later date . We describe 2 patients with AS who developed postsalmonella reactive phenomena several years after the onset of their primary disease . In both patients the intestinal salmonella infection did not modify the course of the AS.

Vaccine, 1990 Feb, 8(1), 81 - 4
Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial . Chilean Typhoid Committee; Black RE et al.; Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem in many areas of the world and an effective, non-reactogenic vaccine would be useful to control this disease . An attenuated Salmonella typhi strain (Ty21a), which has shown promise in previous trials, was evaluated in a controlled field trial in Santiago, Chile . In this trial, 82,543 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to receive one or two doses of Ty21a vaccine in enteric-coated capsules or placebo . The enteric-coated vaccine formulation was well tolerated and practical for mass oral immunization . In the first two years of surveillance, 213 cases of bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever were found in schoolchildren participating in the trial; annual rates in the placebo group were 139 and 227 per 100,000 . Vaccine efficacy in the first two years after vaccination was 59% for two doses and 29% for one dose; no efficacy was found 3-5 years after vaccination . These results indicate that it will be necessary to identify a vaccine formulation and schedule for Ty21a S . typhi that is practical and provides high level protection for greater than 2 years.

Vaccine, 1990 Feb, 8(1), 5 - 11
Salmonella-based vaccines; Hackett J; There continues to be considerable interest in the development of a safe, effective, live, oral vaccine to combat typhoid fever of humans . Such a vaccine may be a derivative of the causative agent of the disease, Salmonella typhi . The prototype of such a vaccine, Ty21a, is not ideal, but no replacement for Ty21a is yet obvious . The construction and trial of bivalent vaccines, in which an attenuated Salmonella strain expresses determinants from another pathogen, awaits the development of a suitably attenuated derivative . In parallel with vaccine development programmes, a variety of techniques have been designed to effect stable association between Salmonella carrier and introduced cloned DNA.

Ther Umsch, 1990 Feb, 47(2), 138 - 46
{Problems with long-term immunosuppression following organ transplantation}; Thiel G et al.; Long-term immunosuppression is followed by an increase of malignancies (skin cancer, lymphomas and Kaposi's sarkoma) . Among the infectious complications an incidence of bacteraemia up to 48% is found, a relative increase of infection with listeria and salmonella, and viruses from the herpes group . The major side effect of azathioprine is haematologic, whereas Cyclosporin A is nephrotoxic . Three classes of renal functional impairment by Cyclosporine are defined: 1 . renal dysfunction, 2 . acute nephrotoxicity and 3 . chronic nephrotoxicity . Appropriate ways to handle chronic nephrotoxicity are discussed.

J Leukoc Biol, 1990 Feb, 47(2), 97 - 104
Priming of polymorphonuclear granulocytes by lipopolysaccharides and its complexes with lipopolysaccharide binding protein and high density lipoprotein; Vosbeck K et al.; Human peripheral blood neutrophils are primed, or enabled to respond to formyl peptide, by prior exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The activity of LPS and the size of its aggregates are altered by plasma constituents such as high density lipoprotein (HDL) and the recently discovered acute phase reactant lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) Tobias et al.: J . Exp . Med . 164,777, 1986} . The ability of LPS, LPS-LBP, and LPS-HDL complexes to activate a number of cellular responses have been compared . LPS-LBP and LPS-HDL were prepared using LBP and HDL from rabbit serum . LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 and its LPS-LBP and LPS-HDL complexes differed in their ability to prime PMN O2- production in response to formyl peptide (f-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Leu {FNLPNTL}) . Human PMN prepared under conditions in which O2- production is minimal (less than 1 nmol O2-/10(6) PMN/10 min) after exposure to 10(-7) M FNLPNTL can be primed with 0.1-100 ng/ml LPS in a dose- and time-dependent manner to produce up to 12 nmol O2-/10(6) PMN/10 min . LBP complexation accelerated the priming induced by LPS, whereas HDL complexation retarded it . Priming was accompanied by a parallel two- to threefold increase in formyl peptide receptor number as determined by FACS analysis of fluoresceinated FNLPNTL binding and SDS-PAGE autoradiographic analysis of photoaffinity ligand binding . Thus binding of LPS to plasma proteins changes the response of the PMS to LPS and may represent one way in which the response of the PMN is regulated during infection . Since LBP concentrations change during an acute phase response, complexation of LPS with LBP is a mechanism that may regulate neutrophil responses in vivo during inflammation.

Arch Intern Med, 1990 Feb, 150(2), 349 - 51
The effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A among foreigners in Nepal; Schwartz E et al.; We studied the incidence of enteric fever among travelers and foreign residents who attended an expatriate clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal, from February 1987 to June 1988 . There were 42 cases of enteric fever; 20 were caused by Salmonella typhi and 22 by Salmonella paratyphi A . Among 18 unvaccinated foreigners who had enteric fever, S typhi was isolated from 67%, and S paratyphi A from 33%, a ratio similar to the local Nepalese population . Among 22 vaccinated foreigners, S typhi was isolated from 35%, compared with 65% with S paratyphi A . Nine percent of tourists had received the oral Ty21A typhoid vaccine . However, among seven vaccinated tourists who became infected with S typhi, four (57%) had received the oral vaccine . Typhoid vaccine efficacy for tourists was calculated and showed an overall protective rate of 90% against enteric fever in general, 95% protection against S typhi, and 72% to 75% protection against S paratyphi A . We conclude that typhoid vaccine should be recommended to all travelers to the Indian subcontinent, and since S paratyphi A is the predominant cause of enteric fever among vaccinated travelers, consideration should be given to an effective vaccine against S paratyphi A when that becomes available.

Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi, 1990 Feb, 81(2), 289 - 95
{Prostate specific monoclonal antibody gained by glycolipid immunization}; Satoh M et al.; Extraction of glycolipid component from hypertrophic and cancerous prostatic tissue were performed using chloroform-methanol solution and isopropanol-hexan-solution . The extract was separated into the "upper phase" and "lower phase" by Folchs fractionation technic . Each fraction was conjugated with acid treated salmonella minesota and than it was injected subcutaneously, intra-peritoneally and finally intravenously to BALB/c mice . Spleen cells from immunized mice were fused with P3X63, and antibody APG1 was obtained . APG1 shows a preferential reactivity towards prostatic tissue by the immunohistochemical analysis . Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis using enzyme and acid treated tissue and TLC immunostaining indicate that this monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes the sialylglycochain expressed in the prostatic tissue.

Mutat Res, 1990 Feb, 228(2), 203 - 9
Genotoxic activity of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide and their photochemical reaction products in Drosophila and in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay; Victorin K et al.; The genotoxic activity of a photochemical reaction mixture of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide was investigated in vivo in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay and the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila (the wing spot test) . Butadiene alone was not mutagenic in Drosophila, but induced micronuclei in mice at 10 ppm after 23 h of exposure . Nitrogen dioxide was not genotoxic in either test system . The photochemical reaction products were toxic but probably not mutagenic in Drosophila and not genotoxic in mouse bone marrow . The in vivo results do not confirm earlier in vitro results that demonstrated a strong direct-acting mutagenic activity of the photochemical products in Salmonella.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1990 Jan 30, 166(2), 743 - 9
Activation of promutagenic chemicals by Streptomyces griseus containing cytochrome P-450soy; Sariaslani FS et al.; Streptomyces griseus cells containing cytochrome P-450soy oxidize a diverse array of xenobiotic compounds . This metabolic capability was exploited for activation of promutagenic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines and small aliphatics in a modified Salmonella/Ames plate incorporation assay using tester strains TA98 and TA1538 . In this assay promutagens such as 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, benzidine, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminoanthracene, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzo(a)pyrene, chloropicrin and N-nitrosodimethylamine were oxidized to mutagenic metabolites by S . griseus intact cells which mutated Salmonella tester strains (TA98 and TA1538) . S . griseus failed to activate 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline . In parallel tests performed with rat liver homogenate (S9), N-nitrosodimethylamine was not activated.

S Afr Med J, 1990 Jan 6, 77(1), 14 - 7
Typhoid fever in the adult and paediatric Indian population of Durban; Seebaran AR et al.; The features of typhoid fever in Indian South Africans are described . In children the illness was usually uncomplicated . However, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and hypo-albuminaemia were found in both adults and children . The initial symptoms on presentation of diarrhoea and vomiting frequently led to a misdiagnosis of gastro-enteritis . The previous administration of antibiotics also resulted in failure to isolate Salmonella typhi in 41% of patients studied . Typhoid acquired in the microbiology laboratory and that seen in visitors returning from India and the Far East is emphasised . The S . typhi isolates were uniformly sensitive to all antibiotics tested . The disproportionately high number of Indians of south Indian ancestry presenting to the R . K . Khan Hospital needs to be investigated.

Microbiologica, 1990 Jan, 13(1), 55 - 60
Isolation of an inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis from Salmonella enteritidis; Brigotti M et al.; Sonic extracts of Salmonella enteritidis, serotype enteritidis, contain a factor which inhibits eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis tested on a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and on a poly(U)-dependent system from Artemia salina embryos . The factor is heat-labile, does not diffuse through dialysis bags and is precipitated by ammonium sulphate . A 78% recovery of the factor was obtained in the 60-80 per cent ammonium sulphate saturation range, with a 3.3-fold purification . The factor binds to DEAE-cellulose . In the fraction eluted at 0.55 M NaCl, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows only two protein bands (Mr 55,000 and 29,000) . While the inhibitory activity on protein synthesis of the crude factor is fairly stable at 4 degrees C, it becomes very labile after DEAE-cellulose chromatography . The ID50 of the partially purified factor was less than 0.55 microgram (20-fold purification).

Chemotherapy, 1990, 36(1), 29 - 32
In vitro susceptibility of Salmonella to ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin compared with three other antibiotics; Campos LC et al.; The in vitro susceptibilities of 703 clinical isolates of Salmonella to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and pefloxacin (PEF) were compared with those to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), chloramphenicol (CO) and ampicillin (AP) . All isolates were susceptible to CIP, while PEF inhibited 90.7% of the strains . In contrast, resistance rates of 40, 29.2 and 27% were detected for AP, TMP-SMZ and CO, respectively . PEF resistance was detected in S . panama (1), S . typhi (3) and S . typhimurium (17), the latter representing the most frequently serovar isolated in our country . None of the S . typhi isolates was resistant to CO . Combined resistance was most frequently found among S . typhimurium isolates, with the patterns PEF-TMP-SMZ-AP (10) and PEF-TMP-SMZ-CO-AP (5) predominating.

Br Vet J, 1990 Jan-Feb, 146(1), 75 - 9
A biotyping scheme for Salmonella livingstone; Odongo MO et al.; Salmonella livingstone is one of the more common salmonella serotypes isolated in the United Kingdom . The characterization of 70 different isolates of S . livingstone using biochemical tests and plasmid profile analysis is described . The isolates could be divided into four groups by their ability to grow in d-tartrate, l-tartrate and Stern's glycerol . Further subdivision was achieved by the use of plasmid profile analysis; 24 of the isolates possessed light plasmids (less than 9.5 MD) and four possessed heavy plasmids (greater than 30 MD) . The combination of biotyping and plasmid profile analysis can be used as the basis of a scheme to 'fingerprint' S . livingstone for epidemiological studies.

Mutat Res, 1990 Jan, 238(1), 23 - 38
The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes; Esancy JF et al.; 16 phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes were examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538 . All of the dyes contain an alkoxy group ortho to one of the azo linkages . Increasing the size of this alkoxy substituent from 1 to 4 carbons led to a decrease in mutagenic activity in certain instances while no change was noted in other cases . Comparison of the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes with their potential reductive-cleavage products suggests that (1) the reductive-cleavage products are not solely responsible for the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes, and (2) significant reductive-cleavage of the disazo dyes is not taking place in the standard Salmonella assay.

Mutat Res, 1990 Jan, 238(1), 1 - 22
The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some aminoazobenzene dyes and their reductive-cleavage products; Esancy JF et al.; 15 aminoazobenzene dyes and 7 of their reductive-cleavage products were examined in the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 . Dyes tested included 5 derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene with different alkoxy substituents (-OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2 CH3, -OCH2CH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2OH) in the 8-position as well as the corresponding derivatives of 4-{(4-aminophenyl)azo}-N,N-diethylaniline and 4-{(4-aminophenyl)azo}-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline . In general, as the size of the substituent ortho to the primary amino group of the dyes was increased, the mutagenicity decreased . A similar trend was observed for the reductive-cleavage products . The results from the latter aspect of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of aminoazobenzene dyes can not be accounted for solely from the properties of their reductive-cleavage products.

APMIS, 1990 Jan, 98(1), 87 - 94
Demonstration of lipid A-binding proteins on murine lymphoma cells using R-mutant gram-negative bacteria as a detector; Nakashima I et al.; Some R-mutant Escherichia coli and Salmonella heavily adhered to murine lymphoma cells of B cell and T cell lineages . This adhesion was primarily mediated by membrane-localized proteins on tumor cells, which bind the polymyxin B-reactive hydrophilic structure of lipis A on bacteria . SDS-PAGE analysis of tumor cell membranes showed that proteins or glycoproteins of MW = around 45Kd, 25-35Kd and around 15Kd preferentially bind lipid A . Various lymphoma cell lines binding the bacteria at different levels possessed lipid A-binding proteins of slightly different compositions . We conclude that lymphoma cells carry not a single but a group of lipid A-binding proteins in their membranes.

APMIS, 1990 Jan, 98(1), 25 - 9
A unique plasmid profile characterizing Salmonella enteritidis isolates from patients and employees in a hospital; Sorum H et al.; Plasmid profiling was used as an epidemiological tool during a period of frequent Salmonella enteritidis infection in a hospital . S . enteritidis was isolated from 22 patients and employees . Isolates from 18 persons harbored one 29 and one 36 megadalton (MDa) plasmid . The 29 MDa plasmid has not been previously described in this species and was not found in 54 control strains of S . enteritidis from other sources . The respective restriction endonuclease digest fragments of the 36 and the 29 MDa plasmids were always identical . This plasmid pattern thus served as a marker for the isolates from the outbreak.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1990 Jan, 9(1), 44 - 8
Comparative efficacies of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in children with typhoid fever; Tanaka-Kido J et al.; We compared aztreonam with chloramphenicol in a randomized trial involving the treatment of 36 children with typhoid fever . Eighteen children were randomized to receive aztreonam, 150 mg/kg/day intravenously, and 18 to receive chloramphenicol, 100 mg/kg/day orally . On entry in the study the clinical characteristics of the two treatment groups were comparable . The duration of therapy was 14.9 +/- 3.6 days for the aztreonam group and 12.8 +/- 2.6 days for the chloramphenicol group . The mean duration of fever was 5.9 +/- 3.1 days and 4.05 +/- 2.1 days for aztreonam and chloramphenicol groups respectively (P greater than 0.05) . Clinical cure was observed in all patients treated with aztreonam and in 17 of 18 children given chloramphenicol; one patient died in the latter group . There were no relapses in either group . We observed clinical adverse reactions during the treatment with aztreonam in 2 patients . All strains of Salmonella typhi were susceptible to aztreonam, 1 strain was resistant to chloramphenicol and 3 strains were resistant to ampicillin . Aztreonam appears to be a satisfactory alternative to chloramphenicol in cases of typhoid fever caused by resistant strains or when chloramphenicol is contraindicated.

Mutat Res, 1990 Jan, 228(1), 89 - 96
Autoxidation and mutagenicity of sodium bisulfite; Pagano DA et al.; An inverse correlation exists between the autoxidation of bisulfite and its mutagenicity in Salmonella . Temperature, pH, and the addition of mannitol, ethanol, or Oxoid broth affect both autoxidation and mutagenicity . A decrease in autoxidation resulted in an increase in the half-life of the parent compound, bisulfite, and its availability for uptake by the cells, leading to increased mutagenesis . The autoxidation of bisulfite is known to produce both sulfur- and oxygen-centered free radicals . The lack of mutagenicity of ammonium persulfate and peroxymonosulfate, which generate the radicals SO4- and SO5-, respectively, argues against the involvement of these oxygen-centered radicals in bisulfite mutagenesis . Inhibition of mutagenesis by the radical spin-trapping agent, DMPO, is consistent with the hypothesis that the sulfur-centered radical, SO3-, plays an important role in bisulfite mutagenesis . The mechanism of bisulfite mutagenesis suggested in this study may have relevance to other known effects attributed to bisulfite, i.e., co-carcinogenesis and immune hypersensitivity.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 28(1), 148 - 9
Rapid fluorescence method for screening Salmonella spp . from enteric differential agars; Aguirre PM et al.; Four hundred thirty-two lactose-negative colonies isolated from human feces on stool differential agar media were flooded with one drop of MUCAP Test reagent (Biolife Italiana S.r.I., Milan, Italy) and observed under a Wood lamp for the development of a blue fluorescence over or around the colony . On the basis of manual and automated conventional tests for the screening of Salmonella spp., the MUCAP Test yielded the following results: 79 true-positives, 314 true-negatives, 35 false-positives, and 4 false-negatives (sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 90%; positive predictive value, 69%; negative predictive value, 99%) . The specificity of the test performed on colonies isolated on MacConkey agar (95%) was higher than that performed on colonies isolated on SS agar (88%; P less than 0.03) . The MUCAP Test is an easy, rapid, and sensitive method for the screening of colonies suspected of being Salmonella spp., reducing the number of biochemical tests needed.

Arch Intern Med, 1990 Jan, 150(1), 54 - 6
Pleuropulmonary infections due to nontyphoid strains of Salmonella; Aguado JM et al.; Medical records of 11 patients with nontyphoid Salmonella pleuropulmonary disease studied from 1960 to 1986 in a general hospital were reviewed . Eight patients (73%) were 60 years old or older, and the median age was in the seventh decade . There was no seasonal variation in the prevalence . The infection was hospital acquired in 4 patients (36%) . All patients had one or more (median, 1.5) major underlying diseases . Seven of them had previous abnormalities of the lung or pleura . Severe immunosuppression was present in 7 cases . Pneumonia occurred in 8 patients, lung abscesses in 2, and empyema in 1 . All patients with pneumonia had positive blood cultures . A gastrointestinal source of pulmonary infection was not probable because only 2 patients had positive stool cultures . We suggest that the reticulo-endothelial system could be the source of hematogenous spread of nontyphoid Salmonella . The overall mortality was 63% . Pulmonary infection due to Salmonella should be considered among the pathogens associated with gram-negative bacillary pneumonia in elderly patients who are immunosuppressed and have underlying pulmonary disease . Pathogenesis of this infection remains to be clarified.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1990 Jan, 85(1), 81 - 3
An unusual late manifestation of a Salmonella typhi infection; Faber LM et al.; We report the case history of a patient in whom we diagnosed purulent lymphadenitis due to Salmonella typhi, a late complication of a febris typhoidea that occurred 11 yr previously . We also review the literature concerning complications of Salmonella infections, and particularly discuss their hematogenous spread and lodgment.

J Clin Invest, 1990 Jan, 85(1), 256 - 63
Administration of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, or interleukin 1 to rats activates skeletal muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase; Nawabi MD et al.; Protein catabolic states (i.e., sepsis and trauma) are thought to be associated with accelerated oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) . Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for BCAA oxidation by muscle, is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation . Skeletal muscle BCKAD was only 2-4% active in control rats . Intravenous injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (0.25-10 mg/kg) did not change total BCKAD activity, but increased the percent active enzyme in muscle three- to four-fold in 4-6 h . Identical results were observed in adrenalectomized rats pretreated with one dose of alpha-methylprednisolone (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) 30-60 min before saline or endotoxin injection, indicating that endotoxin's effect was not mediated by hypersecretion of adrenal hormones . Cortisone pretreatment of normal rats (100 mg/kg per d) for 2 d prevented endotoxin-induced activation of muscle BCKAD, suggesting that endogenous secretion products mediated BCKAD activation by endotoxin . Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or IL-1 beta or alpha (50 micrograms/kg) increased muscle BCKAD activation two- to fourfold in normal rats 4-6 h after intravenous injection . We conclude that cytokine-mediated activation of muscle BCKAD may contribute to accelerated BCAA oxidation in septicemia.

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Jan, 11(1), 43 - 9
Role of metabolism on the DNA binding of MeIQx in mice and bacteria; Turteltaub KW et al.; We report the effects of several inducers of P450 metabolizing enzymes on DNA adduct formation by 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) in C57BL/6 mice . We also examined the role of N:O-acetylation and the nitrenium ion in the genotoxicity of MeIQx, since these have been implicated in the activation of other aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIA) to DNA reactive species . Mice were given phenobarbital (PB), Aroclor 1254, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) or corn oil, i.p., followed 3-5 days later with oral administration of MeIQx . Induction of Aroclor and BNF produced DNA with 8-fold more adducts than either the corn oil-alone or PB-treated animals . Both corn oil-alone and PB-treated animals were similar . Four major adducts were found in all cases with no differences among inducers as judged by co-chromatography . Azido-MeIQx induced calf-thymus-DNA adducts produced identical adduct profiles to those seen for the mouse DNA . Similar adduct profiles were obtained from Salmonella TA98, and the nitroreductase deficient strains (TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6) exposed to MeIQx in the presence of Aroclor-induced-mouse-liver S9 . Adduct frequencies in TA98/1,8-DNP6 were significantly lower than in TA98 and TA98NR . The data described in this report demonstrate that induction quantitatively increases adduct numbers but does not affect the types of DNA damage . These data also suggest that the same DNA reactive intermediates are formed in vivo as in vitro and support the hypothesis that the metabolism of MeIQx involves the P450I family of isozymes, N:O-acetyltransferases and possibly a nitrenium ion . The application of radioanalytic scanners for quantitation of 32P-postlabelling adduct maps is described.

Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1990 Jan, 116(1), 88 - 91
Salmonella neck abscess; Shikani AH et al.; Salmonella species represent uncommon causative agents in focal infections of the head and neck . The case of a 24-year-old diabetic man with a neck abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis is presented, and the relevant literature is reviewed . Salmonella should be included in the differential diagnosis of head and neck abscesses.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 10(1), 59 - 64
In-home pasteurization of raw goat's milk by microwave treatment; Thompson JS et al.; Raw milk has been implicated as an important source of infection with the common bacterial agents associated with gastroenteritis . While established methods of home pasteurization can be cumbersome and tedious, we have demonstrated that a domestic microwave oven can be used effectively to reduce aerobic plate counts in raw goat's milk by up to 6 log cycles without impairing the organoleptic quality . Good keeping quality of the irradiated product was demonstrated by the 7-day holding standard plate count . Petrifilm SM and Petrifilm VRB were used successfully under field conditions . Further investigation must be undertaken to demonstrate that this method is equivalent to the legally accepted pasteurization procedures for the inactivation of such pathogenic bacteria as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and the pasteurization standard Coxiella burnetti.

Curr Eye Res, 1990, 9 Suppl, 119 - 24
Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat: a hypothesis for preferential involvement of the anterior uvea; Herbort CP et al.; Endotoxin-induced Uveitis (EIU) was produced in Lewis rats by footpad injection of Salmonella endotoxin . Protein and cells were measured both in the aqueous humor and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in order to examine if the inflammation was strictly limited to the anterior uvea . EIU was also induced in Fischer and Brown Norway rats and the inflammation was compared among the three strains . Although the function and structure of the choroid plexus is very similar to the ciliary body, no signs of inflammation were seen in the choroid plexus and the CSF . Among the 3 tested strains of rats, EIU was maximal in Lewis rats, less severe in Fischer rats and least pronounced in Brown Norway rats . It is thought that because of its specific microvascular structure, the ciliary body is specially prone to endotoxin induced inflammation . The amount of inflammation however depends on the genetic background of the animal.

Ann Rech Vet, 1990, 21(2), 153 - 60
Serological and allergic reactions of ewes after simultaneous vaccinations with two living attenuated strains of Brucella and Salmonella; Pardon P et al.; Four groups of 50 4-6-month old ewe-lambs were vaccinated with 1 or 2 living attenuated vaccines administered simultaneously . One hundred ewe-lambs received B melitensis strain REV 1 vaccine subcutaneously and 100 others received Rev 1 vaccine conjunctivally . In each group, 50 ewe-lambs simultaneously received the S abortusovis strain Rv6 vaccine via a contralateral subcutaneous route . Reactions to Brucella antigens (estimated by allergic intrapalpebral reaction to brucellin, complement fixation test and Rose Bengal plate test) or to S abortusovis antigens (agglutination of O and H antigens) were recorded . Agglutinating titers against Salmonella antigens increased in all animals vaccinated with Abortusovis Rv6, whatever the route of the associated Rev1 vaccination . Rv6 vaccination did not interfere with serological or allergic responses to Rev 1 vaccination 1 month after vaccination . Six months after vaccination, no interference was observed with serological reactions to Rev 1 vaccination, which were still positive in about 10% of subcutaneously vaccinated ewes and negative in all conjunctivally vaccinated ewes . However, 6 months after vaccination, the frequencies of allergic responses to Rev 1 vaccine were significantly decreased by Rv6 vaccination in the Rev 1 subcutaneously vaccinated (45 versus 24%, P less than 0.05), but not in the Rev 1 conjunctivally vaccinated groups (12 versus 17%) . According to these serological and allergic criteria, 1), association of the 2 vaccines does not appear to interfere with detection of Brucellosis more than by using a single anti-Brucella vaccination; 2), immunogenicity of each vaccinal valence was demonstrated after simultaneous vaccination; and 3), anti-Brucella serological and allergic responses remained in any case lower after conjunctival vaccination than after subcutaneous Rev 1 injection.

Indian J Med Res, 1990 Jan, 91, 15 - 7
Outbreak of Salmonella worthington meningitis & septicaemia in a hospital at Chandigarh (north India); Ayyagari A et al.; During August 1988 an outbreak of hospital acquired infection due to S . worthington has been reported at the Nehru Hospital, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh . A total of seven neonates presented with the clinical features of meningitis and septicaemia during this outbreak and six babies died . S . worthington was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid respectively . The same strains were isolated from the baby warmer mattress, baby cot, suction machine bottle and wall of the fridge . Samples from doctors, nurses and apparently healthy babies born during this period did not grow the above organism . This appears to be the first report on S . worthington in human beings from India . The outbreak was controlled by thorough cleaning and fumigation . The organisms were also mostly sensitive to antibiotics used, in contrast to the multiple drug resistant pattern reported from elsewhere.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(1), 93 - 101
{The dynamics of the microbial count in experimentally-induced salmonellosis of calves}; Steinbach G et al.; Numerical developments of pathogens were followed up in intestinal matter, mucosa, and lymph nodes as well as in spleen and liver of calves which had been orally infected with Salmonella (S.) dublin or S . typhimurium . Massive flooding of the organism with Salmonellae and eventually fatal proliferation were found to be possible immediately after infection or after some days of pathogen-host equilibrium . Complete elimination of Salmonellae was found to be achievable even after infestation of spleen and liver . Intestinal lymph nodes, in addition to intestinal mucosa and intestinal matter, proved to be of decisive relevance to pathogenesis of the infection and to persistence of germs.

Ann Rech Vet, 1990, 21(1), 57 - 67
Vaccinal properties of Salmonella abortusovis mutants for streptomycin: screening with an ovine model; Pardon P et al.; Living attenuated vaccines may help control infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica ser abortusovis in sheep without constraints incompatible with husbandry . Virulence and immunogenicity of 2 Abortusovis streptomycin-dependent strains and 3 reverse mutants were compared in sheep, the virulent parental strain Abortusovis 15/5 being used as reference . Reduction of virulence with conservation of some immunogenicity was demonstrated for the 5 mutant strains after intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation . A 5-day bacteriemia was detectable after intravenous inoculation with parental strain, whereas none was shown with mutant strains . Mutant reverse strains survived in loco-regional lymph nodes for at least 12 days . The dependent strain D5 and reverse strain Rv6 were selected for subcutaneous vaccination of 2 groups of 18 ewes 32 days before fecundation . Ten pregnant ewes per group and 10 unvaccinated ewes were randomly selected among pregnant animals and were challenged subcutaneously at mid-gestation . Both vaccines conferred protection, but Rv6 was more efficient than D5 and was chosen as the vaccinal strain.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1990, 91(2), 204 - 6
Abolished net output of lymphocytes from the spleen after immunization with Salmonella typhi H; Sandberg G; Cell release from the spleen was studied by comparing the content of mono- and polynuclear leucocytes in splenic afferent and efferent blood . A difference in the content of mononuclear cells was registered in normal animals, indicating a release of such cells from the spleen . Immunization with Salmonella typhi H antigen reduced this veno-arterial difference and abolished it totally after 11 days . Normal values were obtained again 28 days after immunization . The results indicate that the antigen causes an altered relation between input and output of mononuclear cells, mainly lymphocytes.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1990 Jan, 47(1), 14 - 9
{Phagocytic capacity of peritoneal exudate cells from rats immunized with a ribosomal preparation of Ty2 Salmonella typhi}; Cabrera-Contreras R et al.; It was compared the activity of exudate peritoneal cells (EPC) obtained from CFW mice immunized either with Salmonella typhi Ty2 ribosomal fraction or whole-cell heat inactivated vaccine, both in comparison with EPC from sham-immunized . In the group which received ribosomal preparation, a subcutaneous dose equivalent to 100 micrograms of RNA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) was initially used and 14 days after a booster of the same dose in IFA was given . A single dose of whole-cell heat inactivated vaccine, with 10(6) bacteria in IFA was employed subcutaneously in animals of the second group . EPC from controls and immunized mice were withdrawn at periods of 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 25, 29 and 31 days after immunization and each sample was incubated in vitro in presence of live virulent non-opsonized S . typhi Ty2 in 1:200 cell-bacteria relation . Twenty four hours after cultivation, EPC bacterial capacity was determined after cell disruption and enumeration of survival bacteria were made through viable counts . Results have shown that EPC from mice immunized were more efficient in eliminating intracellular bacteria than those which came from sham-immunized animals . Also, it was found that EPC from mice immunized with ribosomal preparation were more efficient (maximum P = 0.005) than EPC from the mice which received killed whole bacteria.

Salud Publica Mex, 1990 Jan-Feb, 32(1), 74 - 9
{Salmonella in raw meat: a study in towns of the state of Guerrero}; Bello-Perez LA et al.; Gastroenteric and diarrhoea diseases are the second cause of morbidity in the state of Guerrero, Mexico . Many cases are the result of salmonella in food . 336 meat samples, collected from nine towns in Guerrero state, were analyzed to check the presence of Salmonella . 109 samples (32.44%) were contaminated with this bacterium The kinds of meat with salmonella mainly were: sausage, pork meat and cured meat . The microbiology quality was little deficient in this products.

Basic Life Sci, 1990, 52, 457 - 60
Specificity of antimutagens against chemical mutagens in microbial systems; Shankel DM et al.; Procedures have been developed which enable the study of antimutagenic specificity of certain antimutagenic chemicals against chemical mutagens/carcinogens . Modifications of the Ames Salmonella assay, the Bacillis subtilis rec assay of Kada and co-workers, and the Luria-Delbruck fluctuation test, along with procedures we have developed utilizing E . coli K12 strain ND160 developed by Dworkin, all are employed in these studies . Using these procedures, a number of naturally-occurring compounds and/or their derivatives have been shown to produce antimutagenic specificity either against changes at different specific genetic loci or against activity of specific chemical mutagens such as nitrofurazone, ethyl methanesulfonate, or caffeine . Compounds that demonstrate this activity include cinnamaldehyde, chlorophyllin, an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra, spermine, and mixtures of guanosine and cytidine . The data demonstrate that some antimutagens act specifically against spontaneous mutations, while others inhibit the development of chemically-induced mutations at specific loci . These results have potential application to the prevention of chemical toxicological damage.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Jan, 34(1), 161 - 3
In vivo selection for transmissible drug resistance in Salmonella typhi during antimicrobial therapy; Schwalbe RS et al.; We report the recovery of Salmonella typhi that acquired resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin subsequent to multiple antibiotic therapy . Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates which were recovered from the same stool sample displayed identical resistance patterns . Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that S . typhi and laboratory-derived transconjugants contained a high-molecular-weight plasmid present in the resistant intestinal bacteria.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1990 Jan 1, 54(1-3), 245 - 8
SshAI restriction endonuclease from Salmonella shikmonah; Miyahara M et al.; A new type II restriction endonuclease, SshAI, was purified from Salmonella shikmonah TK139 of kangaroo origin . The recognition and cleavage specificity of Ssh AI was determined to be 5'-CC/TNAGG-3', identical to that of SauI from Streptomyces aureofaciens and Bsu36I from Bacillus subtilis . Based on closely related and in part overlapping recognition specificities of Ssh AI and other restriction endonucleases, a close evolutionary relationship is proposed for all known Salmonella restriction endonucleases.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1990, 22(1), 37 - 42
Persistent excretion of Salmonella in foreign-born adopted and native Swedish children; Svenungsson B et al.; The duration of salmonella excretion in 162 foreign-born adopted children and 132 native Swedish children was studied . Of the adopted children (96% being less than 1 year of age) 54% still excreted salmonella at 12 weeks, 32% at 6 months, and 12% at 1 year after arrival in Sweden . The carrier state was more prolonged in the age group 0-3 months compared to the age group greater than 6 months . In the group of native Swedish children, aged 0-5 years, 18% still excreted salmonella at 12 weeks, 4% at 6 months, and none at 1 year after the gastroenteritis episode . A majority of these children were older than 1 year . Intrafamilial transmission of salmonella seemed to be uncommon . Only 6% of the adopted children infected another family member.

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1990, 38(1), 71 - 5
{Human salmonellosis and turtles in France}; Mallaret MR et al.; Two immunosuppressed children were infected with Salmonella, due to turtles living in water . So we investigated the carriage of Salmonella among those animals . Among the 95 investigated animals, 10 were carrying Salmonella (Arizonae, Rissen, Pomona and Blockley) . The water of 6 containers out of 20 contained Salmonella . Comparing our data to others in the litterature, we conclude that human salmonellosis, acquired from turtles are not, by now, a major problem in France . Nevertheless, a number of those animals are carrying Salmonella . So an epidemiological survey is necessary, and immunosuppressed patients should avoid contact with those animals.

Poult Sci, 1990 Jan, 69(1), 150 - 6
Effects of high-energy electron irradiation of chicken meat on Salmonella and aerobic plate count; Heath JL et al.; Four experiments were used to determine the effects of high-energy irradiation on the number of aerobic microorganisms and Salmonella on broiler breasts and thighs . Irradiation ranging from 100 to 700 kilorads (krads) was provided by a commercial-scale, electron-beam accelerator . Irradiation of broiler breast and thigh pieces with electron beams at levels of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 krads showed that levels as low as 100 krads would eliminate Salmonella . When 33 thighs were tested after irradiation at 200 krads, only one thigh tested presumptive positive . The total number of aerobic organisms was reduced by 2 to 3 log10 cycles at irradiation levels of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 krads . Increasing the dose above 100 krads gave little if any additional benefit.

Arch Virol, 1990, 110(3-4), 255 - 7
Host-range modifications of bacteriophage epsilon 15; Sechter I et al.; Host-range modifications were observed after multiplication of bacteriophage epsilon 15 on Salmonella strains belonging to five serovars . The phage preparations obtained were tested at RTD (routine test dilution) on strains belonging to the same serovars . In each serovar, three kinds of reaction patterns were observed: (a) specific sensitivity only to the phage multiplied on the same serovar; (b) sensitivity to all host-range modifications of the phage; (c) lack of sensitivity to all phage preparations, at RTD.

Immunopharmacology, 1990 Jan-Feb, 19(1), 33 - 8
Rheumatoid factor induction in the mouse: sex differences and the effect of the sex steroids; McCruden AB et al.; Female CBA mice produced a significantly higher plasma rheumatoid factor (RF) response to Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide than did male mice . The peak level in females was observed on day 5-6 after injection and in males on day 7-8 . Elevated RF levels continued to be detected more than 30 days later . A second injection of LPS, 38 days after the first, to assess the secondary response, had no more than an additive effect on plasma RF concentration, although the day of peak response was earlier by two days in both sexes . Administration of oestradiol-17 beta by Silastic implant brought forward the day of peak response by two days in both sexes although it reduced its amplitude considerably . Testosterone had little effect on the peak concentrations achieved in both sexes, but did produce a slower decay in plasma RF level . This investigation indicates that the sex hormones can influence the response to LPS, a polyclonal B cell activator . This may have implications for the sex differences seen in autoimmune diseases.

J Wildl Dis, 1990 Jan, 26(1), 119 - 21
Salmonellae in the African great cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus); Oboegbulem SI et al.; Because of its large size, the African great cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) is valued for food and has become a popular meat in western Africa . A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of salmonellae in cane rats . Ten strains of Salmonella sp . were isolated from eight of 25 (32%) cane rats . Salmonella ajiobo was isolated from the spleen and intestines of three cane rats; S . agama was obtained from the spleen, liver and intestines of three animals; and S . poona was isolated from the spleen and liver of two cane rats . The occurrence of salmonellae in T . swinderianus is a potential public health hazard . Humans may become exposed to infection by consumption of inadequately cooked infected cane rat meat, or by eating vegetables, sugar cane and fruits contaminated with excretions of carrier cane rats . Incidents of human salmonellosis attributable to cane rat meat have not yet been reported; however, all three serotypes isolated from the cane rats have also been isolated from stools of patients suffering from gastroenteritis in Nigeria.

Cancer Lett, 1990 Jan, 49(1), 1 - 7
Synthesis, characterization and mutagenicity of 2-nitroso-6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline; Seng D et al.; The compound 6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline (Scheme 2, (ii} reacts with nitrous acid at ambient temperature and pH approximately 3.0 to give, in high yield the expected 2-nitroso-6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline (Scheme 2, (iii)) . An unequivocal chemical structure of this nitroso derivative was established by high resolution mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectrometry . Unlike many N-nitroso compounds, (iii) crystallizes in a single rotational isomer which spontaneously forms, in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution, an equilibrium mixture of the two E/Z isomeric forms with a t1/2 approximately 53 h . The compound is mutagenic to Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1538, TA1535, and TA1537 but only in the presence of induced rat liver microsomes . The highest mutagenic activity of approximately 10 net revertants/nM was obtained with TA100 at a dose of 10 micrograms/plate . The compound (ii) is a close structural analog to the tetrahydroisoquinolines formed by endogenous condensation/cyclization reactions that can occur, between acetaldehyde and dopamine or norepinephrine, when alcohol is consumed.

Am J Physiol, 1990 Jan, 258(1 Pt 2), H153 - 8
Beneficial effect of a platelet-activating factor antagonist, WEB 2086, on endotoxin-induced lung injury; Chang SW et al.; We tested the hypothesis that platelet-activating factor plays an important role in promoting endotoxin-induced lung injury by studying the effect of WEB 2086, a specific platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, on lung vascular leak in endotoxin-treated rats . Intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (2 mg/kg) increased the extravascular leakage of 125I-labeled albumin in perfused lungs at 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 48 h . Treatment with WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg ip) either 20 min before or 30 min after endotoxin injection significantly reduced lung injury at 2 h after endotoxin (leak index: control 0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.79 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + pretreated WEB 1.23 +/- 0.09, endotoxin + posttreated WEB 1.21 +/- 0.13) . In addition, posttreatment with WEB 2086 starting at 90 min after endotoxin injection markedly reduced lung leak at 6 h (control 0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.29 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + WEB 0.71 +/- 0.06) . The protective effect of WEB 2086 was not the result of cyclooxygenase blockade because the release of thromboxane B2 by endotoxin-treated lungs was not affected by WEB 2086 . Furthermore, neither pretreatment nor posttreatment with WEB 2086 significantly reduced the endotoxin-induced increase in plasma glutathione disulfide, a marker of in vivo oxidative stress . In rats given a lethal dose of endotoxin (20 mg/kg ip), posttreatment with WEB 2086, starting at 2 h after endotoxin, significantly improved survival compared with vehicle treatment . We conclude that WEB 2086 ameliorated endotoxin-induced lung injury without reducing oxidative stress in the rat and suggest that blockade of platelet-activating factor receptor may be an important therapeutic consideration in sepsis-induced acute lung vascular injury.

Nutr Cancer, 1990, 13(1-2), 111 - 7
Effect of dietary lipids on hepatic and intestinal monooxygenases in mice; Caderni G et al.; The effect of dietary lipids on hepatic and intestinal monooxygenases was studied by feeding C57BL/6N mice (for 2 wks) diets containing 5% and 23.5% (wt/wt) olive oil or corn oil . At the end of the feeding period, we measured arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in S9 preparations from liver, small intestine, and colon; and, using the same S9 preparations from the liver, we observed the activation of the following three dietary promutagens: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f) quinoxaline, and 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a:3',2'-d)imidazole . The results showed that high-fat diets increased hepatic AHH activity both in corn oil and olive oil diets compared with the low-fat diets; also, a 5% corn oil diet had significantly higher AHH activity compared with the 5% olive oil diet . AHH activity was, respectively, 48.6 +/- 5.1 and 79.5 +/- 11.4 pmol 3OH-benzo{a}pyrene formed/mg/min in the 5% and 23.5% olive oil diets and 66.1 +/- 5.1 and 83.9 +/- 12.2 in the 5% and 23.5% corn oil diets; values are means +/- SE, n = 16 . The results also showed a significant increase in the ability of hepatic S9 fractions from animals on high-fat diets to activate promutagens in the Salmonella/plate test . On the contrary, AHH activity in the small intestine and colon was not affected by the fat content of the diet.

Arch Surg, 1990 Jan, 125(1), 24 - 7; discussion 28
Decreased tumor necrosis factor production during the initial stages of infection correlates with survival during murine gram-negative sepsis; Mayoral JL et al.; Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin occurs during gram-negative bacterial sepsis in response to macrophage stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and may play an early pivotal role in the subsequent host response . We sought to determine whether administration of: (1) murine monoclonal antibody directed against endotoxin, (2) steroids, or (3) antimicrobial agents would abrogate TNF production and whether the protective capacity would correlate with TNF levels in an experimental model of murine gram-negative bacterial sepsis . Mice were pretreated with anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody, gentamicin sulfate, hydrocortisone, or saline and were then challenged with a lethal dose of intraperitoneal Salmonella minnesota . Murine serum TNF levels were measured by the L929 fibroblast cytotoxicity assay . Both gentamicin and anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced survival, and TNF activity at 1.5 and 3 hours was significantly suppressed in animals receiving these agents compared with animals that received either steroids or saline . We conclude that agents such as gentamicin, which inhibits bacterial replication, or monoclonal antibodies, which may neutralize lipopolysaccharide, indeed enhance survival, and survival was correlated with a significant reduction in circulating TNF during the early stages of infection.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jan, 58(1), 205 - 13
Characterization of murine monoclonal and murine, rabbit, and human polyclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide; Brade L et al.; Murine monoclonal and rabbit, murine, and human polyclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were characterized by the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition assays and by absorption experiments with LPSs of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and a recombinant strain of Salmonella minnesota Re (r595-207) expressing the chlamydia-specific LPS epitope, as well as natural and synthetic partial structures of chlamydial LPS . Eleven monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin M and G classes were characterized as chlamydia-specific by their failure to react with Re-type LPS, binding to a similar epitope for which the trisaccharide alpha-3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO)-(2-8)-alpha-KDO-(2-4)-alpha-KDO was an absolute prerequisite . For optimal binding, parts of the lipid A moiety were also involved; however, phosphoryl and ester-linked acyl groups and the reducing glucosamine residue of lipid A were dispensable . A similar antibody specificity was detected in lapine and murine hyperimmune sera after immunization with chlamydia, in addition to those recognizing more complex (e.g., those requiring the presence of phosphoryl residues) and less complex epitopes . Among the latter were those cross-reacting with Re-type LPS, which could be removed by absorption . The titers of different antibody specificities, in particular the ratio of chlamydia-specific to cross-reactive antibodies, present in murine polyclonal antisera depended on the immunization protocol . The preferential formation of chlamydia-specific antibodies was observed after immunization with liposome-incorporated immunogens . Human sera from patients with suspected genital chlamydial infections were also found to contain chlamydia-specific and cross-reactive antibodies, the latter of which could be removed by absorption with Re-type LPS.

Rev Gastroenterol Mex, 1990 Jan-Mar, 55(1), 17 - 24
{A 10-year prolective study on cancer of the digestive system}; Villalobos JJ et al.; OBJECTIVE: A ten year prolective and multicentre study of cancer of the Digestive Tract aims to evaluate the variations on frequency and to identify risk factors . METHODS: Ten hospitals are participating five in Mexico City and five in other states . Data were obtained through the hospitals files and specially designed questionnaires, the latter mainly diet and habits oriented . RESULTS: Through this ten years in the 4,715 cases studied we can appreciate a decreasing tendency of the carcinoma of the stomach (GC) that has been the most frequent until 1984 in the general group General Hospital and Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion . Since then and up to date, first place in frequency in shared between the stomach and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) . CRC has been increasing even in the General Hospital in which GC was very high . Eighth years ago we found that people in those hospitals in which GC was high the diet was poor in proteins, fat A and C vitamin . People in those hospitals with high frequency of CRC had diet high in protein, fat and low in fiber . A new study on diet is ongoing . Gallbladder and biliary tract carcinoma has been increasing in all the hospitals . A high O blood group was found in the Juarez Hospital in which gallbladder carcinoma was the highest . O group is highest in the indian people . Cancer of the gallbladder is very high in Pimas and Navajos indians . A plan to study litogenic index and culture of salmonella is going to be practiced in bile from normal and gallbladder carcinoma . Concerning habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption are most frequent in cancer of the esophagus and pancreas . Also coffee consumption is high in the latter . CONCLUSIONS: Along this 10-year study, the frequency of gastric cancer has been decreasing . Instead, the frequencies of colo rectal and biliary tract cancers have been increasing . Variations in frequencies correlated with the composition of the diet, fiber consumption habits and racial characteristics of the different groups.

Ann Rech Vet, 1990, 21(4), 267 - 73
{Frequency of abortion and seroprevalence of the principal diseases causing ovine infectious abortion in the area of Rabat (Morocco)}; Benkirane A et al.; A survey was carried out on 23 sheep flocks to estimate the frequency of abortion as well as the prevalence of antibodies against abortive infections . During the visit of each farm, a questionnaire was completed with the collaboration of the owner and blood samples were collected from all aborted ewes and some of those with normal lambing . A rate of 7% abortion was reached in both aborted and normally lambed ewes . Anti-Chlamydia psittaci antibodies were the most frequently detected (14 flocks) . Anti-Coxiella burnetii and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in 9 flocks, whereas anti-Brucella and anti-Salmonella abortus ovis were present in only 1 flock each . None of the 5 infections was detected in 2 flocks . Mixed infections were prevalent: 13 flocks were simultaneously infected by at least 2 abortive pathogens . The procedure used does not allow the cause of abortion to be identified in all cases.

Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(8), 665 - 74
Electron microscopic observation of crystals of Escherichia coli K-12 lipopolysaccharide; Kato N et al.; Previously we showed that Salmonella minnesota Re and Ra lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and Escherichia coli K-12 LPS formed three-dimensional crystals, either hexagonal plates or solid columns, when they were precipitated by the addition of 2 volumes of 95% ethanol containing 375 mM MgCl2 and incubated in 70% ethanol containing 250 mM MgCl2, and stored at 4 C for 10 days . Later, Escherichia coli K-12 LPS thus treated was found to form discoid crystals as well as hexagonal plate crystals and solid column crystals . Analysis by electron diffraction of the discoid crystals from the direction perpendicular to the basal plane showed that they consisted of hexagonal lattices with the a axis of 4.62 A . This result was quite the same as that of the hexagonal plate crystals . Electron micrographs of the edges of the discoid crystals revealed stacked sheets of the hexagonal plate crystals . From these results it was concluded that formation of the discoid crystals results from irregular overlapping of the hexagonal plate crystals.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1990 Jan-Mar, 22(1), 31 - 6
{Significance of Salmonella enteritidis in outbreaks of diseases transmitted by foods in Argentina, 1986-1988}; Eiguer T et al.; This paper reports on the outbreaks of food-borne-diseases due to Salmonella Enteritidis which occurred in Argentina between 1986 and 1988 . In 39 registered episodes 210 strains were isolated from human feces (28 outbreaks) and 59 from food (23 outbreaks) . More than 2,500 people in different provinces were affected, the chief characteristics of the clinical picture being the gravity of the symptoms (high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea and severe dehydration) . The main source of infection was related to raw eggs, eaten in the form of home-made mayonnaise . It is considered necessary to carry out an effective control of poultry products, as well as a permanent surveillance of salmonellosis.

Intervirology, 1990, 31(5), 255 - 64
Cloning and expression of packaging gene 3 of Salmonella phage P22; Schiessl S et al.; Packaging genes 3 of Salmonella phage P22 wild type and two mutants with altered packaging properties (HT12/4 and NT1/1) have been cloned in an expression vector . By plasmid transduction, it has been shown that the amino terminus of gene 3 is not functional in DNA packaging when fused with the Escherichia coli lacZ gene . The reconstituted genes 3, however, express functional gp3 . The transduction experiments also have shown that the pac signal, which is part of gene 3, is intact in all three phages . Expression of gene product gp3 has been demonstrated in the minicell system.

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 1990, 41(3-4), 200 - 3
{Effect of preincubation time and concentration of selective media on the effectiveness of salmonella organism isolation from frozen meat homogenates}; Pogorzelska E et al.; Double concentrated RV and SC media were used for selective multiplication of frozen meat homogenates preincubated in buffered peptone water during 6 and 20 hours . It was found that cultures of 2 ml of homogenate preincubated during 6 hours in 10 ml of twofold concentrated RV medium, and selective multiplication during 20 hours made possible obtaining of a greater number of Salmonella isolates as compared to samples preincubated during 20 hours and transferred in volumes of 0.1 ml into 10 ml of normal concentration medium . On the other hand, the growth of 1 ml of a culture preincubated during 6 hours transferred into 10 ml of twofold concentrated SC medium yielded a similar number of salmonella isolates as in the case of samples preincubated during 24 h and transferred in 1 ml volumes into 10 ml of the SC medium without concentration change.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1990, 22(5), 611 - 8
Salmonella infection in total hip replacement: tests to predict the outcome of antimicrobial therapy; Widmer AF et al.; We report a hematogenous implant infection with Salmonella dublin in a renal transplant patient with total hip replacement . A 16-month treatment with cotrimoxazole failed, as evidenced by culture and electron microscopy, despite persisting low MIC after therapy . Data from a foreign body animal model and in vitro tests, which take into account the properties of adhering and stationary-phase bacteria, explain the failure of a long-term treatment with cotrimoxazole . The patient was subsequently cured by ciprofloxacin which was successful in these tests . No relapse was noted after a follow-up of 1 year.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16(4), 250 - 4
In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity evaluation of hormonal drugs . I . Hydrocortisone; Bali D et al.; Genotoxic evaluation of a widely used glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone, was undertaken using a battery of in vitro and in vivo test systems . Human lymphocyte cultures and mouse bone marrow studies (micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange analyses) showed the drug to be very potent clastogen . However, the Ames/Salmonella assay both with and without S9 did not show an increase in the His+ revertants.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16(4), 238 - 45
Metabolism and bacterial mutagenicity of binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene and polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons; Donnelly KC et al.; The results of both the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to evaluate the interactions of binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) and several different polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons . Binary mixtures of either 2-nitro-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2NTCDD) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) with BAP produced synergism, whereas strictly additive effects were observed with mixtures of octa- or hepta-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and BAP . At a dose of 50 micrograms per plate, BAP induced 120 total revertants, whereas the binary mixture of BAP and PCP induced 303 total revertants . The binary mixture of BAP at 1 microgram per plate and 2NTCDD at 0.5 microgram per plate induced 261 net revertants, whereas BAP alone induced 42 net revertants . HPLC analysis of the mixtures indicated that preincubation of BAP with 2NTCDD increased the quantity of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, and 9,10-dihydrodiol metabolites detected . The data suggest that nonmutagenic components of a complex mixture may alter the metabolism of promixate mutagens . Thus, in the present study, 2NTCDD appears to have inhibited the detoxication of BAP metabolites.

Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother, 1990, 7(2-3), 131 - 6
Short-term tests and long-term prospects for colon cancer prevention; Bruce WR; Five assay systems that have been used for identifying possible carcinogenic factors responsible for human colon cancer are described . These are: Salmonella, colonic micronuclei, colonic epithelial proliferation and aberrant crypt assays, and polyp recurrence trials . The assays have led to the development and testing of 7 hypotheses . A review of this process points to the importance of specificity in the assay system.

IARC Sci Publ, 1990, (104), 269 - 76
Mutagenicity of emission and immission samples around industrial areas; Pinter A et al.; Urban air particulates (suspended particles and settling dusts), as well as dusts emitted by a Soderberg aluminium production plant and a coal-burning power plant, in the industrial town of Ajka were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content (liquid chromatography) and mutagenicity (Salmonella microsome test) . The same parameters for air particulates from Papa (a town of similar size without much heavy industry) were analysed and compared to those from Ajka . The dust content, PAH concentration and the mutagenic potency of the air in Ajka were higher than in Papa . Mutagenicity of airborne particulates showed a clear seasonality with a winter maximum and a summer minimum in both towns . The mutagenic potency of air correlated well with the benzo{a}pyrene (BP) and PAH content in Ajka but not in Papa . The amounts of extractable organic material and mutagenic potency, as calculated for unit quantity of airborne particulate matter, were higher in the Papa samples . Similar differences between the two towns were observed in the case of deposited dust . As regards the emission dusts, the aluminium plant emissions are responsible for much more of the mutagenicity of the urban air than the power plant emission, which is the main component of air dust pollution in Ajka.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1990, 22(4), 505 - 6
Successful aztreonam treatment of acute typhoid fever after chloramphenicol failure; Farid Z et al.; Aztreonam treatment was successful in 4 cases of typhoid fever . The patients were seriously ill with growth of Salmonella typhi in blood cultures despite treatment with chloramphenicol . Aztreonam appears to be a useful alternative to standard therapy of typhoid fever.

J Soc Occup Med, 1990 Autumn, 40(3), 97 - 100
Food poisoning--a major threat to airline operations; Burslem CD et al.; In the spring of 1984, British Airways was involved in a major food poisoning outbreak which affected nearly 1000 passengers, aircrew and ground personnel . The operational impact was worldwide and could have resulted in the cessation of the airline's day-to-day operations . The investigation paralleled a major aircraft disaster in the number of national and international agencies involved and in the variety of disciplines engaged . Although the causative organism was rapidly identified (salmonella), and its introduction into the food chain proved to be a key factor, the scale of the outbreak was the result of an interaction of other factors . As with a major aircraft accident, none of the factors alone would have caused the near disaster that occurred.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(2), 183 - 9
Comparative study of the prevalence and clinical profiles of diarrheas due to Aeromonas and other enteric pathogens; Eko FO et al.; The prevalence of Aeromonas spp . and other enteric pathogens in stool specimens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients was studied over a 12 month period (January to December, 1986) . Except for the absence of fever, all the clinical features in Aeromonas diarrhea were comparable to those associated with other diarrheagenic agents . These features included abdominal pain (30%), vomiting (24.5%), fever (31.5%), dehydration (9.5%) and hematochezia (19.5%) . Aeromonas spp . were more frequently isolated from patients with gastroenteritis (2.5%) than from control patients (1.0%) (P less than 0.05) . Isolates were recovered more often during the dry months (66.7%), than during the wet months (33.3%) . Among the enteric pathogens isolated, Aeromonas spp . (2.5%) ranked next to Esch . coli (14.5%) and Shigella spp . (6.3%) in prevalence . Other bacterial isolates included Plesiomonas shigelloides (1.5%) Vibrio spp . (1.0%), Yersinia enterocolitica (1.0%) and Salmonella spp . (1.8%).

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16(3), 204 - 15
Comparison of the Salmonella (Ames) test, umu tests, and the SOS Chromotests for detecting genotoxins; McDaniels AE et al.; The limits of detection of 10 genotoxins representing 7 chemical classes with varying structures and modes of action were compared using the Ames test (Salmonella plate-incorporation test) with 2 tester strains, 2 standard colorimetric methods (the umu test and SOS Chromotest), and modifications of the umu and SOS Chromotests developed during the course of this study . The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of each of the six methods . The sensitivities of the methods were compared using two criteria: the concentrations required for doubling responses, and the minimum concentrations required to produce statistically significant increases from background controls . The Ames test with strains TA98 and TA100 was ranked as the most sensitive method more often than the others, but the results indicated that the umu tests were statistically equivalent to the Ames test . The original SOS Chromotest kit method was highly sensitive in detecting the direct acting genotoxins, but neither SOS test was as sensitive as the other methods in detecting indirect acting genotoxins . The umu microtiter plate test is the least expensive of the assays and would be the most suitable for screening large numbers of environmental samples.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16(3), 149 - 77
Significant differences in the structural basis of the induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells; Rosenkranz HS et al.; The structural basis of the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations (Cvt) in Chinese hamster ovary cells was investigated by the CASE (Computer Automated Structure Evaluation) method, an artificial-intelligence-based system . Using the relevant National Toxicology Program data bases CASE identified a set of structural determinants responsible for the induction of SCE and another one for Cvt . A comparison between the structural determinants associated with SCE and Cvt revealed an overlap of only 22.6%, while the overlap between SCE and the determinants of mutagenicity in Salmonella is 54.5% . This indicates a) that the structural bases of the two phenomena differ and b) that it is likely that SCE, but not Cvt, involves a significant electrophilic/DNA-damaging component.

Biotherapy, 1990, 2(3), 199 - 205
Augmentation of various immune reactivities of tumor-bearing hosts with an extract of Cordyceps sinensis; Yamaguchi N et al.; In order to enhance general reactivity of immune system in the tumor-bearing host, we employed extract of Cordyceps sinensis (CSE) as a biological response modifier . Cordyceps sinensis is an interesting material produced by a kind of mushroom parasitic to larval moths and was used to hasten recovery from exhaustion in ancient China . In this experiment, C57BL/6 mice implanted subcutaneously with syngeneic EL-4 lymphoma cells were employed as the host . Oral administration of the extract leads to a reduction of tumor size and prolongation of the host survival time . As judged by plaque-forming cells against T-dependent (sheep erythrocytes) and T-independent (bacterial lipopolysaccharide) antigens, CSE showed to augment the antibody responses . As for the activities of peritoneal macrophages, chemotaxis was dramatically depressed within a few days after EL-4 transplantation up to the end of life, but treatment with CSE at -14, -7, -4, +4, +7 and +10 days after the tumor transplantation augmented the activity about four times stronger than that of control . Phagocytic activity of macrophages was also decreased in tumor-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) 3 and 5 days after tumor transplantation . But administration of CSE restored the activity to more than the normal level . The overall efficacy of CSE was tested with protective activity against systemic infection by Salmonella enteritides . The tumor-bearing mice receiving this medicine lived significantly longer than any other groups without CSE.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1990, 340B, 23 - 48
Identification of rodent carcinogens by an expert system; Rosenkranz HS et al.; CASE, an artificial intelligence method for identifying structural determinants responsible for biological activity was applied to the U.S . National Toxicology Program (NTP) cancer bioassay results . CASE identified structures which were significantly associated with rodent carcinogenicity . On the basis of these structural determinants CASE exhibited a sensitivity of 0.98 and a specificity of 1.00 . CASE showed a similarly remarkable performance in predicting the carcinogenicity, or lack thereof, of chemicals not in the NTP data base . A comparison between the activating structures (biophores) responsible for mutagenicity in Salmonella and rodent carcinogenicity showed a significant overlap, verifying that there are structural commonalities between the two phenomena . CASE also identified biophores significantly associated with the activity of non-genotoxic carcinogens, thereby suggesting the unexpected possibility that there is a structural commonality among the chemicals included in this group . A comparison between the biophores responsible for carcinogenicity in mice and rats resulted in the identification of common ("universal") biophores . It is suggested that agents which contain "universal" biophores are more likely to present a risk to human than carcinogens that do not possess such biophores . CASE also permitted the recognition of species-specific carcinogenic biophores . While the former are primarily electrophiles or potential electrophiles, the latter represent non-electrophilic structures.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(2), 319 - 27
{Preliminary results of the determination of plasmid profiles of veterinary Salmonella isolates}; Lehmann S et al.; A plasmid of 60 Md magnitude was recorded from 40 in 41 Salmonella (S.) typhimurium strains, including the Copenhagen minus variant . A plasmid of that kind had been described in the international literature as serovar-specific of S . typhimurium . One S . typhimurium strain was without plasmid . Five contained the 60-Md and other plasmids . No relationship was found to exist between the 60-Md plasmid and biovar as well as chemotherapeutic resistance . Further studies will be necessary for consistent information on virulence association of this plasmid and its serovar specificity . Plasmid profiles were also checked in four S . enteritidis strain and additional serovars.

Bull Pan Am Health Organ, 1990, 24(2), 177 - 82
Detection of Salmonella typhi carriers in food handlers by Vi serology in Lima, Peru; Lanata CF et al.; The work described here sought to assess the merits of using an indirect hemagglutination test employing highly purified Vi antigen to screen a high-risk population for chronic S . typhi carriers in Lima, Peru . A total of 1,931 female food handlers over 30 years old were enrolled in the study . Indirect hemagglutination tests performed on these subjects' sera, taking a titer of 1:40 or more as positive, yielded 29 positive results . Subsequent bacteriologic testing performed on 26 of these 29 subjects identified four (15%) as S . typhi carriers . The procedure had a sensitivity of 79%, indicating that the prevalence of S . typhi carriers among the population studied was on the order of 262 per 100,000 . It appears that Vi serology employing highly purified Vi antigen offers a practical and cost-effective way of screening for S . typhi carriers in both endemic and nonendemic typhoid fever areas.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16(1), 21 - 5
The SIMULTEST approach for testing mutagens in the Salmonella microtitre fluctuation assay; McPherson MF et al.; The concept of combining several histidine-dependent Salmonella strains in a single test, the SIMULTEST, has been applied to the microtitre fluctuation test . The activity of five mutagens was determined in strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 individually as well as in a SIMULTEST mixture . All five compounds were mutagenic in the SIMULTEST, demonstrating the utility of this time and labour-saving approach of combining strains for testing with this method . The microtitre fluctuation SIMULTEST results were quantitatively comparable to those of the SIMULTEST Salmonella/microsome plate test . The microtitre fluctuation test compared with the plate incorporation assay generally showed more favourable "sensitivity" and "quantity" indices in that four of the five chemicals tested in the fluctuation test were mutagenic at lower doses than in the plate test.

Microbios, 1990, 62(252-253), 155 - 64
Viability of Salmonella in bone meal; Abalaka JA et al.; The ability of Salmonella to survive varying concentrations of sodium metabisulphite incorporated into bone meal (rendered animal by-product) was investigated . No viable Salmonella was detected after 4 days of exposure of the micro-organisms to 5,000 ppm of sodium metabisulphite . The minimum killing concentration of metabisulphite was also established at 4,000 ppm . However, the killing effect of the metabisulphite was moisture-dependent, being most potent at a moisture level of 8 to 12%.

Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(3), 245 - 57
Relationship between Mg2(+)-induced hexagonal assembly of R-form lipopolysaccharides and chemical structure of their R-cores; Kato N et al.; The relationship between formation of the Mg2(+)-induced hexagonal lattice structure by R-form lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and chemical structure of their R-cores was investigated using different kinds of R-form LPS from a series of mutants of Salmonella minnesota or S . typhimurium . The optimal experimental condition for formation of the hexagonal lattice structure was to suspend LPS preparations, from which cationic material was removed by electrodialysis, in 50 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 8.5 containing 10 mM MgCl2 . Under this experimental condition, Rb1 LPS formed the hexagonal lattice structure with the lattice constant of 14.0 +/- 0.2 nm . Ra LPS, which possesses the full length of R-core, also formed the hexagonal lattice structure but its lattice constant was larger (18.1 +/- 0.2 nm) than that of Rb1 LPS (the lattice structure by Ra LPS was looser than that by Rb1 LPS) . All the other R-form LPS preparations tested, RcP+, PcP-, Rd1P-, and Re LPS, whose R-cores are shorter than that of Rb1 LPS, did not form the hexagonal lattice structure, but formed membranous structures showing various shapes which consisted of multiple bilayer structures . Failure to form the hexagonal lattice structure was the common feature of these kinds of R-form LPS irrespective of temperature at which the LPS suspensions in 10 mM MgCl2-50 mM Tris buffer were incubated . From the results of the present study it was concluded that capability of R-form LPS to form the hexagonal lattice structure has a close correlation with the chemical structure of their R-cores.

Sci China B, 1990 Jan, 33(1), 44 - 9
Construction of a bivalent oral vaccine for prevention of typhoid fever and cholera diarrhea; Ma QJ et al.; A recombinant plasmid pMM-CTB containing the gene for production of the nontoxic B subunit of Vibrio cholera was transferred into a safe, effective and attenuated oral vaccine Ty21a strain of Salmonella typhi . The resulting Ty21a (pMM-CTB) could steadily produce CT-B subunit that was secreted extracellularly and had the same antigenicity as CT-B produced by V . cholera . Furthermore, the characteristics of the antigenicity, the persistance in mice and the galactose sensitivity possessed in the strain of Ty21a were also retained in Ty21a (pMM-CTB) . A bivalent vaccine containing Ty21a (pMM-CTB) and the killed whole cell of V . cholera was then constructed which had good immunogenecity for typhoid fever and cholera diarrhea.

Plasmid, 1990 Jan, 23(1), 42 - 58
A phasmid shuttle vector for the cloning of complex operons in Salmonella; Gutmann L et al.; Phasmid (phage plasmid hybrid) P4 vir1 can be propagated in Escherichia coli as a helper-dependent lytic phage, as a plasmid, or as a prophage . On the basis of an understanding of these modes of propagation, derivatives of P4 have been constructed for use as cloning vectors . In this report we demonstrate that phasmid P4 (i) will propagate as a helper-dependent lytic phage and as a plasmid in Salmonella spp . and (ii) can be used as a high efficiency phage shuttle vector for the reversible transfer of cloned genes between Salmonella spp . and E . coli . For both E . coli and Salmonella spp., P4 phage-mediated gene transfer proved to be only 10-fold lower than plaquing efficiency . For the case of Salmonella spp., this frequency is ca . 10(4)-fold more efficient than is typically found for the transformation of DNA molecules . The usefulness of this cloning vector system for analyses of pathogenic virulence factors is demonstrated by the cloning and expression of both the P pilus adhesin operon and the hemolysin operon of uropathogenic E . coli.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 Jan, 43(1), 89 - 99
{Susceptibilities of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals to ofloxacin and commonly used antimicrobial agents}; Takahashi I et al.; Susceptibilities of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chickens, pigs and cattle to ofloxacin (OFLX) and commonly used antimicrobial agents were investigated . 1 . E . coli (28 isolates) demonstrated the highest level of susceptibility of OFLX (MIC 0.10-0.39 micrograms/ml for all the isolates) among all the test drugs . Commonly used antimicrobial agents to which these isolates responded with relatively high susceptibilities (MIC50 0.78-6.25 micrograms/ml) included oxolinic acid (OXA), ampicillin (ABPC), kanamycin (KM) and chloramphenicol (CP) with their MIC50 values in the increasing order as above . Drugs to which these isolates responded with moderate to weak susceptibilities (MIC50 25 approximately greater than 800 micrograms/ml) were doxycycline (DOXY), streptomycin (SM), spectinomycin (SPCM) and sulfadimethoxine (SDMX) in the increasing order of MIC50 . E . coli isolates with resistances to all the test drugs other than OFLX and OXA amounted to 7.1-57.1% of the isolates examined and 20 isolates (71.4%) in total . 2 . Susceptibilities to OFLX and 4 existing pyridonecarboxylic acid derivatives of E . coli (48 samples) isolated recently from diarrheal pigs were compared . When evaluated in terms of MIC50, the values of OFLX and norfloxacin were both 0.10 micrograms/ml . The values increased by differences of 0.39-3.13 micrograms/ml in an order of OXA, pipemidic acid and nalidixic acid . 3 . Salmonella (28 isolates) demonstrated the highest level of susceptibility to OFLX (MIC 0.20-0.39 micrograms/ml for all the isolates) among all the test drugs . The drugs to which these isolates responded with relatively high to moderate susceptibilities (MIC50 0.78-12.5 micrograms/ml) included ABPC, OXA, DOXY, KM, CP and SM with their MIC50 values increasing in this order . The drugs to which the isolates responded with low susceptibilities (MIC50 above 100 micrograms/ml) were SPCM and SDMX . Of all the 28 Salmonella isolates tested, 7.1-32.1% were resistant to all the test drugs other than OFLX and OXA . These resistant isolates amounted to a total of 12 isolates (42.9%) . 4 . S . aureus (28 isolates) were highly susceptible to OFLX (MIC50 and MIC90 were both 0.78 micrograms/ml) . Commonly used antimicrobial agents to which the isolates responded with high to relatively high susceptibilities (MIC50 0.10-6.25 micrograms/ml) were, in the increasing order of MIC50: DOXY, ABPC, tylosin, tiamulin, KM, OXA and CP . Drugs with moderate to low bacterial susceptibilities (MIC50 12.5-100 microns/ml) were SD, SDMX and SPCM . Isolates resistant to all the test drugs except OFLX and SDMX amounted to 3.6-50% of the 28 isolates examined and they totalled 20 isolates (71.4%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Basic Life Sci, 1990, 52, 447 - 52
Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of Thai medicinal plants; Rojanapo W et al.; Crude extracts and partially purified as well as purified fractions were prepared from three Thai medicinal plants, namely, Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl, Plumbago indica Linn, and Rhinacanthus nasuthus Kurz, and then tested for their mutagenic and antimutagenic potentials using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . All fractions tested were not mutagenic toward either strain TA98 or TA100 whether tested in the presence or absence of S-9 mix . Interestingly, however, various fractions--especially those extracted by organic solvents such as petroleum ether, hexane, and chloroform, as well as some purified compounds from these plants--could strongly inhibit the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), an indirect mutagen, when tested in the presence of S-9 mix but not that of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), which does not require metabolic activation for its mutagenicity . Furthermore, these fractions could markedly inhibit the activity of rat liver aniline hydroxylase, which is one of the cytochrome-P450-mediated reactions . These results therefore suggest that these Thai medicinal plants contain an antimutagen(s) which inhibits chemical mutagenesis by inhibiting the enzyme activities necessary for activation of indirect mutagens/carcinogens . Identification as well as anticarcinogenicity of purified compounds of these plants are being investigated in our laboratory.

Trends Biochem Sci, 1990 Jan, 15(1), 30 - 3
Salmonella virulence: new clues to intramacrophage survival; Groisman EA et al.; Salmonella are capable of survival in macrophages (cells which have evolved specific mechanisms to kill pathogenic bacteria) . One mechanism involves the bactericidal peptides called defensins which insert into phospholipid bilayers to generate transmembrane pores . Synthesis of the Salmonella gene products which determine resistance to defensins has been found to be under the control of a transcriptional regulatory protein termed PhoP.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 Jan-Feb, 73(1), 43 - 50
Comparison of colorimetric monoclonal enzyme immunoassay screening methods for detection of Salmonella in foods; Curiale MS et al.; A colorimetric enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for detection of Salmonella in foods has been compared to the AOAC colorimetric monoclonal EIA screening method (986.35, 15th ed.; 46.B21-46.B29, 14th ed.) . The assays use the same monoclonal antibodies and have similar reactivity toward Salmonella . However, the new assay uses antibody-coated microtiter wells instead of coated magnetic beads to capture Salmonella antigens . Compared with the bead assay, the coated-well assay format requires significantly less time to complete, and was consistently able to detect lower levels of Salmonella in mixed culture . Compared to the standard AOAC culture method for food samples, the plate assay was as productive . No false negatives were obtained by the immunoassay; the false negative rate was 1.1% by the culture method . The rate of agreement between the 2 methods was 99.1% . The official final action bead assay method for Salmonella in foods, 986.35, and the same assay for use with low-moisture foods, 987.11, have been modified official first action to use antibody-coated microtiter strip-wells.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Jan, 68(1), 5 - 16
The identification, typing and fingerprinting of Salmonella: laboratory aspects and epidemiological applications; Threlfall EJ et al.; Since the 1930s, traditional methods of strain identification based on serotyping and phage typing have been the foundation of salmonella epidemiology . Although the incidence of diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid has decreased in recent years, food-poisoning caused by non-typhoidal salmonella strains has now reached epidemic proportions in many countries, despite improvements in sanitation and hygiene . Precise strain identification is an essential prerequisite for epidemiological investigations aimed at combating the spread of these strains and eradicating the sources of infection . Modern methods of genotypic typing, particularly those based on physical characterization of the plasmid content of the organism have already proved invaluable for the identification and differentiation of strains in many outbreaks . These plasmid typing methods are now increasingly used with serotyping and phage typing for many epidemiological investigations . Other methods of genotypic typing, particularly those based on recognition of small differences in chromosome structure, are not yet practical for the examination of large numbers of strains . Nevertheless, improvements in small-scale methods for chromosomal DNA extraction coupled with the increasing use of non-isotopic labels for identification of restriction fragment length polymorphisms may provide a new dimension to Salmonella epidemiology.

Toxicon, 1990, 28(5), 559 - 67
Effect of in vivo administration of T-2 toxin on peritoneal murine macrophages; Plasencia FJ et al.; We investigated the effect of in vivo administration of T-2 toxin, a 12,13-epoxytrichothecene produced by several Fusarium species, on murine macrophage metabolism . Cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzyme levels, generation and release of superoxide anion, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Salmonella typhi and murine P815 tumour cell lysis were measured under different experimental conditions . When T-2 toxin was administered to mice at sublethal doses (0.50-1.00 mg/kg/24 hr), the levels of lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzyme activity and the generation of superoxide anion were significantly enhanced as compared to controls . This correlated with increased phagocytosis and intracellular killing of S . typhi . Cytotoxic activity against murine P815 mastocytoma cells exhibited by macrophages isolated from mice treated with T-2 toxin was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner . In vivo administration of T-2 toxin may result in the activation of specific metabolic pathways of peritoneal macrophages, while inhibiting other paths.

Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(3), 311 - 21
In vitro effect of actinomycin D on human neutrophil function; Chang FY et al.; The effect of actinomycin D (ACT-D) on human neutrophil chemotaxis, chemiluminescence (CL), superoxide (O2-) production, phagocytic uptake, and intracellular bacterial killing has been examined . The viability of the ACT-D-treated neutrophils was 98% even at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml for 4 hr . Using fMLP as the chemotactic factor, depressed chemotaxis was demonstrated following ACT-D (1-10 micrograms/ml) pretreatment of neutrophils as compared with the non-treated controls . Similar ACT-D pretreatment produced the depressed responses in phorbol myristate acetate-induced CL and superoxide production by neutrophils . Moreover, using heat-inactivated human serum as an opsonin for Salmonella enteritidis (NCTC 6676), there was a significant difference in intracellular killing (P less than 0.01) but no difference in phagocytic uptake between ACT-D-treated and non-treated neutrophils . These studies indicate that ACT-D profoundly impairs both intracellular bacterial killing by human neutrophil through an effect on respiratory burst activity and directed cell migration of human neutrophils.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Jan, 8(1), 13 - 21
Identification and mapping of mba regions of the Salmonella choleraesuis virulence plasmid pKDSC50 responsible for mouse bacteremia; Kawahara K et al.; A restriction cleavage map was constructed for pKDSC50, the 50 kb virulence plasmid of Salmonella choleraesuis . Using Tn1 transposon-insertion mutagenesis, we obtained 19 mutant strains of S . choleraesuis with a diminished ability to cause bacteremia in the mouse . pKDSC50::Tn1 DNA of the mutant strains was extracted and introduced into a pKDSC50-cured S . choleraesuis strain . Nine of the 19 transformants showed the diminished ability to cause mouse bacteremia . Tn1-insertion of the nine mutant strains was clustered within a 6.2 kb segment of pKDSC50, demonstrating that this region was necessary for conferring ability to cause mouse bacteremia (Mba) on the host organism . Two regions, mba-1 and mba-2, were identified within the 6.2 kb fragment . In E . coli minicells, the cloned fragments containing the mba region expressed at least three proteins with apparent molecular weights of 29,000, 32,000 and 32,000.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Jan, 25 Suppl A, 61 - 71
Correlation of the extravascular pharmacokinetics of azithromycin with in-vivo efficacy in models of localized infection; Girard AE et al.; Infection models were used to clarify the roles of serum and extravascular concentrations in the in-vivo efficacy observed with azithromycin . In-vivo experiments were designed to give serum concentrations well below the MIC and tissue levels generally above the MIC at time of challenge and during the course of infection . The efficacy of azithromycin against a Salmonella enteritidis oral challenge (a tissue-associated infection model) in mice correlated directly with azithromycin liver levels, but not serum concentrations . The significance of extravascular pharmacokinetics was observed in a comparative study of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin against the salmonella challenge . Ciprofloxacin has a greater than 100-fold in-vitro potency advantage over azithromycin against this organism, but azithromycin (5 mg/kg) produced a greater reduction in cfu than ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg) at the primary site of infection (liver) . In another model, extravascular fluid levels, measured by bioassay of implanted paper discs, were compared with plasma levels in relation to control of a localized Staphylococcus aureus infection in rats . Extravascular fluid levels of azithromycin were greater than the MIC of the strain used for five days after a 100 mg/kg dose, while erythromycin levels were less than 20% of the MIC at 30 h after a 200 mg/kg dose . Serum concentrations of both compounds were less than 20% of the MIC at the time of challenge . The antibiotic levels at the site of infection correlated with the reduction of Staph . aureus cfu (99% with azithromycin compared with controls, P less than 0.01; 0% with erythromycin) recovered from inoculated discs . The significance of extravascular concentrations of azithromycin was further supported in other models of localized infections induced with Escherichia coli or a mixture of Staph . aureus and Bacteroides fragilis.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Jan, 25 Suppl A, 29 - 31
In-vitro activity of azithromycin compared with other macrolides and oral antibiotics against Salmonella typhi; Metchock B; The in-vitro activity of azithromycin against 60 clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi was determined by broth microdilution and compared with eight macrolides, including erythromycin, and with other orally administered antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, amoxycillin, cefaclor, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin) . Azithromycin was more potent (MIC range 4-16 mg/l; MIC90 8 mg/l) than erythromycin (MIC range 32- greater than 128 mg/l; MIC90 greater than 128 mg/l) . Of the other macrolides, only rosaramicin showed increased activity against Salm . typhi (MIC range 16-32 mg/l; MIC90 32mg/l) when compared with erythromycin . All 60 Salm . typhi were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MIC greater than 0.5 mg/l) . In 22 isolates, resistance to one or more of the following compounds occurred: ampicillin, amoxycillin, cefaclor, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.

Sci Total Environ, 1990 Jan, 90, 241 - 8
Leaching of mutagens into mineral water from polyethyleneterephthalate bottles; De Fusco R et al.; Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was tested as a source of mutagen contamination from bottles used for beverage packaging . PET bottles were filled with mineral water and stored in daylight and in the dark for different periods of time . The water samples were concentrated and the concentrates (non-volatile compounds) tested for mutagenicity with the Ames test (static tests) . Total organic carbon (TOC) leaching was determined concurrently . Leaching of mutagens was also studied using dynamic tests; shaking distilled water in PET bottles . New methods were also used to test the leaching potential of both volatile and non-volatile compounds: directly testing the mutagenicity in unconcentrated water stored in PET bottles and growing Salmonella strains directly in the plastic bottles . The results were positive only for the static test, which identified leaching of mutagens after 1 month of storage in PET bottles . This activity was higher after storage in daylight.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 15(1), 36 - 43
Comparative study of the mutagenic and genotoxic activity associated with inhalable particulate matter in Rio de Janeiro air; Miguel AG et al.; We have determined the genotoxic and mutagenic activities associated with inhalable particulate matter (IPM) collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Camden, NJ, and Caldecott Tunnel, CA, and used these results to compare three different bioassays . Samples collected every 12 hr (Rio) or every 24 hr (Camden) were extracted sequentially with cyclohexane (CX), dichloromethane (DCM), and acetone (ACE), for a rough fractionation by polarity, and composites of the extracts were tested for mutagenicity using the Salmonella frame shift (TA98) and base substitution (TA100) tester strains, as well as for genotoxicity using the Rossman Microscreen bioassay based on the induction of lambda-prophage in a lysogenic Escherichia coli strain . All samples were tested without and with S9 metabolic activation . Maximum mutagenic and genotoxic activities were in the nonpolar (CX) and polar (ACE) fractions, respectively, indicating that these two assays detect different classes of compounds with different efficiencies . Oxidative aging of the Rio aerosol is indicated by a shift in activities in both tests from the less polar fractions in the day to the polar (ACE) fraction at night . The Rio TA98 mutagenic (18 rev/m3) and genotoxic (1.4 x 10(5) PFU/m3) activities were higher than those for Camden, an Eastern U.S . city, by factors of 1.4 and 2.8, respectively.

Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia, 1990, 41(1-4), 145 - 8
Distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage-types in Poland in 1981-1990; Glosnicka R et al.; The occurrence of S . enteritidis phage types in Poland during the years 1981-1990 was examined . The strains were isolated from man, animals, and from food-stuffs . The majority of strains belongs to the phage types 7 and 1 . The comparison with the phage-types isolated in 1970-1975 in Poland is done . The stability of the phage types in reported outbreaks is considered.

Pediatr Neurosurg, 1990-91, 16(6), 321 - 5
Salmonella osteomyelitis with epidural abscess . A case report with review of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell anemia; Martino AM et al.; Neurologic complications of sickle cell anemia are most commonly ischemic strokes secondary to sludging in cerebral arterioles . We, therefore, report a case of progressive paraparesis in a child with sickle cell anemia which was initially thought to be secondary to a spinal cord ischemic event . Further diagnostics demonstrated that the neurologic deficits were secondary to salmonella osteomyelitis and an epidural abscess, compressing the upper thoracic spinal cord at the T6 level . The diagnostic and radiological features which help to distinguish between bone infarct and osteomyelitis, both responsible for bone pain in sickle cell patients, are also presented . In particular, Tc-sulfur colloid bone marrow imaging is the most helpful test for distinguishing between these similarly presenting clinical entities, as early as 48 h after bone pain develops.

J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1990, 65(1-2), 61 - 75
Recoveries of Salmonella from soil in Eastern region of Saudi Arabia Kingdom; Abdel-Monem MH et al.; The incidence and persistence of Salmonella in soils of different localities in Eastern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were investigated by using brilliant green agar (BGA) and Xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (XLDA) media, at 37 degrees C, 43 degrees C and 55 degrees C . No enrichment technique was used . A total of 220 soil samples were collected from agricultural and recreational areas . The positive recoveries of Salmonella were 6.36% at 37 degrees C and 10.5% at 43 degrees C on BGA medium . On XLDA medium the percentage of recoveries of Salmonella were 10.0% and 15.5 at 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C, respectively . No Salmonella was detected on both medium at 55 degrees C temperature . Jointly XLDA medium and 43 degrees C incubation temperature were favourable for recovery of Salmonella from soil samples . Recovery was higher from agricultural soil than recreational soils . The isolated individuals were tentatively classified into two group i) H2 S-producing and ii) H2S-non-producing . Salmonella individuals were sensitive to 50 micrograms/ml chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin nor tetracycline . But the same concentration of novobiocine and erythromycin reduced Salmonella H2S-non-producing; 30% and 20% for H2S-producing Salmonella . The treatment produced changes of color and size of colonies . This study confirm that the recycling of Salmonella sp . in nature; through human activities, polluted agricultural products and even recreational localities.

Drugs Exp Clin Res, 1990, 16(12), 607 - 9
Ceftriaxone versus chloramphenicol in the treatment of enteric fever; Girgis NI et al.; Fifty-five patients with culture-proven Salmonella typhi and paratyphi enteric fever were assigned to one of two therapeutic regimens . Group I received ceftriaxone 60-80 mg/kg/day intramuscularly for 5-7 days, those in group II received chloramphenicol 50-80 mg/kg/day orally in 4 divided doses for 12-14 days . both groups were comparable as regards age, sex, severity and duration of symptoms prior to admission . A significant reduction in the mean number of days taken for patients to become afebrile, disappearance of clinical signs and symptoms, duration of therapy and hospital stay were observed in patients receiving ceftriaxone as compared to those receiving chloramphenicol . None of the patients receiving ceftriaxone relapsed, while three patients receiving chloramphenicol relapsed . No major reactions were seen with either drug.

In Vivo, 1990 Jan-Feb, 4(1), 7 - 12
Antimicrobial spectrum of lignin-related pine cone extracts of Pinus parviflora Sieb . et Zucc; Oh-Hara T et al.; Pine cones of Pinus parviflora Sieb., et Zucc, were extracted successively with 5% NaHCO3, 3% NH4OH, 1% NaOH and 4% NaOH, and the extracts were tested for ability to induce antimicrobial activity in mice infected with Staphylococcal aureus . Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, or Salmonella enteritidis . These alkaline extracts were potent against the first 5 of these strains of microorganisms, and the activity was recovered mostly from their acid-precipitates at pH 5 . After further fractionation on a Sephadex LH-60 column, the highest molecular weight fraction was most potent . Chemical structures in these bioactive fractions were assumed to be lignin-related structures, based on spectral data from UV, NMR and IR spectroscopy.

Acta Microbiol Hung, 1990, 37(1), 55 - 71
In vitro and in vivo (LD50) effects of human lactoferrin on bacteria; Czirok E et al.; The in vitro and in vivo effects of human lactoferrin (LF), apoLF, iron saturated LF and of different iron containing compounds (ferric chloride, ferric sodium citrate) were studied on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi-murium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference and wild-type strains with well-defined virulence markers (i.e . enterochelin, aerobactin production) . LF exert in vitro antibacterial effect, and iron-free Vogel-Bonner medium proved to be suitable for its determination . The effect of intraperitoneally administered LF could not be evaluated because of its aspecificity, as any treatment (e.g . saline, Ringer solution) before bacterial challenge activated macrophages . In contrast to the in vitro results, intramuscular challenge failed to inhibit bacterial growth in vivo, as siderophores produced by bacteria were able to acquire lactoferrin-bound iron . LF treatment, like iron addition, enhanced the virulence of bacteria in mice, whereas apoLF - using iron present in the body fluids - turned to LF being unable to acquire siderophore-bound iron from bacteria . These findings do not support the literary view that LF would be useful as an antimicrobial drug.

Nephron, 1990, 55(3), 316 - 20
Henoch-Schönlein purpura after Salmonella hirschfeldii infection; Fiocchi O et al.; The authors present a case of Henoch-Schonlein purpura in a young soldier (19 years old) which they consider important for its etiology and the length of its oligoanuric phase . The syndrome followed a Salmonella hirschfeldii infection, and a protracted oligoanuric phase was followed by nephrotic syndrome and selective glomerular proteinuria which lasted for 1 year . The young man recovered after the eradication of the Salmonella . It seems possible that there was an overall anomalous regulation of the 'lymphoid system of the mucosa', perhaps dependent on a genetic predisposition.

Ter Arkh, 1990, 62(1), 89 - 92
{Experience in using new drug preparations for treating adult patients with acute intestinal infections}; Mashilov VP et al.; Ciprofloxacin (Bayer, FRG), a derivative of hydroxyquinolone acid, was used for the treatment of patients with shigellosis and salmonellosis and for the sanitation of Salmonella carriers . The drug turned out to exert a positive effect on bacteriological sanitation of the body . In order to treat patients with food toxinfection of unknown etiology, use was made of intetrix (Farmacos, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) . Inclusion of the drug into combined treatment of patients with food toxinfections did not show any material advantages.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1990, 256, 319 - 30
Further characterization of monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella Minnesota strain R595; Appelmelk BJ et al.; We have shown here that despite the use of monoclonal antibodies with well-defined epitope-specificities, and despite testing them in the most simple animal model available (i.e., mixing of homologous LPS with Mab prior to injection), we are not yet able to explain why some of the antibodies were effective and others not . For some of the clones (e.g., clone 20), an even better definition of binding sites is currently taking place in an attempt to obtain this understanding . We also do not yet understand why clone 20 was not effective in the mucin model, while using much lower amounts of injected antibody, and much higher challenge doses, this Mab was effective against E . coli in the gentamicin-treated mouse model . Very clear is, however, that in order to be protective in the latter model, Mabs are not required to be specific for lipid A . In the future it will be essential to develop procedures which measure specific interaction between smooth LPS/bacteria and antibodies to the LPS core region . In addition, it will be of great help when the chemical structure of non-substituted, rough-form LPS, as occurring in smooth LPS preparations, would be defined . This applies also to O-substituted core molecules.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1990, 256, 203 - 13
Development of a new quantitative method for detection of endotoxin by fluorescence labeling of 3-hydroxy fatty acid; Tanamoto K; New quantitative method for the detection of minute amounts of endotoxin has been developed using 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid as a chemical marker . After converting 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid to methyl ester, it was coupled with a fluorescent probe, anthracene-9-carboxyl chloride, obtained by chlorization of 9-anthroic acid with oxalyl chloride . The resulting ester was isolated by HPLC on silica column . The purified product, methyl-3-0-(9-carboxy-anthracenyl) tetradecanoate (M/Z 462), was highly responsive to a fluorescence spectrophotometer, showing maximum emission with excitation wavelength at 257 nm and emission wavelength at 458 nm in dichloromethane, the limit of detection being as little as 10 f mol . Using this method it is currently possible to detect Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin in aqueous solution at a level of 100 pg.

Int J Immunopharmacol, 1990, 12(1), 49 - 56
Effect of murine recombinant interferon-gamma in the protection of mice against Salmonella; Matsumura H et al.; The ability of recombinant murine (rMu) interferon (IFN)-gamma to activate anti-Salmonella-activity in normal mice and beige mutant (bg/bg) mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was examined . Previous intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of rMuIFN-gamma (10(4) U per mouse) significantly hindered the bacterial growth in the peritoneal cavities, spleens and livers of the mice after the i.p . infection with Salmonella enteritidis No . 11 strain . It was also effective on the beige mice that have phagocytic cells with a genetically impaired bactericidal function, suggesting that IFN-gamma activates the pathway irrelevant to the beige mutation . The effect was the maximum, when IFN-gamma was given 6 h before the challenge . The effect seemed to be due to the augmentation of bactericidal capacity rather than the prevention of systemic spread of bacteria . Recombinant human IFN-alphaA/D (10(2)-10(6) U per mouse), which produced effects identical to those of murine IFN-beta, did not show such a bactericidal effect . Bactericidal activity enhancement was also seen in mice that had been injected with a small amount of rMuIFN-gamma (10(2) U) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 ng) together at 6 h before the challenge, although the IFN-gamma or LPS alone at these doses produced very little if any effect . Bactericidal effect enhancement was seen in mice that had been injected with IFN-gamma at 6 h and LPS at 3 h before the challenge, while it could be hardly seen in mice injected with them in a reversed order.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Int Rev Immunol, 1990, 6(4), 237 - 45
Role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the development of natural antibacterial activity mediated by human peripheral blood T lymphocytes; Antonaci S et al.; The role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has been evaluated for their influence on the human T cell-mediated anti-Salmonella typhi activity . In nonendemic areas for salmonellosis this activity is exerted by CD4+ lymphocytes armed by IgA, whereas in endemic zones besides these cells also CD8+ lymphocytes armed by IgG display an elevated anti bacterial activity . These results suggest that, in endemic regions, continuous antigenic challenge and, in particular, that exerted by lipid A (the active moiety of LPS) may play a role in triggering this activity . In other series of experiments, pretreatment of endemic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with smooth and rough (Rb and Re) forms of Salmonella LPS leads to the inhibition of antibacterial activity . In this respect, Re-LPS, which contains lipid A covalently linked to the core-chetodeoxyoctonate, gives rise to the maximum of inhibition . Finally, fractionation of PBL by means of S . minnesota R345 (Rb) cytoadherence has led to the conclusion that anti bacterial activity is present in the Rb-unbound population, thus indicating that bacterial adherence to PBL is a distinct phenomenon from natural anti-S . typhi activity . The overall results suggest that lipid A is able to modulate the expression of antibacterial activity exerted by human peripheral blood T cells.

Drug Metab Rev, 1990, 22(6-8), 777 - 87
Validity of in vitro testing; Matula TI; In summary, the extent of toxicity studies which can be carried out with bound residues of nitroimidazole drugs will be dictated by the availability and the amount of residues that can be produced . For evaluating their toxicity the use of the Salmonella assay, which has been proven to be sensitive for the parent drugs, is proposed . Furthermore, it is suggested that the toxicity of bound residues for in vivo effects should be investigated in cells of target tissues, such as the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract . Nuclear aberration and sister chromatid exchange assays in this tissue would be good candidates for evaluation . It should be pointed out also that an examination of the literature for genotoxic effects of nitroimidazole drugs reveals an apparent contradiction, especially in the context of genotoxicity testing strategy discussed above . It appears first that these drugs are potent mutagens in vitro in microbial systems (Salmonella and yeast) . However, they are not active in mammalian cells in vitro, in both mutation and chromosomal aberration assays, as well as in vivo, in assays such as the dominant lethal test and the micronucleus assay . Thus, it may be of interest to speculate that, although these drugs are in vitro mutagens, they may not be in vivo mutagens in mammals . Their tumorigenic effects, which have been detected at high doses in rodents, may, therefore, be due to other than genotoxic activity . To resolve this conflict, reassessment of genotoxicity of these drugs in vivo would be a worthwhile pursuit . In addition, such seeming discrepancies would also argue strongly for toxicity screening to be conducted in a battery of complementary short-term in vitro and in vivo tests . This would help insure the likelihood of detection of at least some meaningful biological activity, which would serve to flag chemicals warranting further testing.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1990, 69(1), 361 - 70
{Salmonella in the province of Livorno . Epidemiological study over the last five years}; Pacini R et al.; The authors refer on Salmonella species isolated from carriers, in USL 13 country, during the period of five years 1984-1988 in the microbiological laboratories of S.M.P . USL 13 . N . 1240 Salmonella strains were isolated . N . 62 serotypes have been recognized of which about 77% were of the groups B, C1, E1 . The trial shows a high positivity of more rare serotypes especially in summer period.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1990, 69(1), 305 - 7
Plasmid resistance to ampicillin in Salmonella typhi; Marranzano M et al.; A Salmonella typhi strain resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin and sulfonamides was isolated in Catania in 1988 . It has been shown that these resistances were encoded by an auto-transferable R-plasmid, of molecular weight 70 Md, belonging to the incompatibility group B.

Acta Vet Hung, 1990, 38(1-2), 25 - 32
Epidemiology of Salmonella derby strains isolated from swine, pork and pork products; Jayarao BM et al.; A total of 35 Salmonella derby strains, isolated from 6 types of samples of porcine origin from 9 different places in Hungary were examined for their characteristics . Thirty-two strains (91%) were of phage type 25, 2 (6%) of phage type 15 and 1 (3%) of phage type 58 . Colicin production was observed in 3 (9%) strains . Five strains (14%) were found to be resistant to tetracycline (Tc) . The strains harboured plasmids of 2.2, 2.4, 3.4, 4.2 and 72 Md . The 72 Md plasmid appears to be characteristic of S . derby and possibly encodes Tc resistance . The 72 Md plasmid belonged partly to incompatibility (Inc) group I1, while the other plasmid of the same size belonged to Inc . group B . The findings suggest that healthy salmonella carrier pigs carried the infection from the farm to the abattoir . Slaughtering of infected pigs may have led to contamination of the carcasses and, thereafter, that of the pork and pork products.

Probl Khig, 1990, 15, 30 - 8
{A hygienic study of new raw materials for cosmetic agents and household chemical preparations}; Iordanov I et al.; Studies are performed on the new Bulgarian raw materials "Aminookis" (AO) and "Dezodorirashch agent" (DA) the plants "Alen Mak"--Plovdiv and "Hyaluron"--Sofia . Chemical, toxicological and microbiological studies are carried out . Thin-layer chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods for determination of AO, hyaluronic acid and DA are developed and chemical studies on cosmetics, prepared with them, are carried out . During the repetition of a 21-day experiment on guinea pigs the threshold irritative concentrations--10% for AO and DA (as trade products) are determined . This shows that they are moderate contact irritants . The hyaluron has no irritative effect . By maximizing test with guinea pigs is established the absence of contact allergy for DA and AO . At index of sensibilization 10% the hyaluron falls in the group of weak allergens . The spectra of action are studied and the minimum suppressing concentrations of AO and DA are defined . It is established that the most resistant to effect with these cosmetics are the representatives of the families: Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Salmonella . Recommendations are made to use "Aminookis" (AO) in shampoos to 8%, deodorizing agent in deodorants to 2% and "Hyaluron" in creams to 20% (as trade products).

Bull World Health Organ, 1990, 68 Suppl, 88 - 93
Role of circumsporozoite protein-specific T-cells in protective immunity against Plasmodium berghei; Krzych U et al.; The Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (CS) protein-specific T-cell repertoire was analysed in C57Bl/6 (H-2b), Balb/c (H-2d), and C3H/HeN (H-2k) mice immunized with irradiated sporozoites and the proliferative responses were correlated with the protective status of each strain . Splenic lymphocytes responded to the priming antigen, but the responses varied according to both murine strain and immunization schedule . Analysis of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in mice immunized with irradiated P . berghei sporozoites or with a Salmonella-recombinant CS protein construct revealed that each immunization induces CTLs recognizing different epitopes on the target cells . The variations in immune reactivities among different murine strains to the CS protein antigens and the variations in the responses to the authentic versus recombinantly expressed CS protein suggest that distinct immune mechanisms may be involved in rendering immune protection . Furthermore, the molecular context of the immunizing antigen may influence the outcome of the fine specificity of T cells involved in immune protection.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16 Suppl 18, 32 - 54
Mutagenicity of 42 chemicals in Salmonella; Zeiger E; The mutagenicity results and data for 42 chemicals are reported . All chemicals were tested using the Salmonella/microsome assay preincubation protocol, and four were also tested using vapor phase exposure in a desiccator . These comprise the chemicals studied in the update of the National Toxicology Program's evaluation of the efficacy of in vitro short-term tests for detecting carcinogens and noncarcinogens.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1990, 16 Suppl 18, 1 - 14
Evaluation of four in vitro genetic toxicity tests for predicting rodent carcinogenicity: confirmation of earlier results with 41 additional chemicals; Zeiger E et al.; The effectiveness of four in vitro short-term tests (STT) for genetic toxicity, induction of mutations in Salmonella (SAL) and mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells (MLA), and induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations (ABS) in Chinese hamster ovary cells that are used for predicting rodent carcinogenicity were examined . The in vitro results were compared with the results from 41 rodent carcinogenicity studies performed by the National Toxicology Program . The predictive values of, and interrelationships among, the STT for these 41 chemicals were similar to those previously reported for 73 chemicals and confirm those earlier results {Tennant RW, Margolin BH, Shelby MD, Zeiger E, Haseman JK, Spalding J, Caspary W, Resnick M, Stasiewicz S, Anderson B, Minor R (1987): Science 236:933-941} . Because of this similarity among the two datasets, the chemicals were combined into a single dataset of 114 . The results with 114 chemicals show that SAL had the lowest sensitivity (.48) and the highest specificity (.91), whereas MLA had the highest sensitivity (.72) and the lowest specificity (.40) . The concordances of the test results with rodent carcinogenicity were .66, .61, .59, and .59, for SAL, ABS, SCE, and MLA, respectively . Salmonella was the most predictive for carcinogenicity; 89% of the chemicals mutagenic in SAL were carcinogenic in rodents, however a negative result in any or all of the STT was not indicative of noncarcinogenicity . The STT results reported here show good agreement with the potential electrophilicity of the chemicals, and the majority of carcinogens that are undetected by the STT do not have an electrophilic structure . There was no complementarity among the tests and no combination of the four tests was more effective than any single test for predicting carcinogenicity.

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1990, 42(1-2), 21 - 5
{Correlations between lactose-fermenting capacity, sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophage types of Salmonella agona strains}; Tyc Z; Correlation between the ability to ferment lactose, sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and phage type of lactose fermenting and nonfermenting S . agona strains was shown in this study . The difference in sensitivity of two S . agona variants toward gentamicin, tobramycin and chloramphenicol was shown . Lactose fermenting S . agona strains were resistant to the above listed antibiotics . The percentage of the resistant strains was 95.3%, 96.9% and 95.3%, respectively . S . agona strains typable by biochemical tests were more often sensitive to those antibiotics . The percentage of the resistant strains of S . agona with typical biochemical properties was for gentamicin 19.4%, tobramycin 3.7% and chloramphenicol 6.7% . Moreover, the percentage of lactose fermenting S . agona strains resistant to seven other out of seventeen tested antibiotics was 83.8% on average and it was 20% higher than percentage of biochemically typical S . agona strains resistant to the same antibiotics . Lactose fermenting S . agona strains belonged almost four times more frequently to subtype VB and also more often to phage type XI; on the other hand six times rare to phage type I in comparison to biochemically typical S . agona strains.

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1990, 42(1-2), 15 - 20
{Bacteriophage types represented by lactose-fermenting Salmonella agona strains}; Tyc Z; Bacteriophage typing was performed on 1911 S . agona, lactose-fermenting strains . These strains were isolated from hospitalised newborns and neonates patients . Out of 1911 strains 98.8% were typable by means of phage set prepared for strains differentiation of Salmonella agona showing typical biochemical properties . It was shown that in 16 provinces from which the strains were obtained in 1983-1985 type V (49.5%) and type XI (25.4%) prevailed . Subtypes VA and VB were distinguished within type V . Altogether 20.3% of strains were classified as belonging to these subtypes . Their lytic reaction was weaker with phages 3, 4, and 9 with the characteristic range of phage type V strains . Among tested strains types I, XIII, and XVI were also represented composing 2, 6, 0, 9, and 0.3% of total number of strains respectively . 1.5% of strains were nontypable and 0.2% showed lytic reactions different from that included in up to now used scheme of typing . It can be concluded that lactose-fermenting S . agona strains show susceptibility to lowered number of phages than typical for Salmonella species strains . It seems that differentiation of this atypical biochemical variant of S . agona with, the use of phage set used up to now may be also usefull in practice as it is the case in respect to strains with typical biochemical properties.

Pediatriia, 1990, (11), 33 - 9
{Salmonella infections in infants under 1 year of age}; Kharchenko GA; As many as 76 children of the first year of life suffering from salmonellosis were examined for the clinical manifestations of the disease and for the immune status . The data were obtained, pointing to the development of secondary immuno- and granulocytopathies influencing the course the disease takes.

Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(11), 885 - 93
Adherence and pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis in mice; Aslanzadeh J et al.; Adherence of many pathogenic organisms to the host cells has been associated with the presence of fimbriae . The exact role of these organelles in the adherence and pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis is not well established . Utilizing hemagglutination tests, S . enteritidis was shown to possess type 1 and type 3 fimbriae . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isolated fimbriae showed that type 1 and 3 fimbriae of S . enteritidis had subunit M.r of 17 and 22 kDa, respectively . In vitro adherence assays suggested that S . enteritidis utilized type 1 fimbriae to adhere to human buccal and mouse small intestine epithelial cells . In addition, antibody produced against type 1 and type 3 fimbriae protected the mice from infection with a lethal dose of S . enteritidis . These results suggest that type 1 and possibly type 3 fimbriae are involved in the adherence and pathogenesis of S . enteritidis . The data further suggest that they may have a role in the adherence and pathogenesis of the other enteric organisms.

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen, 1990, 10(3), 239 - 45
International symposium on strategies for the control of mutagenic and carcinogenic risk: current status and perspectives, Friday, May 5, 1989, Bologna; Sobels FH; The 18 posters, grouped under mutagenicity testing, metabolic activation, mechanisms of mutation and chromosome damage, human monitoring and safety are critically discussed . It is pointed out that rather than applying a single test, a battery of well-validated in vitro and in vivo tests is required . As a testing strategy, the one developed by Ashby is briefly mentioned . The value of the Salmonella assay and of in vitro cytogenetics as short term tests for detecting carcinogens, and of the bone marrow micronucleus test as one for assessing germ cell mutagenesis is pointed out . Various assays now available for measuring gene mutations in human lymphocytes and erythrocytes are briefly described . Since we have a considerable data-base for germ cell mutations in the mouse and data are now being collected for mutations in human somatic cells, the importance of studies on mutation induction in somatic cells of the mouse is emphasized . Such data on mouse somatic cells will help to define with greater precision mutation induction to be expected in human germ cells; that is genetic risks in humans on the basis of a "parallelogram-like" extrapolation using somatic mutations in man and germ cell mutations in the mouse can now be calculated.

Indian J Public Health, 1990 Jan-Mar, 34(1), 20 - 34
The current status of diarrhoea related vaccines; Sarkar SK et al.; PIP: Since diarrhea is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in India as well as in developing and developed countries, public health specialists strive to develop vaccines against various pathogens which cause diarrhea . Rotavirus (RV) causes 20-40% of severe diarrhea among 6-24 month olds . So they hope for a single dose vaccine against all 4 RV serotypes which can be administered to newborns, but such a vaccine does not yet exist . The bovine and rhesus vaccines are the only heterologous candidate vaccines available, (as of the end of 1989) . Another candidate vaccine is the human-animal reassortant RV vaccine where scientists incorporate the VP7 surface protein of human RV into animal RV . The 3rd type of RV candidate vaccine include the naturally attenuated human RV (nursery strains) . Vibrio cholerae also causes significant diarrhea in India . Researchers have conducted field trials of many cholera vaccines since the mid 1990s, but they could not find a vaccine which could be used for mass vaccination against cholera . In fact, the cholera vaccine currently used only provides 50% protection, lasts 3-6 months, does not affect carriers, and does not protect against all strains . Salmonella typhi also causes diarrhea, especially among school age children and young adults . The results of large scale field trials in the 1960s reveal that 2 doses of the acetone inactivated typhoid vaccine performed the best of the injectable killed whole cell vaccines . In fact, it provides 79-93% protection and lasts 3-4 years . Further the live oral Ty21a lyophilized vaccine reconstituted in a liquid form and given in multiple doses provides comparable protection (71-96%) against typhoid as well as some protection against paratyphoid . Moreover they induce no side effects . Shigella species also cause diarrhea, especially in children . Various candidate vaccines against shigellosis include the spontaneously attenuated vaccines, streptomycin dependent vaccines, toxoid against exotoxins, and mutant hybrid strains .

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1990, 42(1-2), 26 - 34
{Usefulness of the latex test for rapid detection of Salmonella O antigen in bacterial culture fluids and clinical specimens . III . Diagnostic field studies}; Kaluzewski S et al.; The aim of this study was to evaluate a latex reagent prepared in our laboratory for a routine diagnosis of Salmonellosis in humans . Liquid cultures in selenite broth (SF) (18-24 hr), previously inoculated with faeces samples of individuals suspected of being infected with Salmonella were subjected to the study . In these cultures, after 15 min . of heating at boiling temperatures, group antigens of Salmonella with an aid of polyvalent latex reagent A-E and monovalent reagents B, C1, C2, D, and E were searched . The results of latex test were compared to the results obtained by routine bacteriological examination . Studies performed in 13 laboratories of Sanitary Epidemiological Stations included 5246 faeces samples . Out of these samples 1835 (35%) reacted with monovalent latex reagent and 1897 (36.2%) samples were positive, for Salmonella by culture technique and belonged to 14 genera of group B, C1, D, and E . S . enteritidis was the most frequently isolated and encountered for 98.6% of all isolated strains . Latex test with A-E reagent was positive in 2246 (42.8%) of culture samples in SF medium, of which 1736 were positive by culture and 510 samples were negative for Salmonella in routine bacteriological examination . The samples positive in culture and with A-E latex reagent reacted in 97.2% with one monovalent reagent . Out of bacteriologically negative samples and reacting with A-E latex reagent 28.8% were positive with monovalent latex reagents . In summary, we can conclude that latex test used in a survey studies can be an usefull test in addition to routine bacteriological examination, since after 18-24 hr it allows with high credibility of 95% to confirm or exclude Salmonella in a tested sample . Such a procedure due to a shortening of routine diagnostic course brings significant savings . Moreover, latex test makes possible rapid detection of mixed infections with Salmonella of different serological groups . The use of extremely carefully, properly prepared selenite broth constitutes a basic condition for agreement between results of latex test and routine bacteriological investigation.

Lab Delo, 1990, (11), 69 - 70
{The etiology of salmonellosis}; Estrin BM et al.; Dynamic changes in the etiologic structure of salmonelloses on the territory of the town resulted in alteration of the predominant Salmonella strains . Many-year studies of the etiologic structure of salmonelloses in humans and animals and of serologic variants of Salmonella strains isolated from the environment helped establish the regularities that characterize the ecology of these agents.

Acta Microbiol Hung, 1990, 37(1), 45 - 53
Binding of enteric bacteria to hog gastric mucin; Ketyi I; The binding features of enteric bacteria were studied using a model mucin of hog gastric origin . The time requirement of binding is short, it is temperature-independent, but dose-dependent . The binding effectiveness of Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri, as well as Salmonella minnesota had a narrow range: 1.5-9 germs pro pg of mucin . The bacterial ligand of the binding is certainly not a polysaccharide as proved by the uniform binding of the R-mutant series of S . sonnei and S . minnesota . On the basis of inhibition tests by an outer membrane protein fraction, the ligand may be a common outer membrane protein of the enteric bacteria . The outer membrane proteins encoded by the Shigella-EIEC invasivity plasmids do not take part in this binding . The inhibition by killed bacteria or by their culture supernatants of mucin binding of heterologous species may suggest a non-species specific common ligand, too . Similarly to the mucin utilization, the binding ability also seems to be a general phenomenon among the enteric bacteria.

Lab Delo, 1990, (2), 23 - 5
{Diagnostic and prognostic value of a cortisol-resistant population of lymphocytes in patients with salmonella infections}; Frolov VM et al.; Examinations of patients with various clinical forms of salmonellosis have shown that the peripheral blood lymphocytes survival rate increases under the effect of hydrocortisone in cases with a protracted course of the disease . Measurements of the hydrocortisone-resistant population of lymphocytes may be used for the prediction of salmonellosis transformation into a protracted form and of prolonged bacterial carriership.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1990, 256, 331 - 40
Specificity and function of monoclonal antibodies reactive with discrete structural elements of bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Pollack M et al.; We examined the binding and functional activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive with different structural elements of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota LPS . O-side chain-reactive mAbs were highly specific for homologous, smooth LPS, bound avidly to intact bacteria, mediated complement-dependent bactericidal and/or opsonic activity, and protected against live, homologous IP challenges in mice . Core- and lipid A-specific mAbs, on the other hand, were more cross-reactive, although this cross-reactivity was severely restricted by the relative inaccessibility of epitopes in the core/lipid A region . This was reflected in the general inability of these mAbs to react with isolated smooth LPS or wild type bacteria, or to mediate bactericidal or opsonic functions . No LPS-reactive mAbs, regardless of molecular specificity, was able to block LPS- or lipid A-induced TNF production by RAW 264.7 macrophages, thus raising doubts concerning the putative endotoxin-neutralizing properties of mAbs reactive with the core/lipid A complex . Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) exhibit a complex identity . They represent an essential structural element of the outer membrane of all Gramnegative bacteria (7); they are toxins (5); they mediate a variety of immunomodulatory activities; and they are important bacterial surface antigens (2) . In general, LPS macromolecules consist of three genetically, biochemically, and antigenetically distinct regions or domains: the O-side chain, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A moiety (15) . Of these three regions, the O-side chain is the most phylogenetically diverse . It also represents the most antigenetically exposed element on isolated or cell-associated, native LPS . The core and lipid A structures, in contrast, are relatively conserved among different bacteria and are less accessible to antibody attack by virtue of overlying sugars contained in the O-side chain or outer core (8) . In this study, we investigated selected functional activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for different epitopes within the three major structural domains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota LPS . The possible endotoxin-neutralizing and antibacterial properties of these mAbs were our particular focus.

Int Ophthalmol, 1990 Jan, 14(1), 31 - 6
Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in the rat: a study of inflammatory and immunological mechanisms; Okumura A et al.; Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) can be produced by systemic injection of endotoxin (ET) . It is not clear yet why exclusive ocular involvement occurs in this model . To clarify this question and to establish the sequence of inflammatory events, EIU was induced in Lewis rats by footpad injection of Salmonella ET . Ocular inflammatory response (anterior chamber cells and proteins), aqueous inflammation mediators (thromboxane B2, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4 and substance P) and MHC class 2 (Ia) antigen expression in the ciliary body were monitored for 72 hours . Thromboxane B2 was detected early in the aqueous humor, peaking already 1 hour after ET injection . Prostaglandin E2 & leukotriene B4 peaks and a second peak of thromboxane B2 were recorded 18 hours after ET-injection, at the time of maximal ocular inflammation . MHC-class 2 expression was first detected in the ciliary body stroma at the vascular level 6 hours after ET injection and was massively expressed in the ciliary body epithelium at 18 and 72 hours . It is hypothesized that ciliary body endothelium is particularly sensitive to the effect of ET and is the site of thrombocyte adherence . Vascular damage leads in succession to cellular infiltration, release of inflammation mediators and disruption of blood-ocular barrier . MHC-class 2 expression is a secondary phenomenon and is probably at the origin of additional tissue damage from immune effector mechanisms.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 56(1), 24 - 30
Identification of Salmonella somatic and flagellar antigens by modified serological methods; Gruenewald R et al.; This report describes two modified methods for the identification of Salmonella somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens . Over a period of 2 years, both modified methods were found to be approximately three times less labor intensive than the standard methods while requiring no more technical skill . The modified methods were as accurate as the standard methods in identifying the O and H antigens of 350 Salmonella isolates . Furthermore, 43 O antisera reacted exclusively with organisms possessing homologous O antigens when the modified and two standard methods were used . At the antiserum dilutions used for H antigen identification, H antisera did not react with O antigens or heterologous H antigens by either the modified or the standard method . Compared with the standard method for H antigen identification, the modified method was approximately 20 times more economical with respect to antisera and usually generated a 1.5- to 4-fold higher titer . Since the antisera stored for use in the modified method for H antigen identification were usually 100-fold more dilute than the antisera stored for the standard method, an antibody-stabilizing buffer was incorporated in the diluted antisera, allowing these reagents to be used for at least 9 to 16 months.

Lancet, 1989 Dec 23-30, 2(8678-8679), 1474 - 7
Oxpentifylline in endotoxaemia; Zabel P et al.; Oxpentifylline (pentoxifylline), which is known to have pharmacological effects in animal models of respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure, and shock, was tested in human beings after injection of endotoxin . Of ten healthy volunteers, nine met the inclusion criterion of a rise in body temperature of at least 1.0 degrees C after 100 ng endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) as a bolus injection . Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were both significantly higher than baseline levels 2 h and 3 h after endotoxin injection . 3 weeks later the nine volunteers were again injected with 100 ng endotoxin and oxpentifylline (500 mg over 4 h) was also infused . There was no rise in TNF levels, though IL-6 levels rose in parallel with body temperature . These data suggest that oxpentifylline blocks the endotoxin-induced synthesis of TNF in man and, therefore, could possibly have beneficial effects in clinical endotoxaemia.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 Dec 8, 186(1-2), 325 - 32
Supramolecular structure of lipopolysaccharide and free lipid A under physiological conditions as determined by synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction; Seydel U et al.; Lipopolysaccharides, the major amphiphilic components of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, may assume various three-dimensional supramolecular structures depending on molecular properties (e.g . chemical structure) and on ambient conditions (e.g . temperature, concentration of divalent cations) . We applied synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction to investigate the supramolecular structures of natural and synthetic Escherichia-coli-type lipid A, of lipid A from Salmonella minnesota, and of rough mutant lipopolysaccharides of E . coli and S . minnesota under physiological water content (greater than 90%) at different temperatures (20, 37, and 55 degrees C) and at different lipid/divalent cation molar ratios (20:1 to 1:1) . We found that in the absence of divalent cations rough mutant lipopolysaccharide and free lipid A form unilamellar structures with the main reflections centered around 4.50 nm for free lipid A, 4.80 nm for Re lipopolysaccharide, and 5.90 nm for Rd1 lipopolysaccharide at 20 degrees C, i.e . below the beta----alpha acyl-chain-melting transition temperature . Above this temperature, the reflections are shifted to 4.30 nm for free lipid A (at 55 degrees C), 4.60 nm for Re lipopolysaccharide (at 37 degrees C), and to 5.50 nm for Rd1 lipopolysaccharide (at 37 degrees C) . The addition of divalent cations leads (at lower concentrations, i.e . lipid/cation molar ratios 20:1 to 5:1) to sharper reflections expressing a higher state of order and to a shift of the center of the main reflections lying now at 5.10 nm for free lipid A, 6.40 nm for Re and 7.20 nm for Rd1 lipopolysaccharide at 20 degrees C . At higher concentrations of divalent cations (e.g . lipid/cation molar ratio 1:1), an increasing tendency to form nonlamellar, inverted cubic structures is observed which is indicated by the occurrence of another main periodicity and/or of reflections with spacing ratios 1: square root of 2, 1: square root of 3 of the main periodicity . The tendency to assume inverted cubic structures is only weakly pronounced for rough mutant lipopolysaccharides but dominant for free lipid A even at physiological temperature and divalent cation concentration.

Vet Rec, 1989 Dec 2, 125(23), 567 - 72
Serological and bacteriological investigations of chickens from flocks naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis; Cooper GL et al.; Groups of 10 birds were obtained from four flocks which had shown evidence of natural salmonella infection . S enteritidis had been isolated from three flocks and S typhimurium from the fourth . Each bird was housed in a separate cage and blood samples and cloacal swabs were taken weekly to follow the course of natural infection . After four weeks the birds were killed and examined post mortem . The isolation of Salmonella species could not be related to the serological results . In individual birds the rapid slide test and tube agglutination test could not be relied upon to detect infection; the microantiglobulin test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were more sensitive than the other tests and detected some infected birds that were negative by the rapid slide and tube agglutination tests, and also showed high titres in some birds from which Salmonella species could not be isolated post mortem . Sera obtained from two flocks which had a history of natural S enteritidis infection were evaluated by all the tests; evidence of infection was found with the microantiglobulin and ELISA tests but not with the other tests.

Infect Immun, 1989 Dec, 57(12), 3863 - 8
Construction and characterization of a Vi-positive variant of the Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine strain Ty21a; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; The viaB locus coding for the Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi Ty2 was cloned on a 40.6-kilobase fragment into the cosmid vector pHC79 . The live, oral, attenuated Vi-negative S . typhi Ty21a vaccine strain was transformed with the recombinant cosmid encoding the viaB locus . Homologous recombination of the viaB locus into the chromosome of S . typhi Ty21a was induced by UV irradiation, and Vi-positive recombinants were selected in the presence of D-cycloserine . One such isolate, termed WR4103, contained no plasmids or the attendant antibiotic resistance markers and expressed the Vi antigen stably . Vi antigen extracted from WR4103 was immunologically indistinguishable from Vi antigen purified from S . typhi Ty2 . The only detectable difference between Ty21a and WR4103 was in the production of Vi antigen . The mean lethal doses of Ty21a and WR4103 for mice were nearly identical . Immunization of mice with WR4103 engendered a Vi antibody response and afforded complete protection against fatal infection with virulent S . typhi Ty2 . Thus, S . typhi WR4103 may serve as an improved oral vaccine for protection against typhoid fever.

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1989 Dec, 29(6), 405 - 12
{Three new serotypes of Salmonella II}; Pan RN et al.; Eight cultures isolated from intestinal contents of reptiles were belonged to 3 new serotypes of Salmonella . They were all ducitol fermented, malonate utilized, but not attack lactose and salicin, no growth in KCN broth, ONPG negative . Therefore, they would be included in Salmonella II . They were all attacked by Felix phage O-I . Three represented strains were selected for antigen analysis . Their antigenic formula were identified as follows: S3194 Salmonella II 6,7:1,v:e,n,z15 S3196 Salmonella II 6, 7:y: e, n, z(1)5 S3195 Salmonella II 6, 8: e, h: 1,2 Among them, S3196 was indole positive belonging to a rare biotype . In addition, there were two other cultures as well as the formula of S3194, and three other cultures as well as the formula of S3196 (one of indole positive, two of indole negative).

Mol Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 3(12), 1833 - 41
Salmonella as an intracellular parasite; Finlay BB et al.; Salmonella species are facultative intracellular parasites, capable of penetrating (invading), surviving, and often multiplying within diverse eukaryotic cell types, including epithelial and phagocytic cells . These processes are essential for virulence, and involve both bacterial and host cell products . The use of cultured eukaryotic cells and other model systems has facilitated the study of bacterial-host cell interactions, and has led to a better understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of Salmonella pathogenicity.

J Appl Toxicol, 1989 Dec, 9(6), 389 - 93
Mutagenicity of airborne particulates in the rubber industry; Baranski B et al.; The aim of this work was to evaluate the mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in the rubber industry . Air was sucked through Whatman glass-fibre filters with Staplex pumps and adsorbed substances and fume particles were extracted with acetone or toluene for 2 h in a ultrasonic cleaner . After separation of the insoluble solid phase by filtration, solvent was evaporated at a temperature of 70 degrees C in an argon atmosphere . The residue was stored at -20 degrees C . Mutagenicity was determined by the Salmonella plate incorporation assay with the tester strain TA98 and activity is related either to the weight of aerosol (rev mg-1) or to the volume of atmospheric sample (rev m-3) . The fumes emitted from the tyre tread line, calender feeding, and tyre vulcanizing processes, showed the highest mutagenic activity (55-211 rev mg-1, + S9) . At these and at other workplaces (extruder mill, carbon black station, mixer loading), mutagenic activity related to the volume of air was in the range of 22-158 rev m-3, + S9 . The results indicate the need to reduce and monitor mutagenic contamination in order to increase the safety of work in the rubber industry.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Dec, 103(3), 425 - 33
A large outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 associated with eggs from overseas; Stevens A et al.; In February 1989 the largest reported outbreak to date in the United Kingdom of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection occurred following a wedding reception at a hotel . One hundred and seventy-three people met the case definition of illness of whom 118 had the organism isolated from their stools . A further 17 were found to be S . enteritidis PT4 positive, but were asymptomatic . Lightly-cooked, egg-based sauces were the epidemiologically proven vehicles of infection . Investigations showed this outbreak to be the first to implicate imported European eggs as the source of infection . An unusual feature of this outbreak was a reported incubation period of less than 3 h for some of the confirmed cases of salmonellosis.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Dec, 103(3), 415 - 23
Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from the contents of intact eggs: a study involving naturally infected hens; Humphrey TJ et al.; Two small flocks of egg-laying hens, naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis, were housed in individual cages so that their eggs could be identified . During a longitudinal study where the contents of 1,119 eggs were examined, 11 were positive for S . enteritidis . One isolate was phage type (PT) 33 the others were PT4 . The production of infected eggs was clustered though intermittent . The positive eggs, which were produced by 10 of the 35 hens, were all found to contain fewer than 10 salmonellas . Some birds were also apparently carrying S . hadar PT14 as this organism was isolated from the contents of six cracked eggs.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 27(12), 2838 - 41
Isoenzyme analysis of typhoid-Shigella and Escherichia-Shigella hybrid vaccines and their parental strains; Schultz C; Isoenzyme analysis can be used to measure phenotypic changes and to characterize bacterial strains . The use of isoenzyme analysis to characterize bacterial hybrid vaccine strains that were prepared for human vaccination is described in this report . The hybrid vaccine strains were two lots of Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei vaccine, two lots of Escherichia coli-Shigella flexneri vaccine, and their parental strains . The two lots of S . typhi-S . sonnei hybrid vaccine had only 5 of 11 reactive isoenzymes in common . The lot of S . typhi-S . sonnei hybrid vaccine that protected human volunteers in a clinical trial also had a greater degree of relatedness to the parental strain, S . typhi Ty21a, than the nonprotective lot . The two lots of E . coli-S . flexneri vaccine were more similar in terms of their isoenzyme profiles . There were colonial isolates from both lots that had identical isoenzyme profiles . The results also indicate a greater degree of homogenicity between Shigella spp . and E . coli than between either of these species and Salmonella spp . The data also show more isoenzyme activity associated with the nonpathogenic bacteria than with pathogenic isolates . Isoenzyme analysis is a rapid and specific assay that can be used to evaluate bacterial vaccine organisms and to establish isoenzyme profiles associated with vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1989 Dec, 38(6), 375 - 6
{Salmonella bulovka 6,7:z44:--a new serovar isolated in Czechoslovakia}; Kovacova D et al.; The authors describe a new serovar of Salmonella, Salmonella bulovka, isolated from the faeces of a 35-year-old man with diarrhoea . The antigenic formula is 6.7:z44:--.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Dec, (12), 8 - 11
{A comparative analysis of the Salmonella typhi strains isolated from patients and bacterial carriers}; Riabchenko LE et al.; The comparative analysis of 133 S . typhi clinical strains isolated from patients and carriers in Dnepropetrovsk Province in 1978-1987 was carried out . As shown by this analysis, 10 Vi phage types were represented in the set of strains under study, phage types A and F1 being the most numerous ones . Phage type F1 occurred less frequently among the strains isolated from carriers . 31.1% of the strains were found to contain plasmids with different molecular weight ranging from 96 to 0.5 MD . The occurrence of plasmid-containing strains remained at the same level during the whole period under study . Low-molecular plasmids occurred more frequently in the strains isolated from carriers . The minimal suppressive concentrations of a number of antibiotics, such as penicillin, ampicillin, monomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, rifampicin and streptomycin, were determined . 7% of the strains were resistant to penicillin, 9% to monomycin, 15%--to tetracycline and 2.6% to chloramphenicol . The correlation between penicillin and monomycin resistance of the strains and the presence of the plasmid with a molecular weight of 60 MD in these strains was established . All strains were shown to be highly variable in the degree of their virulence: from 10(2) to 10(8) . The strains isolated from patients possessed greater virulence.

FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1989 Dec, 1(8-9), 437 - 41
Release of Vi antigens from Salmonella typhi: implications for virulence and diagnosis; Tsang RS et al.; The release of Vi antigens from three clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi was measured by a Vi-specific monoclonal antibody . Large quantities of Vi antigens were detected in the culture supernates from all three strains using either passive latex agglutination or rocket immunoelectrophoresis . Vi antigens were also detected in broth cultures of S . typhi containing about 10(5) cells/ml using the sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay . The significance of this finding in relationship to the virulence and the diagnosis of S . typhi was discussed.

Poult Sci, 1989 Dec, 68(12), 1637 - 42
Maturation of resistance to salmonellosis in newly hatched chicks: inhibition by cyclosporine; Ziprin RL et al.; The development of resistance to salmonellosis and the basis of resistance in newly hatched chickens were investigated . Newly hatched chickens are inherently susceptible to salmonellosis but develop resistance rapidly to Salmonella infection during the first 5 days of life . Newly hatched chickens were treated with cyclosporine, the thymic (T)-cell-specific, immunosuppressive agent (T-cell) . The resultant changes in T-cell responsiveness to mitogens, in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity, and resistance to salmonellosis were measured . The results demonstrated that cyclosporine reduced in vitro T-cell responses to T-cell-specific mitogens, suppressed in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (tuberculin skin-test reactions), and impaired the development of native resistance to salmonellosis . These results indicate that development of resistance to salmonellosis in newly hatched chicks depends on a fully functional capacity for cell-mediated immunity . Therefore, the development of effective vaccines for reducing the contamination of live birds with Salmonella probably should include strategies for enhancing the early development of cellular immunity.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Dec, 36(10), 778 - 85
{Udder immunization for the protection of calves against salmonella infections . 1 . Detection of specific Ig classes in the mother, colostrum and calf and the course of infection}; Staak C et al.; Pregnant cows were vaccinated at ablactation by infusion of heat inactivated S . dublin or S . typhimurium into the mammary gland in order to protect their offsprings via colostrum against salmonellosis . This method of vaccination is based upon statements according to which specific IgA and IgM play a prominent role in respect of protection . Both Ig classes are produced locally and are not channelled from the mother's system into the mammary gland . In comparison to calves from non-vaccinated control animals, calves from vaccinated cows did not exhibit clinical symptoms after challenge infection, and had a reduced salmonella excretion rate in respect of quantity but not in respect of the duration of shedding salmonella . Serological quantitation of specific Ig-classes (DIG-ELISA) did not allow to identify a specific Ig-class responsible for protection.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Dec, 67(6), 575 - 88
Detection of salmonellas in animal feeds by electrical conductance; Smith PJ et al.; A comparison was made between standard culture methods and electrical conductance using a Malthus AT Microbiological Analyser for the examination of animal feeds for salmonella . Conductance testing with a selenite cystine/trimethylamine-N-oxide/dulcitol medium resulted in the detection of salmonellas in 49 of 55 known positive animal feeds, 13 of 19 spiked feed samples and 36 of 47 salmonella cultures . Testing with a lysine decarboxylase/glucose medium gave significantly better results (P less than 0.05) than with selenite cystine medium but five lysine decarboxylase negative strains of salmonella were undetected . When both media were used in parallel all salmonella positive samples were detected . No difference was found between preenrichment in buffered peptone water containing trimethylamine/mannitol and that containing lysine/glucose . Positive detection criteria for selenite medium of conductance peak at greater than or equal to 500 microsiemens (microS) with a rate of change of greater than or equal to 60 microS/h or 400-499 microS with a rate of change of greater than or equal to 40 microS/h and for lysine medium with a peak of greater than or equal to 100 microS have been established . The method offers savings in media and operating costs over conventional standard culture methods, provides results within 48 h and is recommended for statutory feed monitoring purposes.

S D J Med, 1989 Dec, 42(12), 5 - 7
Cryptosporidiosis: a pathogen more common than appreciated; Neidich GA et al.; Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoan species which can produce an enteritis in humans . Until recently it was thought to primarily infect immunocompromised individuals but is now known to affect immunologically intact persons as well . It is capable of causing a severe diarrhea in small children . Discovery that the organism takes an acid-fast stain has aided greatly in its recognition in the clinical laboratory . There is no effective antimicrobial treatment, thus recognition and careful infection control practices become very important . The authors report stool studies of 247 pediatric age individuals in the Sioux Falls, South Dakota area over a four-month period . Three positive cultures for salmonella were found (1.4%) and four instances of cryptosporidium were identified (1.6%) . This is similar to other reports and indicates that this organism is now one of the more frequent non-viral causes of diarrhea in children . It tends to be more common in rural areas.

J Clin Invest, 1989 Dec, 84(6), 1821 - 9
Human mannose-binding protein activates the alternative complement pathway and enhances serum bactericidal activity on a mannose-rich isolate of Salmonella; Schweinle JE et al.; The human mannose-binding protein (MBP) is a multimeric serum protein that is divided into three domains, a cysteine-rich NH2-terminal domain that stabilizes the collagen alpha helix of the second domain and a third COOH-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain . Previous studies have shown that both native and recombinant human MBP bind to wild-type virulent Salmonella montevideo that expresses a mannose-rich lipopolysaccharide . Interaction with MBP results in opsonization and killing by phagocytes . In this report we show that low concentration of MBP (less than 10 micrograms/ml) markedly enhance complement deposition via the alternative complement pathway on S . montevideo . Despite structural similarities between MBP and the C1q subcomponent of the first complement component, MBP did not restore classical pathway activity to C1q-deficient serum, nor did it activate C1s when added to a mixture of C1r and C1s . In the presence of MBP the C3 bound to S . montevideo during incubation in serum was in the form of C3b and iC3b at a ratio of 1:2 . Presensitization of S . montevideo with MBP rendered this normally serum resistant organism susceptible to complement-mediated killing . These results emphasize that MBP and complement cooperate in first line defense of the nonimmune host.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Dec, 23(3-4), 365 - 76
Porcine neutrophil function in the presence of virulent and avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis; Roof MB et al.; Porcine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) may be activated by bacteria to begin phagocytosis followed by oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms of killing . The purpose of this study was to identify differences between virulent and avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis (S . choleraesuis) strains, 38 and 9 respectively, in their interactions with porcine PMNLs using five different assays . (1) Staphylococcus aureus (S . aureus) ingestion was determined by exposure of porcine PMNLs to a mixture of S . choleraesuis and 125I labeled S . aureus . There was a 2.98% and 22.20% decrease in S . aureus ingestion by mouse-avirulent S . choleraesuis 9 and mouse-virulent S . choleraesuis 38 respectively . (2) Iodination of proteins was done by exposing zymosan stimulated porcine PMNLs to S . choleraesuis in the presence of 125I and measuring its incorporation into porcine PMNL proteins . This assay indicated a 73.7% and 74.7% decrease in iodination by S . choleraesuis 9 and S . choleraesuis 38, respectively . (3) Cytochrome c reduction was performed by using porcine PMNLs, zymosan, and S . choleraesuis to determine the bacterial effect on superoxide anion production . S . choleraesuis 9 and S . choleraesuis 38 inhibited superoxide anion production by 78.0% and 92.6%, respectively . (4) Lactoferrin release from porcine PMNLs was measured by an ELISA using the supernatant from the cytochrome c assay . Results indicate a 52.0% and 61.0% increase in lactoferrin release by S . choleraesuis 9 and 38 respectively . (5) The bactericidal assay was performed by counting cfus of S . choleraesuis after preliminary incubation with porcine PMNLs, followed by killing of extracellular S . choleraesuis and lysis of porcine PMNLs . Survival of S . choleraesuis 9 and E . coli (control) were 7.50% and 1.37%, respectively, in contrast to 52.62% survival of the virulent S . choleraesuis 38 . These results indicate that both strains inhibited protein iodination and caused a slight increase in lactoferrin release, but the virulent S . choleraesuis 38 inhibited S . aureus ingestion, cytochrome c reduction, and survived porcine PMNL killing more effectively than the avirulent S . choleraesuis 9.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989 Dec, 140(6), 1814 - 7
Dibutyryl-cAMP blocks endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats; Chang SW et al.; We investigated the effect of dibutyryl-cAMP pretreatment on endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes and lung vascular injury in rats . In catheter-implanted, unanesthetized rats, intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (2 mg/kg) decreased cardiac output and systemic blood pressure while increasing total pulmonary vascular resistance . Db-cAMP (1 mg given intraperitoneally every 30 min), although not significantly affecting cardiac output and systemic blood pressure, blocked the increase in total pulmonary resistance caused by endotoxin . Ninety minutes after intraperitoneal endotoxin injection, perfused lungs from endotoxin-treated rats exhibited increased pulmonary vascular permeability, as assessed by increased extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water . Db-cAMP treatment in vivo markedly attenuated the increases in lung albumin leak index and wet-to-dry weight ratio caused by endotoxin without affecting lung microvascular pressures . This protective action of db-cAMP is not due to its effect on prostaglandin or leukotriene synthesis since endotoxin-stimulated increases in lung tissue 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2 and leukotriene C4 were not inhibited . We conclude that db-cAMP blocks endotoxin-induced lung injury in the rat by a mechanism independent of eicosanoid products and speculate that agents that increase intracellular cAMP may be therapeutically useful in acute lung vascular injury.

J Radiol, 1989 Dec, 70(12), 743 - 5
{Sternocostoclavicular osteoarthritis}; Rizzoli P et al.; On observation of a case of infectious osteoarthritis which was remarkable both because of its site, the sternoclavicular joint, and of the germ involved, which was Salmonella paratyphi A is reported.

Carcinogenesis, 1989 Dec, 10(12), 2201 - 7
Prostaglandin hydroperoxidase-dependent activation of heterocyclic aromatic amines; Petry TW et al.; Heterocyclic aromatic amines, derived from the pyrolysis of amino acids and proteins, are potent mutagens in the Ames Salmonella assay with rodent liver activation . Additionally, heterocyclic aromatic amines are multipotent carcinogens . We report evidence that these compounds are substrates for the hydroperoxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase, as measured by alterations in UV/visible spectra, and are bioactivated to macromolecule-reactive species by this enzyme . Indirect electron paramagnetic resonance studies indicate that this activation may occur via a one-electron mechanism . 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5f}quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (MeIQ), and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) are direct-acting mutagens in TA98 . The mutagenicity of IQ and MeIQ, but not Trp-P-2, were enhanced by activation with ram seminal vesicle microsomes (a rich source of prostaglandin H synthase) . Subsequent experiments utilized the newly constructed tester strain TA1538/1,8-DNP6 (pYG 121), which has enhanced arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity . In this strain IQ, MeIQ and 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole (Glu-P-1) were mutagenic with ram seminal vesicle microsome activation . 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-1) was a weak direct-acting mutagen, and was not activated by the ram seminal vesicles (RSV) system . The responses of IQ and MeIQ were markedly enhanced in TA1538/1.8-DNP6 (pYG 121), relative to TA98 . These data are consistent with the involvement of prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed activation in heterocyclic aromatic amine-induced extrahepatic neoplasia.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1989 Dec, 7(10), 525 - 9
{Infectious food poisoning in the Autonomous Basque Community (1984-1986)}; Perales I et al.; The results of the study of 117 outbreaks of food poisoning in the Basque Autonomous Community during 1984-1986 are reported . In 76% of these outbreaks the causative agent could be isolated . Bacteria of the genus Salmonella accounted for 86.5% of the outbreaks with a known etiology, S . enteritidis being the most commonly found serotype . In 90% of the outbreaks caused by Salmonella, the transmission was by eggs or egg containing products . The features of food poisoning in the Basque Autonomous Community are discussed.

Bioorg Khim, 1989 Dec, 15(12), 1673 - 85
{Synthesis of trisaccharide fragment of O-specific polysaccharides of Salmonella of serologic groups C2 and C3 and its conversion into synthetic antigen of a copolymer type}; Cherniak AIa et al.; Abequosyl-(alpha 1----3)-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2)-D-mannopyranosides anomeric in the rhamnose residue have been synthesised . 2-Benzyloxycarbonylaminoethyl group used as the aglycon can be transformed into 2-acrylamidoethyl aglycon in the final stages of the syntheses . These isomeric alpha-glycosides were converted into copolymer artificial antigens, which are of interest for studying immunochemistry of factor O:8 of Salmonella O-antigens (serological groups C2 and C3).

Bioorg Khim, 1989 Dec, 15(12), 1664 - 72
{The structure of O-antigenic polysaccharide of gram negative bacteria Salmonella kentucky strain 98/39(0:8, H:i,Z6)}; Torgov VI et al.; The computerized calculation of the 13C NMR spectra of polysaccharide and oligosaccharides (ANMROL), together with chemical analysis (methylation and Smith degradation) showed that the polysaccharide has the following structure: (formula; see text) which differs from the previous data published for Salmonella kentucky strain I . S . 98 (8.20).

Bioorg Khim, 1989 Dec, 15(12), 1660 - 3
{Study of the structure of O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella anatum using 1H- and 13C-NMR-spectroscopy}; L'vov VL et al.; The Salmonella anatum O-specific polysaccharide structure was fully confirmed by means of complete interpretation of its 13C NMR spectrum, using the selective double resonances and NOE experiments: {-3(6Ac)GaIp alpha 1-6Manp beta 1-4Rhap alpha 1-}n.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1989 Dec, 27(12), 1013 - 6
Immunomodulatory role of thyroid hormones: effect on humoral immune response to Salmonella typhi O antigen; Chandel AS et al.; Effect of long term administration of thyroid hormones and the removal of thyroid on humoral antibody response to S . typhi O antigen was studied in male albino rats of HM strain . Humoral antibody response to S . typhi O antigen was enhanced in animals pretreated with T3 or T4 at a dose of 10 micrograms daily for 15 days . Administration of thyroid hormones simultaneously along with antigen, resulted in suppression of antibody response . In thyroidectomized animals, the antibody titer to S . typhi O antigen was decreased; this decrease in antibody titer was restored to normal level following hormone supplementation . Thyroidectomy significantly depressed TLC as well . Total leucocyte count and absolute lymphocyte count were increased following hormone treatment . Present findings, thus show the lymphoproliferative response of thyroid hormones and their effect on antibody response suggesting the immunomodulatory role of thyroid hormones.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1989 Dec, 9(4), 240 - 2
Three unusual cases of Salmonella infection in infants; Klonin H et al.; Three unusual presentations of Salmonella infection in Asian infants in Nepal are described . Salmonella infections have protean manifestations and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute illness of obscure aetiology, especially in Salmonella-endemic areas.

Vaccine, 1989 Dec, 7(6), 495 - 8
Live Salmonella as vaccines and carriers of foreign antigenic determinants; Chatfield SN et al.; Salmonella species can be rationally attenuated by introducing non-reverting defined mutations into the genome to produce live vaccine strains . Several genes have been identified which when mutated, will attenuate Salmonellae . In particular, salmonella strains harbouring mutations in genes involved in the pre-chorismate biosynthetic pathway make excellent oral vaccines evoking strong humoral, local and cellular immune responses in the host . Because of the spectrum of immune responses induced by live vaccine strains they have the potential to be used for delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system . A number of antigens from other bacteria, viruses and parasites have been expressed in live salmonella vaccine strains . Such hybrid strains have the potential to be used as multivalent vaccines against a number of infectious diseases.

Cancer Res, 1989 Dec 1, 49(23), 6600 - 4
Antimutagenic effects of taurine in a bacterial assay system; Laidlaw SA et al.; Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) was evaluated as an antimutagen in the Ames Salmonella tester strain assay . Taurine inhibited mutagenesis by doxorubicin (-74%), bleomycin (-55%), mitomycin C (-56%), and 2-aminofluorene (-52%), but not danthrone or benzo(a)pyrene, in strain TA102 . In strain TA98, doxorubicin mutagenicity, but not that of 2-aminofluorene or benzo(a)pyrene, was inhibited by taurine . N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (-73%), but not dexon, mutagenicity was inhibited by taurine in strain TA100 . Taurine inhibited those mutagens against which it was effective in a dose-related fashion . Taurine was more effective in inhibiting doxorubicin mutagenicity in strain TA102 than its analogues hypotaurine, beta-alanine, and guanidinoethanesulfonic acid or alanine or glycine . The observed inhibition may indicate a role for taurine in modulating the activity of oxidant species.

J Immunol Methods, 1989 Nov 30, 124(2), 251 - 7
Enhancement of the antigen-binding capacity of incomplete IgG antibodies to Brucella melitensis through Fc region interactions with staphylococcal protein A; Jagannath C et al.; Incomplete IgG anti-Brucella antibodies in human sera were detected using both a conventional ELISA and a modified method . In the ELISA procedure serum IgG was allowed to bind solid-phase B . melitensis antigen and, after washing, biotinylated staphylococcal protein A (BioSPA) was used as an Fc-specific tracer followed by streptavidin-HRP conjugate . In the modified method, serum IgG was co-incubated with a defined quantity of BioSPA in the presence of solid-phase antigen . BioSPA bound Fc regions of serum IgG irrespective of antigen specificity whilst antibodies which were specific for Brucella bound the solid-phase antigen through their Fab regions and were detected subsequently by streptavidin-HRP . IgG anti-Brucella antibodies were detectable with a 5-25-fold increase in sensitivity when they were thus 'activated' in situ with BioSPA . In contrast with the IgG antibodies of untreated human sera, BioSPA-activated IgG showed strong antigen binding capacity and resisted the dissociation effect of the chaotropic agent, guanidine hydrochloride . In similar experiments, BioSPA did not enhance the affinity of IgG anti-Salmonella antibodies of human sera towards S . typhi antigen . The activating effect of BioSPA on the incomplete IgG anti-Brucella antibodies from patients with brucellosis possibly involves a re-orientation of Fab sites.

Vet Rec, 1989 Nov 25, 125(22), 545 - 8
Control, prevention and eradication of Salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler and broiler breeder flocks; McIlroy SG et al.; Salmonella enteritidis was identified by serological and bacteriological techniques in two clinically normal breeder flocks in an integrated broiler organisation in Northern Ireland . The organism was transmitted vertically to clinically affected progeny flocks . The infected breeder flocks were slaughtered and the infection throughout the organisation controlled and subsequently eradicated . A working group, consisting of the senior management of the broiler organisation and veterinary staff from the Veterinary Research Laboratories at Stormont, was formed to establish procedures to minimise the risk of the reintroduction of salmonella infection, by preventing vertical transmission from grandparent flocks, or lateral transmission from personnel, other animal species and fomites, or transmission through the feed . All feed was heated to a minimum of 70 degrees C for 12 minutes immediately before it was pelleted and subsequently transported to the flocks through a dedicated system of conveyor belts, bins and lorries . A comprehensive system for monitoring the efficacy of the preventive procedures was established and is now used throughout the poultry industry of Northern Ireland.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989 Nov, 140(5), 1429 - 35
Acute respiratory response of guinea pigs to lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota; Ryan LK et al.; Exposure to endotoxin has been associated with systemic toxicity, including pulmonary disorders such as byssinosis, as well as with beneficial biologic activities such as adjuvanticity and mitogenicity . The purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from endotoxin has been employed to investigate structure-activity relationships for various biologic effects . The current study was undertaken to examine the relationship between LPS structure and its ability to cause respiratory toxicity in guinea pigs after inhalation exposure . Animals were exposed to atmospheres containing 0.076 to 2.1 micrograms/m3 Salmonella minnesota LPS (S . minn . LPS), LPS from the mutant S . minn . Re595, S . minn . Re595 lipid A, and monophosphoryl S . minn . Re595 lipid A (S . minn . Re595 MPL) . Each of the LPS aerosols caused increased breathing frequency (f), decreased tidal volume (VT), and airflow disturbance when measured 18 h after the 6-h inhalation exposure . The LPS preparations had equivalent toxicity, whereas the lipid A aerosol had slightly reduced toxicity . The MPL preparation did not produce this respiratory toxicity response . The results indicated that absence of the terminal phosphate group from the reducing end of the lipid A disaccharide destroyed its ability to cause the respiratory effect . These results initiate structure-activity studies of defined LPS in the lung and indicate the possibility of chemically treating endotoxins to remove adverse pulmonary effects.

Am J Hematol, 1989 Nov, 32(3), 184 - 9
Splenectomy in patients with AIDS; Mathew A et al.; To establish the indications for splenectomy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection we retrospectively analyzed 12 patients who underwent splenectomy . Patients with HIV infection who had immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were excluded as they had no splenomegaly and a definite indication for splenectomy exists in some of these patients . All 12 patients were anemic; 6 were thrombocytopenic and 6 leukopenic . All patients had splenomegaly and all were febrile . At surgery 3 patients were found to have Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection; 2 had splenic abscess due to Salmonella group D; 1 each had cytomegalovirus (CMV) splenitis and localized Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) of the spleen . No definite histopathologic diagnosis could be made in five patients, all of whom had evidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis . The degree of splenic enlargement did not correlate with the outcome . Both clinical and hematologic improvements were achieved in patients with splenic abscess and in patients who had splenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia . The presence of either of these findings constitutes an indication for splenectomy . Anemia and/or leukopenia without thrombocytopenia failed to improve; the presence of MAI and active CMV infection also resulted in failure . The presence of either of these conditions may be considered a contraindication to splenectomy.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1989 Nov, 92(5), 679 - 82
Use of a rapid latex agglutination test to detect Salmonella and Shigella antigens from gram-negative enrichment broth; McGowan KL et al.; The Wampole Bactigen Salmonella-Shigella is a latex agglutination test for rapid detection of Salmonella and Shigella from enteric enrichment broths . It is designed to identify those enrichment broths that require subculturing and eliminate further workup of negative broths . The authors compared the results of latex testing of gram-negative enrichment broths with culture results of the same broths . Primary culture plates were also inoculated with each specimen . A total of 2,481 rectal and stool specimens were used in the study . All specimens were inoculated onto a selection of primary culture media, and the specimen was placed into gram-negative broth . After incubation, the broths were tested with the latex and then subcultured to enteric agars . A total of 99 Salmonella and 29 Shigella were cultured from the specimens, with the latex test detecting 85 of 99 (85.5%) of the Salmonella and 26 of 29 (89.6%) of the Shigella . The overall specificity of the test was 96.4%, and the percentage agreement between latex and culture results was 95.9%.

Infect Immun, 1989 Nov, 57(11), 3357 - 63
Altered in vivo activity of liposome-incorporated lipopolysaccharide and lipid A; Dijkstra J et al.; We compared the abilities of free and liposome-incorporated Salmonella minnesota wild-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A to activate peritoneal macrophages and induce lethal toxicity in mice . Incorporation of lipid A into multilamellar vesicles resulted in a 100-fold-decreased potency to prime macrophages for phorbol myristate acetate-triggered release of H2O2 . In addition, liposome incorporation reduced the lethality of LPS and lipid A at least 10-fold in dactinomycin-sensitized mice . Similar results were obtained with multilamellar liposomes delivered intravenously and when small unilamellar vesicles were employed . The observed difference in toxicity was not dependent on dactinomycin treatment, since a similar decrease was obtained with large doses of liposomal LPS in unsensitized mice . Control liposomes, prepared without LPS and lipid A, did not reduce the activities of the free compounds . The administration of a sublethal amount of liposomal LPS induced within 20 days, but not during the first week, tolerance to a subsequently injected lethal dose of free endotoxin . The latter observation suggests that early-phase tolerance is not the mechanism responsible for the reduced toxicity of liposomal LPS . These data show that liposomal LPS and lipid A have reduced endotoxic activity in vivo and are consistent with our hypothesis that a direct interaction of lipid A with appropriate plasma membrane components is necessary to efficiently trigger biologic responses . This interaction, however, is prevented by the stable insertion of LPS into the liposomal membrane.

Klin Med (Mosk), 1989 Nov, 67(11), 112 - 7
{Clinico-morphological criteria of diagnosis of dysentery and Salmonella infections}; Shuvalova EP et al.; Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings have been evaluated for 108 patients with intestinal infection associated with apparent colitic syndrome . Differential diagnosis between dysentery and salmonellosis was not an easy task even though clinical signs of the diseases appeared different . Dysentery ran with tenesmus, sigmoid pain and spasms . Symptoms of gastritis, intoxication, dehydration, hepatomegaly predominated in salmonellosis . In obscure cases colonic biopsy can be helpful due to high sensitivity of immunofluorescence in histological sections . Morphological diagnostic criteria comprise intensive microbial invasion, pronounced immunomorphological reaction in superficial epithelium of the colon for dysentery and macrophagal affection of the colonic mucosa plate for salmonellosis.

Mutagenesis, 1989 Nov, 4(6), 471 - 5
Genotoxicity testing: phage T7 inactivation test of various furan and arenofuran derivatives; Ronto G et al.; The genotoxic activities of 28 furan and arenofuran derivatives were tested by the phage T7-inactivation test . The genotoxic activity of the compounds was characterized quantitatively . All the compounds studied have pronounced genotoxic activities in our system . Empirical rules relating structure to genotoxic activity were found . Data obtained with our system were compared with the results of other biological systems (Salmonella assay, SOS Chromotest, CHO/HGPRT, gene amplification) in the case of some compounds included as references.

Mutagenesis, 1989 Nov, 4(6), 412 - 9
Analysis of the National Toxicology Program data on in vitro genetic toxicity tests using multivariate statistical methods; Benigni R; A series of multivariate statistical methods have been used to explore the results of a set of four in vitro short-term tests (STT) on 73 chemicals reported by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) . Cluster analysis showed that the mouse lymphoma mutation (MLY) and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) were similar in performance, as were the Salmonella (STY) and chromosomal aberration test (CHA) . The lack of association between tests using the same genetic end-point or at the same phylogenetic level found in previous analyses was confirmed in this study . Factor analysis was used to derive a scale of genetic damage . This measure was contrasted with rodent carcinogenicity; only a limited association was found (rank correlation coefficient, rs = 0.32) . Linear discriminant analysis was used to study whether the STTs could be used to complement one another . The combination of STY with the other STTs did not improve significantly the prediction of rodent carcinogenicity of STY alone . In the entire set of chemicals, 33% were negative in STY and positive in at least two other STT, and 11% was negative in STY and positive in the three other tests . SCE and MLY were complementary to STY for identifying the most genotoxic chemicals, but CHA was not a useful complement . The presence of potential electrophilic sites in the chemicals was highly correlated with the STY results, but did not improve the ability of STY to identify genotoxic chemicals or predict rodent carcinogens . In conclusion, the other in vitro STTs did not complement STY for predicting carcinogenicity, but were an important complement for describing the potential genotoxicity of chemicals.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Nov, (11), 71 - 6
{Interleukin-1-inducing activity of the polysaccharide-containing antigens of the cell wall in Yersinia pestis}; Isin ZhM et al.; The induction of the synthesis of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in human monocytes under the influence of the endotoxic preparations (LPS) and Y . pestis basis somatic antigen has been experimentally studied . The results obtained in this study make it possible to come to the conclusion that the capacity of the endotoxin of Y . pestis cell wall, consisting of LPS of type R, for inducing the synthesis of IL-1 in human monocytes is not different from the corresponding capacity of Salmonella and Shigella LPS, type S . Y . pestis O-specific polysaccharide in a discrete state has considerably greater IL-1-inducing activity in comparison with other preparations used in this experimental study . Such typical changes, characteristic of the initial stage of Y . pestis infection, as a sharp rise in temperature, transitory neutropenia, significant primary suppression of the oxygen-dependent metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils are probably due to the induction of the synthesis of IL-1 by the polysaccharide-containing antigen of Y . pestis cell wall (LPS, basic somatic antigen) in cells of the mononuclear phagocytizing system.

Ir J Med Sci, 1989 Nov, 158(11), 274 - 7
An outbreak of Salmonella reactive arthritis in Northern Ireland; Kondowe GB et al.; During a five month period in the summer of 1987, seven cases of reactive arthritis were seen at Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast . Of the seven patients, five were male and two female . Their ages ranged from 13 to 44 (mean: 26 +/- 4) years . Five patients gave a preceding short history of diarrhoea which was usually mild . All patients presented with acute inflammatory oligoarthritis which predominantly affected the lower limbs . The knees were involved in 100%, the ankles in 70% with enthesopathy in 30% of cases . The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by positive serology for Salmonella enteritidis . In three patients, stool cultures grew a particular strain of Salmonella enteritidis (phage type 4) . Six patients were HLA-B27 positive . It is not possible to estimate the prevalence of reactive arthritis in this outbreak because there were different sources of infection and the total number of gastroenteritis cases was unknown . However, gut infections with Salmonella enteritidis are becoming increasingly common in this community and throughout the Western world . Over the past two years, in our area, there has been an almost thirty-fold increase in the number of recorded cases of infections due to this organism . By far the commonest source of infection appears to be poultry and egg products.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 638 - 40
{Epidemiology of salmonellosis}; Bohme G et al.; The diagnostically and in regard to surveillance rather comprehensively recorded salmonellosis bear the character of a model of zoonotic diarrhoeal diseases . Whereas those serovars predominantly adapted to human beings or animal species are without any importance in this connection, such serovars with own epizootic processes in different animal species with or without causing illness are able to be transferred to human beings via foods of animal origin and to act as etiological agents of gastroenteritis . Some strains of them equipped by special properties often encoded by plasmids can be transferred from man to man, too . In GDR in 1987 S . enteritidis (34.0%), S . typhimurium (17.9%), S . manhattan (7.7%) and S . agona (7.4%) amounted to two thirds of all the salmonella isolates in connection with human enteritis . For analyzing epizootic-epidemic processes in the case of rare serovars the identity of serovars is sufficient in first approximation, in the case of frequently isolated serovars the complex typing of the concerned strains by using epidemiological laboratory methods is required.

Clin Radiol, 1989 Nov, 40(6), 605 - 6
Rupture of a non-aneurysmal salmonella infected aorta; Cook AM et al.; A 65-year-old man with salmonella bacteraemia developed a retroperitoneal collection as a result of infection and subsequent rupture of the abdominal aorta . Computed tomography (CT) showed the collection but there was no aneurysm on CT or at surgery . The main diagnostic feature of salmonella aortitis is the presence of an aneurysm; this report indicates that a non-aneurysmal infected aorta can rupture . The importance of considering a ruptured aorta as the cause of retroperitoneal collections is emphasised, even when the aorta is of normal calibre.

J Infect Dis, 1989 Nov, 160(5), 846 - 57
Cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to Escherichia coli J5 with heterologous gram-negative bacteria and extracted lipopolysaccharides; Aydintug MK et al.; A panel of eight murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against heat-killed Escherichia coli J5 and shown to react with J5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . These antibodies were then assayed by a suspension ELISA for reactivity with up to 20 heterologous smooth or rough isolates of gram-negative bacteria, which were assayed after heat or formalin treatment, or as live cells . Extracted LPS from the same bacteria were tested for reactivity with the MAbs by direct ELISA . The MAbs demonstrated broad cross-reactivity with most heat-treated bacteria . In contrast, cross-reactivity of the MAbs with live or formalin-treated bacteria was limited almost exclusively to E . coli J5, Hemophilus species, or rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota . Reactivity with extracted LPSs and lipid A varied considerably depending on the MAb . Further, when Western blotting was used as the assay only four of eight MAbs reacted with J5 LPS, and none of the MAbs reacted with LPS from smooth S . minnesota or any of its rough mutants . Adsorption of the MAbs with acid hydrolyzed, boiled, or live E . coli J5 prior to ELISA of the MAbs with J5 LPS supported evidence that none of the MAbs were specific for lipid A and that reactivity was greater with boiled than with live cells . Thus, the cross-reactivity of antibodies to E . coli J5 LPS is dependent on the physical state of the bacteria or LPS used for assay, the assay used, and the specificity of the antibody.

Clin Orthop, 1989 Nov, (248), 261 - 4
Salmonella septic and aseptic arthritis in sickle-cell disease . A case report; Henderson RC et al.; A 26-year-old black male with sickle-cell disease developed a Salmonella septic arthritis in one knee and an acute, aseptic arthritis in the other knee . Salmonella is showing increasing resistance to many antibiotics . In this patient, optimal antibiotic treatment of his uncommon infection was delayed by a rare resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Two pathophysiologic mechanisms could account for his acute, aseptic arthritis: sickle-cell disease with presumed synovial ischemia from sickling and reactive arthritis precipitated by a remote Salmonella infection elsewhere in the body . The authors could find no previous discussion of either of these processes in the orthopedic literature . Acute arthritis in a patient with sickle-cell disease can be a complex diagnostic and therapeutic problem.

Indian Pediatr, 1989 Nov, 26(11), 1135 - 8
Efficacy of nalidixic acid in the treatment of acute bloody diarrhea; Khoshoo V et al.; Of sixty four children (mean age 20.1 +/- 1.2 mo) with acute bloody diarrhea and high fever, 47 had infection with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) (20), Shigella (15) and enteropathogenic E . coli (EPEC) (12) and were treated with nalidixic acid (NA) . The mean duration (h) of presence of macroscopic blood in the stool following institution of treatment was significantly shorter (p less than 0.05) in those with EPEC (11.5 +/- 4.9) as compared to NTS (30.4 +/- 15.4) or Shigella groups (22.9 +/- 15.6) . The number of children having less than or equal to 50% reduction in stool frequency within 72 h was: NTS (17); Shigella (14); EPEC (10) . Negative stool cultures on day 5 were obtained in all patients with Shigella and EPEC and 16 (80%) of those with NTS . Two patients with NTS and one with EPEC failed to respond to NA.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989 Nov-Dec, 12(6), 463 - 6
Increased efficiency of stool culture for the detection of Salmonella and Shigella; Fedorko DP et al.; The Wampole Bactigen Salmonella-Shigella Latex Agglutination Test (SSLA) (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, New Jersey) was evaluated as a possible substitute for blind subculture of selenite broths from stool cultures . Recovery rates of Salmonella and Shigella from eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar were reviewed to determine if this medium could be eliminated from primary stool culture . Salmonella was detected in 17 of 822 stools by both SSLA and culture . There were 52 false-positive SSLA for Salmonella (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93%) . Of three Shigella isolated on culture, one was SSLA positive, one was SSLA negative, and one was negative by both SSLA and subculture of selenite broth . There were eight false-positive SSLA for Shigella (specificity 99%) . Of 50 Salmonella and 11 Shigella isolated from 6200 stools in 1.5 years, two Shigella were isolated on EMB only . The SSLA test is a useful screening test for Salmonella . By eliminating unnecessary subcultures of selenite broth, it reduces turnaround time by 24 hr for negative stool cultures . The combination of primary culture with SSLA screening of enrichment broth should be adequate for the detection of Salmonella and Shigella from stool specimens . Our data suggest that EMB or other differential medium should be retained for primary culture to enhance detection of Shigella.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 55(11), 3032 - 3
Semisolid media for isolation of Salmonella spp . from coastal waters; Perales I et al.; The use of two semisolid media (semisolid Rappaport and semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis) for the isolation of Salmonella spp . from coastal waters was compared with the use of conventional media . Two hundred and fifty six samples were studied; Salmonella spp . were detected in 83 . The semisolid media were the most sensitive, detecting 73 samples instead of the 53 detected by the conventional media (P less than 0.001) . The rate of isolation of Salmonella spp . showed an increase of 56.6% when the semisolid media were added to the conventional media, it being possible to detect 54.2% of the total organisms 1 day earlier.

Immunol Invest, 1989 Nov-Dec, 18(9-10), 1035 - 48
The production of highly specific anti-testosterone antisera using acid-treated bacteria as immunogenic carrier; Cilliers JM et al.; A novel and effective procedure for the production of highly specific anti-testosterone antibodies is described . It involved pretreatment of experimental animals with tolerogens followed by immunization with conjugates of testosterone covalently linked to acid-treated Salmonella minnesota R595 bacteria as immunogenic carriers . Antibodies elicited by this procedure showed minimal cross-reactivity towards 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and some of them were successfully used in radioimmunoassays for the determination of serum testosterone levels, even without the need for prior extraction.

Chem Phys Lipids, 1989 Nov, 51(3-4), 191 - 203
Polyprenyl phosphates: synthesis and structure-activity relationship for a biosynthetic system of Salmonella anatum O-specific polysaccharide; Danilov LL et al.; A series of polyprenyl phosphates with modified structure of polyprenyl residue was prepared through phosphorylation of polyprenyl trichloroacetimidates with phosphoric acid . Interaction of polyprenols with tetra-n-butylammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trichloroacetonitrile was found to represent a very efficient, simple and general method for the synthesis of polyprenyl phosphates . A procedure was developed for smooth conversion of polyprenyl pyrophosphates into the monophosphates through hydrolysis in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine . The polyprenyl phosphates prepared were studied as substrates for the enzymes of Salmonella anatum O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis . Correct stereochemistry of alpha- and beta-isoprenic units was found to be essential for substrate efficiency . At the more remote positions of the hydrocarbon chain just the presence of isoprenic units of any configuration seems necessary . Some changes in position of the phosphate group may be permissible without significant loss of substrate properties.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1989 Nov, 272(1), 65 - 70
Salmonella in snakes of the Gran Chaco, Paraguay . Description of the "new" flagellar antigen RZ72; Wuthe HH et al.; Twenty-three snakes of nine different species were investigated . Of these, 21 were carriers of a total of 22 different Salmonella serovars (subspecies I 14 types, subspecies IIIb 6 types, subspecies IV 2 types) . A triphasic variant of S . IIIb 48:i:z:Rz72 was identified for the first time . Numerous serovars of subspecies I strains have previously been demonstrated in humans and animals in large areas of South America . It is concluded that these snakes may constitute a potential reservoir for human infections . Biochemically variant strains occurred as a lactose-positive variant of S . michigan, an indole-positive isolate of S . IIIb 61:r:z53 as well as a dulcitol-positive strain of S . IIIb 48:i:z:Rz72 . The method of preparation of the specific diagnostic Rz72 factor serum for determination of this antigen is described.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 685 - 7
{Virulence factors of animal pathogenic Salmonellae with reference to plasmid typing}; Selbitz HJ et al.; All the representatives of the genus Salmonella belong to one pathogenic species S . enterica . The virulence intensification of Salmonella are due mainly to endo-, entero- and cytotoxins, fimbria, cilia, the invasion capacity and the serum resistance . The plasmid code is among a series of virulence factors . Studies about the plasmid profile of the salmonella strains is of great importance to the characterisation of the isolates from the epidemiological point of view as well as for research purposes.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 683 - 5
{Current trends in the development of salmonella detection methods}; Kruger G; The cultural methods require 4 to 7 days for presumptive evidence of Salmonella in foodstuffs . Attempts in time shortening have resulted in combination of pre-enrichment or selective enrichment with time saving genetical or immunological tests . Proceedings of enzyme immunoassays for applications in Salmonella screening are important . Involving monoclonal antibodies, fluorescent or chemiluminescent substrates, there are some commercial Salmonella test kits . Especially rapid EIA methods, here advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 681 - 3
{Diagnosis of salmonellosis}; Kuhn H et al.; The determination of clonal identity of bacterial isolates of Salmonella, in particular epidemiological important serovars of Salmonella, is an unequivocal prerequisite for the study of the epidemic process of salmonellosis . This is demonstrated for the serovar S . typhimurium by means of classical as well as molecular methods for epidemiological subdifferentiation.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 679 - 81
{Development, position and trends in the taxonomy of the genus Salmonella}; Selbitz HJ; The development of taxonomy of Salmonella genus interpretation was outlined in 1900 by Lignieres . The idea that any Salmonella defined by the Kauffmann-White scheme should be rated as a species in its own right has become under criticism for some time . It was suggested that S . cholerae suis should be seen as the only valid species name in the early 80's . This was ever misunderstood because this name had long ago been attributed to a pig-adapted serovar . Le Minor and Popoff (1987) suggested that S . enterica should be used as the species name . Confusion will thus be ruled out, since enterica has not been associated with any serovar . All salmonella names contained in Kauffmann-White scheme are serovars . It was suggested that all interpretations after consultation with human and veterinary medicine should be accepted in order to avoid the misunderstanding of the terminology and to achieve rational interpretation of results.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 674 - 5
{Use of a databank for new salmonella primary findings and the value of registering salmonella isolations for salmonella supervision and control}; Kelterborn E; There are given a retrospect to the history of the Kauffmann-White scheme, its actual delivery to the laboratories, the sources of worth knowing statements on all Salmonella first isolations, and the further incidence throughout the world . By means of a statistic established comprising more than 3.9 millions of Salmonella strains isolated and registered in the period from 1934 to 1987 for each Salmonella serotype exact statements can be made concerning the frequency, the relative incidence in man, food animals, other animals, foods, feeds, water, and sundries, and the relative continental distribution.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 672 - 3
{Methods for the elucidation of epidemics of salmonella infections limited to the alimentary tract}; Felgentrager HJ et al.; The authors demonstrate results and experience to the methodology of epidemic focus investigations in identification of food causing infections, basing on the evaluation of four Salmonella outbreaks in the district of Gera in 1986 and 1987 . The main tasks are: careful anamnestic registration of food and dishes consumed by affected people and persons in the community during the relevant incubation period with help of a check-list, case findings in several stages, continuous documentation of the results in the check-list, analytic evaluation of this list, operative control measures in food-producing factories and super-markets suspected to be a source of infection, microbiologic examinations in men, food, and environment.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 658 - 60
{Legal guidelines for the prevention and control of animal salmonellosis}; Burckhardt A; Rules of legislation are an important instrument of the state leading to prevent and control the Salmonella-infections of animals . The legislation is not limited on Salmonella-infections of several animal species . It encloses also the veterinary inspection of animals ready for slaughter and their meat after slaughter, the hygiene of food and animal feed stuff, the recycling and/or disposal of waste and carcasses . An account is given in this paper about the several fields of legislation to prevent and control the Salmonella-infections.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 655 - 7
{Epizootiology of salmonellosis in wild and zoo animals}; Selbitz HJ; To demonstrate a few characteristic features of zoo animals caused by infections, bacterial examination of material collected in Leipzig Zoo Garden was carried out with respect to the presence of Salmonella . Examination of 7022 organ and faeces samples revealed that 350 salmonella isolates could be cultivated . This established 5% presence of salmonella . Among the 3 most important classes of animals exists quite a reasonable difference: 9.9% of all samples taken from animals of reptile-origin revealed the presence of Salmonella, only 6.0% and 4.1% was registered among birds and mammals respectively . 65.4% of all the Salmonella isolates were of serovar typhimurium whereby a clear difference between the animal classes was noted . Among birds 84.2% of the isolates were S . typhimurium, among mammals 62.6%, among reptiles only 26.8%.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 653 - 5
{Occurrence of Salmonella in small and pet animals and exotic animals in a large city}; Ressel L et al.; Zoonoses obtain importance with the increasing of the holding of animals in the large town . In the period of one and a half year 3913 samples of faeces and organs were researched for the habitat of Salmonella . The results will be reported.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 645 - 9
{Tenacity of Salmonellae in environmental media and their distribution with waste products}; Pioch G et al.; Feedstuffs and foodstuffs of animal origin have to make allowance for measures of animal hygiene as well as measures which serve for protection of human health . A fundamental task of animal hygiene is to recognize and avert the infectious risk which follow from feedstuffs contaminated by residual products as well as Salmonella contaminated feedstuffs well-timed . The behaviour of reproduction and survival of Salmonella in environmental media and on plants is determined by endogenous factors of the microorganisms themselves and by environmental conditions on the media . It is entered into the achieved level of knowledge of survival behaviour of Salmonella in environmental media and the treatment processes and storage technologies for residual products which usually are estimated in agriculture . In opinion of the authors, new technological procedures are essential for an effective hygienic treatment of residual products for the successfully prevention of animal epidemics and their fighting.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 643 - 5
{Epizootic-epidemiologic aspects of the Salmonella infection chain in poultry production}; Heider G; Infections with S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis develop in poultry flocks as persistent flock enzootics, often without any clinical manifestation . Infected parenteral hen flocks are the source of vertical, so-called pseudo-trans-ovarian infection chains . These chains may induce horizontally self-maintaining cycles of the infection in the flocks . Environmental Salmonella may enter such cycles . Each of these cycles is able to transmit Salmonella to poultry products so entailing human health hazards permanently . The intensification in modern poultry production causes the permanent presence of Salmonella in the flocks . Hitherto all known control measures (biological, chemoprophylactic, physical) didn't result in a remarkable success . Therefore, the only alternative is the consequent implementation of hygiene regimes in all stages of production and during processing and marketing of poultry products in order to dilute Salmonella as much as possible.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 640 - 2
{Epizootiology of salmonellosis}; Beer K et al.; During the period from 1980 to 1987 a decreasing trend of Salmonella isolations could be registered in animal production . With regard to Salmonella serotypes host adapted to domestic animals both main as subordinated series of infections are analyzed in epizootic actions . In all cases of not host adapted Salmonella serotypes vector specific contagious manners are dominating.

JAPCA, 1989 Nov, 39(11), 1436 - 9
Use of bioassay methods to evaluate mutagenicity of ambient air collected near a municipal waste combustor; Watts R et al.; An ambient air sampling study was conducted around a municipal waste combustor; a primary goal was to develop procedures and methods to evaluate the emissions of organic mutagens resulting from incomplete combustion of municipal waste . The products of incomplete combustion from incineration include complex mixtures of organics, particularly polycyclic aromatic compounds, which are present after atmospheric dilution and cooling in emissions as semi-volatile or particle bound organic compounds . Combustion emissions are generally recognized as a potential cancer risk since they contain many carcinogenic and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Analyzing such a complex mixture for the presence of even a few selected chemicals is difficult and provides risk information on only a fraction of the chemicals present . Bioassay methods, however, may be directly applied to evaluate the mutagenic and potential carcinogenic activity of the complex organics from combustion emissions . The Salmonella (Ames) assay was used to determine the mutagenicity associated with particles from ambient air collected near a municipal waste combustor . Dose-response data was generated, and mutagenicity concentrations were calculated to demonstrate the utility of bioassay in assessing the potential impact of emissions from municipal waste combustion . This phase of study quantified mutagenicity concentrations in ambient air but did not detect organic mutagens that could be attributed to incinerator emissions.

East Afr Med J, 1989 Nov, 66(11), 748 - 51
Infective thyroiditis in northern Nigeria: a fifteen-year study; Nmadu PT; Infective (suppurative) thyroiditis is almost non-existent in the developed world and even in the developing world, it still remains a rare disease entity . Seventeen patients with this disease were seen in 15 years in Zaria, Northern Nigeria . Fourteen of these patients had multinodular goitre, one patient had an adenoma and 2 never had a pre-existing neck swelling . Two patients with multinodular goitres had associated papillary and follicular carcinoma respectively . Pus was not obtained for culture from 3 patients . The pus in 5 (29%) of 17 patients grew staphylococcus aureus . 2 patients grew salmonella typhi and E . coli respectively and 2 patients grew Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus from the pus . In three patients the diagnosis of thyroid abscess was an incidental finding by the pathologist, in patients with tender goitre clinically suspected to have had recent haemorrhages . Indolent thyroid abscesses from which gram negative organisms are isolated may be a pointer to an associated underlying malignancy.

Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi, 1989 Nov-Dec, 30(6), 408 - 13
Salmonella meningitis complicated with subdural empyema, brain abscess and purpura fulminans: report of one case; Hou JW et al.; There exists high incidence of bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis in young infants with Salmonella infection . However, focal intracranial abscesses due to Salmonella infections are rare . We reported a 2-month-old male baby presenting salmonella infection with brain abscess and purpura fulminans . The patient's clinical course was fulminant . He was admitted due to fever, irritability, anemia and leukopenia . He developed cardiac arrest, shock and skin diathesis on his second hospitalization day . After resuscitation he became comatous and showed acrocyanosis and gangrenous skin over the hands, feet and left ear lobe . Both blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were Salmonella Group B . The patient got worse rapidly in spite of vigorous treatment . Subdural empyema, ventriculitis and later brain abscess were detected by serial brain sonograms . He died of central nervous system failure, gastrointestinal bleeding and renal failure on the eighteenth hospitalization day.

Mol Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 3(11), 1605 - 15
pH-regulated gene expression in Salmonella: genetic analysis of aniG and cloning of the earA regulator; Foster JW et al.; The recently described aniG locus exhibits a series of unique regulatory features . The gene is exogenously coinduced by acid and D-mannose, its expression is maximal under anaerobiosis, and the system is regulated in an unusual manner by cyclic AMP . The external acid regulatory locus, earA, is a repressor protein that mediates the acid and mannose control of aniG . The earA locus was cloned and found to code for a 33K protein associated with membrane- and soluble fractions . A second locus, earB, was located immediately upstream from earA . The earB locus or its product interferes with the repression of aniG by EarA . Mutations in crp and cya were found to prevent transcription of aniG but only in an earA+ background . Analysis of an earA-cat fusion established that crp does not affect earA expression . While the physiological role of aniG/earA is unclear, this system serves as a model for external pH-regulated gene expression . The present data indicate that it is used to sense the presence of mannose in an acidic extracellular environment . This is particularly intriguing in that the system is not involved in the utilization of mannose as a carbon source.

New Biol, 1989 Nov, 1(2), 171 - 9
Functional relationships and structural determinants of two bacteriophage T4 lysozymes: a soluble (gene e) and a baseplate-associated (gene 5) protein; Mosig G et al.; Lysozymes have proved useful for analyzing the relation between protein structure and function and evolution . In bacteriophage T4, the major soluble lysozyme is the product of the e gene, gpe (gene product = gp) . This lysozyme destroys the wall of its host, Escherichia coli, at the end of infection to release progeny particles . Phage T4 contains two additional lysozymes that facilitate penetration of the baseplates into host cell walls during adsorption . At least one of these, a 44-kD protein, is encoded by gene 5 . We show here that a segment of the gp5 lysozyme amino acid sequence, deduced from the DNA sequence of gene 5, is remarkably similar to that of the T4 gene e lysozyme . Both T4 lysozymes are somewhat similar to the lysozyme of the Salmonella phage P22, but there is little significant DNA sequence homology among the two T4 lysozyme genes and the P22 lysozyme gene . We speculate that these lysozymes are adapted to differences in the composition of the cell walls of E . coli and S . typhimurium . The cloned gene 5 of the phage T4 directs synthesis of a 63-kD precursor protein that is approximately 19 kD larger than the gene 5 protein isolated from baseplates . Gp5 first associates with gp26 to form the central hub of this structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ann Ig, 1989 Nov-Dec, 1(6), 1743 - 60
{Minor salmonellosis in childhood: epidemiological and preventive considerations}; Comi R et al.; The diffusion of so-called minor salmonellosis in Italy, 18,135 isolates in 1985 -and the serious illness that they may induce in correlation to age and state of health have moved the Authors to consider their epidemiology and discuss their prevention . The morbidity per 100,000 population, from about 10 in the early '70s, has grown to a peak of 22.22 in 1976 and, after having irregularly reduced to a value of 16.76 in 1984, has grown again to 22.23 in 1986 . Travelling abroad, modern breeding technologies, animals and raw food trade among States are frequently indicated as the most important factors in spreading salmonellas . The rise of morbidity in Italy has indeed occurred in concomitance with the renewal of breeding activity realized by means of animals imported from abroad, and moreover, presence of strains of S . typhimurium identical to those which caused serious epidemic outbreaks in bovine and humans in Great Britain and other Countries of North Europe is now ascertained . Recently, cooked ham prepared with raw meat contaminated with two serotypes uncommon in Italy (S . corvallis and S . mbandaka), imported from Rumania and Holland, has been the cause of two foodborne outbreaks each showing both of the above contaminants . At present, salmonellosis is quite common in large urban areas and is supported by person-to-person spread; more than 50% of the yearly isolates occurs in childhood Number of cases, their ages, sex distribution, and relative morbidity, have been calculated in Tab . 1, 2, 3, 4 . From 1976 to 1986 the withdraw of S . wien, the research of excretors, and the improvement of quality of life, are all factors that may have favoured the lowering of morbidity at age zero, while the increasing of the same index at the ages 1-5 and 6-10 may correlate to the high number of serotypes of Salmonella now endemic in Italy . The diffusion of fast-food and the habit, recently acquired in our Country, to buy at shop cooked foods ready to eat, may be involved too . Age distribution shows a highest number of isolates at age zero and a still high number at ages 1, 2, and 3 . Throughout childhood morbidity is lower in females . From 1975 on, the percentage increase of number of children admitted for minor salmonellosis is also indicated by surveys held at many Hospitals in Italy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bioorg Khim, 1989 Nov, 15(11), 1534 - 7
{Computer analysis of the structure of branched O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O63 (Arizona 08) from 13C-NMR data}; Lipkind GM et al.; A computerised approach to the structural analysis of branched regular polysaccharides on the basis of the 13C NMR spectra is described . Deviations from additivity of the glycosidation effects for the monosaccharides arranged in branch points are taken into account . The approach has been verified by using data on bacterial polysaccharide of S . arizonae 063.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989 Nov, 8(11), 995 - 8
Bleomycin-kanamycin resistance as a marker of the presence of transposon Tn5 in clinical strains of Escherichia coli; Baquero F et al.; The aminoglycoside modifying enzyme aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase II (APH(3')II) is encoded for on transposon Tn5 by the aphA gene, in the same operon as the ble gene determining bleomycin resistance . To document this linkage 82 kanamycin-resistant Escherichia coli strains of clinical origin were studied; all 18 isolates presenting bleomycin-kanamycin resistance were shown by an enzymatic assay to produce APH(3')II, and the presence of Tn5 was demonstrated by gene hybridization . Similarly, bleomycin-kanamycin resistance was shown to be linked to APH(3')II production in Salmonella spp . The epidemiology of strains with Tn5-encoded APH(3')II may thus be studied, at least in Escherichia coli, by a simple diffusion test using bleomycin and kanamycin discs.

Biochemistry, 1989 Oct 17, 28(21), 8303 - 11
Transfer of phospholipid and protein into the envelope of gram-negative bacteria by liposome fusion; Tomlinson S et al.; A liposome-bacterial fusion system was developed in order to introduce preformed terminal complement complexes, C5b-9, into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria . Liposomes were prepared from a total phospholipid extract of Salmonella minnesota Re595 . Fusion between liposomes and Salmonella sp . or Escherichia coli 17 was dependent on time, temperature, pH, and Ca2+ and PO4- concentration . Only Salmonella sp . with attenuated LPS core regions were able to fuse efficiently with liposomes . It was demonstrated that fusion of liposomes with S . minnesota Re595 or E . coli 17 under optimum conditions resulted in (i) quantitative transfer of the self-quenching fluorescent membrane probe octadecyl rhodamine B chloride from the liposomal bilayer to the bacterial envelope, (ii) transfer of radiolabeled liposomal phospholipid to the bacterial outer membrane and its subsequent translocation to the cytoplasmic membrane, demonstrated by isolation of the bacterial membranes following fusion, and (iii) delivery of liposome-entrapped horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the periplasmic space, confirmed by a chemiluminescent assay . Following fusion of liposomes incorporating C5b-9 complexes with S . minnesota Re595 or E . coli 17, immunological analysis of the isolated membranes revealed C5b-9 complexes located exclusively in the outer membrane.

J Immunol, 1989 Oct 15, 143(8), 2494 - 500
In vitro responses to a 65-kilodalton mycobacterial protein by synovial T cells from inflammatory arthritis patients; Gaston JS et al.; Bacterial Ag, especially those of mycobacteria, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental inflammatory arthritis in rodents, while in man, reactive arthritis has a clear temporal relationship to infection with particular bacteria . To investigate the role of immune responses to bacterial Ag in inflammatory arthritis, we have examined the proliferative responses of paired synovial fluid and PBMC when stimulated with 1) suspensions of irradiated or heat-killed bacteria associated with reactive arthritis (ReA), 2) purified protein derivative, 3) a recombinant 65-kDa heat shock protein of Mycobacterium leprae . The 65-kDa Ag was stimulatory to synovial fluid mononuclear cells, but not PBMC, from patients with different arthropathies, including most of those with ReA, but also some with rheumatoid arthritis . Furthermore, the magnitude of these responses correlated more closely with responses to ReA-associated bacteria (such as Salmonella), than with responses to the mycobacterial Ag represented in purified protein derivative . These results suggest that the 65-kDa molecule, which is common to a wide range of bacteria, may be an important immunogen for the T cell-mediated immune responses within the joint in different clinically defined inflammatory arthropathies.

Biochem J, 1989 Oct 15, 263(2), 505 - 11
Killing of gram-negative bacteria by complement . Fractionation of cell membranes after complement C5b-9 deposition on to the surface of Salmonella minnesota Re595; Tomlinson S et al.; The effect of C5b-9 deposition on the envelope of target Gram-negative bacteria was studied . In order to understand the changes occurring after complement deposition on the bacterial surface, the preparation of Gram-negative bacterial membranes by different methods involving the osmotic lysis of spheroplasts was investigated . Subsequent fractionation of the outer membrane (OM) and cytoplasmic membrane (CM) by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation showed differences in the membrane profiles obtained . The results indicate that optimum separation of OM and CM components requires effective digestion of DNA in the total membrane preparation before density-gradient fractionation . Salmonella minnesota Re595 carrying the intermediate complement complex C5b-7 (BC1-7) or C5b-8 (BC1-8) were efficiently killed upon incubation with purified C8 + C9 or C9 respectively . Human-alpha-thrombin-cleaved C9 (C9n), which is unable to form tubular poly(C9), was shown to be more effective at killing than native C9 . By using an optimized system for the separation of OM and CM, it was found that, subsequent to lethal complement attack, the CM could not be recovered when C9 was used as the terminal complement component, but was recovered with reduced yield when C9n replaced C9 . The results show that inability to recover the CM on sucrose density gradients after complement attack may not be a consequence of an essential membrane damage event required for complement-mediated killing of Gram-negative bacteria.

Biochem J, 1989 Oct 15, 263(2), 365 - 70
Human serum amyloid A protein . Behaviour in aqueous and urea-containing solutions and antibody production; Strachan AF et al.; Human serum amyloid A protein (apo-SAA) can be prepared by gel filtration of delipidated acute-phase high-density lipoprotein in the presence of urea . The resultant apo-SAA is soluble (greater than 90% solubility) in a wide range of buffer solutions, with all of the six major isoforms of apo-SAA being equally soluble . In urea-containing solutions the isoforms behave qualitatively differently in various urea concentrations, probably reflecting subtle primary-structure variations . The higher-pI isoforms are only completely unfolded at greater than 7 M-urea . By immunizing with apo-SAA adsorbed to acid-treated bacteria (Salmonella minnesota R595), high-titre antibodies can easily be elicited in rabbits.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989 Oct, 86(20), 7979 - 83
Glycine tRNA mutants with normal anticodon loop size cause -1 frameshifting; O'Mahony DJ et al.; Mutations in the acceptor stem, the 5-methyluridine-pseudouridine-cytidine (TFC) arm, and the anticodon of Salmonella tRNA2Gly can cause -1 frameshifting . The potential for standard base pairing between acceptor stem positions 1 and 72 is disrupted in the mutant sufS627 . This disruption may interfere with the interaction of the tRNA with elongation factor-Tu.GTP or an as-yet-unspecified domain of the ribosome . The potential for standard base pairing in part of the TFC stem is disrupted in mutant sufS625 . The nearly universal C-61 base of the TFC stem is altered in mutant sufS617, and the TFC loop is extended in mutant sufS605 . These changes are expected to interfere with the stability of the TFC loop and its interaction with the D arm . The mutation in mutant sufS605, and possibly other mutants, alters nucleoside modification in the D arm . Three mutants, sufS601, sufS607, and sufS609, have a cytidine substituted for the modified uridine at position 34, the first anticodon position . None of the alterations grossly disrupts in-frame triplet decoding by the mutant tRNAs . The results show that -1 frameshifting in vivo can be caused by tRNAs with normal anticodon loop size and suggest that alternative conformational states of the mutant tRNAs may allow them to read a codon in frame or to shift reading frame.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Oct, 103(2), 227 - 34
The tangible cost implications of a hospital outbreak of multiply-resistant Salmonella; Barnass S et al.; A hospital outbreak of multiply-resistant Salmonella heidelberg infection, which affected 17 patients and 2 staff, is described . The tangible cost of the outbreak was estimated at 21 pounds 151, 17 pounds 989 (85.1%) of which was borne by the hospital . The cost to the Microbiology Department was 3596 pounds (17.0% of the total) . A detailed analysis of the costs and implications for staffing disruption is given and a comparison is made with the costs of preventive activities . Ways of containing expenses in the event of an outbreak and the economic implications for clinical budgeting and privatization of the laboratory service are considered.

J Vasc Surg, 1989 Oct, 10(4), 439 - 49
A ten-year experience with bacterial aortitis; Oz MC et al.; Twenty-one patients with bacterial aortitis were treated in four institutions over a 10-year period . Clues to the diagnosis were a pulsatile mass; fever; positive blood culture; CT scan revealing aortic nodularity, an aneurysm of irregular configuration, or air in the aortic wall; and angiography revealing a lobulated aneurysm . The most commonly identified organisms were Salmonella and Staphylococcus . Excision with in situ repair was performed in nine patients; 11 patients underwent extraanatomic bypass grafting with aortic ligation . In situ graft repair was performed when the infected aorta could be removed entirely or when the thoracic or suprarenal aorta was involved . Axillofemoral bypass grafting was used when infection was extensive . There were eight disease-related deaths . No graft infections were encountered in patients who survived.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Oct, 171(10), 5694 - 701
Identification and sequence of rfbS and rfbE, which determine antigenic specificity of group A and group D salmonellae; Verma N et al.; Salmonella group A, group B, and group D strains have paratose, abequose, and tyvelose, respectively, as the immunodominant sugar in their O antigens, which are otherwise identical; only the final steps differ in the biosynthetic pathways of these sugars . The gene rfbJ from a group B strain, encoding abequose synthase, the final and only unique step in the biosynthesis of CDP-abequose, has been cloned and sequenced (P . Wyk and P . Reeves, J . Bacteriol . 171:5687-5693, 1989) . In this study, we locate and sequence rfbS and rfbE from serovars typhi and paratyphi, representative of groups A and D . Gene rfbS is present in both groups and encodes paratose synthase, which carries out a step parallel to that of abequose synthase, but the product is CDP-paratose . The DNA and inferred amino acid sequences are compared with those of rfbJ . We conclude that the genes are homologous, but the divergence is extremely ancient . Gene rfbE encodes CDP-tyvelose epimerase, which converts CDP-paratose to CDP-tyvelose in group D strains; the gene is active in group D strains, and we find it to be present in a mutant form in group A strains . These two genes encode the steps unique to groups A and D and, like rfbJ of group B, are of low G+C content, suggesting transfer from outside of salmonellae . The evolutionary origin of these genes is discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Oct, 171(10), 5687 - 93
Identification and sequence of the gene for abequose synthase, which confers antigenic specificity on group B salmonellae: homology with galactose epimerase; Wyk P et al.; The O antigen of Salmonella group B strains contains the sugar abequose, whereas those from group A and D strains contain paratose or tyvelose in its place . This is the essential difference between these Salmonella groups . Only the final step in the biosynthesis of abequose differs from that of paratose, and the abequose confers on group B strains their specific O4 antigen . The gene, rfbJ, encoding the enzyme abequose synthase for this last specific step has been cloned, identified, and sequenced and has been shown to function in group A and D strains to make them O4+ . This one gene thus differentiates group B from group A or group D salmonellae . The enzyme abequose synthase appears to be related to galactose epimerase, and the significance of this is discussed . The rfbJ gene and adjacent DNA is of much lower G+C content than is usual for salmonellae, indicating that the region did not originate in a salmonella but was transferred from outside.

Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 735 - 42
Effect of time and temperature on growth of Salmonella enteritidis in experimentally inoculated eggs; Kim CJ et al.; Influence of time and temperature on Salmonella enteritidis multiplication in experimentally injected eggs was examined . There was an increase in the number of S . enteritidis with the increase in temperature of egg storage . There was less increase of S . enteritidis in eggs stored at 4 degrees C than in eggs held at temperatures higher than 4 degrees C (P less than 0.05) . These results suggest a possible method for monitoring commercial eggs for the presence of S . enteritidis . It was concluded that the chances of recovery of S . enteritidis can be increased 10(6)-fold or more by holding the eggs at temperatures of 21 or 27 degrees C for more than 20 days and culturing their contents.

Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 684 - 90
Monitoring poultry farms for Salmonella by drag-swab sampling and antigen-capture immunoassay; Mallinson ET et al.; Drag-swab (DS) sampling, at the rate of four DS gauze pads per flock (house); modified culture procedures (novobiocin-supplemented plating media and delayed secondary selective enrichment); and Salmonella antigen-capture (SAC) technology were combined in screening one layer flock and 38 market-age broiler flocks . The results showed that low (negative) SAC sample-to-positive control (S/P) ratios were related to the negative culture recovery of Salmonella . Similarly, high (positive) S/P ratios were related to and indicative of positive culture recoveries . Extensive sampling and testing of 18 of the 39 flocks disclosed A) that five flocks with negative culture recoveries from feathers and freshly voided feces had essentially no positive DS-SAC values, and B) that 13 flocks with positive culture recoveries from feathers and/or fresh feces all had positive DS-SAC values.

Unfallchirurgie, 1989 Oct, 15(5), 215 - 20
{Initial results of the biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Aramid}; Wening JV et al.; Tissue biocompatibility of aramid fibres was tested over up to 16 weeks after subcutaneous (A = nine) and intraarticular (B = twelve animals) implantation in the rabbit . Histologically all specimens showed connective tissue ingrowth with interspersed mesenchymal cells . Foreign body giant cells were numerous and demonstrated intracellular dye or aramid particles . Following implantation into the knee joint the aramid ligament was invaded by longitudinally arranged, stress-oriented collagen fibres as soon as four weeks postoperatively . In spite of reactive new bone formation a functional bony anchorage in the bore holes did not take place during the 16 week period . Additional investigations in bacteria (particularly the Salmonella-microsome Assay according to Ames) and mammalian cell cultures showed no evidence for any cyto- or genotoxic effects of aramid fibres.

Can J Vet Res, 1989 Oct, 53(4), 411 - 8
The prevalence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nonverocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario broiler chickens; Irwin RJ et al.; The prevalence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario broiler chickens was determined by culturing cloacal samples from 500 individual birds selected from 50 poultry farms . Resistance to antimicrobials was determined for each of the isolates . In addition, abattoir and farm-level management data were obtained to evaluate variables that may be considered risk factors for infection . The variables selected included: Percentage of birds condemned at slaughter, percentage of birds dead-on-arrival, bird weight, truck number, farm size, hatchery source, litter source and type, feed source, mortality levels, type of water drinker, water sanitization, down time, barn clean out and history of antibiotic treatment . None of the cloacal samples revealed the presence of verocytotoxin-producing E . coli, though 19/500 (3.8%) contained Salmonella organisms . Nine different Salmonella serotypes were isolated; the most common being S . hadar, S . heidelberg and S . mbandaka . Resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was common among Salmonella (63%) and E . coli (25.2%) isolates . Resistance to two or more antimicrobials occurred in 420/500 (84%) of the E . coli isolates . No statistically significant associations between abattoir or farm-level management variables and the Salmonella-status of farms were demonstrated.

Lipids, 1989 Oct, 24(10), 899 - 902
Linoleic acid hydroperoxide concentration in relation to mutagenicity of repeatedly used deep-frying fats; Hageman G et al.; A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure was developed to measure linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LAHPO) in 19 used, deep-frying fat samples that were screened for mutagenicity . The detection limit of the method was found to be 10 nmol of LAHPO/g of fat . In eight samples, LAHPO were not detected; levels in the other samples ranged from 17 to 267 nmol/g of fat . LAHPO were not detectable in unused hydrogenated frying fat samples . Concentrations of LAHPO correlated positively with mutagenicity to Salmonella tester strains TA97 and TA100, in presence of S9 mix only; coefficients of correlation were, respectively, r=0.48 (p less than 0.05) and r=0.24 (n.s.) . Without metabolic activation no significant associations or secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid generated in presence of liver S9 mix may contribute to mutagenicity of some of the used deep-frying fat samples.

Epidemiol Infect, 1989 Oct, 103(2), 243 - 8
Acquisition of a drug resistance plasmid converts Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 24; Frost JA et al.; Salmonella enteritidis accounted for 55% of the 27,478 salmonellae isolated from humans in England and Wales during 1988 . Within this serotype phage type 24 has increased from 24 isolations in 1987 to 201 in 1988 . The high frequency of drug resistance in this phage type has been shown to be due to the presence of plasmids belonging to Inc N and coding for resistance to a range of antimicrobial drugs among which resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline (AST) and T predominate . These plasmids are phage-type determining and convert strains of phage type 4 to phage type 24.

Mutat Res, 1989 Oct, 224(2), 305 - 18
Mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fractions extracted from urban air particulates; De Flora S et al.; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions, purified from extracts of airborne particles collected in the area of Genoa municipality, were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome test . PAH fractions accounted for only a portion of the total mutagenic activity and also displayed a different specificity of genetic activity, as compared to unfractionated material . The analysis of 224 samples collected from January 1986 to November 1987 in 10 different localities led to a large number of positive results in strain TA100 with S9 mix and, less frequently, also in TA98 without metabolic activation . Mutagenicity was related to the intensity of anthropogenic atmospheric pollution, and showed some seasonal variations, although it was not possible to discriminate particular sources of pollution on the basis of mutagenicity patterns . The mutagenic potency in TA100 (S9+) of airborne PAH fractions was significantly correlated with the concentration of individual PAHs in most of the monitored localities . The spectrum of mutagenicity of monthly samples pooled from several localities in S . typhimurium strains, with and without S9 mix, provided evidence for some contribution of nitro derivatives of PAHs or possibly also of other compounds present in the same fractions . The results obtained are discussed in view of their predictive value as indicators of potential health hazards, and of the reliability of this biological tool as a complement to chemical analyses in the evaluation of ambient air pollution.

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