Salmonella

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Nov, 11(11), 2059 - 61
Formation of cyclic deoxyguanosine adducts in Chinese hamster ovary cells by acrolein and crotonaldehyde; Foiles PG et al.; Acrolein and crotonaldehyde are alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds that form 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts when reacted with DNA in vitro . These compounds are mutagenic in Salmonella, and crotonaldehyde is tumorigenic in rats . This study used immunoassay and 32P-postlabeling methods to determine if acrolein and crotonaldehyde form these adducts in cultured mammalian cells . Adduct levels were highest in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to acrolein (1 mM) with 162 mumol adduct/mol deoxyguanosine . Crotonaldehyde (10 mM) formed adduct at a level of 75 mumol/mol deoxyguanosine . 32P-Postlabeling analysis confirmed the presence of adducts in crotonaldehyde-treated cells . Persistence studies showed that adduct levels were unchanged if the cells were cultured for 6 h before DNA isolation . Mutagenicity studies were performed to determine the biological consequences of these adducts . Mutations were not observed due to the toxicity of the compounds.

Circ Shock, 1990 Nov, 32(3), 209 - 18
Effect of leukotriene receptor antagonists on vascular permeability during endotoxic shock; Cook JA et al.; Evidence has accumulated that sulfidopeptide leukotrienes are significant pathogenic mediators of certain hematologic and hemodynamic sequelae of endotoxic shock . In the present study, the effects of a selective LTD4/E4 receptor antagonist, LY171883 (LY), or a selective LTD4 receptor antagonist, SKF-104353 (SKF), were assessed on splanchnic and pulmonary localization of 99mTechnetium-labeled human serum albumin (99mTc-HSA) in acute endotoxic shock in the rat . Dynamic gamma camera imaging of heart (H), midabdominal (GI), and lung regions of interest generated time activity curves for baseline and at 5-35 min after Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (10 mg/kg, i.v.) . Slopes of GI/H and lung/H activity (permeability index, GI/H or lung/H X 10(-3)/min) provided indices of intestinal and lung localization . Rats received LY (30 mg/kg, i.v.), LY vehicle (LY Veh), SKF (10 mg/kg), or SKF vehicle (SK Veh) 10 min prior to endotoxin or endotoxin vehicle . In rats receiving the LY Veh and endotoxin (n = 8) or SKF Veh and endotoxin (n = 12), the splanchnic permeability indices to 99mTc-HSA were increased 11.2-fold and 5.1-fold, respectively (P less than 0.05) compared to vehicle control groups not given endotoxin (n = 5) . Pulmonary permeability index for 99mTc-HSA was increased (P less than 0.05) to a lesser extent (3.2-fold) by endotoxin compared to vehicle controls . Pretreatment with SKF reduced the mesenteric permeability index to control levels (P less than 0.05) during the 5-35 min time interval post-endotoxin . LY reduced the mesenteric permeability index by 70% . Pulmonary relative permeability to 99mTc-HSA was not affected by LY pretreatment . Both splanchnic and lung relative permeability to the isotope was transient; at 135-225 min post-endotoxin, splanchnic localization of 99mTc-HSA (n = 4) was not significantly different from vehicle controls in these vascular beds . Relative localization of 99mTc-labeled red blood cells (RBC) in the splanchnic or lung region was not significantly altered by endotoxin (n = 7) or LY pretreatment (n = 6) compared to vehicle controls (n = 6) . In additional studies, small intestinal luminal content of 99mTc-HSA and 111Indium (In)-labeled RBC were determined after i.v . administration of the isotopes, in a 4 cm segment of the upper small bowel . Radioactivity in the luminal lavage was normalized to activity in blood of the same animal . Endotoxin at 2 hr induced a 2.3-fold increase transluminal leakage of 99mTc-HSA (n = 5; P less than 0.03) compared to LY Veh (n = 5) or control (n = 5) rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Farmaco, 1990 Nov, 45(11), 1219 - 28
Biological studies on 2,1-benzisothiazole derivatives . I . Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and genotoxic activities of 1-acyl-3-acylimino-2,1-benzisothiazolines; Zani F et al.; The in vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and genotoxic activities of some 1-acyl-3-acylimino-2,1-benzisothiazolines is described . Compounds 55, 58, 60 and 62 exhibited a selective antibacterial activity . Compounds 1, 2, 30, 59 and 63 were active against Botrytis cinerea, compounds 6, 20, 39 and 54 against Pythium irregulare . DNA-damaging activity in the Bacillus subtilis rec-assay was demonstrated for compounds 45, 46, 54, 55, 57 and 61 . By the Salmonella-microsome assay, genotoxic activity was confirmed and demonstrated also for compounds 10, 28, 29, 40, 44, 47-53, 56, 58-60, 62 and 63 . Relationships between structure and genotoxic activity showed that all compounds containing an aromatic -NO2 group, except compound 27, were active . Among derivatives containing a -CH2Cl group in the acylic chain, only compound 40 showed mutagenic activity.

J Immunol, 1990 Nov 1, 145(9), 2920 - 4
The role of IFN-gamma in the pathology of experimental endotoxemia; Heinzel FP; Proinflammatory cytokines provoked by circulating bacterial LPS mediate many of the destructive host responses characteristic of septic shock . To determine if the lymphokine IFN-gamma has a similar pathogenic role during endotoxic shock, mice were pretreated with murine rIFN-gamma (rMuIFN-gamma) at various times relative to challenge with Salmonella enteritidis LPS . Subsequent mortality was increased when rMuIFN-gamma was administered before or up to 4 h after endotoxin challenge . Pretreatment with rMuIFN-gamma resulted in nearly fivefold increases in serum TNF during endotoxemia, but TNF levels were unaffected by IFN administered after endotoxin . The increased levels of serum TNF probably reflected enhanced translation of this factor, as tissue expression of TNF mRNA did not increase correspondingly in IFN-pretreated mice . To examine the role of IFN-gamma produced endogenously during endotoxemia, mice were pretreated with 0.5 mg of anti-IFN-gamma mAb before endotoxin injection . This treatment significantly reduced mortality from endotoxic shock but caused only minor decreases in serum TNF . Anti-IFN-gamma administered 2 h after endotoxin was similarly protective . These results demonstrate a significant role for IFN-gamma in the pathology of septic shock, both indirectly as an activator of monokines known to promote lethality and possibly by other, late-acting mechanisms.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Nov-Dec, 141(9), 1173 - 7
Supplement 1989 (n . 33) to the Kauffmann-White scheme; Le Minor L et al.; This supplement reports the characters of 18 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1989 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 11 were assigned to S . enterica subsp . enterica, 3 to subspecies salamae, 1 to subspecies arizonae, 2 to subspecies houtenae and 1 to S . bongori.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Nov-Dec, 141(9), 1151 - 62
rRNA gene restriction patterns and plasmid analysis as a tool for typing Salmonella enteritidis; Martinetti G et al.; We have evaluated the usefulness of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns and of plasmid analysis for the typing of Salmonella serotype enteritidis isolates . Strains were isolated from single patients excreting the organism for up to about 4 months, as well as from clusters of patients who had probably been exposed to the same source of infection . The sensitivity of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) analysis was dependent on the restriction enzyme used; of 14 different enzymes, only SmaI and SphI showed different rDNA patterns . Differences were detected between clusters, but all strains belonging to a given cluster showed identical rDNA patterns . In one single strain (isolated at day 66), we observed an SphI pattern that was not identical to that of the original isolate from the same patient . Strains were also typed by plasmid analysis . All strains harboured a plasmid of approximately 55 kb with identical restriction patterns . Smaller plasmids of 4.5 and 4.3 kb were isolated from all the strains belonging to one and two clusters, respectively . We have demonstrated that the analysis of rRNA genes is a sensitive and useful method for epidemiological typing of Salmonella serotype enteritidis, which can be complemented by analysis of plasmids if such structures are present.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Nov, 26(5), 689 - 94
Effects of ampicillin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, pefloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole on Salmonella typhi within human monocyte-derived macrophages; Chang HR et al.; The killing effect of various antimicrobial agents used in the therapy of Salmonella typhi infection was tested against Salm . typhi strain Ty2 after phagocytosis by human monocyte-derived macrophages . The macrophages, cultured in 96-well microtitre plates, were infected for 1 h at 37 degrees C by opsonized Salm . typhi Ty2 at a bacteria-cell ratio of 9:1 . When added to the infected macrophage monolayers, at one and ten times the MIC, ampicillin, ceftriaxone and pefloxacin appeared to be highly bactericidal (less than 0.25 log10 cfu/well after 20 h, against 4 log10 cfu/well in antibiotic-free controls) . Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was bactericidal at ten times the MIC, but not at the MIC . Chloramphenicol was mostly bacteriostatic at the concentrations tested . As a control, gentamicin (10 mg/l) did not exhibit any significant antibacterial effect, indicating that most or all the bacteria recovered from lysed cells were intracellular . Other controls for phagocytosis were also performed with heat-killed Candida albicans . Our results seem to correlate with the known clinical effect of some antimicrobials in human Salm . typhi infection . The in-vitro assay described here may be useful for assessing the activity of antimicrobial agents against Salm . typhi infection.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Nov, (11), 56 - 9
{The characteristics of the O-specific humoral immune response of mice vaccinated with Salmonella choleraesuis antigens}; Vaneeva NP et al.; The work deals with the results of the comparative enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of serum samples taken from (CBA X C57BL/6) F1 mice immunized with O-specific polysaccharides, O-antigens (O-Ag) obtained by Boivin's method and antigenic preparations isolated with hydroxylamine (HA) from S . choleraesuis and S . typhimurium . O-Ag and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the corresponding bacterial species were used as antigens for the sensitization of polystyrene plates . The primary and secondary humoral immune response was studied by means of EIA . As revealed in this investigation, the immunization of mice with HA-isolated antigenic preparations and O-Ag, obtained from S . typhimurium, in a single injection (in doses of 1-100 micrograms) led to the development of weak specific immune response to O-Ag . Response to LPS was absent . After the second immunization of the animals pronounced immune response to O-Ag and LPS was observed . It developed as a response of both IgM and IgG type . The immunization of mice, made in a single injection, with HA-isolated antigenic preparations and O-Ag, obtained from S . choleraesuis, did not lead to the development of O-specific immune response . After the immunization of mice with these antigens in two injections sharply pronounced nonspecific activity of IgM and IgG serum antibodies with respect to O-Ag and LPS of homologous and heterologous bacterial species was noted in EIA . Neither S . typhimurium O-polysaccharide, nor S . choleraesuis O-polysaccharide did not induce O-specific immune response even after the second immunization.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Nov, 28(11), 2409 - 14
Detection of a novel fimbrial structure on the surface of Salmonella enteritidis by using a monoclonal antibody; Thorns CJ et al.; A fimbrialike structure expressed on the surface of Salmonella enteritidis was identified by using a monoclonal antibody (69/25) produced against intact S . enteritidis cells . Fimbriae were less than 5 nm in diameter and carried a protein consisting of subunits with a molecular weight of 14,300 . No hemagglutinating activity associated with the fimbriae was detected . An epitope on the fimbrial antigen identified by monoclonal antibody 69/25 was expressed by all 58 S . enteritidis strains, 12 of 36 S . dublin strains, and a single strain of S . moscow examined . None of 169 other isolates tested from 17 salmonella serogroups expressed this epitope.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Nov, 162(5), 1087 - 95
Protective effects of polyclonal sera and of monoclonal antibodies active to Salmonella minnesota Re595 lipopolysaccharide during experimental endotoxemia; Nys M et al.; Mice were passively immunized with sera from blood donors active for rough lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the J5 (Rc chemotype) mutant of Escherichia coli O111:B4, and the Re595 (Re chemotype) mutant of Salmonella minnesota . All protected the mice against lethal challenge with smooth E . coli WF96 LPS, E . coli and Salmonella rough mutant LPS, or free lipid A . Epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with the LPS of S . minnesota Re595 or lipid A were localized in the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) region and on lipid A . Core-reactive MAbs reacted with their homologous Re LPS and with free lipid A . One, GL11, cross-reacted with the KDO alone . MAbs GL6, GL11, L.4, L.6, and L.8 protected the actinomycin D-sensitized mice against the lethal effects of LPS from E . coli WF96, Salmonella enteritidis, E . coli J5, S . minnesota Re595, and free lipid A . The GL11 antibody was also protective when injected after LPS challenge . These results indicate that antibodies directed against the core glycolipid of S . minnesota Re595 LPS may be useful as an additive form of therapy that may enable decreased mortality during gram-negative bacterial sepsis.

Lancet, 1990 Oct 13, 336(8720), 891 - 4
Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of Ty21a typhoid vaccine in randomised controlled field trial; Levine MM et al.; In a randomised, double-blind, controlled field trial in Santiago, Chile, 81,621 schoolchildren aged 5-19 years received three doses, within a week, of attenuated Salmonella typhi oral vaccine Ty21a in enteric-coated capsules or in a new liquid suspension, or placebo . Over 36 months of surveillance, the liquid formulation (76.9% vaccine efficacy) was significantly superior to the enteric-coated capsules (33.2% vaccine efficacy) . The liquid formulation protected young children (5-9 years) (efficacy 82.3%) as well as older children (efficacy 69.3%), whereas the capsules significantly protected only older children . The liquid suspension was easy to prepare by mixing lyophilised vaccine with buffer in water and was easily administered, even to the youngest children . Thus, the liquid formulation of Ty21a is preferable to enteric-coated capsules.

Med Clin (Barc), 1990 Oct 6, 95(11), 401 - 5
{Hospital outbreak of salmonellosis with secondary cases}; Vaque J et al.; Food poisoning by Salmonella in hospitals and other health care centers is not uncommon and occasionally results in high mortality rates . We report an outbreak of food poisoning that took place in June 1987 in a hospital . A staff relay was primarily affected, with an attack rate of 59.3% . The mean incubation period was 31.2 hours . The epidemiological evidence pointed to a rice with milk served as a dessert as the transmitting vehicle, although the contamination source could not be identified . Subsequently, 11 days after the start of the outbreak, 9 cases were identified among the patients cared for at the center, which were considered as secondary cases . The causative organism was Salmonella (serovariety enteritidis, phage type A) . All the involved individuals had a favorable outcome . The transmission of the mentioned organism within the hospital milieu has not been previously reported . In food poisoning developing in health care centers, the exposed individuals should be extremely careful and absolutely conscious of the need for complying with hygienic rules . In our area, we recommend sick leave while symptoms persist or the culture of feces is positive.

Lancet, 1990 Oct 6, 336(8719), 831 - 4
Outbreak of diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111:B4 in schoolchildren and adults: association of Vi antigen-like reactivity; Viljanen MK et al.; During six days in November, 1987, 611 pupils (age range 7-19 years) and 39 adults (23-57) at a school complex in southern Finland had diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111:B4 . Diarrhoea developed in 137 other household members during the two weeks after the school outbreak . The source of the organism remains unknown . The outbreak strains, when incubated at 22 degrees C or exposed to ampicillin, lost the lipopolysaccharide O antigen and began to react with antisera against Salmonella typhi Vi antigen . The Vi antigen-like reactivity increased the adherence of the organisms to Hep-2 cells . These results indicate that E coli O111:B4, and possibly other enteropathogenic E coli strains, should be considered in the diagnosis of all diarrhoea cases and not only in infantile diarrhoea . Expression of Vi antigen in E coli may play a part in virulence by enhancing adherence to the intestinal epithelium.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Oct, 69(4), 493 - 7
Heat resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4: the influence of storage temperatures before heating; Humphrey TJ; Storage of cultures of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 at either 4 degrees or 8 degrees C before heating significantly increased heat sensitivity . The differences between fresh and stored cultures, which became apparent after 4-7 h, were more pronounced with cultures stored at the lower temperature and in those heated at 60 degrees rather than 55 degrees C . Incubation of the stored cultures in either egg or Lemco broth for 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to heating enabled the organisms to recover heat resistance.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Oct, 69(4), 477 - 80
Prevalence of Salmonella in chicken carcasses in Portugal; Machado J et al.; During 1986-87 57% of 300 chicken carcasses yielded salmonellas where tested by a swabbing method . Serotypes isolated were Salmonella enteritidis (66%), Salm . agona (12%), Salm . newport (6%), Salm . saintpaul (6%), Salm . derby (4%), Salm . typhimurium (3%), Salm . bardo (1%), Salm . ohio (1%) and untypable (2%) . The results are compared with those of avian and human salmonellosis registered in Portugal during the same period.

Avian Dis, 1990 Oct-Dec, 34(4), 991 - 3
Isolation of Salmonella enteritidis from internal organs of experimentally infected hens; Gast RK et al.; Tissues from experimentally infected hens were examined for the presence of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) . SE was recovered from internal organs of both orally inoculated hens and hens infected by horizontal contact transmission . SE was isolated from 58% of the ceca, 51% of the livers, 47% of the spleens, 17% of the ovaries, and 17% of the oviducts of hens sampled during the first 5 weeks after exposure . SE was recovered at a low frequency from all internal organs sampled for as long as 22 weeks after exposure.

Nervenarzt, 1990 Oct, 61(10), 626 - 8
{Abscess of the thyroid gland caused by Salmonella enteritidis in immunosuppressive treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis with thymoma}; Zimmermann CW et al.; We report the case of a 69-year old male caucasian patient who developed a lateral neck tumor while under immunosuppression with azathioprine . The tumor was diagnosed finally as an abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis after isolation of the agent from blood, tumor biopsy and feces . This extremely rare manifestation of an infection by Salmonella enteritidis is considered as a complication of immunosuppressive therapy.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 Oct, 11(2), 135 - 41
Estimation of most probable number of Salmonella in retail samples of minced pork; Sinell HJ et al.; The number of salmonellae in 174 samples of minced pork was determined by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method in two separate laboratories . The material examined was taken from a collection of samples which were Salmonella positive in an earlier study . The MPN estimation was carried out using portions of original samples which had been divided (2 x 100 g) before the initial examination and which had been deep frozen and stored for 1 to 14 weeks at -18 degrees C until re-examination . Of the 174 samples initially positive for Salmonella, 131 (75.3%) were positive on re-examination using pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (BPW) and selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV) and in tetrathionate medium according to Muller-Kauffmann (MK) . The majority of the samples gave Salmonella counts below 1000/100 g (96.7% at lab . A and 97.3% at lab . B) . Comparison of the results from both laboratories showed good agreement in the distribution pattern of the frequencies within the MPN classes, but agreement between the same sample pair was poor (r = 0.23) . RV medium proved to be superior to the MK medium.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Oct, 64(10), 1361 - 5
{Typhoid fever with intestinal hemorrhage, drug-induced fever, DIC, ARDS and psychiatric disorder (a case report)}; Ohnishi K et al.; A 40-year-old poor nutritional Japanese male was admitted to our hospital on June 5, 1989, with a 31-day history of fever . He had been working as a crew member of a ship in South East Asia . Salmonella typhi was isolated from his blood culture . In the course of the disease, intestinal hemorrhage, drug-induced fever and liver dysfunction, DIC, ARDS, and psychiatric disorder were identified . Intestinal hemorrhage occurred after the coagulation test became normal, so it was thought that the intestinal hemorrhage did not correlate with DIC . The patient was treated with CP, ABPC and supportive therapy . He became well, and ARDS and psychiatric disorder were disappeared . He was discharged on the 118th day of illness . Drug-induced fever was thought as one of the allergic reaction and the causative drug was not identified by LST . It was suspected that psychiatric disorder correlated with poor nutrition . Supportive therapy such as mandatory bed rest, intravenous hyperalimentation and low-volume blood transfusions, as well as an antimicrobial treatment were important for the inhibition of shock and/or intestinal perforation.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Oct, 64(10), 1355 - 60
{Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for Salmonella O19-antigen}; Yamaura N et al.; A monoclonal antibody, SBY1 (IgM, kappa), against the Salmonella O-antigen was generated by using the myeloma cell line Sp2/O-Ag14 as a fusion partner with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with S . senftenberg 963 K . SBY1 was characterized by the slide agglutination and absorption test . SBY1 was believed to show the specificity to O1-, O3- or O19-antigens of Salmonella because S . Senftenberg 963 K (O1, 3, 19) was used as the antigen for immunization . The slide agglutination test with the Salmonella serovars indicated the responsiveness of SBY1 . SBY1 was reactive only with strains that possessed O19-antigen . The agglutinating ability of SBY1 was absorbed completely with bacilli possessing O19-antigen . These finding indicates that SBY1 is specific for O19-antigen . Polyclonal factor sera for he serotyping of the O3, 10 group of Salmonella cross-reacted with Salmonella group O1, 3, 19 in the slide agglutination test . In contrast, SBY1 did not cross-react with serovars from several other Salmonella groups . These data suggest the usefulness of SBY1 as a serodiagnostic tool for serotyping of Salmonella.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Oct, 26 Suppl B, 181 - 6
The efficacy and safety of pefloxacin in the treatment of typhoid fever in Algeria; Ait-Khaled A et al.; The efficacy and safety of pefloxacin 400 mg twice daily for seven days in the treatment of typhoid fever was investigated in an open, non-comparative study involving 37 patients infected with Salmonella typhi . Between day 5 and the end of treatment, all patients showed clinical improvement . The clinical cure rate at the end of the treatment period was 89.2% . One month after the end of treatment, the final assessment showed a clinical cure rate of 94.6% with relapses occurring in only two patients . Both these patients belonged to the group with negative blood cultures but positive serodiagnostic tests . Bacteriological tests confirmed eradication of the pathogen in 94.6% of patients and the relapses in the two serologically positive patients . Temperature became normal in a mean of 5.14 days . Clinical adverse reactions were reported in 5.9% (3/51) of patients (vomiting in two, transient pruritic rash in one) . The results of this study indicate that a seven-day course of pefloxacin 400 mg twice daily provides a suitable alternative in the treatment of typhoid fever.

FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1990 Oct, 2(3), 179 - 85
Suppressive effect of lipid A partial structures on lipopolysaccharide or lipid A-induced release of interleukin 1 by human monocytes; Wang MH et al.; Experiments were designed to investigate the significance of lipid A partial structures, precursor Ia (compound 406), and lipid X (compound 401) to serve as antagonists of interleukin 1 (IL-1) release from human mononuclear cells and monocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Salmonella abortus equi or synthetic Escherichia coli lipid A (compound 506) . A definite inhibition mediated by lipid A partial structures on IL-1 release induced by LPS or lipid A was found in repeated experiments . The inhibitory effect was exerted not only on IL-1 release, but also on IL-1 peptide synthesis at the intracellular level . The results also show that lipid A partial structures have suppressive effects even when added 1-4 h after LPS or lipid A . We conclude from these results that lipid A partial structures (precursor Ia and lipid X) have potent immunomodulatory effects on LPS- and lipid A-induced IL-1 release and may become useful reagents to study the mechanism of interaction of LPS and lipid A with cells of the immune system.

J Biol Response Mod, 1990 Oct, 9(5), 480 - 91
Biological response to intravenously administered endotoxin in patients with advanced cancer; Engelhardt R et al.; The purpose of the study was to evaluate the toxicity and biological activity of highly purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered intravenously to cancer patients in order to establish an optimum dosage scheme . An initial subtoxic dose was increased in weekly increments in accordance with individual regimens that maintained patient reaction at a safe and acceptable level . Purified LPS from Salmonella abortus equi was administered to 11 patients with advanced solid tumors on a weekly schedule with intraindividually escalating dosage as determined by patient response . Biological response was monitored by complete blood count, C-reactive protein, and cytokine measurements at different time points after LPS injection . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1 beta serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by bioassay . Dose-limiting toxicities including chills and fever (WHO grade III) were reached at 1.0 ng/kg of body weight (maximal tolerated dose-1, MTD-1) . Pretreatment with ibuprofen (1,600 mg) abrogated these side effects, allowing further escalation of LPS doses up to 10 ng/kg of body weight . At dose levels greater than 8.0 ng/kg of body weight (MTD-2), the aforementioned side effects occurred again and, additionally, hepatic toxicity (WHO grade III) was observed . Hematological changes included neutropenia followed by a pronounced neutrophilia contributed to by up to 30% bands, marked monocytopenia for 3 h, and retarded lymphopenia . By 24 h, all hematological parameters returned to pretreatment values . TNF serum levels increased from 10 pg/ml before treatment to 7,000 pg/ml as a function of dosage . Maximum serum levels were reached at 60 to 90 min after LPS injection . Similarly, IL-6 serum concentrations increased from less than 4 to 2,500 U/ml; peak levels were obtained 30 min after TNF peak values . Prior administration of ibuprofen had no effect on the above-mentioned hematological changes nor on cytokine release . LPS can be administered intravenously in weekly intervals at escalating doses from 0.15-10.0 ng/kg of body weight, when patients are protected by pretreatment with ibuprofen at dose levels above 1.0 ng/kg of body weight . Cytokine release as measured by TNF and IL-6 increased in a dose-dependent manner although the constitutional symptoms are completely attenuated.

Circ Shock, 1990 Oct, 32(2), 113 - 22
Dexamethasone and indomethacin treatment during endotoxicosis in the suckling rat; Goto M et al.; Gram negative sepsis/septic shock continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns . We studied the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin (IND) and dexamethasone (DX), on glucoregulation, body weight, and mortality in 10-day-old suckling rats administered Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . IND (1.5 mg/kg) or DX (4 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally (ip) administered immediately after highly lethal LPS injection . Both IND and DX attenuated the LPS-induced hypoglycemia and lactacidemia, and decreased the mortality, IND did not alter body weight changes in rats with septic shock . DX continued a catabolic state and reduced their body weights . In rats fasted for 24 hr before LPS injection, DX, but not IND, increased the mortality . We concluded that IND and DX improved the LPS-induced glucose dyshomeostasis and decreased the mortality of endotoxic shock in 4-hr-fasted 10-day-old rats . Per contra, DX was detrimental in 24-hr-fasted 10-day-old endotoxic rats.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1990 Oct, 9(10), 715 - 7
Nosocomial bacteremias in measles; Hussey G et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine whether nosocomial bacteremias occurred more frequently in patients admitted with severe measles compared with general pediatric admissions . In a retrospective survey of 977 blood culture reports during a 4-year period, 1985 to 1988, the incidence of nosocomial bacteremias in patients with measles was found to be on the average of 3.37/100 admissions/year, approximately 6 times that of general pediatric patients (0.57) . Gram-negative organisms (predominantly Klebsiella and Salmonella species) accounted for 86.5% of all isolates from measles patients, with 23% of these being multiply antibiotic-resistant . All the isolates from the general patients were fully susceptible to antibiotics . The duration of hospitalization was more than doubled in both groups of affected patients . The onset of hospital-acquired bacteremias occurred on an average of 11.2 days after admission in the patients with measles and 20.5 days in the general patients . Our findings revealed that nosocomial bacteremias occurred with greater frequency in patients with measles and contributed to the morbidity of these patients.

Mutat Res, 1990 Oct, 242(2), 121 - 5
Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of endosulfan using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Pandey N et al.; The mutagenic potential of endosulfan, a polychlorinated insecticide, was assessed using the highly sensitive Salmonella tester strains TA97(a), TA98, TA100 and TA102 . It exhibited a toxic effect at dose levels of 50 micrograms/plate and higher . Plate incorporation studies did not show mutagenic response with any of the tester strains used . A modification of the assay using a preincubation procedure showed mutagenic activity with and without metabolic activation with TA97(a) only . Increased toxicity was observed after addition of phenobarbital-induced S9 mix.

Mutat Res, 1990 Oct, 242(2), 101 - 10
Evidence for an acetoxyarylamine as the ultimate mutagenic reactive intermediate of the carcinogenic aromatic amine 2,4-diaminotoluene; Cunningham ML et al.; 2,4-Diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) is a mutagenic and hepatocarcinogenic aromatic amine, requiring metabolic activation . We have found that the mutagenic potency of 2,4-DAT in Salmonella TA98 is similar when activated by either Aroclor-1254-induced rat primary hepatocytes or 9000 x g supernatant . Previous work has demonstrated that 2,4-DAT is activated by cytochrome P450 . The present report describes an investigation of the role of acetyltransferase in 2,4-DAT activation . Substitution of TA98 with the acetyltransferase-deficient strain TA98/1,8-DNP6 resulted in an approximately 90% decrease in the mutagenic potency for 2,4-DAT using S9 activation . The newly engineered acetyltransferase-enhanced Salmonella tester strain YG1024 (TA98(pYG219} demonstrated greatly enhanced sensitivity to the mutagenicity of 2,4-DAT . Inhibition of O-acetyltransferase activity, either with the selective acetyltransferase inhibitor thiolactomycin, or by competitive inhibition with an alternative substrate for the enzyme, reduced the mutagenicity of 2,4-DAT in this acetyltransferase-enhanced bacterial strain . From these data we conclude that following 2,4-DAT activation by N-hydroxylation by cytochrome P450, the resulting hydroxylamino intermediate is further activated in the bacteria via O-acetylation to form the ultimate reactive intermediate, which is postulated to be 4-acetoxyamino-2-aminotoluene.

J Clin Pathol, 1990 Oct, 43(10), 863 - 5
Comparison of methods for the diagnosis of typhoid fever; Duthie R et al.; Over five years the Bactec radiometric blood culture method yielded Salmonella typhi in 41 of 45 confirmed cases of typhoid fever, 90% of which were from the first culture set taken . Blood clot culture was positive in 18 (41%) of 44 confirmed cases and stool culture in 24 (59%) of 41 . The yield from 2189 Widal clot cultures was only 0.03% . There were 68 positive results in 2258 unpaired Widal tests: 23 of them were falsely positive and 13 falsely negative, but in 11 out of 68 cases the Widal was the only positive laboratory test . It is concluded that routine clot culture is not cost effective if a sensitive blood culture method is used, and that the Widal test is useful only in selected patients.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1990 Oct, 142(4), 782 - 8
Effect of recombinant hirudin, a specific inhibitor of thrombin, on endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation and acute lung injury in pigs; Hoffmann H et al.; We hypothesized that thrombin activation may play a prominent role in endotoxin-induced secondary organ failure, such as acute lung injury . To test this hypothesis, we administered a thrombin-specific inhibitor, recombinant hirudin, in endotoxemic pigs . The pigs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and prepared with Swan-Ganz and extravascular lung water (EVLW) catheters . A total of 18 randomly selected animals received a pretreatment of 1,000 U/kg of hirudin, followed by a continuous infusion over 6 h of 500 U/kg/h given simultaneously with the infusion of 10 micrograms/kg/h of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin . Another 18 animals received a continuous infusion over 6 h of endotoxin but did not receive hirudin . All animals were fluid resuscitated with 17 ml/kg/h of saline for the duration of the experiment . Data are expressed as the mean (95% confidence interval) . Hirudin reduced the endotoxin-induced consumption of plasma fibrinogen from -110 (-138 to -82) mg/100 ml to -39 (-67 to -12) mg/100 ml (p = 0.0001) and endotoxin-induced increases in the soluble fibrin in plasma from 434 (369 to 499) ng/ml to 236 (171 to 300) ng/ml (p = 0.0002) . These data suggest an effective inhibition of the endotoxin-generated thrombin by hirudin . Furthermore, hirudin significantly reduced endotoxin-induced increases in pulmonary vascular resistance from 32 (27 to 37) kdyn x s x cm-5 x kg to 20 (15 to 25) kdyn x s x cm-5 x kg (p = 0.0015) and increases in EVLW from 15.4 (13.2 to 17.6) ml/kg to 12.2 (10.0 to 14.4) ml/kg (p = 0.0299).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mutat Res, 1990 Oct, 234(5), 289 - 302
Salmonella test: relation between mutagenicity and number of revertant colonies; van der Hoeven N et al.; This paper describes a model that relates the actual effect measured in the Salmonella test, i.e., the number of revertant colonies, to the mutation rate induced by a stable test compound having no side effects and acting without a time-lag . A maximum-likelihood estimator for the mutation rate is derived . Furthermore some side effects (mortality, increase in generation time, other mutations) are included in more extensive models . Side effects can cause a non-linear dose-response relation . Factors delaying the effect of the compound lead to an apparently higher mutation rate if a higher histidine dose is applied or a smaller inoculum is used . Factors slowly decreasing the effect of the compound reverse this result . Secondary effects of the test compound on the bacteria result in a non-linear dose-response relationship.

Mutat Res, 1990 Oct, 232(2), 249 - 60
Use of a composite polyfunctional model electrophile as a probe to analyze the performance of an artificial intelligence structure-activity method; Rosenkranz HS et al.; The CASE structure-activity relational method was applied to the model polyfunctional electrophile proposed by Ashby and associates . The predicted activities from data bases of 'structural alerts', mutagenicity in Salmonella and rodent carcinogenicity were compared . It was thus found that the predictive efficacy of CASE was increased when it employed a combination of human and artificial intelligence, as exemplified by the CASE analysis of 'structural alerts.

Mutat Res, 1990 Oct, 232(2), 243 - 8
Metabolic activation of quercetin mutagenicity; Vrijsen R et al.; The mutagenicity of quercetin was reinvestigated using the Salmonella/microsome test . The mutagenicity of quercetin was enhanced by the cytosolic fraction of liver extract (S100), or by ascorbate, and even more by the complete liver supernatant (S9) in the presence of cofactors (NADP and glucose-6-phosphate) . The formation of metabolites by the S9 enzymes was demonstrated by reverse-phase HPLC.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Oct, 105(2), 307 - 16
Salmonella colonization in commercial pet turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans); Shane SM et al.; An epidemiological survey was conducted on two commercial turtle farms in southern Louisiana to determine the reason for an apparent increase in the prevalence of Salmonella spp . in turtle hatchlings at the time of pre-export certification examination . Pond water was consistently found to be contaminated (6/36 samples) with either Salmonella newport, S . arizonae, or S . poona . Environmental specimens obtained from eggs and turtle hatcheries (204 specimens) failed to yield Salmonella spp . A sample comprising 197 hatchlings, derived from a batch previously demonstrated to be contaminated, showed a salmonella prevalence of 12%, with S . arizonae and S . poona the only serotypes isolated . Four serotypes of Salmonella sp . isolated by a certifying laboratory in 1988, and 20 salmonella isolates obtained from hatchling turtles, were all resistant to gentamicin . The emergence of gentamicin resistance in Salmonella spp . isolated from turtles will reduce the effectiveness of preventive measures in use in Louisiana since 1984.

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Oct, 11(10), 1811 - 8
Response of the ke test to NCI/NTP-screened chemicals . I . Non-genotoxic carcinogens and genotoxic non-carcinogens; Bakale G et al.; The response of a physico-chemical carcinogen-screening test, the k(e) test, to 46 rodent carcinogens and 20 putative non-carcinogens that had been screened in long-term two-species bioassays by the National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program are reported . All of the chemicals screened are those that yield mutagenicity responses in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test that are either equivocal or contrary to the rodent carcinogenicity responses . The electron attachment rate constants, k(e)S, of the test chemicals in cyclohexane at 21 degrees C were measured using a pulse-conductivity technique . The k(e)S of 27 of the 46 rodent carcinogens (59%) are equal or greater than the diffusion-controlled k(e) of carbon tetrachloride, which is regarded as the boundary between a positive and negative response; the k(e)S of 8 of the 20 mutagenic non-carcinogens (40%) are less than diffusion-controlled . If the boundary between positive and negative k(e) responses is decreased to half the diffusion-controlled k(e), six additional carcinogens yield a positive ke response which increases the k(e) test sensitivity to 72% while the specificity to non-carcinogens remains at 40% . Comparison of these k(e)S with measures of the chemicals' electrophilicity that had been inferred from chemical structure indicates that k(e) provides a markedly different measure of electrophilicity and one that complements the Ames Salmonella assay . The use of the k(e) test as an analytical tool to indicate the presence of electron-attaching impurities in solvents such as benzene is discussed, as is the sensitivity of the k(e) test to rodent-liver carcinogens.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 1990 Oct, 46(4), 232 - 6
{Retrospective study of Salmonella gastroenteritis in infants}; Sheu CL et al.; Sixty-four cases of Salmonellosis were retrospectively analyzed in Jan . 1985 to Dec . 1988 at the department of pediatrics, Veteran General Hospital, Taipei . Most of the cases (78%) occurred between May and October, the most common pathogenic organism isolated was B salmonella group (65.6%) . Antibiotic susceptibility to ampicillin revealed remarkably decrease from 75% (1985) down to 11.7% (1988) and the most sensitive antibiotic agent was ceftriaxone (98.3%) . Blood culture were obtained in 42 cases and patients with salmonella bacteremia were found in 10 cases (23.8%) . Five of 17 patients under 3 month old showed positive blood culture . Four of 5 bacteremic patients were complicated individually with convulsion, failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea and one case expired . Four of 33 patients between 3 month and 1 year were bacteremic . Two of 4 bacteremic patients were respectively complicated with meningitis and hip-joint arthritis . The average duration of salmonella shedding was 37.5 days (range 4-180 days) . In conclusion: 1 . Salmonellosis hasn't decreased in the past 4 years and the resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol has increased . 2 . Young infants are at particular risk for bacteremia and focal complication, so if salmonellosis is suspected in infants under 3 month old, blood culture should be obtained and proper antibiotic therapy should be given.

Avian Dis, 1990 Oct-Dec, 34(4), 855 - 60
Characteristics of Salmonella spp . and Escherichia coli isolated from broiler flocks classified as "good" or "poor" producers; Spears KR et al.; Cecal samples from 100 broiler flocks were cultured for Escherichia coli and Salmonella . Samples were selected from flocks classified as either "good" or "poor" producers by a production formula . In an attempt to identify predictors of flock productivity, isolates were studied for differences in antibiotic resistances, hemagglutination of erythrocytes, production of colicins, production of siderophores, type of hemolysis, resistance to host complement, and presence of plasmids . S . typhimurium (copenhagen) was isolated from one poor producing flock and three good producers . Salmonella isolates showed no significant differences in the parameters studied . The E . coli isolates showed significant differences only for the presence of plasmids . These data indicate that differences in host intestinal E . coli from good and poor producing flocks do not predict flock productivity.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Oct, 37(8), 599 - 610
Inflammatory reactions in the teat and udder of the dry cow; Persson K; The inflammatory reactions in the teat and udder of the dry cow were studied by total and differential somatic cell counts (SCC) and by measuring bovine serum albumin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), plasminogen and plasmin . The teat and udder cisterns were surgically separated from each other in two udder quarters of each cow . Salmonella endotoxin was infused in one teat cistern and one udder quarter, and saline was infused in one teat cistern and one udder quarter . The inflammatory response was followed by several samplings post infusion . The reactions in the dry udder quarters were mainly in line with the results of similar studies in lactating glands . The differential SCC and the NAGase results were, however, somewhat different . The teats were capable of a strong inflammatory response . Reactions different from those seen in the glands were observed with regard to permeability changes and NAGase . The experimental model used showed promising results and is suitable for further studies of the inflammatory process.

Infect Immun, 1990 Oct, 58(10), 3187 - 93
Phorbol myristate acetate inhibits HeLa 229 invasion by Bordetella pertussis and other invasive bacterial pathogens; Ewanowich CA et al.; The microfilament inhibitors cytochalasins B and D have been traditionally used to indirectly evaluate the requirement for actin in the uptake of invasive bacterial pathogens by nonprofessional phagocytes . Through their effects on microfilaments, both cytochalasins also impart profound alterations in cellular morphology and surface topology, which likely interfere with adherence . Alterations affecting adherence would complicate interpretation of the effect of cytochalasins on entry alone . As an alternative to cytochalasins, the effect of the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was examined for its effects on uptake of several invasive bacterial pathogens by HeLa 229 cells . In this communication, PMA was shown to induce a similar change in HeLa cell actin distribution, but, in contrast to cytochalasins B and D, PMA had no significant effect on gross cell morphology . The modified actin distribution was shown to reduce internalization of Bordetella pertussis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella hadar in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 ng/ml . The magnitude of reduction at a PMA concentration of 1,000 ng/ml was greater than the reduction elicited by cytochalasin B at 2.5 micrograms/ml but was less than that elicited by cytochalasin D at 2.5 micrograms/ml . Mezerein, a functional analog of PMA, caused a similar dose-dependent reduction in uptake of B . pertussis, whereas an inactive analog of PMA, alpha-4-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate was without effect on invasion . Binding studies further reveal that pretreatment of HeLa cells with PMA or mezerein did not significantly impair the ability of B . pertussis to adhere, in contrast to cytochalasins B and D, which caused a marked reduction in adherence.

Rev Clin Esp, 1990 Oct, 187(5), 218 - 22
{Acute gastroenteritis: a prospective study of 445 cases}; Moreno A et al.; Four hundred and fourty-five adult patients suffering acute gastroenteritis (AG) seen at the emergency ward of two hospitals in Barcelona, have been studied . The aim of this work was to analyze the cause of AG in our community and to evaluate the utility of the biologic and clinical criteria chosen as indicators of bacteremia or of AG produced by invasive microorganisms . Stool culture was positive in 157 patients (35%) of which 140 were Salmonella sp . The most frequently isolated serotype was S . enteritidis . Eight patients (7.8%) presented Salmonella sp . bacteremia . Presence of an underlying disease, dehydration, shivers, fever, presence of occult blood in stools, septic hemogram and the history of AG in other family members were more common in patients with a positive stool culture (p less than 0.05) . Patients with bacteremia presented dehydration with a significantly higher frequency than nonbacteremics . The rest of the parameters studied were similar in both groups . We conclude that Salmonella sp . is the most frequently encountered microorganisms responsible for adult AG in our community . It is possible to identify patients with AG due to Salmonella sp . based on clinical and biological parameters . On the contrary, it is necessary to perform a wider study in order to determine the parameters that may allow the identification of patients with bacteremia.

J Struct Biol, 1990 Oct-Dec, 105(1-3), 11 - 21
Phase diagram of lipid A from Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli rough mutant lipopolysaccharide; Brandenburg K et al.; We have reported here on the structural polymorphism of lipid A, the "endotoxic principle" of bacterial lipopolysaccharide . For lipid A of rough mutant lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli, the three-dimensional supramolecular structures were determined with x-ray diffraction utilizing synchrotron radiation . The investigations were performed in the water concentration range 10 to 95% by weight, at {lipid A}:{Mg2+} molar ratios from 1:0 to 0.1:1, and in the temperature range from 20 to 70 degrees C . These data were correlated with measurements of the beta----alpha phase behaviour which was monitored with differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . We found that the transition temperature of the acyl chains ranges--in the absence of Mg2(+)-from 45 degrees C at high to 56 degrees C at low water content, and-at an equimolar content of Mg2(+)-from 52 degrees C at high to 59 degrees C at low water concentrations . In the gel phase-in which the lipid A acyl chains are more disordered than those from saturated phospholipids-cubic phases are adopted at high water content (greater than 60%) and at high {lipid A}:{Mg2+} molar ratios . At low water contents, lamellar states are assumed exclusively . In the liquid crystalline state of lipid A, the hexagonal HII state is adopted under all conditions . The structural variability of lipid A is highest at high water concentrations, and structural changes may be induced by only slight changes in temperature, water content, and Mg2+ concentration . Under physiological conditions, however, the lipid A assemblies exhibit a strong preference to cubic structures.

Trop Geogr Med, 1990 Oct, 42(4), 370 - 2
Septicaemia caused by an imported strain of multiply antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhi successfully treated with ciprofloxacin; Coovadia Y et al.; A case of typhoid fever caused by a multiply antibiotic resistant strain of Salmonella typhi is reported . The S . typhi strain was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim . Treatment with cefotaxime, resulted in a clinical and bacteriological cure, but the infection relapsed within a month after completion of therapy . It resolved completely with oral ciprofloxacin with no relapse after a follow up period of one year . To our knowledge this represents the first such reported case in South Africa . The role of ciprofloxacin in treating infections caused by multiantibiotic resistant S . typhi is also discussed.

Cell Biol Toxicol, 1990 Oct, 6(4), 399 - 409
Formation of genotoxic products from N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) by isolated rabbit lung cells; Dahl JE et al.; The genotoxic potentials of N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) were studied in fresh preparations of Clara cells and type II cells isolated by centrifugal elutriation and density gradient centrifugation, and macrophages from rabbit lung . The activation of the compounds to bacterial mutagens was assayed in the Salmonella mutagenicity test using strains of TA 100 and TA 1530 preincubated with test chemicals and cells placed in chambers with nucleopore membranes to separate cells and bacteria . Unscheduled DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of {3H}-thymidine in the cells after exposure to the compounds . NHMI, NNK and NNN were not activated to bacterial mutagens by Clara cells, type II cells or macrophages, presumably because the reactive metabolites generated were not released into the incubation medium . However, NHMI and NNK increased unscheduled DNA synthesis in Clara cells, and the highest repair activity was found after incubation with NNK . The effect of NNN was only marginal . This indicates that NHMI and NNK are genotoxic in the rabbit lung and that the Clara cells are involved in the metabolic activation of these compounds.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Oct, (10), 113 - 7
{The effect of modulators of free-radical oxidation on the functional activity of phagocytes}; Martynenko LD et al.; The influence of free-radical oxidation inhibitors (alpha tocopherol) and stimulators (levamisole and alriblastin) on the processes of the peroxide oxidation of lipids in blood serum and the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils in Salmonella infection in rabbits at an early age is accompanied by phasic changes in the peroxide oxidation of lipids with activation at the early period of the development of the infection . The synchronism of changes in the peroxide oxidation of lipids and in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils is observed . Alpha tocopherol inhibits the peroxide oxidation of lipids and decreases the degree of the completeness of phagocytosis . Alriblastin stimulates the peroxide oxidation of lipids and increases the phagocytic activity of neutrophils.

Microbiologica, 1990 Oct, 13(4), 317 - 21
Characterization of strains of Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar Wien isolated in Italy: an epidemiological evaluation; Nastasi A et al.; In the years 1987-1988, 110 strains of Wien serovar were isolated from a gastroenteritis outbreak in a neonatal unit in Palermo (Sicily) . These strains showed different drug resistance patterns and plasmid profiles . Analysis of endonuclease restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA by hybridization with E . coli rRNA has demonstrated that a single bacterial clone or its derivatives were responsible for the outbreak . Furthermore, the study of 139 strains, isolated since 1970 from different geographic locations of the Mediterranean area, has confirmed a notable degree of homogeneity within Wien serovar, even though the detection of genetic polymorphisms in some isolates suggests that a number of distinct bacterial strains contributes to maintain the circulation of Wien serovar.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1990 Oct, 60(5), 247 - 52
Mechanism of protection provided by active immunization with porins in mice challenged with Salmonella typhi; Sharma P et al.; Oxygen free radical (OFR) generation capacity of peritoneal macrophages was studied by chemiluminescent technique . Chemiluminescent (CL) response of macrophages from control, infected and immunized-infected mice was observed using non specific (Latex) and specific (S . typhi, cells and porins) stimulants at different time intervals . CL response was found to be significantly higher in immunized-infected group throughout the study period using all the three stimulants as compared to that in the infected as well as uninfected control mice . The mode of action of porin vaccine in increasing capacity of generating OFR is probably through increased expression of porin (protein) as well as carbohydrate receptors on the macrophage surface which leads to the stimulation of the whole caseade of respiratory burst or through the increase in the respiratory burst enzyme activities linked with each receptor or both.

Bioorg Khim, 1990 Oct, 16(10), 1325 - 31
{Partial purification of glycosyltransferases participating in the biosynthesis of Salmonella anatum and S . kentucky O-antigens using high performance gel chromatography}; Druzhinina TN et al.; The solubilized glycosyltransferases which catalyse the biosynthesis of Salmonella anatum and S . kentucky O-specific polysaccharides were partially purified by HPLC on Superose 12 . Two mannosyl transferases from S . kentucky were separated by gel chromatography; these transferases were found useful for chemical-enzymic synthesis of polyprenylpyrophosphate derivatives of trisaccharides Tal-Man-Gal and Man-Tal-Gal.

Immunol Cell Biol, 1990 Oct, 68 ( Pt 5), 299 - 305
Identification of antigens which stimulate T lymphocytes of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX immunized mice; Vordermeier HM et al.; The technique of using sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis fractionated antigens (Ag) transferred to nitrocellulose filters was adopted to analyse T cell responses to Salmonella enteritidis 11RX Ag . Employing in vitro proliferation assays with T cells from S . enteritidis 11RX-primed (BALB/c x C57BL/6J)F1 mice as the measure of T cell stimulation, we have identified Ag able to stimulate T cells in the regions containing 16, 24, 34 and 50-60 kDa proteins, with dominant Ag activity at about 16 kDa . These results were confirmed with long-term, Ag-specific L3T4+ T cell lines which responded to molecules in the same four Mr regions, suggesting that no selection by a single antigenic determinant had occurred during more than 3 months of in vitro culture, or that all the molecules which were stimulatory shared at least one antigenic determinant . Because the seven clones we examined responded only to 16 kDa molecules, the former alternative is the more likely . Standard immunoblot analysis indicated that these Ag also act as major B cell stimulating determinants . T cells of BALB/c mice, which are 5-10 times more resistant to S . enteritidis 11RX than C57BL/6J mice, showed the same pattern of reactivity as F1 mice whereas the major antigenic region for T cells of C57BL/6J mice was located between 50 and 60 kDa.

J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 1990 Oct, 40(10), 1391 - 6
Effect of fuel properties on mutagenic activity in extracts of heavy-duty diesel exhaust particulate; Rasmussen RE; The effect of varying fuel properties on the emission of mutagenic materials was studied in diesel exhaust particles from a heavy duty engine run under transient speed and load conditions while using nine fuels varying in aromatics, sulfur and boiling point . Mutagenic activity of the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of the particulate was determined using the Ames Salmonella test system with strain TA98 with and without S9 activation . Increasing mutagenic activity relative to fuel consumed (mutants/lb fuel) or to engine work output (mutants/hp-h) was correlated with increasing fuel aromatics (p less than 0.05), but not with fuel sulfur . Increased fuel sulfur levels were correlated with increased amounts of SOF but with decreasing mutagenic activity of the SOF (mutants/microgram SOF) (p less than 0.05) . As a result, mutants/hp-h were essentially the same for high- and low-sulfur fuels with high aromatics . No association was found between the fuels' boiling points and the mutagenic activity of the SOF . Mutagenic activity with S9 was generally lower than without, but the correlations were not changed.

J Surg Res, 1990 Oct, 49(4), 287 - 92
Cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the core/lipid A region of endotoxin inhibit production of tumor necrosis factor; Mayoral JL et al.; Two murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the core/lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) were derived from mice immunized with either Escherichia coli J5 or Salmonella minnesota Ra, Rb, Rc, or Re heat-killed organisms or LPS . These mAbs were selected on the basis of their ability to cross-react against a panel of gram-negative bacterial LPS using Western immunotransblot analysis . We hypothesized that these anti-LPS mAbs directed against the conserved core region of LPS would inhibit LPS-induced macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by neutralizing LPS derived from different gram-negative bacteria . To test this hypothesis, unelicited peritoneal macrophages were treated with either mAb 5G11 (deep core/lipid A specificity, broad LPS cross-reactivity) or mAb 5B11 (intermediate core specificity, limited LPS cross-reactivity) . Macrophages were then challenged with a panel of LPS, and TNF activity was measured by the use of the L929 cytotoxicity assay . MAb 5G11 significantly inhibited TNF production against a panel of different types of LPS, but mAb 5B11 did not . In addition, mAb 5G11 did not inhibit TNF production due to isolated lipid A stimulation, suggesting that mAb 5G11 neutralized LPS by binding primarily to the deep core region of LPS . MAb 5G11 was also able to inhibit TNF production if added within 10 min of LPS stimulation but had no effect at 30 min, suggesting that macrophage stimulation may be irreversible during even the early stages of the response to LPS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ugeskr Laeger, 1990 Sep 24, 152(39), 2849 - 51
{Diarrhea acquired abroad--traveller's diarrhea . Admissions to Medical Department C, Odense Hospital, during the period 1977-1988}; Holmskov U et al.; A total of 106 out of 267 patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis to Medical Department C, Odense Hospital, during the period 1977-1988 had acquired the condition abroad . This group was investigated retrospectively . During the period of investigation, the number of patients with "traveller's diarrhoea" increased but compurized constantly approximately 40% of the patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis . The patients were investigated routinely for pathogenic intestinal bacteria and parasites and the etiology could be determined in 72% . Salmonella infections were found in 50% and 1/5 of these were caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi . Double and triple infections occurred . 51% of the infections were acquired in Asia and Africa although less than 7% of Danish package tours visit these regions . Five patients (5%) developed serious complications.

Carbohydr Res, 1990 Sep 19, 205, 125 - 32
Synthesis of methyl 3-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-7-O-(L-glycero-alpha-D- manno-heptopyranosyl)-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside; Garegg PJ et al.; The title trisaccharide glycoside, which is related to part of the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella, and the disaccharide glycosides methyl 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside and methyl 7-O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno- heptopyranoside have been synthesised . Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno- heptopyranoside, obtained via a one-carbon elongation at C-6 of methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-alpha-D-manno- hexodialdo-1,5-pyranoside, was used as precursor both for the heptosyl donor and acceptor.

Med J Aust, 1990 Sep 17, 153(6), 330 - 2, 334-5
Invasive disease due to Salmonella virchow: a north Queensland problem; Ashdown LR et al.; Salmonella virchow is the second most commonly isolated salmonella serotype from human sources in Australia, and overseas studies indicate that S . virchow is a significant cause of extraintestinal salmonellosis . The successful management of three infants, two with septicaemia and one with leptomeningitis and septicaemia due to S . virchow, is described . A review of the Townsville General Hospital laboratory records (1978-1988) showed that, among other aspects, S . virchow accounted for 46% of all salmonella septicaemias, further exemplifying the invasive propensity of this serotype . Information obtained from various sources, after crude analyses, demonstrates that more than 90% of S . virchow infections in humans in Australia occur in Queensland, and that most (greater than 78% in 1987) of those infections in Queensland come from a coastal zone north of Bundaberg, with the highest concentration (0.4 per 1000 persons) occurring in the Cairns region.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1990 Sep 15, 40(6), 1317 - 22
Leukocyte alterations do not account for hepatitis induced by endotoxin or TNF alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice; Tiegs G et al.; Subtoxic doses of endotoxin (salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (5 micrograms/kg i.p.) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) (15 micrograms/kg i.v.) induced fulminant hepatitis within 8 hr, when mice had been sensitized by a subtoxic dose of D-galactosamine (700 mg/kg i.p.) . LPS-treatment led to the release of TNF into the circulation, independently of the presence of D-galactosamine . The TNF-dependent development of hepatitis was accompanied by a severe lymphopenia and neutrophilia as assessed by leukocyte differential count . The total leukocyte count was not significantly affected . Lymphopenia and neutrophilia were induced by LPS or TNF alpha alone; however, the differential count was not influenced by D-galactosamine . A quantity of 260 micrograms/kg phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) i.p . or 5 micrograms/kg platelet activating factor (PAF) i.v . or 3.3 mg/kg N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methylester (FMLP) i.v . or 167 mg/kg zymosan i.v . also caused lymphopenia and neutrophilia in mice . However, none of these agents induced the production of systemic TNF and therefore failed to induce hepatitis in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice . In LPS-insensitive C3H/HeJ mice administration of LPS produced neither differential count changes nor hepatitis while both events were observed when TNF alpha was given . This shows that TNF alpha alone gives rise to lymphopenia/neutrophilia as well as hepatitis independent of LPS . When the action of TNF alpha was blocked by anti TNF alpha antiserum pretreatment of LPS-sensitive mice, the animals were protected against LPS-induced hepatitis . However, lymphopenia and neutrophilia still occurred to a similar extent . The involvement of a putative additional mediator of LPS-induced leukocyte alterations was checked . The findings suggest that this mediator, if present, is different from IL-1, IL-2, eicosanoids or superoxide . We conclude from our findings that changes in leukocyte numbers and composition following D-galactosamine LPS or D-galactosamine/TNF alpha administration is an epiphenomenon rather than a causal event of leukocyte stimulation in the process of inducing a fulminant hepatitis in mice.

Carbohydr Res, 1990 Sep 5, 204, 93 - 102
Isolation and characterisation of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulopyranosonate 7-(2-aminoethyl phosphate) from the inner core region of Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharides; Holst O et al.; The title compound (PE-Kdo) was isolated after hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3100 and Salmonella minnesota strains R4 and R7, and the location of the 2-aminoethyl phosphate group at position 7 was established by 13C-n.m.r . spectroscopy . Derivatives of PE-Kdo were acetylated, silylated, and methylated in order to evaluate their usefulness for analysis by g.l.c.-m.s.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Sep, 162(3), 763 - 4
Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharide phenotype among Salmonella typhi strains; Jimenez-Lucho V et al.; Comparison of the Vi antigen, lipopolysaccharide, and protein components of the cell surface of three strains of Salmonella typhi showed that differences in lipopolysaccharide contributed most to distinctions in serum survival, whereas differences in Vi antigen content had no apparent effect.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Sep, 34(9), 1715 - 9
Clinical isolate of a porinless Salmonella typhi resistant to high levels of chloramphenicol; Toro CS et al.; We studied a clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi (strain 1895) characterized by resistance to 200 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml despite the absence of chloramphenicol-inactivating activity . The outer membrane protein profile analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a deficiency of one of the major protein species which may serve as a porin for entry of chloramphenicol . When the strain was transformed with a plasmid encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, chloramphenicol added to the culture was not inactivated, suggesting a drastic reduction of permeability towards the drug . Moreover, transformants bearing a plasmid coding for the Escherichia coli OmpF porin became considerably more susceptible to chloramphenicol (40 micrograms/ml) . On the other hand, transformants carrying a plasmid encoding the Salmonella typhi ompC gene remained as resistant to the drug as the parental strain, even though they overexpressed OmpC . These findings indicate that the lack of OmpF plays a major role in the resistance to chloramphenicol in strain 1895.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1990 Sep, 35(9), 22 - 6
{Antibiotic resistance plasmids in Salmonella strains isolated from various sources}; Vakulenko SB et al.; Resistance of 60 Salmonella strains to aminoglycoside antibiotics was studied . It was found that 51 strains had a multiple resistance to the antibiotics used . By the antibiotic resistance phenotypes, the strains were divided into three major groups . Analysis of the extrachromosomal DNA revealed the presence of plasmids in 48 antibiotic resistant strains and 6 antibiotic sensitive strains . The plasmids transferred by conjugation to the E . coli recipient from 21 antibiotic resistant strains . The 150-kb plasmids transferred in all the strains . The 100-kb plasmids additionally transferred in 5 strains . The high molecular weight plasmids that transferred to the recipient strain by conjugation encoded resistance to all the aminoglycosides used.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 Sep-Oct, 73(5), 734 - 42
Improved hydrophobic grid membrane filter method, using EF-18 agar, for detection of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Entis P; A collaborative study was carried out in 30 laboratories to validate improvements to the official final action hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) screening method for Salmonella in foods, 985.42, by comparing the performance of the improved HGMF method against that of the AOAC/BAM conventional culture method . Six products were included in the collaborative study: milk chocolate, raw deboned poultry meat, black pepper, soy flour, egg yolk powder, and nonfat dry milk . The raw deboned poultry meat was naturally contaminated with Salmonella, and the remaining 5 products were each inoculated in advance with low levels of individual Salmonella serotypes . The AOAC/BAM method produced 11 false negative results and the improved HGMF method produced 18 false negative results . The improved HGMF Salmonella method has been approved interim official first action for all foods to replace the HGMF official final action method, 985.42.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1990 Sep, 28(9), 607 - 11
A study of the mutagenicity of some commercially canned Spanish mushrooms; Morales P et al.; The mutagenicity of two wild (Lactarius deliciosus and Boletus luteus) and two cultivated (Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms, preserved by canning and widely consumed in Spain, was studied in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test and in the CHO/HPRT assay system using mammalian cells . The mushroom extracts did not show mutagenicity in the microbial Ames test nor in the mammalian CHO-K1 cells, and this response was not modified by the presence of S-9 mix in the assay mixtures . Only the extracts from P . ostreatus showed a weak mutagenic activity in the CHO/HPRT assay in the presence of a metabolic activation system (S-9).

Clin Rheumatol, 1990 Sep, 9(3), 411 - 3
Salmonella enteritidis causing joint sepsis; Kyle V et al.; A 22-year-old male taking dexamethasone following resection of a medulloblastoma developed an acutely painful swollen knee from which salmonella enteritidis was cultured . He had no gastrointestinal symptoms; one stool culture was positive . Active metalloproteinases without inhibitors were detected in the synovial fluid, a characteristic finding in septic joints . S . enteritidis infecting joints is extremely rare despite being the second most frequent salmonella species after S . typhimurium causing infections in man . The recent findings of S . enteritidis in eggs, and poultry points to one more source of infection . Immunosuppression is likely to facilitate infection.

Poult Sci, 1990 Sep, 69(9), 1606 - 9
Presence and impact of Salmonella contamination in commercial broiler hatcheries; Cox NA et al.; Egg fragments from hatching trays, swabs of belting material, and paper pads from three broiler hatcheries were sampled for the presence and level of salmonellae . Salmonella serotypes were recovered from 71, 80, and 74% of the egg fragments, belting material, and paper pads, respectively . Overall, salmonellae were found in 75, 91, and 67% of the samples taken at Hatchery 1,2, and 3, respectively . Thirty-eight of 40 randomly selected samples contained greater than 10(3) salmonellae cells per sample . All of the Salmonella serotypes encountered in the present study had previously been isolated from poultry . The presence and persistence of salmonellae contamination in the hatchery suggests that the vulnerable day-of-hatch chick may be at a greater colonization risk in the hatchery than during grow-out . Contamination and penetration of the shell of hatching eggs may constitute the most important link (or critical control point) in the transmission of salmonellae to young birds and eventually the consumer . An effective intervention method may have to be employed at this point to break the transmission link and significantly impact the overall problem of Salmonella colonization in poultry.

Scand J Soc Med, 1990 Sep, 18(3), 175 - 8
Salmonella and Shigella carriers among refugees from the middle east and Sri Lanka in Denmark; Kjersem H et al.; One per cent of ten thousand refugees were asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella and Shigella species found by a differentiated health check programme at a Danish Red Cross arrival centre in Denmark 1985 and 1986 . Six patients with typhoid fever and one with S . parathyphi-A septicaemia all fell ill within the first few weeks after arrival . A child of a chronic S . typhi carrier developed typhoid fever four months after arrival . Cases of sporadic and mild diarrhoea occurred due to Salmonella and Shigella species . The carriers were instructed in prophylactic, hygienic measures and no outbreaks developed . The health check system in this period seemed to be sufficient in relation to preventing outbreaks of infections caused by non-typhoid Salmonella and Shigella species . The relative cost-effectiveness of a more intensive S . typhi screening on arrival is questionable . The organization of health check systems should be reviewed regularly, as each refugee situation is different and will change in different periods.

Rev Infect Dis, 1990 Sep-Oct, 12(5), 817 - 9
Endocarditis due to ampicillin-resistant nontyphoid Salmonella: cure with a third-generation cephalosporin; Rodriguez C et al.; A case of ampicillin-resistant salmonella bacteremia complicated by endocarditis in a 78-year-old man is presented . Previous rheumatic valvular heart disease and the lack of response to initial treatment with chloramphenicol prompted us to consider this diagnosis . There was a good clinical response after treatment with ceftriaxone alone and corresponding improvement on the echocardiogram . This case demonstrates the possible endovascular complications of salmonella bacteremia in elderly people and that endocarditis should be included among the invasive infections due to ampicillin-resistant Salmonella that could potentially be treated with the newer cephalosporins.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1990 Sep, 57(3), 175 - 81
Salmonella isolated from feeds and feed ingredients during the period 1982-1988: animal and public health implications; Durand AM et al.; The prevalence of Salmonella in southern Africa in farm feeds and by-products of animal origin during 1982-1988 was determined . Salmonella occurred in 5.18% of the farm feed samples and in 9.54% of the by-product samples . Different serovars were isolated, some only once . The findings underestimate the true prevalence of Salmonella in farm feeds and by-products, and is representative of only the most severely contaminated products . The epidemiology of salmonellosis is discussed with special reference to the importance of multiple resistance to antibiotics, the increase in the number of cases of salmonellosis worldwide and "Salmonella free" feeds and foods . More detailed research on the role of farm feeds in the epidemiology of salmonellosis is required . Efforts should be made to increase awareness of the problem, to improve quality management at farm feed production plants and to develop efficient systems to monitor the hygienic safety of feeds and foods.

J Infect, 1990 Sep, 21(2), 195 - 203
Salmonella septic arthritis: a case report and review; Morgan MG et al.; We describe a case of septic arthritis in a child with no apparent predisposing conditions . Salmonella virchow was isolated from her knee and faeces, both isolates being identical except for the latter's resistance to ampicillin . Evidence is presented for the acquisition of ampicillin resistance in vivo, including the demonstration of the R plasmid and its ready transferability to Escherichia coli . The recent literature on the subject is reviewed and the role of group CI salmonellae in invasive disease is examined.

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 1990 Sep, 51(9), 505 - 9
Evaluation of methods for destruction of some alkylating agents; De Meo M et al.; Destruction procedures for dimethylsulfate (DMS), diethylsulfate (DES), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) have been investigated using treatment by 1 N NaOH, 1 N NH4OH, 1 M Na2CO3, and 1 M Na2S2O3 . During the kinetic study of the destruction process, the determination of remaining concentrations of the alkylating agents was performed by the derivatization of p-nitrophenoxide to p-nitroanisole and p-nitrophenetole, which were separated by high performance liquid chromatography . The mutagenic activity of the destruction products was evaluated by the Ames test using Salmonella tester strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 . The kinetics of destruction in every case followed a time-dependent exponential relationship . Solutions of 1 M Na2S2O3 showed the highest capacity for destruction of the four alkylating agents, half-lives of DMS, DES, MMS, and EMS being 0.14 min, 1.26 min, 0.60 min, and 5.26 min, respectively . No mutagenic activity was detected following complete destruction in 1 M Na2S2O3.

Mutat Res, 1990 Sep, 232(1), 31 - 5
Genotoxic effect of a keto-aldehyde produced by thermal degradation of reducing sugars; Valsa JO et al.; Reductone (HOCH2-CO-CHO), a keto-aldehyde formed, in alkaline pH, by thermal degradation of reducing sugars, blocks cellular respiration and macromolecular biosynthesis, inactivates far-UV (254 nm)-irradiated wild-type E . coli cells, and causes DNA strand breaks . So it may be supposed to be an inducer of SOS functions . Indeed, when Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100 and TA102 were treated with reductone solutions, without metabolization, a mutagenic effect was detected for all of them . Besides, reductone induced lysogenic E . coli cells and cell filamentation, as measured by the Inductest and the SOS Chromotest . So reductone must be considered a genotoxic drug.

J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Sep, 136 ( Pt 9), 1833 - 8
Transposon insertion mutagenesis of a genetic region encoding serum resistance in an 80 kb plasmid of Salmonella dublin; Terakado N et al.; Using transposon insertion mutagenesis with Tn1 or Tn5, we obtained Salmonella dublin mutant strains that showed either diminished serum resistance (five mutants) or diminished mouse lethality (two mutants) . Detailed restriction cleavage analysis to determine the single sites of transposon insertion in an 80 kb plasmid (pTE800) indicated that a region for serum resistance was located within a 3.0 kb region of the SalI cleavage fragment 5 and the HindIII fragment 2, while the region for mouse lethality was within a 6.0 kb region of the SalI fragment 2 and the HindIII fragment 1 . When the Tn1-containing SalI fragment 5 was reconverted, by homologous recombination, to the original SalI fragment 5 (9.6 kb), serum resistance was recovered to the same level as that of a parent strain 52401 . Moreover, the change in the serum resistance correlated with changes in the neutral sugar composition of the LPS . The mutation in the plasmid in strain TE4-55 that gave diminished mouse lethality was also reversed by recombination with the cloned SalI fragment 2 (15.0 kb), with concomitant recovery of mouse lethality . These results indicate that the genetic region for serum resistance is different from that for mouse lethality, and that the gene for serum resistance is closely involved with the expression of the neutral sugar composition of the LPS of S . dublin.

Semin Immunol, 1990 Sep, 2(5), 341 - 9
Oral vaccination using recombinant bacteria; Schodel F; With the development of avirulent but immunogenic Salmonella strains it has become possible to deliver heterologous antigens to the mucosal and systemic immune system by the oral route . The basis of attenuation of different Salmonella mutants and the immune response to foreign antigens expressed by recombinant strains is discussed, as are problems related to the stabilisation of foreign genes in Salmonella and to the expression of immunogenic antigens.

Rev Sci Tech, 1990 Sep, 9(3), 779 - 94
Biotechnology and veterinary science: production of veterinary vaccines; Wray C et al.; The fundamental principles of genetic manipulation are explained, as are the methods of production of vaccines of veterinary importance . Specific attenuation of micro-organisms may result from genetically-engineered mutations which produce metabolic blocks, from the development of effective bacterial toxoids and from viral gene segment reassortment . Recombinant DNA techniques have been used to produce multi-component vaccines by the insertion of genes into carrier organisms, such as pox viruses and attenuated salmonella, and also to produce subunit vaccines . The use of synthetic peptide vaccines and anti-idiotype vaccines, together with problems of parasite vaccines, are described . Biotechnology would appear to have a major role to play in the future prevention of many animal diseases.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Sep, (9), 77 - 80
{Enhancement of infection resistance of mice infected with Salmonella typhi by factors of immune lymph nodes}; Koval'chuk AL et al.; Mediators, secreted by lymph node cells shortly after immunization and draining the site of the injection of the antigen, produced a nonspecific activating effect on cells of the macrophagal series . The preventive injection of immune lymph node factors induced an increase in nonspecific resistance to S . typhi TU2 {correction of Ty2} No . {correction of N}4446.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 981 - 93
Vaccines against enterotoxigenic bacterial pathogens based on hybrid Salmonella that express heterologous antigens; Clements JD et al.; In this report, we examine two aspects in the development of a vaccine against enterotoxigenic bacterial pathogens based on hybrid Salmonella that express heterologous antigens . First, we describe the construction of a non-toxic fusion peptide for immunization against Escherichia coli that produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins . For that construction, the 5' terminus of the gene coding for ST was fused to the 3' terminus of the gene coding for the binding subunit of LT(LT-B) . The ST gene was constructed synthetically with appropriate restriction sites to permit in-frame, downstream insertion . Maximum expression of ST antigenicity was obtained when a seven-amino-acid proline-containing linker was included between the LT-B and ST moieties . The purified LT-B/ST fusion peptide consisted of a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 18,000 . The LT-B/ST fusion peptide was non-toxic and immunologic determinants of both LT and ST were recognized by antibodies directed against the native toxins . Animals immunized with either crude or purified preparations containing the hybrid molecule produced antibodies that were able to recognize native toxin in vitro . Significantly, these antibodies were able to neutralize the biological activity of native ST . The second aspect reported here examines a mechanism for stabilizing expression of heterologous antigens in attenuated Salmonella mutants by integration of the heterologous gene (LT-B) into the chromosome of the carrier . A comparative in vitro study of the levels of expression of LT-B between the cointegrate strain and an isogenic strain carrying the LT-B gene on a multicopy plasmid demonstrated that the initial levels of expression of both strains is similar, that the plasmid-carrying strain loses the ability to express the heterologous antigen very quickly and that the cointegrate continues to maintain and express the antigen without the requirement for a stabilizing antibiotic.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 945 - 53
Experimental ovine salmonellosis (Salmonella abortusovis): pathogenesis and vaccination; Pardon P et al.; Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica ser . Abortusovis, a sheep-adapted serotype, causes a contagious disease . Abortion is the major symptom and the main source of contamination . Research on this ovine disease may aid farmers, but may also contribute to comparative biological knowledge . Innate resistance partly controlled by the Ity locus, increased resistance to reinfection and humoral and T-cell-mediated immunity were observations gained with a murine model . In ewes, abortion regularly occurs following subcutaneous challenge carried out from the third month of gestation onwards . This ovine model was used to evaluate prevention methods for Salmonella Abortusovis infection . One subcutaneous injection of a live attenuated lyophilized vaccine containing a selected streptomycin-independent reverse mutant was shown to protect ewes against abortion and excretion of Salmonella Abortusovis . This vaccine could be administered simultaneously with other commercial live vaccines such as Brucella melitensis Rev . 1 vaccine . In sheep, application of the vaccine to the conjunctiva (an easy, individual and hygienic route of mucosal vaccination) was followed by lymph node bacterial colonization and a serological response without local or general clinical reactions . The early events of natural infection remain to be explored, as do the mechanisms underlying the host specificity of Salmonella Abortusovis.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 831 - 7
Expression of hepatitis B virus antigens in attenuated Salmonellae for oral immunization; Schodel F et al.; The aim of our work is to identify hepatitis B virus antigens that can be stably expressed in attenuated Salmonellae and elicit protective immune responses as live oral route vaccines . As a first carrier system, we expressed T-cell and B-cell epitopes of hepatitis B virus as fusion proteins with the non-toxic subunit B (LT-B) in attenuated Salmonellae . These recombinant Salmonellae elicited anti-LT-B T- and B-cell immune responses and anti-HBV nucleocapsid antigen (HBcAg) T-cell responses when fed to mice . To combine the protective potential and the high immunogenicity of HBc with the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies to HBV surface antigen, we constructed vectors expressing hybrid HBc/pre-S particles in which the pre-S epitopes were surface-exposed . With one of these vectors, stable constitutive high level expression of hybrid HBc/pre-S2 particles was achieved in several attenuated Salmonella strains . When recombinant Salmonellae expressing such hybrid HBc/pre-S2 fusion proteins were fed to mice, the animals developed high titres of anti-HBcAg-specific serum IgG after a single or multiple oral immunizations, depending on the strain used as a carrier . In addition, lower titered antibodies against the pre-S2 antibody-binding sites were elicited . This is the first HBV antigen eliciting high-titered immune responses after a single oral immunization in recombinant Salmonellae . The immunogenicity of periplasmic LT-B and cytoplasmic HBc/pre-S2 shows that surface exposure of a foreign antigen is not a prerequisite for its immunogenicity in live attenuated Salmonellae.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 807 - 16
Clinical and field trials with attenuated Salmonella typhi as live oral vaccines and as "carrier" vaccines; Levine MM et al.; In recent years there has been a resurgence of research to develop new and improved attenuated strains of Salmonella typhi to function as live oral vaccines against typhoid fever and to serve as "carrier" vaccines to express foreign antigens of other pathogens and deliver them to the immune system . Strain Ty21a has served as a prototype in clinical and field trials to identify the optimal formulations and dosage schedules for live vaccines and to quantitate the duration of protection that can be achieved . Clinical trials with three new attenuated S . typhi candidate vaccines, a Vi+ variant of Ty21a, an aroC,aroD double mutant recombinant strain and a cya,crp double mutant, are underway or will be initiated shortly.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Sep, 9(3), 213 - 8
Dead salmonellae or their endotoxin accelerate the early course of a Salmonella infection in mice; Hormaeche CE; The course of a Salmonella infection following a low intravenous dose of virulent organisms was studied in mice . Simultaneous administration of 10(4) S . typhimurium C5 together with c . 10(8) dead salmonellae caused a marked acceleration of early net bacterial growth in the liver and spleen, leading to a rapidly overwhelming infection . Administration of similar numbers of either Staphylococcus albus or Bacillus cereus had no effect, whereas 20 micrograms of S . typhimurium Boivin-type lipopolysaccharide (B-LPS) produced an effect similar to dead organisms; 1 microgram B-LPS had a significant infection-accelerating effect . Both B-LPS and Westphal-type endotoxin (W-LPS) could enhance a salmonella infection in LPS-responsive C3H/HeMg mice, whereas only B-LPS was effective in LPS non-responder C3H/HeJ mice, implying that the infection-enhancing effect of a large bolus of dead organisms may be due in part to its LPS content . The results show that the course of a Salmonella infection following administration of large numbers of salmonellae in mice is different from that of Salmonella infections arising from small inocula . The relevance of these results to studies on the possible intracellular location of salmonellae in vivo is discussed.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1990 Sep, 21(3), 361 - 6
Salmonella krefeld in Thailand: II . Molecular biology of drug resistance; Jayanetra P et al.; Human salmonellosis due to Salmonella krefeld is very rare . During 1976-1978, a large outbreak of S . krefeld gastroenteritis occurred in Thailand, mainly in children . The majority of strains were multiply drug resistant with high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) . The MIC for these drugs were ampicillin (Ap) 256-4096 mg/l, chloramphenicol (Cm) 256-512 mg/l, kanamycin (Km) 512- greater than 4096 mg/l, streptomycin (Sm) greater than 1024 mg/l, sulfamethoxazole (Su) 4096- greater than 8192 mg/l, tetracycline (Tc) 64-128 mg/l and trimethoprim (Tp) 64-256 mg/l . Resistance to Su and Tp declined after the period of the epidemic . The resistance genes were found to be highly transferable at a rate of 10(-2) to 10(-4) . All strains with more than five resistance markers had large molecular weight plasmids of 120-140 megadaltons . The restriction profile analysis of plasmids from isolates collected from various regions of the country showed similarity of DNA fragment pattern . These isolates were resistant to Ap, Cm, Km, Sm, Su and Tc.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1990 Sep, 21(3), 354 - 60
Salmonella krefeld in Thailand: I . Epidemiology, infection and drug resistance; Jayanetra P et al.; Information from the National Salmonella Shigella Center (NSSC), Thailand indicated that the most frequently isolated Salmonella serotype from humans during 1974-1975 was Salmonella typhi (33.1%), during 1976-1982 was S . krefeld (26.6%) and during 1983-1987 was S . derby (12.6%) . Antimicrobial susceptibility study of various Salmonella serotypes indicated that S . krefeld was the serotype with multiple drug resistance persisting for the longest period of time . Human salmonellosis due to S . krefeld is very rare . During 1976-1978, a large outbreak of S . krefeld gastroenteritis occurred in Thailand, mainly in children . The outbreak spread countrywide and is currently endemic . Gastrointestinal symptoms are severe in young infants . Systemic invasion with bacteremia, meningitis and pneumonitis were reported . The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates varied from sensitive to multiply drug resistant . The common antibiotic resistances were to ampicillin (75-92%), chloramphenicol (33-75%), kanamycin (67-90%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (15-52%) . Resistance to gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim declined after the period of the epidemic . Antimicrobial resistance patterns of 150 S . krefeld strains isolated in Thailand during 1978-1987 showed multiple drug resistance with up to seven drugs . The most common patterns were ApCmKmSuTp and ApCmKmSmSuTc.

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1990 Sep, 33(1), 7 - 9
Immunoglobulin profiles and antibacterial antibody levels in 50 patients a long time after posttraumatic splenectomy; Demeter J et al.; Serum immunoglobulin and antibacterial antibody concentrations have been determined in 50 patients 2 to 20 years after posttraumatic splenectomy . The serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were found to be significantly greater in the group of posttraumatic splenectomy patients than in that of the healthy controls . The serum IgE concentrations did not differ statistically from that of the controls . The serum level of natural antibodies against intestinal bacteria were found to be elevated (Shigella 1b, 2a, 3 and Salmonella typhi 02 strains) or normal (Salmonella typhi 0901 as well as E Coli 026 and 055 strains) . Our results show that the studied functional aspects of humoral immunity in this group of otherwise healthy splenectomized individuals were not impaired.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 827 - 30
Alternative methods of attenuating Salmonella species for potential vaccine use; Wilson DR et al.; Because of their invasive properties, Salmonella species are uniquely suited for use as live oral vaccines, and mutants attenuated in general metabolic functions show promise as vaccine strains . We have identified a Salmonella choleraesuis transposon mutant which is deficient in abilities to attach to, invade or penetrate through animal cells . This mutant is avirulent in mice, yet is able to persist within the liver, spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissue for periods which may be adequate for induction of secretory, humoral and cell-mediated immunity . This and other strains attenuated in factors specifically required for Salmonella pathogenesis may have potential as vaccine strains.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 797 - 805
Stabilization of recombinant avirulent vaccine strains in vivo; Curtiss R 3rd et al.; Salmonella strains attenuated by various mutational alterations and expressing heterologous colonization and virulence antigens specified by cloned genes have begun to be widely used as vaccines for oral immunization to induce protective immunity against the pathogens supplying the genes for the colonization or virulence antigens . Problems associated with plasmid instability and/or poor expression of cloned gene products have frequently been encountered and regulatory agencies are now banning use of antibiotic resistance markers in live attenuated vaccine strains . We have therefore developed a balanced lethal host-vector system in which the chromosome of the attenuated vaccine strain contains a deletion mutation that impose a requirement for diaminopimelic acid (DAP), an essential constituent of the rigid layer of the cell wall of all Gram-negative and some Gram-positive microbes . The plasmid cloning vector contains the wild-type allele for this gene allowing the recombinant avirulent Salmonella to be independent of DAP . Since DAP is not prevalent in nature, especially in the animal host, essentially 100% of the surviving avirulent Salmonella recovered from an immunized animal host still contain the recombinant plasmid and express the foreign colonization or virulence antigen . Occasional loss of the plasmid renders the avirulent Salmonella DAP-requiring, which quickly results in DAPless death with lysis of the bacterium to release its antigenic contents, an occurrence which might further enhance the immune response to the foreign colonization or virulence antigen . We describe below strains of bacteria, recombinant vectors and the methods to make use of this system in a diversity of situations for development of live recombinant avirulent vaccines as well as for other potential applications.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 141(7-8), 787 - 96
Aromatic-dependent Salmonella as live vaccine presenters of foreign epitopes as inserts in flagellin; Stocker BA; Synthetic oligonucleotides specifying amino acid sequences identified as epitopes of various foreign antigens (cholera toxin subunit B, hepatitis B surface protein and others) have been inserted at an EcoRV-EcoRV deletion site in a cloned Salmonella flagellin gene; the resulting plasmids, when placed in flagellin-negative Escherichia coli or Salmonella sp . strains, caused production of flagellin expressing the epitope . If the chimeric flagellin allowed formation of flagella, the epitope was exposed at the surface of the flagellar filaments . A delta aroA flagellin-negative S . dublin live vaccine strain given plasmids carrying various chimeric flagellin genes was administered to mice, etc . Serum antibody specific for the foreign epitope was in all cases evoked by parenteral administration; oral route administration was effective in the case of two epitopes of hepatitis B surface protein but not effective for several other epitopes . Several i.p . inocula of the live vaccine strain with an insert corresponding to the 15 N-terminal amino acids of the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes type 5 evoked M-specific antibody with opsonic activity, and the mice were (incompletely) protected against a lethal challenge of S . pyogenes type 5 . The non-virulence of Salmonella sp . strains with complete blocks in the aromatic biosynthesis pathway, even for animals with genetically determined or other defects in host defences, can be completely accounted for by their requirement for p-aminobenzoic acid, since non-leaky pabB mutations caused similar attenuation . Two transposon insertions at aroE caused little or no attenuation, presumably because they did not result in complete block of the relevant step in biosynthesis . The limited growth of delta aroA strains in mouse tissues parallels that which precedes the bacteriostasis caused by addition of a sulphonamide to a growing broth culture of a sulphonamide-sensitive strain; the final cessation of growth in each case presumably results from inability to initiate new protein chains with a formyl-methionine unit when the original folic acid content of the bacteria has been diluted out by residual growth.

Mol Immunol, 1990 Sep, 27(9), 859 - 65
Salmonella O antigen-specific oligosaccharide-octyl conjugates activate complement via the alternative pathway at different rates depending on the structure of the O antigen; Grossman N et al.; Artificial Salmonella serogroup B, D or Cl-specific glycolipids were prepared by covalently linking oligosaccharides corresponding to two O-antigen repeating units, obtained by phage enzyme hydrolysis of native O-antigenic polysaccharides, to octyl residues . Sheep erythrocytes coated with the artificial glycolipids were studied for their ability to consume C3, when incubated in C4- deficient guinea pig serum . Salmonella C1 (0-6,7) glycolipid-coated erythrocytes consumed C3 40% more efficiently than Salmonella D (0-9,12) glycolipid-coated erythrocytes, and 10-times more efficiently than Salmonella B (0-4,12) glycolipid-coated erythrocytes . These results resemble C3 consumption by Salmonella C1, D, and B cells and by sheep erythrocytes coated with purified lipopolysaccharides of these O-specificities . The results prove directly that in a particulate system C3 activation via the alternative pathway depends on the structural properties of the O-antigenic side chain . Structures as small as octasaccharides, or as two O-antigenic repeating units, are sufficient for triggering C3 activation, but the magnitude of activation depends on the nature of the monosaccharides . Apparently, neither the core oligosaccharide nor Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide are required for C3 activation via the alternative pathway.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1990 Aug 17, 1035(2), 201 - 5
Altered responses to modulators of guanine nucleotide binding protein activity in endotoxin tolerance; Coffee KA et al.; The effects of cholera toxin or pertussis toxin and nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs on Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin stimulation of iTxB2 and i6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis in control and endotoxin tolerant rat peritoneal macrophages were determined . Pretreatment with pertussis toxin alone had no effect on basal macrophage iTxB2 or i6-keto-PGF1 alpha production, but pertussis toxin (0.1, 1.0 and 10 ng/ml) significantly inhibited endotoxin-stimulated iTxB2 and i6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis . Pretreatment with cholera toxin, which did not affect basal iTxB2 or i6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis, significantly enhanced endotoxin-induced synthesis of iTxB2 and i6-keto-PGF1 alpha . The effects of pertussis and cholera toxin with or without endotoxin were significantly (P less than 0.05) less in macrophages from endotoxin tolerant rats compared to control macrophages . GTP{gamma-S} (100 microM) significantly increased iTxB2 synthesis and significantly augmented endotoxin-stimulated iTxB2 synthesis in control macrophages (P less than 0.05) . However, in macrophages from endotoxin tolerant rats the effect of GTP{gamma-S} on iTxB2 synthesis was significantly less (P less than 0.05) compared to control macrophages . Collectively, these data suggest that: (1) guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins mediate endotoxin-stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism in rat peritoneal macrophages; and (2) endotoxin tolerance induces alterations in guanine nucleotide binding protein activity.

Nature, 1990 Aug 9, 346(6284), 586 - 9
Structure of Arc repressor in solution: evidence for a family of beta-sheet DNA-binding proteins; Breg JN et al.; The Arc repressor, which is involved in the switch between lysis and lysogeny of Salmonella bacteriophage P22, does not belong to any of the known classes of DNA-binding proteins . Mutagenesis studies show that the DNA-binding region is located in the 15 N-terminal amino-acid residues . We have now determined the three-dimensional structure of the Arc dimer from an extensive set of interproton-distance data obtained from 1H NMR spectroscopy . A priori, intra- and inter-monomer nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) cannot be distinguished for a symmetric dimer . But by using the homology with the Escherichia coli Met repressor we could interpret the NOEs unambiguously in an iterative structure refinement procedure . The final structure satisfies a large set of NOE constraints (1,352 for the dimer) . It shows a strongly intertwined dimer, in which residues 8-14 of different monomers form an antiparallel beta-sheet . A model for the Arc repressor-operator complex can account for all available biochemical and genetic data . In this model two Arc dimers bind with their beta-sheet regions in successive major grooves on one side of the DNA helix, similar to the Met repressor interaction . Thus, Arc and Met repressors are members of the same family of proteins, which contain an antiparallel beta-sheet as the DNA-binding motif.

Science, 1990 Aug 3, 249(4968), 511 - 7
The Hin invertasome: protein-mediated joining of distant recombination sites at the enhancer; Heichman KA et al.; The Hin protein binds to two cis-acting recombination sites and catalyzes a site-specific DNA inversion reaction that regulates the expression of flagellin genes in Salmonella . In addition to the Hin protein and the two recombination sites that flank the invertible segment, a third cis-acting recombinational enhancer sequence and the Fis protein, which binds to two sites within the enhancer, are required for efficient recombination . Intermediates of this reaction were trapped during DNA strand cleavage and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy in order to determine their structure and composition . The analyses demonstrate that the recombination sites are assembled at the enhancer into a complex nucleo-protein structure (termed the invertasome) with the looping of the three segments of intervening DNA . Antibody studies indicated that Fis physically interacts with Hin and that both proteins are intimately associated with the invertasome . In order to achieve this protein-protein interaction and assemble the invertasome, the substrate DNA must be supercoiled.

Vaccine, 1990 Aug, 8(4), 321 - 6
Antibody-secreting cells in the evaluation of the immunogenicity of an oral vaccine; Kantele A; The immune response to different dosage schedules of oral live Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccines was studied by enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the peripheral blood believed to have been stimulated by the vaccine antigen on mucosal surfaces and to be on their way back to those sites for local antibody secretion . Four groups of subjects were vaccinated with either three (3 x S), two (2 x S) or one (1 x S) dose of a suspension-formulated vaccine, or with three doses of vaccine in enteric-coated capsules (3 x E) . The ASC-responses were highest in group 3 x S, followed by 3 x E, 2 x S and 1 x S, in this order . These differences parallel differences in protection from disease as observed in field trails with these regimens . This assay might therefore be useful for presumptive assessment of the protective ability of new vaccines or vaccine regimens . It certainly can be used to measure the immunogenicity of an oral vaccine.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Aug, 28(8), 1867 - 9
Use of commercially available rapid chloramphenicol acetyltransferase test to detect resistance in Salmonella species; de la Maza L et al.; Chloramphenicol resistance among Salmonella spp . has important public health and clinical implications, especially in areas of the world where these strains are endemic . The availability of rapid and sensitive screening methods for detection of antibiotic resistance is important . Therefore, we tested 33 strains of Salmonella for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity using two rapid techniques . Evaluation of a 1-h tube method and a 30-min commercial disk procedure demonstrated that they are as accurate as standardized susceptibility techniques . Both the 1-h tube and 30-min disk methods detected CAT enzymatic activity produced by one CAT gene copy per cell.

Mutat Res, 1990 Aug, 244(4), 273 - 7
The interaction of methanol, rat-liver S9 and the aromatic amine 2,4-diaminotoluene produces a new mutagenic compound; Cunningham ML et al.; Methanol is a widely used solvent for organic compounds and a human toxicant . In our studies of the metabolism of aromatic amines in the Ames/Salmonella assay, we observed a rapid and quantitative conversion of the mutagenic and carcinogenic aromatic amine 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) to a single product . This product was only produced in the presence of methanol, and not other organic solvents . Isolation of this product showed that it was highly mutagenic in Salmonella TA98 with S9 activation . Characterization of the product of the interaction of methanol and 2,4-DAT indicated that methanol is activated to a reactive intermediate, probably formaldehyde, by the 9000 X g supernatant used in the Ames/Salmonella assay . The formaldehyde subsequently reacts with 2,4-DAT to form the mutagenic product, identified as bis-5,5'(2,4,2',4'-tetraaminotolyl)methane . Results of this study demonstrate that methanol may be an inappropriate solvent for mutation and metabolism studies of aromatic amines and possibly other chemicals, and that solvent-xenobiotic interactions may in some cases lead to the misinterpretation of results.

Mutat Res, 1990 Aug, 241(4), 379 - 85
Evaluation of genotoxicity of N-nitrosodibenzylamine in Chinese hamster V79 cells and in Salmonella; Boyes BG et al.; Health concerns have arisen due to the formation of N-nitrosodibenzylamine (NDBzA; CAS No . 5336-53-8) in pork processed in a new type of rubber netting . In view of the potent carcinogenicity of related nitrosamines (e.g . N-nitroso-n-dibutylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine), NDBzA was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in both Chinese hamster V79 cells and in Salmonella . In V79 cells, concentrations up to 25 micrograms/ml were tested with and without activation by rat or hamster hepatocytes . Significant elevation of SCE frequency was seen only at 25 micrograms/ml in the presence of uninduced hamster hepatocytes . Mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance was observed at 25 micrograms/ml, in the absence of hepatocytes and in the presence of induced (Aroclor 1254) or uninduced hamster hepatocytes, but not with rat hepatocytes . With uninduced rat hepatocytes, a small but significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the mutation frequency was seen with 10 micrograms/ml NDBzA . In the Salmonella assay, using a pre-incubation protocol and concentrations up to 1000 micrograms/ml, NDBzA was negative in strain TA98, and in TA100 with rat S9, but was positive at the highest dose in TA100 with hamster S9, and more strongly with Aroclor 1254-induced hamster S9 . When activated by uninduced rat or hamster hepatocytes, as opposed to S9, NDBzA was negative with all tester strains . Hamster hepatocytes activated more than rat in the V79 studies, and hamster S9 was more strongly activating in the Salmonella assay . These results indicate that NDBzA is weakly mutagenic to both Salmonella and V79 cells.

Am J Epidemiol, 1990 Aug, 132(2), 233 - 8
Pet turtles: a continuing international threat to public health; D'Aoust JY et al.; The occurrence of Salmonella spp . in red-eared (Pseudemys scripta elegans) turtle eggs imported into Canada from Louisiana in June to September 1988 was examined . Of 28 lots tested, six (21%) lots from three of four exporters harbored salmonellae . Salmonella poona and Salmonella arizonae were frequently encountered in both fertile eggs and packaging moss . Turtles hatched in our laboratory from affected lots of eggs shed Salmonella in tank water for up to 11 months . Widespread use of gentamicin on turtle farms to produce Salmonella-free eggs for export apparently encouraged development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains . Of 37 Salmonella strains isolated in this study, 30 (81%) were gentamicin resistant . Such high levels of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae in turtle eggs pose a serious human health risk . Further marketing of turtle eggs and hatchlings should be curtailed until consistent production and distribution of Salmonella-free stocks can be assured.

Infect Immun, 1990 Aug, 58(8), 2523 - 8
Murine antibody response to oral infection with live aroA recombinant Salmonella dublin vaccine strains expressing filamentous hemagglutinin antigen from Bordetella pertussis; Molina NC et al.; Two plasmids which express either nearly intact or truncated filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) from Bordetella pertussis and which are marked with a tetracycline resistance (Tcr) gene were transformed into Salmonella dublin SL1438, an aroA deletion mutant intended for use as an attenuated oral vaccine against salmonellosis . These S . dublin recombinants, when fed to mice, induced serum immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and sometimes IgA antibody responses to FHA and S . dublin . In addition, IgA antibodies against FHA were found in gut wash fluids . S . dublin carrying pDB2300, a multicopy plasmid encoding truncated FHA protein, induced a better antibody response than did S . dublin carrying pDB2000, a low-copy-number plasmid encoding full-sized FHA . Administration of tetracycline to mice enhanced the stability of recombinant plasmids, and tetracycline-treated mice developed higher anti-FHA titers . Although neither strain examined is suitable for use in a human oral vaccine, these data demonstrated that an immune response against B . pertussis FHA could be induced by oral administration of live attenuated recombinant strains of S . dublin and suggested that development of a live oral attenuated vaccine against pertussis may be possible.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1990 Aug, 35(8), 22 - 5
{Comparative characteristics of lysozymes of different origin}; Podboronov VM; Lysozymes with different molecular weights were isolated from homogenates of ticks or Ixodoidea with a procedure based on specific sorption of the enzyme by chitin . Lysozymes with a molecular weight of 13,800 were isolated from O . moubata, O . papillipes and A . lahorensis and lysozymes with a molecular weight of 15,000 were isolated from H . asiaticum and I . persulcatus . Micrococci and staphylococci proved to be the most sensitive to the lysozymes . E . coli and Salmonella spp . were less sensitive . The activity of the lysozymes from O . moubata, O . papillipes and A . lahorensis was 2 to 4 times as high as that of the yolk lysozyme and 4 to 8 times as high as that of the lysozymes from H . asiaticum and I . persulcatus . The activity of the yolk lysozyme was 2 or more times as high as that of the lysozymes from H . asiaticum and I . persulcatus . The lysozymes were resistant to heating in acid media . In alkaline media a marked loss of the activity was observed.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1990 Aug, 58(2), 87 - 93
Relationship between intestinal microecology and the translocation of intestinal bacteria; Wells CL; It is now well known that endogenous bacteria can translocate from the intestinal tract and cause many of the complicating infections seen in severely ill, hospitalized patients . Of the hundreds of bacterial species in the intestinal tract, relatively few aerobic/facultative species appear to translocate with any frequency . Van der Waaij and colleagues (1971, 1972a, 1972b) originally proposed that, by a process termed 'colonization resistance', strictly anaerobic bacteria prevented the intestinal overgrowth and subsequent translocation of these potentially pathogenic aerobic/facultative bacteria . Selective antimicrobial decontamination, designed to maintain colonization resistance, has been effective in reducing the incidence of infectious morbidity in high risk patients . However, the mechanisms controlling bacterial translocation remain unclear, but appear to depend on host factors, as well as on factors inherent in the microbe itself . There is both clinical and experimental evidence supporting the concept that strictly anaerobic bacteria do not readily translocate . Bacteria that are able to survive within macrophages (e.g., Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes) translocate easier than others, and there is recent experimental evidence that normal intestinal bacteria may translocate to the draining mesenteric lymph node within host phagocytes . There is also evidence that anaerobic bacteria translocate along with facultative species in situations associated with intestinal epithelial damage, i.e., burn trauma, oral ricinoleic acid, and acute mesenteric ischemia . In contrast, recent experimental evidence demonstrates that facultative bacteria can translocate across a histologically intact intestinal epithelium, and that the ileal absorptive cell may be at least one portal of entry prior to transport into deeper tissues . It is anticipated that further clarification of the routes and mechanisms involved in bacterial translocation will provide new insights into the treatment and prevention of a significant proportion of the infectious morbidity seen in severely ill, hospitalized patients.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Aug, 64(8), 973 - 9
Immunological studies on soluble protective antigen (SPA) separated from culture supernatant fluids of Salmonella enteritidis; Uchiya K et al.; Studies were carried out to analyze the antigenicity of Soluble Protective Antigen (SPA) separated from culture supernatant fluids of Salmonella enteritidis strain 2547 . Mice injected with anti-SPA mouse serum were capable of tolerating a challenge dose of 100 LD50 S . enteritidis . After absorption of the anti-SPA mouse serum with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from strain 2547, no protective effect was observed . Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analysis showed that the P1 fraction obtained from Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of strain 2547 or 2822 LPS reacted with antiserum to SPA, but no reaction was observed with the P2 or P3 fraction . The LPS from strain 2547 gave 80% mouse protection against challenge with 100 LD50 of the homologous bacteria, while the P1 from strain 2547 LPS afforded 40% protective immunity . When P1, LPS and SPA were transferred into the footpad of SPA-immunized mice, a positive delayed footpad reaction was elicited . Similarly, macrophage migration inhibitory activity was observed when SPA-induced peritoneal exudate cells were cultured in medium containing P1, LPS and SPA . These results suggest that the antigenic determinant of SPA exists in the O-antigenic components of LPS.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1990 Aug, 97(8), 315 - 7
Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of kitasamycin in healthy and diseased broilers; Hassan AB et al.; The pharmacokinetics of kitasamycin after intravenous and oral administration in a dose of 300 mg/kg b.wt . was studied in 18 healthy and 18 Salmonella gallinarum naturally infected chickens . The tissue residue of the studied antibiotic was estimated in 36 normal chickens when it was given orally for 7 successive days . Therapeutic level of kitasamycin was achieved after 15 minutes and persisted for 20-22 hours after its oral administration . Higher serum kitasamycin concentrations were recorded in Salmonella gallinarum infected chickens . The elimination half-life of kitasamycin calculated after single intravenous injection was 9.03 hours in diseased chickens corresponding to 3.74 hours in healthy birds . The body clearance was significantly reduced in diseased chickens (23.86 ml/kg/min) when compared to that in normal ones (62.03 ml/kg/min) . Kitasamycin treated broilers should not be slaughtered before 3 days from the last dose as it was detected only in bile and caecum at that time but not in edible tissues.

APMIS, 1990 Aug, 98(8), 735 - 40
The prevalence of plasmids in Danish bovine and human isolates of Salmonella dublin; Olsen JE et al.; Nine different plasmid profiles were demonstrated among 135 Danish isolates of Salmonella dublin, with 58% of the strains enclosed in the major profile group . Two strains did not carry any plasmids . The plasmid profiles of 129 strains (96%) were made up of one or more of only four plasmids of approximate sizes 98 kb, 80 kb, 4.0 kb, and 3.8 kb . There was no significant difference in the prevalence of different plasmid profile groups between isolates from cattle and man . The serovar-specific and virulence-associated 80 kb plasmid could be demonstrated in all plasmid carrying strains, but one strain carried this plasmid at a very low copy number . Five of 47 strains tested showed resistance to antibiotics (2 to sulphathiazole, 2 to streptomycin, and 1 to streptomycin and tetracycline) . Only the combined streptomycin/tetracycline resistance was transferable by a 48 kb conjugative plasmid.

J Clin Gastroenterol, 1990 Aug, 12(4), 430 - 2
Spontaneous Salmonella infection of high-protein noncirrhotic ascites; Woolf GM et al.; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis rarely complicates high-protein (greater than 2.5 g/dl) ascites . The relatively high endogenous antimicrobial (opsonic) activity of the ascitic fluid in this setting appears to protect the patient from infection . We report two patients with high-protein, noncirrhotic ascites complicated by spontaneous peritonitis due to Salmonella species . One patient had ascites due to heart failure, whereas the other patient's ascites was due to peritoneal carcinomatosis . The ascitic fluid total protein concentrations were 3.1 and 3.3 g/dl, respectively, and the opsonic activity of the ascitic fluid specimens were 2.03 and 2.00 log kill, respectively, indicating a high degree of bacterial killing . We hypothesize that the virulence of the Salmonella species was able to overcome the high opsonic activity in the ascitic fluid, resulting in infection in these two patients . Fever, abdominal pain, or encephalopathy in a patient with high-protein ascites may suggest the presence of an unusual organism causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Vaccine, 1990 Aug, 8(4), 353 - 7
Studies in volunteers to evaluate candidate Shigella vaccines: further experience with a bivalent Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei vaccine and protection conferred by previous Shigella sonnei disease; Herrington DA et al.; A bivalent vaccine consisting of Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a containing the 120 MDa plasmid of Shigella sonnei and expressing both S . typhi and S . sonnei lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on its surface was previously shown to protect significantly against S . sonnei disease in experimental challenge studies . However, protective efficacy could not be reconfirmed in volunteers with five subsequent lots of vaccine . One vaccine lot which resembled the initial protective lots of vaccine in biochemical and serological tests, and by electron microscopy, was administered to 16 volunteers who ingested three doses of 10(9) organisms each . Antibody secreting cells (ASC) specific for S . sonnei LPS were detected in the blood of 100% of vaccines, but no protection of these vaccines was demonstrated during a S . sonnei challenge study . To assess the ability of the volunteer model to detect infection-derived immunity, six volunteers who had had clinical shigellosis due to S . sonnei two months earlier were rechallenged with wild-type S . sonnei, together with 12 controls . Prior infection provided 100% protection against febrile illness (p = 0.05) and diarrhea (p = 0.04), thereby validating the volunteer model for assessing Shigella vaccines.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Aug, 32(4), 283 - 6
Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (Py-MS) for the rapid epidemiological typing of clinically significant bacterial pathogens; Freeman R et al.; Fresh clinical isolates of Salmonella spp . and Streptococcus pyogenes were analysed by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (Py-MS) . The results formed the basis of mathematically derived characterizations of individual strains and these were compared with the results of phage typing for the salmonellas and M protein typing for the streptococci . Py-MS was shown to be a rapid and reproducible method for inter-strain comparisons, giving evidence of identity and non-identity between strains that agreed well with the results of conventional tests . Py-MS has potential value as a rapid, relatively inexpensive and highly discriminatory method of epidemiological analysis in bacterial disease.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Aug, 105(1), 21 - 7
International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: a new pandemic?
Rodrigue DC, Tauxe RV, Rowe B.
Over the past 5 years Salmonella enteritidis infections in humans have increased on both sides of the Atlantic ocean . The WHO salmonella surveillance data for 1979-87 were reviewed and show that S . enteritidis appears to be increasing on at least the continents of North America, South America, and Europe, and may include Africa . S . enteritidis isolates increased in 24 (69%) of 35 countries between 1979 and 1987 . In 1979, only 2 (10%) of 21 countries with reported data reported S . enteritidis as their most common salmonella serotype; in 1987, 9 (43%) of 21 countries reported S . enteritidis as their most common serotype; 8 (89%) of 9 were European countries . Although the reason for the global increase is not yet clear, investigations in individual countries suggest it is related to consumption of eggs and poultry which harbour the organism.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Aug, 162(2), 428 - 34
Bacteroides lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce anaphylactoid and lethal reactions in LPS-responsive and -nonresponsive mice primed with muramyl dipeptide; Takada H et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (100 micrograms/mouse) from Bacteroides gingivalis elicited anaphylactoid reactions in N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) (100 micrograms)-primed C3H/HeN mice 0-48 h after MDP injection . The reaction resulted in death within 1 h when the LPS was injected 2-10 h after the MDP injection . LPS prepared from other Bacteroides and Salmonella species but not from others, including Escherichia coli, could induce the reaction . LPS-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 strains were also responsive to the reaction, while AKR, BALB/c, DBA/2, and ICR mice were not . By contrast, Bacteroides LPS exhibited weak lethal toxicity compared with E . coli LPS in galactosamine-sensitized C3H/HeN mice, while neither LPS had activity in C3H/HeJ mice . LPS from E . coli and Bacteroides intermedius induced serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity in MDP-primed mice, except for C3H/HeJ mice; B . gingivalis LPS rarely induced TNF in C3H/HeN or C3H/HeJ mice, indicating no involvement of TNF in the anaphylactoid reaction . Serotonin could substitute for MDP for the reaction, and methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, inhibited the activity.

J Lab Clin Med, 1990 Aug, 116(2), 237 - 41
Monophosphoryl lipid A inhibits neutrophil priming by lipopolysaccharide; Heiman DF et al.; It is known that lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) prime neutrophils for oxygen radical production . Monophosphoryl lipid A is a nontoxic derivative of lipid A that protects against lethal endotoxemia . We examined the effects of Salmonella minnesota monophosphoryl lipid A on S . minnesota lipopolysaccharide-induced priming of neutrophil superoxide anion generation . Human neutrophils were preincubated with and without either lipopolysaccharide or monophosphoryl lipid A before stimulation with 10(-5) formyl-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalanine . Neutrophil priming reached a plateau at a concentration of 100 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide, where superoxide anion generation increased from 10.1 +/- 0.8 to 25.2 +/- 1.7 nmol superoxide anions/10(6) neutrophils/10 min (p less than 0.01) . In contrast, monophosphoryl lipid A did not exhibit any priming activity . Monophosphoryl lipid A also exhibited a time-dependent inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced priming of neutrophils, which was maximal when monophosphoryl lipid A was added 15 minutes before lipopolysaccharide . Preincubation with monophosphoryl lipid A induced a dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil priming by 1000 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide . Neutrophil superoxide anion generation decreased by 47% from 19.0 +/- 0.6 to 10.0 +/- 0.7 nmol superoxide anions/10(6) neutrophils/10 min by 2000 ng/ml monophosphoryl lipid A (p less than 0.01) . These data indicate that monophosphoryl lipid A does not enhance neutrophil superoxide generation in response to formyl-norleucyl-leucyl-phenylalanine . Monophosphoryl lipid A also inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced priming in a dose-dependent manner that may reflect blocking of lipopolysaccharide by monophosphoryl lipid A at cellular binding sites.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1990 Aug-Sep, 8(7), 446 - 8
{Salmonella: resistance to 3 antibiotics of choice}; Perez de Leon A et al.; The resistances of 1,156 stocks of Salmonella isolated between 1980-1981 were compared with the 1,528 stocks of Salmonella obtained between 1986-1987 against three elective antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole . The number of resistant stocks and the resistances to the above antibiotics are increasing (9.7% during the first period and 13.6% during the second, p = 0.002) . Resistances to multiple agents increased from 1.8% to 4.38% (p = 0.0006) . During the period of 1986-1987 there were stocks resistant to the three studied antibiotics.

J Pak Med Assoc, 1990 Aug, 40(8), 176 - 8
Therapeutic implications of ofloxacin in the treatment of typhoid fever caused by multiply resistant Salmonella typhi; Ishaq M et al.; The antibiotic of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever in most parts of the world is still chloramphenicol . Ampicillin and cotrimoxazole have been used in recent years . Selection of antimicrobials for therapy has been complicated by the emergence of Salmonella typhi strains resistant to the above mentioned antibiotics . Blood and/or bone marrow cultures of 30 adult patients grew S . typhi that was resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole . However, these strains were sensitive to cefotaxime, ceftrioxone, aztreonam and ofloxacin . Ofloxacin 400 mg twice a day was given orally to these patients for 14 days . All patients recovered with no untoward side effect . We concluded that ofloxacin can be used as a drug of choice for typhoid fever, in those adult patients who are infected with S . typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1990 Aug 1, 40(3), 581 - 7
Covalent interaction of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine with hepatic lipids . Enzymic basis and stability of the adducts; Iba MM et al.; Administration of a single oral dose (20 mg/kg) of {U-14C}3,3'-dichlorobenzidine to rats resulted in the in vivo covalent binding of the compound to hepatic lipids . More than 70% of the lipid-3,3'-dichlorobenzidine adducts were accounted for in microsomes . Loss of the lipid-bound 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine residues from either total liver or endoplasmic reticulum occurred in at least two phases--an initial fast phase and a terminal slow phase . In vitro studies with hepatic microsomes in the presence of antibodies to specific P450 isozymes and chemical inhibitors to determine the enzymes that activate 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine to the lipid-binding derivative(s) implicated cytochrome P450d . The 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine-bound microsomal lipids were not mutagenic to Salmonella TA98 in the Ames test . The results suggest that adduct formation between 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and membrane lipids may provide a measure of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine activation . It is speculated that covalent interaction of the compound with membrane lipids may modify cellular processes, leading to either enhancement or attenuation of carcinogenesis by the chemical.

Allergy, 1990 Aug, 45(6), 464 - 70
Influenza A virus potentiates bacteria-induced histamine release . Examination of normal individuals and patients allergic to bacteria; Clementsen P et al.; Influenza A virus was found to enhance basophil histamine release induced by Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus sanguis, but did not per se release histamine . This potentiating effect of the virus was seen both when the bacteria-induced mediator release was IgE-dependent (i.e . patient allergic to bacterium) and when the bacterium caused histamine release by a non-immunological mechanism independent of IgE (putative sugar-lectin mediated) . Also histamine release induced by other immunological and non-immunological stimuli, such as anti-IgE, calcium ionophore or agarose beads was enhanced in the presence of the virus . The potentiating effect of the virus on bacteria-induced mediator release might be of importance for the conversion from latent to manifest asthma in upper respiratory tract infections.

Tierarztl Prax, 1990 Aug, 18(4), 377 - 81
{The pharmacokinetics of dihydrostreptomycin sulfate in domestic pigeons (Columba livia Gmel., 1789 var . domestica)}; Mutlu OF; A 20% aqueous solution of dihydrostreptomycin sulfate in a dosage of 100 mg/kg b.w . is non-toxic for pigeons, although renal accumulation occurs . 12 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg b.w . the plasma concentration decreases to 3.64 micrograms/ml and therefore below the therapeutically effective concentration, while in birds suffering from salmonella infections plasma levels decrease to comparative concentrations (3.84 micrograms/ml) after only 8 hours . Contrary to the directions for use in pigeons of the preparation CX 60, the subsequent dosage should be given no later than 10 hours after the first application.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Aug, 28(8), 1818 - 21
Monoclonal antibodies to 52-kilodalton protein of Salmonella typhi; Ekpo P et al.; Ten monoclonal antibodies (6 immunoglobulin G1 kappa {IgG1 kappa} and 4 IgG2b kappa) from six hybrid clones specific for Salmonella typhi antigen were produced by immunizing BALB/cJ mice with affinity-purified S . typhi proteins (Bp) . The latter were prepared by passing crude S . typhi Bp through an affinity column made from Sepharose conjugated to IgG antibodies against partially purified S . typhi Bp . The eluent was subsequently used as the immunogen for the production of monoclonal antibody . All 10 monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically with a 52-kilodalton (kDa) protein of S . typhi and were species specific . The presence of IgM antibody to the 52-kDa antigen in the sera of a majority of patients with acute typhoid fever suggested that this 52-kDa protein is also a good immunogen for humans . The potential usefulness of this antigen in the early diagnosis of typhoid fever is discussed.

Infect Immun, 1990 Aug, 58(8), 2493 - 501
Salmonella choleraesuis strains deficient in O antigen remain fully virulent for mice by parenteral inoculation but are avirulent by oral administration; Nnalue NA et al.; O-antigen-deficient derivatives of two mouse-virulent strains of Salmonella choleraesuis (serogroup C1; O-6,7) were constructed by transduction of a long deletion of the rfb operon . Strains SN36 and SN57 were derived from the smooth ancestor SL2824, while SN37 was derived from the smooth ancestor SL2840 . These rfb deletion derivatives (rfb strains) had typical bacteriophage sensitivity patterns of "rough" Salmonella strains and were at least 200,000 times more sensitive to serum than their smooth ancestors . Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from them consisted only of two low-molecular-weight bands and lacked the ladderlike pattern of bands seen in the LPS of their smooth ancestors . The LPS from the rfb strains did not react in an enzyme immunoassay with any of three monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the O-6,7 antigen but reacted well with at least one of three monoclonal antibodies specific for core epitopes . The data were consistent with inability of these strains to synthesize O-specific chains and showed that the LPS extracted from SN57 was of chemotype Ra and that from SN36 was of chemotype Rb1, while that of SN37 consisted of a mixture of the two chemotypes . The virulence of these strains was tested by various routes in BALB/c mice . All three O-antigen-deficient derivatives were about as virulent as their "smooth" ancestors by the intraperitoneal and intravenous routes (50% lethal dose, 20 to 700 bacteria) but, unlike their ancestors, were avirulent by the oral route (50% lethal dose, greater than or equal to 5 x 10(9) bacteria) . This suggests that the major role of smooth LPS in the mouse virulence of S . choleraesuis is to facilitate survival in the gastrointestinal tract and eventual entry into deeper tissues.

Ugeskr Laeger, 1990 Jul 23, 152(30), 2177 - 9
{Salmonella infections in the county of Frederiksborg during the period 1983-1988}; Ege PP; During the years 1983 to 1988, a marked increase in the number of Salmonella infections notified to the Medical Officer of health in Frederiksborg was observed . The epidemiology of Salmonella infections has altered decisively during the past 5-10 years . The number has increased drastically and this increase is due particularly to increase in the number of isolated sporadic cases . The primary cause of the increasing number of infections is increasing contamination of foodstuffs with Salmonella . Improved hygiene in the food industry is essential if the number of infections is to be reduced . Children are frequently infected by direct or indirect contact . Salmonella infections are, therefore, a problem in day institutions and in day care homes . Contact infection may be prevented by improved hygiene and quarantine for children with infectious diarrhoea . Symptom-free excretors, on the other hand, do not present any particular risk for infection and should not be excluded from institutions . Children may excrete bacteria for several months and quarantine based on positive faeces cultures may have considerable social consequences.

Arch Environ Health, 1990 Jul-Aug, 45(4), 237 - 44
A study on the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke from low-tar cigarettes; Chortyk OT et al.; A series of 16 low-tar cigarettes, yielding from 1 to 10 mg of tar, were smoked on a modified cigarette smoking machine that collected both mainstream (MS, inhaled) smoke and sidestream (SS, between puffs) smoke . The SS smoke is the major contributor to environmental tobacco smoke . The collected MS and SS smoke condensates were evaluated for mutagenicity by the Ames test and compared with MS and SS smoke condensates from a high-tar cigarette . Both MS and SS condensates of low-tar cigarettes (LTCs) were tested with the Salmonella strains TA1538 and TA100 . Except for three cigarettes, the MS smoke mutagenicities of the LTC smoke condensates were significantly reduced (about 30%) when compared with a control, high-tar (23-mg) cigarette . Opposite results were obtained for the SS smoke condensates, which were more mutagenic (about 20%) than the SS smoke condensate of the high-tar cigarette . Thus, LTC mainstream smoke may be less hazardous to the LTC smoker, whereas LTC sidestream may emit more mutagenic compounds into environmental tobacco smoke, which, through passive inhalation, could affect both smokers and nonsmokers.

Mutagenesis, 1990 Jul, 5(4), 333 - 61
Structural alerts to genotoxicity: the interaction of human and artificial intelligence; Rosenkranz HS et al.; The assignments of 'structural alerts' by Ashby and associates as predictors of genotoxic carcinogenicity were used as the entries for CASE, an artificial intelligence-based structure-activity relational method . CASE, using this human intelligence-based information, was able to derive structural determinants that duplicate the informational content of the structural alerts (sensitivity, 0.974; specificity, 0.948) . The CASE-predicted alerts performed as well as the results of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay or the direct application of structural alerts in predicting carcinogens.

APMIS, 1990 Jul, 98(7), 665 - 8
Plasmid profile analysis and restriction enzyme fingerprinting of Salmonella DO-group strains; Franklin A et al.; In Sweden Salmonella dublin is the most common serotype within the DO-group isolated from animals . In recent years also salmonella strains belonging to the DO-group but lacking H-antigen have been isolated from cattle in different areas . It was not possible to further differentiate the latter strains by serological methods . However, all Salmonella dublin strains and those strains lacking H-antigen carried a 50 Mdal plasmid exhibiting the same EcoRI and Hind III restriction enzyme digestion pattern . Two of the 26 strains contained an additional 5 Mdal plasmid . Other serotypes within the DO-group investigated, namely Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella panama, carried plasmids smaller than 50 Mdal . The plasmid profiles and restriction enzyme digestion patterns indicated that the salmonella strains lacking H-antigen were variants of Salmonella dublin . Thus, analysis of plasmid profile and restriction enzyme fingerprinting are useful complements to serological methods in the differentiation of salmonella DO-group strains.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Jul, 162(1), 148 - 55
Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of binding by lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies to gram-negative bacteria; Evans ME et al.; Sixteen murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with the O-side chain, core oligosaccharide, or lipid A of Escherichia coli O111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated for binding activity against wild-type and rough mutant strains using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescein-conjugated antiimmunoglobulin probe . O-side-chain-reactive MAbs produced immunofluorescence against homologous, smooth strains up to 500-fold higher than controls . Many core- and lipid A-reactive MAbs exhibited limited reactivity with smooth bacteria . Some core- and lipid A-associated epitopes, however, were better recognized by MAbs on intact bacteria than on isolated LPS . FACS analysis of binding by the core-reactive MAb, J8-4C10, to E . coli O26:B6 smooth bacteria revealed staining and non-staining bacterial phenotypes that were sorted and stably expressed in subculture . FACS analysis thus documented differences in the whole-cell reactivity of MAbs specific for various LPS subcomponents, differences in MAb reactivity with isolated and cell-associated LPS, and spontaneous changes in the phenotypic expression of certain LPS-associated epitopes on intact bacteria.

Res Microbiol, 1990 Jul-Aug, 141(6), 671 - 8
Smooth lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella adelaide has an atypical Salmonella Ra core; Tsang RS et al.; Two wild isolates as well as two laboratory strains of Salmonella adelaide obtained from different geographical areas failed to react with a monoclonal antibody directed against the terminal alpha-1,2-linked N-acetylglucosamine residue of the outer core of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . This finding was confirmed by the lack of reactivities of Salmonella Ra LPS with S . adelaide antiserum or of S . adelaide R oligosaccharide with Salmonella Ra serum . Furthermore, S . adelaide proved to be resistant to lysis by phage FO1, which binds to a receptor also believed to involve the terminal alpha-1,2-linked N-acetylglucosamine of the Salmonella R oligosaccharide . These results suggest that the outer core structure of S . adelaide LPS may be different from that of S . typhimurium and other Salmonella strains.

An Esp Pediatr, 1990 Jul, 33(1), 31 - 5
{Correlation between IGA from colostrum and serum and IGA is closer than between salivary IGA and total IGA}; Talleria Orriols JJ et al.; Colostrum, serum and saliva were simultaneously obtained from 50 normal mothers . 19-45 years old, 36-72 hours post-delivery . Total IgA level and class-IgA antibodies against 3 common food antigens (lactoglobulin, gliadin and ovalbumin) and 4 types of salmonella (typhi, paratyphi A, B and C) were determined in all samples . The 7 antibodies (Ab) were detected in colostrum, by ELISA, in a higher percentage of samples (88-62%), than in serum (82-34%) and saliva (77-27%) . These percentages were higher for food-Ab than for anti-salmonella Ab . The total colostral IgA was close correlated with food-Ab in colostrum (p less than 0.001) and quite poorer with anti-salmonella Ab (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.01) . A good correlation was generally also present between Ab from colostrum/serum, but was worse between both secretions (colostrum/saliva) . The present results suggest that colostrum specific Ab levels can be predicted, depending on total IgA and the specific Ab from serum.

Vojnosanit Pregl, 1990 Jul-Aug, 47(4), 280 - 5
{Methods for the detection of salmonellae in food}; Paunovic M; Presented are results of modern immunological and culture medium techniques for the salmonella isolation from chicken trunks compared with those obtained by standard technique (ST) . By using fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), enriched serum techniques (ES) and immune stain-reaction (ISR) a larger number of positive samples was detected (31%-41%) in comparison with standard culture medium techniques (ST) (25%) . Statistically significant differences were obtained by FAT . By both Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) and modified semi-solid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) culture medium techniques about thrice higher percentage of salmonella positive findings were obtained than in comparison with the standard techniques . Compared to RV, the MSRV culture media technique reduces the salmonella isolation period for 48.

Ukr Biokhim Zh, 1990 Jul-Aug, 62(4), 84 - 7
{Activity and properties of L-lysine amidase in Salmonella strains}; Kliment'eva TA et al.; Distribution, activity level and properties of alpha-lysinamidase have been studied in Salmonella strains . The Km value for L-lysinamide was calculated to be 4.2 mM and for L-alpha-aminocaprolactame--5.1 mM . This enzyme, parallel with lysinamide, catalyzes hydrolysis of alpha-aminocaprolactam and leucinamide . Asparagine, glutamine, caprolactam, triptophanamide were not lysinamidase substrates.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1990 Jul-Aug, (4), 33 - 6
{Cross-reacting antigens of Opisthorchis felineus and Salmonella typhi and their possible effect on the clinical course of typhoid fever}; Lepekhin AV et al.; The experiments on rabbits immunized with a complex O . felineus antigen and spirit abdominal typhoid vaccine enriched with Vi-antigen, as well as studies on patients with chronic opisthorchiasis and bacterial carriers of S . typhi have established the presence of cross-reacting antigens in abdominal typhoid and opisthorchiasis pathogens . It is suggested that these antigens play an essential role in the development and outcome of abdominal typhoid secondary to chronic opisthorchiasis invasion.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Jul, 64(7), 802 - 8
Biological and chemical studies on soluble protective antigen (SPA) from culture supernatant fluids of Salmonella enteritidis; Uchiya K et al.; The chemical and biological characteristics of Soluble Protective Antigen (SPA) separated from culture fluids of Salmonella enteritidis strain 2547 were analysed . It was shown that SPA has 3-hydroxy, nonpolar fatty acids by thin-layer chromatography . The fatty acids were identified as lauric, myristic, palmitic and 3-hydroxymyristic acid using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass chromatography . These fatty acids are common constituents of the lipid A obtained from S . enteritidis . SPA was found to enhance the plaque-forming cell (PFC)-response to sheep erythrocytes in the recipients' spleen . In addition, SPA enhanced the clotting activity of Limulus amebocyte lysate . These results show that SPA possesses the properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from strain 2547 by chemical procedures.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1990 Jul, 58(2), 193 - 5
The invasiveness of different strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 for young chickens; Hinton M et al.; Five strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) isolated in 1978, 1984 and 1988 were examined for their ability to colonise the caecum and invade the liver of day-old chickens . All strains were capable of caecal colonisation and there were no differences in their colonisation ability in this respect . In contrast there was a gradation in the ability of strains to invade the liver, with strains isolated in 1988 proving the most invasive . Absence of a 38 megadalton (Md) plasmid, which has been shown to be involved in the virulence of S . enteritidis PT4 for BALBc mice, had little effect on the ability of strains of this phage type to colonise the caecum or invade the liver of day-old chickens . These results suggest that recent isolates of PT4 may have enhanced virulence for chickens which is not necessarily associated with the carriage of a 38 Md plasmid.

Clin Radiol, 1990 Jul, 42(1), 55 - 6
Salmonella aortitis and aneurysm formation: the role of CT in management; Jagjivan B et al.; A case of salmonella aortitis and aneurysm formation with subsequent necrosis of the arterial wall is described . Computed tomography is beneficial in diagnosis and management and should be carried out early in the course of illness.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1990 Jul, 68(7), 1009 - 16
Alteration of immune function following dietary mycotoxin exposure; Pestka JJ et al.; Mycotoxins are a group of structurally diverse fungal secondary metabolites that elicit a wide spectrum of toxicologic effects . Of particular interest is the capacity of some mycotoxins to alter normal immune function when present in foods at levels below observable overt toxicity . Aflatoxin, patulin, citrinin, and zearalenone experimentally alter immunity, and recent evidence suggests that the immunologic effects of ochratoxin A and trichothecenes may have particular significance to human and animal health . For example, the capacity of ochratoxin A to inhibit natural killer cell activity and increase growth of transplantable tumour cells has been associated with renal and hepatic carcinomas in mice and might similarly contribute to human cancer . Impaired resistance to pathogenic microorganisms occurs after exposure to the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and vomitoxin . This may predispose food animals to infectious disease and could result in decreased productivity as well as increased animal-to-human transmission of pathogens such as Salmonella and Listeria . Vomitoxin also alters normal mucosal immune function, specifically at the level of regulation of development, differentiation, and homing of IgA-producing plasma cells . Interestingly, vomitoxin-induced enhancement of IgA production in the systemic compartment contributes to manifestations in the mouse that are highly analogous to human IgA nephropathy, the most common form of human glomerulonephritis worldwide . Over the long term, the extrapolation of mycotoxin-induced immunologic effects observed in inbred mice to actual disease in livestock and humans will require investigations that both simulate natural exposure conditions as well as improve understanding of the cellular and molecular bases for these effects among different species.

J Clin Pathol, 1990 Jul, 43(7), 563 - 6
Multiple drug resistance in salmonellae in England and Wales: a comparison between 1981 and 1988; Ward LR et al.; Each year from 1981 through to 1988 the most common serotypes isolated from man in England and Wales and identified at the Division of Enteric Pathogens were S typhimurium, S enteritidis, and S virchow . In 1981 these three serotypes accounted for 45%, 12%, and 7% of isolations . The remaining 35% comprised strains belonging to a further 188 different serotypes, none of which accounted for more than 1% of the total . In 1988 S typhimurium accounted for 24% of isolations, S enteritidis 57%, and S virchow 4% . The remaining 15% comprised strains of a further 184 serotypes . The resistances to the common antimicrobial drugs in non-typhoidal salmonellas isolated in England and Wales in 1981 and 1988 were reported with particular reference to resistance to four or more antimicrobial drugs (multiple resistance) . For S typhimurium the overall percentage of resistant strains varied little, but multiple resistance more than doubled from 5% to 12%; in S enteritidis the incidence remained the same . In S virchow the percentages of strains resistant to all the antimicrobial drugs and in particular, to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim and furazolidone, rose from 0.2% to 10.4% . Salmonella enteritis in man is usually a self limiting disease and antimicrobial treatment is seldom required; but should spread beyond the intestine occur, effective antimicrobial treatment is essential . Under these circumstances a knowledge of the likelihood of resistances to commonly available drugs could be of considerable value to the clinician.

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Jul, 11(7), 1153 - 7
Negative results of short-term genotoxicity tests with 1,4-bis{2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)}benzene; Dragani TA et al.; The phenobarbital-like enzyme inducer and tumor promoter of murine hepatocarcinogenesis, 1,4-bis{2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)}benzene has been assayed in short-term genotoxicity tests, i.e . the Salmonella mutagenicity test, micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations analysis in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo, DNA alkaline elution and DNA unwinding assays in mouse liver in vivo . All the assays performed proved negative.

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Jul, 11(7), 1133 - 8
Activation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) to mutagenic metabolites; Buonarati MH et al.; Metabolism of heterocyclic amines to N-hydroxy intermediates appears critical in the mutagenic and carcinogenic actions of these compounds . We have studied the murine hepatic microsomal and cytosolic activation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP), a heterocyclic amine mutagen formed in cooked meats . PhIP (25 microM) was almost completely converted to N-hydroxy-PhIP and 4'-hydroxy-PhIP in 30 min by reaction with 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomal preparations . Microsomal formation of the active N-hydroxy-PhIP metabolite was slightly favored over the 4'-hydroxy-PhIP detoxification product at all concentrations studied (25-200 microM) . Metabolism of PhIP in microsomal preparations derived from control mice was approximately of the induced preparations . Metabolically activated PhIP and synthetic N-hydroxy-PhIP produced concentration-dependent increases in mutagenic activity in both Salmonella strains TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6, indicating that acetylated intermediates were not important in the mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-PhIP in these bacteria . Significant stabilization of the N-hydroxy-PhIP intermediate by both microsomal protein and BSA was observed . Addition of cytosol to microsomal incubations with PhIP (25 microM) resulted in an increase in mutagenic activity which could be attributable to stabilization by glutathione . An additional increase in mutagenicity resulted from addition of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), but not acetyl coenzyme A to microsomal preparations containing the cytosolic fraction . Furthermore, addition of PAPS to cytosolic preparations containing synthetic N-hydroxy-PhIP produced a 17% decrease in levels of the arylhydroxylamine relative to controls over 30 min, suggesting that secondary metabolism of N-hydroxy-PhIP to a sulfate conjugate may be relevant to the mutagenic and carcinogenic actions of PhIP.

Mutat Res, 1990 Jul, 244(3), 239 - 44
An oxygen dependence in chromium mutagenesis; Sugden KD et al.; Evidence is provided that mutagenicity in Salmonella by a chromium(VI) salt and a chromium(III) compound has a differential dependence on the presence of oxygen . The mutagenic chromium(III) compound, cis-dichlorobis(2,2'-bipyridyl)chromium(III), reverted Salmonella strains, TA102 and TA2638, only under aerobic conditions . Potassium dichromate (chromium VI) required the presence of oxygen to revert the Salmonella strain TA102 but induced a moderate reversion frequency in TA2638 under anaerobic conditions . The data also support a role for oxygen radicals in chromium-mediated mutagenesis and suggests at least two pathways by which chromium compounds can induce mutations.

Mutat Res, 1990 Jul, 241(3), 261 - 71
Salmonella mutagenicity and rodent carcinogenicity: quantitative structure-activity relationships; Blake BW et al.; Based on a compilation of 222 reports of rodent nominal lifetime carcinogenicity bioassays by the NCI/NTP on the one hand, and corresponding Salmonella mutagenicity bioassays (Ames tests) on the other, Ashby and Tennant (1988) have divided the carcinogens and non-carcinogens into genotoxic (Ames test positive) and non-genotoxic (Ames test negative) groups and discussed structural characteristics common to each of these groups . The Ames test alone was deemed to be adequate for the identification of genotoxicity because other short-term bioassays, and even combinations, or batteries, appeared to offer no significant advantages . From the results of this study it is possible to achieve (1) a division of the carcinogens into the same genotoxic and non-genotoxic groups, and (2) a division of the non-genotoxic compounds into the same carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic groups, solely on the basis of structure-activity relationships, with a classification accuracy of approx . 95% . (1) An equation comprising 8 sigma molecular charge descriptors, 2 molecular connectivity indices (MCIs), 2 kappa molecular shape descriptors and one MOLSTAC substructure descriptor achieved discrimination between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens with an accuracy of 94.5% . (2) Another equation comprising 8 sigma molecular charge descriptors, 3 MCIs, one kappa shape descriptor and 12 substructural descriptors achieved discrimination between non-genotoxic carcinogens and non-genotoxic non-carcinogens with an accuracy of 95.2% . These SAR models are suitable for the distinction between (1) genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens and (2) carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic non-genotoxins, both in the absence of animal bioassay data.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jul, 58(7), 2283 - 8
Immunity to experimental fowl typhoid in chickens induced by a virulence plasmid-cured derivative of Salmonella gallinarum; Barrow PA; Chickens were immunized by two intramuscular inoculations at 1 and 14 days of age with virulence plasmid-cured derivatives of Salmonella gallinarum and were challenged 14 days later by oral inoculation of ca . 50 50% lethal doses (LD50) of fully virulent S . gallinarum 9 . Mortality in the nonimmunized and immunized groups were 36 and 3%, respectively . This difference was highly significant (P less than 0.01) . A significant reduction in mortality was also produced following oral challenge with 5,000 LD50 doses . The LD50 values by intramuscular inoculation of the challenge organism into nonimmunized and immunized chickens were log10 (0.13 +/- 1.57) and (9.74 +/- 2.72), respectively . Immunization was effective whether chickens were immunized at 1 and 14 days of age or at 21 and 35 days of age . Serum agglutinins were present in immunized chickens . Immunization with plasmid-cured Salmonella pullorum gave less protection, and immunization with Escherichia coli K-12 possessing the virulence plasmid of S . gallinarum gave none . The plasmid-cured S . gallinarum was made both rough by virulent bacteriophage activity and nalidixic acid resistant (Nalr) to produce a strain designated 9VP-phi rNalr . It was compared with a Nalr mutant of the rough 9R vaccine strain designated 9 Nalr for virulence and immunogenicity . 9VP-phi rNalr was slightly less protective and less virulent than was the 9R vaccine strain.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1990 Jul, 56(7), 2248 - 50
Widespread occurrence of specific restriction endonucleases in Salmonella infantis, Salmonella thompson, and Salmonella blockley isolated from humans in Japan; Miyahara M et al.; Specific restriction endonucleases were detected in three serotypes of Salmonella spp . isolated from humans in Japan from 1970 to 1987: an isoschizomer of AvaII endonuclease at a frequency of 0.91 in Salmonella infantis, an isoschizomer of KpnI at a frequency of 0.34 in Salmonella thompson, and an isoschizomer of StyI at a frequency of 0.30 in Salmonella blockley . Of interest is that restriction endonuclease-producing S . thompson was detected at high frequencies in the 1970s but at low frequencies in the 1980s.

J Immunol, 1990 Jul 1, 145(1), 318 - 24
Binding of rough lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to human leukocytes . Inhibition by anti-LPS monoclonal antibody; Weersink AJ et al.; The binding of rough LPS (ReLPS from Salmonella minnesota R595) to human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), monocytes, and lymphocytes was examined by using fluorescein-labeled LPS and flow cytometry . At 4 degrees C, FITC-ReLPS bound rapidly in a concentration- and time-dependent way to PMN, monocytes, and lymphocytes . Because mononuclear cells showed both binding and nonbinding cell populations, FITC-ReLPS was used in conjunction with specific phycoerythrin-labeled mAb to identify these cell subpopulations . In contrast to T lymphocytes and NK cells, all monocytes and B lymphocytes efficiently bound FITC-ReLPS . PMN and monocytes showed two to three times more cell-associated FITC-ReLPS when cells were incubated at 37 degrees C compared with incubation at 4 degrees C . Binding of FITC-ReLPS to lymphocytes was similar for both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C incubation conditions . In contrast to 4 degrees C, at 37 degrees C cell-associated LPS reflects surface-bound as well as internalized LPS, as demonstrated with fluorescence quenching of extracellular FITC-ReLPS by trypan blue . At 4 degrees C, binding of FITC-ReLPS was inhibited by polymyxin B . In addition, purified IgM mAb directed against hydrophobic acyl residues of ReLPS showed more than 95% inhibition of ReLPS binding to leukocytes, indicating the ability of specific mAb to prevent LPS-cell interactions necessary to exert biologic effects . The use of mAb, directed against different parts of the LPS molecule, provides an alternative method for LPS binding-inhibition studies.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jul-Sep, 34(3), 762 - 4
A small round virus associated with enteritis in turkey poults; Saif YM et al.; In a natural outbreak of enteric disease in turkey poults, Salmonella, group D rotavirus, astrovirus, and a small (18-24 nm) round virus were detected in the gut contents . Except for the small virus, the pathogenic potential of the other agents is recognized . In experiments, the small round virus was shown to be transmissible and pathogenic in specific-pathogen-free turkey poults.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jul-Sep, 34(3), 721 - 8
Serological detection of experimental Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens; Gast RK et al.; The antibody response of laying hens to experimental Salmonella enteritidis infection was evaluated in microagglutination, tube agglutination, and rapid whole-blood plate agglutination assays . Hens of three different ages were infected by either oral inoculation or horizontal contact transmission . Blood was collected at weekly intervals, and the presence of specific antibodies was assessed by reaction with antigens prepared from strains of S . enteritidis and S . pullorum . The sensitivity of detection of infected hens did not vary significantly between the assays, as all three tests effectively identified most exposed hens as seropositive . Within each test, however, variation was observed in the detection sensitivity when different antigens were used . The microagglutination titers of serum samples were determined by serial dilution . Antibody titers peaked at 1 to 2 weeks postinoculation and declined steadily, although most birds were still identified as seropositive at 10 weeks postinoculation . The mean microtest titers obtained with S . enteritidis antigens were higher than with an S . pullorum antigen, indicating greater test sensitivity . However, use of the S . pullorum antigen resulted in fewer false positives when sera from uninfected control hens were tested . The titers of contact-exposed hens peaked later and at lower values than did those of inoculated hens, but these two groups of hens had similar antibody titers after the third week postinoculation.

Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol, 1990 Jul-Sep, 49(3), 197 - 205
Salmonella serotype typhimurium phage typing . A critical evaluation; Negut M et al.; Of 12,930 Salmonella serotype typhimurium strains, phage typed during 1985-1988, 45.68% were "nontypable" by Anderson's set; the percent of typable strains decreased from 54.17 in 1986 to 30.54 in 1988 . Of 90 phage patterns of sensitivity, 22 were currently encountered . Phage types 1, 18 and 104 were most frequent to strain of both human and non-human origin . In food generating S . typhimurium outbreaks, phage types 1 and 36 were prevalent . Except lysotypes 198 and 95, isolated from "single cases" in man only, all other phage types were common in man and animals, too . Introducing other typing methods to serotype typhimurium "nontypable" strains (by Anderson's set) was considered necessary for epidemiological purposes.

Jpn J Med, 1990 Jul-Aug, 29(4), 436 - 7
Treatment of Salmonella paratyphi A infection with oral ofloxacin; Ohnishi K et al.; A patient with paratyphoid fever relapsed bacteriologically during the treatment with chloramphenicol, and was treated with daily doses of 600 to 800 mg of ofloxacin for 14 days . Salmonella paratyphi A was eradicated . Ofloxacin appears to be an effective drug for the eradication of S . paratyphi A.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jul, 58(7), 2367 - 74
Synthesis and immunologic properties in mice of vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides conjugated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A; Fattom A et al.; Epidemiological, serological and in vitro phagocytosis experiments provide evidence that the newly discovered type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides (CPs) are both virulence factors and protective antigens for bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus . Neither type 5 nor type 8 CP elicited serum antibodies when injected into mice . These two CPs were bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) to form conjugates by using the synthetic scheme devised for the CP (Vi) of Salmonella typhi and of pneumococcus type 12F (A . Fattom, W . F . Vann, S . C . Szu, A . Sutton, X . Li, D . Bryla, G . Schiffman, J . B . Robbins, and R . Schneerson, Infect . Immun . 56:2292-2298, 1988; S . C . Szu, A . L . Stone, J . D . Robbins, R . Schneerson, and J . B . Robbins, J . Exp . Med . 166:1510-1524, 1987) . Both S . aureus CP-ETA conjugates elicited a rise in CP antibodies . As components of conjugates, both S . aureus CPs acquired T-cell-dependent properties, as shown by their ability to respond to carrier priming and to stimulate booster responses . The conjugate-induced antibodies facilitated type-specific opsonization of S . aureus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes . The conjugates also induced ETA antibodies which neutralized the native toxin in vitro . Clinical studies of these two conjugates for active or passive immunization of patients at risk for S . aureus bacteremia are planned.

Circ Shock, 1990 Jul, 31(3), 281 - 95
Endotoxin-induced procoagulant activity, eicosanoid synthesis, and tumor necrosis factor production by rat peritoneal macrophages: effect of endotoxin tolerance and glucan; Moore JN et al.; Macrophages release pro-inflammatory substances that may augment intravascular coagulopathy associated with endotoxemia . In the present study, the effect of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin on expression of procoagulant activity (PCA), eicosanoid metabolism, and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by rat peritoneal macrophages was determined . Endotoxin induced significant dose-dependent increases in the concentrations of immunoreactive (i) thromboxane B2 (TxB2), 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (i6-keto-PGF1 alpha), and TNF in culture media . Calcium ionophore (A23187; 0.5 microM) induced an approximate two-fold greater increase (P less than 0.05) in iTxB2 and i6-keto-PGF1 alpha than that stimulated by the maximal endotoxin dose . Endotoxin (0.5, 5, and 50 micrograms/ml) induced similar increases in PCA in macrophage lysates which paralleled the production of iTxB2 and i6-keto-PGF1 alpha . In contrast to its marked effect on eicosanoid metabolism, A23187 elicited little increase in PCA . After the responses of peritoneal macrophages from normal animals were characterized, we hypothesized that procedures which alter the in vivo response of rats to endotoxin would similarly alter the in vitro responses of their peritoneal macrophages . In subsequent studies, the effect of altered endotoxin sensitivity on expression of PCA, eicosanoid synthesis, and TNF activity were assessed . Endotoxin tolerance, induced by repeated injection of sublethal doses of endotoxin in vivo, rendered rat peritoneal macrophages refractory to in vitro endotoxin-induced production of iTxB2, i6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PCA, and TNF activity . In contrast, pretreatment of rats with the macrophage stimulant glucan, which enhances endotoxin lethality, augmented the in vitro production of iTxB2, PCA, and TNF by endotoxin-stimulated peritoneal macrophages . These studies demonstrate that endotoxin-induced macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism is associated with expression of PCA and secretion of TNF . Additionally, macrophage synthesis of these pathogenic mediators is reduced under conditions associated with endotoxin resistance (endotoxin tolerance) and is augmented during endotoxin hypersensitivity (glucan stimulation).

Am J Dis Child, 1990 Jul, 144(7), 803 - 5
The duodenal string test . A simple multipurpose diagnostic tool in clinical pediatrics; Korman SH; The duodenal string test capsule is a cheap and simple device used for sampling the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract . Its major applications in pediatrics are in diagnosis of enteric parasitic infestations, confirmation of contaminated small-bowel syndrome, diagnosis of Salmonella infection, and assessment of neonatal cholestasis . Pediatricians should be aware of this invaluable diagnostic aid.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1990 Jul-Sep, 22(3), 130 - 6
Microbiology of diarrhoea in young beef and dairy calves in Argentina; Bellinzoni RC et al.; Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium sp, and Salmonella spp . were investigated in the faeces of 452 diarrhoeic calves from 36 beef and 33 dairy herds . Animals surveyed were from a few days of age up to approximately 1 month of life . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was studied in 212 calves, aged 15 days or less . The animals were from the Provinces of Buenos Aires (59% of the calves), Cordoba (18%), Santa Fe (16%), Entre Rios (5%) and La Pampa (2%) . A minimum of 4 calves were sampled on each farm . In beef calves rotavirus was excreted by 45.1% of the animals . Cryptosporidium by 30.5% and Salmonella serovars Arechabaleta, Livingstone, Panama and Typhimurium by 1.9% . In dairy calves Cryptosporidium was excreted by 29.6%, rotavirus by 23% and Salmonella serovar Dublin by 1.6%, ETEC was not detected in any calf . Rotavirus was the most widespread agent, detected in 32 (88.9%) beef herds and excreted by more than 50% of the calves in half of these herds . In contrast, rotavirus was only detected in 19 (57.5%) dairy herds and was excreted by more than 50% of the calves in 6 of these herds . Crytosporidium oocysts were identified in 27 (75%) beef and in 23 (69.7%) dairy farms . Salmonellosis due to serovar Dublin was associated with diarrhoea in 2 dairy herds . Concurrent infection with two or three agents occurred in 36 (8%) calves and 38 (55.1%) farms; the combination rotavirus-Cryptosporidium was found in 32 (6.9%) calves an in 33 (47.8) farms.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Jul, 9(1), 61 - 6
Identification of proteins expressed by the essential virulence region of the Salmonella dublin plasmid; Williamson CM et al.; An 8 kilobase pair (kb) fragment from the Salmonella dublin 2229 plasmid is sufficient to restore virulence for mice to a cured strain of S . dublin . Deletion analysis of this virulence fragment identified at least one specific region required for virulence expression . Plasmid-directed protein synthesis in minicells has indicated the presence of at least four genes within the essential virulence region of the S . dublin plasmid, encoding proteins of 70, 33, 30 and 26 kDa . Analysis of the proteins expressed by the deletion derivatives suggested that expression of the 33 kDa polypeptide was linked to that of the 30 kDa polypeptide . The proteins expressed by the essential virulence region of the S . dublin plasmid appeared to be similar to the plasmid-encoded virulence proteins recently identified in S . typhimurium.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Jul, 9(1), 55 - 9
Dissociation between Limulus neutralisation and in vivo protection in monoclonal antibodies directed against endotoxin core structures; McConnell JS et al.; Studies with rough mutants of certain Gram-negative bacteria have indicated that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to endotoxin core can protect animals and man from endotoxic shock . We assessed the ability of such antibodies to neutralise endotoxin in the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, and compared this to their protective effect in a murine model of endotoxic shock . We evaluated 11 mAbs raised against Salmonella minnesota R595 . Endotoxin neutralisation in the LAL assay, expressed as 50% inhibition titres, ranged between 1/32 and 1/414 . However, there was no apparent relationship between the titre required to produce 50% inhibition of LAL and its ability to protect mice from endotoxic shock . We conclude that LAL neutralisation appears unrelated to biological activity; in this system, LAL inhibition by mAb ascites cannot be used to predict protection in vivo.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jul, 58(7), 2262 - 75
Evolutionary genetic relationships of clones of Salmonella serovars that cause human typhoid and other enteric fevers; Selander RK et al.; Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was employed to measure chromosomal genotypic diversity and evolutionary relationships among 761 isolates of the serovars Salmonella typhi, S . paratyphi A, S . paratyphi B, S . paratyphi C, and S . sendai, which are human-adapted agents of enteric fever, and S . miami and S . java, which are serotypically similar to S . sendai and S . paratyphi B, respectively, but cause gastroenteritis in both humans and animals . To determine the phylogenetic positions of the clones of these forms within the context of the salmonellae of subspecies I, comparative data for 22 other common serovars were utilized . Except for S . paratyphi A and S . sendai, the analysis revealed no close phylogenetic relationships among clones of different human-adapted serovars, which implies convergence in host adaptation and virulence factors . Clones of S . miami are not allied with those of S . sendai or S . paratyphi A, being, instead, closely related to strains of S . panama . Clones of S . paratyphi B and S . java belong to a large phylogenetic complex that includes clones of S . typhimurium, S . heidelberg, S . saintpaul, and S . muenchen . Most strains of S . paratyphi B belong to a globally distributed clone that is highly polymorphic in biotype, bacteriophage type, and several other characters, whereas strains of S . java represent seven diverse lineages . The flagellar monophasic forms of S . java are genotypically more similar to clones of S . typhimurium than to other clones of S . java or S . paratyphi B . Clones of S . paratyphi C are related to those of S . choleraesuis . DNA probing with a segment of the viaB region specific for the Vi capsular antigen genes indicated that the frequent failure of isolates of S . paratyphi C to express Vi antigen is almost entirely attributable to regulatory processes rather than to an absence of the structural determinant genes themselves . Two clones of S . typhisuis are related to those of S . choleraesuis and S . paratyphi C, but a third clone is not . Although the clones of S . decatur and S . choleraesuis are serologically and biochemically similar, they are genotypically very distinct . Two clones of S . typhi were distinguished, one globally distributed and another apparently confined to Africa; both clones are distantly related to those of all other serovars studied.

Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B, 1990 Jul, 14(3), 142 - 50
Mutagenicity of airborne particles from four cities in Taiwan; Chou MC et al.; The mutagenicity of airborne particles from 8 urban and suburban locations in each of four cities, Taipei, Hsinchu, Taichung, and Kaohsiung, in Taiwan area were investigated with S . typhimurium strain TA98 by Ames Salmonella/microsomal test . The average mutagenic activity of airborne particulate samples from Taipei and Kaohsiung was higher than that from Hsinchu and Taichung with or without metabolic activation . The major direct-acting mutagenic compounds of airborne particulate samples from Taipei and Kaohsiung was similar to that of standard dinitropyrenes mixture (DNPs) in the retention time of HPLC . Moreover, the contents of DNPs of airborne particulate samples from Taipei and automobile exhaust partially purified through Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration and semipreparative HPLC were determined by HPLC . DNPs was major direct-acting mutagens of the urban air samples from Taipei and their major pollutants might be from automobile exhaust . However, the major mutagenic compounds of airborne particulate samples from Hsinchu and Taichung did not correspond to any of the standard compounds tested . The content of benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P) of airborne particulate samples was also determined by HPLC . The concentration of B{a} P was 0.05-0.62 ng/m3 air sample . The B{a} P contents of airborne particulate samples from four cities in Taiwan did not show good correlation with their mutagenic activity . Thus, we concluded that B{a} P was not a major indirect-acting mutagenic compound in the tested air samples.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1990 Jul, 11(1), 30 - 2
The rapid detection of direct-acting DNA mutagens by electrical impedence with a DNA repair-deficient strain of Escherichia coli; Forsythe SJ; A differential killing assay using Escherichia coli WP2 (wild type) and WP67 (uvrA, polA) was combined with impedence microbiology to produce a rapid screening method for direct-acting mutagenic compounds . The assay showed that mitomycin C, N-nitroso guanidine, potassium dichromate, sodium azide and acridine orange were direct-acting mutagens . With this method results can be obtained within hours, as compared with two days for the standard Salmonella/microsome test.

Med Clin (Barc), 1990 Jun 30, 95(5), 175 - 7
{High incidence of ampicillin resistance in Salmonella spp non typhi}; Alos JI et al.; Salmonella spp non typhi is a common cause of gastroenteritis and, more rarely, extraintestinal infections in humans . The type of syndrome determines the choice and duration of antibiotic therapy . Extraintestinal infections by this organism require correct antibiotic therapy . In the present study, the susceptibility to antibiotics of 59 strains of Salmonella spp non typhi from clinical sources, isolated during a period of three and a half months, were evaluated . Fifty one of them were S . enteritidis, 7 S . typhimurium and 1 S . schwarzengrund . A high frequency (45.8%) of resistance to ampicillin (MIC greater than 256 micrograms/ml) was found . Other antibiotics had good or excellent in vitro activity: 90% of strains were sensitive to tetracyclines, 93% to chloramphenicol, 97% to co-trimoxazole, and 100% to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacine . It was concluded that the high frequency of ampicillin resistance to ampicillin precludes its use as first choice antibiotic in our area for suspected extraintestinal infections caused by Salmonella spp non typhi.

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 1990 Jun 30, 134(26), 1258 - 61
{Bavaroise and an epidemic of Salmonella enteritidis}; Mertens PL et al.; In the literature an association is made between the increasing prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry products and in the isolates of patients with gastroenteritis, without sufficient evidence of a causal relationship between the increasing prevalences . A microbiological and epidemiological analysis of a food poisoning incident among 239 visitors of a restaurant by way of food specific attack rates and food specific infection rates revealed an epidemic of 70 cases of S . enteritidis enteritis . The analysis supports the causal relationship with the consumption of an infected, unhygienically prepared egg product, in this case bavaroise.

BMJ, 1990 Jun 23, 300(6740), 1619 - 21
Randomised double blind trial of single dose doxycycline for treating cholera in adults; Alam AN et al.; OBJECTIVE--To compare the efficacy of a single dose of doxycycline (200 or 300 mg) with the standard multiple doses of tetracycline in patients with cholera . DESIGN--Randomised double blind controlled trial . Patients were given a single 200 mg dose of doxycycline, a single 300 mg dose of doxycycline, or multiple doses of tetracycline (500 mg, six hourly intervals) . SETTING--Hospital in Bangladesh treating diarrhoea . PATIENTS--261 Patients aged over 15 admitted to the hospital with severe dehydration due to acute watery diarrhoea associated with Vibrio cholerae . All vibrios isolated from the stools and rectal swabs of patients, including those patients with prolonged excretion of vibrios, were sensitive to tetracycline . The stools of all patients at admission were negative for shigella and salmonella . INTERVENTIONS--All patients received rapid intravenous acetate solution for the first four hours after admission to hospital . They were then entered in the study and randomised . Oral rehydration was started immediately after the intravenous treatment . If signs of severe dehydration reappeared during oral treatment patients were given rapid intravenous acetate solution until dehydration was fully corrected . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Stool output in first 24 hours and till diarrhoea stopped, total intake of oral rehydration fluid, duration of diarrhoea, and excretion of vibrio after receiving antibiotic treatment . RESULTS--The median stool outputs during the first 24 hours (275 ml/kg body weight) and till diarrhoea stopped (296 ml/kg body weight) were significantly higher in patients receiving 200 mg doxycycline as a single dose than in patients receiving either standard tetracycline (242 ml/kg body weight and 254 ml/kg body weight) or 300 mg doxycycline (226 ml/kg body weight and 255 ml/kg body weight) . Similarly, median consumption of oral rehydration solution (18.45 l) was significantly higher in patients receiving 200 mg doxycycline than in patients receiving either 300 mg doxycycline (16.10 l) or standard tetracycline (14.80 l) . Almost equal numbers of patients in each group required unscheduled intravenous acetate solution to correct dehydration during antibiotic treatment . Patients treated with doxycycline (low or high dose), however, had more prolonged excretion of bacteria . CONCLUSIONS--A single 300 mg dose of doxycycline is as effective as the standard multiple dose tetracycline treatment for cholera in terms of stool output, duration of diarrhoea, vomiting, and requirement for oral rehydration solution.

J Biol Chem, 1990 Jun 5, 265(16), 9520 - 5
Identification of lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins in 70Z/3 cells by photoaffinity cross-linking; Kirkland TN et al.; A radioiodinated, photoactivatable derivative of Salmonella minnesota Re595 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to label LPS-binding proteins in 70Z/3 cells . The labeled proteins were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by autoradiography . 125I-Labeled-2-(p-azidosalycylamido)1,3'-dithiopropionamide S . minnesota Re595 LPS (125I-ASD-Re595) labeled a limited number of proteins . The most prominent of these had a apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa . Less prominent labeling of 25- and 28-kDa proteins was also seen . Labeling was saturated by 5 micrograms/ml 125I-ASD-Re595 and was inhibited by a 10-100-fold excess of unlabeled LPS or lipid A . Labeling was maximal within 30 min at 37 degrees C; much less labeling occurred at lower temperatures . The proteins labeled with 125I-ASD-Re595 appear to be on the surface of the cell, since they can be digested by trypsin and were found in the membrane fraction of the cell but not in the cytosol . Studies with competitive inhibitors suggested that the proteins bind to the lipid A region of the LPS molecule . Biologically inactive lipid A analogs were poor inhibitors of labeling, suggesting that the LPS-binding proteins could discriminate between active lipid A and inactive analogs . These studies suggest that the 18- and 25-kDa proteins bind specifically to the lipid A region of the LPS molecule and should be considered as candidates for a functional LPS receptor.

APMIS, 1990 Jun, 98(6), 529 - 34
Quantitation and biological activities of native tumour necrosis factor from LPS-stimulated human monocytes; Fomsgaard A et al.; Human mononuclear cells (MNC) were stimulated in culture with LPS to produce tumour necrosis factor (TNF) . The natural tumour necrosis factor (nTNF) was quantitated by ELISA and immunoblotting using rabbit antibodies to human recombinant TNF (rTNF) and the biotin-avidin-peroxidase system . Biologically active nTNF was determined by its cytotoxic activity for actinomycin-D treated mouse fibroblasts and by its lethal effect in D-galactosamine sensitized endotoxin-resistant mice . Two different LPS preparations (Salmonella abortus equi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) induced the formation of comparable amounts of nTNF . MNC from different donors, however, showed large variations in their ability to produce nTNF . The amount of nTNF induced in response to LPS could be enhanced by priming the MNC with interferon . The amounts of nTNF determined by ELISA generally correlated well with the activity of the nTNF in the two biological assays . On a weight basis, the lethal activity of nTNF in D-galactosamine treated mice was very similar to that of human rTNF . Immunoblotting revealed a single band of nTNF with the same molecular weight (17 kD) as human rTNF . The lethality induced by nTNF was inhibited by rabbit anti-human rTNF antibodies.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Jun, 37(4), 283 - 9
{Udder immunization for the protection of calves from salmonella infections . 2 . Estimation of serological findings of colostrum with regard to its protective activity}; Staak C et al.; Colostrum from cows which had been mammary gland vaccinated against salmonellosis were tested for antibodies by four different serological tests . Results from these tests were related to the protective activity for artificially infected calves . In opposition to agglutinating antibodies and antibodies detected by ELISA, complement fixing antibodies of the IgG1 class were shown to transfer early protection in artificially infected calves.

Vaccine, 1990 Jun, 8(3), 209 - 12
Specific immune response in humans following rectal delivery of live typhoid vaccine; Forrest BD et al.; The specific immune responses to the live vaccine Salmonella typhi Ty21a following rectal administration were determined in serum, peripheral blood lymphocytes, saliva and in jejunal fluid of adult human subjects . Following vaccination, all seven subjects had a detectable anti-typhoid IgA antibody response using their peripheral blood lymphocytes (p = 0.009) . Significant rises in postvaccination anti-typhoid IgA antibody were observed in the jejunal fluid (p = 0.033), serum (p = 0.010) and saliva (p = 0.050) of these subjects . This study confirms that the normal rectal mucosa is an efficient route of entry to the systemic immune system for microbial agents, and therefore may provide a further possible route of immunization with attenuated bacterial vaccines.

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Jun, 11(6), 941 - 6
Metabolism of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b} pyridine (PhIP) by liver microsomes and isolated rabbit cytochrome P450 isozymes; Turteltaub KW et al.; The cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of the heterocyclic amine mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) has been determined . We investigated the in vitro metabolism of PhIP by polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced mouse and rabbit liver microsomes, and by purified rabbit liver P450 isozymes . Following a 60 min incubation, 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse microsomes converted 36% of the PhIP to two major metabolites, N-hydroxy-PhIP and 4'-hydroxy-PhIP, with 43% total metabolism . Rabbit P450 form 6 and form 4 produced the same two major metabolites (20 and 5% total metabolism respectively) . Additional metabolites were produced in low yields and amounts varied depending on the isozyme used (1-5%) . Metabolites were not detected in incubations of PhIP with P450 forms 2 and 3C . N-Hydroxy-PhIP was found to be directly mutagenic to Salmonella TA98, while the 4'-hydroxy-PhIP was not mutagenic either with or without additional metabolic activation . These data suggest that the cytochrome P450IA isozymes are involved in the metabolism of PhIP by rabbit liver and that formation of N-hydroxy-PhIP is involved in the mutagenicity of PhIP.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jun, 58(6), 1891 - 901
Genetic population structure, clonal phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Salmonella paratyphi B; Selander RK et al.; Genetic diversity and relationships among 123 strains of Salmonella paratyphi B (serotype 1,4,{5},12:b:{1,2}) were estimated from an assessment of electrophoretically demonstrable allelic variation at 24 chromosomal enzyme gene loci . Fourteen electrophoretic types, marking clones, were distinguished, the phylogeny of the clonal lineages was reconstructed, and biotype and other phenotypic characters were mapped onto this structure . Most d-tartrate-negative strains are members of an abundant, globally distributed clone (Pb 1) that is polymorphic for many biotype characters (including d-tartrate utilization), bacteriophage type, rRNA pattern, and colicin M and phage ES18 sensitivity . This clone is largely responsible for S . paratyphi B enteric fever in humans . In contrast, d-tartrate-positive strains (formerly known as S . java) occurred in all seven of the clonal lineages identified by population genetic analysis, although most d-tartrate-positive isolates belong to only two clones (Pb 3 and Pb 4), which vary in frequency geographically . Monophasic strains represent four closely related clones forming a distinctive phylogenetic lineage . The Kauffmann hypothesis of convergence in serotype among distantly related cell lineages through recombination (via phage transduction or other means) may account for the considerable genotypic diversity among clones of S . paratyphi B . Pb 4, Pb 6, and Pb 7 are more closely allied with clones of S . typhimurium and S . saintpaul than with other clones of S . paratyphi B . Sensitivity or resistance to colicin M and phage ES18 and the electrophoretic pattern of the rRNA, which were incorporated into a recently proposed scheme for the identification of types of S . paratyphi B, individually or in combination fail to mark clones or other meaningful phylogenetic subdivisions.

East Afr Med J, 1990 Jun, 67(6), 407 - 12
Bacterial isolates involved in cases of septicaemia in a Nigerian hospital; Ako-Nai AK et al.; Of the nine hundred and twenty patients clinically diagnosed of having septicaemia at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria between 1980-1987, 233 (25.3%) had blood samples positive by culture . Thirteen different bacterial species were identified from positive blood cultures of which six predominated: Staphylococcus aureus (30.5%), Coliforms (17.6%), Klebsiella spp . (14.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.2%), Escherichia coli (7.9%) and Salmonella typhi (5.9%) . The in vitro antibiotic, disc sensitivity pattern of the isolates showed they were relatively resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G but comparatively sensitive to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms . Septicaemia cases were recorded in all age groups but incidence in females was slightly but not significantly higher than in males (p less than 0.05) . The study reveals the predominance of S . aureus strains in case of septicaemia in Nigeria.

P N G Med J, 1990 Jun, 33(2), 99 - 106
The monitoring of foodhandlers in Papua New Guinea; Schuurkamp GJ et al.; In early 1987 guidelines were re-enforced for pre-employment medicals and 6-monthly health checks on foodhandlers in the Ok Tedi mining project in Papua New Guinea . The health monitoring program was stepped up as a result of two typhoid cases imported from the highlands and catering subcontractors failing to comply with the necessary pre-placement medicals for foodhandlers . Highlanders made up 28% (49/174) of the Ok Tedi catering department's workforce in 1987 . The initial screen of 155 foodhandlers and 85 non-foodhandlers in February 1987 showed 6-7% of each group asymptomatically harbouring Salmonella spp . or Shigella spp . A second survey of 160 foodhandlers in August, including private fast-food establishments, detected only one Shigella boydii infection at a local fast-food-takeaway shop . Salmonella typhi was not detected in foodhandlers but was isolated from two non-foodhandlers recently returned from the highlands; in one case this resulted in a contact becoming infected at Tabubil . Infected persons were treated accordingly and foodhandlers were relieved of catering duties until follow-up cultures proved negative . Helminth infections were detected in 38% (309/811) of the stool samples examined . The low prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.1%) acquired locally, and a significant difference compared with outside groups supports the view that these species have recently been introduced to the North Fly (Ok Tedi) region . The majority of all Ascaris and Trichuris infections detected (61% and 73%, respectively) were found in highlanders, infection rates ranging from 3 to 15% depending on province of origin . Infections were treated accordingly to prevent possible transmission via food.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1990 Jun, 21(2), 203 - 6
The use of a coagglutination test to presumptively identify Salmonella typhi in bone marrow-oxgall medium cultures from typhoid fever patients; Lesmana M et al.; A study was conducted to test a coagglutination procedure for detection of Salmonella typhi in bone marrow cultures from suspected typhoid patients admitted to Friendship Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia . The results of the coagglutination tests were compared to the results from standard cultural isolation and identification . Bone marrow aspirates (356) were cultured in oxgall medium and aliquots subcultured daily for 7 days while simultaneously testing for the presence of Salmonella group D and Vi antigens using coagglutination (COAG) . S . typhi was isolated from 220 (62%) of the cultures and the D- and Vi-COAG tests were positive for those same cultures . The COAG test was also negative for 6 cultures containing S . paratyphi A . The COAG results were available within 10 minutes after 18 to 24 hours incubation of the primary cultures whereas the isolation and confirmed identification took 2 to 3 days longer . The COAG test is valuable as an aid to rapidly identify S . typhi in bone marrow-oxgall cultures.

J Med Assoc Thai, 1990 Jun, 73(6), 299 - 304
Undetectable anti-bacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burma) wall . ex ness; Leelarasamee A et al.; Andrographis paniculata (Burma) Wall . ex Ness (AP) is a herbal medicine and has been used for therapy of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) as well as acute diarrhea with reported efficacy of 75-100 per cent . To investigate whether anti-bacterial activity was responsible for the reported therapeutic success of AP, we carried out a number of studies . The first study was a direct assay of anti-bacterial activity of AP suspended in water . The tested pathogens included Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli, gr . A Streptococci and S.aureus . Anti-bacterial activity was not demonstrable even in a solution containing 25,000 mg per litre of crude powder . The second was designed to detect serum bactericidal activity after oral intake of stem and leaves of AP . Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study . They received a single oral dose of AP (1, 2, 3 and 6 g) in a randomized, cross-over manner . The washout period was one week . Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after ingestion . Serum bactericidal activity was assayed by agar diffusion technique using Bacillus spores and five strains of each pathogen (Shigella, Salmonella typhi, S.aureus and gr . A Streptococci) incubated for 24 hours . Again serum bactericidal activity was not detected in any of the sera tested . In a third study, ninety-six rats were daily fed with high doses of AP ranging 0.12-24 g per kg body wt . for six months before sacrifice . Antibacterial activity was still undetectable when lung parenchyma and liver tissue was placed on culture media containing bacteria tested . In conclusion, anti-bacterial activity of AP is undetectable in our study.

Immunol Cell Biol, 1990 Jun, 68 ( Pt 3), 161 - 72
Presentation of Salmonella antigens by peritoneal cells of normal and Salmonella-infected mice; Vordermeier HM et al.; A comparison of the ability of normal peritoneal cells (PC) and those harvested from mice 1-3 days after intraperitoneal immunization with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) to present antigen to 11RX-primed T cells was made using formalin-killed 11RX and a soluble 11RX antigen extract as antigens . Unfractionated PC and the adherent and non-adherent PC populations were analysed separately and the effects of the lysosomal function-impairing drug chloroquine and the fixative paraformaldehyde, used before or after antigen-pulsing, were also determined . The results presented indicate that immunization with live 11RX did not induce any detectable modulation of APC function which could account for the ability of live 11RX to induce cell-mediated immune responses involving Lyt 2+ T cells.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Jun, (6), 20 - 3
{The use of a molecular hybridization method for studying the enterotoxigenic properties of Salmonella}; Blokhina IN et al.; The occurrence of the tox gene among 320 Salmonella strains of 23 serovars, differing in their origin, sensitivity to antibiotics, the presence of R-plasmids and a number of biochemical properties, has been studied by the method of DNA-DNA hybridization in situ . Essential differences in the occurrence of the tox gene have been detected both among S . typhimurium hospital strains and strains isolated in sporadic diseases, from the environment, from animals and among salmonellae belonging to different serovars . The direct correlation between the presence of the enterotoxigenicity gene and plasmids controlling resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella strains has been established . The expediency of using the method of gene probing for the study of the enterotoxigenic properties of salmonellae has been substantiated.

Postgrad Med J, 1990 Jun, 66(776), 486 - 8
Multiple Salmonella enteritidis leg abscesses in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus; Shamiss A et al.; We describe a 19 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus on corticosteroid therapy, who developed bilateral, multiple, gas-forming Salmonella enteritidis leg abscesses and osteomyelitis mimicking deep vein thrombosis . The infection was treated successfully by a combination of surgical drainage and intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by prolonged oral pefloxacin . This rare case of gas-producing S . enteritidis emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosing such complications in active systemic lupus erythematosus.

Mol Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 4(6), 905 - 11
Homologous DNA sequences on the virulence plasmids of pathogenic Yersinia and Salmonella dublin lane; Krause M et al.; Yersinia and Salmonella harbour plasmids that encode traits important for virulence, enabling both pathogenic genera to survive and grow in cells of the reticulo-endothelial organs during systemic infections . We have detected DNA homology between the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid pSDL2 and the plasmids of the pathogenic Yersinia species pestis, pseudotuberculosis, and enterocolitica . Three regions of pSDL2 were found to share homology with the virulence plasmid pIB1 of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis . Two separate hybridizing segments mapped within the previously characterized 6.4 kb vir region of pSDL2 in the SalI B fragment . The third homologous region involved the replicon of pIB1, which hybridized to the SalI C2 fragment of pSDL2 . The virulence plasmid pCD1 from Y . pestis showed similar homology with the three regions of pSDL2 . Homologies to the vir and SalI C2 regions of pSDL2 were also found on plasmids from Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes 0:9, 0:3 and 0:5, 27 . The discovery of separate homologous regions on the virulence plasmids of Salmonella and Yersinia suggests a distant evolutionary relationship.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1990 Jun, 28(6), 421 - 6
Effect on cooking time on mutagen formation in smoke, crust and pan residue from pan-broiled pork; Berg I et al.; The effect of cooking time on mutagenic activity in crust, pan residue and smoke from pan-broiled pork patties was studied in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test system . The effect on mutagenicity of reheating the cooked patties and of keeping them warm was also studied . The meat was broiled at 200 degrees C for various times between 2 and 10 min . Broiled meat was reheated up to 5 times at 200 degrees C, each time to a centre temperature of 70 degrees C . Reheating was also performed in a microwave oven for 2 min and in an electric oven at 200 degrees C for 10 min . In addition, broiled patties were kept warm at 60 degrees C in an incubator for up to 9 hr . The mutagenic activity increased rapidly in all fractions except the volatile phase over the first 6 min of cooking, after which time only a slight increase was seen . At cooking times below 4 min no mutagenic activity was detected in the smoke . Reheating or keeping the meat warm for up to 9 hr had very little effect on the mutagenic activity of the meat . Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography mutagenicity profiles of the aerosol, crust and pan-residue extracts showed no major qualitative differences in samples cooked at different times . It is concluded that during pan broiling at 200 degrees C the major part of the mutagenic activity is formed during the first 6 min of cooking . Reheating the meat or keeping it warm does not significantly affect the mutagenic activity . No major additional mutagens are formed during continued heating for up to 25 min.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1990 Jun, 28(6), 397 - 401
Re-examination of potassium sorbate and sodium sorbate for possible genotoxic potential; Munzner R et al.; Potassium sorbate and sodium sorbate were investigated for possible genotoxic actions using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test, HGPRT and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test with Chinese hamster ovary cells, the micronucleus test on bone marrow cells of mice and Chinese hamsters, and the chromosome aberration and SCE test on Chinese hamsters . In all the in vitro tests no signs of genotoxicity were detected . Whereas no in vivo mutagenicity of potassium sorbate and sodium sorbate with freshly prepared aqueous solutions and with stored potassium sorbate was found, investigations with stored sodium sorbate revealed weak clastogenic activity by increased chromosome aberrations and elevated numbers of micronuclei at doses of 200 mg/kg body weight, but no induction of SCEs.

Microbiologia, 1990 Jun, 6(1), 45 - 50
Plasmid profiles as an epidemiological marker for Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis foodborne outbreaks; Lujan R et al.; The incidence of enteritidis serotype of Salmonella enterica in salmonellae infections has steadily increased in Spain from 27.1% in 1982 up to 63.4% in 1987 . Given this high incidence, we have studied the plasmid profiles of Enteritidis isolates to subclassify them . Different profiles were observed in 50 isolates . In 13 Enteritidis serotype outbreaks, up to 5 different plasmid profiles were found . Each outbreak correlated with a single plasmid profile except in one case where plasmids of two different profiles were observed in strains from the same outbreak.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Jun, 64(6), 734 - 40
{Biochemical characteristics, growth on selective media, antimicrobial susceptibility, and diarrheagenic toxin production of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli}; Matsushita S et al.; A total of 70 strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) belonging to 8 different O serogroups including O28ac O29, O121, O124, O136, O143, O144, and O164, was studied for their biochemical characteristics, growth on selective isolation agar, antimicrobial susceptibility, and diarrheagenic toxin production . Among the biochemical characteristics examined, all EIEC strains gave negative lysine decarboxylation and all but one belonging to O124 serogroup, were non-motile, regardless of their O serogroups . The one motile O124 strain had a H30 antigen . Some close correlations were also observed between their O serogroups and biochemicals such as utilization of sodium acetate and mucate, ornithine decarboxylation, arginine dihydrolation, gas production from glucose, and lactose fermentation . Among the selective isolation agars, MacConkey and Deoxycholate-hydrogen sulfide-lactose (DHL), and modified Shigella-Salmonella (SS) agars supported growth of the EIEC strains well, whereas SS agar was remarkably inhibitory for strains of some O serogroups . Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested for nine drugs including chloramphenicol (CP), tetracycline (TC), streptomycin (SM), kanamycin (KM), ampicillin (ABPC), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST), nalidixic acid (NA), fosfomycin (FOM) and norfloxacin (NFLX) . Forty-one of the 70 strains (58.6%) were found to be resistant to the 6 drugs, such as CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC or ST . None of the strains were resistant to NA, FOM or NFLX . Among the resistant strains recognized, the strains which showed the resistant patterns of CP.TC.SM.ABPC, CP.TC.SM, TC.SM.ST, TC.SM, and SM appeared to be prevalent . None of the strains gave positive reactions for the production of diarrheagenic toxins of heat-labile enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin, and verocytotoxins 1 and 2.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Jun, 34(6), 949 - 53
Intracellular activity of tosufloxacin (T-3262) against Salmonella enteritidis and ability to penetrate into tissue culture cells of human origin; Noumi T et al.; The intracellular antimicrobial activity of tosulfoxacin was tested against Salmonella enteritidis C-32 by using human lung fibroid WI-38 cells and was compared with those of ofloxacin and norfloxacin . The intracellular antimicrobial activities of these drugs were evaluated by determining the numbers of viable organisms remaining within cells after treatment with various drug concentrations . At 0.2 and 0.78 microgram/ml, tosufloxacin suppressed intracellular multiplication of S . enteritidis C-32 more effectively than ofloxacin and norfloxacin did . The ability of tosufloxacin to penetrate into WI-38 cells was also determined by the velocity gradient method . The ratio of the intracellular concentration to the extracellular concentration of tosufloxacin was 1.7- and 2.6-fold higher than those of ofloxacin and norfloxacin, respectively . The results indicate that the potent intracellular bactericidal activity of tosufloxacin may be due not only to its high in vitro activity but also to its ability to penetrate into cells at a high level.

J Dairy Sci, 1990 Jun, 73(6), 1656 - 61
Concerns of microbial pathogens in association with dairy foods; Donnelly CW; Recent outbreaks of foodborne disease linked to Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia have highlighted consumer awareness of microbiological problems in the food supply . Such outbreaks affirm the need for improved testing, environmental monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance . This paper reviews the entry of microbial pathogens into foods, with an emphasis on dairy products, by examining the contribution of the processing environment to microbial contamination . Numerous surveys, including a recent audit of dairy processing plants in Vermont, have revealed common foci of environmental contamination by Listeria and Yersinia persistent within dairy processing environments . With respect to dairy products, the bacterial pathogens discussed in this manuscript share a common source, raw milk . Characteristics possessed by Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia are compared and contrasted . In the case of Listeria, this bacterium's role as a newly emerged foodborne pathogen is discussed . Finally, the economic consequences associated with foodborne disease are highlighted, and future prospects related to foodborne illness are presented.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Jun, 37(4), 317 - 20
{A simple method for the isolation of immunoglobulin (Y) from the eggs of immunized hens}; Wallmann J et al.; Hens were vaccinated with Salmonella typhi-murium and with serum-IgG from a goat . Antibodies (IgY) were isolated from the eggs by ammonium sulphate precipitation . The concentration of egg antibodies was equal or superior to the concentration of serum antibodies of the hen . The longlasting antibody plateau of 9 and 28 weeks, respectively, provides evidence of the high yields of specific IgY which can be collected from a single immunized hen.

J Appl Toxicol, 1990 Jun, 10(3), 167 - 71
Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of ethylvinyl ketone in bacterial tests; Deininger C et al.; The mutagenic and genotoxic effects of ethylvinyl ketone were investigated . This alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound is widely distributed in the environment, in particular in food . Whereas ethylvinyl ketone shows only weak genotoxicity in the SOS Chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37, it was distinctly mutagenic per se in the Salmonella preincubation assay with TA100 . Using SKF 525 (an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenase) and trichloropropene oxide (an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase) we found indication for additional activation via epoxidation by S9 mix . The need for further investigation of the genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of this compound is strongly indicated.

Immunology, 1990 Jun, 70(2), 247 - 50
T cells do not mediate the initial suppression of a Salmonella infection in the RES; Hormaeche CE et al.; The course of a sublethal salmonella infection was followed in mice rendered susceptible by irradiation, reconstituted with T-cell-depleted bone marrow from normal donors and given a synergistic pool of CD4 and CD8 monoclonal antibodies . The results indicate that the host response causing the early plateau and suppression of bacterial growth at the end of the first week of the infection, which is essential for survival, does not require T cells.

Vaccine, 1990 Jun, 8(3), 278 - 82
Stable Salmonella live vaccine strains with two or more attenuating mutations and any desired level of attenuation; Linde K et al.; Mutants optimally attenuated for highly susceptible hosts and protecting after a single oral vaccination are often overattenuated for host species being less susceptible . Therefore, to select vaccine strains optimally attenuated for the particular host species it is essential that a range of mutants with graded levels of attenuation be provided so as to permit lesser susceptibility to be compensated for by a correspondingly lower level of attenuation . This, while guaranteeing the stability through two-marker or multi-marker attenuation, can be suitably accomplished by slightly to moderately virulence-reducing mutations . Aspartic acid auxotrophy and, in particular, 'metabolic drift' mutations, possibly by additionally incorporating antiepidemic markers, are adopted for the mouse model to demonstrate stepwise production of S . typhimurium and S . typhi vaccine candidate strains with graded attenuation or any level of attenuation desirable . It is emphasized that this basic approach is relevant to practice.

Circ Shock, 1990 Jun, 31(2), 159 - 70
Resistance of essential fatty acid-deficient rats to endotoxin-induced increases in vascular permeability; Li EJ et al.; Resistance to endotoxin in essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD) rats is associated with reduced synthesis of certain arachidonic acid metabolites . It was hypothesized that EFAD rats would manifest decreased vascular permeability changes during endotoxemia as a consequence of reduced arachidonic acid metabolism . To test this hypothesis, changes in hematocrit (HCT) and mesenteric localization rate of technetium-labeled human serum albumin (99mTc-HSA) and red blood cells (99mTc-RBC) were assessed in EFAD and normal rats using gamma-camera imaging . Thirty minutes after Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin, EFAD rats exhibited less hemoconcentration as determined by % HCT than normal rats (47 +/- 2% vs . 54 +/- 1% respectively, P less than 0.01) . Endotoxin caused a less severe change in permeability index in the splanchnic region in EFAD rats than in normal rats (1.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(-3)min-1 vs . 4.9 +/- 1.7 x 10(-3)min-1 respectively, P less than 0.05) . In contrast to 99mTc-HSA, mesenteric localization of 99mTc-RBC was not changed by endotoxin in control or EFAD rats . Supplementation with ethyl-arachidonic acid did not enhance susceptibility of EFAD rats to endotoxin-induced splanchnic permeability to 99mTc-HSA . Leukotrienes have been implicated as mediators of increased vascular permeability in endotoxin shock . Since LTC3 formation has been reported to be increased in EFA deficiency, we hypothesized that LTC3 may be less potent than LTC4 . Thus the effect of LTC3 on mean arterial pressure and permeability was compared to LTC4 in normal rats . LTC3-induced increases in peak mean arterial pressure were less than LTC4 at 10 micrograms/kg (39 +/- 5 mm Hg vs . 58 +/- 4 mm Hg respectively, P less than 0.05) and at 20 micrograms/kg (56 +/- 4 mm Hg vs . 75 +/- 2 mm Hg respectively, P less than 0.05) . LY171883 (30 mg/kg), an LTD4/E4 receptor antagonist, attenuated the pressor effect of LTC4, LTD4, and LTC3 . Infusion of LTC4 (4 micrograms/kg/min) in normal rats induced a rise in HCT from 44 +/- 1% to 51 +/- 1% (P less than 0.01), which was greater (P less than 0.05) than the rise induced by LTC3 (47 +/- 1% to 49 +/- 1%) . The results showing that EFAD rats are resistant to endotoxin-induced increases in HCT and vascular permeability raise the possibility that this may, in part, be a result of preferential LTC3 production that is less potent than LTC4.

J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 136 ( Pt 6), 1117 - 23
The virulence plasmid of Salmonella dublin: detailed restriction map and analysis by transposon mutagenesis; Lax AJ et al.; A detailed restriction map of the virulence plasmid of Salmonella dublin has been determined and used for comparison with the virulence plasmid from S . typhimurium . Two regions were identified which appeared to be similar based on blotting and restriction data . One, of about 22 kb, encompassed the virulence region; the other, of about 8 kb, was outside it . The locations of 259 transposon insertions on the S . dublin plasmid were determined and related to their effect on virulence . One gene involved in virulence but outside the essential virulence region was shown to affect citrate metabolism.

Osaka Daigaku Shigaku Zasshi, 1990 Jun, 35(1), 22 - 40
{Thymocyte activating factors in human gingival fibroblast cultures stimulated by oral Bacteroides lipopolysaccharides: induction, identification and modification by various cytokines}; Mihara J; Normal human gingival fibroblasts stimulated in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from black pigmented oral Bacteroides species produced cell-free (CF) and cell-associated (CA) thymocyte activating factors (TAF) . The LPS from other bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, induced minimum levels of TAF in the cultures . The CF-TAF was partially inhibited by anti-human interleukin (HuIL)-1 beta or HuIL-6 antibody, but not by anti-HuIL-1 alpha antibody . However, complete inhibition of the CF-TAF was not observed upon addition of both anti-HuIL-1 beta and HuIL-6 antibodies . Fibroblasts stimulated with Bacteroides LPS released high levels of CF-IL-6 activity . Recombinant (r) HuIL-6 negligibly exhibited TAF activity even in high doses up to 500 U/ml, although it augmented the TAF activity of rHuIL-1 beta . These findings indicated that the CF-TAF consisted mainly of IL-1 beta, and that IL-6 enhanced TAF activity of IL-1 beta . However, other TAF factor (s) may be present in CF specimens . In contrast to CF-TAF, the CA-TAF was inhibited with anti-HuIL-1 alpha . Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHuTNF) directly stimulated fibroblasts to produce CA-TAF, and it also primed them to enhance CA-TAF induction in response to Bacteroides LPS . On the other hand, natural human interferons (nHuIFN) alpha, beta, and gamma did not induce CF- or CA-TAF in fibroblasts . When fibroblasts were primed with nHuIFN beta or gamma, the CA-TAF production by the cells in response to LPS, but not rHuTNF, was markedly enhanced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1990 Jun, 109(6), 546 - 8
{Phenomenon of enzymatic imprinting in adult animals}; Khudolei VV et al.; An inductor of a system of multifunctional monooxygenases, the sovol, being applied to hepatectomized adult rats, produced an enzymatic imprinting, which was expressed in a long-term increase in the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin-deethylase and amidopyrine-N-demethylase activities, as well as in the metabolic activation of benzo (a)-pyrene by the liver S9-fraction in the Salmonella/microsome assay . The phenomena of enzymatic imprinting in adult animals, primarily described, is a reflection of response universality of proliferative cells upon inductors action.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Jun, 8(6), 383 - 92
Characterization of bovine septicemic, bovine diarrheal, and human enteroinvasive Escherichia coli that hybridize with K88 and F41 accessory gene probes but do not express these adhesins; Casey TA et al.; Certain DNA probes derived from accessory genes of cloned K88 and F41 determinants hybridize with Escherichia coli strains that express K88 or F41 and with certain other E . coli strains that do not express these antigens . We found that these probes hybridized with human enteroinvasive E . coli, and with bovine E . coli isolates which produced a fatal septicemia in experimentally infected piglets . These strains did not hybridize with probes derived from the structural subunit genes encoding the K88 and F41 antigens . E . coli strains isolated from turkeys with septicemia, Shigella and Salmonella strains did not hybridize to the K88 and F41 accessory gene probes . The K88 and F41 accessory genes probes hybridized with a 200 kb plasmid which is required for invasion by human enteroinvasive E . coli . The K88 and F41 accessory gene homology in the bovine isolates was located on a 150 kb transmissible plasmid but was unrelated to plasmids encoding aerobactin, Vir, or colicin V, which are suspected virulence factors in septicemic E . coli . A common plasmid-encoded antigen was associated with bovine isolates that hybridized with the K88 and F41 accessory gene probes . This included strains which express CS31A, a surface antigen associated with bovine septicemic E . coli, which also hybridized with the K88 and F4 accessory gene probes . The results suggest that the K88 and F41 accessory gene probes hybridized with sequences that may be associated with a common mechanism of pilus expression in distinct groups of E . coli pathogens.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Jun, 8(6), 393 - 402
Lysogenization of Salmonella choleraesuis by phage 14 increases average length of O-antigen chains, serum resistance and intraperitoneal mouse virulence; Nnalue NA et al.; Three clones from a strain of Salmonella choleraesuis (serogroup C1) were lysogenized with phage 14 (P14) which converts the O-antigen of serogroup C1 salmonellae from O-6,7 to O-6,7,14 . The lysogens were compared with their parental non-lysogenic clones with respect to the following properties: average length of O-antigen polysaccharide chains, sensitivity to normal human serum, and mouse-virulence . SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipopolysaccharides extracted from these bacteria showed that samples from lysogens consisted mainly of long-chained molecules whereas those from non-lysogens contained mainly short-chained molecules . The O-antigen polysaccharide from a lysogen was estimated by chemical analysis to be six times as long as that from a non-lysogen . Lysogens were serum-resistant whereas non-lysogens were serum-sensitive . About 10 times more colony forming units of a lysogen than of a non-lysogen were recovered from the livers and spleens of mice on day 1 and 3 after intraperitoneal inoculation of equal doses . By comparison with S . choleraesuis, lysogenization of S . typhimurium with phage P22 or phage A4 did not affect the chain-length distribution of O-antigen polysaccharide . Our data suggest that phage 14-coded determinants increase efficiency of O-antigen biosynthesis in S . choleraesuis leading to increase in average length of O-polysaccharide chains . Increased serum resistance and mouse virulence are logical consequences of increase in average length of O-polysaccharide chains and represent phage-conferred selective advantage not previously described in Salmonella.

Bioorg Khim, 1990 Jun, 16(6), 822 - 9
{Chemico-enzymatic synthesis of branched O-specific polysaccharides of Salmonella serotype C2 and C3}; Druzhinina TN et al.; The possibility of chemical-enzymatic synthesis of branched polysaccharides was demonstrated with the enzymes from Salmonella newport and S . kentucky using synthetic polyprenyl pyrophosphate oligosaccharides . Formation of polymers with alpha 1-2-, beta 1-2-alpha 1-4- and beta 1-4-linkages between glucose residues in the branch and galactose residues of the main chain was shown.

Bioorg Khim, 1990 Jun, 16(6), 816 - 21
{Incorporation of paratose residue into Salmonella O-specific polysaccharides using enzymatic reactions}; Druzhinina TN et al.; The block mechanism of O-specific polysaccharides biosynthesis was demonstrated for Salmonella nitra (serogroup A) and S . haifa (serogroup B) . Due to the moderate specificity of glycosyl transferases from S . nitra, S . typhimurium, S . haifa and S . kentucky (serogroup C3) towards the 3,6-dideoxyhexose structure a paratose residue can be incorporated into the polysaccharide chain instead of an abequose residue, and vice versa.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jun, 58(6), 2002 - 4
Specific immunoglobulin A-secreting cells in peripheral blood of humans following oral immunization with a bivalent Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei vaccine or infection by pathogenic S . sonnei; Van de Verg L et al.; The ability of bivalent Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei vaccine strain 5076-1C to stimulate an intestinal immunoglobulin A response in humans was evaluated by detecting gut-derived, trafficking antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in peripheral blood . Following vaccination, an immunoglobulin A-ASC response to O antigens of S . typhi and S . sonnei was observed in 10 of 13 and 13 of 13 vaccine recipients, respectively . Experimental challenge with pathogenic S . sonnei stimulated an ASC response to the S . sonnei O antigen in all subjects who developed clinical illness . The magnitude of the ASC response to challenge was significantly greater than that resulting from vaccination . Furthermore, compared with the response of the unimmunized controls, individuals previously immunized with 5076-1C demonstrated a significantly greater ASC response following challenge with S . sonnei.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jun, 58(6), 1620 - 7
Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against cholera challenge in humans of a typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine derived from Salmonella typhi Ty21a; Tacket CO et al.; A live oral vaccine consisting of attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a expressing Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen was constructed and tested in volunteers for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy . Fourteen adults ingested three doses of 10(10) viable organisms with buffer . One month later, 8 vaccinees and 13 unimmunized controls were challenged with 10(6) pathogenic V . cholerae O1 E1 T or Inaba organisms . No significant adverse reactions to vaccination were observed . All volunteers had significant rises in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to S . typhi LPS . Only 2 (14%) of 14 had significant rises in serum IgA or IgG antibody to Inaba LPS, and 5 (36%) of 14 had fourfold rises in vibriocidal antibody . In the challenge study, diarrhea occurred in 13 of 13 controls and 6 of 8 vaccinees (vaccine efficacy, 25%; P = 0.13) . The vaccine significantly reduced the severity of the clinical illness (P less than 0.05) and caused decreased excretion of challenge vibrios (P less than 0.05) . Although the typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine did not provide significant protection overall against experimental cholera, this study demonstrates the importance of antibody to V . cholerae O antigen in ameliorating clinical illness and illustrates the use of an S . typhi carrier vaccine strain expressing a foreign antigen.

Eur J Biochem, 1990 May 31, 190(1), 201 - 6
Purification and characterization of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from hemolymph of American cockroach Periplaneta americana; Jomori T et al.; A protein having affinity to lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli K12 was purified to homogeneity from the hemolymph of Periplaneta americana . This protein, with an average molecular mass of 450 kDa . was a homooligomer of a 28-kDa subunit protein . Comparative studies using lipopolysaccharide molecules of E . coli and Salmonella minnesota suggested that this protein recognizes and binds to a specific carbohydrate structure of E . coli lipopolysaccharide . Ca2+ was required for this protein to bind to lipopolysaccharide, but other divalent cations could not replace Ca2+.

J Biol Chem, 1990 May 25, 265(15), 8658 - 64
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide priming of P388D1 macrophage-like cells for enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism . Platelet-activating factor receptor activation and regulation of phospholipase A2; Glaser KB et al.; P388D1 cells are stimulated by platelet-activating factor (PAF) to release arachidonic acid metabolites (Lister, M . D., Glaser, K . B., Ulevitch, R . J., and Dennis, E . A . (1989) J . Biol . Chem . 264, 8520-8528) . While the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to PAF is only two to three times the constitutive PGE2 production, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are able to prime P388D1 cells for enhanced arachidonic metabolism, increasing PAF-stimulating PGE2 production to 9-12 times the constitutive PGE2 production . The extent and rate of {3H}arachidonic acid release from prelabeled P388D1 cells are also increased in primed cells relative to unprimed cells in response to PAF-stimulation . LPS from either Salmonella Re595 or Escherichia coli 0111:B4 prime P388D1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner but have themselves no ability to stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism . LPS priming is sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D, while primed PAF-stimulation of PGE2 production is blocked by cyclohexamide which implicates a protein which is rapidly turning over . Primed PAF stimulation is also inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor manoalogue and the tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibitor genistein, but not by the kinase inhibitor H-7 . These results suggest that priming amplifies signal transduction pathways for PAF, which results in increased arachidonate availability . The multiple levels at which primed PAF-stimulated PGE2 production appears to be regulated are discussed.

J Immunol Methods, 1990 May 25, 129(2), 243 - 50
Efficient production of mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies against the O antigens of Salmonella serogroup C1, using LPS-coated bacteria as immunogen; Luk JM et al.; A variety of different immunogens and immunisation schemes were investigated for the production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the O antigenic polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella serogroup C1 (O:6,7) . Of 12 fusions performed, higher yields of stable, LPS-reactive hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies were achieved in both the mouse and rat when using O:6,7 LPS-coated S . thompson bacteria as immunogens than with live and heat-killed bacteria, or O:6,7-BSA glycoconjugate as immunogens . All of the 17 hybrid clones obtained were shown to bind the O antigens of Salmonella serogroup C1 when tested in ELISA against a set of chemically defined LPS from Salmonella smooth and rough strains . The results are discussed with a view to bettering the immunisation strategy for production of monoclonal antibodies against the LPS antigens of bacteria.

Experientia, 1990 May 15, 46(5), 472 - 4
The effect of endotoxin on membrane fatty acid composition in BCG-sensitized mice; Stark JM et al.; The effects of endotoxin on mouse liver phospholipid fatty acid composition have been investigated . Administration of endotoxin from Salmonella abortus equi led to a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of livers from mice sensitized with Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) . The content of arachidonic acid fell significantly in both the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol fractions whereas in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction the linoleic acid content was significantly reduced . The polyunsaturated fatty acids were replaced by increased amounts of oleic acid and palmitic acid, leading to a reduction in the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio.

J Biol Chem, 1990 May 15, 265(14), 8117 - 21
Endotoxic lipid A interaction with human platelets . Structure-function analysis of lipid A homologs obtained from Salmonella minnesota Re595 lipopolysaccharide; Grabarek J et al.; We previously reported that human blood platelets are directly stimulated by endotoxic Lipid A via the protein kinase C pathway (Grabarek, J., Timmons, S., and Hawiger, J . (1988) J . Clin . Invest . 82, 964-971) . To study the relationship between the molecular structure of Lipid A and its ability to activate human platelets, we used Lipid A homologs derived from Salmonella minnesota Re595 lipopolysaccharide . Preparations of Lipid A are heterogeneous in regard to the degree of substitution of fatty acids which result in multiple homologs . These were separated by thin-layer chromatography and characterized by fast atom bombardment spectroscopy and related techniques (Johnson R . S., Her, G.-R., Grabarek, J., Hawiger, J., and Reinhold, V . N . (1990) J . Biol . Chem . 265, 8108-8116) . The homologs of monophosphoryl Lipid A (MLA) present in fractions TLC-8 (heptaacyl MLA ion, m/z 1953), TLC-7 (three hexaacyl species with predominant MLA ion m/z 1715), and TLC-6 (four pentaacyl homologs with predominant MLA ion, m/z 1505) induced secretion of {14C}serotonin and aggregation of platelets . Lipid A homologs in fractions TLC-5 (three tetraacyl MLA ions, m/z 1323, 1307, and 1279), TLC-4 (one major triacyl MLA ion, m/z 1097), TLC-3 (tetraacyl MLA ion, m/z 1278), TLC-2 (a diphosphoryl hexaacyl Lipid A ion, m/z 1795, and several ions of low abundance), and TLC-1 (two ions, m/z 1097 and 666) were not active in regard to human platelet aggregation and {14C}serotonin secretion . The most active homolog was heptaacyl MLA ion, m/z 1953, present in TLC-8, while homologs present in TLC-7 and TLC-6 were 5 and 10 times less active, respectively . Rapid phosphorylation of a human platelet protein of Mr 40,000-47,000 (P47), a substrate for protein kinase C activation, preceded secretion of serotonin when platelets were triggered by the most active heptaacyl MLA ion, m/z 1953 . These events were time-dependent, with half-maximal response of phosphorylation of P47 at 30 s and {14C}serotonin secretion at 45 s . A marked difference in the degree of phosphorylation of P47 was observed with heptaacyl MLA homolog present in TLC-8 inducing complete phosphorylation (97%), whereas less acylated Lipid A homologs present in TLC-1 caused marginal phosphorylation (20%) . These results indicate that the degree of acylation of monophosphoryl Lipid A determines its functional properties toward human platelets in regard to secretion of {14C}serotonin, aggregation, and activation of protein kinase C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Science, 1990 May 11, 248(4956), 730 - 2
Induction of Salmonella stress proteins upon infection of macrophages; Buchmeier NA et al.; Regulated expression of bacterial genes allows a pathogen to adapt to new environmental conditions within the host . The synthesis of over 30 Salmonella proteins is selectively induced during infection of macrophages . Two proteins induced by Salmonella are the heat shock proteins GroEL and DnaK . Two avirulent, macrophage-sensitive mutants of Salmonella synthesize GroEL and DnaK but fail to synthesize different subsets of proteins normally induced within the macrophage . Enhanced expression of selected Salmonella proteins contributes to bacterial survival within macrophages and may also contribute to the apparent immunodominance of heat shock proteins.

Orv Hetil, 1990 May 6, 131(18), 979 - 80
{Septic arthritis associated with childhood salmonellosis}; Barczi J et al.; A 4 year old girl was admitted with septic arthritis due to Salmonella panama . The treatment with antibiotics and steroids was successful . In this review the authors discuss the ethological factors, the mechanism that might cause the disease, and the possible ways of treatment, and want to point out the association of the disease with the HLA system and other predisposible factors.

Indian J Med Res, 1990 May, 91, 177 - 81
Phospholipase A production by isolates of Salmonella species; Saxena M et al.; The incidence of intra- and extra-cellular phospholipase-A production by Salmonella isolates from human, poultry and environmental material was investigated . Nearly 17 per cent (15/90) of the strains tested produced phospholipase A . Phospholipase production was encountered in S . typhi, S . paratyphi A, S . typhimurium, S . seftenberg, S . bareilly, S . weltevredeen, S . newport, S . adelaide, S . alachua and S . gallinarum . Maximum (10/15) phospholipase producers were isolated from the human material . Phospholipase positive human isolates exhibited a high incidence of simultaneous multiple drug resistance, enterotoxigenicity and cell surface hydrophobicity.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 May, 10(3-4), 177 - 82
A comparison of different enrichment media for the isolation of Salmonella dublin from livers, kidneys and muscles of Salmonella-positive veal calves; van Klink EG et al.; Amongst a herd of 250, approximately 22 weeks old, Dutch Friesian veal calves, 84 were condemned on meat inspection because of typical pathology of salmonellosis, confirmed by isolation of Salmonella dublin from spleens . From the condemned animals 15 carcasses were randomly selected for further investigation . Their livers, kidneys and samples of their longissimus dorsi muscles were examined for Salmonella using Rappaport-Vassiliadis' and Muller-Kauffmann's enrichment media . In addition, livers were macroscopically scanned for necrotic foci . Signs of (multiple) miliary liver necrosis were not consistently related to isolation of Salmonella from the three tissues examined . Although all spleens had been found positive for Salmonella, from only 53% of the livers, 33% of the kidneys and 27% of the muscles could salmonellae be isolated by one or both enrichment procedures . The Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium was found to be slightly superior for the isolation of salmonellae . All Salmonella-isolates were serotyped as Salmonella dublin . Their antibiograms showed the expected resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracyclines but, surprisingly, sensitivity to ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin and streptomycin.

Mutagenesis, 1990 May, 5(3), 213 - 9
Prediction of cancer potency using a battery of mutation and toxicity data; Travis CC et al.; Correlations between the carcinogenic potencies of 146 known mouse carcinogens and potency estimates determined from (i) Ames test results, (ii) a battery of mutation test results, and (iii) a battery of mutation and toxicity data are presented . The lowest correlation was found using Salmonella mutagenic potency (r = 0.37) . The highest correlations were found using the battery of mutation and toxicity data to predict the potency of lung carcinogens (r = 0.94) and liver carcinogens (r = 0.91) . The results suggest that short-term batteries which include tests for both mutagenicity and toxicity will be able to predict carcinogenic potency better than current batteries relying solely on mutagenicity tests.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 May-Jun, 73(3), 419 - 24
Comparative study of colorimetric DNA hybridization method and conventional culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in foods; Chan SW et al.; A second generation nucleic acid hybridization assay has been developed and evaluated against the conventional culture method for detection of salmonellae in foods . The assay involves a liquid hybridization with Salmonella-specific oligonucleotide probes, capture of probe:target hybrids onto a solid support (plastic dipstick), and a colorimetric end point detection . The assay can be completed in 2.5 h, following approximately 44 h of culture enrichment . One thousand samples representing 20 food types were analyzed in parallel by both methods . Samples included uninoculated test product, and product inoculated with Salmonella at 2 levels . Eighteen Salmonella serotypes were used as inocula . The data demonstrate that the colorimetric hybridization method and the conventional culture method are equivalent in their ability to detect Salmonella contamination of foods.

J Emerg Med, 1990 May-Jun, 8(3), 295 - 7
Fatal myocarditis secondary to Salmonella septicemia in a young adult; Burt CR et al.; A 29-year-old white male with a recent history of gastroenteritis sustained a cardiac arrest at home . He was found to be in ventricular fibrillation and could not be resuscitated . Pathologic findings included focal aggregates of histiocytes, lymphocytes and occasional neutrophils in the myocardium as well as inflammatory changes in the colon, liver, and spleen . Blood cultures were positive for Salmonella heidelberg . The patient was seen 3 times by emergency departments prior to his demise . Death from Salmonella is rare except when associated with septicemia . The severity of illness and prognosis are often related to the site of infection and underlying disease processes.

J Hepatol, 1990 May, 10(3), 274 - 9
The role of bile acids in the development of endotoxemia during obstructive jaundice in the rat; Van Bossuyt H et al.; The role of bile acids in the development of endotoxemia during obstructive jaundice was studied in rats . Endotoxin was not found in portal and peripheral plasma of control rats . The bile ducts of seven rats were ligated . On day 7 following bile duct ligation, six animals showed portal endotoxemia and five peripheral . Oral administration of sodium ursodeoxycholate reduced this frequency to 1/7 for portal plasma and 0/7 in the case of peripheral plasma . Subsequently the influence of a bile salt mixture (85% taurocholate, 15% taurodeoxycholate) on the binding and uptake of Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide by cultured rat Kupffer cells was studied . In control preparations, the percentage cell-associated lipopolysaccharide increased with time and reached a plateau after about 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C . In the presence of 0.3, 0.6 and 1 mumol bile salts/ml the cell-associated lipopolysaccharide was about 5%, 13% and 29% lower, respectively, of that in control cultures . Tauroursodeoxycholate (1 mM) did not inhibit the lipopolysaccharide uptake by cultured rat Kupffer cells . Based on these observations, it is likely that both phenomena, i.e., (a) the low amount of bile acids in the intestines and (b) the high serum bile acid level, account for the high frequency of endotoxemia in the peripheral blood during obstructive jaundice.

Br Vet J, 1990 May-Jun, 146(3), 228 - 32
Salmonella isolates from wild animals in Cornwall; Euden PR; During a period of 14 years 4881 badgers and 613 other free-living wild animals, representing 15 different species of mammals and 30 different species of birds from the County of Cornwall were examined for the presence of salmonellae . Twenty-six serotypes and one non-motile strain were isolated from the badgers and four serotypes from the other species.

Rev Infect Dis, 1990 May-Jun, 12(3), 514 - 7
Salmonella arizonae bacteremia as the presenting manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection following rattlesnake meat ingestion; Noskin GA et al.; Recurrent nontyphoid salmonella septicemia is one of the opportunistic infections characteristic of AIDS . The increased incidence of severe salmonellosis in immunocompromised patients is due, in part, to defective cellular immunity . The literature contains reports of nine cases of extraintestinal Salmonella arizonae infections in patients ingesting rattlesnake capsules, all of whom had known underlying medical illnesses . We describe a previously healthy Hispanic man who developed S . arizonae bacteremia as his initial manifestation of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . The patient ultimately stated that he had consumed rattlesnake meat for medicinal purposes--a relatively common practice among Hispanics . S . arizonae was cultured from the powder of all capsules remaining in his possession . To our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of S . arizonae bacteremia as the presenting manifestation of HIV infection following the ingestion of capsules containing rattlesnake meat.

Mutat Res, 1990 May, 230(1), 71 - 80
Comparative induction of gene mutations and chromosome damage by 1-methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (MCHT), 1 . Results from a battery of standard tests; Asquith JC et al.; The ability of 1-methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (MCHT) to induce gene mutations and chromosome breaks has been examined in a battery of standard assays . MCHT was not mutagenic to 5 strains of Salmonella, with or without S9 fraction . In L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells, MCHT induced TK-/- mutants in the presence but not in the absence of S9 fraction . In V79 Chinese hamster cells, MCHT induced azaguanine-resistant mutants in the presence and absence of S9 but the effect was considerably reduced in the absence of S9 . MCHT resulted in no increases in chromosome aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes, with or without S9 fraction, neither was there any increase in micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated mice . MCHT thus appears on the basis of these results, to be possibly a specific gene mutagen (rather than clastogen) for mammalian cells . This uncommon mutagenicity profile has been investigated further in an accompanying paper (Cole et al., 1990) and has proved to be an oversimplification.

J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1990 May, 72(3), 504 - 6
Salmonella osteitis and septic arthritis; Govender S et al.; We reviewed 16 patients with salmonella osteitis or septic arthritis . All patients were immunologically normal and none had a history of typhoid fever . We discuss the importance of obtaining a bacteriological diagnosis and provide guidelines on the duration of antibiotic treatment.

J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1990 May, 72(3), 494 - 9
Bone and joint manifestations of sickle cell anaemia; Bennett OM et al.; We investigated 57 patients with sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) and bone and joint changes . Osteonecrosis simulating a wide range of conditions was a common radiological feature, and osteomyelitis occurred in 61% of cases . Salmonella species were the commonest causative organisms, occurring in 71% of patients with osteomyelitis, although salmonella septic arthritis occurred in only two . The distinction between vaso-occlusive bone crisis and acute osteomyelitis was often difficult since the classical clinical and radiological features and laboratory findings also occurred in bone infarction, a common feature of the disease.

Mutat Res, 1990 May, 244(1), 77 - 91
Rodent tumor profiles, Salmonella mutagenicity and risk assessment; Benigni R; The tumorigenesis profiles of 116 chemicals, which proved to induce cancer in the NCI/NTP experimentation, were studied by multivariate data analysis methods . Three main patterns of tumor induction were evident . One chemical (benzene) was not classifiable in any of the 3 clusters of chemicals . The carcinogen classes based on patterns of tumor induction did not reflect a repartition between Ames-positive and Ames-negative chemicals . Therefore any classification of carcinogens as either 'primary' (genotoxic, hence assumed to pose a greater risk) or 'secondary' (presumably carcinogenic via non-genotoxic mechanisms) would seem to be a subject for research and speculation, and, for the present, an unsuitable basis for risk assessment.

Mutat Res, 1990 May, 244(1), 67 - 76
Correlations between bioassay dose-level, mutagenicity to Salmonella, chemical structure and sites of carcinogenesis among 226 chemicals evaluated for carcinogenicity by the U.S . NTP; Brown LP et al.; Bioassay dose-level data for 226 chemicals unequivocally defined as carcinogens or non-carcinogens in mice and/or rats by the U.S . NTP have been standardized to gavage equivalent dose-levels according to a modification of the methods of Gold et al . Correlations by bioassay dose-level with chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella, sites of carcinogenesis and extent of trans-species activity have been studied . The data obtained add further weight to the proposition that two classes of rodent carcinogen are present in the NTP database--genotoxic carcinogens that occur predominantly in the dose range 20-800 mg/kg and putative non-genotoxic carcinogens that are equally distributed over the dose range less than 20- greater than 3000 mg/kg . The latter carcinogens are characterized by the lack of structural alerts to DNA reactivity, the absence of mutagenicity to Salmonella, an inability to induce tumours in 8 reference tissues and a strong tendency to be tissue and species-specific in their activity . Where comparisons can be made, the present findings for the NTP carcinogens and non-carcinogens are consistent with the recent observations by Gold et al . for a larger group of carcinogens.

J Am Geriatr Soc, 1990 May, 38(5), 531 - 4
Salmonella outbreak in a nursing home; Choi M et al.; We performed a retrospective review of an outbreak of Salmonella gastroenteritis that occurred in a community nursing home in 1987 . Forty-four of 199 residents had a diarrheal illness; Salmonella heidelberg was isolated from the stool in 19 cases . Although the distribution of cases suggested a common source for the outbreak, no common source of infection could be demonstrated, despite extensive investigation . The clinical presentation of symptomatic individuals ranged from mild diarrhea to a severe gastrointestinal illness, and 26% of symptomatic, culture-positive patients required hospitalization . The median duration of pathogen excretion during convalescence in untreated residents was six weeks, but six patients who were treated with antibiotics shed S . heidelberg for a median duration of 14.5 weeks . We conclude that (1) the clinical spectrum of Salmonella gastroenteritis in nursing-home patients is variable, ranging from mild to severe illness; and (2) nursing-home Salmonella outbreaks impose a high economic burden because of expense of epidemiologic investigation, prolonged isolation measures, hospitalization for severely ill residents, and potential institutional closure.

Infect Immun, 1990 May, 58(5), 1180 - 5
Correlation between the presence of sequences homologous to the vir region of Salmonella dublin plasmid pSDL2 and the virulence of twenty-two Salmonella serotypes in mice; Roudier C et al.; Large plasmids encoding important virulence properties have been found in several Salmonella serotypes . We have studied the relationship between the presence of a highly conserved 4-kilobase (kb) EcoRI fragment from the plasmid virulence region and pathogenicity for mice of 53 isolates representing 22 serotypes of Salmonella . Only strains possessing the homologous 4-kb region were virulent for mice . In addition, we transferred the virulence plasmid from S . dublin into nine different serotypes, including S . typhi and S . paratyphi A, that lack a native virulence plasmid . Only S . heidelberg and S . newport were rendered mouse virulent by the introduction of the S . dublin plasmid . This study demonstrates that plasmid-mediated virulence sequences are required for Salmonella virulence in mice, but many strains, including the agents of human typhoid fever, also lack chromosomal genes necessary to produce lethal systemic disease in mice . Since all the major Salmonella strains that are host-adapted to animals carry virulence plasmids, it appears that these plasmids are important in mediating systemic infection in animals and may contribute to septicemic, nontyphoid salmonellosis in humans.

Med Lav, 1990 May-Jun, 81(3), 222 - 9
{Leather azo dyes: mutagenic and carcinogenic risks}; Clonfero E et al.; The paper reviews the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity data on azo dyes used in the leather industry . Two water soluble benzidine-based dyes were classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . No other dyes have been evaluated by the IARC . Of the 48 azo dyes assayed in the Salmonella/microsome test, 20 gave positive results . Attention is drawn to the important role of the in vivo metabolism of azo compounds, which includes a preliminary reduction of the azo bonds and subsequent release of the aromatic amines of the dye . A useful assay (Prival test) for evaluating the mutagenic properties of azo dyes involves a reductive step that permits the release of any genotoxic agents present in the compounds . A list of leather azo dyes is furnished that are considered as potentially harmful due to the presence of a carcinogenic aromatic amine (benzidine, p-aminobenzene and derivatives) in their formulae.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1990 May-Jun, (3), 33 - 5
{The similarity of the biological effects from the parenteral administration of ascarid antigenic complexes and Salmonella typhi endotoxins}; Sapach VK; The experiment with rabbits showed that it was basically possible to develop local and generalized Shwartzman's phenomenon under the combined effect of ascaris antigens and typhoid bacterial endotoxins . Intracutaneous (0.2 ml.) or intravenous (0.1 ml/kg) sensitization of animals by ascaris antigens or microbe endotoxins after repeated intravenous crossover, intravenous injection of the antigens used to result in the development of classical local and generalized Shwartzman's phenomenon.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1990 May-Jun, (3), 21 - 3
{The lysozyme of Ixodes persulcatus ticks}; Podboronov VM; Using a technique based on specific enzyme sorption by chitin (beta-1-4-N-acetylglucosamine), lysozyme with a molecular mass of 15,000 has been isolated from homogenates of the Ix . persulcatus ticks . Micrococci and staphylococci proved to be most sensitive to lysozyme from the Ix . persulcatus ticks, while E . coli and Salmonella were less sensitive . The minimum inhibitory concentration of lysozyme from Ix . persulcatus was 2-4 times lower than that of egg lysozyme . Lysozyme from the Ix . persulcatus ticks is resistant to heating in acid medium and loses some of its activity in alkaline medium . The loss of the activity in the both media is somewhat lower than that of egg lysozyme in analogous conditions.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 May, 64(5), 612 - 9
{Serovars, drug susceptibility and conjugative R plasmids of Salmonella isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea in Yamanashi Prefecture (1985-1989)}; Kaneko M et al.; A total of 391 strains of salmonella isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea during the period from April 1985 to June 1989 in Yamanashi Prefecture, were tested for their serovars, drug susceptibility and conjugative transmissible R plasmids . The results can be summarized as follows: 1) The isolates were serologically classified into 35 different serovars . The predominant serovars were S . Typhimurium (24.8%), S . Litchfield (9.2%), S . Oranienburg (9.0%), S . Enteritidis (7.9%) and S . Hadar (6.1%) . 2) Serovars of S . Hadar, S . Brandenburg, S . Chester, S . Chailey, S . Oslo and S . Inchpark were isolated from human sources for the first time in Yamanashi Prefecture . 3) Monthly frequency of isolates were August (17.3 strains), September (11.3 strains) and May (10.6 strains) . 4) The predominant ages of isolates were 2 years of age (17.1%), 1 years of age (15.1%), 3 years of age (11.2%), under 1 years of age (10.7%) and 4 years of age (9.8%) . 5) The rate of isolates from male were higher than female . (Male: 57.5%, Female: 42.5%) . 6) The frequency of resistant isolates was 45.8% in the period . The most predominant resistance pattern was SA.SM.TC.CP.KM.ABPC resistance (11.2%) . Conjugative transmissible R plasmids appeared in 41.3% of the resistant strains . 7) The number of resistant strains of S . Typhimurium was 57 out of 97 strains (58.8%).

Poult Sci, 1990 May, 69(5), 721 - 6
The isolation of salmonellae from poultry environmental samples by several enrichment procedures using plating media with and without novobiocin; Tate CR et al.; A two-part study was conducted to examine the efficacy of several enrichment-broth techniques and of plating media for detecting salmonellae from poultry environmental samples . The data are reported on pooled samples collected from five poultry houses . The samples were cultured for salmonellae, using up to four different enrichment procedures and employing plating media with and without novobiocin . The primary enrichment-broth procedures were: 1) buffered peptone water preenrichment to Hajna's tetrathionate (TT) broth; and 2) direct inoculation in TT broth . The delayed secondary-enrichment procedure involved prolonged incubation at room temperature and transfer of the primary broths . The plating media consisted of: 1) xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (XLD); 2) xylose lysine desoxycholate agar containing 15 or 20 micrograms per mL of novobiocin (XLDN); 3) brilliant green sulfapyridine agar (BGSP); and 4) brillant green agar containing 20 micrograms per mL of novobiocin (BGN) . Of the 94 Salmonella-positive recoveries from the enrichment broths in which complete comparisons could be made, an average of 75% were recovered from the primary enrichment broths and an average of 86% were recovered from the delayed secondary-enrichment broths . Of the 254 Salmonella-positive isolations in which complete comparisons could be made, an average of 65% were isolated on the plating media without novobiocin and an average of 97% were isolated on the plating media containing novobiocin . Overall, the delayed secondary enrichment and enteric plates supplemented with novobiocin significantly improved Salmonella detection from the farm environmental samples.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1990 May, 38(5), 464 - 9
{Enzymatic resistance to cefotaxime in 56 strains of Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp . at a Tunisian hospital (1984-1988)}; Ben Hassen A et al.; The enzymatic and plasmid-encoded resistance towards oxyimino-beta-lactams has been recently reported as related to the production of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (e.g . SHV-2, CTX-1 or TEM-3), in particular in our hospital since 1984 . The prevalence of that resistance has been examined from January 1984 to December 1988 in function of specimen, unit and type of enzyme among 8,421 isolates of Klebsiella spp., E . coli, Salmonella spp . Each isolate showing a diameter of inhibition zone size inferior or equal to 25 mm for cefotaxime, the double disk synergy test was performed between a disk of amoxicillin and a clavulanic acid disk of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and aztreonam . In case of synergy, sonicated extracts have been prepared and examined by isoelectrofocusing with the detection of beta-lactamase activity by ceftriaxone and nitrocefin . 56 isolates (K . pneumoniae, K . oxytoca, E . coli, S . wien, S . typhimurium scored positive including 27 in pediatrics, 18 in surgery, and 8 in medicine . 41% of isolates have been obtained from blood cultures and 26.8% from urines . A majority of isolates (49/56) produced the SHV-2 type, but other types mediating the resistance phenotype CTX have been individualized initially by their isoelectric points e.g . 5.4 (TEM-20 in K . pneumoniae in July 1986), 6.4 (TEM-21 in E . coli, 1 K . pneumoniae in July 1988) . The prevalence of resistance to cefotaxime from 1984 to 1988 has increased (from 0.3 to 1.4%), the highest rate being observed in pediatrics (5.6% in 1984 and 22.1% in 1988).

Infection, 1990 May-Jun, 18(3), 163 - 5
Efficacy of the combination pivampicillin/pivmecillinam compared to placebo in the treatment of convalescent carriers of nontyphi Salmonella; Svenungsson B et al.; In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study 36 patients aged 16-77 years who had been carriers of nontyphi Salmonella species for 10-21 weeks were given the combination pivampicillin/pivmecillinam or placebo for four weeks in order to eradicate the carrier state . 34/36 patients who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the study were evaluable for efficacy, 16 in the pivampicillin/pivmecillinam group and 18 in the placebo group . Seven patients in the pivampicillin/pivmecillinam group had to terminate the treatment after 10-25 days because of adverse reactions, mainly exanthema and nausea . After therapy 8/16 patients treated with pivampicillin/pivmecillinam and 4/18 patients treated with placebo had negative stool cultures for Salmonella species during a mean follow-up time of 13 and 20 weeks, respectively . No abnormalities could be found in those patients who did not respond to therapy except for earlier cholecystectomy in two patients, both in the pivampicillin/pivmecillinam group.

Mutat Res, 1990 May, 244(1), 7 - 14
Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with tetranitromethane and 3-nitro-L-tyrosine; Wurgler FE et al.; The nitrosating agent tetranitromethane (TNM) and the nitrosation product 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (NT) were tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . TNM showed strong genotoxic activity: it was mutagenic in all tester strains used (TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102) . The maximum mutagenic activity was reached between 16 and 32 micrograms/plate using the standard plate test; higher amounts led to distinct bactericidal effects . The mutagenicity was independent of an in vitro activation system . In the preincubation assay an increased bactericidal effect was observed . In contrast to TNM, NT, the nitrosation product, was non-mutagenic and non-toxic in the standard plate test and with the preincubation method up to 5000 micrograms/plate with and without S9 mix and with all tester strains used . Although TNM is a strong direct-acting mutagen, its nitrosating effect on proteins does lead to nongenotoxic nitro products of tyrosine in proteins.

Am Surg, 1990 May, 56(5), 295 - 8
Epidermoid cyst of the spleen presenting as a generalized peritonitis; Panossian DH et al.; In this report we reviewed 159 cases of epidermoid cyst of the spleen reported since 1929 and we added one case of our own with a unique clinical presentation . In these cases, the patients' age at presentation ranged from newborn to 51 years, with a mean age of 17.7 years . Female-to-male ratio was 2.0 to 1.0 . Patients with this lesion usually present with asymptomatic abdominal mass and/or abdominal pain . Only in rare reports has there been infection (4 cases) or rupture (4 cases) of the cyst . In our case, the patient presented with an acute surgical abdomen and diffuse peritonitis . As in three of the previously reported cases associated with infection, Salmonella group organisms were cultured from the cyst abscess . Splenectomy is the surgical treatment of choice and the initial antibiotic regime should include Salmonella coverage.

Biochemistry, 1990 May 1, 29(17), 4181 - 7
Conformational stability of P22 tailspike proteins carrying temperature-sensitive folding mutations; Thomas GJ Jr et al.; The thermostable tailspike endorhamnosidase of Salmonella phage P22 provides a model system for comparing the role of amino acid sequences in determining the intracellular folding pathway with their role in stabilizing the mature structural protein . Complete Raman band assignments are given here for the native form of the tailspike trimer in aqueous solution . Once correctly folded and assembled, the wild-type and two well-characterized mutant proteins, tsfIle258----Leu and tsfGly323----Asp, exhibit the same secondary structure in solution, consisting predominantly of beta-strand (56 +/- 5%) and turns (17 +/- 2%) . Raman bands that are sensitive indicators of hydrogen-bonding interactions of tyrosine (phenolic OH) and tryptophan (indole NH) are unchanged between 30 and 80 degrees C in both wild type and tsf mutants . Similarly, Raman bands that are sensitive to changes in the hydrophobic environment of nonpolar side chains exhibit no significant temperature dependence in wild type and tsf mutants . In contrast, these conformational features are greatly altered by chemical denaturation of the tailspike with lithium halide and guanidine hydrochloride . In the chemically denatured tailspike, the beta-strand structure is substantially converted to irregular or "random coil" conformation . These findings confirm conclusions from physiological studies that the three-dimensional structures of the tsf mutants, once stabilized at permissive temperatures, are equivalent to the native structure of the wild type, and this structure is maintained at temperatures far above those that block the folding of the chain into the final native conformation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 May, 10(3-4), 209 - 17
Survival of pathogenic microorganisms in an egg-nog-like product containing 7% ethanol; Notermans S et al.; A liquor consisting of whole egg, saccharose (25% w/v) and ethanol (7.0% w/v) was artificially contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis, S . typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus (three different strains), Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes . After 3 weeks of incubation at 22 degrees C the numbers of Salmonella, S . aureus and L . monocytogenes decreased more than 3 log10 units . Under such conditions, however, the total number of microorganisms increased 3 log10 units . At 4 degrees C the decrease of pathogenic microorganisms was much slower and a decrease of 3 log10 units was observed only after 7 weeks of incubation . Egg-nog, without ethanol, incubated at 22 degrees C allowed growth of Salmonella and S . aureus, while the numbers of B . cereus spores remained unchanged . Vegetative cells of B . cereus as well as L . monocytogenes decreased in numbers . However, after prolonged incubation the numbers of L . monocytogenes increased significantly.

J Dent Res, 1990 May, 69(5), 1188 - 92
Evaluation of mutagenicity of restorative dental materials using the Ames Salmonella/microsome test; Li Y et al.; Compounds of five commercially available dental material kits were examined for mutagenic potential by use of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent for all materials, except MONO-LOK2 Primer and Right-On Activator, which were dissolved in 95% ethanol . The Tenure, Fuji, and Gluma materials were initially screened at 2 mg (solids) or 2 microL (liquids) per plate, without S9 (Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver microsomes), and dose-response studies were conducted for those materials showing potential mutagenicity . The components of three dental kits, MONO-LOK2, Right-On, and Gluma, were further examined, both with and without S9 activation, at doses of 0.2, 4, 20, 100, 500, and 2500 micrograms (nL for liquid components) per plate . The data showed no mutagenic potential for the components of Fuji Glass Ionomer (Type III), Tenure Dentin Bonding System, and MONO-LOK2 kits, or Right-On Paste . However, Gluma 3, a component of the Gluma/Lumifor Bonding System, exhibited mutagenic activity in a dose-response manner . The mutagenicity of Gluma 3 was demonstrated in repeated experiments . Gluma 4 and the resin of the Gluma dental kit, as well as Right-On Activator, caused a slight increase in the number of revertants, and judgment regarding their mutagenicity could not be made conclusively . The results of this study indicate that some commercial dental materials may not have been adequately tested for mutagenicity, and that a reliable test program for evaluation of mutagenicity of dental materials is needed so that their safe use in dental practice can be ensured.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1990 May-Jun, 5(3), 264 - 70
Causative agents of acute diarrhoea in the first 3 years of life: hospital-based study; Mubashir M et al.; During the 2 years of the study, 402 patients and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls were investigated for the presence of diarrhoeal pathogens . Pathogenic organisms were recovered from 277 (68.9%) patients and 97 (24.1%) controls . In the patient group, possible bacterial pathogens were found in 210 (52.2%) cases . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was the most frequently found potential pathogen, being recovered in 132 cases (32.8%) with serotypes 026, 086, 0111 and 0124 being the most frequently identified . Other bacterial pathogens identified were enterotoxigenic E . coli (ETEC) 57 (14.2%), Shigella 13 (3.2%) and Salmonella eight (2%) . Rotavirus was identified in 33 (8.2%) cases . Mixed bacterial and viral infections were also seen in 26 (6.5%) cases . In the control group, enteric pathogens were recovered from 97 (24.1%) specimens . The most common bacterial pathogen found in this group was again EPEC (40, 9.9%), with serogroups 018, 044, 0111 and 0126 being the most frequent . Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica were found in 31 (7.7%) and 10 (2.5%) controls, respectively . Rotavirus was found in 16 (4%) controls . The results of both centres where the study was performed (Karachi and Rawalpindi) were compared.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 May, 28(5), 894 - 7
Chromosomal DNA, iron-transport systems, outer membrane proteins, and enterotoxin (heat labile) production in Salmonella typhi strains; Faundez G et al.; We examined a representative collection of Salmonella typhi strains from Chile, Peru, Mexico, India, and England for the presence of several properties . All strains had a conserved pattern of outer membrane proteins, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The electrophoresis profiles of chromosomal DNA digested with EcoRI and PstI restriction enzymes were similar for all the strains . A conserved pattern of hybridization was observed when digested chromosomal DNA was hybridized with DNA probes for the 36-kilodalton porin, enterobactin synthesis, and enterobactin receptor genes . All the strains produced enterobactin but not aerobactin in bioassays . None of the strains produced heat-labile toxin, as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Colony and Southern hybridizations with DNA probes for aerobactin synthesis and its receptor and heat-labile toxin genes were negative . These results indicate that S . typhi strains from different origins have similar phenotypic and genetic properties and, as has been suggested, constitute a clone.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1990 May-Jun, 18(3), 135 - 9
Induction of antibody response by antigen conjugates and E . coli lipopolysaccharide in mice tolerant to dextran B-512; Castro M; Three groups of mice were made tolerant to dextran (Dex) with one of three schedules: a) an immunogenic dose of 10 micrograms three times a week for 26 weeks; b) an immunogenic dose of 50 micrograms three times a week for two weeks, and c) a single tolerogenic dose of 10 mg . Prior to tolerance induction, continuous administration of 10 micrograms Dex induced a predominantly IgM antibody response . The tolerant mice were then challenged with immunogenic doses of the dextran conjugates Dex-Salmonella typhi (Dex-S . typhi) and Dex-sheep red blood cells (Dex-SRBC), and with E . coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . IgM and IgG responses were compared in each group . Immunogenic dextran alone did not induce a response in the 1 tolerant mice . The response induced by Dex-S . typhi or Dex-SRBC was low but LPS induced an elevated anti-Dex SFC in the three groups of resistant mice . The antibody responses were not affected by pretreatment of antigen with dextranase . Loss of tolerance was more pronounced in mice made tolerant by continuous stimulation as compared to mice made tolerant by a single large dose of antigen . Thus, LPS is able to induce specific responses from B cells of tolerant animals . Furthermore, the level of response was dependent on the toleration schedule.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 May, (5), 65 - 9
{The quantitative analysis of lipopolysaccharide antigen in the blood serum of patients with salmonellosis by using complement-bound liposome lysis}; Iarkov SP et al.; Titration of group B Salmonella O-antigen in the blood sera of patients and donors was carried out by means of the complement-dependent lysis of liposomes sensitized with S . typhimurium LPS . Good correlation (r = 0.95) of the levels of S . typhimurium somatic O-antigen in the patients' sera determined by liposomal immunoassay and aggregate hemagglutination test was established . The concentration of the antigens in the tested samples was within 0.5-50 micrograms/ml . Statistical analysis of the results obtained by liposomal immunoassay techniques demonstrated differences in the distribution functions for the blood sera of patients with different diseases and of donors.

Protein Eng, 1990 May, 3(6), 541 - 6
Synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli of DNA encoding the murine lambda 1 chain of a monoclonal antibody specific for Salmonella serotype B O-antigen; Anand NN et al.; A 658 bp DNA sequence corresponding to the murine lambda 1 chain of a monoclonal antibody, Se155-4, specific for the Salmonella serotype B O-antigen, was designed using Escherichia coli preferred codons and chemically synthesized by ligation of synthetic fragments into a linearized plasmid followed by transformation into E . coli . A synthetic signal peptide (ompA) was fused to express the L chain as a free polypeptide into the periplasm of E . coli cells . After isolation and purification, heterologous recombination of the E . coli L chain with mouse H chain gave an active antigen-binding protein . The activity was 15-20% when compared to protein created by an equivalent association of isolated natural mouse L and H chains as measured by a direct EIA assay . In inhibition experiments with the polysaccharide antigen, the two proteins showed identical titration curves and 50% inhibition points, indicating comparable KA values.

Trends Biotechnol, 1990 May, 8(5), 117 - 21
Gene expression and the development of live enteric vaccines; Charles I et al.; Rationally attenuated live Salmonella vaccines provide good protection against homologous challenge and can act as carriers of heterologous antigens . However, the optimum expression system for each heterologous antigen will need to be established individually . This will ensure that the antigen in question is produced at appropriate levels, in the correctly folded conformation, within or at the surface of the carrier cell, and can therefore elicit the optimal immune response.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1990 Apr 11, 18(7), 1833 - 8
2-(p-Nitrophenyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine, a new type of mutagenic nucleoside; Matsuda A et al.; A crude preparation of 2-phenyladenosine was found to be mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay . In the purification of this preparation, it was revealed that 2-phenyladenosine itself was nonmutagenic but that 2-(m- and p-nitrophenyl)-adenosines (5m,p) contaminating the sample were the mutagenic principles . A structure-activity relationship study was carried out, and it was found that 5p, 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-adenine (7p), and 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (15p) were strongly mutagenic toward S . typhimurium TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation, the potency being in the order 15p greater than 7p greater than 5p . The potency of 15p in TA98 was one order of magnitude greater than that of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide . 15p also showed mutagenicity in the mouse cell line FM3A in culture.

Am J Med, 1990 Apr 9, 88(4A), 25S - 31S
Third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of rare infections; Finch RG; This article reviews the published clinical experience of the use of the third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of rare infections . Rare infections are defined as those caused by unusual pathogens or multi-resistant organisms as well as those occurring in unusual or pharmacologically protected body sites . Examples of such infections are uncommon causes of meningitis and ventriculitis, brain abscess, rare causes of bacterial endocarditis, metastatic Salmonella infections, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and liver abscess, late complications of Lyme borreliosis, uncommon Pseudomonas infections, and post-reconstructive surgery Aeromonas cellulitis . Although these data are largely anecdotal, they form a useful body of information, providing guidance on the management of similar problems encountered by other doctors, while suggesting areas of further investigation for the management of a variety of unusual infections with the third-generation cephalosporins.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Apr, (4), 11 - 7
{The isolation and characteristics of the biological and genetic properties of neamin-resistant mutants of Salmonella abortus-ovis that are promising for vaccine creation}; Marakusha BI et al.; Neamine-resistant mutants were obtained from S . abortus ovis virulent strain . These mutants were divided into three classes according to their sensitivity to streptomycin: mutants completely retaining their sensitivity, mutants sensitive to moderate and high doses of the antibiotic . On the basis of genetic analysis carried out with the use of bacteriophage P22, the Near mutation of class Near 100 Strr 500 mutants was identified as nea B, and the Near mutation of class Near 100 Strs, as nea A . The study showed a decreased virulence of Salmonella transductants that acquired both neamine-resistant mutation of the two classes and streptomycin-resistant mutation . The streptomycin-resistant mutation produced no changes in the virulence of these bacteria . According to the results of experiments on mice, mutants of the two classes under study were found to possess protective activity.

Mol Gen Genet, 1990 Apr, 221(2), 199 - 202
A molecular analysis of terminase cuts in headful packaging of Salmonella phage P22; Schmieger H et al.; Fragments of DNA molecules of Salmonella phage 22 which represent the molecular termini created by the terminase reaction have been cloned and sequenced . The terminase cleavage separates a headful-sized piece of DNA from the concatemeric precursor; by successful cloning strategy it was shown that the terminase produces blunt ends . The termini of 20 different phage DNA molecules fall into a region located between about 600 and 4000 bp from the pac signal and show a Gaussian distribution . The average terminal redundancy was calculated to be about 2230 bp (= 5.3%) and is therefore higher than was previously reported . A comparison of the nucleotides flanking the terminal bases of 20 different end clones does not support the suggestion that the terminase recognizes some specific sequence and/or structural information in determining the actual cleavage site.

Poult Sci, 1990 Apr, 69(4), 592 - 8
Isolation and characterization of Salmonella from broiler carcasses or parts; Bokanyi RP Jr et al.; A study was conducted to determine and characterize Salmonella contamination on ready-to-cook broilers or parts in the Columbus, OH, metropolitan area . Ten to twelve samples per store were examined, using a whole-carcass rinse method . The Salmonella cultures isolated were tested for resistance to a series of nine drugs and, subsequently, were sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory at Ames, IA for serotype identification . Cultures identified as Salmonella were also examined for the presence of plasmids . Salmonella was isolated from one or more samples obtained from 11 of the 12 stores, and from 43% of the 142 samples examined . The serotypes isolated most often were Salmonella hadar, Salmonella heidelberg, and Salmonella johannesburg . Of the 55 cultures tested for drug resistance, 32.7% were sensitive to all nine drugs . The most-common patterns of drug resistance were triple sulfa (41.8% of the cultures) and tetracycline (34.5% of the cultures) . Plasmids were found in 41.7% of the 36 cultures analyzed . The results of the present study indicate that the probability is high that carcasses from retail stores will have at least a few drug-resistant Salmonella cells.

APMIS, 1990 Apr, 98(4), 294 - 8
Orchitis and testicular abscess formation caused by non-typhoid salmonellosis . A case report; Ejlertsen T et al.; The case of a 36-year-old man with epididymo-orchitis followed by testicular abscess formation 4 weeks later due to Salmonella berta is reported, and the literature on orchitis and testicular abscesses caused by non-typhoid Salmonella is reviewed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1990 Apr, 56(4), 1059 - 66
Direct detection of Salmonella spp . in estuaries by using a DNA probe; Knight IT et al.; A method for direct detection of Salmonella spp . in water was developed by using a commercially available DNA probe . Particulate DNA was extracted from 500- to 1,500-ml water samples collected from New York Harbor and Chesapeake Bay and used as a substrate for a salmonella-specific DNA probe in dot blot assays . The method detected salmonellae in water samples from 12 of 16 sites, including 6 sites where salmonellae could not be cultured . The specificity of the probe was evaluated, and cross-hybridization, although negligible, was used to set detection limits for the assay . Salmonella DNA bound the probe quantitatively, and from these results Salmonella DNA in the total particulate DNA in environmental samples could be estimated . The data obtained in this study indicate that Salmonella spp . often are not detected in water samples by culture methods, even when they are present in significant numbers.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Apr, 28(4), 825 - 7
Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever through identification of Salmonella typhi within 18 hours of specimen acquisition by culture of the mononuclear cell-platelet fraction of blood; Rubin FA et al.; Detection of Salmonella typhi in blood by culture of the mononuclear cell-platelet layer was compared with other methods currently used for the diagnosis of typhoid fever . Colonies of S . typhi were present in all mononuclear cell-platelet layer-positive cultures within 18 h of plating and were identified within an additional 10 min by a coagglutination technique . In contrast, identification of all positive cultures by conventional blood culture required 3 days.

Mutat Res, 1990 Apr, 243(4), 281 - 9
1-Chloromethylpyrene: a reference skin sensitizer and genotoxin; Ashby J et al.; 1-Chloromethylpyrene (1-CMP) has been evaluated as a model mutagen and toxin related to the ultimate electrophiles derived from benzo{a}pyrene and 1-nitropyrene . It was mutagenic to Salmonella (greater than 100 pg/plate) and exceptionally reactive to DNA when assessed by the 32P-postlabelling technique . 1-CMP was inactive in a mouse bone micronucleus assay when administered by gavage, probably due to hydrolysis, whose kinetics have been studied (t1/2 approximately 23 min at 37 degrees C) . However, as expected, it was a potent skin toxin as determined by its activity as a mitogen to mouse skin and its contact allergenicity, as determined using the local lymph node proliferative assay . It is concluded that 1-CMP will probably be a potent human skin carcinogen and contact allergen.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Apr, 104(2), 237 - 41
A comparative study of the heat resistance of salmonellas in homogenized whole egg, egg yolk or albumen; Humphrey TJ et al.; Salmonella enteritidis PT4 was found to be more resistant to heat in egg than some other common egg-associated salmonellas . This organism was significantly more heat sensitive than S . senftenberg 775W, however, and should not survive in pasteurized liquid egg.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Apr, 104(2), 229 - 35
An outbreak of Salmonella saint-paul infection associated with beansprouts; O'Mahony M et al.; In March 1988, there was an outbreak of infection by a strain of Salmonella saint-paul with a distinctive antigenic marker . A total of 143 reports were received between 1 March and 7 June . Preliminary investigations suggested that raw beansprouts were a possible source of infection and a case-control study confirmed the association . S . saint-paul of the epidemic type was isolated from samples of beansprouts on retail sale in different cities in the United Kingdom and from mung bean seeds on the premises of the producer who was most strongly associated with cases . In addition, Salmonella virchow PT34 was isolated from samples of raw beansprouts and was subsequently associated with seven cases of infection . Four other serotypes of salmonella were also isolated from beansprouts . On 8 April the public were advised to boil beansprouts for 15 seconds before consumption, and the premises of the one producer associated with many cases were closed . As a result of these actions there was a significant decrease in the number of infections with S . saint-paul.

Am J Epidemiol, 1990 Apr, 131(4), 711 - 8
The incidence of viral-associated diarrhea after admission to a pediatric hospital; Ford-Jones EL et al.; For determination of the incidence of viral-associated diarrhea after admission to a pediatric hospital, all patients admitted to general pediatrics, cardiology, and neurosurgery wards without diarrhea between January 1 and July 31, 1985 were followed 5 days per week for presence of diarrhea, etiologic agent, and possible risk factors . A total of 1,530 patients were followed for 3,642 days . Of these patients, 69 developed 80 nosocomial diarrhea episodes after 72 hours in hospital for a nosocomial diarrhea rate of 4.5 infected children per 100 admissions . Of 358 patients with an infected roommate, 37 (10.3%) developed nosocomial diarrhea . Etiologic agents recognized included rotavirus (43%), calicivirus (16%), astrovirus (14%), minreovirus (12%), adenovirus (8%), Salmonella sp . (4%), and parvo/picornavirus (3%) . The nosocomial diarrhea rate by age was: 0-11 months, 8.8%; 12-35 months, 3.6%; and 36 months or more, 0.6% . The rate by length of stay was: 3-7 days, 8.4%; 8-14 days, 10.4%; 15-21 days, 7.9%; and 22 days or more, 8.8%, and by number of roommates/1,000 patient-days it was: 0-1, 15.7; 2 to 3, 27.7; and 4 or more, 45.2 . Patients who acquired diarrhea were more likely to be diapered (9.6% vs . 1.8%, p less than 0.001) . Playroom use was not significantly different in the two groups . A total of 64 patients developed diarrhea within 72 hours of admission (community diarrhea rate = 4.2) . Nosocomial viral-associated diarrhea is almost exclusively a disease of diapered children less than age 36 months and occurs at any time during hospital stay . It is more common in multibed rooms, but does occur in single-bed rooms.

Rev Clin Esp, 1990 Apr, 186(7), 332 - 4
{Toxic megacolon and intestinal perforation caused by Salmonella enteritidis}; Castells A et al.; Two cases of colitis due to Salmonella enteriditis which later developed a toxic megacolon with intestinal perforation are presented and the probable pathogenesis is discussed . This exceptional clinical course which has not been previously described forces to perform a differential diagnosis with chronic intestinal inflammatory disease which must be based on microbiologic, serologic and/or histologic criteria . Moreover, the authors warn about the unsuitability of using anticholigernic drugs in gastroenteritis since they could be related to the ethiopathogenical basis of the disease's unfavorable course in the described patients.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1990 Apr, 38(4), 298 - 301
{Therapeutic aspects of salmonellosis in AIDS}; Dellamonica P et al.; For the HIV positive patient, salmonella raises numerous epidemiological and therapeutic problems . This microorganism, quite common before zidovudine therapy, seems to have diminished since this antiviral also has an antibiotic activity against salmonella . When bacterial contamination occurs, the decreased immunitary activity might play a role, but hypochloridria, frequently afflicting these patients, might also be involved . Therapeutically, antibiotics with high intramacrophagic diffusion yield excellent results and limit the incidence of recurrence . The effect of gamma interferon is well documented in vitro . However, the efficacy of these quinolones does not lead us to believe that it is the treatment of choice.

Avian Dis, 1990 Apr-Jun, 34(2), 438 - 46
Production of Salmonella enteritidis-contaminated eggs by experimentally infected hens; Gast RK et al.; Laying hens of three different ages were experimentally infected with a strain of Salmonella enteritidis by either oral inoculation or contact transmission . Total egg production was depressed in exposed hens of all three age groups . Persistent intestinal shedding was observed in a small number of hens . Eggs with contents contaminated by S . enteritidis were produced by exposed hens at a high frequency, but only during a fairly short period of time that extended through approximately 1 week postinoculation for older hens and through 2 weeks for younger hens . S . enteritidis was recovered from whole yolks and albumen of these eggs at similar frequencies, but not from the content of yolks . Eggs with contaminated shells were also produced, but at a lower frequency . Contaminated eggs were produced by orally inoculated and contact-exposed hens at similar frequencies . S . enteritidis was not isolated from the contents of eggs laid by hens infected with other S . enteritidis strains.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Apr, 25(4), 593 - 603
Biotinylated probes for epidemiological studies of drug resistance in Salmonella krefeld; Pilantanapak A et al.; A gene probe for ampicillin resistance and one for sulphonamide resistance were prepared to study the origin and the relation of multiple drug resistances in Salmonella krefeld . The resistance genes were cloned into the pACYC184 vector of Escherichia coli from a common plasmid of S . krefeld that encoded for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline resistance . Restriction map analysis and deletion analysis of a recombinant plasmid (pACSS1) showed that the gene determining ampicillin resistance was located on a 1.34 and 1.12 kb PstI fragment, and that the gene for sulphonamide resistance was located on a 0.85 kb PstI fragment . These fragments were used as probes . Their specificity was tested by colony hybridization with various bacterial species, including sensitive and resistance S . krefeld isolates . Further study indicated that the ampicillin resistance gene probe reacted with the gene for TEM-1 beta-lactamase and that the gene probe for sulphonamide resistance reacted with the gene for type II dihydropteroate synthase . The two probes were sufficiently specific to allow study of the epidemiology of resistance in S . krefeld and other enteric bacteria.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1990 Apr, 28(4), 390 - 1
Mutagenicity of systemic organophosphate pesticides metasystox and rogor; Ladhar SS et al.; Mutagenicity of metasystox and rogor could not be detected on the basis of tests employing Ames Salmonella/microsome assay even in the presence of wheat seedling or rat liver microsomal activation systems.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1990 Apr, 56(4), 924 - 7
Salmonella-TEK, a rapid screening method for Salmonella species in food; Van Poucke LS; A micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA) using the Salmonella-TEK screen kit was tested for the detection of Salmonella spp . in pure cultures as well as in 30 artificially contaminated food samples and in 45 naturally contaminated food samples . Different raw, fleshy foods and processed foods were used as test products . The artificially contaminated minced meat samples were preenriched in buffered peptone water, and after incubation, different selective enrichment broths were tested . The micro-ELISA optical density values after enrichment and isolation of the different broths were very analogous . The quickest method to detect Salmonella spp . in different foods is to enrich them with Salmosyst broth, which reduces the total analysis time to 31 h . The Salmonella-TEK kit for Salmonella spp . provides a promising test for the detection of Salmonella antigens in food even when they are present at a low concentration (1 to 5 CFU/25 g) . The cross-reaction of the anti-Salmonella antibodies, especially to other gram-negative bacteria, is nil.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Apr, 28(4), 771 - 3
Cluster of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enteritidis infections in the Central African Republic; Georges-Courbot MC et al.; Salmonella enteritidis strains which are multiply resistant to antimicrobial agents were isolated from the blood of 12 patients hospitalized at the Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Central African Republic, during a 4.5-month period . The lack of gas production in Kligler-Hajna medium initially suggested Salmonella typhi, but isolates were confirmed as unusual S . enteritidis strains . The occurrence of these unique strains in an unusual site of infection may indicate an epidemic due to an unusually invasive and resistant strain of S . enteritidis . Some variation in plasmid profile and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was noted, possibly reflecting antibiotic pressures existing in the Central African Republic . All isolates were of the same bacteriophage lysis pattern, unlike patterns documented for recent U.S . and European isolates of S . enteritidis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Apr, (4), 7 - 11
{Lipid peroxidation in experimental Salmonella infection}; Martynenko LD et al.; The results of investigation of lipid peroxidation in experimental Salmonella infection in 21-day-old rabbits are analyzed . Salmonella infection was accompanied by activation of lipid peroxidation not only in enterocytes, but also in blood serum . An increase in the level of malonic dialdehyde leads to a decrease in the antioxidation capacity and in the peroxidation resistance of erythrocytic membranes . The severity of the pathological process was found related to the activity of lipid peroxidation.

Vaccine, 1990 Apr, 8(2), 115 - 20
Cell wall structures which may be important for successful immunization with Salmonella-Shigella hybrid vaccines; Schultz CL et al.; Three separate lots of S . typhi/S . sonnei hybrid (Ty/Shig) live oral vaccine strain 5076-1C were tested for efficacy in human volunteers challenged with virulent S . sonnei . Two lots (2 and 5) protected volunteers, a third lot (8) did not . The three lots were evaluated by immunological tests and electron microscopy . Lots 2 and 5, which protected, contained bacteria that reacted with anti-flagellar serum and had observable attached flagella and pili . Lot 8, which failed to protect, did not react with anti-flagellar serum, and had no observable pili . There was no correlation between vaccine efficacy and the reaction of IgG in patient's sera in western blot analysis . Surface structures on the Ty-Shig hybrid may be important for generating a protective immune response.

Parassitologia, 1990 Apr, 32(1), 73 - 85
Development of recombinant antigen vaccines for the control of theileriosis; Musoke AJ et al.; Immunization against Theileria parva involves infection with sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting tetracycline . For T . annulata, immunization is achieved by inoculation of attenuated schizont-infected lymphocytes . The two methods are inadequate because of the use of live organisms and the methods are also bedevilled by the multiplicity of strains, particularly of T . parva . For these reasons, alternative methods of control are being sought . In this review an attempt is made to highlight advances towards subunit vaccines against T . parva and T . annulata . Several candidate antigens which are thought to induce protective responses have been identified and recombinant DNA technology is being employed to produce these antigens in bulk . Relevant antigens may be delivered as subunit vaccines by using recombinant vaccinia virus or attenuated Salmonella spp . as carriers of the genes expressing these antigens . It is likely that effective vaccines against T . parva and T . annulata will have to elaborate immune responses against both the sporozoite and schizont stages of the parasite.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Apr, (4), 84 - 8
{The determination of the antibodies and the somatic O-antigen of Salmonella group B by using the complement-bound lysis of liposomes}; Skopinskaia SN et al.; A simple and sensitive method for the determination of group B Salmonella O-antigen and specific antibodies to group B Salmonella by means of the complement-dependent lysis of liposomes sensitized with S . typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is proposed . The factors affecting the sensitivity of the method during the determination of antibodies and free antigen have been studied . The method permits the determination of soluble LPS antigen in concentrations of 0.5-200 micrograms/ml.

Agents Actions, 1990 Apr, 30(1-2), 61 - 3
Virus enhances IgE- and non-IgE-dependent histamine release induced by bacteria and other stimulators; Clementsen P et al.; Histamine release from human basophil leukocytes was triggered by Staph . aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, non-haemolytic streptococci, or E . coli . Influenza A virus was found to enhance the mediator release and the effect was caused by synergism, since the virus did not induce release of histamine per se . This potentiating effect of the virus was seen both when the bacteria-induced histamine release was IgE-dependent (i.e . patient sensitized to the bacterium) and when the bacterium caused mediator release by a non-immunological mechanism independent of IgE (putative sugar-lectin mediated) . Histamine release induced by anti-IgE and calcium ionophore or agarose-beads was also enhanced in the presence of the virus . These findings indicate that influenza A virus potentiates both IgE- and non-IgE-mediated histamine release induced by bacteria and other stimulators.

J Lab Clin Med, 1990 Apr, 115(4), 481 - 6
Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite; Reap EA et al.; The immunomodulating capacities of dimethylglycine (DMG) were examined in a rabbit model . Female New Zealand white rabbits were immunized on day 0 and were given booster inoculations on day 9 with either killed influenza virus or Salmonella typhi vaccine . Experimental animals were force fed 20 mg/kg body weight of DMG daily beginning 14 days prior to the first inoculation and continuing throughout the experiment . Control animals were force fed daily only distilled water . Blood was obtained on day 0, day 9, and day 30 . Hemagglutination inhibition assays showed a more than fourfold increase in mean antibody titer to influenza antigen in the DMG-treated animals (p = 0.0006) after the first inoculation, and a fourfold increase in mean titer after the booster inoculation (p = 0.1000) . A standard agglutination test for Salmonella typhi O (somatic) and H (flagella) antigens was performed on all sera from animals receiving the typhoid vaccine . Mean antibody titers to the O antigen were significantly higher (more than threefold) after the first inoculation (p = 0.0302) and more than fivefold higher after the booster inoculation (p = 0.0047) in DMG-treated animals . Mean antibody titers to the H antigen were also higher in DMG-treated animals compared with controls after both the first and second inoculation . Lymphocyte transformation assays on cells taken from DMG-treated animals immunized with the influenza vaccine showed a tenfold increase in mean proliferative response (p = 0.0024) . Lymphocytes from DMG-treated animals immunized with the typhoid vaccine showed a fourfold increase (mean values) in thymidine uptake (p = 0.0180) . No toxicity or adverse effects were observed at any time during the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Gene, 1990 Mar 30, 88(1), 47 - 55
Isolation of fragments with pac function for phage P22 from phage LP7 DNA and comparison of packaging gene 3 sequences; Petri JB et al.; Three PstI DNA fragments of the P22-related Salmonella phage, LP7, have been cloned . They contain sequences recognized as pac signals by the packaging apparatus of P22 . One of these fragments corresponds to the P22 DNA fragment carrying gene 3 which comprises the pac signal of phage P22 . The product of gene 3, Gp3, is involved in the recognition of pac and the packaging process . Gene 3 of LP7 and most of the adjacent gene 2 have been sequenced . The pac analogous segments of the other two PstI fragments have been narrowed down by subcloning and by transduction of the resulting hybrid plasmids under recombination-defective conditions.

Carbohydr Res, 1990 Mar 25, 197, 1 - 14
Monomer sequence determination of carbohydrates using fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry of periodate-oxidized acetate ester derivatives; Pappas RS et al.; A derivatization method, adapted from that of Angel et al . (ref . 10), for sequencing sugar residues in partially degraded poly- and oligo-saccharides using positive-ion f.a.b.-m.s . is described . Derivative selection provides sequence information by directing fragmentation exclusively to both sides of glycosidic oxygen atoms and, in the case of opened rings, between glycosidic carbon and ring oxygen atoms . Polysaccharides or oligosaccharides are subjected to sequential periodate oxidation, borodeuteride reduction, and acetylation . The derivatized polysaccharides are then subjected to partial degradation, acetylation, and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) purification . F.a.b.-m.s . data obtained on model compounds, using 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol as matrix for f.a.b.-m.s., demonstrated direction of fragmentation to both sides of the glycosidic oxygen atom in unoxidized residues, and to both sides of the acetal oxygen atoms in oxidized residues . Oligosaccharide linkage and sequence may thus be determined by observing fragmentation from both the reducing and non-reducing ends of the molecule . Two Salmonella lipopolysaccharides, derivatized by this procedure, were partially hydrolyzed and then acetylated . Analysis of the h.p.l.c.-purified oligosaccharide derivatives by f.a.b.-m.s . demonstrated the applicability of the technique for sequencing nmol quantities of branched structures.

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