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Evidence for Biliary Excretion of Vancomycin into Stool during Intravenous Therapy: Potential Implications for Rectal Colonization with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Brian P. Currie, 2004.Sixty-three stool samples and five bile samples were prospectively collected from 33 patients receiving intravenous vancomycin therapy and were quantitatively analyzed for vancomycin by a competitive immunoassay . Vancomycin was excreted via bile into the stools of almost all patients at concentrations of 3.3 to 94.8 µg/ml after  5 days of a therapy of 1 g every 12 h .
Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in a Century-Old Manure-Treated Agroecosystem. H. Y. Sun, 2004.Changes in soil microbial community structure and diversity may reflect environmental impact . We examined 16S rRNA gene fingerprints of bacterial communities in six agroecosystems by PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) separation . These soils were treated with manure for over a century or different fertilizers for over 70 years . Bacterial community structure and diversity were affected by soil management practices, as evidenced by changes in the PCR-DGGE banding patterns . Bacterial community structure in the manure-treated soil was more closely related to the structure in the untreated soil than that in soils treated with inorganic fertilizers . Lime treatment had little effect on bacterial community structure . Soils treated with P and N-P had bacterial community structures more closely related to each other than to those of soils given other treatments . Among the soils tested, a significantly higher number of bacterial ribotypes and a more even distribution of the bacterial community existed in the manure-treated soil . Of the 99 clones obtained from the soil treated with manure for over a century, two (both Pseudomonas spp.) exhibited 100% similarity to sequences in the GenBank database . Two of the clones were possible chimeras . Based on similarity matching, the remaining 97 clones formed six major clusters . Fifty-six out of 97 were assigned taxonomic units which grouped into five major taxa:  -, ß-, and
 -Proteobacteria (36 clones), Acidobacteria (16 clones), Bacteroidetes (2 clones), Nitrospirae (1 clone), and Firmicutes (1 clone) . Forty-one clones remained unclassified . Results from this study suggested that bacterial community structure was closely related to agroecosystem management practices conducted for over 70 years .
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