Staphylococcus

J Infect Dis, 1975 Nov, 132(5), 524 - 31
New bacteriophages of Staphylococcus epidermidis; Pulverer G et al.; Fifty-six phages designated the U-series and 34 phages designated the Ph-series were carefully examined . The spectrum of activity was established for 183 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis from different countries and for 258 strains of Staphylococcus aureus . All 90 phages were active against strains of both species, but some differences in sensitivity were noted . Sixteen of the 90 phages were selected for phage typing of S . epidermidis . With use of a routine test dilution of phage (the highest dilution that yields confluent lysis of the propagation strain), 71.6% of 183 coagulase-negative staphylococci tested were sensitive to the phages; 42 phage patterns were observed . The results indicate that phage typing of S . epidermidis can be recommended for epidemiological and ecological purposes.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1975 Oct 20, 54(4), 300 - 4
{Evaluation of the lysozyme and DNAase activity for the identification of pathogenic staphylococci}; Cava L et al.; The sensitivity of two tests recently proposed for the classification of pathogen staphylococci were evaluated: --production of DNA-ase with the modified method of Lachica et al.; --production of lisozyme . The two above tests were studied with other six tests on 1,000 strains of staphylococci showing a very high specificity . The Authors propose that the DNA-ase production and the lisozyme production, also for their very simple execution, should become routine tests to identify the strains of pathogenic staphylococci.

Lancet, 1975 Oct 4, 2(7936), 650 - 3
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci 1965-75; Kayser FH; Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus has been one of the major problems of gram positive infections in hospitals in the Zurich area . Up to 1971, about 20% of staphylococcal disease was caused by these peculiar organisms . Since 1972, however, a gradual decrease in the number of methicillin-resistant organisms has been observed, with an unprecedented low of 3% in 1975 . The nearly 700 methicillin-resistant cultures that have isolated since 1965 exhibited, with rare exceptions, conventional group-II patterns of lysis in phage-typing and similar antibiotypes . It is suggested that all these isolates are derivatives of a strain which has long existed in the staphylococcal population . The reasons for the changes in the frequency of this strain as an agent causing staphylococcal disease are unclear . The use of penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam antibiotics in hospitals does not seem to play a major role in the distribution and spread or in the disappearance of this strain.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Oct, 233(2), 153 - 62
{Chemotactic effects of some staphylococcal substances (author's transl)}; Kleickmann A et al.; Bovine leukocytes, besides rabbit leukocytes, were found to be suitable for chemotactic studies on staphylococci with the modified Boyden-method . The bovine leukocytes could be obtained more easily in larger quantities . Casein, however, had no significant chemotactic effects on bovine leukocytes . Culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus and S . epidermidis and the heat-killed staphylococci had cytotaxigenic and to a small degree also cytotaxic effects on the rabbit and bovine leukocytes . The extracted "straphylococcal skeletons", "clumping factor" (CF), protein A and capsular substances were cytotaxigenic . In addition, CF was moderately cytotaxic only for rabbit leukocytes . The chomotactic migration of leukocytes was markedly reduced after their treatment with leukocidin (PVL-R) in subleukocidic concentrations.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1975 Oct, 56(5), 459 - 65
A study of the action of the cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes on the staphylococcal cell membrane; Walton E et al.; The inhibitory effect of cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes on the oxidation of NADH by staphylococcal membrane preparations is described . Both cyanide and haematin are shown to interfere with the inhibitory process, by different mechanisms . Other authors have shown that glucose repressed staphylococci are diverted to a fermentative mode of metabolism . These findings were confirmed by demonstrating that membrane preparations from staphylococci grown in the presence of glucose have diminished cytochrome and succinic dehydrogenase levels . From a comparison of the effect of the cationic proteins on NADH oxidation in membrane preparations from organisms grown normally and under conditions of glucose repression, and from knowledge of the different susceptibility to the cationic proteins of the two types of organisms, it is suggested that the cationic proteins exert their bactericidal action on staphylococci following an energy dependent binding to the membrane.

Infect Immun, 1975 Oct, 12(4), 779 - 84
Nonspecific resistance to Escherichia coli in mice; Shayegani M et al.; Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity to a relatively virulent strain of Escherichia coli was studied in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus and elicited with specific antigens . The infected and elicited mice were protected against as intraperitoneal challenge by E . coli for an observation period of 7 days, whereas normal mice, given the same number of bacteria, died within 18 to 24 h . However, the amount of time elapsing between elicitation and challenge greatly affected the rate of protection . Little or no protection was observed in mice injected with S . aureus but not elicited or in mice injected with staphylococcal antigens but not infected with staphylococci.

J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Oct, 75(2), 259 - 74
Comparison of two methods for assessing the removal of total organisms and pathogens from the skin; Ayliffe GA et al.; A standard hand-wash sampling technique was compared with a simple finger-streak sampling method in assessing the relative effectiveness of a number of alternative preparations used for disinfecting the surgeon's hands (alcoholic 0.5% chlorhexidine, alcoholic 0.1% tetrabrom-o-methyl phenol, a 4% chlorhexidine detergent solution, aqueous 0.5% chlorhexidine, 2% 'Irgasan' detergent solution and, as control, bar soap) . There was a fairly good correlation between the results of assessment by the two methods after a single disinfection and after six disinfections, three on one day and three on the next . Significant differences were shown in 21 comparisons between treatments when the hand-wash sampling test was used, and 16 of these comparisons also showed a significant difference by the finger-streak test . Staphylococcus aureus was found in hand samplings from 5 out of 8 nurses in the Burns Unit of Birmingham Accident Hospital by the hand-wash sampling method and from 2 of the same 8 nurses by the finger-streak method; the numbers were small, and no Staph . aureus were isolated from the same hands after 1 min . wash in 70% ethyl alcohol . Similar sampling on 29 nurses in other wards showed Staph . aureus on 3 nurses (one in large numbers) by the hand-wash technique and on 1 nurse by the finger-streak test; in only 1 nurse whose hands showed Staph . aureus before disinfection was the organism found, by hand-wash sampling, after disinfection . Parallel sampling of nurses' hands after washing with soap and water and after disinfection with 95% ethanol showed larger numbers of Staph . aureus in a hospital for skin diseases than in a general hospital, and a lower incidence and somewhat lower density of Staph . aureus after ethanol treatment than after washing with soap and water; Gram-negative bacilli, on the other hand, were commoner on hands in the general than in the skin hospital, and present in much smaller numbers after disinfection with ethanol than after washing with soap and water . Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed the frequent recurrence on the hands of some nurses of multi-resistant Staph . aureus with resistance patterns similar to those found in infective lesions in some of the patients; different sensitivity patterns were usually found in staphylococci isolated from the nose . Even in wards where many patients were infected, carriage by nurses' hands of a particular strain of Staph . aureus did not seem to last for more than a few days.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Oct, 20(10), 907 - 11
{Antibacterial activity of a lysozyme-like enzyme from staphylococci}; Afanas'eva TI et al.; A lysozyme-like enzyme isolated from the culture broth of Staph . aureus 712 presented in its native state a lipoproteid complex . The lytic and antibacterial spectrum of the enzyme was similar to that of the egg albumin enzyme . However, the lipoproteid complex was somewhat superior to the egg albumin complex in its activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, a number of gramnegative bacteria and staphylococci . Out of the organisms studied Microccus lysodeikticus, Sarcina and Bac . subtilis proved to be most sensitive to the both enzymes . Comparison of the amount of the enzyme formed in the culture medium with its minimum inhibitory concentration with respect to most of the microbes tested provided a supposition that the lipoproteid enzyme did not play a significant role in the process of the microbial antagonism.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Oct, (10), 59 - 60
{Sensitivity to polyvalent therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage as a supplementary criterion of staphylococcal pathogenicity}; Fel'dman IuM et al.; It is recommended to use the capacity of pathogenic staphylococci to be lysed by polyvalent therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage in the capacity of an additional simple and accessible criterion of staphylococcus pathogenicity . Of 147 strains of the pathogenic plasmacoagulating staphylococci 101 were lysed by the phage and of 166 nonplasmocoagulating nonpathogenic strains--only 6 . This test correlated with the other signs of staphylococcus (lecithinase and hemolytic activity) . The simplicity and sufficient specificity of this test permits to use it in any practical laboratory . Polyvalent diagnostic phage can be used on the basis of therapeutic bacteriophage by its additional adaptation to the pathogenic strains of staphylococcus.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1975 Oct-Dec, 20(4), 219 - 30
{Studies of oral microbiocenosis . I . Incidence and properties of staphylocci in young persons}; Sefer M et al.; The study of staphylococci in the buccodental washings of 117 second year students at the Faculty of Stomatology, all healthy youths aged 20-25 years, gave the following results: (I) stapphylococci were present in 90% of the students; (II) 50.66% were oral carriers of pathogenic staphylococcal strains; (III) in 23 cases two or more staphylococcal strains were found with different metabolic and biologic properties; (IV) part of the bucal lysozyme was of microbial origin since 95% of the coagulasopositive strains and 88% of the coagulasonegative strains produce lysozymes; (V) 35.23% of the strains yield staphylococcal active with regard to M . lysodeicticus; (VI) 56.19% of the staphylococcal strains were resistant to penicillin and/or tetracyclin, and 5 coagulopositive strains developed in media with a penicillin concentration of 800 u/ml; (VII) 85% of the coagulopositive staphylococci were sensitive to human anti-staphylococcal bacteriophages, the most frequent being phage type 77 of group III.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1975 Sep 19, 161(4), 243 - 52
Nonspecific resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice infected and elicited with Staphylococcus aureus; Baughn RE et al.; Normal mice and mice displaying delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus were challenged with a lethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes . Nonspecific antimicrobial activity was assessed by inhibition of bacterial growth in the spleen and by increased survival rates . Administration of specific staphylococcal antigen prior to challenge was a prerequisite for the induction of nonspecific resistance . Both the time of administering eliciting antigen and the route were important consideration for evoking the response . Similar responses were seen in 3 strains of inbred mice following immunization with both encapsulated and nonencapsulated staphylococci . Although enhanced resistance as measured by viable counts in the spleens was achieved after 2 injections, protection as measured by survival required 4 injections of S . aureus followed by elicitation with staphylococcal antigens . Nonspecific resistance could be detected as late as 9 weeks after the disappearance of delayed hypersensitivity.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Sep 15, 100(18), 991 - 4
{Staphylococci in cheese made from raw milk . (author's transl)}; Mol H et al.; The presence of markedly varying numbers of coagulase-positive staphylococci per gram (less than 10(2) -- greater than 10(6)) of cheese made from raw milk is reported . In twenty cases, the strains isolated from the cheese were examined for their ability to produce toxins . Eight strains were found to produce toxin A, no toxin being isolated from cultures of the twelve other strains . In two cases, the studies were done because of food poisoning which had probably been caused by the cheese . The number of staphylococci was more than 10(6) in one case (cheese about four weeks old) and approximately 1.5 x 10(4) in another (matured cheese) . Subsequent studies showed that rather large amount of enterotoxin A were present in the second cheese . The first cheese was not examined for the presence of toxin.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1975 Sep, 80(9), 59 - 61
{Identification of proteases of staphylococci by means of an antitrypsin precipitating serum}; Krivoshein IuS et al.; Specific antitrypsin precipitating sera obtained by intraconjunctival immunization of rabbits with crystalline trypsin was used to reveal in the supernant of staphylococcal cultures protease having antigenic character common with that of trypsin.This is confirmed by the trypsin accumulation in the process of staphylococcus cultivation, by the inhibition of the proteolytic activity of the antitrypsin precipitating sera and by the production of protein-precipitate as a result of incubation of the supernant with the antitrypsin precipitating sera.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Sep, (9), 823 - 5
{Effect of trypsin on the activity of tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin}; Belizhenko GG; Trypsin had an antimicrobial effect on Staph . aureus . Increasing of protein in the broth culture of the staphylococci was inhibited in the presence of 50 gamma/ml of trypsin by 42.8% . The activity of tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin increased, when they were used in combination with trypsin, the effect of the trypsin combinations with tetracycline or levomycetin was additive, while that of the combination with erythromycin was synergistic.

Arch Dermatol, 1975 Sep, 111(9), 1135 - 9
Toxic epidermal necrolysis . A review of 75 cases in children; Rasmussen JE; From 1965 to 1973, 75 patients were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Buffalo, with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) . A review of their records show an equal ratio of males to females, with 73 whites and only 2 blacks . No patient was septic with staphylococci, and there was only one death . A comparison of treatments indicates that the disease is probably self-limited and not influenced by antibiotics or corticosteroids.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1975 Sep, 64(3), 372 - 7
Frequency and some properties of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Blackwell CC et al.; Of 420 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 3.1% were methicillin resistant . Most of the 13 isolates were from the flora of hospitalized patients . The organisms were also resistant to nafcillin and cephalothin . They shared many of the properties with methicillin-resistant staphylococci accumulated from other sources except for the lack of lysozyme-like activity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Aug, 232(4), 446 - 53
{Influence of "clumping factor" from Staphylococcus aureus on phagocytosis (author's transl)}; Hasche KD et al.; In phagocytosis experiments the pathogenic significance of the "clumping factor" (CF) of Staphylococcus aureus was studied . CF-positive staphylococci were engulfed considerably less by leukocytes from rabbits and cattle than CF-negative staphylococci . Equally, the engulfment of staphylococcal skeletons (SSk) coupled with partially purified CF was significantly less than that of the SSk . The SSk had been prepared by extraction of staphylocci with formic acid . By this method the SSk were freed of all substances associated with staphyloccal virulence . Before coupling with CF the SSk were activated by cyanogen bromide . These in vitro-observations could be confirmed by the corresponding phagocytosis studies in experimental body cavities of rabbits . Thus, CF apparently interfered with the engulfment of the staphylococci by the leukocytes.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Aug, 20(8), 729 - 32
{Desoxyribonuclease and lecithinase activity in antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive staphylococci}; Shiriaeva VL; Staphylococcus aureus, a laboratory strain 209-P and strain I isolated freshly from infected wounds, as well as lincomycin hydrochloride, ampicillin, oxacillin and methicillin manufactured in the USSR and cephaloridin manufactured by "PLIVA" in Yugoslavia were used . Various activity levels of desoxyribonuclease and lecitinase of the staphylococci depending on sensitivity or resistance of the test-microbe to the antibiotics were shown . The activity of the above microbial enzymes characterizing the pathogenic properties decreased with development of the antibiotic resistance, sometimes to complete inactivation of the enzymes synthesized by the staphylococci . In spite of closeness of their modes of action the semisynthetic penicillins had a differentiating effect on the above enzymes.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Aug, (8), 67 - 71
{Quantitative indices of lysozyme activity in staphylococci}; Akatov AK et al.; The lysozyme activity of 354 lysozyme-positive and 100 lysozyme-negative (by the results of qualitative test) staphylococcus strains were studied quantitatively . The method was based on titration of the lysozyme in the culture fluid of 48-hour broth cultures of the strains under study . The quantitative method proved to be more sensitive than the qualitative one, and permitted to reveal the lysozyme production in 71% of the strains which were formerly considered to be lysozyme-negative . There were distinct species differences between the lysozyme-positive staphylococci: the mean lysozyme level in the S . aureus was significantly greater then in the S . epidermis . There was no regular association between the lysozyme activity, staphylococcus origin, bacteriophage reference and the antibiotic resistance.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 Aug, 160(6), 551 - 67
Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures . 1 . Tests under real-life conditions; Dupre M; The suitability of disinfection preparations is assessed on the basis of laboratory tests, different methods being used in the various countries . Since such model tests are rather inadequate when it comes to judging surface disinfectants, additional in-use tests are desirable . They might, in any case, serve as a reference system for judging the evaluation criteria which still differ widely at the moment . The experiments described in this study were chiefly designed to establish the effect of cleaning and disinfection measures on bacteria normally present on surfaces and on the artificial contamination of surfaces with Sarcinae as model germs . The tests were carried out in the halls on 5 floors of a medical (lift landings) . "Rodac" plates were used to identify the germs . 3 disinfectants (aldehydes, phenol derivative), 3 disinfectant cleaning agents and soft soap were used . The preparations reduced the normal germ count by approx . 80 per cent . The reduction was mainly due to the cleaning effect (soft soap was as effective as the preparations with disinfectant properties) . The effect on the "normal germ count" cannot, therefore, be used as sole criterion of disinfectant action . When the various preparations were applied in twice the concentration recommended for Staphylococcus hospitalism, the Sarcina count was reduced by 99 to 99.9 per cent within 2 hours . The efficacy of disinfectants and disinfectant cleaning agents was practically the same . Additional laboratory tests are necessary before the effect of soft soap can be finally assessed . In actual practice the unit count of pathogenic germs- such as Staphylococci and Klebsiellae- is too low to enable an objective assessment of a disinfectant to be made . On the other hand, artificial contamination with such pathogens is not possible because of the risk involved . The use of Sarcina lutea as test germ is therefore subjects to certain limitations . One of the prerequisites for using it is, for example, prior reduction of the normal germ count to values of less than 500/100 cm2 . The second communication will report on investigations into the chemoresistance of Sarcina and how this compares with that of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella . The need for such studies arose from our present investigation.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 Aug, 160(6), 579 - 89
Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures . 3 . Evaluation of the results of in-use and laboratory tests; Borneff J et al.; 3 disinfectants and 3 disinfectant cleaning agents were subjected to comparative tests as to their germicidal activity . These were (a) laboratory tests with germ carriers and (b) in-use tests with Sarcina-contaminated floor surfaces in a medical institute . The results, details of which are given in the two preceding publications, were assessed under the following angles: Validity of the test methods, requisite changes of the test procedures and practical usefulness of the different types of preparations . This assessment led to the following conclusions: New preparations should first be tested for their bacteriostatic activity according to DGHM and the neutralising agents should be determined . The suspensions tests - which remain to be standardised- provide information on the sensitivity to protein, hard water and detergent surface active substances . The germ carrier tests with operating-theatre tiles, carried out with at least 5 test germs, must result in a germ count reduction of more than 5 powers of ten (regardless of the elimination rate due to drying) . In-use tests should stand at the end of the test series . Regular epidemiological studies are hardly feasible in all individual cases . An assessment on the basis of the behaviour of normal bacterial spores is likewise impracticable . The use of test germs cannot be dispensed with . Sarcina is a suitable species provided germ-carrier tests have first been carried out and have shown that Staphylococci, Klebsiellae and other high-risk germs are more sensitive to the preparation than Sarcina lutea . In the in-use tests, we consider a reduction by 2 to 3 powers of ten to be sufficient.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 Aug, 160(6), 568 - 78
Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures . 2 . Laboratory testing of the efficacy under conditions simulating those of real-life; Werner HP; Using a standardised method (impression method by means of 'Rodac' plates and glass as well as ceramic surfaces as germ carriers) we tested for the efficacy of 3 surface disinfectants (aldehydes, aldehydes + detergent substances, phenol derivatives) and 3 disinfectant cleaning agents (aldehydes + detergent substances + wax) and 2 per cent soft soap solution on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Sarcina lutea . The method enabled us to calculate the actual germ count reduction and also took account of the natural dying-rate of the test organisms . Their resistance to the different types of active substances varied greatly . Thus the 3 disinfectants had a better effect on Klebsiellae and Staphylococci than on Sarcinae . 2 of the 3 disinfectant cleaning agents, on the other hand, turned out to be less suitable for the elimination of Klebsiellae . It thus follows that Sarcina cannot be used as test organism for in-use tests (see Communication 1) unless the resistance of Staphylococci and Klebsiellae to the test preparation has first been established in laboratory experiments . The general question, namely whether in-use tests provide meaningful and accurate results remain to be elucidated . On the basis of our test results, the exclusive use of soap for cleaning floors, as a substitute of disinfection, should definitely be ruled out . Although soap reduces Gram-positive cocci well in actual practice, it is almost ineffective against problem germs such as Klebsiellae . What should be stipulated is the use of broad-spectrum disinfectants, i.e . they should, if possible, act equally well against different types of germs . From the commercially-available preparations that were tested, a phenol-base product gave the best results . On the basis of these results we venture to doubt that the use of aldehyde preparations which is customary at the moment, is the right approach to fight hospital infections.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Aug, (8), 107 - 13
{Microflora and immunity in surgical patients . I . Some microfloral indices in the pre- and postoperative periods}; Tashpulatov RIu et al.; Surgical treatment can lead to the appearance of a purulent staphylococcus infection of endogenous etiology . Endogenous infection originates as a result of the patient's diminished resistance, indicated by an increase in the number of pathogenic staphylococci, the appearance of representatives of the intestinal flora in the oral cavity and on the surface of the skin . No iogenous purulent infection.

Infect Immun, 1975 Aug, 12(2), 443 - 5
Agglutinating serum for distinguishing Staphylococcus aureus of human biotype; Live I; Antiserum to Staphylococcus aureus strain 17 was treated with S . aureus strain 61218 until the antibodies against thermostable agglutinogen were removed . The absorbed serum agglutinated phage-typable as well as phageuntypable staphylococci of human biotype, whether recovered from people or from dogs.

Q J Med, 1975 Jul, 44(175), 449 - 58
The choice of antibiotic for treating infective endocarditis; Gray IR; The bacteriological spectrum of infective endocarditis is very different when the disease occurs spontaneously from when it follows shortly after cardiac surgery or is associated with narcotic abuse or haemodialysis . It is therefore suggested that two categories of the illness, naturally occurring and extraneous, are recognized . The great majority of cases of naturally occurring infective endocarditis are caused by organisms highly sensitive to penicillin . Oral therapy is nearly always effective in such cases and amoxycillin given with probenecid is recommended as the regime of choice . Extraneous infective endocarditis is most often caused by staphylococci, with Gram-negative bacilli and fungi also quite frequent infecting agents . Intravenous and oral therapy with a variety of antibiotics is discussed in the management of this group.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1975 Jul-Dec, 68(7-12), 279 - 88
{Flucloxacillin}; Mastroviti S et al.; The pharmacological and clinical properties of flucloxacillin, a new isoxazolilpenicillin, are reported . This drug shows a low acute and chronic toxicity, and enteric absorption clearly higher than cloxacillin and oxacillin . Its binding capability with serum proteins, though rather high, is nevertheless lower than dicloxacillin . The antibacteric activity of flucloxacillin is particularly evident in Gram-positive bacteria and above all on penicillinases producing staphylococci . Flucloxacillin has proved to have successfull effect in the clinical therapy of several infections, particularly of respiratory apparatus and soft tissues.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 2(1), 14 - 7
Uracil and pyruvate requirements of anaerobic growth of staphylococci; Evans JB; Sixty-six strains of staphylococci recently isolated from human skin and identified as members of the three recognized species of staphylococci, and 21 stock strains representing most of the Baird-Parker subgroups of staphylococci and micrococci were studied . All 16 skin strains of Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated weak to moderate anaerobic growth in the basal medium, growth stimulation by either uracil or pyruvate, and best growth when both were added . The 20 skin strains of S . epidermidis responded similarly to S . aureus but with a tendency toward heavier growth . The 28 isolates of S . saprophyticus generally gave little or no growth in the basal medium, no increase due to pyruvate alone, a weak response to uracil alone, and, with three exceptions, gave moderate to good growth when both supplements were present . The Baird-Parker strains from subgroups S-II and S-III responded like S . epidermidis; those from subgroups S-V, S-VI, M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-6 generally responded like S . saprophyticus; and those from subgroups M-4 and M-5 failed to grow anaerobically in all media.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jul, (7), 95 - 9
{Changes in the ultrastructure of staphylococci in kidney tissue in experimental infection}; Bykov AS et al.; A study of ultrathin sections fo the kidney tissue of mice infected with staphylococci showed intracellular localization of the bacteria . In vivo there occurred a morphological reconstruction of external layers of the cell wall of staphylococci, and lysis of individual staphylococci . The middle part of the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane proved to be the structures the most stable to lysis . Specific changes of bacteria similar to the changes noted with the action of penicillin on staphylococci in vitro followed effective penicillin therapy of mice infected with staphylococci.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jul, (7), 59 - 64
{Immunological study of the occurrence of staphylococci with skin antigens in various experimental animals}; Romanov VA; Experiments were conducted on rabbits; primary and secondary administration of staphylococcus vaccine was regularly accompanied by the production of antibodies not only to a staphylococcus antigen, but also of antibodies reacting with an extract of homologous kidneys, myocardium and the skin . The presence in the pathogenic staphylococcus of an antigen affiliated to proteins of the skin and kidneys of rabbits and mice was shown by the method of cross sorption of antistaphylococcus and antiskin sera by a suspension of the staphylococcus or skin antigen with the use of the complement fixation test . Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence . Such antigen was absent in nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from the skin extracts.

Immunology, 1975 Jul, 29(1), 75 - 85
Cell-mediated immune responses in Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice; Easmon CS et al.; Delayed hypersensitivity to staphylococcal antigens was shown in mice repeatedly infected with Staphylococcus aureus . It was characterized by footpad swelling at 48 hours with a mononuclear cell infiltrate and could be transferred to non-infected recipients by T lymphocytes from infected animals, but not by serum . Recipients of immune T cells produced very severe necrotic lesions when challenged with staphylococci . This was in contrast to the protection against necrosis in recipients afforded by serum from infected donors . When both serum and cells were transferred into the same mouse the humoral effects overshadowed or perhaps inhibited those mediated by cells with resultant protection against staphylococcal dermonecrosis.

Arch Dermatol, 1975 Jul, 111(7), 874 - 6
Minocycline in staphylococcal soft-tissue infections; Raff MJ et al.; Fifteen patients who had severe Staphylococcus aureus infections were treated with minocycline for 6 to 24 days; all responded satisfactorily . Where possible, posttherapy cultures were taken, and in all instances, the pathogen was eradicated . There was no adverse reactions . Minocycline proved to be an acceptable and effective alternative for staphylococcal soft-tissue infections . It has the following advantages: (1) it is administered orally on a twice-daily dosage schedule, which facilitates patient compliance; (2) its toxicity is well defined and is not troublesome during short-term therapy; and (3) it penetrates tissues in therapeutic amounts and yields serum levels that are well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most staphylococci.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 21(7), 1113 - 6
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with lysogenic conversion to loss of beta-hemolysin production; Mason RE et al.; Staphylococcus aureus strains 7-8 and 57 that produce beta-hemolysin but not staphylokinase (beta + K-) were lysogenically converted by certain serological group F bacteriophages to the loss of beta-hemolysin production and the gain in staphylokinase production (beta-K+) . Serological group A phage 42E was found to convert S . aureus strains 7-8(beta-K-) and 57 (beta + K-) to beta - K- . Conversion of beta-hemolysin by lysogenization of a serological group A phage has not previously been reported . Phage 42E conversions differed from the group F conversions since staphylokinase was not affected . This indicates that conversion to beta-K+ involves separate loci on the phage chromosome . Several characteristics associated with virulence of staphylococci of human or animal origin other than staju;plomase production (coagulase, DNase, lipase, gelatinase, mannitol fermentation, and phage-sensitivity patterns) were not correlated with lysogenic conversions to loss of beta-hemolysin.

Immunology, 1975 Jul, 29(1), 67 - 74
The role of humoral immunity and acute inflammation in protection against staphyloccocal dermonecrosis; Easmon CS et al.; Mice were protected against the dermonecrotic effects of Staphylococcus aureus by previous infection with either coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative strains or by immunization with alpha-toxin . Passive protection was conferred by serum from previously infected mice or by alpha-antitoxin . While only some of these methods were associated with circulating alpha-antitoxin, in all cases there was a brisk early inflammatory response to infection . Furthermore, if the capacity of well immunized mice to mount such a response was removed, they were no longer protected against dermonecrosis . Conversely, non-immune mice developed little or no necrosis if the staphylococci were injected into areas of preexisting non-specific acute inflammation whether these had been produced chemically or immunologically . It is suggested that in this model of local infection with S . aureus an early inflammatory response, however provoked, is the major protective factor . Though specific neutralizing actions of antibodies are not excluded, the most important result of antibody-antigen reaction is to cause local inflammation by some form of immediate hyersensitivity.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Jun, 20(6), 521 - 6
{Effect of penicillin on the intensity of formation of penicillin-resistant staphylococcal populations in the suppurative foci of patients}; Zueva VS et al.; The dynamics of sensitivity to penicillin of staphylococcal populations in purulent inflammatory foci of patients treated and not treated with antibiotics was estimated according to 4 indices . No reliable differences in the dynamics of sensitivity to penicillin were found in 2 groups of the patients, when estimation was performed with respect to the frequency of the penicillin resistant or penicillin sensitive staphylococci and detection of the penicillin resistant staphylococci by direct inoculation of the focal excretion to the medium with penicillin . A reliable increase in the percentage of the penicillin resistant staphylococci in the microbial population was observed only in the patients treated with penicillin.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Jun, 83(3), 285 - 92
Lipolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains from cases of human chronic osteomyelitis and other infections; Hedstrom SA; The fatty acid accumulation in a lipid emulsion broth was examined after growth of S . aureus strains incubated for 18 hours at 37 degrees C . Among 40 strains from acute infections and from nasal carriers, Tween 80-positive staphylococci in phage group III caused accumulation of significantly larger amounts of fatty acids than did Tween 80-positive strains in phage group I and Tween 80-negative strains in phage groups I and III . Eight out of 17 S . aureus strains isolated from chronic osteomyelitis gave rise to a low amount of, or total lack of, fatty acids in the lipid broth . Seven of these 8 strains were isolated from cases showing relapse after intensive and prolonged antibiotic treatment . The lipid metabolism of 4 strains showing fatty acid accumulation in lipid broth, ranging from zero to the highest value found in the investigation, was further studied . Results of examination of lipolytic action on trioleinphospholipid and incorporation of 14C-labelled oleic acid suggest that the degree of accumulation of fatty acids in lipid broth depends on variations in the lipolytic activity of the strains rather than on differences in incorporation of the produced fatty acids . The significance of fatty acid accumulation is discussed in relation to the prognosis of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis.

J Clin Pathol, 1975 Jun, 28(6), 450 - 2
Minocycline sensitivity related to the phage type of multiply resistant staphylococci; Rich G et al.; Clinical isolated of multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphlococcus aureus were divided into three groups by phage typing . The most prevalent type, which is usually cloxacillin resistant, was found to be moderately sensitive to minocycline . Unfortunately the degree of sensitivity is not sufficient to warrant the use of the antibiotic in severe staphlococcal infection.

J Invest Dermatol, 1975 Jun, 64(6), 406 - 11
Analysis of lipid composition of isolated human sebaceous gland homogenates after incubation with cutaneous bacteria . Thin-layer chromatography; Puhvel SM et al.; The effects of specific species of skin bacteria on human sebaceous gland lipids in vitro were analyzed . Isolated dissected sebaceous glands were pooled, homogenized, and sterilized, then incorporated into peptone-yeast extract medium and used as substrate for growth of Propionibacterium acnes, P . granulosum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis subgroup II . The sebaceous lipids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography before and after bacterial growth . The most striking effect of bacteria on sebaceous gland lipid composition was the hydrolysis of sebaceous triglycerides . The degree of hydrolysis varied with bacterial strain but was most complete with P . acnes and P . granulosum . Staphylococci were not effective in hydrolyzing sebaceous triglycerides at pH 4.5 although, when the pH of the medium was raised to pH 6.4, some strains of staphylococci were as effective as the propionibacteria in hydrolyzing sebaceous triglycerides to free fatty acids . Thus minor changes in acidity may play asignificant role in controlling the lipolytic activity of staphylococci on skin . Another effect of bacterial action on sebaceous gland lipids was the esterification of sebaceous cholesterol to cholesteryl esters . Thus, bacterial action must be taken into account in evaluating studies of alterations in cutaneous cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in skin surface lipids in normal and disease states.

Antibiotiki, 1975 May, 20(5), 440 - 5
{Methods for detecting drug-resistant staphylococci in the human body under natural conditions}; Zueva VS et al.; Two methods were compared for determination of drug resistant staphylococci on the nasal mucosa of patients, i . e . the routine method for determination of staphylococcal sensitivity to antibiotics and the method of direct plating out of the starting material onto agarized media containing antibiotics . Staphylococci resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, monomycin, axacillin and less frequent to penicillin were found more often with the 2nd method . A method of proportions was developed for testing sensitivity of staphylococci in purulent inflammatory foci of the patients . It provided characterization of the staphylococcal population from the foci by the number of the antibiotic resistant microbial cells.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 57 - 64
{Epidemiological mechanism for the formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations}; Zueva VS et al.; The concept on the epidemiological mechanism of formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations was substantiated . Investigations showed the epidemiological mechanism of formation of the drug-resistant populations of staphylococci in the purulent-inflammatory foci to be represented in 81.4 per cent of the patients by superinfection with resistant microbes . The latter group of the patients could be divided into two subgroups: in one of the subgroups (34.9 per cent) a reduction of sensitivity in the initial staphylococci was seen in the presence of donor bacteria which later either remained in the focus or were eliminated . In this case it could be supposed that there occurred a preliminary infection with the resistant staphylococci or with the transducing bacteriophages.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 119 - 23
{A method of reproduction in mice of chronic sacculated staphylococciasis the deeply tissues}; Anikina TA; The intranasal method of infeciton of mice proved to be of no avail in search of a model of prolonged staphylococciasis in animals . Intraorbital infection by Badenski's method - by high staphylococcus doses - produced a severe septico-pyemic process with a high percentage of animal death during the first days of the disease . Intraorbital administration to mice of the pathogenic staphylococci in a dose of 300,000-500,000 microbial cells led to formation (in 60 to 80% cases of the sacculated purulent foci with a preponderant localization of the abscesses in the area of the chest, their prolonged persistance and progressive development . The suggested modification of Badenski's method consisting in the use of a 200 times lower infective dose served as a convenient model for studying the pathogenesis of chronic staphylococcus infection and for testing the therapeutic antistaphylococcus preparations.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 May, 88(1), 132 - 40
The genetics of tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; Asheshov EH; Eighty-one strains ofStaphylococcus aureus that appeared to be tetracycline resistant on the basis of a preliminary disc-diffusion test were examined fro resistance to tetracycline and to the semi-synthetic tetracycline, minocycline . Minimum inhibitory concentration (m.i.c.) values for both drugs were determined after induction of the strains by growth for 2 h in sub-inhibitory concentrations fo tetracycline . Forty-seven strain (58 percent) had m.i.c . values for minocycline of I2.5 MUg/ml or greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant . An additional ten strains had m.i.c.r greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant . An additional ten strains had m.i.c.values for minocycline of 3.I25 to 6-25 MUg/ml and were classified as low-level resistant strain . It appears, therefore, that a faily high proportion fo tetracycline-resistant strains isolated at the present time are resistant of concentrations of minocycline unattainbale in vivo with the recommended dosage forthis antibiotic (Fishk & Tunevall, 1969) . Transductioal analysis of the genetic determinantswo types of resistance to high concentrations of tetracycline . Strains in the first categroy (A)were inducibly resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to minocycline; in these strains the resistance determinant was plasmid-borne . Strains in the second categroy (B) were resistant to both tetracycline and minocycline and had low induction ratios for tetracycline resistance; the genetic determinant for resistance in these strains was chromosomal . In addition, certain strains incategroy A were found to carry a chromosomal gene controlling low-level resistance to tetracycline and minocycline . This low-level resistance to tetracycline was masked in the presence of the tetracycline plasmide but could be demonstrated after loss of the plasmid . The results suggest that more than one mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines may exist in staphylococci.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 May, 21(5), 729 - 33
Amino acid requirements of staphylococci isolated from human skin; Emmett M et al.; Amino acid requirements and auxotrophic reversion properties were determined for 823 Staphylococcus strains isolated from natural populations on human skin . Ten species of Staphylococcus exhibited distinct amino acid requirement patterns . Proline, arginine, and valine were the most frequently required amino acids for the genus Staphylococcus.

J Clin Invest, 1975 May, 55(5), 945 - 55
H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis . I . Documentation, quantitation, and some regulating factors; Root RK et al.; The extinction of fluorescence of scopoletin during its oxidation by horseradish peroxidase (HPO) provides a highly sensitive and specific assay for small quantities of peroxide in solution . With this assay, the release of free H2O2 into the extracellular medium by phagocytizing human granulocytes has been documented and quantitated, and some of the regulating factors have been determined . Under basal conditions granulocytes released less than 0.01 nmol/ml of H2O2 (2.5 X 10-6 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/ml) . Upon the addition of phagocyte particles (latex, opsonized yeast, or staphylococci), an abrupt increase in extracellular peroxide concentration was observed (greater than 50-fold above basal levels) after latencies as short as 10 s . Release reflected increased intracellular H2O2 production during phagocytosis in that it paralleled the respiratory burst and was absent when phagocytosis was prevented or when cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were utilized . Evidence that scpoletin oxidation occurred predominantly in the extracellular medium was obtained by demonstrating a marked inhibition when HPO was omitted from the reaction mixture or when exogenous catalase was added . Similarly, it was found that exogenous serum also inhibited scopoletin oxidation, apparently because of the presence of competing hydrogen donors . H2O2 formation and release were observed at rates which closely paralleled those of phagocytosis . With O2 consumption as an approximate index of H2O2 formation, the fractions released during maximal rates of particle uptake were calculated as follows: for latex, 15.7%; for staphylococci, 10.3%; and for yeast, 4.9% . It is postulated that release is due to diffusion of free H2O2 from an expanded intracellular pool of this substance that develops during phagocytosis . This poos represents tha net of increased synthesis versus catabolism by various enxymatic pathways for H2O2 disposal within the cells . The close relationship between rates of H2O2 formation and rates of phagocytosis by human granulocytes suggests a role for specialized areas of the cell membrane, involved in particle ingestion, in the trigger mechanism for H2O2 synthesis . The consequences of H2O2 release to other cells or organisms in the immediate environment of phagocytizing granulocytes remain to be determined.

Br Poult Sci, 1975 May, 16(3), 307 - 13
The effects of various treatments on the microbial flora of whole poultry carcasses with particular reference to Staphylococcus aureus contamination; Patterson JT; Experiments are described in which the effects of dipping defrosted eviscerated poultry carcasses, for various periods, in acetic, lactic, succinic and citric acids, hypochlorite solution containing 200 ppm free Cl2 and in water at temperatures from 70 degrees C to 100 degrees C on the microbial flora were determined . 2 . Hot (70 degrees C) water dipping for 2 min appeared to be the treatment most likely to succeed in reducing Staph . aureus, giving reductions of staphylococci of from 63 to greater than 99%, without completely eliminating other organisms . 3 . A storage experiment showed this method to be relatively safe, provided the carcasses were refrigerated to less than 3 degrees C as soon as possible after treatment and held at this temperature until adequately cooked.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Apr 15, 100(8), 426 - 31
A new CoDNA-ase spot plate method for the detection of coagulase and DNA-ase activity of staphylococci; Mol H et al.; A new method for the determination of the coagulase and DNA-ase activity of staphylococci is described . The method enables the analyst to test large numbers of strains for this microorganism without the loss of time involved in the conventional technique.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Apr, 20(4), 311 - 5
{Experimental data on methicillin tolerance and penetration into the eye media}; Shchekotova IG; Tolerance of methicillin by the eye tissues was studied on its administration subconjunctively, into the front chamber and vitreous body of 20 rabbits . The studies showed that subconjunctival administration of the antibiotic was well tolerated in a dose of 50 mg, and its administration into the front chamber and vitreous body was well tolerated in doses of 1.0-2.5 mg . Penetration of methicillin into the fluids of the front chamber and vitreous body on its instillation into the conjunctive sac in a form of 2.5 per cent solution, its subconjunctival and retrobulbar injection in a dose of 50 mg and intramuscular administration in a dose of 40 mg/kg was studied . Animals with aseptic inflammation of the eyes due to burns of the cornea with 1 N hydrochloric acid were taken into the experiments . The method of agar diffusion with Staph . aureus 209P as the test-microbe was used . The studies showed that the highest methicillin concentrations in the eye media were observed an hour after the antibiotic subconjunctival administration . In the vitreous body they were 16 times lower than those in the front chamber fluid . The retrobulbar injections had no advantages over the subconjunctival administration for the antibiotic maximum concentrations in the vitreous body . The concentration of methicillin in the front chamber fluid on its local administration was many times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration for staphylococci and may be considered as a therapeutic one.

Pathology, 1975 Apr, 7(2), 125 - 7
Effect of sodium chloride and sucrose in agar media on growth of staphylococci at high temperatures: a brief communication; Annear DI et al.; Sodium chloride and sucrose were shown to elevate the maximum temperature at which both coagulase positive and coagulase negative staphylococci would grow on the surface of nutrient agar . All of 200 isolates tested showed this effect.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1975 Apr, 23(4), 291 - 7
{Should resistance to methicillin of RH mutant staphylococci be necessarily attributed to cephalosporins?}; Joly B et al.; The resistance to cephalosporins of 48 heterogeneous methicillin-resistant strains ("RH" mutants) of Staphylococcus pyogenes var . aureus is studied in vitro with various methods: sensitivity discs test on Mueller-Hinton medium with 5 per cent NaCl at 37 degrees C; M.I.C . in solid medium by spots medium with two inocula: a light inoculum (10(7) bacterial/ml) and a heavy inoculum (10(9) bacteria/ml) . With light inoculum all strains have M.I.C . to cephaloridin less than 2 meg/ml and seem sensitive . With heavy inoculum 45 sc . equal or superior to 64 meg/ml and then are resistant . These resistances occur after 3 degrees C . The varied methods of detection of mutants to cephalosporins are discussed in this paper.

J Immunol, 1975 Apr, 114(4), 1143 - 6
Detection of membrane-associated antigens on lymphoid cells by antibody coupled to staphylococcal protein A; Kearney R et al.; A simple technique is described for the detection of membrane-associated antigens on lymphoid cells . It is based on the observation that the protein A component of staphylococci binds to the Fc pieces of IgG molecules . Lymphocytes from various sources (mouse, rat, and human tissues) were incubated with hyperimmune antisera directed against surface determinants . Subsequent treatment with a suspension of staphylococci containing protein A permitted visualization of both the presence and distribution of determinants on the cell membrane . The method had comparable sensitivity to the fluorescent sandwich technique and could be used to detect a variety of membrane antigens on both T cells and B cells.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Mar, 0(3), 122 - 6
{Increasing the non-specific resistance of animals to staphylococcus with official RNA preparations}; Zemskov VM; A single or double parenteral injection to mice of sodium nucleinate considerably elevated their nonspecific resistance to the virulent staphylococcus as soon as in four hours; the resistance remained marked for four days . Daily prolonged injection of the stimulant also proved to be very effective . In the simulated organism there occurred a significant depression of reproduction of the virulent staphylococci and an increase in the amount of phagocytic cells and their digestive activity . The latter served as a material basis for induced nonspecific resistance . The data obtained substantiated a possibility of using sodium nucleinate as an antibacterial nonspecific stimulant under clinical conditions.

J Clin Invest, 1975 Mar, 55(3), 561 - 6
Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus . In vitro and in vivo studies with emphasis on staphylococcal--leukocyte interaction; Mandell GL; Since oxygen-free polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) cannot kill Staphylococcus aureus normally, the usual mechanisms for PMN bactericidal activity probably involve hydrogen peroxide or superoxide . Catalase can destroy hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide dismutase breaks down superoxide . Experiments were performed to study the influence of these enzymes (which are found in staphylococci) on virulence for mice or on leukocyte-bacterial interaction . 15 staphylococcal strains were injected i.p . into mice to quantitate virulence . There was good correlation between staphylococcal catalase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.88) but no correlation between staphylococcal superoxide dismutase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.14) . Exogenous catalase (10,000 U/ml) increased the virulence of low-catalase staphylococci, but exogenous superoxide dismutase (200 mug/ml) did not alter the virulence of staphyloccal strains . C14=labeled high-catalase or low-catalase staphylococci were ingested equally well by PMN, with or without the addition of exogenous catalase . A high-catalase staphylococcal strain was killed relatively poorly by PMN, and addition of exogenous catalase (but not superoxide dismutase) decreased the ability of PMN to kill a low-catalase strain . Iodination of bacterial proteins by PMN is related to hydrogen peroxide, and a high-catalase staphylococcal strain was iodinated only 63% as much as a low-catalase strain . Addition of exogenous catalase decreased iodination of the low-catalase strain by 23% . These findings suggest that staphylococcal catalase protects intraphagocytic microbes by destroying hydrogen peroxide produced by the phagocyte . Thus, catalase may be a significant staphylococcal virulence factor.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 1(3), 337 - 8
A simple test system for the separation of staphylococci from micrococci; Schleifer KH et al.; A simple test system for the separation of staphylococci from micrococci is described, which is based on the ability of staphylococci to produce acid aerobically from glycerol in the presence of 0.4 mug of erythromycin per ml and on their sensitivity to lysostaphin.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Mar 1, 100(5), 270 - 3
{Problems of resistance (author's transl)}; Overgoor GH; The results of sensitivity tests performed during the period from 1970 up to 1973 inclusive are compared with those obtained in pervious years . This showed that resistance to penicillin had increased in staphylococci causing bovine mastitis . During each single year, however, there was a decrease . S . typhimurium isolated from cattle showed increased resistance to chloramphenicol, neomycin and ampicillin; S . dublin showed an increase in resistance to chloramphenicol . E . coli isolated from calves with coli-bacillosis had become less sensitive to all the antibiotics studied . Pathogenic strains of E . coli isolated from swine also showed increased resistance, among others to tetracycline, neomycin and ampicillin . The danger constituted by this development and the factthat comparison with the results obtained by other presents difficulties in some cases are stressed.

Aust Vet J, 1975 Mar, 51(3), 126 - 30
A study of the number and phage patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in an abattoir; Peel B et al.; Two hundred and forty-seven samples were taken from various areas within an abattoir and the levels of Staphylococcus aureus determined . Sixty-one phage patterns were found in the 141 samples containing coagulase-positive staphylococci . The incidence of coagulase positive staphylococci increased as processing progressed . Articles such as mesh gloves, hands and aprons which were either difficult to effectively clean or maintained at elevated temperatures harboured the greatest numbers of staphylococci . Over 50% of the positive samples contained multiple phage patterns of staphylococci.

Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ, 1975 Mar, 22(1), 1 - 8
Virulence of genus Staphylococcus . III . Studies on the pathogenicity to mice; Furusawa K et al.; Six representative strains of staphylococci were selected on the basis of DNase activity and inoculated into the mice to study the correlation of the presence of this enzyme to the virulence of the staphylococci . Two strains of staphylococci among them produced DNase but not the free coagulase, and one of these two strains had an obvious virulence against the mice . The results of experiments suggest that there are at least certain strains which may be designated as Staphylococcus aureus among these DNase-producing staphylococci producing no free coagulase . This is an additional evidence that this enzyme activity should be adopted as a criterion to distinguish from the other S . aureus which has lost the free coagulase activity . In this sense, the staphylococci producing neither free coagulase nor DNase are after all Staphylococcus epidermidis, regardless of their ability to ferment mannitol or not.

Int J Cancer, 1975 Feb 15, 15(2), 180 - 9
Absorption of blocking activity from human tumor-bearer sera by Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I; Steele G Jr et al.; Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan I, contains a cell-wall substance, protein A, which combines with the Fc part of IgG in most mammalian species . It can therefore be used as a solid-phase immunoabsorbant for elimination of the reacting immunoglobulins . Since it has been shown that Cowan I could absorb out the blocking activity of sera from rats bearing isografts of polyoma-virus-induced sarcomas or chemically induced colon carcinomas, we investigated what effects Cowan I absorption of human tumor-bearer sera might have . In all tumor-bearer sera tested, from patients with melanomas or colon carcinomas, treatment with protein-A-containing staphylococci decreased the sera's ability to inhibit lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro . Cowan-I-treated sera from healthy controls had no effect on lymphocyte cytotoxicity . Nor did Cowan-I-treated tumor-bearer sera potentiate or "arm" normal lymphocytes against tumor target cells . There was no evidence of complement-dependent cytotoxicity with added human complement in sera from melanoma and colon carcinoma bearing patients either before or after absorption with Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I, The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in sera used for in vitro tests of blocking activity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity before and after absorption . No reduction of IgA, reduction to undetectable levels of IgG and 20-30 percent reduction of IgM immunoglobulins as compared to unabsorbed sera were demonstrated.

Minerva Med, 1975 Feb 24, 66(14), 657 - 71
{Recent studies on the in vivo and in vitro activity of gentamicin}; Velluti G; The effect of gentamycin was investigated at the University of Modena Phthisiology and Respiratory Diseases Department . In vitro activity against most pathological Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed . A dose of 4-5 mg/kg proved very effective in cases of bacteria-induced bronchopneumopathy . The drug was also active against penicillin-resistant staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria with a known resistance to ordinary antibiotics.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 138 - 41
{Effect of repeated cycles of tetraolean and oleandomycin administration on the indices of nonspecific resistence of the body in experimental staphylococcal sepsis}; Plaksin AI et al.; The effect of repeated cycles of tetracycline and oleandomycin administration on the complement titer, content of lysozyme and bactericidal properties of the serum in rabbits with experimental staphylococcal sepsis was studied . It was shown that the septic process induced by intravenous inoculation of staphylococci was accompanied by stimulation of the host nonspecific resistance . However, repeated inoculations of the animals resulted in exhaustion of the host protective forces and decreased non-specific resistance . The use of tetracycline in experimental staphylococcal sepsis was accompanied by an increase in the complement titer, lysozyme content and bactericidal properties of the serum after both the 1st and 2nd cycles of the drug administration . The use of oleaudomycin induced an increase in the contents of the complement, lysozyme and bactericidal properties of the serum at the background of staphylococcal sepsis only after the 1st cycle . The repeated cycle of oleandomycin administration was accompanied by a decrease in the above indices . Such conditions should be taken into account in choosing the antibiotic for treatment of septic cases especially when repeated cycles of the drug administration are used.

Ann Surg, 1975 Feb, 181(2), 203 - 6
Efficacy of intravenous clindamycin and methicillin in gram-positive soft tissue infections; Chessick KC et al.; In a comparative study on a general surgical service, intravenous clindamycin phosphate or methicillin was used to treat a variety of soft tissue infections due to gram-positive organisms, chiefly staphylococci . The infections were rated according to severity, responsible organisms, and site of the infection . Excellent or good clinical and bacteriologic responses were obtained with both clindamycin and methicillin as adjuncts to basic surgical therapy in these soft tissue infections . The adverse effects of each drug were detailed, and were comparable . Clindamycin phosphate is a satisfactory substitute for methicillin in soft tissue infections secondary to gram-positive organisms.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 165 - 70
{Dynamics of the antibiotic sensitivity of the staphylococci in suppurative, inflammatory foci in patients during the period of the hospital stay}; Zueva VS et al.; The dynamics of staphylococci sensitivity to antibiotics in purulent foci of 242 in patients was studied . Two criteria were used for estimation of the above process, i.e . (I) sensitivity to the antibiotics of the whole staphylococcal population isolated and (2) sensitivity to the antibiotics of separate strains isolated from the population . In 10 or more days the number of the in-patients with staphylococci resistant to streptomycin, monomycin or oxacillin in the purulent foci increased . The number of the in-patients with penicillin, neomycin or chloramphenicol resistant staphylocci was statistically doubtful . The average number of the antibiotic resistant microbial cells in the staphylococcal populations of the foci in the patients during their stay in the hospital increased 2-4 times.

Am J Pathol, 1975 Feb, 78(2), 343 - 58
An analysis of the Phagocytic potential of multinucleate foreign body giant cells; Papadimitriou JM et al.; Multinucleate giant cells were collected by subcutaneous implantation of plastic films into mice . The attached cells were challanged in vitro with staphylococci, yeasts and sheep erythrocytes treated with either glutaraldehyde or isologous or heterologous antiserum . Cells containing more than seven nuclei rarely phagocytized yeasts or staphylococci, and the uptake and ingestion of sheep erythrocytes treated with heterologous antiserum was equally infrequent . Many sheep erythrocytes treated with isologous antiserum or glutaraldehyde attached to giant cells . When the adherent erythrocytes were related to the increased size of the multinucleate cell by dividing the number attaching by the number of nuclei in the giant cell, a progressive relative reduction was demonstrated as the nuclear content increased . It is suggested that these phenomena are due to the loss of surface receptors subsequent to fusion during the formation of multinucleate cells.

Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Feb, 20(02), 113 - 7
{Penicillinase of Staphylococci isolated from milk and dairy products}; Lukasova et al.; Examinations were performed in 173 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products . Of this number, 143 strains were resistant and 30 sensitive to penicillin . All the resistant strains produced penicillinase . Penicillinase production was demonstrated also in vivo by a test on white mice.

Infect Immun, 1975 Feb, 11(2), 313 - 9
Cell-mediated immune phenomena induced by lymphokines from splenic lymphocytes of mice with chronic staphylococcal infection; Baughin RE et al.; Splenic lymphocytes from normal mice and from mice displaying delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus were cultured in the presence or absence of specific staphylococcal antigens . The cell-free supernatant fluids from these lymphocyte cultures were assessed for their ability to alter the functional capacities of normal macrophages . It was found that supernatants from staphylococcus-immune cells cultured in vitro with antigen possessed migration inhibitory factor activity and also were capable of stimulating the incorporation of {14C}glucosamine into macrophage membrane glycoproteins . In addition, the lymphokine-containing supernatants were capable of inducing activation of normal macrophages so that they inhibited the multiplication of intracellular Listeria monocytogenes . Although it was not possible to snow any significant enhancement of intracellular killing of S . aureus by the activated macrophages, evidence is presented that suggests that cell-mediated immune responses to S . aureus may significantly enhance pahgocytosis of staphylococci and, thereby, may provide for their rapid clearance from extracellular fluids.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Feb, (2), 77 - 89
{Results of typing staphylococci isolated from cows and their milk products using the basic set of phages and local phages}; Petrushina LI; The basic set of phages recommended for typing staphylococci from cattle and also of local phages were approbated . Staphylococci cultures (950 in all) isolated in various regions of the Soviet Union from milk, milk produce and from cows suffering from mastitis were studied . Percentage of cultures typed by the phages of the basic set proved to be 78.3 . Thirty different phage patterns were revealed among staphylococcal cultures lysed by phages . Lytic activity was the greatest in phages of group IV of the basic set . It is suggested that local phage 34k can be used as an additional phage permitting to subdivide the prevailing phage types within group IV into a number of new ones.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jan 30, 379(1), 164 - 71
Purification and properties of staphylocoagulase; Bas BM et al.; Staphylocoagulase, an exoprotein of coagulase-positive Staphylococci, has been purified to a state in which only trace amounts of contaminating proteins are detectable . Aspartic acid was found as a single N-terminal amino acid in this preparation . The molecular weight is 61 000; the isoelectric point lies as pH 4.53 . The amino acid composition was determined.

Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Jan 25, 112(2), 170 - 3
In vitro activity of clindamycin and other antimicrobials against gram-positive bacteria and Hemophilus influenzae; Marks MI; Summary: Seven antimicrobials--clindamycin, penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, erythromycin, lincomycin and cephalexin--were found to have a high degree of activity in vitro against 256 isolates of gram-positive bacteria and Hemophilus influenzae . Clindamycin was clearly superior against staphylococci and 3.12 mug/ml or less of clindamycin inhibited all 35 isolates of H . influenzae . Synergism was not demonstrated when clindamycin was tested in combination with sulfisoxazole or sulfamethoxazole by either the agar dilution or 24-hour growth curve method . This was true for penicillin as well, and the effect was independent of sulfonamide sensitivity . The erythromycin-sulfonamide combination was synergistic against 6 of 10 strains studied by the growth curve method; this effect was not demonstrable by the agar dilution method.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1975 Jan, 57(1), 40 - 9
Knee joint infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus species; Schurman DJ et al.; In rabbit knees 600 Staphylococcus aureus organisms produced progressive infection in 50 per cent of the knees injected, whereas 5.3 times 10-7 Micrococcus species caused only transient colonization of the joints . Methicillin, cephacetrile, and clindamycin administered before injection of the staphylococci gave protection . Stainless-steel particles in the knee did not increase susceptibility to infection from injected micrococci but did make established micrococcal infections more persistent . Knees containing steel debris failed to become infected during prolonged staphylococcal bacteremia . Injected autologous blood, either fresh or three days old, did not increase susceptibility to infection . Large doses of steroids, given systemically or intraarticularly, decreased resistance to micrococcal infection and increased the destruction caused by infection due to this organism.

Ann Sclavo, 1975 Jan-Feb, 17(1), 55 - 74
{General frequency of staphylococci and particularly of the coagulase positive, in the air and by the carriers in the hospital surroundings}; Faraone P et al.; An inquiry was disposed on the frequency of staphylococcus in general and particularly of the haemolitic and coagulase positive, in the air of many rooms of an operatory center . The inquiry was extended not only to the patients but also to the personal of the local self . The high frequency found impose a periodic bacteric control and of an attentive service of prophylactic control.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1975 Jan, 114(1), 68 - 71
{Treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the ong tubular bones with antistaphylococcal plasma}; Okhotskii VP et al.; The results and methods of treatment in 26 patients showing posttraumatic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones with antistaphylococcal plasma are described . This is a preliminary report, but it is believed that intramedullary, intravenous and local administration of antistaphylococcal plasma neutrolizes staphylococci in the wound and blood, produces a greater reactivity of the body and proves to be a rather effective measure in combating against staphylococcal infection in osteomyelitis.

Vopr Onkol, 1975, 21(6), 44 - 8
{The effect of radiation therapy on the course of the tumor process in patients with laryngeal cancer}; Kochetkova VA et al.; The authors have studied the effect of radiotherapy on immune responsiveness in 36 patients with laryngeal cancer . The kinetics of variations in the skin cover bacterial picture, as well as some indices of nonspecific (anti-infective) humoral immunity (the titre of agglutinines, general bactericidity of blood sera against the proper staphylococci of the skin and the content of staphylococcic antitoxin) were followed up depending on dosage of irradiation . It was found that radiation therapy with the total focal dosage of 2000 rad in 72% of cases contributed to activation of protective forces of the organism; in larger doses (2001-8000 rad) of irradiation the indices of nonspecific immunity in every patient were found to be reduced.

Arkh Patol, 1975, 37(5), 21 - 9
{Pathological anatomy of present-day sepsis}; Ageev AK et al.; Analysis of prosector's findings and results of pathoanatomical studies of 65 cases who had died from sepsis showed that its incidence increased from 0.92% in 1956--1960 to 4.11% in 1971-1974 . Along with the well-known typical manifestations of sepsis, a number of its perculiar features associated with application of modern therapeutic methods are considered: the prevailing form of sepsis is pyemia (81.5%), considerable incidence of sepsis following peritonitis and septic thrombophlebitis developing at sites of prolonged catheterization of veins . The significance of staphylococci and Bacillus pyocyaneus, which are resistant to the majority of the available at present antibiotics, as principle pathogenes of modern sepsis is emphasized . A dependence between the localization and size of metastatic foci and the kind of pathogene and nature of its toxines is noted . Among the conditions contributing to the development of sepsis the authors consider a reduction of the immunological reactivity of the organism morphologically characterized in the dead persons studied by the absence in lymphatic follicles of lymphatic nodes and the spleen, of "light" centres, drastic atrophic changes in the thymus gland in the majority of cases, and by slightly manifested phenomena of phagocytosis of microbes in the foci of inflammation . The role of operative and other traumas, the character of preceding diseases and application of immunodepressive therapy in the reduction of the immunological reactivity of the organism is tressed.

Pol Arch Weter, 1975, 18(1), 45 - 51
{Best methods for the detection of staphylococci in feed mixture . III . Effect of sample preincubation on the most probable number (MPN) of staphylococci in 1 gram of feed}; Borkowska-Opacka B et al.; The aim of this work was to determine whether 2-hour preincubation of a feed sample in physiological saline at 37 degrees, being in force in this country according to Polish norm 58/R-64785, exerts a favourable effect on the MPN of staphylococci detected in 1 g feed . On the base of the results obtained it is suggested that, contrary to this norm, it is more favourably not to use the preincubation for the detection of staphylococci in feed mixtures because the MPN of staphylococci found by statistical analysis in 1 g of the preincubated mixture is significantly lower than that obtained without preincubation.

Pol Arch Weter, 1975, 18(1), 35 - 43
{Effect of temperature and storage time of industrial feed mixtures on the occurrence of presence of Staphylococcus aureus}; Borkowska-Opacka B et al.; The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of temperature and storage time of industrial feed mixtures (IFM) on the occurrence of staphylococci . It has been found that freezing of experimentally infected IFM decreased initially the number of staphylococci . Further storage of IFM below 0 degrees C, even for 8 months, did not destroy completely these microorganisms . At 4 degrees C, the number of staphylococci decreased slowly . In IFM stored at 37 degrees C, or at room temperature, the number of staphylococci decreased rapidly . The storage of IFM at these temperatures may be a good method of removing infections of IFM caused by staphylococci.

Drugs, 1975, 9(4), 251 - 91
Minocycline: A review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use; Brogden RN et al.; Minocycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative which is well absorbed and distributed in body tissues and is suitable for twice daily administration . It appears to be as generally effective as other tetracyclines and analogues, but also to be effective in infections due to tetracycline-resistant staphylococci . Side-effects are typical of those of other tetracyclines, but minocycline has been associated with a high incidence of vertigo in some studies . On the other hand, minocycline appears to have little or no photosensitising potential . It is not yet clear whether minocycline can be safely used in patients with moderate or severe impairment of renal function, but if used in renal failure, the plasma urea concentration should be monitored.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 57 - 64
{Effects of staphylococcal leucocidin in mice (author's transl)}; Supadi SU et al.; After intraperitoneal injections of mice with paraffin-oil and sodium caseinate the numbers of macrophages and granulocytes increased respectively as well in their peritoneal exsudate as in their blood . On the other hand, cyclophosphamide markedly decreased the numbers of leucocytes . All mice were more susceptibel to infections with leucocidin (PVL-R)-positive staphylococci than to those with leucodidin-negative staphylococci of comparable hemolytic properties . Generally, mice with increased numbers of leucocytes were relatively more resistant to the staphylococcal infections . Concentrated PVL-R-leucocidin injected intraperitoneally into mice caused a temporary decrease in the number of leucocytes, especially granulocytes and their phagocytic activity.

Poult Sci, 1975 Jan, 54(1), 95 - 101
Quantitative aspects of the Staphylococcus aureus flora of poultry; Devriese LA et al.; Important populations of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be present on the body surfaces of live poultry originating from flocks without history of staphylococcal disease . Their sized increased considerably until approximately the seventh week of life after which time they were maintained at equally high levels . Significant correlations were found between the populations recovered from superficial wash samples and skin-tissue samples . Similarly the numbers isolated from the nasal cavities were correlated with other surface counts . Low numbers were present in the intestinal tract . Birds with staphylococcal synovitis had higher numbers in all sampling regions . The counts were very high in subjects suffering from staphylococcal dermatitis . Higher rates of positive birds and higher numbers of staphylococci were detected with a whole body sampling method than with a nasal swab technique . The isolates obtained in this study belonged to the S . aureus biotype B which is associated with poultry and pigs.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(2), 70 - 4
{Characteristics of staphylococci isolated from slaughtered birds}; Vitkov M; Studied were some biologic properties of 76 strains of staphylococci isolated from slaughtered chickens . It was established that coagulase-positive staphylococci posses the basic properties of Staphylococcus aureus--they ferment mannite and glucose, can produce phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease, and hemolysines . By some of their properties -- type of hemolysines, coagulation of sheep and bovine plasta, production of fibrolysines, type of colonies as established by means of the crystal-violet test -- staphylococcus cultures isolated from slaughtered poultry differ from isolated from human beings, cattle and sheep . Besides, the studied strains of Staphylococcus aureus are lysed to a very low percent by the phages of the bovine set and the phages for typing the staphylococci, isolated from humans . It may be assumed that the staphylococci occasionally found in birds can form a special group that require further studies.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(2), 51 - 7
{Bacterial contamination of salted ocean mackerel during the production process}; Todorov I; Studied were the more important sources of bacterial contamination . Examined were the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scomburs) -- both its skin surface and the musculature prior to and after thawing, cleaning and washing and salting . Tested were also the cooking salt used, the brine, the conveyer bands, the vats for salting, the hands and clothing of the workers engaged as well as the water in the shop . The microbiologic study concerned the total bacterial count per gram of tissue (1 cu . cm, 1 squ . cm), the counts of coliforms, bacilli, moulds, yeasts, Salmonellae, and pathogenic staphylococci . It was found that during processing the microbial contamination of fish considerably rises . Some more important sources of primary microflora are the raw fish, the salt, brine, conveyers, and the workers' hands and overalls . The vats for salting and the water rank second as bacterial sources . Salmonellae and pathogenic staphylococci were not isolated . A considerable rise in fish microflora was observed during the process of thawing . Some changes are suggested for the technology of thawing as well as some measures to improve the sanitary and hygiene requirements to be observed during the production process.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jan, (1), 97 - 101
{Production of a lysozyme-like enzyme by various representatives of the genus Staphylococcus}; Afanas'eva TI et al.; On the basis of studying 855 strains of various staphylococci it was shown that production of a lysozyme-like enzyme (LLE) failed to serve as a characteristic sign for all the representatives of Staphylococcus genus . It was mostly observed in S . aureus (in 85% of the strains) . In nonpathogenic strains of S . epidermidis LLE could not be revealed either by the dish or by affine chromatography on chitin; among S . epidermidis, isolated from the patients there were cultures which did or did not form the LLE . Cultures occupying an intermediate position (coagulase-negative or mannite-negative) formed the LLE in 66.9% of cases . It was shown that the virulence and the general biological activity of the lysozyme-positive intermediate strains were higher than in the lysozyme-negative ones.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Jan, 20(1), 72 - 4
{Lysozyme content in the blood serum and saliva of carriers of pethogenic staphylococci}; Grinzaid MI et al.; 90 serum and 273 saliva samples from pathogenic staphylococci carriers and healthy persons (control group) were studied . It was found that the state of pathogenic staphylococci carrying on the nose mucosa had no significant effect on the lysozyme levels in the blood serum, while assisted an increase in the content of the substance in the saliva . Increased lysozyme levels in the saliva of the pathogenic staphylococci carriers showed no clear connections with lysozyme production by the pathogens.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 230(3), 313 - 9
Classification of coagulase-negative staphylococci of human origin; Sovadina M; A total of 191 coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from man were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis on the basis of their biochemical properties . When classified according to the classification scheme suggested by BAIRD-PARKER (1972), 144 of the strains were found to belong to biotype 1, one strain was biotype 2, and four were biotype 3; the remaining 42 strains could not be classified within any of the 4 biotypes of this scheme . Using the classification scheme suggested by PELZER et al . (1973), 158 strains were found to belong to subgroup IIb, one was subgroup IIIb, four were subgroup IV, and 28 were subgroup V, with no strains remaining unclassified . The biochemical properties of the strains were not related to the site of isolation except that urease was produced by only 15 per cent of strains isolated from pus but by 81-92 per cent of strains isolated from a variety of other sources . The majority of the strains (64 per cent) were resistant to penicillin, while 72 per cent were sensitive to streptomycin.

Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1975, 9(1), 17 - 23
Antimicrobial activity of human seminal fluid; Mardh PA et al.; The antibacterial, antifungal and antimycoplasmal activity of human semen was studied . Gram-positive aerobic bacterial species i.e . staphylococci, but not gram-negative aerobic bacteria, were inhibited by seminal fluid in vitro . Neither were anaerobic gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, nor Candida or Mycoplasma inhibited . Semen of healthy males had a higher antibacterial effect on S . albus than that of patients with symptoms of chronic prostatitis . There was a positive correlation between the antibacterial power of the semen of the patients studied and their content of zinc and magnesium, while no correlation was found with fructose and lysozyme or the number of spermatozoa in any of the groups . A positive correlation was found between the antibacterial capacity and the volume of the ejaculate in the patients but not among the controls . The antibacterial substance(s) was dialysable, ether-extractable, resistant to boiling and partly to storage at room temperature . The addition of EDTA, tranexamic acid and ammonium reineckate to semen did not influence the antibacterial effect, which was, however, slightly inhibited by sodium polyanethol sulphonate . The nature of possible antibacterial substances in semen is discussed.

Vox Sang, 1975, 29(6), 456 - 8
Gel precipitin tests for hepatitis-B surface antigen . False positive reactions due to the presence of staphylococcal antigen in contaminated plasma samples; Combridge BS et al.; Plasma samples contaminated with coagulase-positive staphylococci were found to give a false positive precipitin line for hepatitis-B surface antigen in gel tests . The staphylococcal antibody was found to be present in both normal immunoglobulin and anti-hepatitis-B surface antigen immunoglobulin preparations and also in many normal plasma samples.

Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, 1975 Jan, 68(1), 35 - 44
{Acute bacterial endocarditis}; Witchitz S et al.; Acute endocarditides, defined by the intensity of the infectious syndrome, increase rapidly in incidence, both in absolute number and in relation with classical subacute endocarditides . 60 cases were studied out of a lot of 130 cases of bacterial endocarditides . They are characterized by the nature of the portals of entry, particularly in hospital, the nature of the causal germs (staphylococci and gram-negative germs essentially), their habitually primary character, the importance of embolic manifestations . Cardiac failure through valvular mutilation is common, but surgical valve replacement is not always possible in view of the visceral or infectious context . Their overall prognosis is a very bad one: lethality 67 percent as against 15 percent for subacute endocarditides . An important part of prevention lies in a better hospital hygiene.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 1(1), 82 - 8
Simplified scheme for routine identification of human Staphylococcus species; Kloos WE et al.; From a total of 40 characters that were previously used to differentiate species of staphylococci, 13 key characters were selected to make a simplified scheme that could be easily used by the routine clinical laboratory for identifying human staphylococci . These key characters included coagulase activity, hemolysis, nitrate reduction, and aerobic acid production from fructose, xylose, arabinose, ribose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, and xylitol . In the simplified scheme, 924 strains of staphylococci were placed into 11 positions, each of which contained the major portion (greater than or equal to 80%) of strains of one of the recognized species . Several positions contained a rare or few uncommon strains of one or more additional species and these could be resolved on the basis of other key characters.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jan, (1), 73 - 5
{Clinical study of the efficacy of staphylococcal anatoxin in relation to the phage group to which the staphylococcal strains--the causative agents of infection--belong}; Snopkova VA et al.; In comparing the bacteriophage group reference of the strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in case of postoperative complications from children given staphylococcus toxoid for prophylactic purpose and from control group it was found that prophylactic vaccinations of staphylococcus toxoid created the most intense immunity against staphylococci of the I bacteriophage group . There was found no significant association between the efficacy of the therapy and bacteriophage reference of staphylococci--the causative agents of the infection.

Acta Cytol, 1975 Jan-Feb, 19(1), 38 - 42
Cytopathology of nipple discharge due to Pityrosporum orbiculare and cocci in an elderly woman; Bertini B et al.; A case has been described where cytologic examination first showed a fungus infection as the possible cause of a nipple discharge of long duration . The discharge was found to be associated with Pityrosporum orbiculare, Micrococcus tetragenes and Staphylococci (coagulase negative) . Administration of an antibiotic that inhibited the bacteria cured the condition.

Ann Sclavo, 1974 Nov-Dec, 16(6), 633 - 40
{Sensitivity of staphylococci to mercury and to deoxycholate}; Gelosa L et al.; From the pharingeal mucus of many carriers were isolated 155 strains of staphylococci ascribed, by anaerobic fermentation of glucose and mannite, to the groups St . aureus, St . epidermidis and Micrococcus . The sensibility to chloride of mercury and to desoxicholate was tested by inhibition of development on agar of paper stripes impegnated with the solutions of the indicated substances . A specific corresponsion between the sensibility of inhibitory substance and the biological properties of the staphylococci was not observed . However the more pathogen groups were more sensibles to mercury and the non pathogen to desoxicholate.

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