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Scientific
Publications - Work Done by Microbiology Reader
Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern
Seas, NAS Ukraine
The report on the theme The state registration N 0196U022107 The purpose of this work was to study primary-productive processes in the Black sea microplankton community. Vast materials, got in expeditions and experimental researches, are presented in the report. The following equipment was used: scintilative counter "Rack-beta", luxmeter "Yu-116", spectrophotometer "Specord M40", fluorimeter, made on the base of photoelectric colorimeter "Specol", photoelectric photometers KFK-2, chemical autoanalizer "Technicon-II", CHN-analizer, counting device PCO-2a with the butt-end type counter SBT-13, emissive mass-spectrometer NOI-5. Peculiarities of vertical distribution of chlorophill "a" under different spatial-temporal conditions were revealed and described quantitatively. Numerical description of light effect on photosynthesis intensity was given. The results of studies on spatial-temporal meso-scale changeability of chlorophill content in planklton and production of phytoplankton community have been presented. Numerical dependences, connecting primary production with heterotrophic organisms biomass have been shown. Quantitative analysis of spatial-temporal changeability of nitrates content in the Black sea upper layer and vertical distribution of biogenic elements in the field of density in different hydrologic seasons has been carried out. Characteristic features of distribution and season variability of suspended organic matter and its elementary composition have been described. Peculiarities of consumption of non-organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus by microplankton have been revealed. An influence of submarine irradiation on changes of the coefficient of light consumption by phytoplankton has been shown. Season changeability of biooptical and photosynthetic characteristics of Black sea phytoplankton has been described. Key Words: Primary production, phytoplankton, chlorophill, biogenic elements, suspended organic matter.
The report on the theme
the state registration N 0196U022102 The purpose of this work was determination of elements and complete balance of substance and energy in the Black sea hydrobionts at the levels of organism and population, studies of ecologic-physiologic and physiologic-biochemical mechanisms and peculiarities of hydrobionts adaptations to low oxygen tension in water, as well as physiological-biochemical indication and monitoring of the condition of the Black sea hydrobionts populations in shelf and pelagial ecosystems. The studies were conducted with the use of the methods of polarography, thin layer chromatorgraphy, spectrophotometry, tensometry, computer processing of the materials received. Populational dynamics and energetics of ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi in the Sevastopol bay, the rate of its energetic exchange depending on temperature and food conditions has been determined. It has been shown, that the condition of this intruder in the Black sea last years worsened, which can be favorable for zooplankton biomass and fish feeding base. Physiological and behavorial peculiarities of the reaction to hypoxy in active and diapausing calanus C.euxinus, an influence of the anthropogenic press on the Black sea fish physiology have been revealed. An influence of hypoxy on hemoglobin and cytochrome system of fish sceleton muscles, chemical composition and elements of carbohydrate exchange in hydrobionts - foulers have been surveyed. A conception of phisiological-biochemical indication and monitoring of the Black sea hydrobionts state has been created. It was shown, how this conception was used in the studies of fish, plankton crustacea and mussels. Key Words: Ecosystems, populations, monitoring, adaptation, balance, invertebrae, fish, physiology, biochemistry, bioenergetics.
The report on the fulfilled
research theme The state registration N 0196U022109 The object of investigations - the means of presentation of taxonomic information and the data on biological objects. The purpose of the work - to work out means and methods of structurization, storage and distribution of the knowledge on biological objects, their use in educative and scientific programmes. The shell of expert systems for identification of biological objects has been worked out, and on its base a complex of computerized determinators has been created. Their effectiveness in scientific researches and educative process has been studied. It was shown, that such determinators were also the tools for revision of the accumulated knowledge in the field of systematics and taxonomy. The studies, directed to creation of the knowledge base on biological objects have been conducted, a variant of such base scheme has been presented. A thesis, that knowledge bases are necessary stages in the process of biology transformation from a descriptive science to an accurate one has been advanced and grounded. Alternative means of presentation and distribution of knowledge on biological objects at an example of creation of the book versions of computerized determinators, which project computer possibilities to the possibilities of a book have been considered. One of the book copies of computerized determinator of the Black sea fish larvae has been presented. Key Words: Expert system, taxonomy, computerized determinator, data base, fish larvae.
The report on the research work
on the theme The state registration N 0196U022099 The object and scale of investigations - bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, infusoria, zooplankton. The material for studies was obtained in 6 cruises to the Black and Azov seas of R/V, belonging to the institute and other organizations, and on motor boats to the bays and coast of the Black sea. More than 1000 biological samples were collected, processed and analysed. The materials of the cruises, realized from 1957, and the literature data were used as well. The methods and equipment: standard methods and equipment were used. To get samples of phyto, bacterial and zooplankton we used bathometers and plankton nets. Biological samples were processed with the help of standard and luminescent microscopes. Calculations and mathematical processing were accomplished with personal computers. General laws of changes at the north-western shelf and deep-water (mainly in the eastern part of the sea) were revealed. Correlation of biomass dynamics with environment characteristics permits to suppose, that biomass variability is determined by an influence of the complex of considered and some other natural and anthropogenic factors. We can suppose, that global many-year temperature cycles are quite considerable factor, as dynamics of biomass in the Black sea and other regions of the World ocean, including those which practically suffered no anthropogenic press, corresponds to it. Peculiarities of plankton dynamics in different parts of the sea, including such as difference in composition and abundance of plankton, the range of its biomass changeability, share of jelly-boodies testify to different investment of natural and anthropogenic factors into long-term changes of plankton in the north-western and eastern parts of the sea. The revealed level of infusoria development in Azov sea appeared to be considerable and exceeding the numerical indices of protozooplankton in the Black sea. Besides, the role of plankton infusoria in nutritioin of early stages of food fish considerably incresed at the background of great decrease of nutritive zooplankton biomass in Azov sea. We have not found any considerable positive changes in numerical indices of food zooplankton and its separate groups during 1995-1998, despite the fact, that last years there was a tendency to decrease ctenophore mnemiopsis abundance in the sea, if compared with the beginning of 90-ties. Thus, a press of greazing mnemiopsis causes for food zooplankton still is high. Changes in number and biomass of food zooplankton are in the limits of season and inter-year variations. Summary biomass of jellybody plankton still is high as well. Biomass of food zooplankton increases in the direction from the shelf to the open sea, and here we mark greater, if compared with the coastal, number of small organisms, which permits to consider the regions with the slips and deep water to be more favorable for feeding larva of pelagic fish. Disappearance from pelagial ecosystem of one and introduction of another species, sharp decrease in number and biomass of thin filtrators (copepoda, cladocera etc.) and mass development of predators-plankters disturbed existing alimentary interrelations in plankton community. The work is of interest for forecasting the level and dynamics of productivity and abundance of plankton as a food base for plankton-eating fish in different zones of the sea, for evaluating an investment of season and inter-year changeability into many-year trend of pelagic ecosystem development, for revealing the role of natural and anthropogenic factors in plankton communities development. The results obtained can be used in the organizations of the ministries of fisheries, ecological safety, protection of environment. Key Words: Bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, infusoria, zooplankton, long-term changes, anthropogenic press, climatic changes, biodiversity.
The report on research work on
the theme The state registration N 0196U022101 The methods of investigations - natural observations, laboratory experiments, statistic analysis of biological characteristics. Equipment: bioscreen c (finnish firm labsystems), monitor of biological activity TAM-2277 (Swedish firm LKB), FEC-56, colorimeter CFC-3, spectrophotometer SF-26, thermostat TM, microscopes MBI-3, MBS-9, weighs sartorius. The studies of biological fields spatial scale were fulfilled using different materials on benthic organisms, which was connected with the scale of changeability of abiotic environment and anthropogenic factors. Vertical zonal attribution of meiobenthos was considered in detail. Sharp lowering of meiobenthos density after 172 m isobate has been shown. Distribution of meiobenthos was correlated with the gradients of environmental factors and peculiarities of macrofauna distribution. In the zone of specific anthropogenic ecosystem - on the mussel collectors of plantation we studied an influence of eutrophication on macrocomponent of marine fouling. Distribution and specific composition of bottom diatoms in different parts of the Sevastopol aquatoria have been studied. Changes in the depth of mass molluscs inhabitation in the zone of influence of economics discharges have been surveyed. Peculiarities of distribution of the main five belt habitats of molluscs at the depth up to 35 m have been corrected. In the lake Donuzlav aquatorium, in the frame of complex biological surveys we got abundant data on many-year changes of bottom communities under an influence of industrial sand excavations. The materials of complex surveys are important also for analysis of ecological consequences of the military utilization of the aquatorium. Biological fields, which are under the press of environment salinity fluctuations and an input of great quantities of metals salts are studied in the rear part of the Sevastopol bay, in the zone of "Vtorchermet" plant. With the help of sedimentative traps we studied biochemical composition of suspension, coming into the bottom at the shallow parts. We continued to study an influence of marine environment pollution on morphological peculiarities of the gill apparatus of bivalve molluscs and on specific organs (amphides) of nematodes. We continued analysis of convergent habitual-morphological adaptations of a number of ecomorphs. Key Words: Benthos, ecosystems of the shelf, bioindication, ecomorph, evolution, convergence, functional morphology.
The report on researches under
the theme The state registration N 0196U022104 The purpose of the work - to study and to forecast tendencies of changing ecological state of the Black sea with consideration of such effecting factors as radioactive (90Sr, 137Cs and transuranium elements) and chemical (Hg and PCB) pollutions, as well as to use radiotracing technologies and ecocytogenetic methods for investigation of oceanographic and molismologic processes in the Black sea. The methods of studies - radiotracing, adding isotope and non-isotope carriers, radiochemical extraction, cytogenetic ones, of mathematical statistics and modelling. The list of the used scientific equipment is given in the appendix A. A conceptual model of ionizing radiation and chemical pollution effect on living systems has been worked out. The balance of the Black sea pollution by the long-living radionuclides after Chernobyl accident has been studied Distribution of radionuclides, polychlorbiphenils and mercury in water, hydrobionts and bottom sediments has been investigated. The rate of sediments accumulation in rivers estuaries, on the shelf, shelf slope and in the deep-water part of the Black sea has been determined, barrier role of rivers under radioactive pollution of the Black sea has been studied. The forecasts have been done on radioactive pollution of the Black sea surface waters, dischage of radionuclides into the sea by river flows and their transfer through the straits into the seas if the Mediterranean basin. A combined effect of pollutants on the Black sea basin hydrobionts has been studied with the use of cytogenetic methods. It has been shown, that dissipation of energy of gas bubbles floating up in the fields of methane gas seeps had in gradient layers of the Black sea the same order of magnitudes, that had dissipation of energy from shifting flows. It was obtained, that with PO4 concentration in water lower than 1-3 mkg/l phosphoric limitation of the processes of primary production of organic matter was possible. Key Words: Black sea, pollution, radionuclides, transuranium elements, mercury, polychlorbifenils, hydrobionts, water, bottom sediments, biogenic elements, methane gas seeps, biological effect.
The report on researches under
the theme The state registration N 0196U022103 The object of investigations - the Black sea ichthyofauna at the level of specimens, species (populations) and communities (ichthyocenoses). The purpose of the work-evaluation of the ecological state of separate species and communities of fish from the regions with different intensity of anthropogenic press and water exchange; studies under natural and experimental conditions of an influence of different pollutants on fish organism at different organizational levels: molecular, tissue, organism and population. The methods of investigations - field and experimental works. The field experiments included systematic collection of biological material (eggs, larva and adult fish) by ichthyoplankton net BP80/113, multi-depth trawl RT/24,6 and standing catching tools. Further processing of biological material was conducted according to common hydrobiological and ichthyological methods, using optical (microscopes MBS-9 and MBI-13) and hystological (microtom MPS-2) technigues. For studying an influence of different types of pollution on the Black sea fish we used biochemical methods (determination of lipids peroxide oxidation, proteins electrophoretic composition, fish larvae energetic characteristics). Statistic processing of the data was conducted at IBM-486. As a result of the sea anthropogenic pollution and intrusion of ctenophore-mnemiopsis, the Black sea ichthyofauna underwent last decades of years extremely serious negative changes. Last years futher deterioration of fish reproduction took place not only in the bays and the coastal zone, but in the open regions out of the shelf margins as well, due to eggs and larva high mortality, embriogenesis rate getting slower, increase of the number of morpho-physiological deviations at early stages of development. There was simultaneous increase in the share of adult fish with anomalies in the development of reproductive system, accompanied by resorption of ovule at the spawning period and, as a consequence of this, by disturbance of reproductive processes. Modifying influence of an anthropogenic press on fish revealed itself at all the levels - from molecular to organism. We plan to present the results of the research work to the Board of the AzCherrybvod, YugNIRO and to the Inspection of the Black sea protection, for them to use it as recommendation for preparing the Normative natureprotecting documents. Key Words: Ichtyofauna, ichthyoplankton, ichthyocenosis, coastal zone, anthropogenic press.
The report on researches under
the theme The state registration N 0196U022100 Marine ecosystems are the object of investigations. The purpose of the work - to evaluate the state of water ecosystems under changing conditions of environment, including different levels of anthropogenic pollution. During the studies we used: an express-method for evaluation of the condition of plankton communities according to characteristics of biophysical fields, methods of mathematical modelling, radiocarbon method, polarography. We used new devices, worked out in the dept. of functioning of marine ecosystems, IBSS: multi-frequency hydroacoustic complex "Plankton-3" and "Skat", hydrobiophysical sounding complex "Salpa". We have worked out block-schemes and algorythms for calculation of biogens flows (energy and substance) throuth the components of the coastal (plankton and benthos) communities, and through the components of the Black sea pelagial under anthropogenic press. The models are presented differently for separate communities and regions of the sea. This permitted to reveal anomalous situations and limiting factors in the state of the communities considered, and to fulfil calculations of possible ecological capacity of aquatorium. An assessement, permitting to determine instantenous rate of organisms growth directly from the experimental data and without using any models of growth has been suggested. On this base it is possible to create principally new criteria for the studies of an influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on biological and ecological processes. Numerous numerical data on connection of physical-geometrical (inhabitation, volume of an object, its surface etc.) and biological parameters (density of filling of inhabitated volume, intensity of growth, algi primary production, respiration of planktonic and some other animals), permitting to compare natural and aquacultural systems have been generalized. Biophysical method for studying spatial-temporal changeability of plankton in the photic layer of pelagial has been worked out. It permitted to reveal combined small-scale vertical structureness of different size fractions of plankton, mineral suspension and detritis and to evaluate spatial distribution and physiological state of plankton community in the studied regions. Due to preliminary analysis of the results of complex works in the Atlantic sector of Antarctics under fulfilment of I and II Ukrainian Antarctic Expeditions (1997 and 1998) it has been determined, that population of antarctic creel was still in depressive state, which appeared in 1996. Changes in the structure of community, conditioned by considerable increase in abundancy of salps have been revealed. The recommendations for creel towing have been given. Key Words: Pelagic ecosystem, coastal communities, anthropogenic pollution, Black sea, Antarctics.
The report on researches under
the theme The state registration N 0196U022105 We continued many-year studies of biotic and abiotic factors in marine environment of the Black sea coastal zone, as a constituent part of ecomonitoring and evaluation of natural processes of self-purification, with the purpose of working out and improvement of hydrobiological systems of the sea water purification and sanation of aquatoria, important recreatively and economically. We used hydrobiological, microbiological, biochemical and geochemical methods of investigations, using such instruments as spectrophotometer IR-75, microscope MBI-3, Labsystems Bioscreen c, CHN-Analyzer, densitometer ERI-651, liquid chromatograph of high pressure "Millichrom", photocolorimeter CFC-2, ionometer I-102, analytic weighs. We received new data on interaction of marine organisms and their communities with pollution, which proved a possibility of purposeful use of marine biodata for indication of pollutions, purification of sea water and recreation of the coastal aquatoria. The results of 25-years monitoring investigations in the Sevastopol bays, testifying to some stabilization of ecological situation have been summarized. An effectiveness of use of different variants of hydrobiological systems for melioration of ecological parameters of marine environment has been shown. Participation in analoguous studies in the northern seas (Barents, Carsk) has shown, that the results of the works could be used for the other seas. The materials obtained open a possibility of effective use of scientific workings out for forecasting and decrease of ecological sequences, as a result of nearing the ways of transportation of hydrocarbon energy carriers to the shores of Crimea and Ukraine, as a whole. Key Words: Sea water, bottom sediment, microbenthos, meiobenthos, macrozoobenthos, hydrobiological system, hydrocarbon pollution, self-purification, sanation.
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