J Bacteriol, 1990 Mar, 172(3), 1516 - 28 Crystallization of R-form lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli; Kato N et al.; Salmonella minnesota Re and Ra lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and Escherichia coli K-12 LPS formed three-dimensional crystals, either hexagonal plates (preferential growth along the a axis) or solid columns (preferential growth along the c axis), when they were precipitated by the addition of 2 volumes of 95% ethanol containing 375 mM MgCl2 and incubated in 70% ethanol containing 250 mM MgCl2 at 4 degrees C for 10 days . Analyses of crystals suggested that they consist of hexagonal lattices with the a axis (a side of the lozenge as a unit cell on the basal plane) of 0.462 nm for all these three kinds of LPSs and the c axes (perpendicular to the basal plane) of 5.85, 8.47, and 8.75 nm for S . minnesota Re and Ra LPSs and E . coli K-12 LPS, respectively, and that hydrocarbon chains of the lipid A portion play the leading part in crystallization, whereas the hydrophilic part of the lipid A (the disaccharide backbone) and R core exhibit a disordered structure or are in a random orientation . The phenomenon of doubling of the a axis to 0.924 nm was observed with crystals of S . minnesota Re LPS when they were incubated in 70% ethanol for an additional 180 days, but not with crystals of S . minnesota Ra LPS or E . coli K-12 LPS . S . minnesota S-form LPS possessing the O-antigen-specific polysaccharide and S . minnesota free lipid A obtained by acid hydrolysis of Re LPS did not crystallize under the same experimental conditions. Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi, 1990 Mar, 45(2), 567 - 70 {Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for Salmonella O5-antigen}; Yamaura N et al.; The present report described the production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, TMY1, specific for an O-antigen of Salmonella bacilli . The following results were obtained: The slide agglutination test against strains of Salmonella serovars indicated the responsiveness of TMY1 . TMY1 was reactive only to strains that also possessed O5-antigen in group O4 . The agglutinating ability of TMY1 was absorbed completely with bacilli possessing O5-antigen in group O4 . When treated with 1 N HCl, bacilli possessing O5-antigen in group O4 showed no agglutinability in the presence of TMY1 . The data indicates that TMY1 was specific for O5-antigen . Strains of Salmonella group O4 were classified by the agglutination test with TMY1 into two subgroups, O5-antigen positive and negative, suggesting the usefulness of TMY1 as an epidemiologic tool for the serotyping of Salmonella. Vet Med (Praha), 1990 Mar, 35(3), 187 - 92 {Antibacterial activity of milk-fermenting bacteria}; Lukasova J; Factors influencing salmonella survival in fermented milk products were investigated . Filtrates of yoghurt and cream cultures and a filtrate from milk precipitated by lactic acid were inoculated by salmonellas . The pH value was adjusted within the range of 7.0 to 4.5 . The content of nondissociated lactic acid was determined . The filtrates were incubated 24 and 48 hours at a temperature of 37 degrees C . In comparison with the milk filtrate, great inhibitory (at pH 6.5) and bactericidal (at pH 5.5) effects of the yoghurt culture on salmonellas were proved . The filtrate from the cream culture inactivated salmonellas at pH 4.5, the growth ceased at pH 5.5 . The effects of lactic and acetic acids on salmonellas at a concentration of 0.5% and pH 3.3, and acetic acid at a concentration of 0.05% and pH 5.1 were also studied. Indian J Med Res, 1990 Mar, 91, 115 - 9 Specific immune responses in typhoid fever & after TAB vaccination; Bhaskaram P et al.; The specific immune responses to Salmonella typhi were investigated in 131 patients suffering from typhoid fever and 34 healthy individuals after TAB vaccination . A proportion of individuals failed to develop either specific humoral or cell mediated immune responses . About 5 per cent of the patients with natural infection and nearly 9 per cent of the vaccine recipients failed to develop both the responses . Frequent reinfection and carrier state, and lack of absolute protection following TAB vaccination could be due to the inability of a proportion of naturally infected and TAB vaccinated individuals to mount sufficient specific immune responses, due to the same mechanism. Z Gesamte Hyg, 1990 Mar, 36(3), 144 - 7 {Antimutagenic activity of vegetable and fruit extracts against in-vitro benzo(a)pyrene}; Edenharder R et al.; About 80% of the juices from twenty vegetables and fruits showed antimutagenic activity when tested in the presence of the mutagen and carcinogen benzo{a}pyrene using the Ames' Salmonella/microsome assay . In a standardized test system juices from raw celeriac, broccoli, red cabbage, carrots, green, peppers, lettuce, asparagus, apricots, red-currants, gooseberries, raspberries, and pineapple showed more than 50% inhibition . Leek, kohlrabi, cucumber, zucchini, French beans, fennel leaves, rhubarb, and sweet cherries were less effective . No antimutagenic activity was detected in onions, Chinese cabbage, radish, and white cabbage . Cooking considerably reduced the antimutagenic activity of celeriac, leek, broccoli, French beans, carrots, asparagus, cherries, and pineapple, but was ineffective or only moderately effective with kohlrabi, zucchini, cucumber, fennel leaves, lettuce, apricots, red-currants, gooseberries, and raspberries. Aust N Z J Surg, 1990 Mar, 60(3), 225 - 6 AIDS and Salmonella-infected abdominal aortic aneurysm; Mestres CA et al.; The case of a bisexual male patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm requiring surgery is presented . Attention is drawn to the fact that an unpredictable number of operations will be needed in AIDS patients in the next future. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 Mar-Apr, 73(2), 248 - 56 Colorimetric deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization assay for rapid screening of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Curiale MS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 11 laboratories to validate a colorimetric DNA hybridization (DNAH) method for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods . The method was compared to the standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in nonfat dry milk, milk chocolate, soy isolate, dried whole egg, ground black pepper, and raw ground turkey . Samples inoculated with high (0.4-2 cells/g) and low (0.04-0.2 cells/g) levels of Salmonella and uninoculated control samples were included in each food group analyzed . There was no significant difference in the proportion of samples positive by DNAH and culture procedure for any of the 6 foods . The colorimetric DNA hybridization assay screening method has been adopted official first action as a rapid screening method for detection of Salmonella in all foods. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1990 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 175 - 84 Characterization of genotoxic components in sediments by mass spectrometric techniques combined with Salmonella/microsome test; Grifoll M et al.; The application of Salmonella/microsomal mammalian tests to column chromatography fractions isolated from river and marine sediments collected in the vicinity of Barcelona city, Spain, demonstrated a positive response (TA98 + S9 mix) among the polar fractions . Chemical analysis by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HRGC-NICI MS) provided sensitivity and selectivity to detect several mutagenic chemical classes . Among them, nitrated PAHs, azaarenes, aromatic amines, anhydrides, and ketones were identified . A total of 116 compounds were tentatively identified, 22 for the first time, of which 16 possessed mutagenic activity . However, a lack of correlation between chemical composition and fraction mutagenicity in the medium polarity fractions, especially in the river sediment, was evidenced . The occurrence of multiple interactions between components in spiked organic extracts is demonstrated. Am J Public Health, 1990 Mar, 80(3), 286 - 9 Salmonella arizona infections in Latinos associated with rattlesnake folk medicine; Waterman SH et al.; In 1987 two Los Angeles County (California) hospitals reported four Latino patients with serious Salmonella arizona (Salmonella subgroup 3) infections who gave a medical history of taking rattlesnake capsules prior to illness . Capsules supplied by the patients or household members grew Salmonella arizona . We reviewed surveillance data for this Salmonella species and conducted a case-control study to determine the magnitude of this public health problem . Eighteen (82 percent) of the 22 Latino cases in 1986 and 1987 who were questioned reported ingesting snake capsules compared to two (8 percent) of 24 matched Latino controls with non-subgroup 3 salmonellosis or shigellosis (matched pair odds ratio = 18.0, CI = 4.2, 76.3) . An average of 18 cases per year of Salmonella arizona were reported in the county between 1980 and 1987 . In this investigation the majority of S . arizona cases reporting snake capsule ingestion had underlying illnesses such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, arthritis, cancer . The capsules were obtained primarily from Tijuana, Mexico and from Los Angeles, California pharmacies in Latino neighborhoods . Despite publicity and attempts to remove the capsules from sale in California, Salmonella arizona cases associated with snake-capsule ingestion continue to occur. Rev Paul Med, 1990 Mar-Apr, 108(2), 52 - 6 {Mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta}; Piccinato CE et al.; Mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is an uncommon disease that carries a high mortality rate . In this report, two patients with this disease are presented . In the first case, Salmonella sp was cultured from an atherosclerotic aneurysm, and in the second patient, the aneurysm was a complication of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial endocarditis . Both presented suggestive clinical findings of the disease with fever, back pain, and pulsatile and expansive abdominal mass . The first patient was submitted to emergency aneurysmectomy with insertion of a dacron aorto-bi-iliac prosthesis and antibiotic therapy for a long period . He died two months after surgery due to upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding . The second patient was submitted to a successful and not yet described arterial reconstruction which included ligation of the aortic aneurysm and interposition of an aorto-bi-iliac sequential venous graft with reverse autologous saphenous vein . The authors consider this technique to be a good choice for the surgical treatment of mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta particularly because it enables to avoid synthetic prosthesis. Microb Pathog, 1990 Mar, 8(3), 169 - 76 Effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pl:C) on experimental mouse salmonellosis; Saxen H et al.; The effect of the non-specific immunomodulator polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pl:C) on the resistance to experimental salmonellosis was studied in the mouse . The polynucleotide was unexpectedly found to decrease the innate relative resistance of the mouse to this intracellular infection . pl:C (100 micrograms/mouse) injected 24 h before either intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge resulted in an increased intracellular rate of growth of the Salmonella in the liver, but did not affect the initial extracellular survival of the bacteria in the peritoneal cavity . By contrast, pl:C did not affect the course of mouse peritonitis caused by E . coli O18:K1, which multiplies extracellularly or that of Listeria monocytogenes, which, like Salmonella, grows intracellularly in the liver . The effect of pl:C on salmonellosis could not be explained by production of alpha or beta interferon (IFN) since it could not be demonstrated by injecting purified IFN nor could it be abolished by injecting neutralizing anti-IFN antibodies . Thus, pl:C seems to have a specific effect on salmonellosis by impairing the growth restriction of these bacteria in the liver macrophages. Mutagenesis, 1990 Mar, 5(2), 199 - 202 'Cryptic' mutagens and carcinogenicity; Rosenkranz HS et al.; CASE, the Computer Automated Structure Evaluation method, predicts that a fraction of the chemicals identified as 'non-genotoxic' carcinogens, i.e . rodent carcinogens which are not mutagenic in Salmonella, are, in fact, potential Salmonella mutagens . These chemicals are termed 'cryptic mutagens', i.e . agents that possess structural determinants which endow them with potential mutagenicity . Even though this potential is not expressed in Salmonella, it may be expressed in other systems such as in the mutagenic activation of oncogenes. J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Mar, 68(3), 289 - 95 Inhibition of the growth of enteropathogenic bacilli by bacteriocins produced by micro-organisms from the sediment of wells; Padilla C et al.; The bacterial flora of the sediment of 20 wells of water for human consumption in the rural area of the VII Region in Chile was examined . Fourteen strains of bacteria, from different wells, produced bacteriocins which inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi, Salm . typhimurium, Shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . About 50% of these strains contained plasmids of different molecular weight and a large number of these codified for bacteriocins . The results suggest what is required to implement an efficient, simple and economical biological system for the purification or control of the number of enteropathogenic bacilli of well water in the rural area. Eur Respir J, 1990 Mar, 3(3), 299 - 303 Endotoxin-induced plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways in vivo and the effect of neutrophil depletion; Evans TW et al.; The contribution of neutrophils to the action of endotoxin on plasma exudation in the airways of anaesthetized guinea-pigs was quantified by measuring the extravasation of Evans blue dye . Endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis) caused a dose-dependent increase in microvascular leakage to Evans blue dye which was maximal after 25 min (p less than 0.05) . The minimum dose tested that induced a significant rise in leakage was 1.5 mg.kg-1 for "central" intrapulmonary airways (ipa); 4.5 mg.kg-1 for trachea and main bronchi and 7.5 mg.kg-1 for nasal mucosa, larynx and "peripheral" ipa . Depletion of circulating neutrophil numbers by 97% using an antibody to guinea-pig neutrophils caused no significant diminution of the effects of endotoxin on leakage in any part of the airway . There was no significant influx of neutrophils into the airway interstitium at the time of maximum extravasation of Evans blue . We conclude that endotoxin-induced airway microvascular permeability is dependent upon mechanisms other than circulating neutrophils. Mutat Res, 1990 Mar, 240(3), 203 - 8 Genotoxicity studies on the organophosphorus insecticide chloracetophone; Kappas A et al.; Chloracetophone (O,O-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-1-(chloroacetoxy)phosphonate), a new insecticide of the organophosphorus group of pesticides, was tested for genotoxicity in a variety of systems with different genetic end-points and varying parameters . The test systems included 2 microbial systems, Salmonella and Aspergillus for point mutations and mitotic segregation, respectively, and human lymphocyte cultures and mammalian bone marrow cells (from rats and hamsters treated acutely and subacutely) for chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei . Chloracetophone was negative in Aspergillus at concentrations of 1-500 micrograms/ml, in human lymphocyte cultures at concentrations of 2.5-40 micrograms/ml, in rats at doses of 420-21 mg/kg b.w . and in hamsters at doses of 210-42 mg/kg b.w . for chromosomal aberrations . It did not cause any increase of micronuclei in human lymphocytes and rat bone marrow cells but did cause a significant increase in hamster bone marrow cells . Chloracetophone induced base-pair substitutions in strain TA100 of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation at a concentration range of 2000-6000 micrograms/plate. Mutat Res, 1990 Mar, 240(3), 177 - 94 Methods for comparing Salmonella mutagenicity data sets using nonlinear models; Alvord WG et al.; A variety of linear and nonlinear mathematical models have been proposed to characterize Salmonella mutagenicity data sets, but no systematic procedure has been suggested for comparing two or more data sets across experiments, laboratories, occasions, mutagens or treatment conditions . In this paper, a general method for data-set comparison is provided . Nonlinear regression techniques are applied to real data sets . Data-set and parameter equivalence are described in depth . Confidence-band construction for nonlinear models and other graphical techniques are presented as auxiliary tools . Key Statistical Analysis System (SAS) code programs are provided. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1990 Mar, 4(1), 105 - 21 Future vaccines against enteric pathogens; Levine MM et al.; A small number of bacterial agents, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E . coli (EPEC), Shigella and Vibrio cholerae 01 and one virus, rotavirus, combine to cause a major proportion of the diarrheal illness of public health importance worldwide . Salmonella typhi is by far the major cause of enteric fever . Attempts to develop safe, practical, and effective vaccines against these agents are under way . Examples of vaccine candidates include live oral vaccines against S . typhi, V . cholerae, Shigella, and rotavirus, and inactivated, submit vaccines given parentally or orally against S . typhi, V . cholerae or ETEC . Although the oral attenuated S . typhi vaccine is ready for commercial license, it will be several years before the other vaccines are proven to be practically safe and effective in children and adults. Med J Malaysia, 1990 Mar, 45(1), 42 - 8 Comparison of methods in the detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a Malaysian laboratory; Cheong YM et al.; The prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in 433 stool samples from diarrhoeal cases of all ages was studied using two commercially available test kits for the detection of heat labile toxin (LT) and the infant mouse assay for the heat stable toxin (ST) . 16 samples (3.7%) were positive for ETEC, of which nine were producing ST alone, six LT alone and only one was producing both LT and ST . Although the percentage of isolation rate was low, its occurrence was almost as common as the Shigella spp and Salmonella spp in the same study . Of the two test kits examined, the Phadebact ETEC-LT Test 50 (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden) was found to be more suitable for use in a routine diagnostic laboratory . Ten out of 12 (83%) of the strains tested were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1990 Mar, 81(3), 247 - 52 Decrease in the metabolic activating capacities of arylamines in livers bearing hyperplastic nodules: association with the selective changes in hepatic P-450 isozymes; Ozawa S et al.; The mechanism of the alteration in carcinogenic arylamine-activating capacities in livers bearing pre-neoplastic (or hyperplastic) nodules induced by the Solt-Farber protocol was investigated in relation to the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozymes . In the Salmonella mutagenesis test, the numbers of revertants induced with 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline and 2-aminofluorene were significantly lower in the presence of microsomes of nodule-bearing livers than of control livers . A similar tendency was also observed with another heterocyclic arylamine, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole . In Western blots using specific antibodies against 5 different forms of cytochrome P-450, hepatic contents of P-450-male (a main constitutive form) and P-450b (a main phenobarbital-inducible form) were decreased in the livers with hyperplastic nodules to 63% and 35% of the corresponding controls, while no significant decrease was observed in the contents of P-448-H (a main 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible form), P-450(6 beta-1) (testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase) and P-450e (a phenobarbital-inducible form) . In accordance with the reduction in P-450-male, capacities for microsomal 16 alpha- and 2 alpha-hydroxylations, but not 6 beta-hydroxylation, of testosterone were decreased in the livers with hyperplastic nodules . Although P-448-H has higher capacities for the activation of arylamines than does P-450-male, the hepatic content of P-450-male is more than ten-fold higher than that of P-448-H in both normal and nodule-bearing livers . These results indicate that the selective decrease in hepatic content of P-450-male is likely to be a main cause of the decrease in arylamine metabolic activating capacities in livers with hyperplastic nodules. An Med Interna, 1990 Mar, 7(3), 144 - 6 {Spleen abscess}; Arazo P et al.; 3 cases of splenic abscess (SA), all of them with similar clinical findings; abdominal pain, liver and splenic enlargement and leukocytosis, are presented . The diagnosis was suspected by abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by CTR . We focused the interest on the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and the rareness of the bacteria isolated: Salmonella group D (two cases) and Bacteroides Fragilis. Microb Pathog, 1990 Mar, 8(3), 177 - 88 Surface co-expression of Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi O-antigens on Ty21a clone EX210; Attridge SR et al.; In an attempt to construct a bivalent, live, oral cholera-typhoid vaccine, genes specifying the biosynthesis of Vibrio cholerae O-antigen have been transferred into a modified version of the attenuated, oral typhoid vaccine strain Salmonella typhi Ty21a . The present report investigates the production of V . cholerae and S . typhi O-antigens by one such clone, EX210 . When cultured without galactose supplementation EX210 produces surface O-antigen of V . cholerae type, as detected by haemagglutination-inhibition and bactericidal assays, and by immuno-electron microscopy . However, the protective efficacy of Ty21a depends upon growth in the presence of exogenous galactose and under these conditions only S . typhi O-antigen is detectable on the surface of EX210 . Subsequent experiments revealed that the proportion of polysaccharide of S . typhi type is dependent upon the level of galactose supplementation, and identified a limiting sugar concentration which results in surface co-expression of both O-antigens . Visualization of the two polysaccharides on silver-stained polyacrylamide gels indicates that S . typhi O-antigen subunits are polymerized into longer sidechains, suggesting that at higher galactose concentrations their predominance results in a masking of the shorter V . cholerae O-antigen. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Mar, (3), 77 - 81 {The common antigenic determinants of the H antigens of salmonellae}; Vaneeva LI et al.; Salmonella H-antigens have common and specific antigenic determinants . Studies on the determination of common antigenic determinants of H-antigens (a; b; d; i; 1,2 and nt) has been carried out . The order of the distribution of H-antigens according to the decrease of these common antigenic determinants in size is presented: d greater than a greater than 1,2 greater than b greater than nt . These data broaden our knowledge of the structure of H-antigens; they are also necessary for obtaining specific antibodies and conjugate preparations used in the enzyme immunoassay. APMIS, 1990 Mar, 98(3), 255 - 68 Peyer's patches in experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves . Microvascular and epithelial changes contributing to atrophy of lymphoid follicles; Landsverk T et al.; Six calves were infected per os with Salmonella dublin and killed nine hours to seven days later . Early changes included occlusion of capillaries with a hyaline material, particularly in the ileal Peyer's patch (PP) . Central areas of the follicles contained hemorrhages and edema . In later stages the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of both the jejunal and ileal PP was fused with the adjacent epithelium and the follicles were collapsed . As judged from 5'nucleotidase histochemistry, follicles were depleted of lymphocytes whereas reticular cells were retained . Carbonic anhydrase (CA) histochemistry showed a decreased reaction in the ileal FAE and a reduced amount of CA reactive material in the follicles of the ileal PP, indicating loss of FAE differentiation and function . Hyaline material and fibrinous thrombi were seen occluding the blood capillaries and the lymphatics, respectively . The villi were atrophied and covered with thick fibrin deposits . Using antifibrinogen antibodies, immunoperoxidase stained fibrin in the lymphatics and the lumenal deposits but not the hyaline material in the capillaries . Reaction for CA indicated that this hyaline material originated from erythrocytes . Factors contributing to the follicle atrophy may include anoxia due to stasis in the microcirculation with the formation of erythrocyte thrombi, and reduced lymphopoiesis due to a decrease in the stimulating factors provided by the FAE. Ugeskr Laeger, 1990 Feb 26, 152(9), 609 - 10 {Total hip prosthesis infected with Salmonella dublin}; Kristensen W et al.; In 1983, the bovine-specific Salmonella Dublin was demonstrated in man in Denmark . The organism is frequently isolated from blood but rarely causes gastroenteritis . The frequency of infection following hip replacement is less than 2% with Staphylococcus aureus as the commonest agent while Gram-negative rods are rarer but are considered to be more serious . Infection around a hip replacement frequently implies that the prosthesis must be removed . A case in which a hip replacement was infected with Salmonella Dublin is described here . The patient had looked after infected calves until operation and it is presumed that the prosthesis was infected haematogenically, either primarily or later . The infection was controlled surgically without removal of the prosthesis which was stable . Even although the condition is satisfactory six months after revision, the long-term prognosis is poor. J Biol Chem, 1990 Feb 25, 265(6), 3455 - 61 Membrane receptors on rat hepatocytes for the inner core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides; Parent JB; Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent endotoxins that are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative septicemia . The liver is known to be the primary organ responsible for the clearance of LPS from the systemic circulation in mammals . In this work, 125I-labeled LPS have been used in a filtration assay for the specific binding of LPS to intact rat hepatocytes . Eight S-form (smooth) LPS with complete O-specific polysaccharide chains isolated from different O-serotypes of Salmonella and Escherichia coli as well as nine R-form (rough) LPS isolated from Salmonella mutants deficient in synthesis of their core oligosaccharides were used in this study . All 125I-labeled S-form LPS and R-form LPS, except Re, show specific binding to isolated hepatocytes . The binding is saturable, is inhibited with excess unlabeled homologous or heterologous LPS but not lipid A, and is trypsin sensitive . L-Glycero-D-mannoheptose (heptose), a constituent of the inner core region of almost all LPS, is a potent inhibitor of the specific binding of 125I-labeled Rb2 LPS, whereas other monosaccharides, including 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO), have weak or negligible inhibitor activity . These results strongly suggest the presence of a lectin-like receptor for the LPS inner core region (heptose-KDO region) on the plasma membrane of rat hepatocytes. J Mol Biol, 1990 Feb 20, 211(4), 673 - 7 Termini of Salmonella flagellin are disordered and become organized upon polymerization into flagellar filament; Aizawa SI et al.; The terminal regions of Salmonella flagellin are essential for polymerization to form the flagellar filament . It has recently been suggested, on the basis of results from circular dichroism spectroscopy and scanning calorimetry, that these regions are disordered in solution . We report here direct evidence for disorder and mobility in the terminal regions of flagellin using 400 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy . Comparison of the n.m.r . spectra of monomeric and polymeric flagellin shows that the terminal regions become organized when polymerized to form the filament. Biochemistry, 1990 Feb 20, 29(7), 1852 - 60 Transfer of preformed terminal C5b-9 complement complexes into the outer membrane of viable gram-negative bacteria: effect on viability and integrity; Tomlinson S et al.; An efficient fusion system between Gram-negative bacteria and liposomes incorporating detergent-extracted C5b-9 complexes has been developed that allows delivery of preformed terminal complexes to the cell envelope (Tomlinson et al., 1989b) . Fusion of Salmonella minnesota Re595 and Escherichia coli 17 with C5b-9-incorporated liposomes resulted in the transfer of 1900 C5b-9 complexes to each target bacterial cell . No loss in viability of bacteria was observed following fusion, even though the deposotion of 900 complexes onto the envelope following exposure to lysozyme-free serum effected a greater than 99% loss of viability . Increased sensitivity to antibiotics normally excluded from the cell by an integral outer membrane (OM), as well as the ability of the chromogenic substrate PADAC to gain access to periplasmically located beta-lactamase, indicated that transferred C5b-9 complexes functioned as water-filled channels through the OM . A similar conclusion was drawn from measurements demonstrating the uptake by cells of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (bromide), a result further indicating that the membrane potential across the cytoplasmic membrane was maintained following C5b-9 transfer to the OM . Examination of S . minnesota Re595 by electron microscopy revealed no obvious difference between cells exposed to lethal concentrations of lysozyme-free serum and cells following fusion with C5b-9-incorporated liposomes . These data suggest either that there are critical sites in the OM to which liposome-delivered C5b-9 complexes are unable to gain access or that bacterial cell death is related to events occurring during polymerization of C9 on the cell surface. Cell, 1990 Feb 9, 60(3), 405 - 14 The excision of intervening sequences from Salmonella 23S ribosomal RNA; Burgin AB et al.; Novel, approximately 90 bp intervening sequences (IVs) were discovered within the 23S rRNA genes of S . typhimurium and S . arizonae . These non-rRNA sequences are transcribed and then excised during rRNA maturation . The rRNA fragments that result from the excision of the extra sequences are not religated . This results in fragmented 23S rRNAs . The excision of one IVS was shown to be catalyzed in vivo and in vitro by ribonuclease III . These IVSs are highly volatile evolutionarily, sometimes occurring in only some of the multiple rRNA operons of a particular cell . The sporadic nature of the occurrence of fragmented rRNAs among closely related organisms argues that such fragmentation is a derived state, not a primitive one . Possible sources of these IVSs, their parallels with internal transcribed spacers and introns in eukaryotes, and their possible roles in the evolutionary process are discussed. Med Clin (Barc), 1990 Feb 3, 94(4), 130 - 4 {Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of a series of 7 cases}; Gutierrez-Rave Pecero V et al.; We report a series of seven patients with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome, which was quite characteristic of its etiological spectrum . Infections were the leading cause, among them a case associated with HIV and another one with Salmonella enteritidis (a hitherto unreported association) . The clinical findings consisted of fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, rash and pancytopenia . The diagnosis was carried out by bone marrow aspiration-biopsy except in two patients who were diagnosed at autopsy . The difficulty of the differentiation from malignant histiocytosis is discussed: one case of hemophagocytic syndrome due to diphenylhydantoin toxicity (the second reported one in the literature) was histologically undistinguishable from it . We think that, in any etiology, hemophagocytic syndrome is a reactive syndrome with variable intensity . The need for extensive microbiological investigation even in cases of histiocytosis of neoplastic appearance is emphasized. Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Feb, 104(1), 63 - 71 Serological response of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infection; Chart H et al.; Fifty-eight sera, from 29 chickens originating from two layer flocks known to be naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, were examined for antibodies to S . enteritidis . Using the techniques of immunoblotting and ELISA, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S . enteritidis were detected in 43 of 58 sera . Antibodies were of the IgG class and bound to the S . enteritidis LPS antigen O = 12 . Bacterial agglutination reactions using whole-cell preparations of S . enteritidis and S . pullorum, correlated with anti-LPS antibody reactions as detected by immunoblotting and ELISA . A rapid means of screening chicken sera for antibodies to the LPS of S . enteritidis as an indicator of infection is discussed. Br J Rheumatol, 1990 Feb, 29(1), 69 - 71 Salmonella pericarditis with tamponade in systemic lupus erythematosus; Sanchez-Guerrero J et al.; Despite the high frequency of both pericardial involvement and of infectious complications in SLE, septic pericarditis is uncommon . We report here a patient with SLE who developed tamponade due to Salmonella infection . Most of the other eight recorded cases of septic pericarditis in SLE were due to Staphylococcus aureus and none has been previously attributed to Gram-negative bacteria. J Trop Med Hyg, 1990 Feb, 93(1), 22 - 7 Aetiological studies of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in Iran; Katouli M et al.; The aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases was investigated among 715 patients admitted to four Children's Hospitals in Tehran, during February 1986 to March 1987, and also among 443 patients attending the central Out-Patient Clinic in Sanandaj, State of Kordestan, during October 1986 . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were the most common pathogens found in both areas . Almost 26.7% of the patients in Tehran and 20.1% of the patients in Sanandaj were infected with EPEC . Enterotoxigenic E . coli (ETEC) were the next most frequent groups found (17.1% both in Tehran and Sanandaj), with heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing strains being dominant . Of 122 ETEC strains isolated in Tehran, 94 (77%) strains produced ST, 15 (12.3%) strains produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and 13 (10.7%) strains produced both LT and ST . Almost the same pattern of toxigenicity was observed among ETEC strains isolated in Sanadaj . Of the 76 ETEC strains isolated in this area, 70 (92.1%) strains were ST producers, followed by those producing both LT and ST (five strains) and LT only (one strain) . One strain of enteroinvasive E . coli (EIEC) was also isolated from a patient in Tehran . The rates of salmonella and shigella isolation were 8.8 and 5.7% in Tehran and 3.8 and 4% in Sanandaj respectively . Enterohaemorrhagic E . coli, Vibrio cholerae and V . parahemolyticus were not isolated but a mixture of two or more pathogens was found in 59 patients (8.2%) in Tehran and in 20 patients (4.5%) in Sanandaj . These findings suggest that diarrhoegenic E . coli are the most important cause of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in these areas in Iran. Infect Immun, 1990 Feb, 58(2), 416 - 20 Protection of mice against the lethal toxicity of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by immunization with anti-idiotype antibody to a monoclonal antibody to lipid A from Eikenella corrodens LPS; Kato T et al.; We produced anti-idiotype antibodies to antibody to lipid A from Eikenella corrodens . The ALA-1 monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin M {IgM} isotype), which had already been produced in our laboratory (T . Kato, I . Takazoe, and K . Okuda, Infect . Immun . 57:656-659, 1989), had reacted strongly with lipid A from E . corrodens, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella minnesota . Four anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies to ALA-1 (Ab1), designated A2LA-1 (IgG1 isotype), A2LA-2 (IgG2a isotype), A2LA-3 (IgG2a isotype), and A2LA-4 (IgG3 isotype), which recognized the idiotype Ab1, were produced . A2LA-1, A2LA-2, and A2LA-3 were capable of over 61% inhibition of ALA-1 reactivity to E . coli J5 lipid A in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system . The sera of mice and rabbits immunized with the anti-idiotype antibodies revealed that the internal image anti-idiotype antibody induced the production of IgG antibodies that cross-reacted with or bound to lipid A . These studies indicate that A2LA-1 and A2LA-2 contained an antigenic epitope that mimicked lipid A . Immunization of mice with A2LA-1 resulted in prevention of lethal toxicity from E . coli J5 lipopolysaccharide. Indian Pediatr, 1990 Feb, 27(2), 157 - 60 Salmonella senftenberg outbreak in a neonatal unit; Joseph AT et al.; Salmonella senftenberg was isolated from the stools of 35 newborns between June, 1987 and September, 1988 . Twenty nine (82.8%) babies were preterms and twenty six (74%) babies were less than 2,000 grams in weight . All of them were symptomatic within 6 days of life, 74.3% (26) within 4 days . All of them had loose stools and weight loss . Other features were sclerema, jaundice and paralytic ileus . The organism was sensitive to nalidixic acid (100%), amikacin (94.6%), gentamicin (72.9%), cephaloridine (56.7%), and chloramphenicol (29.8%) and resistant to benzyl penicillin and ampicillin . Babies showed good response to a combination of cephaloridine and amikacin along with supportive care . Five babies died, 4 of septicemic shock and one of pulmonary hemorrhage. Indian Pediatr, 1990 Feb, 27(2), 153 - 6 Typhoid fever below five years; Pandey KK et al.; During a seven year period (1981-87), 53 cases of typhoid fever in children below five years were seen . This accounted for 13.5% of all typhoid admission in pediatrics during the above period . Predominant symptoms were fever (100%), vomiting (52.8%), diarrhea (30.2%) and anorexia (24.5%) . Chills and rigor associated with fever was noticed in 38% of the children . Salmonella typhi was isolated from blood in 22 of 53 (41.7%) cases . A significant finding on peripheral smear was eosinopenia (86.8%) . Complications like endotoxic shock, enteric encephalopathy and gastrointestinal hemorrhage were noticed in only few cases (7.6%) . There were no deaths. Vet Med (Praha), 1990 Feb, 35(2), 81 - 6 {The effect of milk cultures on the survival of salmonellae in milk}; Lukasova J et al.; The influence was investigated of yoghurt and cream cultures on salmonella survival in milk . Salmonella-contaminated milk was blended with yoghurt culture and kept for three hours at the temperature of 43 degrees C; the mixture with cream culture was kept for 20 hours at the temperature of 22 degrees C . The samples were then stored at a room temperature and at the temperature of 4 degrees C . The two milk cultures exerted inhibitory effects on salmonellae within the range of 92.5 to 99.8% . The inhibitory effects depended on the activity of the culture (expressed by titration acidity), storage time and temperature and on the starting concentration of salmonellae. Microb Pathog, 1990 Feb, 8(2), 101 - 7 The virulence plasmids of Salmonella serovars typhimurium, choleraesuis, dublin, and enteritidis, and the cryptic plasmids of Salmonella serovars copenhagen and sendai belong to the same incompatibility group, but not those of Salmonella serovars durban, gallinarum, give, infantis and pullorum; Ou JT et al.; We examined the compatibility of the Salmonella virulence plasmids of serovars choleraesuis, dublin, enteritidis, gallinarum and pullorum and the cryptic Salmonella plasmids of serovars copenhagen, durban, give, infantis and sendai, with the 90 kilobase pair (kb) virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium . The 90 kb virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium in the form of pWR33, a cointegrate of F'::Tn10lac+ts and the 90 kb virulence plasmid, was transferred by bacterial conjugation into the Salmonella strains (except for S . sendai) . The compatibility of their plasmids with the 90 kb virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium was then tested . Separately, a 90 kb virulence plasmid tagged with Tn5 was transformed into the S . sendai strain . The 90 kb virulence plasmid of S . typhimurium was found to be incompatible with the plasmids of serovars choleraesuis, copenhagen, dublin, enteritidis, and sendai, but compatible with the plasmids of serovars durban, gallinarum, give, infantis, and pullorum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Feb, 34(2), 343 - 8 Successful treatment using gentamicin liposomes of Salmonella dublin infections in mice; Fierer J et al.; Gentamicin entrapped within stable multilamellar liposomes was used to treat mice after they were infected per os with Salmonella dublin . Of 10 mice, 8 survived after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of 2 mg of gentamicin liposomes per kg compared with 0 of 10 treated with the same amount of free gentamicin . All mice survived after treatment with a single i.v . or intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg of gentamicin liposomes per kg, whereas that dose of free drug was completely ineffective and caused neuromuscular paralysis when injected rapidly i.v . In mice treated with gentamicin liposomes, there was a steady decrease in the number of salmonellae in spleens for 2 weeks after treatment . High concentrations of gentamicin were present in the spleen for at least 10 days after treatment . Although gentamicin was not detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice treated with gentamicin liposomes, bacterial counts in the nodes also decreased over time . Small numbers of bacteria remained viable in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches but not in the spleens of mice treated with 20 to 80 mg/kg . Mice treated with doses of gentamicin liposomes as high as 80 mg/kg showed only a transient increase in blood urea nitrogen and no rise in serum creatinine . These results confirm that gentamicin in liposomes is less toxic in mice than is free gentamicin and is extremely effective therapy for disseminated Salmonella infections in mice. J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 28(2), 361 - 2 Isolation of salmonellae from dried rattlesnake preparations; Babu K et al.; Salmonella arizonae and other Salmonella serovars were isolated from four different rattlesnake preparations which were used for self-treatment of various diseases . A case of disseminated S . arizonae infection is reported in a patient who had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and ingested dried rattlesnake. J Med Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 31(2), 85 - 93 A comparison of specificity and biological activity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide; Mehta ND et al.; Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and immune rabbit serum were raised against the rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota strain R595 . These antibodies were tested for their ability to inhibit LPS-induced B-cell mitogenicity and neutralise LPS toxicity in chick embryos . Immune rabbit serum inhibited both mitogenicity and LPS lethality . None of the MAbs or a cocktail of antibodies were able to neutralise LPS lethality in chick embryos . However, they were able to inhibit mitogenicity by varying degrees. Mutat Res, 1990 Feb, 228(2), 105 - 24 Structural basis of carcinogenicity in rodents of genotoxicants and non-genotoxicants; Rosenkranz HS et al.; A set of 189 chemicals tested in the National Toxicology Program Cancer Bioassay was subjected to analysis by CASE, the Computer-Automated Structure Evaluation system . In the data set, 63% of the chemicals were carcinogens, approx . 40% of the carcinogens were non-genotoxic, i.e., they possessed neither "structural alerts" for DNA reactivity as defined by Ashby and Tennant, 1988, nor were they mutagenic for Salmonella . The data base can be characterized as a "combined rodent" compilation as chemicals were characterized as "carcinogenic" if they were carcinogenic in either rats or mice or both . CASE identified 23 fragments which accounted for the carcinogenicity, or lack thereof, of most of the chemicals . The sensitivity and specificity were unexpectedly high: 1.00 and 0.86, respectively . Based upon the identified biophores and biophobes, CASE performed exceedingly well in predicting the activity of chemicals not included among the 189 in the original set . CASE predicted correctly the carcinogenicity of non-genotoxic carcinogens thereby suggesting a structural commonality in the action of this group of carcinogens . As a matter of fact biophores restricted to non-genotoxic carcinogens were identified as were "non-electrophilic" biophores shared by genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens . The findings suggest that the CASE program may help in the elucidation of the basis of the action of non-genotoxic carcinogens. J Infect Dis, 1990 Feb, 161(2), 255 - 60 Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella; Pavia AT et al.; Exposure to antimicrobials is known to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, but this effect has not been previously demonstrated with antimicrobial-sensitive strains . The effect of prior antimicrobial exposure was studied during a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis caused by an antimicrobial-sensitive strain of Salmonella havana: 19 (26%) of 72 persons infected had taken an antimicrobial within 30 days before onset of symptoms . Antimicrobial therapy was begun a mean of 15.9 days before and stopped a mean of 7.9 days before onset . In a case-control study, 11 (31%) of 35 case-patients had taken antimicrobials within 30 days of onset compared with 9 (13%) of 70 age- and neighborhood-matched controls (matched odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3, 13.5) . The association remained when controlled for the presence of underlying illness or immunosuppression . Prior antimicrobial exposure appears to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-sensitive and resistant strains of Salmonella . The delay between antimicrobial use and onset of symptoms suggests that the effect may be due to prolonged alteration of the colonic bacterial flora, resulting in decreased resistance to colonization. Food Chem Toxicol, 1990 Feb, 28(2), 69 - 73 Evaluation of olestra in short-term genotoxicity assays; Skare KL et al.; Olestra, a mixture of hexa-, hepta- and octa-esters formed from the reaction of sucrose with long-chain fatty acids, was evaluated for its genotoxic potential in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test, the L5178Y thymidine kinase (TK+/-) mouse lymphoma assay, an unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in primary rat hepatocytes, and an in vitro cytogenetic assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells . The results indicated that olestra was non-genotoxic in these assays. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Feb, 25(2), 285 - 90 Nitrofurantoin resistance in isolates of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from poultry and humans; Rampling A et al.; All 38 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 from chickens and 86 of 89 isolates from human patients were resistant to nitrofurantoin . Resistance to other agents was rare . Thirteen of 16 isolates of S . enteritidis other than PT4 were nitrofurantoin-resistant, and resistance to other agents was slightly more common than with isolates of PT4 . Only one third of 83 isolates of other salmonella serotypes were nitrofurantoin-resistant, but resistance to other agents was more common and some isolates were multiply resistant . There was generally cross-resistance between nitrofurantoin and furazolidone although there were discrepancies with isolates that had MICs close to the breakpoint . It may be that use of nitrofurans in the poultry industry has selected for colonization and infection with S . enteritidis PT4 . This could explain the prevalence of the organism in poultry and in human enteric infection in the United Kingdom. J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 136 ( Pt 2), 353 - 8 Isolation, characterization and nucleotide sequences of the aroC genes encoding chorismate synthase from Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli; Charles IG et al.; The aroC genes from Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate phospholyase (chorismate synthase) were cloned in E . coli and their DNA sequences were determined . The aroC gene from S . typhi was isolated from a cosmid gene bank by complementation of an E . coli aroC mutant . The corresponding E . coli gene was isolated from a pBR322 gene bank by colony hybridization using DNA encoding the aroC gene from S . typhi as a hybridization probe . Analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed that both genes have an open reading frame capable of encoding proteins comprising 361 amino acids . The calculated molecular mass of the protein from S . typhi is 39,108 Da while that of the protein from E . coli is 39,138 Da . Homology is particularly strong between the coding regions of the genes: 95% when protein sequences are compared, and 83% when DNA sequences are examined . Use of a deletion variant of the E . coli aroC gene demonstrates that the C-terminal 36 amino acids are not essential for the correct folding or functional activity of the chorismate synthase enzyme. J Rheumatol, 1990 Feb, 17(2), 250 - 1 Postsalmonella reactive phenomena in 2 patients with ankylosing spondylitis: no modification of the underlying disease; Herrero-Beaumont G et al.; HLA-B27 related disease occurs in 2 main forms, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or reactive arthropathy/Reiter's syndrome . These entities often "breed true" within families or distinct ethnic groups . Reactive arthropathy/Reiter's syndrome may be complicated by AS, but little is known about the impact on AS of a de novo reactive arthropathy occurring at a later date . We describe 2 patients with AS who developed postsalmonella reactive phenomena several years after the onset of their primary disease . In both patients the intestinal salmonella infection did not modify the course of the AS. Vaccine, 1990 Feb, 8(1), 81 - 4 Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial . Chilean Typhoid Committee; Black RE et al.; Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem in many areas of the world and an effective, non-reactogenic vaccine would be useful to control this disease . An attenuated Salmonella typhi strain (Ty21a), which has shown promise in previous trials, was evaluated in a controlled field trial in Santiago, Chile . In this trial, 82,543 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to receive one or two doses of Ty21a vaccine in enteric-coated capsules or placebo . The enteric-coated vaccine formulation was well tolerated and practical for mass oral immunization . In the first two years of surveillance, 213 cases of bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever were found in schoolchildren participating in the trial; annual rates in the placebo group were 139 and 227 per 100,000 . Vaccine efficacy in the first two years after vaccination was 59% for two doses and 29% for one dose; no efficacy was found 3-5 years after vaccination . These results indicate that it will be necessary to identify a vaccine formulation and schedule for Ty21a S . typhi that is practical and provides high level protection for greater than 2 years. Vaccine, 1990 Feb, 8(1), 5 - 11 Salmonella-based vaccines; Hackett J; There continues to be considerable interest in the development of a safe, effective, live, oral vaccine to combat typhoid fever of humans . Such a vaccine may be a derivative of the causative agent of the disease, Salmonella typhi . The prototype of such a vaccine, Ty21a, is not ideal, but no replacement for Ty21a is yet obvious . The construction and trial of bivalent vaccines, in which an attenuated Salmonella strain expresses determinants from another pathogen, awaits the development of a suitably attenuated derivative . In parallel with vaccine development programmes, a variety of techniques have been designed to effect stable association between Salmonella carrier and introduced cloned DNA. Ther Umsch, 1990 Feb, 47(2), 138 - 46 {Problems with long-term immunosuppression following organ transplantation}; Thiel G et al.; Long-term immunosuppression is followed by an increase of malignancies (skin cancer, lymphomas and Kaposi's sarkoma) . Among the infectious complications an incidence of bacteraemia up to 48% is found, a relative increase of infection with listeria and salmonella, and viruses from the herpes group . The major side effect of azathioprine is haematologic, whereas Cyclosporin A is nephrotoxic . Three classes of renal functional impairment by Cyclosporine are defined: 1 . renal dysfunction, 2 . acute nephrotoxicity and 3 . chronic nephrotoxicity . Appropriate ways to handle chronic nephrotoxicity are discussed. J Leukoc Biol, 1990 Feb, 47(2), 97 - 104 Priming of polymorphonuclear granulocytes by lipopolysaccharides and its complexes with lipopolysaccharide binding protein and high density lipoprotein; Vosbeck K et al.; Human peripheral blood neutrophils are primed, or enabled to respond to formyl peptide, by prior exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The activity of LPS and the size of its aggregates are altered by plasma constituents such as high density lipoprotein (HDL) and the recently discovered acute phase reactant lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) Tobias et al.: J . Exp . Med . 164,777, 1986} . The ability of LPS, LPS-LBP, and LPS-HDL complexes to activate a number of cellular responses have been compared . LPS-LBP and LPS-HDL were prepared using LBP and HDL from rabbit serum . LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 and its LPS-LBP and LPS-HDL complexes differed in their ability to prime PMN O2- production in response to formyl peptide (f-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Leu {FNLPNTL}) . Human PMN prepared under conditions in which O2- production is minimal (less than 1 nmol O2-/10(6) PMN/10 min) after exposure to 10(-7) M FNLPNTL can be primed with 0.1-100 ng/ml LPS in a dose- and time-dependent manner to produce up to 12 nmol O2-/10(6) PMN/10 min . LBP complexation accelerated the priming induced by LPS, whereas HDL complexation retarded it . Priming was accompanied by a parallel two- to threefold increase in formyl peptide receptor number as determined by FACS analysis of fluoresceinated FNLPNTL binding and SDS-PAGE autoradiographic analysis of photoaffinity ligand binding . Thus binding of LPS to plasma proteins changes the response of the PMS to LPS and may represent one way in which the response of the PMN is regulated during infection . Since LBP concentrations change during an acute phase response, complexation of LPS with LBP is a mechanism that may regulate neutrophil responses in vivo during inflammation. Arch Intern Med, 1990 Feb, 150(2), 349 - 51 The effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A among foreigners in Nepal; Schwartz E et al.; We studied the incidence of enteric fever among travelers and foreign residents who attended an expatriate clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal, from February 1987 to June 1988 . There were 42 cases of enteric fever; 20 were caused by Salmonella typhi and 22 by Salmonella paratyphi A . Among 18 unvaccinated foreigners who had enteric fever, S typhi was isolated from 67%, and S paratyphi A from 33%, a ratio similar to the local Nepalese population . Among 22 vaccinated foreigners, S typhi was isolated from 35%, compared with 65% with S paratyphi A . Nine percent of tourists had received the oral Ty21A typhoid vaccine . However, among seven vaccinated tourists who became infected with S typhi, four (57%) had received the oral vaccine . Typhoid vaccine efficacy for tourists was calculated and showed an overall protective rate of 90% against enteric fever in general, 95% protection against S typhi, and 72% to 75% protection against S paratyphi A . We conclude that typhoid vaccine should be recommended to all travelers to the Indian subcontinent, and since S paratyphi A is the predominant cause of enteric fever among vaccinated travelers, consideration should be given to an effective vaccine against S paratyphi A when that becomes available. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi, 1990 Feb, 81(2), 289 - 95 {Prostate specific monoclonal antibody gained by glycolipid immunization}; Satoh M et al.; Extraction of glycolipid component from hypertrophic and cancerous prostatic tissue were performed using chloroform-methanol solution and isopropanol-hexan-solution . The extract was separated into the "upper phase" and "lower phase" by Folchs fractionation technic . Each fraction was conjugated with acid treated salmonella minesota and than it was injected subcutaneously, intra-peritoneally and finally intravenously to BALB/c mice . Spleen cells from immunized mice were fused with P3X63, and antibody APG1 was obtained . APG1 shows a preferential reactivity towards prostatic tissue by the immunohistochemical analysis . Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis using enzyme and acid treated tissue and TLC immunostaining indicate that this monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes the sialylglycochain expressed in the prostatic tissue. Mutat Res, 1990 Feb, 228(2), 203 - 9 Genotoxic activity of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide and their photochemical reaction products in Drosophila and in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay; Victorin K et al.; The genotoxic activity of a photochemical reaction mixture of 1,3-butadiene and nitrogen dioxide was investigated in vivo in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay and the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila (the wing spot test) . Butadiene alone was not mutagenic in Drosophila, but induced micronuclei in mice at 10 ppm after 23 h of exposure . Nitrogen dioxide was not genotoxic in either test system . The photochemical reaction products were toxic but probably not mutagenic in Drosophila and not genotoxic in mouse bone marrow . The in vivo results do not confirm earlier in vitro results that demonstrated a strong direct-acting mutagenic activity of the photochemical products in Salmonella. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1990 Jan 30, 166(2), 743 - 9 Activation of promutagenic chemicals by Streptomyces griseus containing cytochrome P-450soy; Sariaslani FS et al.; Streptomyces griseus cells containing cytochrome P-450soy oxidize a diverse array of xenobiotic compounds . This metabolic capability was exploited for activation of promutagenic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines and small aliphatics in a modified Salmonella/Ames plate incorporation assay using tester strains TA98 and TA1538 . In this assay promutagens such as 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, benzidine, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminoanthracene, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzo(a)pyrene, chloropicrin and N-nitrosodimethylamine were oxidized to mutagenic metabolites by S . griseus intact cells which mutated Salmonella tester strains (TA98 and TA1538) . S . griseus failed to activate 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline . In parallel tests performed with rat liver homogenate (S9), N-nitrosodimethylamine was not activated. S Afr Med J, 1990 Jan 6, 77(1), 14 - 7 Typhoid fever in the adult and paediatric Indian population of Durban; Seebaran AR et al.; The features of typhoid fever in Indian South Africans are described . In children the illness was usually uncomplicated . However, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and hypo-albuminaemia were found in both adults and children . The initial symptoms on presentation of diarrhoea and vomiting frequently led to a misdiagnosis of gastro-enteritis . The previous administration of antibiotics also resulted in failure to isolate Salmonella typhi in 41% of patients studied . Typhoid acquired in the microbiology laboratory and that seen in visitors returning from India and the Far East is emphasised . The S . typhi isolates were uniformly sensitive to all antibiotics tested . The disproportionately high number of Indians of south Indian ancestry presenting to the R . K . Khan Hospital needs to be investigated. Microbiologica, 1990 Jan, 13(1), 55 - 60 Isolation of an inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis from Salmonella enteritidis; Brigotti M et al.; Sonic extracts of Salmonella enteritidis, serotype enteritidis, contain a factor which inhibits eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis tested on a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and on a poly(U)-dependent system from Artemia salina embryos . The factor is heat-labile, does not diffuse through dialysis bags and is precipitated by ammonium sulphate . A 78% recovery of the factor was obtained in the 60-80 per cent ammonium sulphate saturation range, with a 3.3-fold purification . The factor binds to DEAE-cellulose . In the fraction eluted at 0.55 M NaCl, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows only two protein bands (Mr 55,000 and 29,000) . While the inhibitory activity on protein synthesis of the crude factor is fairly stable at 4 degrees C, it becomes very labile after DEAE-cellulose chromatography . The ID50 of the partially purified factor was less than 0.55 microgram (20-fold purification). Chemotherapy, 1990, 36(1), 29 - 32 In vitro susceptibility of Salmonella to ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin compared with three other antibiotics; Campos LC et al.; The in vitro susceptibilities of 703 clinical isolates of Salmonella to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and pefloxacin (PEF) were compared with those to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), chloramphenicol (CO) and ampicillin (AP) . All isolates were susceptible to CIP, while PEF inhibited 90.7% of the strains . In contrast, resistance rates of 40, 29.2 and 27% were detected for AP, TMP-SMZ and CO, respectively . PEF resistance was detected in S . panama (1), S . typhi (3) and S . typhimurium (17), the latter representing the most frequently serovar isolated in our country . None of the S . typhi isolates was resistant to CO . Combined resistance was most frequently found among S . typhimurium isolates, with the patterns PEF-TMP-SMZ-AP (10) and PEF-TMP-SMZ-CO-AP (5) predominating. Br Vet J, 1990 Jan-Feb, 146(1), 75 - 9 A biotyping scheme for Salmonella livingstone; Odongo MO et al.; Salmonella livingstone is one of the more common salmonella serotypes isolated in the United Kingdom . The characterization of 70 different isolates of S . livingstone using biochemical tests and plasmid profile analysis is described . The isolates could be divided into four groups by their ability to grow in d-tartrate, l-tartrate and Stern's glycerol . Further subdivision was achieved by the use of plasmid profile analysis; 24 of the isolates possessed light plasmids (less than 9.5 MD) and four possessed heavy plasmids (greater than 30 MD) . The combination of biotyping and plasmid profile analysis can be used as the basis of a scheme to 'fingerprint' S . livingstone for epidemiological studies. Mutat Res, 1990 Jan, 238(1), 23 - 38 The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes; Esancy JF et al.; 16 phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes were examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538 . All of the dyes contain an alkoxy group ortho to one of the azo linkages . Increasing the size of this alkoxy substituent from 1 to 4 carbons led to a decrease in mutagenic activity in certain instances while no change was noted in other cases . Comparison of the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes with their potential reductive-cleavage products suggests that (1) the reductive-cleavage products are not solely responsible for the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes, and (2) significant reductive-cleavage of the disazo dyes is not taking place in the standard Salmonella assay. Mutat Res, 1990 Jan, 238(1), 1 - 22 The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some aminoazobenzene dyes and their reductive-cleavage products; Esancy JF et al.; 15 aminoazobenzene dyes and 7 of their reductive-cleavage products were examined in the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 . Dyes tested included 5 derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene with different alkoxy substituents (-OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2 CH3, -OCH2CH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2OH) in the 8-position as well as the corresponding derivatives of 4-{(4-aminophenyl)azo}-N,N-diethylaniline and 4-{(4-aminophenyl)azo}-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline . In general, as the size of the substituent ortho to the primary amino group of the dyes was increased, the mutagenicity decreased . A similar trend was observed for the reductive-cleavage products . The results from the latter aspect of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of aminoazobenzene dyes can not be accounted for solely from the properties of their reductive-cleavage products. APMIS, 1990 Jan, 98(1), 87 - 94 Demonstration of lipid A-binding proteins on murine lymphoma cells using R-mutant gram-negative bacteria as a detector; Nakashima I et al.; Some R-mutant Escherichia coli and Salmonella heavily adhered to murine lymphoma cells of B cell and T cell lineages . This adhesion was primarily mediated by membrane-localized proteins on tumor cells, which bind the polymyxin B-reactive hydrophilic structure of lipis A on bacteria . SDS-PAGE analysis of tumor cell membranes showed that proteins or glycoproteins of MW = around 45Kd, 25-35Kd and around 15Kd preferentially bind lipid A . Various lymphoma cell lines binding the bacteria at different levels possessed lipid A-binding proteins of slightly different compositions . We conclude that lymphoma cells carry not a single but a group of lipid A-binding proteins in their membranes. APMIS, 1990 Jan, 98(1), 25 - 9 A unique plasmid profile characterizing Salmonella enteritidis isolates from patients and employees in a hospital; Sorum H et al.; Plasmid profiling was used as an epidemiological tool during a period of frequent Salmonella enteritidis infection in a hospital . S . enteritidis was isolated from 22 patients and employees . Isolates from 18 persons harbored one 29 and one 36 megadalton (MDa) plasmid . The 29 MDa plasmid has not been previously described in this species and was not found in 54 control strains of S . enteritidis from other sources . The respective restriction endonuclease digest fragments of the 36 and the 29 MDa plasmids were always identical . This plasmid pattern thus served as a marker for the isolates from the outbreak. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1990 Jan, 9(1), 44 - 8 Comparative efficacies of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in children with typhoid fever; Tanaka-Kido J et al.; We compared aztreonam with chloramphenicol in a randomized trial involving the treatment of 36 children with typhoid fever . Eighteen children were randomized to receive aztreonam, 150 mg/kg/day intravenously, and 18 to receive chloramphenicol, 100 mg/kg/day orally . On entry in the study the clinical characteristics of the two treatment groups were comparable . The duration of therapy was 14.9 +/- 3.6 days for the aztreonam group and 12.8 +/- 2.6 days for the chloramphenicol group . The mean duration of fever was 5.9 +/- 3.1 days and 4.05 +/- 2.1 days for aztreonam and chloramphenicol groups respectively (P greater than 0.05) . Clinical cure was observed in all patients treated with aztreonam and in 17 of 18 children given chloramphenicol; one patient died in the latter group . There were no relapses in either group . We observed clinical adverse reactions during the treatment with aztreonam in 2 patients . All strains of Salmonella typhi were susceptible to aztreonam, 1 strain was resistant to chloramphenicol and 3 strains were resistant to ampicillin . Aztreonam appears to be a satisfactory alternative to chloramphenicol in cases of typhoid fever caused by resistant strains or when chloramphenicol is contraindicated. Mutat Res, 1990 Jan, 228(1), 89 - 96 Autoxidation and mutagenicity of sodium bisulfite; Pagano DA et al.; An inverse correlation exists between the autoxidation of bisulfite and its mutagenicity in Salmonella . Temperature, pH, and the addition of mannitol, ethanol, or Oxoid broth affect both autoxidation and mutagenicity . A decrease in autoxidation resulted in an increase in the half-life of the parent compound, bisulfite, and its availability for uptake by the cells, leading to increased mutagenesis . The autoxidation of bisulfite is known to produce both sulfur- and oxygen-centered free radicals . The lack of mutagenicity of ammonium persulfate and peroxymonosulfate, which generate the radicals SO4- and SO5-, respectively, argues against the involvement of these oxygen-centered radicals in bisulfite mutagenesis . Inhibition of mutagenesis by the radical spin-trapping agent, DMPO, is consistent with the hypothesis that the sulfur-centered radical, SO3-, plays an important role in bisulfite mutagenesis . The mechanism of bisulfite mutagenesis suggested in this study may have relevance to other known effects attributed to bisulfite, i.e., co-carcinogenesis and immune hypersensitivity. J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 28(1), 148 - 9 Rapid fluorescence method for screening Salmonella spp . from enteric differential agars; Aguirre PM et al.; Four hundred thirty-two lactose-negative colonies isolated from human feces on stool differential agar media were flooded with one drop of MUCAP Test reagent (Biolife Italiana S.r.I., Milan, Italy) and observed under a Wood lamp for the development of a blue fluorescence over or around the colony . On the basis of manual and automated conventional tests for the screening of Salmonella spp., the MUCAP Test yielded the following results: 79 true-positives, 314 true-negatives, 35 false-positives, and 4 false-negatives (sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 90%; positive predictive value, 69%; negative predictive value, 99%) . The specificity of the test performed on colonies isolated on MacConkey agar (95%) was higher than that performed on colonies isolated on SS agar (88%; P less than 0.03) . The MUCAP Test is an easy, rapid, and sensitive method for the screening of colonies suspected of being Salmonella spp., reducing the number of biochemical tests needed. Arch Intern Med, 1990 Jan, 150(1), 54 - 6 Pleuropulmonary infections due to nontyphoid strains of Salmonella; Aguado JM et al.; Medical records of 11 patients with nontyphoid Salmonella pleuropulmonary disease studied from 1960 to 1986 in a general hospital were reviewed . Eight patients (73%) were 60 years old or older, and the median age was in the seventh decade . There was no seasonal variation in the prevalence . The infection was hospital acquired in 4 patients (36%) . All patients had one or more (median, 1.5) major underlying diseases . Seven of them had previous abnormalities of the lung or pleura . Severe immunosuppression was present in 7 cases . Pneumonia occurred in 8 patients, lung abscesses in 2, and empyema in 1 . All patients with pneumonia had positive blood cultures . A gastrointestinal source of pulmonary infection was not probable because only 2 patients had positive stool cultures . We suggest that the reticulo-endothelial system could be the source of hematogenous spread of nontyphoid Salmonella . The overall mortality was 63% . Pulmonary infection due to Salmonella should be considered among the pathogens associated with gram-negative bacillary pneumonia in elderly patients who are immunosuppressed and have underlying pulmonary disease . Pathogenesis of this infection remains to be clarified. Am J Gastroenterol, 1990 Jan, 85(1), 81 - 3 An unusual late manifestation of a Salmonella typhi infection; Faber LM et al.; We report the case history of a patient in whom we diagnosed purulent lymphadenitis due to Salmonella typhi, a late complication of a febris typhoidea that occurred 11 yr previously . We also review the literature concerning complications of Salmonella infections, and particularly discuss their hematogenous spread and lodgment. J Clin Invest, 1990 Jan, 85(1), 256 - 63 Administration of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, or interleukin 1 to rats activates skeletal muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase; Nawabi MD et al.; Protein catabolic states (i.e., sepsis and trauma) are thought to be associated with accelerated oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) . Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for BCAA oxidation by muscle, is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation . Skeletal muscle BCKAD was only 2-4% active in control rats . Intravenous injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (0.25-10 mg/kg) did not change total BCKAD activity, but increased the percent active enzyme in muscle three- to four-fold in 4-6 h . Identical results were observed in adrenalectomized rats pretreated with one dose of alpha-methylprednisolone (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) 30-60 min before saline or endotoxin injection, indicating that endotoxin's effect was not mediated by hypersecretion of adrenal hormones . Cortisone pretreatment of normal rats (100 mg/kg per d) for 2 d prevented endotoxin-induced activation of muscle BCKAD, suggesting that endogenous secretion products mediated BCKAD activation by endotoxin . Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or IL-1 beta or alpha (50 micrograms/kg) increased muscle BCKAD activation two- to fourfold in normal rats 4-6 h after intravenous injection . We conclude that cytokine-mediated activation of muscle BCKAD may contribute to accelerated BCAA oxidation in septicemia. Carcinogenesis, 1990 Jan, 11(1), 43 - 9 Role of metabolism on the DNA binding of MeIQx in mice and bacteria; Turteltaub KW et al.; We report the effects of several inducers of P450 metabolizing enzymes on DNA adduct formation by 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) in C57BL/6 mice . We also examined the role of N:O-acetylation and the nitrenium ion in the genotoxicity of MeIQx, since these have been implicated in the activation of other aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIA) to DNA reactive species . Mice were given phenobarbital (PB), Aroclor 1254, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) or corn oil, i.p., followed 3-5 days later with oral administration of MeIQx . Induction of Aroclor and BNF produced DNA with 8-fold more adducts than either the corn oil-alone or PB-treated animals . Both corn oil-alone and PB-treated animals were similar . Four major adducts were found in all cases with no differences among inducers as judged by co-chromatography . Azido-MeIQx induced calf-thymus-DNA adducts produced identical adduct profiles to those seen for the mouse DNA . Similar adduct profiles were obtained from Salmonella TA98, and the nitroreductase deficient strains (TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6) exposed to MeIQx in the presence of Aroclor-induced-mouse-liver S9 . Adduct frequencies in TA98/1,8-DNP6 were significantly lower than in TA98 and TA98NR . The data described in this report demonstrate that induction quantitatively increases adduct numbers but does not affect the types of DNA damage . These data also suggest that the same DNA reactive intermediates are formed in vivo as in vitro and support the hypothesis that the metabolism of MeIQx involves the P450I family of isozymes, N:O-acetyltransferases and possibly a nitrenium ion . The application of radioanalytic scanners for quantitation of 32P-postlabelling adduct maps is described. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1990 Jan, 116(1), 88 - 91 Salmonella neck abscess; Shikani AH et al.; Salmonella species represent uncommon causative agents in focal infections of the head and neck . The case of a 24-year-old diabetic man with a neck abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis is presented, and the relevant literature is reviewed . Salmonella should be included in the differential diagnosis of head and neck abscesses. Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 10(1), 59 - 64 In-home pasteurization of raw goat's milk by microwave treatment; Thompson JS et al.; Raw milk has been implicated as an important source of infection with the common bacterial agents associated with gastroenteritis . While established methods of home pasteurization can be cumbersome and tedious, we have demonstrated that a domestic microwave oven can be used effectively to reduce aerobic plate counts in raw goat's milk by up to 6 log cycles without impairing the organoleptic quality . Good keeping quality of the irradiated product was demonstrated by the 7-day holding standard plate count . Petrifilm SM and Petrifilm VRB were used successfully under field conditions . Further investigation must be undertaken to demonstrate that this method is equivalent to the legally accepted pasteurization procedures for the inactivation of such pathogenic bacteria as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and the pasteurization standard Coxiella burnetti. Curr Eye Res, 1990, 9 Suppl, 119 - 24 Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat: a hypothesis for preferential involvement of the anterior uvea; Herbort CP et al.; Endotoxin-induced Uveitis (EIU) was produced in Lewis rats by footpad injection of Salmonella endotoxin . Protein and cells were measured both in the aqueous humor and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in order to examine if the inflammation was strictly limited to the anterior uvea . EIU was also induced in Fischer and Brown Norway rats and the inflammation was compared among the three strains . Although the function and structure of the choroid plexus is very similar to the ciliary body, no signs of inflammation were seen in the choroid plexus and the CSF . Among the 3 tested strains of rats, EIU was maximal in Lewis rats, less severe in Fischer rats and least pronounced in Brown Norway rats . It is thought that because of its specific microvascular structure, the ciliary body is specially prone to endotoxin induced inflammation . The amount of inflammation however depends on the genetic background of the animal. Ann Rech Vet, 1990, 21(2), 153 - 60 Serological and allergic reactions of ewes after simultaneous vaccinations with two living attenuated strains of Brucella and Salmonella; Pardon P et al.; Four groups of 50 4-6-month old ewe-lambs were vaccinated with 1 or 2 living attenuated vaccines administered simultaneously . One hundred ewe-lambs received B melitensis strain REV 1 vaccine subcutaneously and 100 others received Rev 1 vaccine conjunctivally . In each group, 50 ewe-lambs simultaneously received the S abortusovis strain Rv6 vaccine via a contralateral subcutaneous route . Reactions to Brucella antigens (estimated by allergic intrapalpebral reaction to brucellin, complement fixation test and Rose Bengal plate test) or to S abortusovis antigens (agglutination of O and H antigens) were recorded . Agglutinating titers against Salmonella antigens increased in all animals vaccinated with Abortusovis Rv6, whatever the route of the associated Rev1 vaccination . Rv6 vaccination did not interfere with serological or allergic responses to Rev 1 vaccination 1 month after vaccination . Six months after vaccination, no interference was observed with serological reactions to Rev 1 vaccination, which were still positive in about 10% of subcutaneously vaccinated ewes and negative in all conjunctivally vaccinated ewes . However, 6 months after vaccination, the frequencies of allergic responses to Rev 1 vaccine were significantly decreased by Rv6 vaccination in the Rev 1 subcutaneously vaccinated (45 versus 24%, P less than 0.05), but not in the Rev 1 conjunctivally vaccinated groups (12 versus 17%) . According to these serological and allergic criteria, 1), association of the 2 vaccines does not appear to interfere with detection of Brucellosis more than by using a single anti-Brucella vaccination; 2), immunogenicity of each vaccinal valence was demonstrated after simultaneous vaccination; and 3), anti-Brucella serological and allergic responses remained in any case lower after conjunctival vaccination than after subcutaneous Rev 1 injection. Indian J Med Res, 1990 Jan, 91, 15 - 7 Outbreak of Salmonella worthington meningitis & septicaemia in a hospital at Chandigarh (north India); Ayyagari A et al.; During August 1988 an outbreak of hospital acquired infection due to S . worthington has been reported at the Nehru Hospital, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh . A total of seven neonates presented with the clinical features of meningitis and septicaemia during this outbreak and six babies died . S . worthington was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid respectively . The same strains were isolated from the baby warmer mattress, baby cot, suction machine bottle and wall of the fridge . Samples from doctors, nurses and apparently healthy babies born during this period did not grow the above organism . This appears to be the first report on S . worthington in human beings from India . The outbreak was controlled by thorough cleaning and fumigation . The organisms were also mostly sensitive to antibiotics used, in contrast to the multiple drug resistant pattern reported from elsewhere. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(1), 93 - 101 {The dynamics of the microbial count in experimentally-induced salmonellosis of calves}; Steinbach G et al.; Numerical developments of pathogens were followed up in intestinal matter, mucosa, and lymph nodes as well as in spleen and liver of calves which had been orally infected with Salmonella (S.) dublin or S . typhimurium . Massive flooding of the organism with Salmonellae and eventually fatal proliferation were found to be possible immediately after infection or after some days of pathogen-host equilibrium . Complete elimination of Salmonellae was found to be achievable even after infestation of spleen and liver . Intestinal lymph nodes, in addition to intestinal mucosa and intestinal matter, proved to be of decisive relevance to pathogenesis of the infection and to persistence of germs. Ann Rech Vet, 1990, 21(1), 57 - 67 Vaccinal properties of Salmonella abortusovis mutants for streptomycin: screening with an ovine model; Pardon P et al.; Living attenuated vaccines may help control infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica ser abortusovis in sheep without constraints incompatible with husbandry . Virulence and immunogenicity of 2 Abortusovis streptomycin-dependent strains and 3 reverse mutants were compared in sheep, the virulent parental strain Abortusovis 15/5 being used as reference . Reduction of virulence with conservation of some immunogenicity was demonstrated for the 5 mutant strains after intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation . A 5-day bacteriemia was detectable after intravenous inoculation with parental strain, whereas none was shown with mutant strains . Mutant reverse strains survived in loco-regional lymph nodes for at least 12 days . The dependent strain D5 and reverse strain Rv6 were selected for subcutaneous vaccination of 2 groups of 18 ewes 32 days before fecundation . Ten pregnant ewes per group and 10 unvaccinated ewes were randomly selected among pregnant animals and were challenged subcutaneously at mid-gestation . Both vaccines conferred protection, but Rv6 was more efficient than D5 and was chosen as the vaccinal strain. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1990, 91(2), 204 - 6 Abolished net output of lymphocytes from the spleen after immunization with Salmonella typhi H; Sandberg G; Cell release from the spleen was studied by comparing the content of mono- and polynuclear leucocytes in splenic afferent and efferent blood . A difference in the content of mononuclear cells was registered in normal animals, indicating a release of such cells from the spleen . Immunization with Salmonella typhi H antigen reduced this veno-arterial difference and abolished it totally after 11 days . Normal values were obtained again 28 days after immunization . The results indicate that the antigen causes an altered relation between input and output of mononuclear cells, mainly lymphocytes. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1990 Jan, 47(1), 14 - 9 {Phagocytic capacity of peritoneal exudate cells from rats immunized with a ribosomal preparation of Ty2 Salmonella typhi}; Cabrera-Contreras R et al.; It was compared the activity of exudate peritoneal cells (EPC) obtained from CFW mice immunized either with Salmonella typhi Ty2 ribosomal fraction or whole-cell heat inactivated vaccine, both in comparison with EPC from sham-immunized . In the group which received ribosomal preparation, a subcutaneous dose equivalent to 100 micrograms of RNA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) was initially used and 14 days after a booster of the same dose in IFA was given . A single dose of whole-cell heat inactivated vaccine, with 10(6) bacteria in IFA was employed subcutaneously in animals of the second group . EPC from controls and immunized mice were withdrawn at periods of 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 25, 29 and 31 days after immunization and each sample was incubated in vitro in presence of live virulent non-opsonized S . typhi Ty2 in 1:200 cell-bacteria relation . Twenty four hours after cultivation, EPC bacterial capacity was determined after cell disruption and enumeration of survival bacteria were made through viable counts . Results have shown that EPC from mice immunized were more efficient in eliminating intracellular bacteria than those which came from sham-immunized animals . Also, it was found that EPC from mice immunized with ribosomal preparation were more efficient (maximum P = 0.005) than EPC from the mice which received killed whole bacteria. Salud Publica Mex, 1990 Jan-Feb, 32(1), 74 - 9 {Salmonella in raw meat: a study in towns of the state of Guerrero}; Bello-Perez LA et al.; Gastroenteric and diarrhoea diseases are the second cause of morbidity in the state of Guerrero, Mexico . Many cases are the result of salmonella in food . 336 meat samples, collected from nine towns in Guerrero state, were analyzed to check the presence of Salmonella . 109 samples (32.44%) were contaminated with this bacterium The kinds of meat with salmonella mainly were: sausage, pork meat and cured meat . The microbiology quality was little deficient in this products. Basic Life Sci, 1990, 52, 457 - 60 Specificity of antimutagens against chemical mutagens in microbial systems; Shankel DM et al.; Procedures have been developed which enable the study of antimutagenic specificity of certain antimutagenic chemicals against chemical mutagens/carcinogens . Modifications of the Ames Salmonella assay, the Bacillis subtilis rec assay of Kada and co-workers, and the Luria-Delbruck fluctuation test, along with procedures we have developed utilizing E . coli K12 strain ND160 developed by Dworkin, all are employed in these studies . Using these procedures, a number of naturally-occurring compounds and/or their derivatives have been shown to produce antimutagenic specificity either against changes at different specific genetic loci or against activity of specific chemical mutagens such as nitrofurazone, ethyl methanesulfonate, or caffeine . Compounds that demonstrate this activity include cinnamaldehyde, chlorophyllin, an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra, spermine, and mixtures of guanosine and cytidine . The data demonstrate that some antimutagens act specifically against spontaneous mutations, while others inhibit the development of chemically-induced mutations at specific loci . These results have potential application to the prevention of chemical toxicological damage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Jan, 34(1), 161 - 3 In vivo selection for transmissible drug resistance in Salmonella typhi during antimicrobial therapy; Schwalbe RS et al.; We report the recovery of Salmonella typhi that acquired resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin subsequent to multiple antibiotic therapy . Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates which were recovered from the same stool sample displayed identical resistance patterns . Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that S . typhi and laboratory-derived transconjugants contained a high-molecular-weight plasmid present in the resistant intestinal bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1990 Jan 1, 54(1-3), 245 - 8 SshAI restriction endonuclease from Salmonella shikmonah; Miyahara M et al.; A new type II restriction endonuclease, SshAI, was purified from Salmonella shikmonah TK139 of kangaroo origin . The recognition and cleavage specificity of Ssh AI was determined to be 5'-CC/TNAGG-3', identical to that of SauI from Streptomyces aureofaciens and Bsu36I from Bacillus subtilis . Based on closely related and in part overlapping recognition specificities of Ssh AI and other restriction endonucleases, a close evolutionary relationship is proposed for all known Salmonella restriction endonucleases. Scand J Infect Dis, 1990, 22(1), 37 - 42 Persistent excretion of Salmonella in foreign-born adopted and native Swedish children; Svenungsson B et al.; The duration of salmonella excretion in 162 foreign-born adopted children and 132 native Swedish children was studied . Of the adopted children (96% being less than 1 year of age) 54% still excreted salmonella at 12 weeks, 32% at 6 months, and 12% at 1 year after arrival in Sweden . The carrier state was more prolonged in the age group 0-3 months compared to the age group greater than 6 months . In the group of native Swedish children, aged 0-5 years, 18% still excreted salmonella at 12 weeks, 4% at 6 months, and none at 1 year after the gastroenteritis episode . A majority of these children were older than 1 year . Intrafamilial transmission of salmonella seemed to be uncommon . Only 6% of the adopted children infected another family member. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1990, 38(1), 71 - 5 {Human salmonellosis and turtles in France}; Mallaret MR et al.; Two immunosuppressed children were infected with Salmonella, due to turtles living in water . So we investigated the carriage of Salmonella among those animals . Among the 95 investigated animals, 10 were carrying Salmonella (Arizonae, Rissen, Pomona and Blockley) . The water of 6 containers out of 20 contained Salmonella . Comparing our data to others in the litterature, we conclude that human salmonellosis, acquired from turtles are not, by now, a major problem in France . Nevertheless, a number of those animals are carrying Salmonella . So an epidemiological survey is necessary, and immunosuppressed patients should avoid contact with those animals. Poult Sci, 1990 Jan, 69(1), 150 - 6 Effects of high-energy electron irradiation of chicken meat on Salmonella and aerobic plate count; Heath JL et al.; Four experiments were used to determine the effects of high-energy irradiation on the number of aerobic microorganisms and Salmonella on broiler breasts and thighs . Irradiation ranging from 100 to 700 kilorads (krads) was provided by a commercial-scale, electron-beam accelerator . Irradiation of broiler breast and thigh pieces with electron beams at levels of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 krads showed that levels as low as 100 krads would eliminate Salmonella . When 33 thighs were tested after irradiation at 200 krads, only one thigh tested presumptive positive . The total number of aerobic organisms was reduced by 2 to 3 log10 cycles at irradiation levels of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 krads . Increasing the dose above 100 krads gave little if any additional benefit. Arch Virol, 1990, 110(3-4), 255 - 7 Host-range modifications of bacteriophage epsilon 15; Sechter I et al.; Host-range modifications were observed after multiplication of bacteriophage epsilon 15 on Salmonella strains belonging to five serovars . The phage preparations obtained were tested at RTD (routine test dilution) on strains belonging to the same serovars . In each serovar, three kinds of reaction patterns were observed: (a) specific sensitivity only to the phage multiplied on the same serovar; (b) sensitivity to all host-range modifications of the phage; (c) lack of sensitivity to all phage preparations, at RTD. Immunopharmacology, 1990 Jan-Feb, 19(1), 33 - 8 Rheumatoid factor induction in the mouse: sex differences and the effect of the sex steroids; McCruden AB et al.; Female CBA mice produced a significantly higher plasma rheumatoid factor (RF) response to Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide than did male mice . The peak level in females was observed on day 5-6 after injection and in males on day 7-8 . Elevated RF levels continued to be detected more than 30 days later . A second injection of LPS, 38 days after the first, to assess the secondary response, had no more than an additive effect on plasma RF concentration, although the day of peak response was earlier by two days in both sexes . Administration of oestradiol-17 beta by Silastic implant brought forward the day of peak response by two days in both sexes although it reduced its amplitude considerably . Testosterone had little effect on the peak concentrations achieved in both sexes, but did produce a slower decay in plasma RF level . This investigation indicates that the sex hormones can influence the response to LPS, a polyclonal B cell activator . This may have implications for the sex differences seen in autoimmune diseases. J Wildl Dis, 1990 Jan, 26(1), 119 - 21 Salmonellae in the African great cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus); Oboegbulem SI et al.; Because of its large size, the African great cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) is valued for food and has become a popular meat in western Africa . A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of salmonellae in cane rats . Ten strains of Salmonella sp . were isolated from eight of 25 (32%) cane rats . Salmonella ajiobo was isolated from the spleen and intestines of three cane rats; S . agama was obtained from the spleen, liver and intestines of three animals; and S . poona was isolated from the spleen and liver of two cane rats . The occurrence of salmonellae in T . swinderianus is a potential public health hazard . Humans may become exposed to infection by consumption of inadequately cooked infected cane rat meat, or by eating vegetables, sugar cane and fruits contaminated with excretions of carrier cane rats . Incidents of human salmonellosis attributable to cane rat meat have not yet been reported; however, all three serotypes isolated from the cane rats have also been isolated from stools of patients suffering from gastroenteritis in Nigeria. Cancer Lett, 1990 Jan, 49(1), 1 - 7 Synthesis, characterization and mutagenicity of 2-nitroso-6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline; Seng D et al.; The compound 6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline (Scheme 2, (ii} reacts with nitrous acid at ambient temperature and pH approximately 3.0 to give, in high yield the expected 2-nitroso-6,7-dimethoxytetrahydroisoquinoline (Scheme 2, (iii)) . An unequivocal chemical structure of this nitroso derivative was established by high resolution mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectrometry . Unlike many N-nitroso compounds, (iii) crystallizes in a single rotational isomer which spontaneously forms, in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution, an equilibrium mixture of the two E/Z isomeric forms with a t1/2 approximately 53 h . The compound is mutagenic to Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1538, TA1535, and TA1537 but only in the presence of induced rat liver microsomes . The highest mutagenic activity of approximately 10 net revertants/nM was obtained with TA100 at a dose of 10 micrograms/plate . The compound (ii) is a close structural analog to the tetrahydroisoquinolines formed by endogenous condensation/cyclization reactions that can occur, between acetaldehyde and dopamine or norepinephrine, when alcohol is consumed. Am J Physiol, 1990 Jan, 258(1 Pt 2), H153 - 8 Beneficial effect of a platelet-activating factor antagonist, WEB 2086, on endotoxin-induced lung injury; Chang SW et al.; We tested the hypothesis that platelet-activating factor plays an important role in promoting endotoxin-induced lung injury by studying the effect of WEB 2086, a specific platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, on lung vascular leak in endotoxin-treated rats . Intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (2 mg/kg) increased the extravascular leakage of 125I-labeled albumin in perfused lungs at 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 48 h . Treatment with WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg ip) either 20 min before or 30 min after endotoxin injection significantly reduced lung injury at 2 h after endotoxin (leak index: control 0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.79 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + pretreated WEB 1.23 +/- 0.09, endotoxin + posttreated WEB 1.21 +/- 0.13) . In addition, posttreatment with WEB 2086 starting at 90 min after endotoxin injection markedly reduced lung leak at 6 h (control 0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.29 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + WEB 0.71 +/- 0.06) . The protective effect of WEB 2086 was not the result of cyclooxygenase blockade because the release of thromboxane B2 by endotoxin-treated lungs was not affected by WEB 2086 . Furthermore, neither pretreatment nor posttreatment with WEB 2086 significantly reduced the endotoxin-induced increase in plasma glutathione disulfide, a marker of in vivo oxidative stress . In rats given a lethal dose of endotoxin (20 mg/kg ip), posttreatment with WEB 2086, starting at 2 h after endotoxin, significantly improved survival compared with vehicle treatment . We conclude that WEB 2086 ameliorated endotoxin-induced lung injury without reducing oxidative stress in the rat and suggest that blockade of platelet-activating factor receptor may be an important therapeutic consideration in sepsis-induced acute lung vascular injury. Nutr Cancer, 1990, 13(1-2), 111 - 7 Effect of dietary lipids on hepatic and intestinal monooxygenases in mice; Caderni G et al.; The effect of dietary lipids on hepatic and intestinal monooxygenases was studied by feeding C57BL/6N mice (for 2 wks) diets containing 5% and 23.5% (wt/wt) olive oil or corn oil . At the end of the feeding period, we measured arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in S9 preparations from liver, small intestine, and colon; and, using the same S9 preparations from the liver, we observed the activation of the following three dietary promutagens: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f) quinoxaline, and 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a:3',2'-d)imidazole . The results showed that high-fat diets increased hepatic AHH activity both in corn oil and olive oil diets compared with the low-fat diets; also, a 5% corn oil diet had significantly higher AHH activity compared with the 5% olive oil diet . AHH activity was, respectively, 48.6 +/- 5.1 and 79.5 +/- 11.4 pmol 3OH-benzo{a}pyrene formed/mg/min in the 5% and 23.5% olive oil diets and 66.1 +/- 5.1 and 83.9 +/- 12.2 in the 5% and 23.5% corn oil diets; values are means +/- SE, n = 16 . The results also showed a significant increase in the ability of hepatic S9 fractions from animals on high-fat diets to activate promutagens in the Salmonella/plate test . On the contrary, AHH activity in the small intestine and colon was not affected by the fat content of the diet. Arch Surg, 1990 Jan, 125(1), 24 - 7; discussion 28 Decreased tumor necrosis factor production during the initial stages of infection correlates with survival during murine gram-negative sepsis; Mayoral JL et al.; Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin occurs during gram-negative bacterial sepsis in response to macrophage stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and may play an early pivotal role in the subsequent host response . We sought to determine whether administration of: (1) murine monoclonal antibody directed against endotoxin, (2) steroids, or (3) antimicrobial agents would abrogate TNF production and whether the protective capacity would correlate with TNF levels in an experimental model of murine gram-negative bacterial sepsis . Mice were pretreated with anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody, gentamicin sulfate, hydrocortisone, or saline and were then challenged with a lethal dose of intraperitoneal Salmonella minnesota . Murine serum TNF levels were measured by the L929 fibroblast cytotoxicity assay . Both gentamicin and anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced survival, and TNF activity at 1.5 and 3 hours was significantly suppressed in animals receiving these agents compared with animals that received either steroids or saline . We conclude that agents such as gentamicin, which inhibits bacterial replication, or monoclonal antibodies, which may neutralize lipopolysaccharide, indeed enhance survival, and survival was correlated with a significant reduction in circulating TNF during the early stages of infection. Infect Immun, 1990 Jan, 58(1), 205 - 13 Characterization of murine monoclonal and murine, rabbit, and human polyclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide; Brade L et al.; Murine monoclonal and rabbit, murine, and human polyclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were characterized by the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition assays and by absorption experiments with LPSs of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and a recombinant strain of Salmonella minnesota Re (r595-207) expressing the chlamydia-specific LPS epitope, as well as natural and synthetic partial structures of chlamydial LPS . Eleven monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin M and G classes were characterized as chlamydia-specific by their failure to react with Re-type LPS, binding to a similar epitope for which the trisaccharide alpha-3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO)-(2-8)-alpha-KDO-(2-4)-alpha-KDO was an absolute prerequisite . For optimal binding, parts of the lipid A moiety were also involved; however, phosphoryl and ester-linked acyl groups and the reducing glucosamine residue of lipid A were dispensable . A similar antibody specificity was detected in lapine and murine hyperimmune sera after immunization with chlamydia, in addition to those recognizing more complex (e.g., those requiring the presence of phosphoryl residues) and less complex epitopes . Among the latter were those cross-reacting with Re-type LPS, which could be removed by absorption . The titers of different antibody specificities, in particular the ratio of chlamydia-specific to cross-reactive antibodies, present in murine polyclonal antisera depended on the immunization protocol . The preferential formation of chlamydia-specific antibodies was observed after immunization with liposome-incorporated immunogens . Human sera from patients with suspected genital chlamydial infections were also found to contain chlamydia-specific and cross-reactive antibodies, the latter of which could be removed by absorption with Re-type LPS. Rev Gastroenterol Mex, 1990 Jan-Mar, 55(1), 17 - 24 {A 10-year prolective study on cancer of the digestive system}; Villalobos JJ et al.; OBJECTIVE: A ten year prolective and multicentre study of cancer of the Digestive Tract aims to evaluate the variations on frequency and to identify risk factors . METHODS: Ten hospitals are participating five in Mexico City and five in other states . Data were obtained through the hospitals files and specially designed questionnaires, the latter mainly diet and habits oriented . RESULTS: Through this ten years in the 4,715 cases studied we can appreciate a decreasing tendency of the carcinoma of the stomach (GC) that has been the most frequent until 1984 in the general group General Hospital and Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion . Since then and up to date, first place in frequency in shared between the stomach and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) . CRC has been increasing even in the General Hospital in which GC was very high . Eighth years ago we found that people in those hospitals in which GC was high the diet was poor in proteins, fat A and C vitamin . People in those hospitals with high frequency of CRC had diet high in protein, fat and low in fiber . A new study on diet is ongoing . Gallbladder and biliary tract carcinoma has been increasing in all the hospitals . A high O blood group was found in the Juarez Hospital in which gallbladder carcinoma was the highest . O group is highest in the indian people . Cancer of the gallbladder is very high in Pimas and Navajos indians . A plan to study litogenic index and culture of salmonella is going to be practiced in bile from normal and gallbladder carcinoma . Concerning habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption are most frequent in cancer of the esophagus and pancreas . Also coffee consumption is high in the latter . CONCLUSIONS: Along this 10-year study, the frequency of gastric cancer has been decreasing . Instead, the frequencies of colo rectal and biliary tract cancers have been increasing . Variations in frequencies correlated with the composition of the diet, fiber consumption habits and racial characteristics of the different groups. Ann Rech Vet, 1990, 21(4), 267 - 73 {Frequency of abortion and seroprevalence of the principal diseases causing ovine infectious abortion in the area of Rabat (Morocco)}; Benkirane A et al.; A survey was carried out on 23 sheep flocks to estimate the frequency of abortion as well as the prevalence of antibodies against abortive infections . During the visit of each farm, a questionnaire was completed with the collaboration of the owner and blood samples were collected from all aborted ewes and some of those with normal lambing . A rate of 7% abortion was reached in both aborted and normally lambed ewes . Anti-Chlamydia psittaci antibodies were the most frequently detected (14 flocks) . Anti-Coxiella burnetii and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in 9 flocks, whereas anti-Brucella and anti-Salmonella abortus ovis were present in only 1 flock each . None of the 5 infections was detected in 2 flocks . Mixed infections were prevalent: 13 flocks were simultaneously infected by at least 2 abortive pathogens . The procedure used does not allow the cause of abortion to be identified in all cases. Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(8), 665 - 74 Electron microscopic observation of crystals of Escherichia coli K-12 lipopolysaccharide; Kato N et al.; Previously we showed that Salmonella minnesota Re and Ra lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and Escherichia coli K-12 LPS formed three-dimensional crystals, either hexagonal plates or solid columns, when they were precipitated by the addition of 2 volumes of 95% ethanol containing 375 mM MgCl2 and incubated in 70% ethanol containing 250 mM MgCl2, and stored at 4 C for 10 days . Later, Escherichia coli K-12 LPS thus treated was found to form discoid crystals as well as hexagonal plate crystals and solid column crystals . Analysis by electron diffraction of the discoid crystals from the direction perpendicular to the basal plane showed that they consisted of hexagonal lattices with the a axis of 4.62 A . This result was quite the same as that of the hexagonal plate crystals . Electron micrographs of the edges of the discoid crystals revealed stacked sheets of the hexagonal plate crystals . From these results it was concluded that formation of the discoid crystals results from irregular overlapping of the hexagonal plate crystals. Rev Argent Microbiol, 1990 Jan-Mar, 22(1), 31 - 6 {Significance of Salmonella enteritidis in outbreaks of diseases transmitted by foods in Argentina, 1986-1988}; Eiguer T et al.; This paper reports on the outbreaks of food-borne-diseases due to Salmonella Enteritidis which occurred in Argentina between 1986 and 1988 . In 39 registered episodes 210 strains were isolated from human feces (28 outbreaks) and 59 from food (23 outbreaks) . More than 2,500 people in different provinces were affected, the chief characteristics of the clinical picture being the gravity of the symptoms (high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea and severe dehydration) . The main source of infection was related to raw eggs, eaten in the form of home-made mayonnaise . It is considered necessary to carry out an effective control of poultry products, as well as a permanent surveillance of salmonellosis. Intervirology, 1990, 31(5), 255 - 64 Cloning and expression of packaging gene 3 of Salmonella phage P22; Schiessl S et al.; Packaging genes 3 of Salmonella phage P22 wild type and two mutants with altered packaging properties (HT12/4 and NT1/1) have been cloned in an expression vector . By plasmid transduction, it has been shown that the amino terminus of gene 3 is not functional in DNA packaging when fused with the Escherichia coli lacZ gene . The reconstituted genes 3, however, express functional gp3 . The transduction experiments also have shown that the pac signal, which is part of gene 3, is intact in all three phages . Expression of gene product gp3 has been demonstrated in the minicell system. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 1990, 41(3-4), 2