Salmonella

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991 May 15, 88(10), 4148 - 52
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation in macrophages; Weinstein SL et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates immune responses by activating macrophages, B lymphocytes, and other cells of the immune system . The mechanisms by which LPS activates these cells are poorly characterized . Since protein tyrosine phosphorylation appears to be a major intracellular signaling event that mediates cellular responses, we examined whether LPS alters tyrosine phosphorylation in macrophages . We found that Escherichia coli K235 LPS increased tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line and in resident peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeSNJ mice . Changes in tyrosine phosphorylation were detectable by 4-5 min, reached a maximum by 15 min, and declined after 30-60 min . Protein tyrosine phosphorylation increased following stimulation with LPS at 100 pg/ml and was maximal with 10 ng/ml . Similar changes in tyrosine phosphorylation were induced by Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS and by the biologically active domain of LPS, lipid A, but not by the inactive lipid A derivative N2-monoacylglucosamine 1-phosphate . Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation, but some of the modulated proteins were different than those phosphorylated by LPS . Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, inhibited both LPS-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and LPS-stimulated release of arachidonic acid metabolites . Thus, increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a rapid LPS-activated signaling event that may mediate release of arachidonic acid metabolites in RAW 264.7 cells.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1991 May 3, 116(18), 695 - 8
{Thyroid abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis}; Igler C et al.; A 70-year-old diabetic woman with a nodular goitre developed a swelling in the right neck, increasing over two weeks, as well as fever (38.2 degrees C), increased tendency towards sweating, finger tremors and pain on swallowing . Ultrasound examination of the thyroid raised the suspicion of an abscess, 3.5 x 1.5 cm, at the upper pole of the right thyroid lobe . Material obtained by fine-needle puncture grew Salmonella enteritidis . There have been no symptoms of gastroenteritis at any time . Stool and sputum cultures and nasopharyngeal swabs revealed the sites from which haematogenous spread had come . The abscess regressed (as monitored by ultrasound) within four weeks during intravenous treatment with 1,600 mg/d sulphamethoxazole and 320 mg/d trimethoprim (antibiotics determined by drug sensitivity tests) and after several ultrasound-directed needle punctures . Initially manifest hyperthyroidism (fT4: 3.4 ng/dl; basal TSH: 0.03 microU/l) regressed during the treatment without antithyroid treatment . The patient has been symptom-free for 6 months.

Rev Infect Dis, 1991 May-Jun, 13 Suppl 7, S582 - 5
Clinical experience with aztreonam for treatment of infections in children; Stutman HR; The in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, bactericidal activity, and tissue penetration of aztreonam suggest that it may play a role in therapy for serious gram-negative bacterial infections in children . Several thousand children throughout the world received aztreonam during open or comparative clinical trials for treatment of infections including pyelonephritis, bacteremia, meningitis, skeletal infection, pneumonia, and peritonitis . Cure rates have ranged from 92% to 100%, with relapses seen mainly in children with obstructive renal lesions and those with infections caused by Salmonella . A comparative trial of aztreonam for treatment of neonatal sepsis showed it to be at least as effective as amikacin for this infection . Aztreonam yielded clinical results comparable to those of conventional combined therapy for pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis . Adverse effects in pediatric trials have been uncommon; fever, diarrhea, or rash occurred in less than 2% of treated children . Reversible laboratory abnormalities have occasionally been noted . On the basis of these data, aztreonam is considered an appropriate alternative agent for the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections in neonates and children . Further comparative clinical trials will delineate specific indications.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 May, 29(5), 927 - 32
Molecular and epidemiological study of Salmonella clinical isolates; Rivera MJ et al.; A survey of Salmonella infections was carried out over a 1-year period in the rural community covered by the Hospital Reina Sofia (Tudela, Spain) . The 255 strains that were collected were studied by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, and plasmid profile analysis . The predominant serotype was S . enteritidis (85.90%), followed by S . typhimurium (7.06%) and S . virchow (2.36%) . Only 7.84% of the strains were resistant to antimicrobial agents . The most common resistance was to beta-lactam antibiotics . This resistance was due to the presence of one of two types of beta-lactamases, TEM-1 or TEM-2 . Resistance to kanamycin was associated with the synthesis of a 3'-O-phosphotransferase . The resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol was either not enzymatic or was due to a 3"-O-phosphotransferase and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, respectively . Analysis of total plasmid DNA content revealed the presence of plasmids in 96.08% of the isolates . According to their plasmid profile, the strains could be classified into different groups . The three main groups, which accounted for 50.19, 20.78, and 4.70% of the isolates, respectively, corresponded to the antimicrobial-susceptible S . enteritidis serotype . These results suggested that plasmid profile analysis in conjunction with antimicrobial resistance determination can be useful for subtyping resistant Salmonella isolates.

Br Heart J, 1991 May, 65(5), 296 - 7
Salmonella: a rare cause of subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis; Doig JC et al.; A 36 year old woman had emergency pericardectomy because of subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis . The pericardial fluid and tissue culture showed that this was caused by infection with Salmonella enteritidis . Cardiac involvement with salmonella does not usually present in such an aggressive manner and it has not previously been reported to cause this rare type of cardiac constriction.

South Med J, 1991 May, 84(5), 657 - 9
An unusual presentation of salmonellal aortitis; Simon DR et al.; Our patient represents what we believe to be the first documented case of Salmonella choleraesuis aortitis presenting as a salmonellal empyema in an elderly diabetic man . Although S choleraesuis often causes septicemia, its absence should not lead one to forget the pathogenic nature of and high mortality associated with this organism . Aggressive efforts must be made to search for endovascular infection, because cures can be achieved only with surgical intervention and prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1991 May, 70(3), 198 - 207
Human infection with Salmonella dublin; Fang FC et al.; Twenty-seven cases of human infection with Salmonella dublin were identified over a 12-year period at the University of California at San Diego-affiliated hospitals . Important epidemiologic risk factors were the ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or treatment with nutritional therapy that included raw calf-liver extracts . Nearly all patients had underlying chronic diseases . Like Salmonella choleraesuis, S . dublin infections were associated with a high incidence of bacteremia (91%), metastatic sites of infection (30%), and mortality (26%) relative to other non-typhoidal Salmonellae . This pattern of disease expression may be related to a plasmid-encoded virulence factor common to both of these organisms.

Mutat Res, 1991 May, 260(1), 25 - 38
Mutagenicity of coolwhite fluorescent light for Salmonella; Hartman Z et al.; The most common fluorescent lamps in use today in homes and businesses in the United States, 'coolwhite' fluorescent lamps, emit light that is mutagenic for Salmonella . Strains that carry both a uvrB mutation and plasmid pKM101 are extremely susceptible to this light-induced mutation . Both base substitution and frameshift mutations can be induced without substantial lethal effects on the bacteria . Induced mutations accumulate essentially as a linear function of the time bacteria are exposed to illumination . Of Salmonella histidine-requiring strains with known nucleotide target sequences (Hartman et al., 1986; Cebula and Koch, 1989, 1990), strains either carrying one of the base substitution mutations, hisG428 and hisG46, or one of the frameshifts, hisC3076 and hisD6610, are most highly mutagenized whereas frameshift strains with hisD6580 and hisD3052 exhibit lower rates of mutagenesis . Mutagenicity does not appear to require the presence of oxygen . A filter blocking wavelengths below 370 nm eliminates mutagenesis . Polystyrene, cellulose acetate and, especially, mylar and glass filters reduce mutagenesis, indicating that at least some of the mutagenic effects can be attributed to leakage of radiations below 290 nm (far-ultraviolet light) from 'coolwhite' lamps . The more recently introduced fluorescent 'softwhite' lamps are roughly 10-fold less mutagenic at approximately equal light intensity . Incandescent light bulbs are much less mutagenic than are these fluorescent lamps . Our mutational data correlate closely with previous results in eukaryotic cells (Jacobson and Krell, 1982) . A uvrB recA Salmonella double mutant is hypersensitive to the lethal effects of coolwhite fluorescent light, even when illuminated through the lids of glass Petri dishes . Thus, appropriate Salmonella strains would appear to be simple and useful screens for both the mutagenic and the lethal activities of fluorescent lamps . These systems are amenable to classroom laboratory use as relatively safe and effective means of demonstrating environmental mutagenesis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991 May 1, 88(9), 3827 - 31
Introduction of cytochrome P450IA2 metabolic capability into cell lines genetically matched for DNA repair proficiency/deficiency; Thompson LH et al.; We introduced into the CHO cell line the cDNA of the mouse cytochrome P3450 (P450IA2) gene, which oxidizes aromatic amines . A cDNA clone of P3450 was transfected into mutant UV5 cells, which is defective in nucleotide excision repair . Expression of the P3450 cDNA was measured using 9000 x g supernatant (S9) fractions from CHO cells to evaluate Salmonella TA1538 mutagenicity with the mutagen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ) . The P3450-expressing clone UV5P3 was reverted to repair proficiency using ethyl methanesulfonate to obtain the UV-resistant clone 5P3R2, which maintained the same level of P3450 protein activity as UV5P3 . These genetically similar cell lines were compared for toxicity and mutation induction at the aprt locus . With 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (the most prevalent mutagen found in fried beef) the differential sensitivity due to repair deficiency/proficiency was approximately 40-fold, and with IQ there were smaller, but significant, differences in sensitivity . These genotoxic effects occurred at doses that were approximately 10 times lower than those that previously gave similar effects in S9-mediated assays . Thus, these cell lines should be valuable for genotoxicity analysis as well as important for assessing DNA repair when evaluating compounds that undergo metabolic activation.

Am J Med Sci, 1991 May, 301(5), 335 - 6
Salmonella myonecrosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus; Quale JM et al.; Bacterial myonecrosis is a medical and surgical emergency and prompt surgical intervention is critically important . A variety of microorganisms have been isolated from patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infections . These infections are frequently polymicrobial in etiology, but occasionally a single microorganism is isolated . This report describes a case of crepitant myonecrosis from infection with Salmonella serogroup B.

Mutat Res, 1991 May, 257(3), 307 - 11
Genetic activity of the human carcinogen sulphur mustard towards Salmonella and the mouse bone marrow; Ashby J et al.; Sulphur mustard is clearly mutagenic to the repair-proficient (uvrB+) strain G46 of S . typhimurium . It is also a micronucleus-inducing agent to the mouse bone marrow . These data strengthen the database indicating that most human carcinogens are genotoxic.

Mutat Res, 1991 May, 257(3), 209 - 27
Classification according to chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella and level of carcinogenicity of a further 39 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by the U.S . National Toxicology Program; Tennant RW et al.; This paper is an extension of compilations published previously in this journal . (Ashby and Tennant, 1988; Ashby et al., 1989) . A summary of the rodent carcinogenicity bioassay data on a further 39 chemicals tested by the U.S . National Toxicology Program (NTP) is presented . An evaluation of each chemical for structural alerts to DNA-reactivity is also provided, together with a summary of its mutagenicity to Salmonella . Chemicals with an aliphatic nitro group (-C-NO2) have been added to the composite structure of DNA-reactive sub-groups . The 39 chemicals were numbered and evaluated as an extension of the earlier analysis of 264 NTP chemicals . The activity patterns and conclusions derived from the earlier studies are followed by these 39 chemicals, albeit a detailed analysis of the total database of 301 chemicals is reserved for the succeeding paper.

Ann Intern Med, 1991 May 1, 114(9), 731 - 4
Treatment of travelers' diarrhea: ciprofloxacin plus loperamide compared with ciprofloxacin alone . A placebo-controlled, randomized trial; Taylor DN et al.; OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of loperamide used in combination with ciprofloxacin or ciprofloxacin alone for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea . DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial . SETTING: United States Army hospital in Egypt . PARTICIPANTS: United States military personnel with travelers' diarrhea (n = 104) during a military exercise in November 1989 . Persons who were noncompliant, had bloody diarrhea, or had received antidiarrheal medications before entry into the study were excluded . INTERVENTIONS: All participants with travelers' diarrhea were treated with ciprofloxacin, 500 mg twice daily for 3 days . Fifty of these patients were randomly assigned to receive loperamide, a 4-mg first dose and 2 mg for every loose stool (as much as 16 mg/d), and 54 were randomly assigned to receive placebo . MEASUREMENTS: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated from 57% of patients; Shigella and Salmonella, seen in 4% and 2% of patients, respectively, were not common . MAIN RESULTS: After 24 hours, the symptoms of 82% of patients in the ciprofloxacin and loperamide group compared with 67% in the ciprofloxacin and placebo group had improved or fully recovered (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.8 to 6.3; P = 0.08) . After 48 hours, the symptoms of 90% of both groups had improved or fully recovered . The mean number of stools for those receiving loperamide was not much lower than those who did not receive loperamide after 24 hours (1.9 +/- 0.2 {SE} compared with 2.6 +/- 0.2) or 48 hours (3.1 +/- 0.3 compared with 4.0 +/- 0.3) of treatment (P = 0.19) . CONCLUSIONS: In a region where enterotoxigenic E . coli was the predominant cause of travelers' diarrhea, loperamide combined with ciprofloxacin was not better than treatment with ciprofloxacin alone . Loperamide appeared to have some benefit in the first 24 hours of treatment in patients infected with enterotoxigenic E . coli . Both regimens were safe.

Mol Microbiol, 1991 May, 5(5), 1205 - 10
Expression of Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli OmpC is influenced differently by medium osmolarity; dependence on Escherichia coli OmpR; Puente JL et al.; OmpC, a major outer-membrane protein, is highly expressed when Salmonella typhi is grown in nutrient broth (NB) of either low (NB + 0% sucrose) or high (NB + 20% sucrose) osmolarity . This contrasts with the expression of Escherichia coli OmpC, which is inhibited in low osmolarity and enhanced in high osmolarity, as has been described previously (van Alphen and Lugtenberg, 1977; Verhoef et al., 1979; Kawaji et al., 1979) . Nevertheless, expression of S . typhi OmpC is dependent on the E . coli OmpR transcriptional activator . These findings suggest differences between the mechanisms of osmoregulation of gene expression in both bacteria, although common effectors appear to be shared.

Farmaco, 1991 May, 46(5), 639 - 46
Biological studies on 1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives . IV . Relationships between chemical structure and genotoxicity; Zani F et al.; This paper describes in vitro evaluation by Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella-microsome assay of the genotoxic properties of some 1,2-benzisothiazole and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one derivatives, containing groups (aromatic nitro, aromatic amino, epoxide groups) often associated with mutagenic properties and defined as "alerting groups" . Compounds 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 21 and 22 exhibited DNA-damaging activity . The Salmonella-microsome assay confirmed the genotoxic activity of these compounds, which was also demonstrated for compounds 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25 and 27 . Relationships between chemical structure and genotoxic activity showed that all the 1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives containing an alerting group were active . On the contrary, among 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one derivatives, compounds 24 and 26 were non-mutagenic, although an alerting group was present in the molecule.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1991 May-Jun, 74(3), 522 - 5
A resuscitation/selection system for rapid determination of Salmonella in foods; Martin A et al.; A resuscitation medium was developed consisting of a trypticase soy broth base supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, 0.25% sodium pyruvate, 0.01% sodium thioglycollate, and 0.1% chicken fat . After a resuscitation period of 4 h, the medium was made selective by addition of either sodium thiosulfate, bile salts and iodine, or sodium selenite and L-cystine . The now selective medium was incubated for 16 h . The presence or absence of Salmonella was determined by the Salmonella-Tek antibody-based detection kit . The present system was compared with a method of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for naturally contaminated foods . Nineteen egg products were screened; 3/19 were positive using the BAM method, 9/19 were positive using the present system . Seventeen chicken samples were assayed; 10/17 were positive using the BAM method; 13/17 were positive using the present system . Of 8 pepper samples, 4/8 were positive using the BAM method; 6/8 were positive using the present system . Of 8 spice samples, 6/8 were positive using the BAM method, 7/8 were positive using the present system . Of 6 onion products sampled, 5/6 were positive using the BAM method; 6/6 were positive using the present system.

Carcinogenesis, 1991 May, 12(5), 939 - 42
Chemopreventive properties of chlorophyllin: inhibition of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA binding in vivo and anti-mutagenic activity against AFB1 and two heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay; Dashwood RH et al.; Chlorophyllin (CHL), a sodium/copper derivative of chlorophyll, has been used to treat a number of human conditions with no toxic effects being reported . Recent studies have described the anti-mutagenic activity of CHL in several short-term genotoxicity assays; however, this compound has not been reported to inhibit carcinogen--DNA binding in vivo, and it has yet to be evaluated as an anti-carcinogen in any species . The chemopreventive properties of CHL were studied in trout using inhibition of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)--DNA binding as an end-point . Chlorophyllin and AFB1 were coadministered in the diet, and carcinogen--DNA binding levels were determined in liver after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days . Linear increases in AFB1--DNA binding occurred with time of treatment at each CHL dose level (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 p.p.m.) . Each increase in CHL dose produced a concomitant decrease in AFB1--DNA binding, resulting in a series of curves of decreasing slope . At the highest CHL dose level of 2000 p.p.m., AFB1--DNA binding was inhibited by 70% . These results suggest that CHL should be a potent inhibitor of AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in this model . In the Salmonella assay, CHL exhibited potent anti-mutagenic activity against AFB1 and two heterocyclic amines when incubated in the presence of trout liver activation systems . CHL also inhibited the mutagenic activity of AFB1-8,9-epoxide in the absence of a metabolic activation system . Dietary CHL substantially inhibited liver AFB1-DNA binding in vivo, even when AFB1 was given by i.p . injection to avoid direct AFB1--CHL interaction in the diet or gut . Collectively, these studies support a CHL inhibitory mechanism involving complex formation with the carcinogen in the gut coupled with electrophile scavenging or further complexing in the target organ.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1991 May 1, 286(2), 518 - 23
Molecular organization and dynamics of the outer membrane of Salmonella thyphimurium mutant strains detected by frequency domain fluorometry; Bismuto E et al.; The fluorescence decay of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in the outer membrane bilayer of two mutant strains of Salmonella thyphimurium, i.e., SH 5014 and SH 6261, at different temperatures was analyzed in terms of continuous Lorentzian lifetime distributions . The results were compared with those obtained for the free fluorophore in an isotropic nonviscous solvent . The incorporation of DPH in the outer membrane fragments resulted in a broadening of the lifetime distribution which was attributed to the microenvironmental heterogeneity of the membrane bilayer for the extrinsic fluorophore . The differences observed between the two types of membrane bilayers were interpreted in terms of a different molecular organization and, to a lesser extent, in terms of a different fluidity . The comparison between the DPH lifetime distributions obtained using two different excitation wavelengths, i.e., 280 and 350 nm, suggested that the structural organization of the membrane domains, which are richest in proteins, is almost identical in the two examined mutant strains . This observation indicates that the different susceptibility of the two mutant strains toward phagocytosis and complement-mediated lytic action may depend on the molecular organization and dynamics of the lipid regions far from those containing proteins.

Immunol Lett, 1991 May, 28(2), 121 - 6
Interleukin-3 enhances cytokine production by LPS-stimulated macrophages; Cohen L et al.; In addition to its hematopoietic activities, interleukin-3 (IL-3) can modulate macrophage functions . We have studied the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by mouse peritoneal macrophages triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of IL-3 . Interleukin-3 at the concentration used (i.e., 100 U/ml) did not induce the production of any cytokines, whereas it enhanced significantly the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF by LPS-stimulated macrophages . The synergistic activity of IL-3 was observed over a wide range of Escherichia coli or Salmonella enteritidis LPS concentrations . No additive effect was noticed between IL-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), another factor able to enhance LPS-induced IL-1 production . Thus, IL-3 can potentiate the inflammatory response induced by endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria through a potentiation of cytokine production.

J Chir (Paris), 1991 May, 128(5), 240 - 2
{Primary Salmonella brandenburg peritonitis in a non-immunosuppressed female patient}; Laurens E et al.; Primary peritonitis is rare; the bacteria involved are mainly, by order of frequency: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the other streptococci . Extraintestinal sites of minor salmonellosis are exceptional, although they are constantly progressing, especially since the spread of the HIV-induced epidemic . We report one case of primary Salmonella brandenburg peritonitis, whose mechanism could not be explained, in a non-immunodepressive female patient.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1991 May, 48(5), 361 - 6
{A comparative study between the use of the Spicer-Edwards method and the coagglutination reaction for identifying Salmonella antigens}; Navarro A et al.; A comparative study between tube agglutination using Spicer-Edwards antisera and a coagglutination method using Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (NCTC 8530) protein A to detect Salmonella flagellar antigens was carried out . A total of 39 Salmonella strains belonging to eight serogroups of the Kauffmann-White scheme were typed by both methods . Each serogroup include monophasic and biphasic strains . Statistical analysis of the results showed that the coagglutination method was more sensitive and specific that the classic tube agglutination method normally used in different laboratories . The use of less antiserum in the coagglutination method to detect Salmonella antigens without loss of specificity or sensitivity represents an important saving for clinical laboratories and for epidemiologic research that require the identification of these antigens.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1991 May 1, 104(5), 157 - 61
{Salmonella enteritidis in chicken eggs}; Buchner L et al.; After an outbreak caused by salmonella enteritidis (SE) of which home-made mayonnaise and remoulade sauce were found to be the cause, SE was detected in ten of the remaining eggs . Subsequently 409 eggs of the next shipment from the same outlet were examined bacteriologically . Of 70 of the eggs examined, SE was found in 5 egg yolk samples and in 3 egg white samples as well as in 2 of 7 pooled shell samples . Five out of 35 pooled whole egg samples comprising a total of 349 eggs were likewise positive for SE . The isolates belonged to the phage types 4 and 7 carried the virulence plasmid pRQ29.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1991 May, 80(5), 515 - 20
Pseudomonas septicaemia in apparently healthy children; Wong SN et al.; Among 27 cases of Pseudomonas septicaemia in the Department of Paediatrics of Queen Mary Hospital from 1981 to 1988, we have identified 10 children without known predisposing causes before presentation and report their clinical features . Six were infants, of whom 4 developed shock on admission and died . Ecthyma gangrenosum was present in 4 patients . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 8 patients . All isolates, except Ps . cepacia, were sensitive to gentamicin . One patient had cyclical neutropenia . Another had an appendicular abscess . Salmonella was cultured from the stool in one patient . Although Pseudomonas septicaemia is normally considered to be associated with underlying immunodeficiency, in 22% it occurred in previously healthy children . Mortality is high especially in infants who develop septicaemic shock . It is advisable to cover for Pseudomonas septicaemia with aminoglycosides or ceftazidime in sick septic infants.

Int J Cardiol, 1991 May, 31(2), 251 - 3
Endocarditis due to Salmonella Dublinae; Speechly-Dick ME et al.; We describe, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of endocarditis due to Salmonella Dublinae, which occurred in a patient with surgically corrected congenital heart disease . The diagnosis was established from positive blood cultures and echocardiography, and the patient was treated by intravenous antibiotic therapy with clinical success at six months follow up . The diagnosis and its implications for management are discussed, together with a review of previously reported cases of endocarditis caused by the Salmonella group of organisms.

Pediatr Nephrol, 1991 May, 5(3), 284 - 8
Hemolytic uremic syndrome in children in northern India; Srivastava RN et al.; We observed 73 patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in 9 years (1980-1988), comprising 34% of patients with acute renal failure treated over the same period . There were 53 boys and 20 girls; 59% were below the age of 2 years and 33% between 2 and 5 years . Acute, usually severe dysentery, responding poorly to various antibiotics, was the prodromal illness in 80%, whereas 12% had watery diarrhea . Most patients had severe renal involvement with anuria in 56% and oliguria in 30% . A polymorphonuclear leukocytosis was present in 85% of cases, but had no correlation with the highest levels of blood urea . Coagulation abnormalities suggesting consumption coagulopathy were found in 24 of 30 cases . The results of stool culture showed Shigella species in 7 cases and nontyphoidal Salmonella in 9 . Escherichia coli were isolated in 11 cases, but were not further characterized . Renal biopsy showed total or patchy cortical necrosis in 20 of 50 cases . The patients were managed with supportive care, including transfusion of fresh blood or plasma and dialysis as required . The mortality was 60%, being chiefly related to the duration of renal failure and presence of renal cortical necrosis, whereas persistent dysentery and infections were complicating factors . The presence of convulsions and coagulation defects had no relation to the outcome . Our observations indicate that HUS in children in northern India is mostly related to dysentery, likely to be shigellosis, and is usually associated with severe renal damage and a high death rate.

Rev Infect Dis, 1991 May-Jun, 13(3), 420 - 3
Choleriform syndrome and production of labile enterotoxin (CT/LT1)-like antigen by species of Salmonella infantis and Salmonella haardt isolated from the same patient; Aguero J et al.; Isolates of Salmonella infantis from the stool and blood and an isolate of Salmonella haardt from the stool of a patient with choleriform diarrhea produced labile enterotoxin (CT/LT1)-like antigen . Genetic and molecular experiments indicated that the production of CT/LT1-like antigen was chromosomally encoded.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 May, 13(1), 11 - 20
Collaborative study on the use of motility enrichment on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium for the detection of Salmonella from foods; De Zutter L et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 15 laboratories to evaluate the use of motility enrichment on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium for rapid Salmonella detection in a variety of food products . The results of this procedure were compared with those obtained by the cultural procedure using Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) broth as selective enrichment and modified brilliant green agar for selective plating . The tests were performed with Salmonella reference samples (SRS) as well as with naturally contaminated food products . When SRS were used without added food the productivity of both MSRV and RV was 96% . When SRS were combined with reference samples containing competitive bacteria the productivity was 98% for MSRV and 95% for RV . In the tests with food samples the productivity of MSRV was 92% with SRS added to food and 96% with naturally contaminated samples, while the productivity of RV was 88% and 90%, respectively . Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the procedures.

Prev Med, 1991 May, 20(3), 329 - 42
Herd immunity and the HIV epidemic; O'Connor WT; Background . Herd immunity describes the collective immunocompetence of a population and its ability to resist disease . The diseases of mycobacteria, salmonella, hepatitis A, cryptosporidia, syphilis, measles, influenza, and numerous others recently have been seen in epidemic proportions in the United States . An association between these superimposed secondary infections and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic can be made since the HIV's imposition on individual immunity has ramifications on a population level through a decline in herd immunity . Conclusion . Exploring these epidemic phenomena as consequential to a reduction in herd immunity can provide a unifying hypothesis to explain existing and predict future infectious disease epidemic dynamics . The benefits of acting upon these implications has advantages for both the HIV infected and the uninfected.

Poult Sci, 1991 May, 70(5), 1273 - 6
Detection of Salmonella serogroup D-specific antibodies in the yolks of eggs laid by hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis; Gast RK et al.; Eggs laid by hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis were assayed for the presence of Serogroup D-specific yolk antibodies . Yolk antibodies were detected with S . enteritidis and Salmonella pullorum antigens in the microantiglobulin test as early as 9 days after inoculation of hens with S . enteritidis . Yolk antibody titers reached peak levels at 3 to 5 wk postinoculation and remained at detectable levels for at least 7 wk postinoculation in eggs from both orally inoculated and horizontally contact-exposed hens . Eggs laid by hens from commercial flocks implicated in epidemiological investigations of human S . enteritidis outbreaks were also tested . Serogroup D-specific yolk antibodies were detected in 5 to 22% of eggs from hens in houses identified as infected by bacteriological culturing of internal organs of hens for S . enteritidis.

Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1991 May, 124(5), 577 - 82
Influence of interleukin 6 on the function of secondary cultures of human thyrocytes; Krogh Rasmussen A et al.; Interleukin 6 has been suggested as second mediator of the effects of interleukin 1 in some cell systems . Interleukin 1 has previously been shown to inhibit the function of human thyrocytes in secondary cultures . We have therefore studied the influence of interleukin 6 (10(-1)-5.10(7) U/l) on the function of thyroid cells . Recombinant interleukin 6 slightly inhibited the production of cAMP, but failed to influence the production of thyroglobulin or the DNA content . Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella abortus equi or Yersinia enterocolitica) had only a slightly inhibitory effect on thyroid cell functions, and the effect of interleukin 6 could not by itself be explained by endotoxin contamination . The effect of interleukin 6 did not mimic effects on thyroid cells afforded by recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta . Furthermore, antibodies to interleukin 6 were not able to inhibit the interleukin 1 beta-induced inhibition of thyroid cell functions . In conclusion, it is unlikely that interleukin 6 by itself mediates the biological effects of interleukin 1 on human thyroid cells.

Rev Med Chil, 1991 May, 119(5), 506 - 11
{Evaluation of an immunoenzyme technique (ELISA) to diagnose typhoid fever}; Figueroa G et al.; The efficiency of an ELISA method, designed to detect polyvalent IgG and IgM antibodies to Salmonella typhi polysaccharide was evaluated in patients admitted or convalescing from typhoid fever and in control subjects . Polyvalent antibodies to S typhi were demonstrated in 28/30 (93%) typhoid patients, 0/11 bacteremic patients (E coli or S paratyphi A) and 0/15 asymptomatic individuals . Widal test showed significant anti-0 agglutinin values (> = 1: 160) in only 12/30 (40%), 1/11 (9%) and 0/15 subjects from each group respectively . Typhoid patients tested on admission or at discharge showed similar high reactivity rates to ELISA . On the contrary, the Widal test detected only 2/15 (13%) patients on admission (p < 0.02) and 10/15 (67%) at discharge . These results and additional immunoblotting tests suggest that ELISA developed to detect polyvalent anti-LPS antibodies could represent a highly specific diagnostic tool to confirm typhoid fever in endemic areas.

Infect Immun, 1991 May, 59(5), 1860 - 3
Genetic analysis of homology between the virulence plasmids of Salmonella dublin and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis; Krause M et al.; Two segments within the virulence region of Salmonella dublin plasmid pSDL2 that were homologous to regions on Yersinia pseudotuberculosis plasmid pIB1 were located with regard to the four known genes (vsdA, vsdB, vsdC, and vsdD) of pSDL2 . One segment mapped upstream of vsdA within an insertion element related to IS630 of Shigella sonnei; the second was confined to a 45-bp sequence containing an inverted repeat between vsdC and vsdD . On pIB1, both areas were located in an intergenic region upstream of yopH . These results indicate that the homology between Yersinia and Salmonella virulence plasmids is not located within structural genes.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991 May-Jun, 14(3), 203 - 8
An agar gel enzyme assay (AGEA) for simple detection of Salmonella enteritidis antibodies in chicken sera; Kim CJ et al.; An agar gel enzyme assay (AGEA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) . The assay was based on the ability of antibodies to diffuse through an agar gel and react with antigen coated on a polystyrene surface . The antigen-antibody reaction was then made visible by applying an enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin and the addition, subsequently, of a substrate-containing gel . The color change in circular zones was taken as the indication for the presence of antibodies . The present investigation reports identification of an antigen specific for SE and its use in the development of a relatively simple AGEA procedure . The results of AGEA were compared with those of conventional microagglutination (MA) test and serum plate (SP) test . The percentage agreement between MA and AGEA in positive serum sample was found to be 94.4%, and in negative serum samples it was found to be 88.8% . The present results suggest that the AGEA could be a very useful screening test for the detection of SE antibodies because the assay is inexpensive, specific and simple to perform without much equipment, and give results within a 3-hr period.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1991 May, 59(4), 249 - 62
Outer membrane protein PhoE as a carrier for the exposure of foreign antigenic determinants at the bacterial cell surface; Agterberg M et al.; PhoE protein is an abundant outer membrane protein of the Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane . This protein can be used as an exposure system to produce foregin antigenic determinants and for their transport to the bacterial cell surface . The system is very flexible, since insertions varying in length and nature could be made in different cell surface-exposed regions of PhoE, without interfering with the assembly process of the mutant proteins into the outer membrane . Two antigenic determinants of the structural VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus were inserted in different combinations in four cell surface-exposed regions of PhoE . The epitopes were exposed at the bacterial cell surface and they keep their antigenic and immunogenic properties in this PhoE-associated conformation . Immunization of guinea pigs with one hybrid protein, containing a combination of the two epitopes inserted in the fourth exposed region, resulted in complete protection against challenge with the virus . A T-cell epitope of the 65 kDa heat shock protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was inserted in the fourth exposed region of PhoE and in vitro proliferation of two T-cell specific clones was demonstrated . Thus, the PhoE exposure system has been shown to be suitable for presentation of both B-cell and T-cell determinants to the immune system . Furthermore, good expression of the hybrid protein in attenuated Salmonella strains, which can be used as live oral vaccines, was shown.

Mutat Res, 1991 May, 257(3), 229 - 306
Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the U.S . NTP; Ashby J et al.; An analysis is presented in which are evaluated correlations among chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella, and carcinogenicity to rats and mice among 301 chemicals tested by the U.S . NTP . Overall, there was a high correlation between structural alerts to DNA reactivity and mutagenicity, but the correlation of either property with carcinogenicity was low . If rodent carcinogenicity is regarded as a singular property of chemicals, then neither structural alerts nor mutagenicity to Salmonella are effective in its prediction . Given this, the database was fragmented and new correlations sought between the derived sub-groups . First, the 301 chemicals were segregated into six broad chemical groupings . Second, the rodent cancer data were partially segregated by target tissue . Using the previously assigned structural alerts to DNA reactivity (electrophilicity), the chemicals were split into 154 alerting chemicals and 147 non-alerting chemicals . The alerting chemicals were split into three chemical groups; aromatic amino/nitro-types, alkylating agents and miscellaneous structurally-alerting groups . The non-alerting chemicals were subjectively split into three broad categories; non-alerting, non-alerting containing a non-reactive halogen group, and non-alerting chemical with minor concerns about a possible structural alert . The tumor data for all 301 chemicals are re-presented according to these six chemical groupings . The most significant findings to emerge from comparisons among these six groups of chemicals were as follows: (a) Most of the rodent carcinogens, including most of the 2-species and/or multiple site carcinogens, were among the structurally alerting chemicals . (b) Most of the structurally alerting chemicals were mutagenic; 84% of the carcinogens and 66% of the non-carcinogens . 100% of the 33 aromatic amino/nitro-type 2-species carcinogens were mutagenic . Thus, for structurally alerting chemicals, the Salmonella assay showed high sensitivity and low specificity (0.84 and 0.33, respectively) . (c) Among the 147 non-alerting chemicals less than 5% were mutagenic, whether they were carcinogens or non-carcinogens (sensitivity 0.04).

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 Apr 15, 63(2-3), 225 - 31
Siderophore production by Salmonella species isolated from different sources; Visca P et al.; A total of 230 Salmonella strains were screened for enterobactin and aerobactin production, sensitivity to bacteriocins and resistance to antibiotics . All the isolates produced the phenolate siderophore enterobactin . Amongst these, 74 strains, most belonging to S . enteritidis, were sensitive to colicin B . Only 26 isolates, all belonging to S . wien, produced an additional iron chelator, i.e . the siderophore aerobactin, and 22 out of these were sensitive to cloacin DF13 . Analysis of iron repressible outer membrane proteins and plasmid profiles in S . wien strains showed that the expression of a 74-kDa iron-repressible outer membrane protein and the presence of large plasmids were associated with multiple antibiotic resistance, aerobactin production and sensitivity to cloacin DF13 . The incidence of aerobactin-producing strains among S . wien isolates was higher during years 1974-1985; the epidemiological implications of these results are discussed.

Avian Dis, 1991 Apr-Jun, 35(2), 337 - 43
Effect of anaerobic cecal microflora and dietary lactose on colonization resistance of layer chicks to invasive Salmonella enteritidis; Corrier DE et al.; The effect of oral inoculation with anaerobic cultures of cecal microflora and providing lactose in the feed on colonization resistance to invasive Salmonella enteritidis was evaluated in newly hatched leghorn chicks . Salmonella colonization of the ceca, tissue invasion and organ colonization, horizontal transmission, and seroconversion were significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) in chicks inoculated with cecal flora . The addition of lactose to the feed, in the absence of cecal microflora, failed to provide protection . Dietary lactose enhanced colonization resistance in chicks that were inoculated with anaerobic cultures of cecal flora . The results indicated that establishment of normal cecal flora in layer chicks together with the addition of lactose to the diet markedly increases resistance to cecal colonization and organ invasion, and decreases horizontal transmission of S . enteritidis.

Eur J Biochem, 1991 Apr 10, 197(1), 239 - 46
Sensitive titration microcalorimetric study of the binding of Salmonella O-antigenic oligosaccharides by a monoclonal antibody; Sigurskjold BW et al.; The binding of several oligosaccharide haptens by a monoclonal antibody, Se155-4, specific for Salmonella serogroup B O-antigen was studied by titration microcalorimetry . In the software developed by Wiseman et al . {Wiseman, T., Williston, S . & Brandts, J.F . (1989) Anal . Biochem . 17, 131-137} the number of binding sites/macromolecule is one of the optional regression parameters in the non-linear least-squares analysis of the calorimetric data . Instead, an approach was adopted in which the concentration of binding sites was treated as a regression parameter, obviating the requirement for precise values of antibody absorption coefficients and minimizing effects due to partially inactive antibody preparations . Furthermore, performing the least-squares analysis in two steps, first using a differential heat mode and then an integral heat mode, was shown to yield the most accurate results . The technique gave accurate results using not more than 1-2 mumol ligand and less than 7 mg antibody . Haptens 2-5 were oligomers of the O-antigenic repeating unit varying in chain length by 2-5 repeating units and a trisaccharide glycoside 1, which filled the binding site . The latter hapten exhibited a favourable entropy contribution to binding (delta Go = -31 kJ.mol-1; delta Ho = -21 kJ.mol-1 and -T delta So -10 kJ.mol-1), while all four oligomers 2-5 showed a constant binding energy delta Go = -33 kJ.mol-1, composed of increasingly stronger enthalpy forces compensated by an increasingly unfavourable entropy contribution . These observations are compared with results from enzyme immunoassays and a high-resolution crystal structure for the dodecasaccharide 3 bound to the Fab derived from Se155-4.

J Biol Chem, 1991 Apr 5, 266(10), 6532 - 8
Chemical reduction of 3-oxo and unsaturated groups in fatty acids of diphosphoryl lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . Comparison of biological properties before and after reduction; Qureshi N et al.; Unlike the diphosphoryl lipid A (DPLA) derived from toxic lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains, the DPLA from nontoxic lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 is biologically inactive . This could be due to the presence of 3-oxotetradecanoic and delta 7-tetradecenoic acids . These two fatty acids in R . sphaeroides DPLA were catalytically reduced in platinum oxide/H2 to the 3-hydroxy and saturated fatty acids, respectively . The biologically active E . coli DPLA was also treated with platinum oxide/H2, but as expected, the reduction step did not change the structure . These two preparations were then compared with the untreated samples for biological activity in three select in vitro assays . Over a range of 0.01-100 ng/ml, both normal and reduced DPLA from R . sphaeroides were inactive in priming phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated superoxide anion release in human alveolar macrophages . Over a range of 10-10(3) ng/ml, both samples failed to induce tumor necrosis factor in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line . The reduced DPLA marginally activated 70Z/3 pre-B cells at concentrations of 0.1-30 micrograms/ml . In every case, both normal and platinum oxide/H2-treated E . coli DPLA were biologically active . These results indicate that the lack of biological activity of R . sphaeroides DPLA is not due to the presence of 3-oxo and unsaturated fatty acids, but rather to one or more of the following: (i) presence of only five fatty acyl groups (compared to six in active lipid A); (ii) presence of 3-hydroxydecanoic acids (rather than 3-hydroxytetradecanoic, in active lipid A); (iii) greater variation in size of the fatty acids.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1991 Apr, 98(4), 132 - 4
{Disinfection studies with Salmonella senftenberg using egg shells as germ carriers}; Hafez HM et al.; The present investigation was carried out to study the efficiency of 8 chemical disinfectants on Salmonella senftenberg in the presence or absence of serum (organic matter) using egg shell as bacterial carrier . The most of the tested disinfectants were effective in the used concentrations after a working time of 60 min . at room temperature . Some quaternary ammonium compounds proved to be not effective.

Vaccine, 1991 Apr, 9(4), 238 - 42
Immunization with temperature-sensitive mutants of Salmonella typhi induces protection in mice; Hooke AM et al.; Temperature-sensitive (TS) mutants of Salmonella typhi were isolated following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine and two cycles of enrichment with penicillin and D-cycloserine . Several of the TS mutants were characterized with respect to growth profiles at permissive (29 degrees C) and non-permissive (36 degrees C) temperatures, reversion rates, and the potential for inducing protection against challenge in an animal model . All three TS mutants tested were immunogenic in mice; antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were produced following intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization with three different doses of each of the mutants; i.p . immunization with the same mutants also induced highly significant protection (100%) from i.p . wild-type challenge; and oral immunization with one of the mutants significantly reduced shedding of the wild-type following oral challenge.

J Med Microbiol, 1991 Apr, 34(4), 233 - 8
Inhibition by lipid A-specific monoclonal antibodies of priming of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes by endotoxin; Cornelissen JJ et al.; Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) primes polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) for enhanced release of oxygen metabolites after subsequent stimulation . The metabolic response of human PMNL primed with LPS and stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was measured by chemiluminescence (CL) as a parameter for endotoxic activity . Polymyxin B (PMB) and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with specificity for lipid A were tested for inhibition of the priming effect of Re LPS of Salmonella minnesota R595, Rc LPS of Escherichia coli J5 and smooth LPS of E . coli O111 . The CL response of PMNL primed with Re LPS or Rc LPS was higher than that of PMNL primed with smooth LPS . Pre-incubation of rough or smooth LPS with PMB caused dose-dependent inhibition of priming of PMNL . Two IgM MAbs, 8-2 and 26-20, which recognise different epitopes on the hydrophobic part of lipid A, also completely prevented priming of PMNL by either rough or smooth LPS . The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of both MAbs was similar to the inhibition by PMB . These results indicate that the binding of MAbs to the hydrophobic part of lipid A is important in blocking lipid A-mediated effects.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Apr, 106(2), 271 - 81
Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated hens' shell eggs; Clay CE et al.; The effect of some factors on the growth of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in artificially contaminated shell eggs was investigated . Salmonella enteritidis was found to be resistant to the antimicrobial properties of the albumen . Growth occurred on storage at 25 degrees C but not at 4 or 10 degrees C . The rate and extent of infection was influenced by the size of inoculum, the site of contamination relative to yolk movement, and the presence of iron in the inoculum.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1991 Apr, 84(1), 134 - 8
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces long-lasting IgA deficiency concurrently with features of polyclonal B cell activation in normal and in lupus-prone mice; Cavallo T et al.; Polyclonal B cell activation (PBA) and autoimmune disease can be induced in immunologically normal mice, or enhanced in lupus-prone mice, by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . Because immune defects are common in autoimmune diseases and IgA deficiency is prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, we investigated: (i) whether LPS might induce IgA deficiency in normal mice; (ii) whether IgA deficiency might be a feature in lupus-prone mice; (iii) whether, if present in lupus-prone mice, IgA deficiency could be further accentuated by LPS; and (iv) whether the effects of LPS on IgA concentrations of normal and lupus-prone mice might be reversible upon withdrawal of LPS . We injected normal (C57BL/6) and lupus-prone (NZB/W) mice with 50 micrograms of LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 twice a week for 5 weeks and then discontinued LPS for 6 weeks . We determined the concentrations of plasma immunoglobulins, DNA antibodies, and circulating immune complexes before, during, and after mice were exposed to LPS . Our results indicate that: (i) LPS induces IgA deficiency in normal mice concurrently with PBA; (ii) IgA deficiency is a feature of lupus-prone mice; (iii) LPS accentuates naturally occurring PBA and IgA deficiency in lupus-prone mice; and (iv) LPS induced, or LPS enhanced, IgA deficiency and PBA in normal and lupus-prone mice persist long after withdrawal of LPS . Thus, LPS triggers or enhances autoimmune disease by a mechanism that involves in part PBA with selective increase (IgG, IgM) and concurrent decrease (IgA) of specific isotypes.

Int J Exp Pathol, 1991 Apr, 72(2), 163 - 9
A pathological study on the virulence of Salmonella choleraesuis associated with 50-kilobase plasmid in mice; Moriguchi R et al.; The virulence of Salmonella choleraesuis associated with 50-kilobase plasmid was assessed by the pathology produced in mice . The strains used in this study were plasmid-contained RF-1, plasmid-cured 31N-1 and plasmid-reintroduced 31N-1-T . Mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with sublethal doses of these bacteria and chronologically necropsied . Pathologically, the plasmid-positive (P+) cases were distinctly different from the plasmid-negative (P-) ones, especially in the peritoneal fluids and peritoneum . The P+ cases were characterized by extensive, granulomatous peritoneal lesions composed of abundant macrophages frequently with neutrophils, sero-fibrinous exudates and vasculitis and the bacterial antigens were detected in such sites . By contrast, the peritonea in the P- cases were mildly involved and had scattered granulomas . The bacterial antigens were hardly visible in all tissues examined . It is suggested that spread preparations of the mesentery may be a useful tool for observing the distribution of peritoneal lesions.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Apr, 163(4), 901 - 4
Lack of immune response to the Vi component of a Vi-positive variant of the Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine strain Ty21a in human studies; Tacket CO et al.; New typhoid vaccines have been sought to replace the reactogenic parenteral whole cell vaccines . Both Ty21a, a live oral attenuated Vi-negative Salmonella typhi vaccine strain, and parenteral Vi polysaccharide vaccine are safe and efficacious in field trials . To achieve potentially greater protective efficacy, a derivative of Ty21a that expresses Vi polysaccharide was prepared and its safety and immunogenicity assessed in 27 adult volunteers . The volunteers received either one dose of 5 x 10(5), 5 x 10(7), or 5 x 10(9) cfu or three doses of 5 x 10(9) cfu of lyophilized vaccine and were observed for adverse effects on a research isolation ward . The vaccine was well tolerated; however, at the highest dose, 13% of volunteers had mild diarrhea . Serial blood cultures were negative for the vaccine strain . Vaccine was shed in the stool of most volunteers at the higher doses for 1-4 days . No serum antibodies to Vi, circulating cells secreting antibody to Vi, or jejunal fluid antibodies to Vi were detected in any volunteer.

Infect Immun, 1991 Apr, 59(4), 1290 - 9
New adhesive factor (antigen 8786) on a human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O117:H4 strain isolated in Africa; Aubel D et al.; An enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain, E . coli 8786, of serotype O117:H4 produced only heat-stable enterotoxin and gave mannose-resistant hemagglutination with human and bovine erythrocytes . The strain adhered to the brush border of human enterocytes and to enterocytelike cell line Caco-2 . Adhesion inhibition assays using Caco-2 cells with different adhesive factor extracts showed that the adhesive factor of E . coli 8786 is different from colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) . CFA/II, CFA/III of Darfeuille et al . (A . Darfeuille, B . Lafeuille, B . Joly, and R . Cluzel, Ann . Microbiol . Inst . Pasteur 134A:53-64, 1983), CS6, and antigen 2230 . A bacterial surface protein, designated antigen 8786, with a molecular mass of 16,300 Da was responsible for the adhesion to intestinal cells . It was immunologically different from previously described adhesive factors as determined by immunoblotting . Antigen 8786 was detected on the bacterial cell surface and appeared to be nonfimbrial . NH2-terminal analysis of antigen 8786 showed no homology with the previously described adhesive factors . Nevertheless, antigen 8786 is closely related to the NH2-terminal sequence of Salmonella enteritidis fimbrin . A hybridization experiment using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe based on the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of antigen 8786 revealed that the coding region was located on a 70-MDa plasmid.

East Afr Med J, 1991 Apr, 68(4), 266 - 9
The Widal test in a normal healthy population in the Sudan; el-Shafie S; The Widal test was performed in 114 normal individuals from the Gezira area in Sudan . Salmonella typhi O agglutinins were found at a titre of 1.320 in 12 (10.5%) of them . Salmonella paratyphi A agglutinins were found at 1.160 in 5 (4.3%) and Salmonella paratyphi B "O" agglutinins were found in 6 (5.3%) at a titre of 1.160 . None of these individuals had a history of typhoid fever or vaccination with TAB vaccine . The following points emerged: (i) normal healthy people in the Sudan have high antibody titres of Salmonella typhi; (ii) the Widal test in the Sudan should be interpreted against this background; (iii) previous diagnostic titre of 1.160 for S . typhi results in high false positive results; (iv) a titre above 1.320 is suggested as diagnostic for S . typhi; 1.160 for both S . partyphi B and S . paratyphi A.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Apr, (4), 50 - 3
{The protective action of interferon type I in experimental Salmonella infection}; Fil'chakov IV et al.; The effect of interferon, type 1, on the course of Salmonella infection in mice has been studied . The study has shown that the injection of homologous interferon of type 1 leads to the rapid elimination of the infective agent from the blood and organs of infected mice . Morphological study has shown that the injection of the preparations of interferon of type 1 may diminish pathological changes in the organs of the infected animals and the coagulation system of their blood.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Apr, (4), 14 - 7
{Shigella endotoxin protein--its electrophoretic and serological properties}; Nartikova VF et al.; The electrophoretic analysis of lipid A-associated protein (LAP), obtained from S . sonnei, in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea has revealed the heterogeneity of the preparation; it has found to contain three main components with molecular weights of 43, 38 and 18 KD and some minor components with molecular weights of 49, 45 35, 30, 29, 27, 5, 21 and 14 KD . The electrophoretic mobility of the main protein components in the isolated preparation of LAP coincides with that of endotoxin components . The dissociation of proteins and lipopolysaccharide in the process of boiling the endotoxin in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate is indicative of the noncovalent binding of these components . LAP contained in the endotoxin, in contrast to isolated LAP, is resistant to trypsin and proteinase K . The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system with the use of LAP as a component of its solid phase has been developed, which makes it possible to carry out the quantitative determination of antibodies to this protein . The EIA system shows high sensitivity in the determination of anti-LAP IgG antibodies: in hyperimmune rabbit sera their titer is 1:250,000-1:800,000 . As shown by the method of competitive EIA, the antigenic affinity of LAP of different origin corresponds to the degree of taxonomic propinquity of microorganisms: the maximal degree of cross reactions is observed between LAP obtained from S . sonnei, S . flexneri and Escherichia coli, while their affinity to Salmonella typhi is considerably less; remote microbial species (Bacterium bifidum and Sarcina marcescens) give practically no cross reactions.

Poult Sci, 1991 Apr, 70(4), 780 - 4
Use of a most probable number method modified with a deoxyribonucleic probe to monitor control by food preservatives of natural Salmonella contamination in animal meat meals; Pumfrey L et al.; A most probable number (MPN) technique using a DNA probe was developed for determination of Salmonella in naturally contaminated meat meals . The method eliminated the need for 180 selective plates and 75 selective tubes and saved 27 h when compared with a traditional technique; yet it still yielded identical MPN of Salmonella per 100 g in five naturally contaminated samples . The method was used to monitor the effect of a commercial food preservative (Sal Curb) at 0, .25, .50, 1.0, and 2.0% in meat meals with initial contaminations of 1,100, 93, or 7 MPN organisms/100 g . The preservative greatly reduced MPN in the 1,100 and 93 MPN samples in a time and dose-dependent manner, but in the sample with 7 MPN organisms/100 g of material, it resulted in 0 MPN organisms per 100 g after 24 h at all levels tested.

Aust N Z J Med, 1991 Apr, 21(2), 246 - 7
Salmonella empyema in a patient with lymphoma; Cistulli PA et al.; Salmonella empyema occurred in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . He was successfully managed with a combination of antibiotics and surgery.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991 Apr, 10(4), 334 - 41
Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state; Zavala Trujillo I et al.; Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem throughout the world with a higher morbidity and mortality rate in the developing countries . Early establishment of the diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is not necessarily followed by complete resolution of the infection . Between 1% and 6% of patients with typhoid fever become chronic biliary carriers of Salmonella typhi . These carriers are potential factors in the continued transmission of the disease . The increasing emergence worldwide of strains showing multiple resistance to the agents traditionally used in therapy has encouraged investigators to seek alternatives such as third generation cephalosporins and recently the new 4-quinolones, which have greater activity against Salmonella typhi including multi-resistant strains . The fluoroquinolones seem to be the treatment of choice in those regions where resistant strains of Salmonella typhi are prevalent.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991 Apr, 27(4), 427 - 36
Possible in-vivo transfer of beta-lactamase TEM-3 from Klebsiella pneumoniae to Salmonella kedougou; Archambaud M et al.; Salmonella kedougou BM2659 was isolated from the stools and a blood culture of a patient and Klebsiella pneumoniae BM2657 and S . kedougou BM2658 were isolated later from the stools of the same patient . Strains BM2657 and BM2658 had identical resistance phenotypes, to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and tetracycline, due to the presence of the same genes, blaT, aacA4 and tetC, respectively . Oligotyping indicating that beta-lactam resistance in these strains was encoded by blaT-3 and synthesis of TEM-3 was confirmed by isoelectric focusing . In BM2657 and BM2658, the resistance characters were located on Inc7 or M self-transferable plasmids with indistinguishable EcoRI and HindIII restriction patterns . Southern hybridization of plasmid DNA of these strains with probes pCFFO4, the prototype plasmid encoding TEM-3, genes blaT, aacA4 and tetC gave identical patterns . S . kedougou BM2658 and BM2659 had identical biotypes and serotypes but BM2659 was susceptible to all the study antibiotics . These observations suggest possible transfer, in the digestive tract, of a plasmid encoding TEM-3 beta-lactamase from K . pneumoniae BM2657 to S . kedougou BM2659.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Apr, 12(4), 363 - 74
Enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of Salmonella spp.: a comparison with other methods; Beumer RR et al.; The first enzyme immunoassay for Salmonella was reported in 1977 and since that time several enzyme-linked immuno assays (ELISAs) have been developed, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that will detect most Salmonella serotypes . Two of these kits have been declared official first status by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) . In comparison with a culture method used in collaborative studies, the total assay time is reduced by 2 days and statistical analysis of the data indicated no significant difference . The main problem related to all methods other than traditional culture methods is the occurrence of false-positive and/or false-negative results . False-positive ELISA results can be eliminated by using (combinations of) highly specific monoclonal antibodies . Good enrichment procedures are very important to be sure that the detection limit of approx . 10(5) cells/ml will be reached . In the future even better limits of detection may be achieved by using enzyme amplification or chemiluminescence to decrease the number of false-negative results.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Apr, 12(4), 353 - 62
Italian experience in Salmonella enteritidis 1978-1988: characterization of isolates from food and man; Fantasia M et al.; Salmonella enteritidis accounted for 5.45% of the 118.685 Salmonella isolates from man and for 2.65% of the 3.315 Salmonella isolates from food in Italy in the eleven year period 1978 to 1988 . In the years 1978-1982 no S . enteritidis strain was isolated from eggs and poultry; in the years 1983-1988 the 53% of S . enteritidis isolates from food were from eggs and poultry . In 1989 S . enteritidis accounted for 744 isolates from man and 22 from food of which 80% were from eggs and poultry (partial data) . In that year 18 outbreaks caused by S . enteritidis were reported to the National Centre of Enteric Pathogens in Rome . Characteristics of 81 S . enteritidis isolates were examined of which 27 were from sporadic cases involving humans and 40 from outbreaks in humans; 14 isolates were from food, all but one connected with the outbreaks . All the isolates studied were sensitive to the antibiotics tested; plasmid profile analysis showed a predominant profile pattern in both epidemic and non-epidemic strains; lysine decarboxylase was present in all the strains tested . Although in at least three epidemics a common supplier of eggs was proved, the source was not identified . Unfortunately it was not possible to determine the phage type of isolates because of the unavailability of specific phages.

Avian Dis, 1991 Apr-Jun, 35(2), 403 - 7
Health survey of backyard poultry and other avian species located within one mile of commercial California meat-turkey flocks; McBride MD et al.; A survey was conducted to characterize domestic and exotic bird populations, estimate seroprevalence to selected disease agents, and describe health management practices on 62 premises containing "backyard" flocks located within one mile of 22 commercial California meat-turkey flocks participating in National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) . Chickens were present on 56 backyard premises and turkeys on seven . Antibodies were identified against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M . synoviae, M . meleagridis, Salmonella pullorum, Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, Bordetella avium, hemorrhagic enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and infectious bursal disease virus in 367 blood samples from 32 backyard premises . Twenty-two owners of backyard premises said they restricted visitor contact with their birds, and two required visitors to wear rubber boots and use boot disinfectant . Owners of seven premises used biologics and/or pharmaceutics for disease prevention . One family member worked on a commercial turkey ranch, but no other contact between owners, relatives, or employees and commercial poultry was reported.

Avian Dis, 1991 Apr-Jun, 35(2), 397 - 402
Evaluation of radiolabeled and colorimetric DNA probes in comparison with an antigen screening assay for the detection of Salmonella from poultry farms; Hasan JA et al.; A total of 48 environmental drag-swab samples from various poultry farms were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp . by culture, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based Salmonella antigen screening (SAS) assay, and two DNA probes (radiolabeled and colorimetric) . The radiolabeled DNA probe was allowed to hybridize with culture-positive samples (n = 8) and was found to detect Salmonella spp . in all cases (100%) . Both of the probes, subsequently hybridized with culture-negative samples (n = 8), were observed to yield good agreement (91%) with the culture findings . The remaining samples (n = 32) were tested by the SAS assay, and where there was no agreement between the culture and SAS, samples were further examined by the DNA probes . Results using both probes agreed with those obtained by culturing the samples but did not agree with the SAS assay result when the ratio of samples tested to samples positive (S/P) cutoff value used was 0.5.

J Pediatr, 1991 Apr, 118(4 ( Pt 2)), S129 - 36
Vaccines and milk immunoglobulin concentrates for prevention of infectious diarrhea; Levine MM; Considerable progress has been made in the last decade in developing vaccines against the most important enteric infections . Two new, widely licensed vaccines (oral Ty21a and parenteral Vi) are available against typhoid fever, and new attenuated Salmonella typhi strains are ready for testing . An engineered live orally administered cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR, is undergoing clinical trials for safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility in children in areas where cholera is endemic . Multiple candidate vaccines against rotavirus, Shigella, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are in clinical trials . Newly acquired knowledge about pathogenesis and mucosal and cellular immunology, coupled with application of biotechnology, has already resulted in many candidates for vaccines, and more are expected to appear within the next few years.

J Anim Sci, 1991 Apr, 69(4), 1575 - 82
Cellular immune responses in pigs fed a vitamin E- and selenium-deficient diet; Lessard M et al.; The effects of dietary restriction of vitamin E (Vit E) and selenium (Se) on lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and on burst respiratory response of stimulated granulocytes as measured by chemiluminescence (CL) were studied in pigs . Six male weanling pigs were maintained for 25 d on a torula yeast-based diet containing no measurable amount of alpha-tocopherol and less than .02 mg of Se per kilogram of feed . Six others received the same basal diet supplemented with 33 IU of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and .2 mg of Se per kilogram of feed . All pigs were inoculated with Salmonella typhisuis on d 21 of the feeding period and killed on d 25 . Tests to measure cellular immune functions were performed on cells isolated from blood samples taken on d 21 and 25 . After 21 d of feeding, lymphocyte blastogenesis responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen in pigs fed the Vit E- and Se-deficient diet were normal compared with the response in pigs fed the supplemented diet . Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, the ADCC response, and the CL response of granulocytes were not affected . After 25 d, a marked suppression of lymphocyte response to mitogens occurred in pigs fed the Vit E- and Se-deficient diet when the cells were cultured in the presence of autologous serum . When fetal bovine serum replaced autologous serum in the cultures, no suppression was observed . No effect on NK activity and ADCC was observed, whereas the CL peak response of granulocytes tended to be higher in pigs fed the deficient diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Postgrad Med, 1991 Apr, 37(2), 93 - 6
Studies on the lactose character in Salmonella S:41:z10; Rajgopalan D et al.; A number of plasmids carrying the Lac+ character have been reported . Lac+ character of salmonella S:41:z10:- studied for transfer of Lac+ character to standard Escherichia coli K12 Lac-F- Nalr and Escherichia coli K12 F- Lac- Rifr, failed to transfer in in vitro experiments . Similarly, identification and characterisation of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis technique did not show specific plasmid DNA as compared to standard molecular weight plasmids . Plasmid DNA appeared to have been embedded with chromosomal DNA molecule.

Indian Pediatr, 1991 Apr, 28(4), 357 - 61
Multi drug resistant Salmonella typhi infection: clinical profile and therapy; Koul PB et al.; Multiple drug resistant Salmonella typhi infection was observed in thirty five recent cases among forty eight children with bacteriologically proven enteric fever . Incidence of complications such as shock, myocarditis, encephalopathy and paralytic ileus was higher among these . A combination of cephalexin and gentamicin was successfully used in the management of these children.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1991 Apr, 275(1), 118 - 22
The putative role of members of the CEA-gene family (CEA, NCA an BGP) as ligands for the bacterial colonization of different human epithelial tissues; Leusch HG et al.; Immobilized purified CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), NCA (non-specific crossreacting antigen) and BGP I (biliary glycoprotein I) bind strains of E . coli (including EPEC) and some Salmonella species (including S . typhi, S . paratyphi A + B and S . java) while Shigella-, Yersinia- and Bacteroides- strains showed no adhesion . The binding was of high avidity, heat sensitive, dose dependent, saturable and nearly completely abolished in the presence of 10 mM alpha-methylmannoside . From inhibition studies with aromatic mannose compounds, it was suggested that in contrast to Salmonella strains E . coli strains exhibit a higher hydrophobicity in the binding region adjacent to the CEA-, NCA- and BGP-binding site . By further inhibition experiments it could be demonstrated that E . coli and Salmonella strains bind to high-mannose type oligosaccharides of these molecules via lectins on bacterial type I fimbriae . We conclude that the expression of products of this gene family on different human epithelial cells (colon-, bile canaliculi, uroepithel etc.) may function as ligands for bacterial colonization of epithelial tissues.

FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1991 Apr, 3(2), 93 - 8
The use of synthetic O-antigens of Salmonella for improvement of serological diagnosis of enteric infections; Tendetnik YYa et al.; Synthetic Salmonella O-antigens of a new copolymeric type, unlike natural antigens (lipopolysaccharides), exhibit monospecificity for groupspecific factors 0 : 3, 0 : 4, and 0 : 9 of Salmonella serogroups E, B, and D, and are, by 1-2 orders of magnitude, more sensitive in double immunodiffusion and passive hemagglutination inhibition tests . The use of the synthetic antigens for detection of antibodies in patients' sera by means of passive hemagglutination increased the specificity of this test considerably, thereby improving immunodiagnosis of salmonellosis.

Gene, 1991 Apr, 100, 39 - 44
Synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli of cistronic DNA encoding an antibody fragment specific for a Salmonella serotype B O-antigen; Anand NN et al.; A 1460-bp DNA encoding the two chains of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) portion of a monoclonal antibody have been chemically synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli . The antibody, Se155-4, is specific for a Salmonella serogroup B O-antigen and its crystal structure is under investigation . The genes were synthesized according to a strategy that allows for easy manipulation in genetic engineering studies of the Fab-binding site . Each gene is preceded by the ompA secretory signal and a ribosome-binding site, and has been expressed from the two-cistron DNA under the control of the lac promoter . Active Fab of 50 kDa with an inter-chain disulfide bond has been isolated from the periplasm of E . coli in a one-step affinity purification in high yield (2 micrograms/ml of cells) . The bacterially produced Fab is as active as purified mouse Fab in antigen-binding and competitive immunoassays . This is the first example of a completely synthetic Fab gene and provides an ideal system to probe the nature of antigen binding by anti-carbohydrate antibodies.

Fortschr Med, 1991 Mar 20, 109(8), 179 - 82
{Gastrointestinal manifestations of AIDS . 2: Bacterial and vh parasitic infections, malignant tumors}; Prufer-Kramer L et al.; Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) in patients with AIDS are characterized by bacteremia and persistence of the pathogen . Infections with Salmonella typhi murium are common . Infections with atypical mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex) mimic Whipple's disease both clinically and histologically; at present no established therapy is available . Among the parasitic diseases of the GI tract, cryptosporidial infection in AIDS patients, predominantly in tropical countries, plays an important role for epidemiological reasons . It leads to profuse watery diarrhea that does not respond to drug treatment . The AIDS-specific Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may have manifestations in the GI tract . Rare complications of these tumors are bleeding, diarrhea and ileus.

Immunol Today, 1991 Mar, 12(3), A42 - 5
Genetic control of innate resistance to mycobacterial infections; Schurr E et al.; The Mendelian segregation of resistance to infection in different strains of mice infected with mycobacteria, Salmonella and Leishmania spp, all of which live in macrophages, is currently under close scrutiny . Here, Erwin Schurr and colleagues review the nature and function of the Bcg gene in controlling innate resistance to mycobacterial infection in mice and speculate on the occurrence of a possible human equivalent.

J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 1991 Mar, 41(3), 276 - 81
Seasonal variations and trends in concentrations of filter-collected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagenic activity in the San Francisco Bay area; Flessel P et al.; Air monitoring in the San Francisco Bay Area was carried out to measure outdoor community air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagenic activity (mutagenicity) in particulate organic matter (POM) . Monitoring began in 1979 and is currently conducted at six stations . PAH and mutagenicity tests were performed on organic extracts prepared from high volume (hi-vol) filters composited every four months, by meterological season . PAH were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection . Mutagenicity was measured in the Ames Salmonella bioassay using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation . The nine-year mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 0.4 ng/m3 . The mutagenicity of this amount of BaP accounted for only about 0.2% of the observed mutagenicity in POM and other measured PAH accounted for even less . Concentrations of PAH and mutagenicity were three to nine times higher during the winter than during other seasons . Year-to-year wintertime trends in several PAH were also seen . Early in the 1980s, winter concentrations of BaP and benzo (g,h,i)perylene increased . However since the mid-1980's, their concentrations have fallen . The decrease in PAH concentrations may be the result of an increasing proportion of vehicles with relatively low organic emissions . In contrast to PAH, mutagenicity did not show significantly year-to-year time trends.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1991 Mar, 191(2-3), 102 - 16
{Nutrition and consumer health protection}; Grossklaus D; Most individuals in our population consume healthy food . The conditions for doing so exist, i.e . an offer of a wealth of foods in the market . Yet there is still a need for joint action by science and research, food industry and government . When looking more closely, it will be seen that there are gaps in the health protection of the consumer: Wrong nutrition and overfeeding must be controlled by improved education . By doing so, it should be possible, at the same time to reduce the incidence of food-associated diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders . While in this field of the protection of consumer health, so-called "visible" shortcomings of food intake are involved which can be influenced by nutritional medicine and the consumer, there are "hidden" ones if a contamination by infectious agents such as Salmonella bacteria or by chemical residues of e.g . heavy metals, pesticides, or additives is involved . This means that the consumer is unable to protect him/herself against the latter by his/her own means . For this reason, a particular responsibility has arisen for governmental authorities, to ward off risks arising from hidden shortcomings of food . A particular urgency has been found to exist for measures to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms from the food chain . Still, Salmonella bacteria are the most prominent target . There is a ratio of ca . 2/1 between salmonellosis and other forms of acute gastroenteric infections which are reportable under the Federal Communicable Diseases Act . On the whole, bacterial food poisoning is still on the rise, thus becoming the main problem of present-day control of communicable diseases . We should not be deceived by numerous improvements of technological and hygienic processes in the production of foods: in a long-term view, relief can be expected only from the creation of livestock which is free from infectious agents . Although a further reduction of chemical residues in certain foods has been achieved, it will remain a permanent task for government institutions to ensure that stipulated maximal amounts of foreign substances are not reached on a permanent basis and that, wherever possible, undesirable chemical residues are removed from the food chain . Cases of acute intoxication from chemical residues have remained single events . Nevertheless, there is a deficit of knowledge what concerns the toxicological and health evaluation of minimal levels of 1 microgram and less to which consumers have been exposed over years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Int J Cardiol, 1991 Mar, 30(3), 361 - 2
Salmonella tricuspid endocarditis in an intravenous drug abuser with human immunodeficiency virus infection; Bestetti RB et al.; We describe a case of Salmonella tricuspid endocarditis in an intravenous drug abuser with human immunodeficiency virus infection . He was successfully treated with antibiotics with no clinical relapse . To our knowledge, this is the first case of this kind reported in the literature . Physicians should be on the alert for this potentially curable cardiac complication of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Salud Publica Mex, 1991 Mar-Apr, 33(2), 178 - 83
{The incidence of Salmonella in the chorizos that are retailed in Acapulco, Guerrero}; Bello Perez LA et al.; Gastrointestinal disorders are one of the most serious health problems in the Mexican Republic, and salmonellosis is one of the most prominent therein . With the objective of finding out how chorizos function as carriers of this disease, samples were taken from stores and supermarkets in Acapulco, Guerrero . 221 samples were collected to investigate the presence of Salmonella . These were biochemically examined by means of established techniques from Mexico's Secretary of Health . The results, which are in agreement with other authors, show a contamination of 40.7%.

J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1991 Mar, 62(1), 23 - 5
Treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus); Huchzermeyer KD; The therapeutic and managemental steps taken to bring a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) under control are described . All the crocodiles were initially given intramuscular injections with kanamycin on alternating days for 8 d, coupled with adjustment of the ambient temperature to 29 degrees C . The holding pens were cleaned and disinfected with 2% formalin at the onset of treatment . Daily scrubbing and disinfection was continued throughout the treatment period . Severely affected crocodiles were separated and force-fed a liquid diet . All crocodiles were vaccinated with an inactivated calf paratyphoid vaccine 10 d after the onset of treatment and again one month later . The initial treatment was followed by a 30-week period of in-feed medication with oxytetracycline . Response to the initial treatment was dramatic, although some mortalities still occurred in the force-fed group for one month . The following year's hatchlings were fed heat-treated meat from first feeding onwards to avoid the possibility of introducing Salmonella spp . via the feed.

Q J Med, 1991 Mar, 78(287), 235 - 50
Non-typhoid Salmonella in renal transplant recipients: a report of twenty cases and review of the literature; Dhar JM et al.; We report 20 cases of non-typhoid Salmonella infection that occurred over a period of 10 years in 592 renal transplant recipients followed by our unit, and present a review of 58 previously reported cases . Analysis of these data suggests that infection occurs when immunosuppression is high (early in the post-transplant period, or after anti-rejection therapy) . A significant number of patients have bacteraemia and widespread focal manifestations are common . Despite prolonged antibiotic therapy, relapses occur commonly causing significant morbidity, occasional graft loss and even death.

Aust Vet J, 1991 Mar, 68(3), 106 - 7
The isolation of Salmonella from kangaroos and feral pigs processed for human consumption; Bensink JC et al.; A total of 154 feral pig carcases and 81 kangaroo carcases were examined for the presence of Salmonella, coliforms and total aerobic counts . Approximately 34% of pig carcases yielded one or more serotypes of Salmonella, while about 11% of kangaroo carcases were contaminated with salmonella . The results differed widely between sampling occasions . A total of 13 serotypes were isolated from feral pigs with S . anatum (31 isolates) and S . typhimurium (9 isolates) being the predominant serotypes . Coliforms were isolated from approximately 90% of carcases . The mean log10 coliform count on feral pigs was 4.39 +/- 1.45/g and the mean log10 total count was 6.15 +/- 1.15/g . About 21% of carcases were contaminated with more than 100,000 coliforms/g . A total 3 serotypes were isolated from kangaroos (S . bahrenfeld, S . binza, and S . onderstepoort) . The mean log10 coliform count on kangaroos was 3.54 +/- 1.04 . More than 50% of kangaroo carcases were contaminated with less than 100 coliforms/g . About 15% of carcases were contaminated with more than 10,000 coliforms/g . The mean log10 total count was 5.2 +/- 1.01/g.

Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1991 Mar, 14(1), 44 - 9
{Bacteremia in febrile children}; Lin TY; Bacteremia in children under 2 years of age is not uncommon . Several studies indicated that a small proportion of young children with fever who do not appear to be seriously ill may have bacteremia, and a small proportion of this subgroup may go on to develop serious illness such as meningitis . The rationale for this study was to assess both the incidence of bacteremia in febrile children in Taipei area and the predictive value of the white blood cell count and degree of body temperature for bacteremia . Three hundred febrile children (B . T . greater than or equal to 39 degrees C), without underlying disease or readily recognizable viral illness, who visited the emergency service of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, were enrolled . Blood cultures and complete blood counts were obtained . Clinically important pathogens were identified in 6 of 300 cases (2%) . The incidence and pathogens of various age group were: (1) Neonate, 2/15 (13%), one each of Group D streptococcus & streptococcus viridans; (2) 1 month to 1 year old, 3/66 (5%), 2 Escherichia coli and 1 Salmonella Group D; (3) 1 to 2 years old, 0/49; (4) 2 to 5 years old, 0/72; (5) 5 to 10 years old, 0/67; (6) 10 to 15 years old, 1/26 (4%), Salmonella typhosa . Neither the white blood cell count, the absolute segmented or band neutrophil count, nor the degree of body temperature had predictive value for bacteremia.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991 Mar, 57(3), 785 - 8
Control of Salmonella enteritidis infections in poultry by polymyxin B and trimethoprim; Goodnough MC et al.; Antimicrobial compounds were screened in vitro in Trypticase soy broth for antimicrobial activity against a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis . Of the several compounds tested, polymyxin B showed the strongest inhibition in vitro, preventing growth at a concentration of less than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml . Polymyxin B administered in the drinking water was effective in vivo for preventing infections in 1-day-old chickens but did not remove established infections in 1-week-old chickens . It was found that trimethoprim, which was not active in vitro, prevented colonization and removed existing infections in 1-day-old chickens when it was administered together with polymyxin B sulfate . Enrichment cultures in which selenite-cystine and tetrathionate broth media were used showed that chickens given a combination of 100 micrograms of polymyxin B sulfate per ml and 250 micrograms of trimethoprim per ml 24 h prior to oral inoculation with 10(8) to 10(9) CFU were negative for S . enteritidis after 7 days . Established infections (10(5) to 10(6) CFU/g of feces) in 1-week-old chickens were eliminated by treatment with the polymyxin-trimethoprim system . This antimicrobial agent treatment may be useful for preventing colonization in poultry and for eliminating S . enteritidis from infected flocks.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1991 Mar, 35(3), 590 - 3
High genetic homology between plasmids of human and animal origins conferring resistance to the aminoglycosides gentamicin and apramycin; Chaslus-Dancla E et al.; Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains resistant to gentamicin and apramycin were isolated from cattle in France and Belgium and from patients in hospitals . Homology between plasmids of both human and animal origins encoding aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase was revealed by digestion with several restriction endonucleases and confirmed by hybridization with different replicon-specific probes.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1991 Mar, 35(3), 500 - 5
SDZ MRL 953, a novel immunostimulatory monosaccharidic lipid A analog with an improved therapeutic window in experimental sepsis; Lam C et al.; SDZ MRL 953, a new synthetic monosaccharidic lipid A, was investigated in vitro and in vivo for immunopharmacological activities . In experimental models of microbial infections, the compound was highly protective when it was administered prophylactically either once or three times to myelosuppressed or immunocompetent mice . The 50% effective doses of SDZ MRL 953 varied with the infectious agents and the route of its administration . In all cases, the 50% effective doses were about 10(3) times higher than those obtained with endotoxin from Salmonella abortus equi . SDZ MRL 953 was, however, less toxic than lipopolysaccharide by a factor of 10(4) to greater than 7 x 10(5) times in galactosamine-sensitized mice . The compound was also an effective inducer of tolerance to endotoxin . Hence, repeated dosing with the compound induced a transient resistance (greater than or equal to 1 week) to lethal challenges with endotoxin . In vitro, the compound was devoid of intrinsic antimicrobial activity, but it moderately induced the release of cytokines from monocytes and primed human neutrophils for the enhanced production of reactive oxygen metabolites in response to a soluble stimulus . The results presented here suggest that SDZ MRL 953 may be useful in a clinical setting for enhancing resistance to infections, particularly in patients undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy or irradiation, and for the prophylaxis of endotoxin shock.

Res Vet Sci, 1991 Mar, 50(2), 240 - 1
Preliminary field test of lyophilised contagious caprine pleuropneumonia vaccine; Rurangirwa FR et al.; Fifty goats were immunised in the field against contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) using a single dose (0.15 mg) of lyophilised, saponin killed Mycoplasma strain F38 . Two months after vaccination, these goats together with 50 unimmunised control goats were challenged by contact with goats experimentally infected with CCPP . Twelve vaccinates and 14 controls died of diarrhoea due to salmonella infection during the first two weeks after challenge . The remaining immunised goats (38) with the exception of two goats which had elevated temperatures were protected from CCPP . Of the remaining 36 control goats, 30 contracted CCPP at a mean of 39 (+/- 14.3 SD) days after challenge and 27 of them died . These results show that the lyophilised killed F38 vaccine conferred 100 per cent protection against mortality and 95 per cent protection against clinical disease caused by Mycoplasma species strain F38.

J Infect, 1991 Mar, 22(2), 175 - 7
Salmonella dublin infection of a prosthetic vascular graft successfully treated with ciprofloxacin; Parry CM et al.; The treatment of an infected vascular graft invariably requires an extra-anatomic bypass through a non-infected tissue plane, as simple drainage with antibiotics is rarely successful . We report a case in which an established infection of a prosthetic vascular graft with Salmonella dublin was successfully treated with simple drainage and a prolonged course of oral ciprofloxacin.

Mutat Res, 1991 Mar-Apr, 259(3-4), 205 - 17
Occurrence, identification, and bacterial mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines in cooked food; Felton JS et al.; Potent mutagenic activity in Salmonella bacteria has been reported in cooked foods in numerous laboratories worldwide . Determining the human risk from exposure to these biologically active compounds in our diet requires genotoxic and carcinogenic evaluation of the chemicals coupled with determination of the dose consumed . Thus, knowledge of the exact structure of the mutagens present in the food and enough synthesized material for biological assessment are essential for this evaluation . To reach this goal, isolation of these compounds requires the Ames/Salmonella assay to guide the purification and identification process . Mass and NMR spectrometry are used to identify the isolated compounds . Finally, these findings are followed by synthesis of the exact isomer . The predominant class of mutagens found in cooked foods of the western diet are amino-imidazo-quinoxalines, amino-imidazo-pyridines and amino-imidazo-quinolines, collectively called amino-imidazoazaarenes (AIAs) . Mass amounts of these specific compounds range from less than 1 to 70 ng/g of meat . The mutagens are formed from the heating of natural precursors (creatinine, amino acids, and possibly sugars) in the food . These AIAs are some of the most potent mutagens ever tested in Salmonella bacteria with the number and position of methyl groups having an important influence on the mutagenic activity.

J Clin Pathol, 1991 Mar, 44(3), 258 - 9
Comparative yield of Salmonella typhi from blood and bone marrow cultures in patients with fever of unknown origin; Farooqui BJ et al.; Over three years, a comparative study on 100 selected patients with fever of unknown origin was undertaken to determine the yield of Salmonella typhi from their blood and bone marrow cultures . The results indicate that in patients who had an infection with S typhi the organism was isolated from the bone marrow in all of them and from the blood in only 66% . This suggests that bone marrow cultures may be attempted when blood cultures are negative for bacterial growth after three to four days of incubation.

J Med Microbiol, 1991 Mar, 34(3), 149 - 51
Role of a large plasmid of Salmonella typhi encoding multiple drug resistance; Karmaker S et al.; Twenty isolates of Salmonella typhi from cases of typhoid during the 1989-1990 epidemic in Calcutta were examined . Most isolates (84% of all isolates in the epidemic) were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin but were sensitive to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin . Plasmids of 120 kb and 14 kb were identified amongst the multi-drug resistant isolates of S . typhi . However, there was no plasmid in the antibiotic-sensitive isolates . The 120-kb plasmid was transferable and transconjugants were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin . Restriction endonuclease analysis patterns after EcoRI digestion of the 120-kb antibiotic-resistance plasmids from the S . typhi isolates and transconjugants were similar.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Mar, 173(6), 1944 - 50
Hierarchies of base pair preferences in the P22 ant promoter; Moyle H et al.; Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to complete a collection of mutations in the -35 and -10 hexamers of the ant promoter of Salmonella phage P22 . The effects of all 36 single-base-pair substitutions on promoter strength in vivo were measured in strains carrying the mutant promoters fused to an ant-lacZ gene on a single-copy prophage . The results of these assays show that certain consensus base pairs are more important than others; in general, the least-critical positions are among the most poorly conserved . Some mutations within the hexamers have smaller effects on promoter strength than certain mutations outside the hexamers in this and other promoters . Several different patterns of base pair preferences are observed . These hierarchies of base pair preferences correlate well (but not perfectly) with the hierarchies defined by the frequency distribution of base pairs at each position among wild-type promoters . The hierarchies observed in the ant promoter also agree well with most of the available information on base pair preferences in other promoters.

Am J Physiol, 1991 Mar, 260(3 Pt 2), R494 - 502
Augmentation of endotoxic lethality and glucose dyshomeostasis by phorbol ester; Inaba H et al.; To investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the pathogenesis of endotoxin (ETX) shock, the in vivo effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on ETX-induced lethality and glucose dyshomeostasis were determined . Fed rats (300-400 g) were treated intravenously with incremental doses of Salmonella enteritidis ETX and either the vehicle, 110 mg/kg ip dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or 0.5 mg/kg ip PMA dissolved in DMSO . PMA significantly increased ETX-induced lethality to doses of 1.0-20 mg/kg . PMA augmented the initial hyperglycemia, late hypoglycemia, and hyperlactacidemia after 1 mg/kg iv ETX to rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium . In contrast, 4 alpha-phorbol, a phorbol derivative that does not activate PKC, had no effect on either lethality or the glucose and lactate responses . Hyperinsulinemia after 1 mg/kg iv ETX was prolonged by PMA but not by 4 alpha-phorbol . Insulin tolerance testing (0.5 U/kg iv) produced an exaggerated hypoglycemic response in PMA-treated endotoxic (0.33 mg/kg) rats . Glucose tolerance to 1.2 g/kg iv was increased by ETX and PMA attenuated the increased tolerance . Thus PKC activation may be involved in the pathogenesis of lethal endotoxicosis and associated glucose dyshomeostasis.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1991 Mar 1, 107(3), 562 - 7
Correlation of hepatocellular proliferation with hepatocarcinogenicity induced by the mutagenic noncarcinogen:carcinogen pair--2,6- and 2,4-diaminotoluene; Cunningham ML et al.; 2,4-Diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) and 2,6-diaminotoluene (2,6-DAT) are equally genotoxic in the Ames/Salmonella assay and are both readily absorbed, metabolized, and excreted and metabolites of both compounds are mutagenic with metabolic activation . However, there are marked differences in the results of chronic rodent bioassays with these two compounds . 2,4-DAT is a potent hepatocarcinogen whereas 2,6-DAT failed to produce an increased incidence of tumors in any tissue even when administered at a dose higher than that of 2,4-DAT . In an effort to elucidate the source of these apparently discordant results, the present studies were designed to determine the effects of these two chemicals on cell proliferation in the liver when administered at the dose levels comparable to those used in the original bioassays . This study utilized repeated oral dosing, osmotic minipumps to deliver bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) for 8 days, and immunohistochemistry to quantitate BrDU incorporation into hepatic DNA, CCl4 (0.4 ml/rat, single ip dose) or vehicle control groups were included as positive and negative controls, respectively . The degree of cell proliferation was quantified by the labeling index from at least 1000 hepatocytes . Results from the control studies indicate that approximately 1.1% of the hepatocytes from vehicle-treated animals replicated during the exposure period whereas approximately 50% replicated in the positive controls . The carcinogen 2,4-DAT produced a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation of approximately 10% and 20% in livers of animals exposed to 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg/day, respectively, whereas the noncarcinogen 2,6-DAT produced no increase in cell turnover compared to vehicle control following treatment with 25.0 or 50.0 mg/kg/day . These results indicate a positive correlation between increased cell proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis induced by these two isomers of diaminetoluene.

Infect Immun, 1991 Mar, 59(3), 1206 - 9
Specific immune response in the human respiratory tract following oral immunization with live typhoid vaccine; Forrest BD et al.; Specific antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract of human subjects to orally administered Salmonella typhi Ty21a are reported . These responses, predominantly of the immunoglobulin G class, were determined to be a transudate from serum . These results were supported by the similarity in responses to parenteral administration of heat-killed typhoid vaccine . Specific immunoglobulin A antibody was a poor contributor to the respiratory antibody response to either vaccine.

Indian J Med Sci, 1991 Mar, 45(3), 61 - 2
Nosocomial infection due to salmonella senftenberg (case report); Fule RP et al.; Besides various clinical manifestations and made of spread of Salmonella infections, isolation of S . senftenberg a rare serotype from patients hospitalised for surgical procedures indicates nosocomial infection . A prolonged stay in hospital with surgical trauma facilitated the organism to cause infection in the compromised host.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1991 Mar, 39(3), 260 - 2
Lipid profile in enteric fever; Khosla SN et al.; Lipid profile is known to alter in patients with severe sepsis, but few studies regarding the status of lipid levels in enteric fever are available . Twenty patients with enteric fever, belonging to different age groups and both sexes, along with an equal number of matched patients with fever due to non-enteric causes, were studied with regard to alterations in lipid profile . We observed a severe and protracted hypertriglyceridaemia, decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels and increase in LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with enteric fever at the peak of fever . The values returned to normal on recovery and convalescence . This study serves to highlight the complexity of lipid variation during Salmonella typhi infection.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1991 Mar, 36(3), 32 - 4
{Aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes in strains of Salmonella and genes encoding them}; Vakulenko SB et al.; Aminoglycoside resistance patterns of 56 strains isolated from man, cattle and environment were determined . 34 out of 42 gentamicin-resistant strains were shown to produce AAC(3)-II and 7 strains produced ANT(2") . All the 48 kanamycin resistant strains produced APH(3')-I . Spot hybridization of the 42 gentamicin resistant strains with the inner fragment of the aacC2 gene revealed positive signals for all the strains . Hybridization of the 48 kanamycin-resistant strains with the aphA1 gene probe provided positive results in all the strains . The AAC(3)-IV encoding gene was not detected by DNA-DNA hybridization in the strains studied.

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1991 Mar, 25(2), 70 - 4
{Study on mutagenicity of size-fractionated air particles}; Yu SY; Ames Salmonella assay and sister chromatid exchanges in CHO cells were used to study the mutagenic activity of size-fractionated air particles from outdoor air in Beijing, Taiyuan, Wuhan, Shenyang and the areas with high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei county . Five size particles were collected from each sampling points . The results indicate that: 1 . The results of organic matter content in particles . 2 . All of the samples have mutagenicity . There was negative correlation between mutagenicity and particle sizes, mutagenicity was increased with particle size reduced . The maximum mutagenicity was at the particle size less than 1.1 microns . So it is especially hazardous to human health . There was logarithmic correlation between organic matter content and revertants . Correlation coefficient was 0.98 . Regression equation was gamma = 0.23 + 1.01 X . 3 . The results showed that of the five sampling points air pollution at the high lung cancer incidence area of Xuanwei county was the most severe.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1991 Mar, 38(2), 142 - 60
Salmonella dublin experimental infection in calves: protection after oral immunization with an auxotrophic aroA live vaccine; Segall T et al.; Salmonella dublin strain SL5631, which is auxotrophic for p-amino-benzoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate because of a deleted aroA gene, was given orally in a dose of 10(10) live bacteria to 6 calves 5-7 weeks old . The calves tolerated the strain well, had a transient mucoid diarrhea and sacrificed animals showed a moderate acute inflammation in the ileum on day 2 . The salmonella strain was seen lining the mucosal epithelium using immunohistopathology . Already in calves sacrificed on day 6 the damage was less pronounced and signs of regeneration were obvious . The healing process was more accentuated in calves sacrificed on day 14 . The results demonstrated the attenuating effect of the deleted aroA gene . Groups of 5-7 weeks old calves (n = 25) orally immunized with 10(8), 10(9) and 10(10) S . dublin SL5631 at weekly intervals were challenged 2, 6 or 15 weeks after the immunization . All calves were protected against oral challenge with 10(10) bacteria of the virulent S . dublin strain, which equals 1,000 LD50 doses . At autopsy, calves were sacrificed 3 weeks after challenge, all calves had normal intestinal findings with only slightly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes . The protective effect is surmised to involve cell-mediated as well as humoral defense mechanisms.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1991 Mar, 40(2), 74 - 84
{Epidemic occurrence of alimentary bacterial infections in the Czech Republic 1979-1989}; Sramova H et al.; The authors analyze the epidemic incidence of alimentary infections of bacterial origin in two periods: 1979-1983 and 1984-1988 and 1989 resp., where in each period the number of notified epidemics of different infections equals 100% . During the period 1984-1988 as compared with 1979-1983, there was a decline in the number of epidemics of salmonelloses in health institutions from 42% to 14%, whereby almost half these epidemics were caused by Salmonella agona spread via dried milk . Conversely there was an increase in the number of epidemics of salmonelloses in communities from 14% to 23% and in works canteens from 9% to 14% . In 68% of the latter Salmonella enteritidis dominated . In 1989 there was a potent increase epidemics of salmonelloses . In 86% of the notified epidemics Salmonella enteritidis was the aetiological agent . A quarter of these epidemics developed in works canteens and half the affected subjects were ill . The transmission occurred via poultry meat and egg products . The annual incidence of bacillary dysentery after 1985 has a declining trend, the epidemics persist in nursery schools, summer camps for children and are increasing in institutes for social care . The number of alimentary intoxications is rising in recent years, in particular in school and works canteens . The number of 008 epidemics in 1984-1988 declined in health institutions from 52% to 20% . 17% of the epidemics developed in schools and camps for children.

Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi, 1991 Mar, 46(2), 523 - 7
{Modulation of the surface antigens of Salmonella-phagocytized U937 cells}; Ikewaki N; In this study, modulation of the surface antigens of Salmonella enteritidis-phagocytized U937 cells and morphology of the bacteria in these cells were analyzed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique . The results are as follows: (1) Morphological studies revealed that the bacteria phagocytized by the U937 cells were transformed to a small coccoid form . (2) The expression of CD14 antigen was observed 24 to 48 h after phagocytosis . (3) The levels of CD11b and CD23 antigens were clearly enhanced 48 h after phagocytosis . (4) No modulation of HLA-class II (DR, DQ and DP) antigens was observed after phagocytosis.

Mol Microbiol, 1991 Mar, 5(3), 695 - 713
Structure and sequence of the rfb (O antigen) gene cluster of Salmonella serovar typhimurium (strain LT2); Jiang XM et al.; The rfb gene cluster of Salmonella LT2 has been cloned and sequenced . The genes rfbA, rfbB, rfbD, rfbF, rfbG, rfbK, rfbM and rfbP were located individually and the gene rfbL was located outside the cluster . Approximately 16 open reading frames were found in the region which is essential for the expression of O antigen . The gene products of rfbB and rfbG were found to have homology with the group of dehydrogenase and related enzymes described previously . Analysis of the G + C ratio of the rfb cluster extended the area of low-G + C composition previously found in the sequence of rfbJ to the whole rfb gene cluster . Three to five segments with discrete G + C contents and codon adaptation indices are present in the rfb region, indicating a heterogeneous origin of these segments . Potential promoters were found near the start of the rfb region, supporting the possibility that the rfb gene cluster is an operon.

J Immunol Methods, 1991 Mar 1, 137(1), 1 - 8
Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella (O:6,7) by immunomagnetic monoclonal antibody-based assays; Luk JM et al.; An immunomagnetic technique to detect and identify Salmonella serogroup C1 has been developed . Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the O antigen 6,7 of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coupled to magnetic beads were used to isolate the salmonellae . Captured bacteria were easily identified by acridine orange staining and measured by enzyme immunoassays with a conjugate anti-LPS MAb as the detector probe . The whole detection process required 2-3 h and the sensitivity was 10(3)-10(4) bacteria/ml . The presence of blood (10%, v/v) or stool (1%, w/v) components did not interfere with the immunomagnetic assay performance.

Microb Pathog, 1991 Mar, 10(3), 247 - 51
Strain differences in expression of virulence by the 90 kilobase pair virulence plasmid of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium; Ou JT et al.; A number of plasmidless strains were obtained by curing the 90 kilobase pair (kb) virulence plasmid from six strains, C5, TML, W118, SR11, LT2 and Fisher, of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium . A number of transposon (Tn5) tagged 90 kb plasmids, also derived from these Typhimurium strains, were then transferred back into these plasmidless strains . Plasmid-cured strains, reconstituted strains, and the parental strains were tested for their virulence in BALB/c mice . There were two groups of Typhimurium strains: one required the 90 kb plasmid to express high virulence (LD50 less than 50 bacteria), and the other, regardless of the presence or absence of the 90 kb plasmid, maintained the same level of virulence at LD50 = 10 to 7 x 10(5) bacteria . Among the plasmidless strains, there were strains with a virulence level as low as LD50 = 10(7) bacteria, which was unaffected by the presence of the 90 kb plasmid.

Experientia, 1991 Feb 15, 47(2), 152 - 7
Schistosome vaccines; Taylor DW; Schistosomiasis control currently relies primarily on chemotherapy which is both expensive and temporary . There is an urgent need for an effective vaccine . Studies in animal models and man have demonstrated the existence of protective immunity . Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mechanisms involving eosinophils and macrophages have been implemented in destruction of the parasites . Antigens expressed on the surface of the schistosomulum are among the targets of protective immune responses . Vaccines comprising recombinant antigens are now being tested in vivo for their capacity to evoke protective responses . Live oral vaccines based on attenuated Salmonella expressing schistosomular surface antigens are being developed.

JAMA, 1991 Feb 13, 265(6), 756 - 9
A new look at typhoid vaccination . Information for the practicing physician; Woodruff BA et al.; Most cases of typhoid fever in the United States occur in international travelers, with the greatest risk associated with travel to Peru, India, Pakistan, and Chile . Laboratory workers and household contacts of long-term carriers are also at greater risk than the general population . Decisions to the use typhoid vaccine involve weighing the risk of illness against the risk of vaccine reactions . Until recently, the only typhoid vaccine commercially available to US civilians was a heat-phenol-inactivated parenteral product that is 51% to 77% effective in preventing typhoid fever but frequently produces local pain and swelling, fever, headache, and malaise . A new orally administered, live-attenuated vaccine, made from the Ty21a strain of Salmonella typhi, has been recently licensed in the United States . This vaccine provides equivalent protection with a much lower incidence of adverse reactions . It is administered in a four-dose series given over 7 days . Since neither vaccine offers total protection, the most important elements in prevention of typhoid fever remain sound biosafety precautions in laboratory workers and care in selecting food and beverages by those traveling to areas where typhoid fever is endemic.

Arch Intern Med, 1991 Feb, 151(2), 381 - 2
Association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi in an endemic typhoid area; Gotuzzo E et al.; Eight cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever were identified during a 4-year period in a cohort of 117 patients who were positive for human immunodeficiency virus in Lima, Peru . Asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and patients with the lymphadenopathy syndrome had a typical clinical presentation and response to therapy . Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were culture positive for Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi presented with fulminant diarrhea and/or colitis; the two patients for whom at least 2 months of follow-up were available relapsed . In our cohort there were 0.06 cases of typhoid or paratyphoid per patient year of observation; this rate is approximately 60 times that in the general population in Lima, and 25 times that in the 15- to 35-year-old age group . Our data indicate that patients who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus are at significantly increased risk for infection with S typhi and S paratyphi, and suggest that the clinical presentation of these diseases in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome differs from that seen immunocompetent hosts.

Vet Rec, 1991 Feb 2, 128(5), 98 - 100
Detection of antibody to Salmonella enteritidis and S typhimurium in the yolk of hens' eggs; Nicholas RA et al.; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed to detect IgG antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis and S typhimurium in the yolk of hens' eggs . Better discrimination and more consistent results were obtained between eggs from experimentally infected and uninfected hens by using saline-dilution of yolk rather than chloroform extraction . Threshold absorbance values were determined in three salmonella-free flocks, and on the basis of these results ELISA optical density values greater than 0.25 were considered to be positive for antibodies to salmonella . Four flocks with a history of salmonella infection were examined; three contained birds which were seropositive for S enteritidis by ELISA and from which S enteritidis was isolated, and a large proportion of eggs from these birds contained antibody to S enteritidis . Eggs from the fourth flock had no detectable antibody, although serum antibody was detected in some birds . No salmonellae were isolated from the yolks of the eggs from any of the four flocks.

J Struct Biol, 1991 Feb, 106(1), 17 - 30
Physiological, morphological, and physicochemical characterization of a novel Escherichia coli bacteriophage, phage MM; Muller M et al.; A double-stranded DNA containing, T even-like, Escherichia coli bacteriophage, called MM, has been isolated from the local sewage and purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by banding on a cesium chloride three-step gradient . It yields a burst size of 75 particles per infected cell, and has an adsorption coefficient of 3.3 x 10(-10) cm3/min and a latent period of 45 min . Electron microscopy of phage MM reveals an isometric icosahedral head, 92 nm long and 81 nm wide, and a 112-nm-long contractile tail with six pairs of 40-nm-long fibers attached to its baseplate . Phage MM appears similar to E . coli phage T4 or Salmonella phage O1 . The density of phage MM in cesium chloride is 1.515 g/ml, and its total mass is 144 MDa . Gel electrophoresis of purified MM capsids displays two major capsid proteins in approximately equimolar amounts and with apparent molecular masses of 38 and 15 kDa . Similarly, purified MM tails yield two major polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 55 and 16 kDa, most likely representing the major tail sheath and tail tube polypeptides . Its double-stranded DNA has a G-C content of 50%, a length of 131 kilobases (kb), and a mass of 89 MDa.

Pflugers Arch, 1991 Feb, 417(6), 558 - 61
Response of body temperature and serum iron concentration to repeated pyrogen injection in rabbits; Goelst K et al.; We measured body temperature and serum iron concentration after five daily consecutive injections of febrile doses of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (0.1 micrograms/kg) and two doses of Staphylococcus aureus cell walls (1 x 10(7) and 5 x 10(7) cells) in rabbits . Tolerance to endotoxin injection, as manifest by a significant attenuation in the body temperature elevation, developed after the first injection of endotoxin . The endotoxin-induced fall in serum iron concentration was attenuated significantly by the 5th day of endotoxin injection . In contrast, no tolerance developed in either the body temperature or serum iron response following repeated daily injections of S . aureus . Rabbits rendered tolerant to endotoxin showed normal febrile and serum iron responses to subsequent S . aureus injection . Rabbits given serial injections of S . aureus, although not tolerant to S . aureus itself, exhibited attenuated body temperature responses but not serum iron responses to endotoxin injection . We suggest that repeated injection of endotoxin diminishes the ability of endotoxin to stimulate endogenous pyrogen (EP) synthesis and/or release, a property not shared by the gram-positive pyrogen S . aureus . However, repeated injection of S . aureus weakens the central endotoxin-EP pathway.

Circ Shock, 1991 Feb, 33(2), 92 - 7
Monophosphoryl lipid A induces tolerance to the lethal hemodynamic effects of endotoxemia; Astiz ME et al.; Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a nontoxic derivative of lipid A . In this study, the induction of tolerance by MPL to the hemodynamic effects of lethal endotoxemia was tested . Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were received either Salmonella minnesota MPL 0.5 mg/100 g intravenously (i.v.) or equivalent volume of diluent (control) i.v . on day zero . On day 3 S . minnesota endotoxin (LPS) 5.0 mg/100 g was administered i.v . Cardiac output (CO), arterial lactate (L), and central venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) were measured before and 3 and 6 hr after LPS administration . Survival was determined at 72 hr . At 6 hr, CO was 217 +/- 11 ml/kg/min in controls, and 435 +/- 28 ml/kg/min in the MPL animals (P less than 0.01) . Arterial lactate was 2.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/liter in controls and 1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter in MPL animals at 6 hr (P less than 0.05) . The controls died 7.5 +/- 1.3 hr after LPS administration, whereas all the MPL-pretreated animals survived . These data indicate that MPL induces tolerance to the acute hemodynamic effects of LPS and enhances survival from lethal endotoxemia.

Postgrad Med J, 1991 Feb, 67(784), 198 - 201
Relapsing Salmonella enteritidis infection in a young adult male with chronic granulomatous disease; Safe AF et al.; A case of chronic Salmonella enteritidis infection in a young adult patient is reported . Following an initial enteritis with bacteraemia, the illness lasted for a 7-year period and was characterized by recurrent pyrexia, anaemia, weight loss and marked hepatosplenomegaly . Investigations revealed that the patient suffers from a mild form of chronic granulomatous disease presenting in adolescence.

Mol Microbiol, 1991 Feb, 5(2), 307 - 16
Molecular analysis of the virulence locus of the Salmonella dublin plasmid pSDL2; Krause M et al.; The virulence properties of various non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes depend on the presence of large plasmids 60-100 kb in size . We have shown previously that the virulence region on the 80 kb plasmid pSDL2 of Salmonella dublin Lane maps within a 14kb SalI fragment . In this report we show that an 8.2 kb region within this fragment is sufficient to express lethal disease in BALB/c mice . Sequence analysis of this segment revealed six sequential open reading frames designated vsdA-F, which encode putative proteins of 13-65kDa . Deletion analysis and location of Tn5-oriT inserts which abolish virulence suggest that vsdA, vsdC, vsdD and vsdE are essential for virulence expression . Downstream of vsdF we discovered a locus involved in stable plasmid maintenance . Deletion of that region resulted in plasmid multimerization and instability.

Poult Sci, 1991 Feb, 70(2), 416 - 8
Extent of salmonellae contamination in breeder hatcheries; Cox NA et al.; Egg fragments, paper pads from chick boxes, and fluff samples were obtained from six commercial broiler breeder hatcheries and analyzed for the presence and level of salmonellae . Overall, 42 of 380 samples (11.1%) from those hatcheries were contaminated with salmonellae . Salmonellae organisms were detected in 22 of 145 (15.2%), 5 of 100 (4.6%), and 15 of 125 (12%) samples of egg fragments, fluff, and paper pads, respectively . The percentage salmonellae-positive samples from each of the six hatcheries were 1.3, 5.0, 22.5, 11.4, 36.0, and 4.3% respectively . Of the 140 samples randomly selected for enumeration, salmonellae were found in 11 samples . Four of these 11 samples had greater than 10(3) salmonellae per sample, 3 others had greater than 10(2) but less than 10(3), and the remaining 4 had less than 10(2) . Salmonella serotypes isolated were S . berta, S . california, S . give, S . hadar, S . mbandaka, S . senftenberg, and S . typhimurium, all of which have previously been isolated from poultry . The incidence and extent of salmonellae-positive samples found in the breeder hatcheries were much less than that previously found in broiler hatcheries . Many factors contribute to the lower incidence and level of salmonellae found in the breeder hatcheries; however both the breeder and broiler hatcheries present critical control points in the prevention of salmonellae contamination during commercial poultry production . The cycle of salmonellae contamination will not likely be broken until contamination at these critical points is eliminated.

Scand J Immunol, 1991 Feb, 33(2), 225 - 9
Immune response to prolonged intestinal exposure to antigen; Kantele A; The influence of prolonged intestinal antigen exposure on the immune response in humans was investigated . Two groups of volunteers were vaccinated orally with live Salmonella typhi Ty21a given in enteric-coated capsules three (group 3 x E) or six (group 6 x E) at 2-day intervals . The immune response was followed for 1 month by enumerating the antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the peripheral blood . Soon after vaccination specific ASC were observed in the blood of all volunteers . In group 3 x E, the response peaked on day 5 or 7 and had faded away by day 14 . In group 6 x E, by contrast, there was no clear single peak of the response, and the ASC numbers were high in several consecutive measurements . On day 14, considerable numbers of ASC were still detected in all cases; the responses had mostly faded away by day 22 . These results show that prolonged exposure to antigen in the intestine induces a prolonged response of specific ASC in peripheral blood . This is an important prerequisite for the application of the ASC assay to study mucosal infections, in which the actual time of onset is often unknown . In addition, the findings suggest that the ASC assay might offer new possibilities for assessing the persistence of microbial antigens in infections.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1991 Feb, 29(2), 87 - 92
Sources of mutagenicity in cooked Finnish foods; Tikkanen LM; The mutagenic activities of the alkaline fractions derived from various heat-processed, ready-made meat, fish and poultry foods were studied using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with strain TA98 and S-9 mix to provide information about the mutagenicity of everyday Finnish foods . The majority of the food samples tested were mutagenic . The mutagenic activities of various commercial ready-made products . Mutagenicity varied remarkably between different samples . The cooking temperature clearly affected the mutagenicities of fried or reheated food samples, mutagenicity increasing with increasing temperature . The results indicate that the main sources of cooked-food mutagens in everyday Finnish foods are grilled and broiled products and foods fried at restaurants and at home . By comparison, commercial ready-made fried foods are only a minor source of mutagenicity . Variations between equivalent food samples indicated that heat processing has a marked effect on the mutagenic activity of the product, which might therefore be reduced by modifying the cooking process.

Carcinogenesis, 1991 Feb, 12(2), 361 - 4
Effect of rat liver cytosolic enzymes and cofactors on mutagenicity of 1-amino-8-nitropyrene; Martire G et al.; 1-Amino-8-nitropyrene (1,8-ANP), a product of 1,8-dinitropyrene metabolism by either bacterial or mammalian enzymes, is weakly mutagenic to the 'classical nitroreductase'-deficient Salmonella tester strain TA98NR . The addition to the test system of rat liver cytosol without cofactors did not produce any effect on the 1,8-ANP mutagenic response toward TA98NR strain . Conversely, when both rat hepatic cytosol and NADPH (1 mM) were added to the mutagenicity assay, a 10-fold increase in 1,8-ANP mutagenic activity was observed . This suggests the involvement of rat hepatic cytosolic NADPH-dependent nitroreductase(s) in 1,8-ANP mutagenic activation . The addition to the mutagenesis assay of pentachlorophenol, an inhibitor of O-acetyltransferase and sulfotransferase, produced a dose-dependent decrease of 1,8-ANP mutagenic activation, whereas 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, a more specific inhibitor of sulfotransferase than O-acetyltransferase, did not affect the activation of 1,8-ANP to a mutagen at concentrations that selectively inhibit only bacterial sulfotransferase . This indicates that bacterial O-acetyltransferase but not sulfotransferase plays a role in the mutagenic activation of 1,8-ANP . Addition of acetyl co-enzyme A (AcCoA) and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), cofactors for O-acetyl-transferase and sulfotransferase respectively, to the test system caused a dose-dependent inhibition of 1,8-ANP mutagenic activation by rat liver cytosol and NADPH, probably due to the formation of highly reactive O-acetoxy and N-sulfate ester derivatives of 1,8-ANP, which react with nucleophilic sites before reaching bacterial DNA . This hypothesis was confirmed by DNA covalent binding in in vitro experiments showing that both the cofactors AcCoA and PAPS enhanced the NADPH/rat liver cytosol-mediated covalent binding of 1,8-ANP to DNA from calf thymus 10- and 3-fold respectively . It seems likely that rat hepatic cytosolic nitroreductases activate 1,8-ANP to an N-hydroxyarylamine derivative which can be further metabolized to mutagenic species by either bacterial or mammalian O-acetyltransferase.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Feb, 106(1), 25 - 32
Distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada; Khakhria R et al.; The distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada is described; 606 of 674 strains examined were of human origin . Typable strains of all sources, constituted 99.6% (671/674) of all strains examined, and were representative of 15 different phage types . Five phage types (8, 13, 4, 13a and 1) accounted for 92.4% of the total . Phage type 8 consistently showed the highest incidence in human (69.96%) and non-human (72.05%) sources and appeared to be the most common in North America . Phage type 4, the most prevalent in the UK, is infrequent in Canada (38/674) . The distribution of phage types showed regional variation among infrequent phage types, whereas the common type, 8, was observed in different frequencies in all provinces . Examination of 29 outbreaks of S . enteritidis representing 254 isolates for humans revealed 5 different phage types, the highest number of outbreaks (11) were type 8 . A study of these outbreaks and the animal-host-associations of the common phage types, 8 and 13, indicated that contaminated poultry appeared to be the most common source of human infection in Canada.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Feb, 106(1), 17 - 23
Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella from human and other sources in New Zealand; Heffernan HM; Of 2210 salmonella isolates referred to the New Zealand Communicable Disease Centre for epidemiological surveillance during 1987, 147 (6.7%) were resistant to one or more of 10 antibiotics . Resistance to streptomycin was most common (4.5%), followed by sulphamethoxazole (3.4%), tetracycline (3.3%), ampicillin (1.5%), and kanamycin (1.4%) . Resistance to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and trimethoprim occurred in less than 1% of isolates . There was no resistance to norfloxacin . Isolates from human sources were significantly (P less than 0.001) more resistant (10%) than those from other sources (3.2%) . The majority of resistant isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic, but multiresistance to five or more antibiotics occurred only among human isolates . Comparison of these results with data from earlier years shows that there has been little change in the incidence of resistance among salmonella in this country over the last 10 years . The prevalence of antibiotic resistance among salmonella in New Zealand is low relative to many other countries.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Feb, 106(1), 11 - 6
Epidemiological study of Salmonella enteritidis strains of animal origin in Belgium; Pohl P et al.; Since 1987, the number of cases of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enteritidis has considerably increased in Western Europe . Comparison of endemic animal strains isolated in Belgium from 1976-84 with strains isolated from 1987 on shows that the strains which cause the current epidemic have no features distinguishing them from the previously-isolated strains and that furthermore, they do not constitute a bacterial clone . They belong to 13 different lysotypes and in most cases remain sensitive to antibiotics . Nevertheless, the lysotype 33 (which belongs to the phage type 4 has increased significantly . It encompasses 37% of the animal strains isolated in Belgium from 1987-9, but only 7% of the strains isolated from 1976-84 . It is worth noting that the endemic as well as the epidemic strains contain a virulence plasmid sharing sequence similarities with the FIB and FIIA plasmid replicons and with the VirA and VirB virulence regions of the S . typhimurium virulent plasmid: pIP1350.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991 Feb 1, 88(3), 956 - 60
Molecular genetic basis for complex flagellar antigen expression in a triphasic serovar of Salmonella; Smith NH et al.; Strains of most Salmonella serovars produce either one (monophasic) or two (diphasic) antigenic forms of flagellin protein, but strains capable of expressing three or more serologically distinct flagellins ("complex" serovars) have occasionally been reported . A molecular genetic analysis of a triphasic strain of the normally diphasic serovar Salmonella rubislaw revealed that it has three flagellin genes, including the normal fliC (phase 1) and fljB (phase 2) chromosomal genes encoding type r and type e,n,x flagellins, respectively, and a third locus (herein designated as flpA) that is located on a large plasmid (pRKS01) and codes for a type d flagellin . The coding sequence of the plasmid-borne gene is similar to that of a phase 1 chromosomal gene, but the sequence of its promoter region is homologous to that of a phase 2 chromosomal gene . The irreversible loss of the ability to express a type d flagellin that occurs when the triphasic strain is grown in the presence of d antiserum is caused by deletion of part or all of the flpA gene . Thus, the molecular basis for the unusual serological reactions of the triphasic strain of S . rubislaw and, by inference, other complex serovars of Salmonella is explained . Plasmids of the type carried by the triphasic strain of S . rubislaw provide a mechanism for the generation of new serovars through the lateral transfer and recombination of flagellin genes.

J Med Microbiol, 1991 Feb, 34(2), 65 - 72
Eggs and Salmonella food-poisoning: an evaluation; Duguid JP et al.; Evidence on the extent of the part played by infected hens' eggs in causing salmonella food-poisoning is inconclusive . The role of freshly cooked shell eggs is currently much exaggerated . Prevention should be sought through improved catering practices and kitchen hygiene, and attempts to eradicate salmonellas from laying flocks are likely to be ineffective.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Feb, 163(2), 336 - 45
The human humoral immune response to Salmonella typhi Ty21a; Forrest BD et al.; The short-term kinetics and the effects of different dose regimens and formulations on the humoral immune response induced in human subjects by the live attenuated typhoid vaccine Salmonella typhi Ty21a were examined . Antibody responses in jejunal fluid and serum and by specific antibody production in vitro by peripheral blood lymphocytes to S . typhi lipopolysaccharide were determined . A short vaccination schedule of three doses of 10(11) live organisms over 5 days induced significantly greater intestinal IgA antityphoid antibody responses than did two comparable doses 21 days apart . The humoral immune response was dose dependent with 10(10) and 10(11) live organisms stimulating greater intestinal immune responses than did 10(11) killed organisms . No responses were evident with either 10(9) viable organisms or with an enteric-coated preparation . In the continued development and assessment of oral typhoid vaccines, the effects of different doses and formulations and the timing of sampling on the humoral immune response should be considered.

Infect Immun, 1991 Feb, 59(2), 645 - 54
Attachment of Trypanosoma cruzi to mammalian cells requires parasite energy, and invasion can be independent of the target cell cytoskeleton; Schenkman S et al.; We have previously shown that the binding of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to glutaraldehyde-fixed mammalian cells has the characteristics of a receptor-mediated process and that it mimics the attachment step of the invasion of live cells by this parasite . In this study we examined the metabolic requirements for the attachment of trypomastigotes to glutaraldehyde-fixed fibroblasts . The attachment of trypomastigotes to fixed cells is prevented when the energy conservation mechanisms are inhibited with the drugs 2-deoxyglucose, sodium azide, antimycin, crystal violet, oligomycin, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone . However, under the same experimental conditions, the movement of parasites is not significantly affected . Several of these drugs totally inhibit the penetration of the parasite into live target cells . We conclude that the attachment of trypomastigotes to mammalian cells is an active process that requires trypomastigote energy . In addition, we present evidence that penetration into nonphagocytic cells can also be an active process . Trypomastigotes can be seen in scanning electron micrographs traversing extended lamellipodia and entering paraformaldehyde-fixed epithelial cells . Cytochalasin D, a drug that disrupts microfilaments and prevents the formation of plasma membrane extensions mediated by actin, had little or no effect on trypomastigote invasion, while it inhibited Salmonella entry into epithelial cells.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1991 Feb, 70(2), 161 - 5
Short-chain organic acids at ph 5.0 kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp . without causing membrane perturbation; Cherrington CA et al.; When strains of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella spp . were incubated with 0.5-0.7 mol/l formic or propionic acid at pH 5.0, propionic acid was more active than formic acid . It killed 90% of the cell population within 60 min compared with over 3 h for formic acid . Cell death was not associated with a reduction in culture turbidity or a loss of membrane integrity since morphologically normal membranes were observed by electron microscopy and only a small proportion of the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase leaked into the supernatant fluid of acid-treated E . coli K12 cultures.

Mutat Res, 1991 Feb, 259(2), 177 - 87
Mutagenic activity of certain synthetic steroids: structural requirement for the mutagenic activity in Salmonella and E . coli; Islam S et al.; Eight steroids, structurally related to cholesterol, were tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames tester strains . All the test compounds were mutagenic without metabolic activation, although metabolic activation markedly enhanced their activity . A significant decrease in the survival of the radiation-sensitive mutants recA and lexA of Escherichia coli was observed as compared to their wild-type counterpart in the presence of the steroids . The role of recA and lexA genes gains further support from the lambda prophage induction in the lysogen as well as with Salmonella strains triggering the error-prone SOS response . Structural features which appear to be essential for mutagenic activity in these strains of the steroids are (1) reactive thio, sulfonyl or sulfinyl groups at the 6 position and (2) a halogen group at the 3 position of the steroidal nucleus . The mutagenicity appears to involve the formation of H2O2 as well as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Feb, 106(1), 1 - 10
The epidemiological relationship between Salmonella isolated from poultry meat and sewage effluents at a long-stay hospital; Reilly WJ et al.; Between February 1988 and March 1989 chicken carcases delivered to the kitchen of a long stay psycho-geriatric hospital were screened every week for salmonella contamination . While 214 of 477 (45%) individual carcases carried one or more salmonella types, every single consignment examined contained affected carcases . Simultaneously, sewers draining the residential accommodation and excluding kitchen effluent, were also monitored . Thirty out of 79 (38%) of Moore's swabs were positive for salmonella . There was a statistically significant association between the salmonella types isolated from chicken and those isolated from sewers the following week . Following a change in kitchen policy to order only cooked chicken there was a significant reduction in the isolation of salmonella from the sewers.

J Clin Invest, 1991 Feb, 87(2), 729 - 33
Selective expansion of human gamma delta T cells by monocytes infected with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Havlir DV et al.; Gamma delta (gamma delta) T cell receptor (TCR) expressing T cells comprise 3% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, yet their role in the immune response remains largely unknown . There is evidence both in humans and in animal models that these cells participate in the immune response to mycobacterial antigens . In mice, exposure to mycobacterial antigens leads to the expansion of gamma delta T cells in draining lymph nodes and lungs . In humans, gamma delta T cell lines with reactivity to mycobacterial antigens have been derived from synovial fluid of a rheumatoid arthritis patient, skin lesions of leprosy patients, and peripheral blood of a healthy tuberculin reactor . Very little is known, however, about the factors which induce human gamma delta T cells to expand . In studies comparing the human T cell response to live and heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), we have found that monocytes infected with live MT are very effective inducers of human gamma delta T cell expansion . After 7 d of exposure to live MT, gamma delta T cells were greatly increased in all healthy tuberculin reactors (PPD+) tested and frequently were the predominant T cell population . In contrast, heat-killed MT or purified protein products of MT induced a CD4+, alpha beta TCR+ T cell response with very little increase in gamma delta T cells . Furthermore, a similar selective induction of gamma delta T cells was observed when monocytes infected with live Salmonella were used to stimulate T cells . Heat-killed Salmonella, like heat-killed MT, induced a predominantly CD4+ alpha beta TCR+ T cell response . These findings suggest that human gamma delta T cells are a major reactive T cell population during the early stages of infection with living intracellular bacteria and are therefore likely to exert an important role in the initial interaction between host and parasite.

Microb Pathog, 1991 Feb, 10(2), 117 - 26
Comparison of the human immune response to live oral, killed oral or killed parenteral Salmonella typhi TY21A vaccines; Kantele A et al.; The live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a has proved to confer protection against the disease at least as effectively as killed parenteral vaccines, whereas killed oral vaccines have not been protective in field trials . This prompted us to compare the immune response of subjects vaccinated either with live oral, killed oral or killed parenteral Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine . The immune responses were studied by analysis of peripheral blood antibody-secreting cells (ASC), believed to reflect the mucosal immune response . Live and killed bacteria administered by the oral route elicited immune responses of similar specificity and Ig class profile (IgA dominating), but the response to the live vaccine was significantly stronger and lasted longer . The administration route, on the other hand, influenced the antigenic specificity of the ASC response suggesting different processing of the antigen by the systemic and local immune systems . Thus, the response after oral vaccination was almost exclusively directed to the surface O-antigen, whereas after parenteral vaccination an equally strong response was seen to the O-antigen, to lipopolysaccharide core and to flagella.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Feb, (2), 14 - 6
{The ultrastructure of plasmid-containing and plasmid-free Salmonella derby cells}; Ktsoian ZhA et al.; The comparative electron-microscopic study of S . derby plasmid-containing and plasmid-free cells has revealed certain differences in their structures: These structural differences are always accompanied by changes in the form and size of the cells, the form of the cell wall with the appearance of fimbria-like processes, depending on the presence or absence of S . derby R-plasmid in the cells . These differences in the morphology and ultrastructure of S . derby cells, associated with the R-plasmid, are of interest in the study of molecular mechanisms of plasmid action on the development of various forms of whole cells and individual bacterial structures, which play an important role in the cell function.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1991 Feb, 109(2), 354 - 60
A new monoclonal antibody directed to sialyl alpha 2-3lactoneotetraosylceramide and its application for detection of human gastrointestinal neoplasms; Suzuki Y et al.; A new monoclonal antibody (NS24) directed to the N-acetylneuraminyl alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc residue in type II sugar chain of N-acetylneuraminyllactoneotetraosylceramide {sialylparagloboside, IV3(NeuAc)nLc4Cer} was prepared by hybridoma technique . Liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, IV3(NeuAc)nLc4Cer, and lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota R595 were used for immunization with IV3(NeuAc)nLc4Cer isolated from human erythrocytes . This method allowed the fusion of spleen cells of immunized mouse with myeloma cells only three days after immunization . NS24 reacted specifically to both naturally occurring and chemically synthesized IV3-(NeuAc)nLc4Cer, whereas it has no reactivity to structurally related gangliosides, such as IV6(NeuAc)nLc4Cer, N-glycolylneuraminyl alpha 2-3lactoneotetraosylceramide {IV3(NeuGc)-nLc4Cer}, i-active ganglioside {VI3(NeuAc)nLc6Cer}, I-active ganglioside {VIII3(NeuAc)-VI3(NeuAc)IV6kladoLc8Cer}, GM4(NeuAc), GM3(NeuAc), GM3(NeuGc), GM1b(NeuAc), GD3-(NeuAc), other ganglio-series gangliosides, sulfatide, and paragloboside (nLc4Cer) . Synthetic N-acetylneuraminyl alpha 2-3lactotetraosylceramide {IV3(NeuAc)Lc4Cer} and its asialo-derivative (Lc4Cer) carrying type I sugar chain also showed no reaction with NS24 . One to 100 pmol of IV3(NeuAc)nLc4Cer was detected dose-dependently by a thin-layer chromatography/enzyme immunostaining procedure . Human gastric carcinomas showed positive reactions with NS24 immunochemically and histochemically . NS24 reacted preferentially with poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas rather than well differentiated ones.

J Virol, 1991 Feb, 65(2), 613 - 20
Structure of the herpes simplex virus capsid: effects of extraction with guanidine hydrochloride and partial reconstitution of extracted capsids; Newcomb WW et al.; Viral B capsids were purified from cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 and extracted in vitro with 2.0 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analyses demonstrated that extraction resulted in the removal of greater than 95% of capsid proteins VP22a and VP26 while there was only minimal (less than 10%) loss of VP5 (the major capsid protein), VP19, and VP23 . Electron microscopic analysis of extracted capsids revealed that the pentons and the material found inside the cavity of B capsids (primarily VP22a) were removed nearly quantitatively, but extracted capsids remained otherwise structurally intact . Few, if any, hexons were lost; the capsid diameter was not greatly affected; and its icosahedral symmetry was still clearly evident . The results demonstrate that neither VP19 nor VP23 could constitute the capsid pentons . Like the hexons, the pentons are most likely composed of VP5 . When B capsids were treated with 2.0 M GuHCl and then dialyzed to remove GuHCl, two bands of viral material were separated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation . The more rapidly migrating of the two consisted of capsids which lacked pentons and VP22a but had a full complement of VP26 . Thus, VP26 must have reassociated with extracted capsids during dialysis . The more slowly migrating band consisted of torus-shaped structures approximately 60 nm in diameter which were composed entirely of VP22a . These latter structures closely resembled torus-shaped condensates often seen in the cavity of native B capsids . The results suggest a similarity between herpes simplex virus type 1 B capsids and procapsids of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 . Both contain an internal protein (VP22a in the case of HSV-1 B capsids and gp8 or "scaffolding" protein in phage P22) that can be extracted in vitro with GuHCl and that is absent from mature virions.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1991 Feb, 36(2), 24 - 6
{Sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella to new antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents}; Kozlova NS et al.; One hundred and sixty two antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella isolated within 1984-1988 in Leningrad and the Leningrad Region were tested with respect to their sensitivity to new antibiotics and chemotherapeutics developed or being developed in the USSR . At the background of high numbers of circulating Salmonella strains resistant to the routinely used antibiotics such as doxycycline, streptomycin and gentamicin they appeared to be highly sensitive to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and the 3rd generation cephalosporins i.e . ceftazidime and cefotaxime as well as to thienamycin . These modern antibacterial agents are possibly to be the drugs of choice in etiotropic treatment and chemoprophylaxis of septic acute intestinal infections due to Salmonella strains with multiple resistance . Resistance of individual Salmonella strains to cefotaxime and ceftazidime indicated that it was possible to use their property for additional labeling of the pathogens within a serological type of Salmonella while conducting epidemiological examinations during outbreaks of acute intestinal infections of Salmonella etiology.

Genetics, 1991 Feb, 127(2), 263 - 77
Intragenic suppressors of folding defects in the P22 tailspike protein; Fane B et al.; Within the amino acid sequences of polypeptide chains little is known of the distribution of sites and sequences critical for directing chain folding and assembly . Temperature-sensitive folding (tsf) mutations identifying such sites have been previously isolated and characterized in gene 9 of phage P22 encoding the tailspike endorhamnosidase . We report here the isolation of a set of second-site conformational suppressors which alleviate the defect in such folding mutants . The suppressors were selected for their ability to correct the defects of missense tailspike polypeptide chains, generated by growth of gene 9 amber mutants on Salmonella host strains inserting either tyrosine, serine, glutamine or leucine at the nonsense codons . Second-site suppressors were recovered for 13 of 22 starting sites . The suppressors of defects at six sites mapped within gene 9 . (Suppressors for seven other sites were extragenic and distant from gene 9.) The missense polypeptide chains generated from all six suppressible sites displayed ts phenotypes . Temperature-sensitive alleles were isolated at these amber sites by pseudoreversion . The intragenic suppressors restored growth at the restrictive temperature of these presumptive tsf alleles . Characterization of protein maturation in cells infected with mutant phages carrying the intragenic suppressors indicates that the suppression is acting at the level of polypeptide chain folding and assembly.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Feb, 106(1), 33 - 43
The influence of age on the response of SPF hens to infection with Salmonella enteritidis PT4; Humphrey TJ et al.; When Specific Pathogen-Free hens were infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by direct administration into the crop, the age of the bird at infection was found to have an effect on both pathogenesis and antibody response . Birds at 20 weeks of age showed no adverse signs and developed high titres of antibodies of the IgM class, while those which were 1 year old at infection developed relatively little antibody and had acute septicaemia, with 6 of 10 birds either dying or having to be humanely destroyed . The implication of these results for the control of salmonella infections in poultry is discussed.

Microb Pathog, 1991 Feb, 10(2), 93 - 104
Analysis of LPS released from Salmonella abortus equi in human serum; Freudenberg MA et al.; We investigated in which form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is released from live bacteria incubated with human serum and whether the released LPS can interact with high density lipoprotein (HDL), the main transport protein for purified LPS in circulation . Live biotinylated Salmonella abortus equi bacteria were incubated with fresh serum (37 degrees C; 2 h) . The released LPS was isolated by immunoprecipitation or immunoabsorption using specific anti-O antibodies . It was analysed and compared with purified LPS, also incubated with serum under identical conditions . Immunoprecipitation led to a 35% recovery and immunoabsorption to quantitative recovery of released or purified LPS . Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and subsequent immunoblot analysis revealed that all molecular species present in the purified LPS were present in the released LPS . The rough fraction, which was co-isolated from serum together with the true smooth (O-polysaccharide-containing) molecules, exhibited S . minnesota rough mutant Rb antigenic specificity . In the immunoprecipitated material two forms of released LPS were identified . One represented LPS associated with a biotinylated bacterial component with an apparent molecular mass of 35-36 kDa, which was identified as OmpA, a major outer membrane protein . The OmpA-associated LPS was free of HDL . Another part of the released LPS was free of biotinylated bacterial components . This portion of LPS was associated with HDL, indicating that the interaction with HDL may also proceed with a part of LPS released from bacteria.

Bioorg Khim, 1991 Feb, 17(2), 268 - 72
{Phosphorylated derivitaves of All-Z and 3-demethyl-tri-TRANS, di-cis- hexaprenols as substrates for O-antigen polysaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella anatum}; Kalinchuk NA et al.; Phosphates of all-Z- and 3-demethyl-tri-trans, di-cis-hexaprenols have been prepared and studied as substrates for enzymes of the Salmonella anatum O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis . Methyl group in alpha-isoprenic unit proved to be essential for the enzyme-substrate interaction, whereas the presence of E-isoprenic units near the omega-end of the polyprenol is not significant.

Mol Microbiol, 1991 Feb, 5(2), 419 - 25
Segment IV of a Salmonella flagellin gene specifies flagellar antigen epitopes; Newton SM et al.; Each of the two mutants isolated from a fliC (= hag, flagellin-deficient) Escherichia coli strain made motile by a plasmid carrying the fliC gene of Salmonella muenchen by selection for motility in the presence of anti-d (Salmonella flagellar antigen) serum had both lost and gained one or more subfactors of the wild-type antigen . In one mutant codon 246 was GAC (alanine) instead of GCC (asparagine); the other had a deletion of 105 base pairs, explicable by a 10bp direct repeat, starting at bases 782 and 887 . The in vitro removal of a 48bp EcoRV(631)/EcoRV(679) fragment produced plasmid pLS408, which was found to lack a subfactor of wild-type antigen d but able to confer motility on flagellin-negative Salmonella sp . (and used for insertion of epitope-specifying oligonucleotides at its EcoRV site) . Immunoblotting with absorbed and unabsorbed sera from rabbits immunized with E . coli with wild-type or mutated antigen d showed that the fusion proteins specified by lambda gt11 with the N-terminal part of gene lacZ joined to a restriction fragment coding for residues 145-391 of flagellin gave the same pattern of parent-specific and mutant-specific reactions as the flagellate bacteria . Four out of five similarly selected mutants had the same 105 bp deletion as the first-isolated mutant; the fifth had a 72 bp deletion made possible by a 7-base pair direct repeat, starting at positions 649 and 721 . All these changes in serological character without loss of function affected segment IV, specifying residues 182 to 308 of the total of 505, where there is little homology between different flagellar-antigen alleles.

Mutat Res, 1991 Feb, 262(2), 129 - 37
Enhanced liver metabolism of mutagens and carcinogens in fish living in polluted seawater; Bagnasco M et al.; Specimens of the seawater fish annular seabream (Diplodus annularis) were caught from a polluted harbor area and from a clean reference area . Seawater concentrates and fish-muscle extracts were not mutagenic in the Salmonella reversion test . Liver preparations of fish from the 2 sources were comparatively assayed for microsomal mixed-function oxidases and cytosolic biochemical parameters, as well as for the ability of S12 fractions to activate promutagens or to detoxify direct-acting mutagens . A shift of the cytochrome P-450 peak from 450.3 to 448.5 was accompanied by a 4.5-fold increase in arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in fish living in the polluted environment . At the same time, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were doubled in the cytosol of the same animals, while reduced glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and GSH S-transferase were slightly yet significantly depressed . No significant difference was recorded for other biochemical parameters, including GSH, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reductase, NADH- and NADPH-dependent diaphorases, and DT diaphorase . In parallel, fish exposed to polluted seawater exhibited a significant and marked enhancement of the metabolic activation of the pyrolysis product Trp-P-2 and of benzo{a}pyrene-trans-7,8-diol, and at the same time were less efficient in detoxifying the antitumor compound ICR 191 . Liver S12 fractions from both sources efficiently decreased the direct mutagenicity of sodium dichromate, and failed to activate benzo{a}pyrene and aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic metabolites . These results provide evidence that both biochemical parameters and the overall capacity of fish liver to activate or detoxify certain mutagens can be assumed to be sensitive indicators of exposure to mixed organic pollutants in the marine environment.

CDR (Lond Engl Rev), 1991 Feb 1, 1(2), R16 - 9
A national outbreak of salmonellosis from yeast flavoured products; Joseph CA et al.; A national outbreak of salmonellosis caused by a rare serotype occurred between July and November 1989 . A total of 40 cases of Salmonella manchester infection were identified by the PHLS Division of Enteric Pathogens with a further 7 cases reported from Scotland . The median age of those affected was one year . All strains from the outbreak carried a 70mDal plasmid with a distinctive restriction endonuclease . A statistical association was found between infection and consumption of nationally distributed savoury corn snacks . Samples of autolysed yeast powder and flavourings used in the manufacture of many processed foods were also found to be positive for S . manchester.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Feb, (2), 3 - 4
{The effect of salmonella infection on the functional activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes}; Sviridov LP et al.; Experiments on noninbred white mice have revealed that in the animals infected with S . moscow secondary immunodeficiency develops, which is manifested by a significant decrease in the activity of the bactericidal system of peripheral blood granular leukocytes . Simultaneously, the content of myeloperoxidase in the blood neutrophils of infected mice decreases 1.4 times and the content of lysozyme in these neutrophils decreases 2 times . Such changes are the consequence of an increase in the secretory activity of cells, occurring in the process of the development of Salmonella infection.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991 Jan 31, 174(2), 846 - 52
High level expression and purification of dthymidine diphospho-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (rfbB) from Salmonella serovar typhimurium LT2; Romana LK et al.; The rfbB gene (dThymidine-diphospho-D-glucose-4,6-dehydratase) from Salmonella serovar typhimurium LT2 was cloned and over-expressed using the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system . The expressed protein, which represents almost 10% of the total cellular protein was purified 14-fold . dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase is a homodimer of 43 kDa subunits, is highly specific for dTDP-D-glucose and shows a Km of 427 microM and Vmax of 0.93 mu moles min-1 micrograms-1 of protein for dTDP-D-glucose . The N-terminal analysis confirmed the start position of the gene in the DNA sequence . Complete deactivation of the enzyme by the addition of p-chloromercurisulfonic acid and total reactivation by the addition of mercaptoethanol, co-factor NAD+ and cystein showed that a -SH group of the cysteine is involved in the catalytic site.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991 Jan 31, 174(2), 797 - 803
Induction of putative new cytochrome P450 isozyme in rat liver by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine; Adachi H et al.; Changes in hepatic enzymes responsible for mutagenic activation of food mutagens-carcinogens by treatment with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo {4, 5-b}pyridine (PhIP) in male F344 rats were examined using the Salmonella mutation test, with 3 heterocyclic aromatic amines as substrates, and further characterized by Western blot analysis with anti-P450 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against rat P450IA1 and P450IA2 . Enzymatical and immunochemical analyses indicated that PhIP could induce a putative new P450 isozyme, mol . wt., 51,000, together with P450IA1 and P450IA2 in rat liver microsomes . The profiles of induced P450 molecular species varied dramatically, depending on the time after PhIP administration.

Vet Rec, 1991 Jan 26, 128(4), 74 - 6
Development and application of an ELISA for detecting antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis in chicken flocks; Nicholas RA et al.; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for the detection of IgG antibody to Salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks . A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat-extracted (HE) antigen for use in the ELISA were evaluated together with the rapid slide test (RST), microagglutination test (MT) and the microantiglobulin (MAG) test . In experimentally infected specific pathogen free chickens, good correlation was seen between all tests although, generally, the MT and MAG detected antibody earlier and titres peaked earlier than the ELISAs . The LPS antigen detected antibody earlier than the HE antigen but the latter gave higher titres in the later stages of infection . Cross reactions were seen between S enteritidis and S typhimurium in the ELISAs although homologous reactions were always much higher . Antisera to S montevideo or S senftenberg gave weak positive reactions in both S enteritidis ELISAs . Serological and bacteriological examinations of representative samples from two commercial chicken flocks were carried out . In flock A the HE-ELISA and MAG test detected antibody in nearly all birds . The LPS-ELISA detected antibody in over 60 per cent of birds, while the MT and RST detected few seropositive birds . The whole blood test using the stained S pullorum antigen on the farm detected antibody in just under 25 per cent of the birds . S enteritidis was isolated from the organs of 25 per cent of the birds . All birds in flock B were seronegative by all tests; no salmonellae were isolated from the organs of these birds.

Experientia, 1991 Jan 15, 47(1), 43 - 7
Course of fever response to repeated administration of sublethal doses of lipopolysaccharides, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and muramyl dipeptide to rabbits; Soszynski D et al.; The purpose of the present study was to examine the development of tolerance to three structurally dissimilar pyrogens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS), muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) in rabbits . The possibility of pyrogenic cross-tolerance among these agents has also been studied . It was observed that repeated injection of sublethal doses of LPS and MDP was connected with the changing of biphasic fever to monophasic . The consequence of this was a drop in the fever index . In contrast to LPS and MDP, the repeated administration of poly I:C did not result in such changes . Successive injections of this pyrogen always evoked biphasic fever . We also demonstrated that pyrogenic cross-tolerance between LPS and MDP did not occur . The cross-tolerance between LPS and MDP did not occur . The cross-tolerance among pyrogens was possible if they originated from the same class, for example endotoxin from Salmonella abortus eq . and endotoxin from Escherichia coli.

J Immunol, 1991 Jan 15, 146(2), 565 - 71
IL-1 gene expression in lymphoid tissues; Duncan LM et al.; We examined the expression of IL-1 mRNA in vivo by in situ hybridization . RNA probes for murine IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were used to detect IL-1 mRNA in frozen sections of spleen, lymph node, and thymus of mice injected with Salmonella typhi LPS or SRBC . No IL-1 was detected in lymphoid tissues from un-injected mice . This lack of expression correlated with the absence of IL-1 biologic activity . However, after LPS injection, IL-1 alpha and beta mRNA expression was found in macrophages of the red pulp and marginal zone of the spleen . The periarteriolar lymphoid sheath contained cells that only expressed IL-1 beta mRNA . These cells were not lymphocytes and did not stain with the macrophage marker F4/80 . A similar cellular response was found after SRBC injection . Scattered macrophages in lymph nodes and thymus were positive, but only after LPS or SRBC injection . The spleens of mice injected with LPS had megakaryocytes containing IL-1 mRNA.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Jan, 65(1), 61 - 76
{Experimental and clinical aspects of chemotherapeutic agents on Salmonella gastroenteritis}; Tabuki K; The experimental and clinical aspects such as difficulties in eradicating Salmonella, intracellular facultative bacteria, causing gastroenteritis were investigated . 1 . In vitro study: In the present study using human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes (PMNs), the author evaluated the eradicating effects of various drugs on Salmonella which can not be killed usually within PMNs . The author inferred that the phagocytic action was enhanced by fosfomycin (FOM); the transport of FOM to PMNs contributes greatly to the enhancement of the eradicating effects of FOM on Salmonella . This finding has been further supported by the morphological changes in the Salmonella in PMNs which were examined by electron microscopy . Further it was confirmed that various chemotherapeutic agents were affected by beta-lactamase in the feces . 2 . Clinical Study: Some drugs were used for the treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis to investigate the relationship between the drugs and eradication of the bacteria . The first was treated with FOM for 5 days after treatment with the other drugs for 5 days, the second was treated with FOM initially, and third was treated with the other drugs . The treatment in the first group was the most useful and the eradication rate of the bacteria was significantly high.

Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, 1991 Jan-Feb, (1), 59 - 61
{Effect of type I interferon on the course of endotoxic shock}; Anisimova IuN et al.; The effect of type I interferon (IF) on the course of endotoxic shock was studied by morphological methods . It was found that preliminary (24 hours earlier) injection of preparations of homologous IF (10(3) ME) to ABLb/c and CC57 W mice sensitive to salmonella infection prevented the death of 90% of animals from a lethal toxic dose of the endotoxin or killed salmonellae . Preliminary injection of IF reduced sharply the intensity of morphological changes during all periods of the study . IF mitigates the toxic effect exerted on the cell and tissue structure both by increasing the functional activity of phagocytes, facilitating in this way elimination of the endotoxin from the body, and by increasing cell resistance to the direct effect of the bacterial toxin, which is just what determines its protective antitoxic effect . It was established that IF prevents the development of the most grave changes--thrombosis of the microcirculatory bed of vitally important organs by hindering the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation of blood, which determines the severity and outcome of shock.

Arch Toxicol, 1991, 65(3), 252 - 6
Inhibition of intercellular communication by airborne particulate matter; Heussen GA; To investigate the inhibition of gap junction mediated intercellular communication (IC) by extracts of airborne particulate matter (APM), V79 cells were incubated with extracts of APM and subsequently microinjected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow, after which the number of fluorescent (= communicating) cells was determined . To compare inhibitory effects on IC with mutagenicity, APM was also tested in the Salmonella microsome assay . Six different extracts were tested, two outdoor extracts representing a heavily polluted and a relatively clean sample, and four indoor extracts, taken either in livingrooms with or without wood combustion in an open fire place, or in a room with or without cigarette smoking . Non-cytotoxic doses of outdoor and indoor APM inhibited IC in V79 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner . Mutagenicity data and IC data were correlated . These results suggest that APM has tumor promoter activity in addition to mutagenic activity.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991 Jan, 27(1), 23 - 8
Mechanism of nitrofuran resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 and interpretation of nitrofuran susceptibility tests; Brown DF et al.; The mechanism of nitrofuran resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was studied . Nitrofuran reductase activity was inversely related to the furazolidone MIC for the organism . Strains with low-level nitrofuran resistance, typically found in almost all isolates of S . enteritidis PT4, had intermediate nitrofuran reductase activity . Disc diffusion tests with furazolidone, 15 or 50 micrograms discs, and nitrofurantoin, 50 or 300 micrograms discs, failed to distinguish reliably between susceptible populations and those with low-level resistance . In order to detect low-level resistance to nitrofurans a dilution method should be used with a furazolidone breakpoint of 1 mg/l or a nitrofurantoin breakpoint of 16 mg/l.

Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 1991, 133(2), 83 - 8
{Pathologico-anatomic, bacteriologic and serologic findings in laying hens from small neighborhood flocks with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection}; Hoop RK et al.; Two small free range flocks with 32 hens, whose Salmonella enteritidis contaminated eggs caused salmonellosis in man, were investigated for localisation of the agent . Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was isolated from 12 of 32 hens (37.5%) . Eight hens (25%) harbored the bacterium in the ovary and/or the oviduct . The rapid slide agglutination test with Salmonella pullorum-antigen revealed 21 positive hens (66%) . All eight hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in the reproductive tract were seropositive . The significance of these findings for the control of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4-infections in poultry is discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 137 ( Pt 1), 147 - 52
Molecular cloning and characterization of the aroD gene encoding 3-dehydroquinase from Salmonella typhi; Servos S et al.; The aroD gene from Salmonella typhi, encoding 5-dehydroquinate hydrolyase (3-dehydroquinase), has been cloned into Escherichia coli and the DNA sequence determined . The aroD gene was isolated from a cosmid gene bank by complementation of an S . typhimurium aroD mutant . Analysis of the DNA sequence revealed the presence of an open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 252 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 27706 . Comparison of the deduced S . typhi 3-dehydroquinase protein sequence with that elucidated for E . coli revealed 69% homology . Alignment of the S . typhi sequence and equivalent Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae sequences showed that homology was lower, at 24%, but still significant . Use of a minicell expression system demonstrated that a polyclonal antibody raised against E . coli 3-dehydroquinase cross-related with its S . typhi counterpart.

J Gen Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 137 ( Pt 1), 113 - 21
Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the serC-aroA operon from Salmonella gallinarum; evolutionary relationships between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic aroA-encoded enzymes; Griffin HG et al.; The serC-aroA operon of Salmonella gallinarum was isolated from a gene library using a labelled oligonucleotide probe and by complementation of an aroA Escherichia coli strain . The nucleotide sequence of a 2.6 kbp fragment was determined . The predicted amino acid sequence of the aroA gene product was compared to the equivalent sequence from ten other organisms . Computer-generated evolutionary trees clearly divide the eleven sequences into four different groups: Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and plants . These trees depict a close evolutionary relationship between the sequences from Gram-negative bacteria and higher plants.

Ann Rech Vet, 1991, 22(1), 59 - 64
Abortion and serological reaction of ewes after conjunctival instillation of Salmonella enterica subsp enterica ser abortusovis; Sanchis R et al.; The aim of the experiment was to evaluate in pregnant ewes the clinical, bacteriological and serological effects of conjunctival instillation of S abortusovis . An individual dose of 1 x 10(10) viable S abortusovis were administered to 20 ewes 92 d after mating . Among 18 pregnant ewes, 8 aborted 110 +/- 13 d after mating, 4 had stillborn lambs and 6 a clinically normal lambing (114 +/- 1.3 d) . S abortusovis was isolated from placentas, swabs and foetuses of the 12 lambings . Evolution of "H" agglutination titers measured by means of a microtechnique using a coloured antigen was found to be independent of the clinical results . Instillation by conjunctival route could constitute an experimental model closer to a natural mode of infection than the subcutaneous route.

Annu Rev Med, 1991, 42, 403 - 10
Infectious diarrhea; Rubinoff MJ et al.; This review singles out several bacterial and parasitic causes of infectious diarrhea about which there have been interesting recent developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis, or treatment . Diarrheagenic mechanisms and infections by Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidia, and Isopora are discussed.

Avian Dis, 1991 Jan-Mar, 35(1), 88 - 92
Use of delayed secondary enrichment for the isolation of Salmonella in poultry and poultry environments; Waltman WD et al.; A conventional method of isolating Salmonella was compared with isolation using novobiocin-supplemented plating media and delayed secondary enrichment (DSE) . The DSE greatly increased the ability to isolate Salmonella from poultry and environmental samples . Four hundred sixty-four isolations of Salmonella were made from a total of 4377 cultures (11%) . Two hundred sixty-nine (58%) isolations of Salmonella were made following the 24-hour incubation; of these, 43 (9%) isolates were isolated only at this time . In comparison, a total of 421 (91%) Salmonella were isolated by DSE, of which 195 isolates (42%) were isolated only with DSE . The addition of novobiocin to the selective plating medium increased the isolation rate for Salmonella and reduced the level of contaminating bacteria growing on the plate.

Avian Dis, 1991 Jan-Mar, 35(1), 228 - 30
The use of the drag-swab technique and improved selective plating media in the recovery of Salmonella arizona (7:1,7,8) from turkey breeder hens; Opengart KN et al.; The litter of six turkey hen flocks was sampled using the drag-swab technique to determine the effectiveness of this method in detecting Salmonella arizona . Two flocks with the lowest biosecurity standards were found to have S . arizona . Results showed that the drag-swab technique can provide a sensitive and cost-effective measure of S . arizona infection within a flock.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 12(1), 17 - 40
Pathogenicity of foodborne Salmonella; D'Aoust JY; Salmonella remains a leading etiological agent in bacterial foodborne diseases . Although human salmonellosis generally presents as a self-limiting episode of enterocolitis, the disease can degenerate into chronic and debilitating conditions . Antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated salmonellosis is contra-indicated because it tends to prolong the carrier state . Clinical management of systemic infections with newer drugs such as third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones is most promising, particularly in light of the increasing resistance of Salmonella to the traditional ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole therapeutic agents . Research into the development of effective vaccines from avirulent auxotrophic or from virulence plasmid-cured strains may ultimately facilitate the control of salmonellosis in human populations and in various agricultural sectors . Human salmonellosis reflects the outcome of a confrontation between humoral and cellular immune responses of the host, and virulence determinants of the invasive pathogen . Following an adhesion-dependent attachment of salmonellae to lumenal epithelial cells, the invasive pathogen is internalized within an epithelial cell by a receptor-mediated endocytotic process . Cytotoxin localized in the bacterial cell wall suggestively may facilitate Salmonella entry into the epithelial layer . Cytoplasmic translocation of the infected endosome to the basal epithelial membrane culminates in the release of salmonellae in the lamina propria . During this invasive process, Salmonella secretes a heat-labile enterotoxin that precipitates a net efflux of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen . Although non-typhoid salmonellae generally precipitate a localized inflammatory response in deeper tissues via lymphatics and capillaries, and elicit a major immune response . Current research efforts have focused on the molecular characterization and role of virulence plasmids and chromosomal genes in Salmonella pathogenicity.

Poult Sci, 1991 Jan, 70(1), 184 - 7
Research note: evaluation of the Report Salmonella visual immunoassay for detection of salmonellae on raw poultry carcasses; Izat AL et al.; Two trials were conducted to compare the standard culture procedure and the Report Salmonella Visual Immunoassay for detection of salmonellae in rinse fluid recovered from raw poultry carcasses . Both assays were evaluated with and without preenrichment in lactose broth prior to enrichment in selenite cystine broth . Live birds were inoculated via the drinking water prior to processing to ensure a high degree of carcass contamination . Prechill carcasses were sampled using 200 mL of sterile water . Results indicated that lactose preenrichment was not necessary for salmonellae evaluation using standard culture procedures . However, the Report assay produced fewer false-negative results if lactose preenrichment was utilized.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1991, 17(2), 93 - 7
Mutagenicity in Salmonella and sister chromatid exchange in mice for 1,4-, 1,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-dimethylphenanthrenes; Sinsheimer JE et al.; The mutagenicity in Salmonella and in vivo sister chromatid exchange in the bone-marrow cells of mice was determined for 1,4-, 1,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-dimethylphenanthrene (DMPh) with the objective to study the relative importance of substitution at the 1 and 4 positions of this series of methylated phenanthrenes . For both tests, 1,4- DMPh was decidedly more genotoxic than the remaining regioisomers . While the well recognized role of steric crowding in the bay region is a factor in this enhanced genotoxicity, equally important is substitution at the 1 position with its potential to inhibit detoxication through 9,10-diol formation.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1991, 17(2), 112 - 21
Use of the spiral Salmonella assay to detect the mutagenicity of complex environmental mixtures; Houk VS et al.; The success demonstrated by the spiral Salmonella assay in a recent study of 20 pure prompted us to examine the effectiveness of this automated bacterial mutagenicity assay for testing complex environmental mixtures . Three sets of combustion emissions were selected for evaluation: automotive diesel exhaust, woodsmoke, and a coal combustion emission . Each sample was tested in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay according to standard protocol (plate incorporation) and spiral assay techniques . In the spiral assay, a specialized plating instrument dispenses the bacteria, test agent, and S9 mix in a spiral pattern onto a minimal agar plate supplemented with histidine and biotin . The components of the assay are administered in such a way that a uniform density of bacteria is exposed to a concentration gradient of the test agent on a single plate . When results are analyzed, a dose-response curve comprised of 13 data points is generated . A comparison of results from the two assays demonstrated the following: 1) Diesel exhaust was generally the most mutagenically potent sample in both assays, followed closely by the coal combustion emission . The woodsmoke sample was only weakly mutagenic in the standard assay but demonstrated higher mutagenic activity in the spiral assay . 2) Samples were more mutagenic on rev/microgram basis in the spiral assay, especially when metabolic activation was added . This disparity presumably was due to differences in the relative amounts of S9 administered across the dose range . 3) The spiral assay required 1/20 the sample mass of the standard assay to test equivalent doses; in addition, for some samples, 50 times more sample mass was required by the standard assay to generate a comparable dose response . 4) Dichloromethane extracts of the complex mixtures could be tested for mutagenicity in the spiral assay, thereby precluding solvent exchange (to dimethylsulfoxide) required by the standard assay for sample/bioassay compatibility.

J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1991, 117(1), 1 - 3
Mutagenic activity of some newly synthesized cytostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-4-arylacyl-1-nitrososemicarbazides in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Golovinsky E et al.; Five experimental anti-leukemic agents, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-4-arylacyl-1-nitrososemicarbazides, were synthesized and tested for genotoxicity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . No strong mutagenic activity could be detected when tested with the S . typhimurium TA98 . A clear dose-dependent base-pair-substitution mutagenic activity was observed with each compound when the tester strain TA100 was used with or without metabolic activation . The genotoxicity of the unsubstituted substance was similar to that of the known mutagenic cytostatic drugs, lomustin and carmustin, and was stronger than the mutagenicity of each substituted derivative.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 29(1), 27 - 32
Molecular analysis of variant plasmid forms of a bivalent Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei vaccine strain; Hartman AB et al.; The Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei hybrid vaccine strain 5076-IC was constructed to express the S . sonnei form I antigen, which may play an important role in producing protective immunity . Three clonal variants which existed in preparations of the vaccine could be distinguished phenotypically by lactose utilization, S . sonnei form I antigen expression, and restriction enzyme analysis of large plasmid DNA . Since expression of the form I antigen was lost in two of the clonal variants, genetic instability of the 120-MDa vaccine plasmid appeared to be a potential problem . To examine the molecular basis of this genetic instability, we hybridized large plasmid DNA isolated from the clonal variants to a variety of DNA probes encoding virulence-associated antigens and to Escherichia coli lacZ DNA . Results indicated that DNA rearrangement accompanied by deletions of plasmid material occurred in the vaccine plasmid . In addition, the vaccine plasmid did not contain some S . sonnei genetic material encoding antigenic polypeptides necessary for virulence.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 29(1), 158 - 61
Improved method for the routine identification of toxigenic Escherichia coli by DNA amplification of a conserved region of the heat-labile toxin A subunit; Victor T et al.; This report describes a DNA amplification procedure for routine identification of heat-labile-toxin-producing Escherichia coli . Two oligonucleotide primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction procedure to amplify a highly conserved region of the A subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin gene . Amplifications were done directly on E . coli colonies from plates when Salmonella, Shigella, or parasite infections were excluded as agents of the severe diarrhea in the patients . The conditions for the polymerase chain reaction method were empirically determined, and the procedure is inexpensive, sensitive, and specific . Positive results can be obtained over a wide variation in bacterial numbers, with no inhibition of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase . Detection of the amplified product can be done by agarose gel electrophoresis, which is specific and sensitive enough for routine diagnosis of this pathogen in clinical isolates . If greater sensitivity and specificity are required, hybridization with 32P- or alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probes can be used . Our results suggest that heat-labile-toxin-producing E . coli is responsible for about 9% of nondiagnosed diarrhea cases in Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1991, 17(1), 4 - 19
Quantitative structure-activity relationships of heterocyclic amine mutagens formed during the cooking of food; Hatch FT et al.; The major protein-rich foods, particularly muscle meats, contain part-per-billion quantities of potent mutagens formed by frying or broiling to a well-done state . Related mutagens are formed by pyrolysis of amino acids or proteins and in heated model systems . The thermic mutagens so far identified are heterocyclic aromatic amines of aminoimidazo-azaarene (AIA) and aminocarboline classes . The chemicals require activation by enzymes to form metabolites reactive with nucleic acids . These thermic mutagens, and numerous synthetic congeners, exhibit an enormous range of potency as frameshift mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella assay . However, structural variations are nominal within the two classes . Structural parameters that appeared relevant to determining potency were selected for 38 AIAs and 23 amino-carbolines . For the AIA class these were: the number of fused rings, the number of heteroatoms in Rings 2 and 3, methyl substitution on imidazo ring nitrogen atoms, and methyl substitution on ring carbon atoms . For the amino-carboline class the structural parameters were: the position of the pyridine-type nitrogen atom in Ring 1, the substitution position of the exocyclic amino group on Ring 1, and methyl substitution on ring carbon atoms . These structural parameters may influence mutagenic potency in the following ways . 1) Electronic or steric effects may determine the reactivity and stability of the ultimate mutagenic metabolite . Optimal balance of reactivity and lifetime of this transient intermediate may be required for access to and reaction with nuclear DNA to cause mutations . 2) Substitution on the rings may block detoxication reactions . The structural parameters identified should prove useful in predicting the mutagenicity of untested compounds of these types.

J Med Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 34(1), 57 - 62
Genetic manipulation of Salmonella serotype Bovismorbificans to aromatic-dependence and evaluation of its vaccine potential in mice; Mukkur TK et al.; The generation of smooth aromatic-dependent Salmonella serotype Bovismorbificans (Group C2, O6, 8) from a smooth wild-type parent strain by transduction with phage P1, and conjugation with Salmonella serotype Typhimurium carrying F'-8gal is described . The smooth aromatic-dependent S . serotype Bovismorbificans was non-lethal for mice at an oral challenge dose of 2 x 10(9) cfu (equivalent to 200 LD50 of the parent, wild-type strain) . The safety of the auxotrophic mutant was further substantiated by comparing its multiplication kinetics in vivo with that of its virulent parent organisms . Mice immunised with live, smooth aromatic-dependent S . serotype Bovismorbificans by either the oral or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route were protected against oral challenge with virulent S . serotype Bovismorbificans; the degree of protection was significantly better (p less than 0.05) at a challenge dose of 100 or 200 LD50 in mice receiving two rather than one vaccination . In contrast, mice immunised with three doses of the formalin-killed virulent, parent organisms by the i.p . route were not protected, in spite of high antibody titres . Only those mice immunised with the live, smooth aromatic-dependent S . serotype Bovismorbificans i.p . developed significant (p less than 0.01-0.05) delayed-type hypersensitivity.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Jan, 173(2), 910 - 5
Effect of external pH perturbations on in vivo protein synthesis by the acidophilic bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans; Amaro AM et al.; The response of the obligate acidophilic bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to external pH changes is reported . When T . ferrooxidans cells grown at pH 1.5 were shifted to pH 3.5, there were several changes in the general protein synthesis pattern, including a large stimulation of the synthesis of a 36-kDa protein (p36) . The apparent low isoelectric point of p36, its location in the membrane fraction, and its cross-reaction with anti-OmpC from Salmonella typhi suggested that it may be a porin whose expression is regulated by extracellular pH.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991, 14(3), 243 - 56
Immunizing efficacy of aromatic-dependent Salmonella dublin in mice and calves; Mukkur TK et al.; Mice immunized with an aromatic-dependent (aro-) S . dublin strain CS101 by either the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral route, were protected against oral challenge with a virulent S . dublin strain CS90, the degree of protection being the greatest when mice had received 3 immunizing doses at weekly intervals . Mice immunized with an aromatic-dependent (aro-) S . typhimurium strain CS332 by the i.p . or oral routes were protected against challenge with virulent S . dublin strain CS90 at 1 or 2 weeks but not at 3 or 4 weeks post-immunization . Mice immunized with 1 dose of aro- S . dublin strain CS101 by the i.p . route developed low levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin-specific antibody but no delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) whereas those immunized with 2 or 3 doses developed significantly higher antibody titres and DTH . In contrast, mice immunized by the oral route developed neither significant antibody response nor DTH . The aro- S . dublin strain CS101 could not be detected beyond day 28 post-inoculation in visceral organs including liver, spleen, mesentery, small intestine, caecum or large intestine of mice inoculated by the i.p . route or in mice inoculated by the oral route with the exception of day 42 post-inoculation . Challenge of mice previously immunized with 3 doses of the aro- S . dublin strain CS101 by the i.p . or oral route with virulent S . dublin strain CS90 resulted in their rapid clearance from the above visceral organs . Calves immunized with the aro- S . dublin strain CS101 by either the intramuscular (i.m.) or oral routes were significantly protected against oral challenge with virulent S . dublin strain CS90 . In contrast to the observations in mice, somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antibody titres of calves immunized by either route were negligible as were anti-LPS antibody titres . However, flagellin-specific antibody titres were higher in calves immunized by the i.m . than the oral route . These results indicate that the protection observed in immunized mice or calves against oral challenge with virulent S . dublin was unlikely to have been mediated by humoral salmonella-specific immune mechanism(s).

Scand J Infect Dis, 1991, 23(4), 481 - 7
Intralipid decreases the bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced release of oxygen radicals and lysozyme from human neutrophils; Jarstrand C et al.; Human neutrophils were incubated either with purified cell envelope lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of salmonella or with different concentrations of LPS combined with Intralipid . Incubation of neutrophils with LPS alone increased their oxidative metabolism with increased release of oxygen radicals as measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and chemiluminescence response . The amount of lysozyme released by the cells also increased during incubation with LPS . However, when the neutrophils were incubated with LPS together with Intralipid, the LPS induced stimulation of the neutrophil NBT reduction, chemiluminescence and lysozyme release was significantly decreased . Intralipid might substitute for plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), which are known to inhibit the LPS effects on the neutrophils in the acute stage of an infection with Gram-negative bacteria.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1991, 23(4), 467 - 71
Salmonella virchow: abscess former amongst the contemporary invasive Salmonellae?
Nathwani D, Morris AJ, Laing RB, Smith CC, Reid TM.
Abscess formation associated with salmonella infections has long been recognized--but without implicating a particular serotype . The pathogenicity, invasiveness and increasingly frequent isolation of Salmonella virchow in the UK is well established . It's propensity to abscess formation is, however, less well recognised . We report 5 patients with abscesses due to S . virchow . This represents a disproportionate number of abscesses in relation to the salmonella isolations in North East Scotland during the 5-year period under scrutiny . We suggest that this organism should be considered as aetiologically relevant even where there is no history of preceding gastrointestinal infection.

Eur Surg Res, 1991, 23(2), 85 - 99
Redistribution of intraorgan blood flow in acute, hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia; Kreimeier U et al.; In a standardized porcine model of acute, hyperdynamic endotoxemia the distribution of intraorgan blood flow within heart, kidney and brain was analyzed . Twelve pigs received either short-term (23 min) or long-term (205 min) continuous intravenous infusion of endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) . A high cardiac output/low peripheral resistance state was maintained throughout the 3.5 h observation period . Total organ blood flow in heart, kidney and brain remained high; however, already small amounts of endotoxin provoked a significant redistribution of intraorgan blood flow within the left ventricle and the kidney . These characteristic alterations were absent in a control group of 5 animals subjected to the same protocol, but receiving 0.9% saline instead of endotoxin . Deterioration of respiratory function developed exclusively after continuous intravenous endotoxin infusion over 205 min, indicating incipient organ failure . Using electron microscopy, endothelial cells swelling and entrapment of blood cells in capillaries of the midmyocardium as well as severe ultrastructural damage in the kidney could be demonstrated already after 90 min of endotoxemia in two additional animals . It is concluded that already in the initial phase of acute endotoxemia, in the presence of high cardiac output and high global organ blood flow microcirculatory deterioration and organ failure develops . As small amounts of endotoxin are capable of inducing these alterations, earliest possible diagnosis of endotoxemia should be achieved in critically ill patients.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1991, 18(3), 184 - 99
Lack of genotoxicity of cross-linked acrylate polymers in four short-term genotoxicity assays; Thompson ED et al.; Three cross-linked polyacrylate polymers containing either methylenebis-acrylamide (MBA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), or triallylamine (TAA) cross-linkers were tested for genotoxicity with the Salmonella mammalian microsome assay, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma TK +/- assay, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, and the in vivo bone marrow cytogenetic assay . The results indicate that none of the three polymers was genotoxic in these assays.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jan, 262(1), 25 - 30
Antimutagenicity studies of chlorophyllin using the Salmonella arabinose-resistant assay system; Warner JR et al.; Studies with the arabinose-resistant Salmonella forward mutation assay system were performed to determine the antimutagenic activity of chlorophyllin against the mutagenic activity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), benzo{a}pyrene (BaP), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and solvent extracts of coal dust (CD), diesel emission particles (DE), airborne particles (AP), tobacco snuff (TS), black pepper (BP) and red wine (RW) . Various concentrations of each chemical and complex mixture extract were assayed for mutagenic activity with and/or without S9 in a preincubation test . One concentration of each chemical and complex mixture extract was then tested with various concentrations of chlorophyllin . Results showed that chlorophyllin, at concentrations of 2.5 mg/plate or less, completely or almost completely inhibited the mutagenicity of 2AA, AFB1, BaP, MNNG and solvent extracts of CD, DE and RW . With concentrations from 1.25 to 5 mg/plate, chlorophyllin inhibited over 50% of the mutagenicity of AP, TS and BP extracts . These results further substantiate the antimutagenic efficacy of chlorophyllin against chemicals and complex mixtures.

Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1991, 63(2), 149 - 53
The mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of mineral oils; Granella M et al.; Naphthenic distillates (raw or acid-treated) and motor and emulsifiable aluminium rolling oils were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay using the TA98 and TA100 strains . The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of oil samples was also determined in parallel . In the presence of metabolic activation, both untreated and acid-treated naphthenic distillates were found to be mutagenic on a modified Ames test . One untreated sample showed the highest value of mutagenic potency (50 net revertants/mg oil for strain TA98) . The PAH content of naphthenic distillates was about 10% (w/w) and was slightly reduced by sulfuric acid/earth treatment (1%) . Non-mutagenic paraffin- and solvent-extracted crankcase oils became active, both with and without enzyme activation, after long use as gasoline engine lubricants, whereby their PAH content doubled (from 1.5% to 3%, w/w) . A refined emulsifiable mineral oil also became directly mutagenic in both Salmonella strains after prolonged use in an aluminium hot-rolling mill . As the PAH levels found in used rolling oils was very low, we cannot explain their mutagenic activity . Mutagenicity was greatly reduced following careful cleaning of the oil bath and of the entire rolling machine . The present data reveal both the potential risk of occupational exposure to unrefined or mildly treated oils and the formation of mutagens in highly refined oils if the latter are used at high temperatures . The formation of mutagens in oils used in the metal-working industry can be prevented by careful industrial hygiene measures.

Microbiol Immunol, 1991, 35(2), 157 - 61
Plasmid incidence rate and conjugative chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance plasmids in Malaysian isolates of Salmonella typhi; Phipps M et al.; Seven (6.1%) of 115 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from Malaysian patients harbored a single large plasmid of 71 to 166 mD . Two of the seven plasmid-bearing strains were resistant to chloramphenicol (Cm) and tetracycline (Tc) and they transferred Cm and Tc resistance traits to Escherichia coli K12 at frequencies from 1.6 x 10(-7) to 1.9 x 10(-6) . Agarose gel electrophoresis provided evidence that the resistance traits were cotransferred on a conjugative plasmid . The significance and importance of these results are discussed.

Microbiol Immunol, 1991, 35(3), 267 - 71
Heat-killed Salmonella typhi induces the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes from mouse macrophages; Pang T et al.; Mouse macrophages pre-labeled with {3H}arachidonic acid (20:4) were shown to release metabolites generated by the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways following in vitro addition of heat-killed Salmonella typhi . These metabolites were maximally released after 60-90 min of incubation and consisted of prostaglandins (85%), leukotriene C (6%), di-HETEs, leukotrienes D and E (4%), mono-HETEs (2%) and other metabolites (3%) . Of the metabolites generated by the cyclo-oxygenase pathway (prostaglandins), 6-keto PGF1 alpha and PGE2 were generated at a ratio of 1.2 to 1 . The significance and importance of these results are discussed.

Immunopharmacology, 1991 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 1 - 12
In vivo influences of phorbol ester and calcium ionophore on lymphocyte traffic, lymph flow and efferent lymph levels of thromboxane B2 in sheep; Moore TC et al.; In vitro systems have provided increasing evidence of significant lymphocyte transmembrane signalling by plasma membrane receptors which utilize antigen and other ligand activation of the inositol phosphate dual second messenger system of intracellular signalling . Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and activation of protein kinase C are important products of these signals and appear to provide a complete set of mitogenic signals for both T and B cells . Calcium inophore and phorbol ester have been found to mimic these events in vitro and are here employed in vitro to study their effects on lymphocyte traffic and efferent lymph flow through primary peripheral lymph nodes of sheep and on the output into efferent lymph of the arachidonic acid metabolite, thromboxane B2 . Calcium ionophore and phorbol ester were given alone or in combination to popliteal lymph nodes of sheep by drainage area injection or by acute infusion into cannulated afferent lympatics of study popliteal lymph nodes whose efferent lymphatic was chronically cannulated for study . The findings resembled those of drainage area immunization with an early increase in efferent lymph flow and prompt and marked depressions in the output into efferent lymph of both small recirculating and blast lymphocytes ('shutdown', 'recruitment'), followed by a marked increase in the output into efferent lymph of both small recirculating and blast lymphocytes . The greatest elevation in both small recirculating and blast lymphocyte outputs was at 24 and 48 h following phorbol ester and calcium ionophore administration . Acute phorbol ester and calcium ionophore administration was associated with a prompt and marked elevation in efferent lymph levels of thromboxane B2 which were of short duration . The findings observed here with lymph node drainage area infusion/injection of both phorbol ester and calcium ionophore are quite similar to those encountered in this sheep lymphocyte traffic model following popliteal lymph node drainage area immunization with killed Salmonella muenchen antigen.

Lab Anim Sci, 1991 Jan, 41(1), 54 - 6
Salmonella infection of the biliary and intestinal tract of wild opossums; Runkel NS et al.; Bacteriologic cultures were taken from the mesenteric lymph nodes, biliary tract, blood, liver, spleen and pancreas of opossums (Didelphis virginiana) obtained directly from the wild for use as research animals . The overall incidence of salmonellosis outside the intestinal tract was 61% among 18 opossums . Salmonella was recovered from the gallbladder of six (33%) animals, indicating chronic biliary tract infection . Among these six animals, translocation of Salmonella to regional lymph nodes was observed in five animals, bacteremia in three animals, and spread to liver or spleen in five animals, respectively . The biliary tract was sterile in 12 opossums (67%) . In these 12 animals, bacteria were isolated from the celiac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes of five animals, the blood of two animals, and the liver and spleen of one animal, respectively . Bacteriologic cultures were obtained from the intestinal tract and from extraintestinal sites in nine opossums . Salmonella were found in the small bowel of two animals, both of which had biliary salmonellosis . In addition, Salmonella was isolated from extraintestinal organs of three animals with negative cultures from the gut . All isolates identified were: S . enterica subsp houtenae . These data establish the biliary tract of wild opossums as a reservoir for Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae which may be particularly important when opossums are used in research laboratories.

Acta Univ Carol {Med} (Praha), 1991, 37(1-2), 37 - 40
Antibodies to core lipid fractions of endotoxin in children with rheumatic disease; Olds LC et al.; The titer of IgG and IgM antibodies to two fragments of endotoxin derived from Salmonella minnesota R 595, lipid A width a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanate oliosaccharide (KDO lipid A), and monophosphoryl lipid A (mono-P lipid), were measured in normal children, children with cystic fibrosis, and children with SLE and all forms of chronic juvenile arthritis . Elevated titers of IgM anti mono-P lipid A were found in all of the rheumatic diseases, but not in cystic fibrosis . The elevated IgM titers were not correlated with concentration of activation fragments of C3 or C4, but IgG anti mono-P lipid A titers, even though not usually elevated, did correlate with C3a and C3d concentrations . The elevated IgM titers to mono-P lipid A may represent a genetically determined hyper-reactivity to normal gastrointestinal antigens, an increased antigenic stimulus from the intestinal tract, or polyspecificity of an antibody of undetermined primary reactivity.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1991 Jan-Dec, 84(1-12), 87 - 96
{Bacteremia and localized suppurative Salmonella non-typhi infections in the elderly: a study of 4 cases observed at the Ivrea-Castellamonte Hospital}; Ronchetto F et al.; Over a period of 60 months 137 cases of intestinal and extra-intestinal salmonellosis were registered in the microbiology department of the Ivrea-Castellamonte hospital . The authors conducted a retrospective study relative to the extra-intestinal salmonellosis manifested in elderly patients . In order to carry out such a study the authors considered only patients who were in the hospital, who were over the age of 65, and who had a clinical history different from the usual one of gastroenterocolitis . Out of 61 patients who were in hospital 50 were with complete registration data; 9 (18%) were over 65 years of age . The analysis of the clinical cards permitted the identification of 4 cases with unusual clinical histories due to the presence of serious systemic complications (sepsis with prolonged fever and positive blood cultures) or focal infections in extra-intestinal tissues (abscess of soft tissues, osteomyelitis) . The authors focused their attention on these and described the general clinical characteristics of each patient, the type and the position of the isolated microorganism, the manifestations or extra-intestinal complications of the infection and the predisposing factors regarding the same complications . For each patient the essential clinical history and the treatment of the disease have been described . The authors conclude by affirming that in the cases of elderly patients with salmonellosis, apart from those infections in positions different from intestinal one, it would be opportune to consider an antimicrobe treatment also for enteritis infections and cases of asymptomatic infection.

Dakar Med, 1991, 36(1), 71 - 5
{Salmonellosis: evaluation of 606 strains isolated in Dakar}; Cisse MF et al.; From 1979 to 1982, 606 strains of Salmonella have been isolated in the Laboratories of the CHU of Dakar, Senegal . The endemics serotypes are S . typhi (73%), S . enteritidis (5% and S . typhimurium (5%) . Among the epidemics serotypes of Salmonella, the more commonly isolated is S . ordonnez (10%) . These four serotypes represented 93% of the strains of Salmonella . Seventy per cent of the strains had been isolated from patients aged under less than twenty years . The epidemic serotypes provide essentially from infant . Five antibiotics among the eighteen tested, have inhibited 100% of Salmonella . A multiresistance to more than five antibiotics have been observed for sixty four strains (11%) . Some strains of S . typhi (4%) are resistant to the chloramphenicol and three of them were multiresistants; this may result from the transfer of plasmidic's resistance of multiresistant epidemics serotypes Salmonella circulating in Dakar . In Senegal, periodics studies of the epidemiology of Salmonella are justified.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1991, 86 Suppl 2, 67 - 70
Genotoxicity of plant extracts; Vargas VM et al.; Aqueous extracts of seven species used in Brazilian popular medicine (Achyrocline satureoides, Iodina rhombifolia, Desmodium incanum, Baccharis anomala, Tibouchina asperior, Luehea divaricata, Maytenus ilicifolia) were screened to the presence of mutagenic activity in the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome) . Positive results were obtained for A . satureoides, B . anomala and L . divaricata with microsomal activation . As shown elsewhere (Vargas et al., 1990) the metabolites of A . satureoides extract also show the capacity to induce prophage and/or SOS response in microscreen phage induction assay and SOS spot chromotest.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1991, 36(6), 572 - 7
Structural and functional changes in rabbit ileum by purified extracellular phospholipase A of Salmonella newport; Neena et al.; As phospholipases of Salmonella species may play a role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract diseases . Salmonella newport, the causative agent of infantile diarrhoea was examined for the production of phospholipase . The enzyme was purified by gel filtration chromatography and was found to be a protein of molar mass ranging from 43 to 67 kDa . The purified enzyme alone or in combination with organisms, produced both structural and functional changes in rabbit ileum, contributing towards pathogenesis of diarrhoea due to this organism.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1991, 36(2), 192 - 7
Bacterial endotoxins: comparison of mitogenic, polyclonal, antibody-inducing and toxicity activities; Sourek J et al.; The mitogenic effects on mouse spleen lymphocytes were determined in a large series of commercially available and laboratory-prepared lipopolysaccharides (LPS) obtained from Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia and Shigella species; part of these LPS preparations was chemically modified prior to testing . In order to establish whether the degree of mitogenic activity corresponds with other biological effects of these preparations, polyclonal activity, capability to induce specific antibody formation and toxicity were determined for selected LPS's with different mitogenic effects . Some of the detoxication procedures used succeeded in reducing the toxicity of LPS while preserving its high mitogenic activitione of the Fe-detoxified preparations of LPS (from the R-form of Shigella dysenteriae serovar 1) exhibited a medium-degree efficacy in all parameters studied . Generally, there was no correlation between the degree of mitogenic activity and the polyclonal and antibody-inducing activities, but in some instances polyclonal activity did correlate with the antibody-inducing activity.

Braz J Med Biol Res, 1991, 24(4), 407 - 16
Isotypic distribution of antibody responses in lines of mice selected for high or low immunoresponsiveness; Sant'Anna OA et al.; 1 . The isotype distribution of antibody (Ab) responses to Salmonella antigens (Ag) was investigated in high (H) and low (L) Ab responder lines of mice from Selections III and IV carried out for responsiveness to flagellar (f) and somatic (s) Ag, respectively . 2 . Primary immunization resulted in higher Ab titers of all isotypes in response to both Ag in H mice from both selections and was confirmed after booster injections . The interline difference (H-L) in response to the distinct isotypes ranged from 3.0 to 7.0 log2 to Ag f in Selection III and from 2.0 to 5.1 log2 to Ag s in Selection IV . 3 . Comparison of isotype production to 3 Ag in Selections I, II, III and IV demonstrated that: 1) the highest responses in all mice are those against the selection Ag, 2) the isotypic pattern depends on both the Ag injected and the host's genetic constitution, and 3) the presence or lack of a multispecific effect is not due to isotype-restricted regulation.

Przegl Epidemiol, 1991, 45(3), 237 - 41
{Food poisoning caused by Salmonella rods}; Miczek J et al.; Epidemiologic and clinical analysis concerned the cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella rods . It has proved that the most frequent etiologic factor was Salmonella enteritidis . Also a clinical process of salmonellosis was analysed . It proved that septic forms of the disease made up 2.2% of cases . Examining antibiotic-sensitivity of Salmonella strains proved that the biggest group of them was sensitive to Biseptol.

Acta Vet Scand, 1991, 32(4), 473 - 81
Sensitivity and specificity of different methods for the isolation of Salmonella from pigs; Bager F et al.; Three different selective enrichment media, Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (RV), selenite broth (SB) and Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MKTB), in combination with plating on modified brilliant green agar (BGA), were compared for the isolation of Salmonella from samples of pig feces . These conventional methods were also compared with a new ELISA kit in conjunction with RV and SB enrichment . Of the conventional methods, enrichment in RV had a higher sensitivity and selectivity than SB and MKTB . Recovery of S . typhimurium from MKTB was significantly poorer than recovery of other serotypes . The combination of RV enrichment and ELISA was as good as the conventional method involving RV enrichment, with a similar high sensitivity and specificity.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1991 Jan-Feb, 23(1), 35 - 40
{Bacteria of the genus Yersinia in chickens for human consumption and in balanced bird food}; de Guzman AM et al.; Yersinia was investigated in 50 skin samples of chicken carcasses from retail shops and 65 samples of balanced food for domestic fowl . Enrichments were performed in saline phosphate buffer 0.067 M, pH 7.6 and post-enriched in 0.5% KOH . Subcultures were performed in Salmonella-Shigella agar and MacConkey agar . Isolates were identified through biochemical, serological and lysotyping methods . The following biovar (B), serovar (O) and phagovar (Lis) were isolated from chickens: Y . enterocolitica (five strains) B:1:O:6,47;Lis Xz; B:1;O:6:Lis Xz; B:1:O:5,Lis Xz; Y.intermedia (two strains) B:1;O:52;Lis Xz; B:1;O:52,53,54;Lis Xz (NRA, nitrate reductase type A); Y . frederiksenii (two strains) O:10,K1,25,35,38,46:Lis Xz; (citrate): O:10,K1,25,35,38,46:Lis Xz (ONPG-: citrate +); Y . kristensenii (one strain) does not agglutinate; Lis Xo . Yersinia were not isolated from balanced food for domestic fowl . Virulence tests (calcium dependency and autoagglutination at 37 degrees C) were negative in all instances . It is concluded from this study that Yersinia isolated from chickens are without pathogenic importance.

J Singapore Paediatr Soc, 1991, 33(3-4), 169 - 72
Chronic diarrhoea in children: a clinical perspective; Tan A et al.; Chronic diarrhoea in its previously described severe malnourished presentation is not common in Singapore . A retrospective study was made of children with chronic diarrhoea between January to September 1990, at the Department of Paediatrics, National University Hospital . Chronic diarrhoea in our context included all those who presented with diarrhoea of 7 or more days duration . The age range was one month to 11 years, with 23 males and 13 female patients . Approximately half of the patients had associated symptoms like fever . Anthropometric data of these patients revealed none less than the third percentile in height and weight . Clinically the patients were mainly well nourished, mildly dehydrated with no significant pallor or oedema . Perianal erythema though not excoriation was common being present in approximately 50% . Haematological parameters and electrolytes were generally normal . Mild elevation of urea and creatinine levels especially the former was present reflecting the relatively mild dehydration status . Infection was the main cause of the diarrhoea, 55% of stool cultures being positive mainly for Salmonella or rotavirus . Treatment was mainly directed at correcting dehydration . 40% needed antibiotics . Hence, chronic diarrhoea as seen in the National University Hospital is generally not debilitating . An infective cause must first be excluded with usage of antibiotics often necessary in young children.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 1991, 84(4), 358 - 61
{Hemolytic anemia associated with minor salmonellosis in an HIV positive, G6PD deficient Congolese woman}; Bouchaud O et al.; Haemolytic anaemia in G6PD-deficient patients with thyphoid fever is well known, but there is only one case-report associated with non-typhic salmonella fever . We report here a case observed in a black african young woman whose HIV infection has been discovered on this occasion . Because of the high prevalence of HIV infection, salmonellosis and G6PD deficiency in sub-saharian Africa, an increasing number of such haemolytic anaemias should be expected in this geographic area.

Acta Vet Scand, 1991, 32(2), 261 - 77
Salmonella isolated from animals and feedstuffs in Sweden during 1983-1987; Eld K et al.; This survey describes the frequency of Salmonella in animals and feedstuffs isolated in Sweden 1983-1987 . Since 1949 National Veterinary Institute (NVI) has published such reports every fifth year . During the period of this report 760 outbreaks of Salmonella were reported in animals . This includes both domestic and wild animals . The corresponding figure for the previous period was 1266 outbreaks . 56 different serovariants were reported, 17 of these were new to Sweden . In cattle and swine there were a decrease of outbreaks . In poultry 86 outbreaks were reported, compared with 220 outbreaks during the previous five-year period . Swedish feed producing plants are checked both voluntary and compulsory, for the presence of Salmonella in raw materials, scrape and dust samples and compound feed . During 1983-1987 a total of 236 strains at Salmonella were isolated . This is the lowest incidence found during the last 15 years . All consignments of feedstuffs of animal origin intended for import to Sweden has to be examined for the presence of Salmonella . During 1983-1987 8.6% of the consignments were positive for Salmonella and were thus not allowed to be used in Sweden.

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 1991, 42(2), 209 - 14
{Rappaport--Vassiliadis medium--a new liquid selectively-multiplying medium for detection of Salmonella in food}; Pogorzelska E et al.; On the basis of the available literature, the history of development of the Rappaport--Vassiliadis (RV) medium, its preparation and applicability in food control methods were described . Results of comparative studies on the effectiveness of Salmonella isolation upon use of different specifically-multiplying media: MK, medium containing sodium acid selenite, R25/37 degrees C, RV, were presented . The number of Salmonella isolations in samples multiplied in RV medium was found to exceed that obtained upon use of the remaining media . Moreover, RV medium was easy to prepare; it proved to be economical and was stable for up to 7 months when refrigerated.

Exp Pathol, 1991, 43(3-4), 229 - 32
Cross immunoreactivity of aortic kappa-2-elastin with some antibacterial antisera; Gminski J et al.; Immunological and microbial factors may lead to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions . Cross immune reactions between aortic kappa-2-elastin and antisera against some antigens of Gram-negative bacteria--Salmonella and Escherichia coli--were studied using the dot-immunobinding assay . Positive results were obtained with antisera against Salmonella AO, BO, CO, EO, HM and Escherichia coli OK(A) . Among immunological mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis cross immunoreactivity of aortic antigens with antimicrobial antibodies should be taken into consideration.

Microbios, 1991, 68(276-277), 137 - 46
Microbial barrier properties of hen egg shells; Haigh T et al.; Scanning electron micrographs of shell surfaces revealed a highly fissured outer layer with few open pores on brown eggs but many on white eggs . Total removal of the cuticle with solvents was difficult but partial removal with surface etching was possible using concentrated nitric acid . Staining methods to estimate the number of pores were unsatisfactory but it was possible to detect and count pores on micrographs, as pore mouths were usually associated with depressions and cuticle disruptions . Additionally, porosity could be estimated by measuring the distance between pores along fractured edges of samples . Egg shell contents were replaced with nutrient agar and incubated in Escherichia coli broth . Colonies were subsequently isolated from the agar, indicating that the barrier properties of shells and membranes had been compromised . Experiments with isolated inner shell membranes showed that these posed no significant barrier to E . coli . The exposure of whole intact eggs to E . coli broth followed by seep filtration and microbiological analysis of egg contents, indicated that bacteria had entered the eggs . The degree of infection was correlated with the pole of the egg in contact with the E . coli broth and was attributed to the increased porosity of the blunt pole of the egg compared with that of the apex . Similar experiments immersing eggs into broth inoculated with a Salmonella strain resulted in contamination of the egg contents with this organism.

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1991, 43(1-2), 19 - 24
{Use of latex test for detection of Salmonella in meat}; Lidacki A; The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of latex test for detection of Salmonella in raw ground meat . Five hundred and fifty samples of meat were examined, including 368 samples artificially contaminated with S . enteritidis and S . typhimurium . Samples for latex test were also derived from classical microbiological culture (2 ml) which was run in parallel . Coincidence of positive results obtained in latex test with positive results in microbiological method was 7.6% to 15.3% (after introductory multiplication) and from 38.2% to 73.9% (after selective multiplication) . There was no bacteriological confirmation for 7 samples (3.9%) positive in latex test . Ground meat environment and its bacterial flora have no qualitative influence on a result of latex test; the detection of Salmonella takes place if there is a sufficient concentration of somatic antigens of these microorganisms in a tested sample . However, these factors as well as a method od preparation of bacterial culture have influence on the sensitivity of latex test . In the light of this study it seems possible to use latex test for selection of samples . Positive samples could be eliminated from further bacteriological examination . The further studies are necessary involving other types of food products and studies on optimalisation of preparation of samples for latex test are also required.

Microbiol Immunol, 1991, 35(11), 1009 - 13
Toxin profiles, and cell-surface properties of Salmonella strains isolated from Swedish travelers; Baloda SB et al.; Toxin production, cell-surface hydrophobicity and fibronectin-binding properties of 21 Salmonella strains of different species, isolated from Swedish travelers to different parts of the world, were studied . Cell sonicate supernatants from blood agar grown cultures of 80% of the strains induced rabbit skin permeability reaction in the form of induration and/or blueing while 33% of the strains also produced cell necrotizing factor on rabbit skin . Four strains were negative in the rabbit skin permeability test, while only two were negative when tested on CHO cells . When cultured on blood agar, a majority of the strains (17/21) showed low cell-surface hydrophobicity, showing no aggregation even at 1.5 M ammonium sulfate concentration in salt aggregation test (SAT), while only four strains showed high cell-surface hydrophobicity . Furthermore, these strains could be classified as low fibronectin binders due to their poor interaction with fibronectin or its 29 kDa N-terminal fragment.

Pharm Acta Helv, 1991, 66(11), 298 - 301
Comparative microbial contamination levels in wet granulation and direct compression methods of tablet production; Ibrahim YK et al.; Raw materials used for tablet production were assessed for their microbiological quality . Tablets were produced by wet granulation and direct compression methods and assessed for compliance with B.P . specifications . Samples from the production stages in the two tabletting processes were assessed for microbial levels and for absence from designated microbial species- E.coli, Ps.aeruginosa, S.aureus and salmonella species . The effect of the microbial levels of the raw materials and the formulation technology on the microbial levels of the produced tablets were also investigated . Results indicated that the microbial levels of the tablets were influenced by the microbial quality of the starting raw materials, the production environment and the method of production . Generally, tablets produced by direct compression method gave lower microbial levels than those of the wet granulation method . The compaction process exert lethal effect on the survival of microorganisms.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1991, 96(1), 51 - 4
In vitro formation of complement activation products by lipopolysaccharide chemotypes of Salmonella minnesota; Gardiner JS et al.; We have applied immunoassays for complement activation products C4d, fragment Bb and the protein S-C5b-9 neoantigen (S-MAC) to assess activation of classical, alternative and terminal pathways, respectively, by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the smooth strain (SS) of Salmonella minnesota and the shallow rough (core) mutants R60, R345, R5 and R7 . Incubations of sera (n = 6) with LPS generated small and insignificant quantities of Bb and S-MAC in the case of Rb, Rc and Rd chemotypes and slightly greater quantities with Ra . SS-LPS brought about significant (p = 0.01) increases in the formation of both Bb and S-MAC . No significant changes were observed in the concentration of C4d . Polymyxin B enhanced Bb and S-MAC production by SS-LPS, optimally at the lowest concentration of polymyxin B studied, 10 ng/ml . These data confirm and extend observations about complement activation by LPS and suggest that immunoassay may be useful in studying mechanisms of complement activation.

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 1991, 42(4), 401 - 6
{Detection of salmonella in food products}; Gorecka K et al.; The Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium prepared under laboratory conditions from its different components was found to be equally suitable as the commercial RV Oxoid medium for routine detection of Salmonella in food products . The best detection (30 of 113 examined samples) was obtained using 0.1 ml of culture and 10 ml of medium . In case of 1 ml of culture and 10 ml of medium Salmonella was isolated only from 3 samples . Only 7 positive samples were obtained using MK medium . Necessity of preliminary toxicity verification for malachite green oxalate colour used in RV medium, to standard Salmonella strains, prior to routine food products tests, was found.

Nucleic Acids Symp Ser, 1991, (24), 173 - 9
Scanning of key residues in antibody binding sites by two saturation-mutagenesis approaches; Narang SA et al.; The complementarity-determining region 3 of the heavy chain (CDRH3) generally contributes the most to antibody-antigen binding . His101H in CDRH3 of the antibody Se155-4, which is specific for a trisaccharide epitope of Salmonella serotype B O-antigen, was mutated systematically into all nineteen other amino acids by a double mutation approach . Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and affinity chromatography showed that the Asn, Gln, Gly and Ser mutants exhibited moderate to strong activity . Some mutants, such as Thr and Pro, had weak binding activity, while the acidic and hydrophobic amino acid substitutions resulted in complete loss of activity . A second mutation approach which randomly changed a selected residue into all other nineteen amino acids, while precluding wild-type transformants, is also described.

J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1991, 66(1-2), 145 - 57
Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella typhi antigen and antibodies; el Fattah MM et al.; Enteric fever is considered a major health problem in developing countries . The need for a rapid, accurate and conclusive method for diagnosis is important for adequate and proper treatment . The usefulness and reliability of the ELISA test in detection of S . typhi O antigen and specific IgG and IgM antibodies were assessed using sera obtained from 63 subjects clinically suspected to have enteric fever, 22 febrilenon-enteric subjects and 20 normal subjects . ELISA detection of S . typhi somatic antigen was positive in 75% of subjects with positive clot cultures . IgG and IgM antibodies to S . typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected in sera from 83% and 88% of enteric fever subjects, respectively . While anti-LPS IgM was negative in all sera from febrile non-enteric subjects, 9% were positive for anti-LPS-IgG . The use of an ELISA for detection of anti-S . typhi LPS antibody in combination with the Widal test and/or the O antigen detection ELISA would provide a useful (95.8% sensitivity) adjunct to standard culture methods and allow for an earlier and more rapid diagnosis of enteric fever.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1991, 11(3), 277 - 81
Cryptosporidiosis in children in Gaza; Sallon S et al.; A prospective survey of children admitted with gastro-enteritis to the Nasser Children's Hospital, Gaza revealed that 19% were excreting cryptosporidium, a significantly (p less than 0.001) greater percentage than that (7%) observed in children admitted for other reasons . Detection of cryptosporidium decreased when the change from hot dry to colder wetter weather occurred . Although Salmonella spp were isolated more frequently than cryptosporidium in children with diarrhoea (20% of cases), there was no statistically significant association between excretion of Salmonella spp and gastro-enteritis . A follow-up study of a cohort of the children with cryptosporidiosis indicated that over three-quarters were dehydrated and all were below their expected weight-for-age . There was a statistically significant association between cryptosporidium gastro-enteritis and evidence of respiratory tract infection.

Lab Delo, 1991, (5), 62 - 4
{A false positive reaction to lactose in polycarbohydrate media}; Podpletennaia IM; In combined media for primary identification Salmonella typhi are detectable by the lactose test only within a certain range of proteolytic activities, which fact is explained by specific features of these media . Reduced proteolytic activity and thiosulfate reductase activity in S . typhi cultures resulted in false-positive lactose test and false-positive hydrogen sulfide production test, this leading to identification of these cultures as Escherichia in accordance with the universally acknowledged classification scheme . Taking this feature into consideration, the author has additionally isolated 20 typical S . typhi strains of the 22 cultures isolated in the laboratory.

Pathobiology, 1991, 59(4), 264 - 7
Treatment of cancer patients with endotoxin induces release of endogenous cytokines; Mackensen A et al.; This study sought to determine whether endogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were detectable in sera of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated cancer patients . Twenty patients received an intravenous bolus of purified LPS from Salmonella abortus-equi (4.0 ng/kg) . Patients were pretreated with ibuprofen (1,600 mg) to prevent constitutional side effects like fever and chills . Serum TNF-alpha levels increased from less than 0.01 ng/ml before treatment up to maximal levels of 21 ng/ml, peaking 1.5 h after LPS injection . Similarly, serum IL-6 concentrations increased from less than 0.01 to 11 ng/ml, but peak levels were obtained 30 min later than TNF-alpha . Circulating G-CSF appeared still later than TNF-alpha and IL-6 . It was detectable within 3 h and peaked 6 h after LPS injection . Parallel to the release of the above cytokines a marked increase in granulocyte counts was observed . In all patients administration of LPS led to an acute-phase response as measured by C-reactive protein.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1991, 23(2), 201 - 5
Pancreatic disturbances and typhoid fever; Hermans P et al.; During an 8-year period, 14 adult patients were hospitalized with typhoid fever confirmed by positive blood cultures for Salmonella typhi . Among these patients, we have retrospectively (n = 7) and prospectively (n = 7) evaluated pancreatic disturbance by serum amylase and lipase measurements at the time of admission . In 7 (50%) biological signs of pancreatitis were noted: mean amylase level 81 IU (range 30-201 IU, normal value less than 40 IU), mean lipase level 949 IU (range 468-2,000 IU, normal value less than 300 IU) . Clinical signs of pancreatitis were observed in 4 cases, one of whom had a concomitant salmonella biliary tract infection and gall stones demonstrated by laparotomy and the others a normal biliary ultrasonographic examination with a swelling of the pancreas . No alcohol or drug use or other infection were noted before admission . This study suggests that biological or clinical pancreatitis should be considered as a frequent complication of typhoid fever . S . typhi should therefore be added to the list of pathogens implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic or non-lithiasic pancreatitis.

Microbiol Immunol, 1991, 35(2), 111 - 23
Adherence to HEp-2 cells and replication in macrophages of Salmonella derby of human origin; Budiarti S et al.; Adherence to a HEp-2 cell monolayer was tested for in four strains of Salmonella derby which were isolated from patients with diarrhea . One strain, SB1, was highly adherent and another strain, SB4, was nonadherent . The other two strains exhibited moderate adherence . Further in vitro study of invasion of HEp-2 cells by S . derby and its replication in murine peritoneal macrophages was carried out using SB1 and SB4 . Thin section electron micrographs revealed that SB1 invaded HEp-2 cells but SB4 did not . The number of viable bacteria within macrophages was determined at intervals after inoculation of bacteria . The result indicates that SB1 can replicate in the macrophages but SB4 cannot . Flagella and fimbriae were compared by electron microscopy between SB1 and SB4, and their lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins were also compared with each other by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The presence of a 41 kDa protein in the outer membranes of SB1 was only the difference detected, suggesting that this protein could be a factor required for adherence of this serovar to epithelial cells.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991 Jan, 57(1), 223 - 7
Epidemiology of Salmonella sofia in Australia; Harrington CS et al.; In recent years, the incidence of isolation of Salmonella sofia in Australia has risen from 33% of all poultry isolates in 1982 to a peak of 49% of isolates in 1988 . A parallel rise has not been seen in S . sofia isolated from humans . In Israel, however, S . sofia has been commonly isolated from both humans and poultry . We investigated the possibility that the Israeli strains may belong to a different clonal group and express virulence determinants not seen in the Australian isolates, accounting for the apparent differences in the virulence seen within this species . A number of S . sofia isolates from Australian chickens and humans, as well as from Israeli humans and chickens, were compared by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of outer membrane proteins, plasmid profiles, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis . No reproducible differences could be detected by analysis of outer membrane proteins . A small 6.4-kb plasmid, pIMVS2, was detected in all Australian isolates from chickens but not in the Israeli isolates . Restriction fragment length polymorphism studies with cosmid clones as probes provided the most discrimination among isolates, allowing us to divide them into seven groups . This technique revealed that significant differences exist between Australian and Israeli isolates and provided additional insights into the epidemiology of these Salmonella isolates.

Pediatrie, 1991, 46(10), 691 - 6
{Salmonella infections in Kinshasa: the species involved and sensitivity to antibiotics}; Mashako MN et al.; 292 Salmonella strains were isolated between 1986-1988 in the bacteriological unit of the Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (Zaire) . One hundred of these strains were isolated from pediatric samples . The most frequent strains were S typhi, S enteritidis and S typhimurium . S typhi strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested . The other salmonella serotypes had an increasing resistance to several antibiotics especially ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin and kanamycin . A significant decline was observed with chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazol-trimetoprim . Stool-isolated strains from children were found to be resistant to all antibiotics in common use in 5/6 cases . In systemic Salmonella infection, treatment with chloramphenicol or sulfamethoxazole-trimetoprim plus gentamycin is probably preferable to any other antibiotic recommended for Salmonella infection.

Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 1991, 82(1), 45 - 54
Disialoganglioside GD2 in human neuroectodermal tumor cell lines and gliomas; Longee DC et al.; Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the disialoganglioside II3(NeuAc)2GgOse3Cer (GD2) were produced by immunizing mice with the GD2-expressing neuroblastoma cell line LAN-1 and a prefusion boost with purified GD2 coupled to Salmonella minnesota . Two IgM mAbs were isolated which demonstrated high levels of reactivity (binding ratios in excess of 100) with GD2 by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and positivity in high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostain; only one (DMAb-20) was subsequently shown by analysis with a panel of defined ganglioside species to be specific for the minimum epitope of GD2 GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-8-NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal-, DMAb-20 was used to evaluate the expression of GD2 by malignant glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines using cell surface radioimmunoassay . indirect membrane immunofluorescence . HPTLC immunostain, and densitometric analysis of extracted gangliosides from selected cell lines . Sixteen of 20 (80%) malignant glioma and 5 of 5 medulloblastoma cell lines reacted with DMAb-20; in agreement with previous studies, 5 of 5 neuroblastoma and 2 of 3 melanoma cell lines also reacted with DMAb-20, GD2 was proportionally increased in the glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines relative to levels in normal brain, as determined by densitometric analysis . In a phenotypic survey of malignant glioma biopsies, tumor cells in 24 of 30 (80%) cases stained positively with DMAb-20 . Reactive astrocytes, both within the adjacent to tumors, were frequently intensely stained . Among the morphological variants of glioblastoma examined, the most intense staining with DMAb-20 was observed in neoplastic gemistocytes, with the weakest or absent staining in small cell glioblastomas . As GD2 is a commonly expressed surface antigen of gliomas and medulloblastomas, expression of which is retained in tissue culture . DMAb-20 will be useful in determining the functional role of GD2 in cell-cell interaction, adhesion, and invasion, and in defining altered growth control mechanisms of central nervous system neoplasms in in vitro models.

SAAS Bull Biochem Biotechnol, 1991 Jan, 4, 56 - 9
Epitope mapping in Salmonella flagellar protein; Joys TM; The flagellar filaments of bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly immunopotent and antigenically diverse . It is proposed to develop vaccines by replacing the flagella of live attenuated Salmonella strains with engineered flagellar filament proteins containing foreign epitopes of medical and agricultural importance . As an initial step in this process, the major linear epitope regions of one filament protein have been identified.

J Immunol Methods, 1990 Dec 31, 135(1-2), 9 - 14
A tube latex test based on colour separation for the detection of IgM antibodies to either one of two different microorganisms; Lim PL et al.; A simple two stage assay was developed for the detection of IgM antibodies to either one of two microorganisms chosen arbitrarily for this study . Salmonella enteritidis and Trichinella spiralis . In the first stage, magnetic polystyrene beads (Dynabeads) coated with anti-mu (mouse) antibodies were incubated with the test material for 45 min to capture the IgM antibodies . In the second stage, indicator latex particles were incubated with the Dynabeads for 30 min and the results read following settlement of the Dynabeads under the influence of a magnet . Two types of indicator particles were used: blue-coloured (sensitized with Trichinella antigen) and red-coloured (sensitized with Salmonella antigen) . These were mixed in suitable proportions to form a purple suspension . Reaction of either type of latex particles due to binding to the adsorbed IgM antibodies resulted in the settlement of that particle and hence a change of colour in the suspension to either red (if Trichinella-specific antibodies alone were present) or blue (if Salmonella-specific antibodies alone were present) . When applied to the sera (used at 1/10 dilution) of both normal and immunized mice, the assay was positive for all but one (18) immune sera, and negative for all but one (9) normal sera.

J Immunol Methods, 1990 Dec 31, 135(1-2), 257 - 61
A one-step two-particle latex immunoassay for the detection of Salmonella typhi endotoxin; Lim PL; A simple and rapid test (LIMM, short for latex immunoassay) is described for detecting Salmonella typhi endotoxin . It involves the simultaneous binding of the antigen by two types of reagent particles contained in a micro-tube: an indicator latex particle coated with a monoclonal antibody specific for the O-9 determinant on the endotoxin, and a magnetic bead coated with another monoclonal antibody specific for a different O-determinant . At the end of-the test, the magnetic beads are sedimented by use of a magnet, and the result is read based on the turbidity of the indicator latex suspension . Compared to a similar assay developed previously which uses only a single particle reagent (i.e., a tube agglutination system), LIMM was found to be slightly more sensitive especially when using short (less than 30 min) incubation times, and was at all times easier to read . The sensitivity of LIMM, in fact, increased with increasing time of incubation . When compared to the sensitivity (25 ng/ml) of a conventional slide latex agglutination test performed using the same indicator latex reagent, this parameter was 0-, 4.9-, 12.5- and 28.7-fold better after 5, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation in the LIMM.

Vet Rec, 1990 Dec 22-29, 127(25-26), 611 - 4
Laboratory assessment of protection given by an experimental Salmonella enteritidis PT4 inactivated, adjuvant vaccine; Timms LM et al.; An experimental inactivated Salmonella enteritidis PT4 vaccine, containing 10(11) cfu/ml and 50 per cent oil adjuvant, was used in laboratory vaccination trials in chickens . A single subcutaneous vaccination at three weeks or two vaccinations at three and six weeks old provided good protection against challenge with 10(9) cfu or 10(8) cfu of virulent organisms administered intramuscularly or intravenously at five and eight weeks old, respectively . The degree of protection was assessed according to the severity of the clinical signs, the mortality, the post mortem lesions and the recovery of the challenge organisms from post mortem material.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1990 Dec 21, 39(50), 909 - 12
Update: Salmonella enteritidis infections and shell eggs--United States, 1990; An in-depth investigation into a food poisoning outbreak; Leeds Polytechnic, UKOn and shortly after the 6th May 1990, 16 people were affected by food poisoning in an old peoples' residential home, of whom two died . The vehicle of infection was identified as a baked Alaska contaminated by Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 and, at an early stage of the investigation, the source was attributed to a single infected egg . A separate investigation by the author, however, revealed that the baked Alaska meringue had been dispensed from an inadequately cleaned piping bag which had been recovered from the kitchen a month after the outbreak . A pure, profuse culture of S . enteritidis PT8 was isolated from it . At least one secondary case may have been attributable to food made with this bag . Ministry of Agriculture Investigations of the flocks suspected of producing the eggs used for the baked Alaska demonstrated an absence of S . enteritidis . On this basis, the author considered a more likely cause of the outbreak to be the piping bag, contaminated from source or sources unknown within the kitchen . Furthermore, the possibility of human carrier transmission cannot be wholly ruled out . The incident underlines the dangers of jumping to conclusions at the outset of food poisoning investigations and emphasises that hypotheses formulated on sources of contamination must be properly tested, the absence of which, in this instance, led the investigators to unwarranted conclusions as to the cause of the outbreak.

FEBS Lett, 1990 Dec 10, 276(1-2), 201 - 4
Studies on the interaction of C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, with porins from Salmonella minnesota incorporated into artificial membranes; Latsch M et al.; Purified outer membrane proteins (OMP) of Salmonella minnesota, Re-form, were incorporated into liposomes . These induced in macrophages a chemiluminescence signal identical to that of the intact Re-form . This signal was abolished by preincubation of porin-containing liposomes with purified C1q . Incorporation of isolated OMP into black lipid membranes (BLM) resulted in channel-formation which could not be inhibited by isolated C1q . Additionally, incubation of OMP-containing liposomes with BLM resulted in pore-formation within the BLM . This was amplified when lipid A was present within the liposomes . Preincubation of OMP-containing liposomes with purified C1q abolished pore-formation within the BLM.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Dec, 26 Suppl F, 37 - 46
Management of institutional outbreaks of Salmonella gastroenteritis; Lightfoot NF et al.; The number of reports of outbreaks of salmonella gastroenteritis in hospitals has decreased since 1984 but the number of outbreaks in institutions such as old peoples' homes have increased during 1988 . Foods, particularly chickens, remain a source of salmonellae and particular attention has to be paid to training and practices in food preparation areas . Staff who are convalescent are very unlikely to be sources of salmonella and do not need to be excluded unless they handle food that receives no further cooking . Outbreaks that do occur can usually be controlled by patient isolation and good control-of-infection measures and an effective Major Outbreak Control Plan is necessary . In some large old hospitals cross infection outbreaks may continue despite good control-of-infection measures . Antibiotics have been contraindicated in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis, but the new 4-quinolone antibiotics have demonstrated potential . Ciprofloxacin was used successfully in two outbreaks of salmonella gastroenteritis at a dose of 500 mg bd orally for seven days . Relapses did not occur and resistance did not develop . Ciprofloxacin should be considered as a therapeutic adjunct to control of infection measures in cross infection outbreaks in these situations.

Ann Soc Belg Med Trop, 1990 Dec, 70(4), 297 - 302
Human Salmonella and Shigella infections in Moroni, the capital of Great Comoro Island (1987-1988); Petat EA et al.; Over a period of two years 98 cultures of Salmonella and 17 cultures of Shigella were isolated at the El Maarouf Hospital, Moroni, capital of the Comoros . Almost half of the isolates were from children under 5 years . Salmonella belonged to a limited range of serotypes, S . typhi dominating in adults and S . enteritidis in children, often with bacteraemia . Antibiotic resistance was virtually absent in Salmonella and without clinical significance in Shigella . The high isolation rate of S . enteritidis and the rarity of antibiotic resistance are commented.

Semin Arthritis Rheum, 1990 Dec, 20(3), 185 - 9
Functional asplenia in systemic lupus erythematosus; Piliero P et al.; A patient with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus was successfully treated for pneumococcal sepsis complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, renal failure, and functional asplenia . Functional asplenia was diagnosed from the total absence of uptake of intravenously administered 99mtechnetium-labeled sulfur colloid . Ten similar cases of functional asplenia occurring in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were noted in a review of the literature . Six of these cases, including the current report, were complicated by pneumococcal (5) or salmonella (1) sepsis . The patient presented here had an excellent antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination . Spleen scan abnormalities fully reversed at 1 year . Although functional asplenia is a rare event in systemic lupus erythematosus, it appears to predispose to severe septic complications.

Neth J Surg, 1990 Dec, 42(6), 155 - 6
Rapid evolution of a mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Salmonella; Rutgers PH et al.; The case history is presented of a patient admitted with a Salmonella infection and the development of a mycotic aortic aneurysm within two weeks . The patient could be successfully treated by resection of the aneurysm, primary prosthetic in-situ grafting and antibiotics.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1990 Dec, 28(12), 793 - 8
Toxicity studies of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene . I . Genetic and cellular effects; Williams GM et al.; The cellular effects of the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene were studied in a battery of in vitro tests . No evidence of genotoxicity was obtained for either compound in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test, the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis test, the adult rat liver epithelial cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase test, or for butylated hydroxyanisole in the Chinese hamster ovary cell/sister chromatid exchange test . Both compounds inhibited intercellular molecular exchange between cultured liver cells, an effect that has been observed for many agents with neoplasm-promoting activity.

J Clin Gastroenterol, 1990 Dec, 12(6), 663 - 6
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Salmonella enteritidis in cirrhotic ascites; Garcia V et al.; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Salmonella is uncommon . We report three patients with ascites infected by Salmonella . All three patients had advanced chronic liver disease, typically cirrhosis with portal hypertension . Salmonella enteritidis grew in the ascite fluid culture of the three patients . There was no clinical or microbiological evidence of Salmonella infection other than in the ascitic fluid . One patient died before antibiotic treatment was started, but the other two were treated with different combinations of antimicrobial drugs . One of them died on the fourteenth day of hospitalization, and the other survived.

Carcinogenesis, 1990 Dec, 11(12), 2259 - 62
Proposed structures for an amino-dimethylimidazofuropyridine mutagen in cooked meats; Knize MG et al.; New analytical data allow the structure of a potent mutagen previously reported present in cooked meats to be proposed . The mutagen was isolated from a fried mixture of beef, creatine and milk, simulating a meat recipe previously shown to produce this compound . High-resolution mass spectra indicate a mol . wt of 202 and the formula C10H10N4O . Mutagenic activity was 10,000 TA1538 revertants per microgram in the Ames Salmonella test . From the NMR data, peaks showing an amino group at 6.812 p.p.m . and an N-methyl group at 3.520 p.p.m . were found, typical for the amino-imidazo structure commonly found in cooked meats . Additional signals at 2.440 p.p.m . (three protons), 7.653 (one proton) and 6.531 (one proton) were observed . A structure of 2-amino-(1 or 3),6-dimethylfuro{2,3(or 3,2)-e}imidazo- {4,5-b}pyridine was proposed based on the mass and NMR spectral data and comparison to literature compounds . The methylimidazofuropyridine reported here is probably related to another mutagen in cooked meats with a mol . wt of 216 with an additional methyl group on either the furan or pyridine rings.

Arthritis Rheum, 1990 Dec, 33(12), 1795 - 800
Yersinia enterocolitica in the synovial membrane of patients with Yersinia-induced arthritis; Hammer M et al.; Using a monospecific rabbit antibody against Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein 1, we examined synovial biopsy specimens from 7 patients with Yersinia-induced arthritis . Yersinia were demonstrated in the synovial membrane by indirect immunofluorescence in 4 patients with Yersinia-induced arthritis, but not in 6 control patients with Salmonella-induced arthritis or with rheumatoid arthritis . These findings suggest the persistence of Yersinia in the joints of patients with Yersinia-induced arthritis.

Mutat Res, 1990 Dec, 242(4), 313 - 7
Mutagenicity of adsorbates to a copper-phthalocyanine derivative recovered from municipal river water; Sayato Y et al.; Blue cotton, bearing a covalently bound copper-phthalocyanine derivative capable of adsorbing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over 3 rings, was applied to recover mutagens from the Katsura River which is a tributary of the Yodo River . The Ames Salmonella/microsome assay with TA98 and TA100 of the blue cotton concentrate recovered from the river water demonstrated indirect mutagenicity toward TA98 . The subfractions separated by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography also showed direct mutagenicity in strains YG1021 and YG1024, the nitroreductase- and O-acetyltransferase-overproducing derivatives of TA98; this activity was greatly increased by the addition of S9 mix, especially in YG1024 . However, these subfractions were less mutagenic with TA98NR or TA98/1,8-DNP6, regardless of whether S9 mix was present or not . The behaviors of these mutagenic activities therefore suggested that frameshift mutagens of both directly mutagenic nitroarenes and indirectly mutagenic aminoarenes were present in the blue cotton concentrate from the river water.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Dec, 105(3), 501 - 10
Diversity studies of Salmonella incidents in some domestic livestock and their potential relevance as indicators of niche width; Hunter PR et al.; This study attempts to determine whether or not livestock are becoming more susceptible to epidemics of salmonella infections by the analysis of published data on the annual number of reported infections in various animals . The number of incidents reported each year may be subject to a variety of biases due to temporal and geographical differences in reporting practices . This study analysed these reports by the calculation of diversity indices which are not subject to some of these potential biases . The relationship between the ecological concept of niche width and the diversity of species or types occupying that niche is discussed . The diversity of salmonella types reported in fowl has shown a highly significant decline over the 13-year period 1976-88 . It is suggested that this declining diversity may be related to the declining niche width of the biotope available to this pathogen . Although speculative, this reduction in niche width could be related to a declining genetic diversity in the host animals or to an increasing intensification of animal husbandry.

Rev Med Chil, 1990 Dec, 118(12), 1393 - 400
{Paratyphoid B fever in 2 areas of Santiago . An analysis of the epidemiological significance}; Herrera P et al.; Salmonella isolates from 3920 patients with typhoid fever from 2 areas in Santiago were analyzed to determine the frequency of association with S paratyphi B infection . This was demonstrated in 18.8% of subjects in both areas, a figure significantly higher than the 8-10% previously reported . The association with S paratyphi B was higher for females, especially for the younger age group . These findings suggest an infectious agent-gender-age interaction which may explain the discrepancy with previously reported rates of infection . Their possible relation to the chronic salmonella carrier state and association with biliary tract lithiasis and cancer is discussed.

EMBO J, 1990 Dec, 9(12), 4045 - 54
Regulation of pap pilin phase variation by a mechanism involving differential dam methylation states; Blyn LB et al.; Transcription of the pap pilin (papA) gene in Escherichia coli is subject to control by a heritable phase variation mechanism in which alternation between transcriptionally active (phase on) and inactive (phase off) states occurs . Our results suggest that phase switching occurs without DNA rearrangement of pap DNA sequences, distinguishing this system from those described for E . coli type 1 pili and Salmonella flagellar phase variation . Analysis of the regulatory region upstream of papA in DNAs isolated from phase off and phase on cell populations showed that two deoxyadenosine methylase (Dam) sites, GATC1028 and GATC1130, were present . Southern blot analysis of MboI and DpnI restriction digests of DNAs showed that the GATC1028 site was unmethylated only in DNA isolated from phase on populations . Conversely, GATC1130 sites were unmethylated in DNA isolated from phase off populations . The presence of unmethylated GATC sites in E . coli is unusual and to our knowledge has not been previously reported . These results suggest that the methylation states of GATC1028 and GATC1130 may regulate pap transcription . Consistent with this hypothesis, Dam methylase levels affected the regulation of pap transcription; papA transcription was absent in dam- E . coli . Moreover, transition from the phase off to phase on state was not observed in E . coli expressing aberrantly high levels of Dam . A basic model is presented which outlines a possible mechanism by which alternation between phase off and phase on methylation states could occur.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 Dec, 11(3-4), 329 - 36
Use of detergents in the preparation of Salmonella samples for enzyme immunoassay on polymyxin-coated polyester cloth; Blais BW et al.; Heating Salmonella cells in the presence of detergents such as deoxycholate or Triton x-100 greatly increased the sensitivity of an enzyme immunoassay for lipopolysaccharide antigens using polymyxin-coated polyester cloth as the solid phase for antigen capture . The presence of a 100-fold excess of E . coli lipopolysaccharide in the test sample did not affect the detection of the Salmonella lipopolysaccharide . The sensitivity of the assay using deoxycholate-heat treatment of the antigens followed by detection on polymyxin-coated cloth was equivalent to that of an assay using antibody-coated polyester cloth for antigen capture.

Br J Clin Pract, 1990 Dec, 44(12), 767 - 8
Acalculous cholecystitis due to Salmonella virchow; James RA et al.; We report a case of systemic infection with Salmonella virchow in a 21-year-old male who subsequently developed acalculous cholecystitis . His symptoms and signs-resolved with parenteral antibiotics, as did the ultrasonographic findings in the gall bladder . To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acalculous cholecystitis due to this serotype.

Br J Clin Pract, 1990 Dec, 44(12), 670 - 1
Splenic and renal abscesses following Salmonella virchow septicaemia--conservative management with ciprofloxacin; Oliver RM et al.; Splenic abscess formation is a serious condition which usually requires prompt surgical intervention . We report on a patient with Salmonella virchow septicaemia, complicated by peritonitis and multiple splenic and renal abscesses . This is an uncommon manifestation of non-typhoid salmonella infection, which was managed conservatively with oral ciprofloxacin, leading to satisfactory resolution and cure.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1990 Dec, 28(12), 1141 - 4
Paw oedema test for detection of Salmonella enterotoxin : modification and standardization; Harne SD et al.; Paw oedema test (POT) was standardized with modifications for the detection of Salmonella enterotoxin . Instead of measuring the weight of the inoculated paws after amputating the limbs at 48 hr post-inoculation, percent relative thickness of the order of 121 +/- 3.8% at 24-48 hr was found to be a better index . This test yielded parallel results to rabbit ligated ileal loop (RLIL) technique . The test was positive with enterotoxic crude cell lysates (CL) and cell free-culture-supernatants (CFCS) of S . newport and S . typhimurium, partially purified and purified enterotoxin of S . newport and purified cholera toxin . The test was found to be specific in that non-enterotoxic CFCS did not cause significant increase in the thickness . Minimum detection level of purified S . newport enterotoxin was estimated to be as low as 20 micrograms . Thus, the modified POT was considered to be an effective and economical bioassay model for the detection of Salmonella enterotoxin.

Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 1990 Dec, 8(2), 95 - 101
Determination of antibody from typhoid patients against lipopolysaccharide and protein antigens of Salmonella typhi; Mekara Y et al.; Although the Widal test is simple, inexpensive and the most widely used for serodiagnosis of typhoid fever, the sensitivity and specificity of the test is sometimes doubtful . In this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of serum IgG and IgM antibodies to protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of Salmonella typhi which was compared with the Widal test in various groups of subjects . In typhoid patients with hemocultures positive for S . typhi (TP group), ELISA positivity was found on 100% for IgG antiprotein, 94.44% for IgG anti-LPS and 88.89% for IgM to both the protein and LPS antigens . In contrast, the Widal test was positive in only 61.11% for anti-O and 83.33% for anti-H antibodies . In healthy control subjects (HC group), only 5% of serum samples were positive for IgG anti-protein and none was positive for IgG anti-LPS or IgM to either the protein or LPS . In contrast, the Widal test was positive in 7.5% of HC group for anti-O and 17.5% for anti-H antibodies . In blood bank donors (BB group), both ELISA and Widal tests were positive in 23-40% of sera . Since the hospital records of BB group were incomplete . It might be possible that some of these subjects had recently been infected with S . typhi . Our data indicate that the standard Widal test was associated with false negative reactions in 16-39% of blood culture positive subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

AIDS, 1990 Dec, 4(12), 1271 - 3
Salmonella meningitis and infection with HIV; Fraimow HS et al.; Patients infected with HIV demonstrate increased susceptibility to serious infections with non-typhoidal salmonellae . However, no cases of salmonella meningitis have been reported in this population . We now report three cases of salmonella meningitis which occurred in a population of 1800 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex at our hospitals . The incidence of meningitis complicating salmonella infection in our HIV-infected population appears to be much higher than that reported in non-AIDS patients (7.5 versus 0.15%) . All had cerebrospinal fluid parameters consistent with bacterial meningitis, and two of three revealed organisms on cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain . Two presented with a fulminant illness and died despite therapy; the third developed a brain abscess associated with a relapse of meningitis . Salmonella meningitis should be considered as a cause of acute neurological deterioration in patients at risk for HIV-related disease . Relapses may occur, and mortality is high.

Am J Vet Res, 1990 Dec, 51(12), 1900 - 4
Use of ELISA for detection of immunoglobulins G and M that recognize Salmonella dublin lipopolysaccharide for prediction of carrier status in cattle; Spier SJ et al.; Immunoglobulin reactions to Salmonella dublin in serum and milk from 4 groups of lactating cows were measured by an indirect ELISA . The groups consisted of (1) cows that were natural carriers of S dublin in the mammary gland, (2) experimentally infected cows that did not become carriers, (3) cows inoculated with a commercial S dublin bacterin, and (4) cows used as S dublin-negative controls . Milk and serum samples were obtained at monthly intervals . Models for predicting carrier status were developed by use of stepwise logistic regression . Independent variables consisted of serum and milk IgG and IgM titers to S dublin lipopolysaccharide and a ratio of IgG to IgM . The utility of a single sample vs multiple samples obtained at 1-month or 2-month intervals was tested by comparison of goodness-of-fit chi 2 P values for 8 models predicting carrier status . Immunoglobulin reactions specific to S dublin were a significant predictor of carrier status (P less than 0.001) . Serum IgG titers specific for S dublin were the most important variable for predicting carrier status . Two serum IgG titers to S dublin obtained 2 months apart was a better predictor of carrier status than measurement of the IgG:IgM ratio from a single serum sample . Immunoglobulin recognizing S dublin epitopes also were detected in milk samples . In milk, performing 2 ELISA 60 days apart to determine IgG and IgM reactions to S dublin appeared to be useful for the prediction of carrier status, but was not as accurate as models for serum immunoglobulin reactions.

Klin Med (Mosk), 1990 Dec, 68(12), 54 - 6
{Clinical characteristics of the outbreak of Salmonella infection caused by Salmonella enteritidis}; Iushchuk ND et al.; The data are presented on an outbreak of salmonellosis induced by S . enteritidis . Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded in 97.8% of 90 patients, 2.2% of them developed a generalized form . The disease ran a moderate course in 84.5% and a severe course in 2.2% of the patients majority of whom suffered from intoxication and dehydration . The therapeutic response was achieved upon rehydration treatment with crystalloid solutions.

J Appl Toxicol, 1990 Dec, 10(6), 401 - 6
Differential mutagenicity of two dihydrophenalene congeners: examination of formaldehyde generation and reactive intermediate formation as possible mechanisms; Petry TW et al.; Compounds in the dihydrophenalene series are currently under investigation as potential antipsychotic agents . The mutagenicity of two compounds in this series was evaluated in several strains in the Ames Salmonella (2,3-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-1H-phenalen-2-amine:HCI) was less mutagenic than its monomethyl analogue, U-64,273A . Two hypothesis-the of formaldehyde and release of formaldehyde and the formation of macromolecular reactive intermediates--were evaluated as possible mechanisms for the observed mutagenicity . Formaldehyde release during biotransformation of U-65,556A but not U-64,273 was demonstrated, as measured by trapping with the Nash reagent . Thus, formaldehyde release does not correlate with the mutagenic potency of these compounds . Covalent binding of U-65,556A-{3H} equivalents to rat hepatic protein was observed, but binding to DNA, which is considered the more critical target molecule, was not observed . These data suggest that reactive intermediate formation does not explain the mutagenicity of U-65,556A in the Ames Salmonella assay . Follow-up studies were conducted to assess the possible contribution of tritium exchange to the observed covalent binding to protein by quantitatively recovering 3H2O from incubations containing U-65,556A-{3H} and rat liver microsomes . Data indicate that enzyme-dependent formation of 3H2O does occur but that this phenomenon does not account for U-65,556A-{3H}-derived, protein-bound tritium in covalent binding studies.

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1990 Dec, 8(4), 160 - 2
Prevalence of Salmonella, Shigella and intestinal parasites in food handlers in Irbid, Jordan; al-Lahham AB et al.; During a one-year period, 283 food handlers in Irbid, Jordan were investigated for the presence of potential enteropathogens in their stools . The prevalence rate of enteropathogens among non-Jordanian food handlers (48.0%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of the Jordanian group (12.3%) . The isolation rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 6% and 1.4% respectively . Multi-drug resistance was frequent among isolates of Salmonella group B and Shigella spp . Intestinal parasites detected in the stools of food handlers included Ascaris lumbricoides (4.9%), Giardia lamblia (3.9%), Schistosoma mansoni, (2.8%), hookworms 2.5%, Hymenolyepis nana (1.8%), Trichuris trichiura (1.1%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.7%), and Taenia saginata (0.4%) . This study emphasises the importance of food handlers, particularly the non-Jordanians, in Jordan, as potential source of food-borne infection.

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1990 Dec, 8(4), 143 - 6
Persistent diarrhoea following gastroenteritis; Haffejee IE; The persistent diarrhoea of greater than 14 days' duration in 17 infants, comprising 1% of 1672 patients who were admitted to a South African Hospital during January 1985-July 1987 for a study on acute gastroenteritis, is described . The age of the patients was between 20 days and 31 months (7.4 +/- 7.8 months), 11 of whom were of less than 6 months and the majority (13) were boys . Fifteen had the nutritional status below the 3rd weight-for-age centile . On admission, gastroenteritis was graded as mild in three patients, moderate in nine and severe in five . Seven, six and four patients had mild, moderate and severe dehydration respectively . Twelve patients required infusion of intravenous (i.v.) fluids for greater than or equal to 14 days to maintain hydration . Complications, such as bronchopneumonia and septicaemia, were present in five and three patients respectively . Nine of the 17 patients shed rotavirus in their stools, 7 of whom continued to do so for 10 to 18 days, and 3 of whom had associated infections either with Salmonella or with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli or both . Any causal agent was not detected in six patients . The mainstay of treatment was oral rehydration therapy with i.v . fluid when necessary and a normal diet of cow's milk-based formula to all except the two breast-fed infants . A failure to improve patients' condition led to the following graded additions to the treatment regimen: lactose-free soya diet, administration of oral gentamicin plus cholestyramine and feeding of semi-elemental formula ("Alfare," R) . The last one gave encouraging results, though the study was not a controlled therapeutic trial.

Tierarztl Prax, 1990 Dec, 18(6), 651 - 2
{Therapy of salmonellosis in Macaca arctoides}; Bogsch I et al.; Four clinically normal M . arctoides shed Salmonella infantis after the stress of transportation . One animal developed diarrhea and died . After therapy with 30 mg chloramphenicol/kg BW orally for two times eight days, thereafter 10 mg neomycin/kg BW orally for eight days and finally 2 mg gentamicin/kg BW i . m., they still shed S . infantis . Oral application of daily 100 mg ofloxacin (Tarivid) for 10 days and repetition of that same therapy for seven days after one week without therapy terminated salmonellas-shedding . The animals were released from quarantine and transferred into the zoo's monkey house.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1990 Dec 1, 103(12), 416 - 21
{Molecular biologic methods for epidemiological precision characterization of disease agents using Salmonella enteritidis from poultry as an example}; Helmuth R et al.; The principles of molecular biological methods for epidemiological investigation of infectious bacteria are described . They were applied for differentiating S . enteritidis isolates originating from poultry . Among the methods described are the determination of the chromosomal DNA fingerprints (BRENDA), the methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, plasmid profiles, and the outer membrane protein as well as lipopolysaccharide pattern . It turned out, that S . enteritidis strains isolated before 1987, in 1988 and the ones originating from Great Britain did not differ in anyone of these criteria . Consequently one has to assume, that the strains recently causing problems originate from the population of S . enteritidis which had existed in poultry before.

Scott Med J, 1990 Dec, 35(6), 176 - 7
Severe salmonellosis related to oral administration of anti-diarrhoeal drugs; Smith DF et al.; Infection with non-typhoidal Salmonellae usually causes a self-limiting dysenteric illness . Several factors are known to increase the propensity to invasive disease--with its related sequelae . We present four previously healthy patients who had none of the recognised risk factors but developed Salmonella infection with a severe and protracted illness . Common to each of these patients was the pre-hospital oral administration of anti-diarrhoeal drugs.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Dec, 64(12), 1561 - 5
{A case of bacteremia due to Salmonella enteritidis in healthy man}; Kakehashi R et al.; Although bacteremia caused by non-typhoidal salmonella is frequently observed in immunocompromised hosts, it is rare to find this condition in healthy subjects . In this report, we present a case of bacteremia due to Salmonella enteritidis detected in a healthy man . A 59-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a fifty-day history of fever on May 18, 1985 . On admission, he showed no symptoms except high body temperature (38.8 degrees C) . In the laboratory data, C-reactive protein was 3+, white- cell count was 9600, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 12 mm/h . Culture in blood and stool yielded Salmonella enteritidis . However, no abnormal findings were found in UGIS, barium enema, OC + DIC, abdominal CT and echography . As soon as Ampicillin was administered, the fever was gone and the blood culture yielded nothing . After six months, the stool culture was negative for pathological intestinal bacterial flora and he was in good physical condition . Generally, bacteremia develops mainly in the immunocompromised hosts, such as patients with neoplastic disease, AIDS, leukemia or collagen disease . The literature provides so far twenty three adult cases of bacteremia due to non-typhoidal salmonella in Japan . Only two of them had no systemic disease as well as our case . Although it is unknown why bacteremia developed in this healthy man, we reported that bacteremia developed rarely in subjects with healthy condition.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Dec, 64(12), 1530 - 4
Variability of protection against different strains induced by a culture filtrate (CF) obtained from Salmonella enteritidis; Uchiya K et al.; Cross-protective ability against the challenge of different strains of culture filtrate (CF) obtained from Salmonella enteritidis was investigated . Immunization with CF from various smooth strains with the exception of strain 3551 which is a rough strain of S . enteritidis induced protective immunity against challenge with strains 2547 and 116M . However, when strains 2822, 3551 and 3975 were used as the challenge strain, no protective effect was observed . The agglutination titers against whole cells of strain 2547 or 2822 of sera taken from the 2547 CF-immunized mice were almost the same as those of sera from the 2822 CF-immunized mice . Furthermore, delayed footpad reactivity was observed when heat-killed cells of strain 2547 or 2822 were transferred into the footpad of 2547 CF- or 2822 CF-immunized mice . These results show that the capability of inducing protective immunity is similar between the 2547 CF and 2822 CF, and protection against infection with S . enteritidis differs in accordance with different challenge strains.

J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Dec, 136 ( Pt 12), 2555 - 60
Distribution of insertion sequence IS200 in Salmonella and Shigella; Gibert I et al.; Two DNA probes for the detection of insertion sequence IS200 by either Southern blotting or colony hybridization were constructed . One of the probes is a 300 bp EcoRI-HindIII fragment of IS200 cloned onto pBluescript KS(+); the other is a tail-to-tail dimer of the same fragment cloned onto pUC19 . A survey of the presence of IS200 among enteric bacteria revealed that more than 90% of the pathogenic or food-poisoning isolates of Salmonella spp . examined contained one or more copies of insertion sequence IS200, with the exception of the subgenus I serovar S . agona in which IS200 is not found . Although insertion sequence IS200 was first considered a Salmonella-specific element, it also exists in many isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri, but not in Shigella dysenteriae.

FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1990 Dec, 2(5-6), 279 - 83
The effect of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide from different bacterial species on the generation of intracellular inositol trisphosphate and superoxide in a human phagocytic cell line; Qu JM et al.; The acute effects of endotoxins and lipid A on two intracellular responses, inositol phosphate generation and superoxide production were analysed in the DMSO differentiated premyelocytic leukaemic HL-60 cell line . Short-term incubation (1-10 min) with Escherichia coli-type LPS, Salmonella-type LPS and Lipid A caused significant increases in cellular InsP1 and InsP3, compared with control cells (P less than 0.5-P less than 0.001) . The Escherichia coli-type LPS released approximately twice the quantity of InsP3 compared with Salmonella-type LPS (P less than 0.001) . Lipid A-dependent stimulation of InsP3 production was also detected . The rate of superoxide production increased 1-10 min after addition of both Escherichia coli- and Salmonella-type LPS and Lipid A . Endotoxins and Lipid A caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular oxidative activity . The superoxide response showed less species dependence and a higher response to particulate lipid A compared with the inositol phosphate response.

Vaccine, 1990 Dec, 8(6), 569 - 72
Recognition of a hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid T-cell epitope expressed as a fusion protein with the subunit B of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin in attenuated salmonellae; Schodel F et al.; Two overlapping T-cell sites of the nucleocapsid antigen (HBc) of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (amino acids (aa) 120-140) and a B-cell epitope of the pre-S(2) region of the HBV surface antigen (aa 133-140) were expressed as a fusion protein with the subunit B of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT-B) in attenuated salmonellae (aroA Salmonella dublin SL1438) . When Balb/c (haplotype H-2d) mice were fed salmonellae expressing LT-B or the LT-B/HBV fusion protein they developed serum IgG anti-LT-B antibodies and splenic cells reactive to LT-B . C57BL/10 (H-2b), in contrast, showed anti-LT-B antibody titres, but no splenic cell priming to LT-B . Neither in Balb/c nor in C57BL/10 mice could an antibody response to the fused HBV antibody binding site be demonstrated . In C57BL/10, however, an HBc T-cell epitope fused to LT-B primed a splenic cell response to an analogous synthetic peptide (HBc aa 121-145) in four out of five mice after three oral immunizations . This is the first description of the priming of a cellular immune response to a defined heterologous epitope expressed in attenuated salmonellae and delivered by the oral route.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1990 Nov 24, 120(47), 1751 - 4
{Salmonella gastroenteritis: causes, sequelae, therapeutic perspectives}; Desgrandchamps D et al.; Enteric salmonella are the most frequently isolated pathogens of bacterial diarrhea in Switzerland . Since 1987, increasing numbers have been reported to the Federal Health Office . The causes of this rise in salmonellosis prevalence, which has been observed in a number of countries, are the high rates of contamination in different foods, mainly in poultry and eggs . It has been shown that the usual kinds of egg preparation are not suitable for the elimination of salmonella, which may also be found inside the egg-shells . The solution to this problem involves measures of veterinary epidemiology and food hygiene . The epidemiologic significance of the asymptomatic carrier is considered to be rather slight . However, prolonged excretion of salmonella repeatedly results in social and economic problems, because the carrier food handlers are excluded from work when and for as long as they are excreting salmonella . Current possibilities in antibiotic treatment for these and other salmonellosis patients are discussed.

Cancer Lett, 1990 Nov 19, 55(1), 7 - 11
The structural basis for the mutagenicity of aristolochic acid; Pfau W et al.; Molecular orbital calculations with aristolochic acid I (AAI) and the model compounds 8-nitro-1-naphthoic acid (1,8NNA) and 3-nitro-2-naphthoic acid (2,3NNA) confirm a similar conformation of the nitro and carboxyl groups in these molecules . The ortho isomer 2,3NNA is not mutagenic in the Salmonella strains TA 100 or TA 1537, but the peri-substituted 1,8NNA shows mutagenic activity similar to AAI in TA 100, although it is only weakly active in TA 1537 . We propose a mechanism of activation via a cyclic nitrenium ion with an aristolactam structure which is possible only in peri-substituted nitro carboxylic acids.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1990 Nov 2, 115(44), 1670 - 3
{Icteric cholestasis as an early symptom in Hodgkin's disease}; Kaaden R et al.; Initial symptoms in a hitherto healthy 23-year-old man were jaundice (bilirubin 21.7 mg/dl) and pruritus, but extensive radiological, endoscopical, microbiological and laboratory investigations failed to reveal the cause . Stool culture positive for Salmonella agona suggested intrahepatic cholestasis resulting from a Salmonella cholangitis . However, antibiotic treatment was not successful . As he was in generally good health the patient declined further investigations . He returned two years later because of fatigue, lack of appetite and weight loss . Further tests now revealed lymphogranulomatosis in stage IVb of the nodular sclerosing type . The case demonstrates that cholestasis as an isolated early symptom of Hodgkin's disease can precede by years any further signs of the disease.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 Nov-Dec, 73(6), 961 - 8
Colorimetric and fluorometric substrate immunoassays for detection of Salmonella in all foods: comparative study; Curiale MS et al.; Two modified fluorescent enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Salmonella in food have been developed . Both of the new procedures, which substitute a colorimetric substrate for the fluorescent substrate and in which results are read visually or with a photometer, are modifications of AOAC method 989.15 . The visually read procedure uses the same antibody-coated wells as in method 989.15 . The colorimetric end point of the assay is determined by comparing the solution color to a color chart . The assay result may also be read in a photometer, if the solution is first transferred to a transparent microtiter well . The second procedure designed to be read in a photometer substitutes clear, antibody-coated wells for those used in the fluorescent assay . The colorimetric assays employ identical monoclonal antibodies for capture and detection of Salmonella as used in the fluorescent assay . In this comparative study, the performance of each new assay was consistent with the performance of method 989.15 . These methods have been adopted official first action by AOAC as alternative methods for the detection of Salmonella in foods.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1990 Nov, 38(9), 894 - 8
{Treatment of salmonellosis and shigellosis with the new quinolones}; Biron F et al.; Sixty patients with enterocolitis (36 men, 24 females), mean age thirty seven (12 to 84) have been treated with new quinolones . Two groups have been constituted . First group included patients without bacteremia despite enterocolitis . Among them, 9 patients suffered from shigellosis (8 S . flexneri, 1 S . sonnei) . Twenty-two patients had a minor salmonellosis (13 S . typhimurium, 4 S . enteritidis, 1 S . blockley, 1 S . Virchow, 1 S . london, 1 S . baildon, 1 S . C2 group) . Patients in the second group underwent a septicemic salmonellosis (18 S . typhi, 3 S . paratyphi, 8 other Salmonella serotypes) . All patients but one received an oral treatment . Forty-seven patients received 400 mg/day ofloxacin, 8 patients 1.500 mg/day ciprofloxacin, 5 patients 800 mg/day pefloxacin . Treatment lasted an average of 10 days (5 to 31 days) . Apyrexia was observed within an average of 3 days (1 to 8 days) . Blood culture have always been sterile after a two days treatment duration . No more shigella or salmonella was found in feces, five days after beginning of treatment . No relapse has been observed within a 30 days mean background (1 to 180 days) . Not any intolerance needed to stop treatment . Patients have been hospitalized on an average of 11 days . Therefore, new quinolones will represent an effective, well tolerated treatment for salmonellosis or shigellosis.

Ear Nose Throat J, 1990 Nov, 69(11), 747 - 9
Salmonella abscess of the pharynx; Schaitkin BM et al.; Salmonella abscess in the head and neck is an uncommon occurrence . Such abscesses most often present in patients with underlying systemic processes or in those receiving iatrogenic immunosuppression . We report a 53-year-old woman with a retropharyngeal abscess treated with clindamycin and ampicillin . Treatment required surgical debridement and long-term antibiotics . There is a predilection for salmonella to affect tissue having underlying pathology, so that local tissue biopsy and long-term follow-up to document tissue reversions to normal are required.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1990 Nov 1, 103(11), 372 - 4
{Immunologic memory in the course of udder immunization for the protection of calves against Salmonella infections}; Staak C et al.; Cows were vaccinated once or twice intracisternally in order to protect calves against salmonella infections . The amount of antibodies measured in the colostrum of re-vaccinated and not re-vaccinated cows indicated that a sensitive immunological memory has been provoked by this vaccination technique . This immunological memory showed a distinct synchronism with the state of pregnancy in order to provide a maximum amount of antibodies in the colostrum.

Mutat Res, 1990 Nov, 245(3), 227 - 30
Activity of urethane and N,N-dimethylurethane in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay: equivalence of oral and intraperitoneal routes of exposure; Ashby J et al.; Urethane is shown to be active in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay when administered as a single dose by either gavage or intraperitoneal injection . The magnitude of the response using the two routes was not statistically significantly different . N,N-Dimethylurethane (DMU) is shown to be mutagenic to Salmonella and active in the bone-marrow micronucleus assay by both routes of administration . The activity of DMU in the bone marrow precludes elimination of ethanol, yielding cyanate ion, as an explanation for the micronucleus-inducing activity of urethane.

Mutat Res, 1990 Nov, 245(3), 191 - 9
Methyl vinyl sulphone: a new class of Michael-type genotoxin; Warr TJ et al.; Methyl vinyl sulphone (MVS) is a labile, Michael-reactive chemical, similar in structure to acrylamide (AA) . Given that acrylamide is a reference mammalian mutagen and a rodent carcinogen, studies were undertaken to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of MVS . In common with AA, MVS was non-mutagenic to Salmonella but active as an aneugen to cultured mammalian cells . It is concluded that vinyl sulphones should be regarded as representative of a new class of genotoxic chemical whose mode of action is probably primarily dependent upon Michael reactivity to proteins.

Mutat Res, 1990 Nov, 245(3), 177 - 83
Evaluation of the mutagenicity of combustion particles from several common biomass fuels in the Ames/Salmonella microsome test; Bell DA et al.; We have evaluated the mutagenicity of dichloromethane extracts of combustion particles from several biomass fuels that are commonly used in developing countries in Salmonella strains TA98 +/- S9 and TA100 +/- S9 . Combustion-particle extracts from dried cow dung and crop residue exhibited mutagenic potencies similar to wood-smoke extracts (0.0-1.0 rev./microgram extract) . However, extracts from coconut-shell-smoke particles showed relatively potent direct-acting mutagenicity (1.6 rev./micrograms, TA98-S9) . Results from testing this sample in nitroreductase- and acetylase- deficient strains TA98NR and TA98 (1,8-DNP-6) revealed no contribution from nitroarenes.

Mutat Res, 1990 Nov-Dec, 233(1-2), 177 - 87
Mutagenesis by N-nitroso compounds: relationships to DNA adducts, DNA repair, and mutational efficiencies; Guttenplan JB; The relationships between DNA alkylation, DNA repair and mutagenesis by N-nitroso compounds in Salmonella were examined . DNA adducts formed by treatment of the bacteria with N-nitroso compounds were monitored . Critical to the study was establishing which adducts led to mutations . Two methods were employed . In one, correlations in the dose-responses for adducts and mutagenesis were sought . For instance O6-methyl- and -ethyl-guanine, in contrast to other adducts, exhibited thresholds in their accumulation in Salmonella DNA, and mutagenesis at GC base pairs also exhibited the same threshold, suggesting a dependence of mutagenesis on the O6-alkylguanines . In the second method, mutagenesis induced by different mutagens with overlapping adduct spectra was compared . For example, EMS and ENU generate similar ratios of adenine adducts, but only ENU produces thymine adducts, and only ENU induced AT-GC and AT-CG base changes . These observations suggested that ethylthymines led to these mutations . Furthermore, it was found that these mutations were largely dependent on the presence of the plasmid, pKM101, indicating that error-prone repair activity contributes importantly in their processing to mutations . When DNA adducts by N-nitrosopyrrolidine were examined it was found that only one major adduct was detected in an excision-repair-deficient strain, and that this adduct was not present in a repair-proficient strain . Mutagenesis was also greatly reduced in the proficient strain, suggesting that mutagenesis was dependent on this adduct . From the relationships between premutagenic adduct levels and mutagenesis it was possible to calculate estimated values for the mutational efficiencies for several adducts . This calculation assumed an average distribution of adducts and mutations and required knowledge of the target size and the types of mutations that could lead to phenotypic changes . For the unrepaired O6-methyl- and -ethyl-guanines, and the O-ethylthymines the mutational efficiencies were high (ca . 30-70%), but for the N-nitrosopyrrolidine adduct it was low (ca . 1%) . Initial studies were carried out on the mutational specificities of two higher homologue N-nitroso compounds (the N-nitroso-N-propyl- and N-butyl-nitroguanidines) in uvrB/pKM101 strains . This class of nitroso compounds is known to form similar DNA adducts as ENU . Their specificities were similar to that of N-nitroso-N-ethylurea at a high dose except the fraction of mutations at AT base pairs was reduced . The fraction of GC-CG transversions was although low, increased . The mutational specificities of N-nitroso-N-methylurea and N-nitrosopyrrolidine were significantly different from the specificity of E

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