Salmonella

Vaccine, 1992, 10(1), 53 - 60
Construction of a genetically defined Salmonella typhi Ty2 aroA, aroC mutant for the engineering of a candidate oral typhoid-tetanus vaccine; Chatfield SN et al.; The construction of a Salmonella typhi Ty2 strain harbouring defined deletions in both the aroA and aroC genes is described . These deletions have been fully defined at the molecular level by DNA sequencing and have been introduced in such a way that no foreign DNA remains in the S . typhi genome . This strain is attenuated in mice when given by the intraperitoneal route suspended in hog gastric mucin and is attenuated to a similar level to strains harbouring deletions in aroA or aroC alone indicating that both lesions are capable of attenuating independently . We have used this defined S . typhi aroA aroC strain to express stably a non-toxic 50 kDa fragment of tetanus toxin (fragment C) from a gene incorporated into the chromosome . This strain has the advantage of harbouring no antibiotic-resistance markers and we consider it to be a candidate bivalent oral typhoid-tetanus vaccine.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1992 Jan 1, 69(2), 153 - 60
Molecular phylogenetic typing of pandemic isolates of Salmonella enteritidis; Stanley J et al.; Salmonella enteritidis is now the most common Salmonella serovar in many countries . We have used cloned DNA probes to analyze genome interrelationships between strains chosen to represent the current S . enteritidis pandemic, and included designated type strains of the seven subspecies of Salmonella in order to compare the levels of discrimination of probes . DNA sequence divergence and rearrangements were analyzed in and around the rfa, fim and umuDC loci, and around insertion sites of the Salmonella-specific DNA insertion element, IS200 . The S . enteritidis isolates showed a high degree of genome homogeneity . Chromosomal genetic loci exhibited characteristic DNA sequence divergence between subspecies of Salmonella, but no intraserovar divergence or difference with the subspecies I type strain was observed for S . enteritidis . The locus umuDC was not found in S . enteritidis . S . enteritidis contains a conserved and a variable site of insertion of insertion sequence IS200 and the analysis of DNA rearrangements around the second of these sites showed that three distinct evolutionary lines or races exist within pandemic isolates associated with human gasteroenteritis . IS200 profiles of a range of U.K . isolates of the epidemic phage type PT4 showed that all belonged to a single clonal line.

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1992, 44(3-4), 129 - 35
{A trial application of the latex test for evaluation of antibody level in rabbit immune sera}; Szych J et al.; A latex test was elaborated which served for evaluation of quality of rabbit immune sera for antigen 0 of selected Gram-negative bacteria . Sensitivity and specificity of this test in comparison with passive hemagglutination and immunoenzymatic DOT-ELISA reactions was evaluated . These studies were performed on immune sera for antigen O of Salmonella groups B, C1, C2, D and E, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and in antigen preparations for above listed microorganisms both in homologous and heterologous systems . It was found that sensitivity of the latex test is 9 to 160 times lower than that of passive hemagglutination and 7 to 307 lower than for DOT-ELISA . Sensitivity of the latex test and passive hemagglutination reaction was evaluated on the basis of results of cross reaction between studied antigens and unabsorbed rabbit sera, establishing so called sensitivity indexes, which were informing how many times heterologous titer is lower than homologous titer . So evaluated sensitivity of the latex test was close to sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination reaction . It was found that slide latex test is characterized by satisfactory sensitivity and good sensitiveness and may be used for evaluation of antibody level 0 antigens of Salmonella and Yersinia . The value of this test is characterized by high repeatability of results, as well as low work and time-consuming.

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1992, 44(3-4), 109 - 17
{Strains of Salmonella with atypical biochemical activity found in diagnostic material}; Mrozowska A et al.; Biochemically atypical strains belonging to 11 genera of Salmonella subspecies I in the number of 200 were collected in Poland in the years 1980-1991 were tested by means of 22 biochemical tests . Atypical property stability was detected in 164 strains . Most stable properties were following: ability to ferment lactose, lack of ability of dulcitol fermentation, lack of hydrosulfide production and lack of lysine decarboxylation . Atypical properties were occurring singularly or clusters numbering two or three . Identification procedure for Salmonella accepted in this country enables proper diagnosis of an atypical strain, however it requires application of supplemental biochemical tests . These strains were tested for susceptibility of 15 antimicrobial agents and no correlation between antibiotic resistance and occurrence of one or several atypical properties has been found.

Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop, 1992, 45(2), 137 - 8
Salmonella enteritidis infection in the Sudan; Mamoun IE et al.; Twenty-one Salmonella enteritidis isolates were recovered from several poultry farms in three states in the Sudan over an eighteen-month period . The infection was disseminated from a distributing company which had imported infected fertilized eggs and parent stock . The Sudan S . enteritidis epidemic which devastated many poultry farms during 1990 was attributable and concurrent to that in Europe in particular and throughout the world in general.

J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1992, 67(3-4), 357 - 67
Salmonella-induced enteritis . Clinical, serotypes and treatment; Ramadan F et al.; Salmonella-induced enteritis is a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries . The frequency of different Salmonella serotypes in different areas varies according to time and locality . The prevalence of different Salmonella serotypes in Yanbu area was studied in 136 stool cultures from patients admitted with gastroenteritis, to the medical ward of Royal Commission Hospital in the period 1/6/1991 to 30/10/1991 . Fifteen different Salmonella serotypes were determined among 31 positive Salmonella isolates and all were of the gastroenteric group, diarrhoeagenic but noninvasive . The most common serotype was S . typhimurium (45.16%) followed by S . enteritidis (9.62%) then S . virchow (6.46%) . Other forms of Salmonella were isolated from one patient each 3.23%, S . paratyphi B java, S . heidelberg, S . livingstone, S . infantis, S . bovis morbificans, S . corvallis, S . eastbourne, S . give, S . senftenberg, S . poona, S . adelaide, and S . johannesburg . Saudi patients comprised about 71% and 29% were patients of four different nationalities . Antibiograms of these cultures proved to be all sensitive to norfloxacin with different forms of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim . Norfloxacin proved to be effective in the treatment of resistant forms of Salmonella with negligible side effects and wide safety range.

Br J Clin Pract, 1992 Winter, 46(4), 274 - 5
Splenic abscess: is conservation applicable?
Akoh JA, Auld CD.
A rare occurrence of salmonella abscess in a congenital cyst of the spleen is presented . Although splenectomy was curative, the role of splenic salvage is discussed . Percutaneous drainage is curative in about 70% of cases and may be the treatment of choice in solitary thick-walled abscesses . It should be remembered, however, that residual or regenerated splenic tissue is no absolute guarantee against sepsis . The treatment of splenic abscess should be individualised.

Epidemiol Rev, 1992, 14, 222 - 42
Persistent diarrhea in children: epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, nutritional impact, and management; Lima AA et al.; PIP: A review of data on the morbidity and mortality caused by persistent diarrhea (more than 14 days' duration) was undertaken from studies in several geographic areas, including Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, and Peru, over the last 3 decades . An estimated 3-5 billion diarrheal illnesses and 5-10 million diarrhea-related deaths occur annually among 3 billion people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America . Mostly the 338 million to 1 billion episodes and 4.6 million deaths annually . A study from India showed that the incidence of persistent diarrhea was greater in the age group 0-11 months (31 episodes/100 child-years) than at age 12-23 months (9 episodes/100 child years) or 24-35 months (6 episodes/100 child-year) . Similar results were obtained in periurban Peru, periurban northeastern Brazil, and rural guatemala . Diarrhea is believed to precipitate and exacerbate malnutrition while malnutrition predisposes to diarrhea . 2 studies in both Bangladesh and Peru indicate that the risk of developing diarrhea inversely parallels delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to standard skin-test antigens . In a cohort of 175 children under 5 years of age over a 28-month period in an urban slum in northeastern Brazil the children had an average of 11 episodes/year and spent 82 days/year with diarrhea . The leading potential pathogens seen with persistent diarrhea in some areas are enteroaggregative E . coli and Cryptosporidium . Other pathogens include Shigella, Salmonella, enteropathogenic (LA (local)) E . coli, and variably Giardia lamblia . Recent nutritional management promotes breast feeding, dietary supplementation with vitamin A, zinc, iron, folate, and vitamin B 12, and improved oral rehydration solutions with glucose polymers (such as rice starch) and possibly neutral amino acids (such as alanine or glycine) and glutamine .

Scand J Infect Dis, 1992, 24(6), 819 - 20
Chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever: an emerging problem in Oman; Elshafie SS et al.; Until recently multiply drug-resistant Salmonella typhi was uncommon in the Sultanate of Oman . In 1990 the first isolate of chloramphenicol-resistant S . typhi from an Indian expatriate was reported . In 1991, 58 cases of typhoid fever were diagnosed, of whom 19 (33%) were resistant to chloramphenicol . All patients with chloramphenicol-resistant S . typhi are either Indians or Omani with a history of recent travel to India . Chloramphenicol may not be the appropriate blind therapy for such patients . Ciprofloxacin may be the alternative.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1992, 24(6), 793 - 6
Salmonella paratyphi C osteomyelitis: report of two separate episodes 17 years apart; Lang R et al.; Osteomyelitis secondary to salmonella infection is well documented in the literature . Infection in more than one focus has also been described . To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of recurrent osteomyelitis in a normal host (a 35-year-old man) with the same organism (S . paratyphi C) in different sites 17 years apart.

Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1992, 58, 7 - 16
{Epidemiology of salmonella infections in Algeria . Evolution of the salmonella serovars isolated from 1986 to 1990}; Guechi Z et al.; The serovars evolution of 3340 Salmonella strains isolated from 1986 to 1990 in Algeria have been studied . Among Salmonella responsible for typhoid-paratyphoid fevers, 98% are S . typhi; the prevalence of this serovar is observed every year . Among the other Salmonella, 50 different serovars have been isolated from 1986 to 1990 . The predominant serovars change every year but 98% out of the total belong to 8 groups of Kauffmann White scheme; the most frequent are: groups O: 6, 7-O: 8-O: 4 and O: 9.

Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1992, 58, 181 - 204
{Optimization of culture conditions for the production of Salmonella typhi O and H antigenic suspensions}; Amrouche M et al.; A Behring's production protocol of antigenic suspensions O and H of Salmonella typhi has been studied . The object of this study has been the Search of optimal conditions of cultivation and their exploitation on fermentor . A fermentation using the I.P.A culture medium has been realized to compare its results with that obtained using Behring's culture medium (B.C.M) . The optimal cultivation conditions obtained are a waving rate of 400 tr/mn, a pH of 7.6 and an important air flow . Relating to nutritious constituents, the adequate glucose concentration is about 8g/1 and it seems better to replace meat extract by yeast extract . Comparatively to I.P.A culture medium, one of the most important advantage of Behring's culture medium modified reside in the conservation of the antigenicity of Salmonella typhi.

Blood, 1991 Dec 15, 78(12), 3254 - 8
Modulating activity of interferon-gamma on endotoxin-induced cytokine production in cancer patients; Mackensen A et al.; Intravenous (IV) administration of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella abortus equi to cancer patients induces the formation of high amounts of endogenous cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) . On repeated administration of LPS at 2-week intervals, a marked downregulation of the cytokine response was observed, especially between the first and the second challenge . This study sought to determine whether it would be possible to prevent this downregulation by pretreating patients with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which is known to enhance cytokine production by monocytes and macrophages in vitro . Ten patients with disseminated cancer received a first injection of 4.0 ng LPS/kg . Thereafter, patients were divided into two groups . One group received two further LPS injections (4.0 ng/kg) at 2-week intervals . The second group was pretreated (-12 hours) with 50 micrograms IFN-gamma subcutaneously (SC) before the second and third LPS challenge . To prevent constitutional side effects such as fever and chills, patients received 1,600 mg ibuprofen orally before LPS injection . The results of the current study demonstrate that apart from TNF-alpha and IL-6, two other cytokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are produced in cancer patients in response to LPS . LPS application at 2-week intervals resulted in a transient attenuation of all cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF) on the second challenge . In the case of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and G-CSF, pretreatment with IFN-gamma not only prevented the downregulation, but enhanced the production of these cytokines to levels higher than those obtained after the first LPS challenge . In contrast, the downregulation of IL-8 remained unaffected by IFN-gamma pretreatment . Further studies are warranted to determine whether the prevention of cytokine downregulation by IFN-gamma following repeated LPS injections is of clinical relevance in respect to the antitumor activity of LPS.

Vet Rec, 1991 Dec 14, 129(24), 530 - 1
Differentiation of Salmonella senftenberg into biogroups; Tuchili LM et al.; Ninety-six strains of Salmonella senftenberg, isolated between 1984 and 1986 from different parts of England and Wales, were tested for their biochemical reactions and biotyped according to the method of Duguid and others (1975) . Nine biogroups were identified on the basis of their metabolism of L-tartrate, D-tartrate, Bitter's xylose and Stern's glycerol . In addition, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, glutaric, malonic, maleic, L-malic, L-aspartic, lactic and formic acids were used but did not increase the discrimination . Three biogroups (7, 2 and 5) accounted for 79 per cent of the cultures examined.

Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 77 - 9
The expert system for toxicity prediction of chemicals based on structure-activity relationship; Nakadate M et al.; The prediction systems of chemical toxicity has been developed by means of structure-activity relationship based on the computerized fact database (BL-DB) . Numbers and ratio of elements, side chains, bonding, position, and microenvironment of side chains were used as structural factors of the chemical for the prediction . Such information was obtained from the BL-DB database by Wiswesser line-formula chemical notation . In the present study, the Salmonella/microsome assay was chosen as indicative of the target toxicity of chemicals . A set of chemicals specified with mutagenicity data was retrieved, and necessary information was extracted and transferred to the working file . Rules of the relations between characteristics of chemical structure and the assay result are extracted as parameters for rules by experts on the rearranged data set . These were analyzed statistically by the discriminant analysis and the prediction with the rules were evaluated by the elimination method . Eight kinds of rules to predict Salmonella/microsome assay were constructed, and currently results of the assay on aliphatic and heterocyclic compounds can be predicted as accurately as +90%.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2868 - 9
Yersinia enterocolitica: a frequent seasonal stool isolate from children at an urban hospital in the southeast United States; Metchock B et al.; From 1 December 1988 through 28 February 1991, 7,290 rectal swab specimens received in our laboratory were screened for Yersinia enterocolitica . A total of 76 patients had Y . enterocolitica isolated from their stool samples . Of these patients, 59 (77.6%) were 12 months old or younger . Y . enterocolitica was second only to Salmonella spp . in this age group . Routine screening for Y . enterocolitica may be warranted in hospitals serving large pediatric populations.

Virology, 1991 Dec, 185(2), 918 - 21
Salmonella phage PSP3, another member of the P2-like phage group; Bullas LR et al.; Freshly isolated DNA of phage PSP3, whose morphology closely resembles that of phage P2, contained both circular and linear molecules about 31 kb in length . Linear PSP3 DNA molecules possess single-stranded cohesive termini (cos) . Sequencing of the fragment anticipated to contain cos revealed a 19-base sequence identical to cos of phage 186 . Of the 107 bp to the right of cos, 94 were identical in 186 DNA (88% similarity), and of the 370 bp to the left, 229 were identical (62% similarity) . Cos flanking sequences in both P2 and P4 were also highly conserved in PSP3 . A number of restriction sites were at similar locations on the two phage DNAs . The parasitic phage P4 propagated on PSP3 lysogens . PSP3 integrates into the Escherichia coli chromosome at 27 min.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Dec, 164(6), 1141 - 8
Salmonella-specific antibodies in reactive arthritis; Maki-Ikola O et al.; The development and persistence of Salmonella-specific serum antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes and subclasses were compared between those who developed reactive arthritis (n = 39) and those who did not (n = 58) after Salmonella infection . Antibodies against lipopolysaccharide and SDS-extract antigen were measured by ELISA . A significant difference was seen between the two patient groups after 4-14 months of follow-up; those with reactive arthritis had higher levels of Salmonella-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA class antibodies than those without arthritis . In the increased antibody response, secretory IgA, IgA1, and IgG2 classes were especially well represented . The persisting antibody response is a common feature in reactive arthritis and supports persistence of the pathogen or its components in the host . The differences observed in antibody profiles between Salmonella- and Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritides suggest certain dissimilarities (e.g., in the location of persisting microbes) in the arthritogenic process due to these two microbes.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Dec, 164(6), 1135 - 40
An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection at a fast-food restaurant: implications for foodhandler-associated transmission; Hedberg CW et al.; An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection occurred in patrons and employees of a fast-food restaurant . Transmission took place over a 9-day period . A single employee (employee A) was identified who had onset of gastrointestinal illness 1 day before the first reported patron exposures and had S . enteritidis isolated from stool . A case-control study of 37 ill and 20 healthy patrons who ate during shifts worked by employee A demonstrated that curly-fried potatoes and ice (odds ratio {OR}, 6.8; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.5-33.7; P = .007), both food items handled bare-handed by employee A, were associated with illness . Employees who worked two or more shifts with employee A were more likely to be infected than those who did not work with employee A (OR, 4.4; CI, 1.0-19.5; P = .03) . Foodhandlers who subsequently became infected apparently contaminated multiple food items with additional transmission to patrons . This outbreak illustrates the potential for foodhandlers in a fast-food restaurant setting who are infected with Salmonella to be a source of transmission.

Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4655 - 64
Inhibition of endotoxin-induced interleukin-6 production by synthetic lipid A partial structures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Wang MH et al.; The effect of two synthetic lipid A partial structures, compound 406 (or LA-14-PP, identical in structure to the lipid A precursor, known as Ia or IVa) and compound 401 (lipid X), on the in vitro modulation of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)-induced interleukin-6 production by human blood mononuclear cells was investigated . Lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella abortus equi and synthetic Escherichia coli-type lipid A (compound 506, or LA-15-PP) had potent interleukin-6-inducing capacities . The maximum release of interleukin-6 was found after stimulation with 1 to 10 ng of lipopolysaccharide or 10 to 100 ng of synthetic E . coli-type lipid A per ml . Both synthetic lipid A partial structures (compounds 406 and 401) failed to induce interleukin-6 release . However, they inhibited lipopolysaccharide- or lipid A-induced interleukin-6 production in a dose-dependent manner . Inhibition was found not only in mononuclear cells but also in purified monocytes and was not due to a shift in the kinetics of cytokine production . Suppression was manifested in the early stage of interleukin-6 production . Inhibition was also found in the presence of recombinant gamma interferon, indicating that compound 406 and recombinant gamma interferon act in different, independent pathways . Our data, therefore, indicate that the inhibition of interleukin-6 production by lipid A partial structures may help elucidate the mechanism of interaction of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide with immune cells in the inflammatory reaction during gram-negative infection.

Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4555 - 61
Relation between structure and immunologic properties of the Vi capsular polysaccharide; Szu SC et al.; The Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi is a linear homopolymer of poly-alpha(1----4)GalNAcp variably O acetylated at the C-3 position . Serum antibodies elicited by this antigen confer protective immunity against typhoid fever . The relation between the immunologic properties and structure of Vi was investigated by carboxyl reduction, O deacetylation, and acid hydrolysis . The immunogenicity of Vi was closely related to its degree of O acetylation . Partial O deacetylation slightly increased immunogenicity; complete O deacetylation eliminated the immunogenicity of Vi . O-deacetylated Vi, however, still reacted with antisera prepared by injection of whole bacteria . Carboxyl reduction, in contrast, had a comparatively slight effect upon both the immunogenicity and antigenicity of Vi . Retention levels of antigenicity after acid treatment were greater for both the native and carboxyl-reduced Vi than for the O-deacetylated product . The Courtauld-Koltun space-filling model of a pentamer of Vi demonstrated that the bulky nonpolar O-acetyls, which protrude in rows on both sides, make up most of the surface . The carboxyls are less exposed and are partially shielded by the O-acetyls . The molecular model thus provides an explantation for the dominant role of the O-acetyls, as well as the lesser effect of carboxyl reduction, upon the immunologic properties of Vi.

Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4491 - 6
Differential induction of tumor necrosis factor by bacteria expressing rough and smooth lipopolysaccharide phenotypes; Kelly NM et al.; The lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule of gram-negative bacteria has the ability to turn on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in macrophage cells . The question addressed in this paper was whether the presence of the polysaccharide moiety on the LPS molecule had any bearing on this ability . The question was asked (i) by using isolated LPS from a series of Salmonella mutants having progressively less polysaccharide attached to the lipid A portion of the molecule and (ii) by using whole bacteria expressing alternatively the smooth or rough LPS phenotype . Isolated LPS and bacteria were examined for their abilities to induce bioactive TNF in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 . The results indicated that the presence of long- or short-chain polysaccharide moieties had no bearing on the ability of the isolated LPS molecule to induce TNF . However, the presence of long-chain polysaccharides attached to the lipid moiety on the intact smooth bacterium was associated with a decreased ability to induce TNF . To test whether the bacteria were inducing TNF by a cell (bacterium)-to-cell (macrophage) contact mechanism or through a releasable product, the bacteria were removed from direct contact with the macrophage cells by using a Transwell filter insert . Under these conditions the rough bacteria continued to induce TNF, while the smooth bacteria were no longer capable of doing so . When filtrates from the bacteria were examined in the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, the results showed that the rough bacteria were releasing approximately a log order more Limulus amebocyte lysate activity than the smooth bacteria . The results of this study suggest that rough bacteria may be superior inducers of TNF compared with their smooth counterparts because of a greater propensity to shed their LPS.

Rev Sci Tech, 1991 Dec, 10(4), 995 - 1018
Notes on technical progress in veterinary public health; Grossklaus D et al.; Scientific and technical progress in the field of veterinary public health (VPH) over the last one hundred years has contributed to the protection of consumer health and the environment . This report presents examples of the success achieved in the control of epizootics of tuberculosis, brucellosis, rabies and trichinellosis, which are also zoonotic diseases . The discussion also considers hygiene measures in relation to Listeria in food as well as certain challenges resulting from the spread of latent infections among farm animals . The increasing incidence of Salmonella infections among humans is also considered . Other important VPH tasks include the control of chemical residues of varying origin and of toxic biological substances in foods . Examples are also presented of measures taken and problems which arise in connexion with ensuring that meat is produced under hygienic conditions (meat inspection) . The principles involved in efficient controls of establishments and products are outlined . Technical progress in consumer protection is exemplified by the processes of pasteurisation, cooling and freezing, and the limitation of additives . Other important tasks arise in the disposal of animal carcasses and wastes, and in the fields of animal welfare and genetic engineering . Future activities in VPH will depend upon proper education, onward and postgraduate training for veterinarians, and suitable infrastructures for research, examination and surveillance.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1991 Dec, 40(6), 273 - 80
{New findings on virulence factors in Salmonella species}; Majtanova L et al.; The authors present a review of the literature on most recent findings pertaining to the properties of the most important factors of virulence of Salmonellae, in particular from the aspects of their biological and physico-chemical properties . These findings can contribute towards the elucidation of factors of pathogenicity and virulence of these microbes and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diseases they produce.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1991 Dec, 22(4), 563 - 6
Dot enzyme immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever; Ismail A et al.; A nitrocellulose membrane strip dotted with a specific 50 kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi was applied for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever . Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgM and IgG antibodies with 4-chloronaphthol as substrate, antibodies in typhoid patients were clearly visualised as bluish purple dots while sera from patients with non-typhoid fevers gave negative results . The detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in typhoid patients suggest either recent or current infection . Combined with the high specificity, reliability and rapidity of the test, the dot EIA technique provides a simple and useful method for the serodiagnosis of typhoid using a single serum specimen.

Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 57 - 60
A fact database for toxicological data at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Japan; Hayashi M et al.; The computerized fact database for the toxicity data of chemicals was constructed at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (biological database, BL-DB) . The BL-DB stores data on mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and other toxicological tests of chemicals that appeared in the scientific literature . The BL-DB includes information about chemical identification, test system, results of the assays, and a bibliography . The system consists of five modules: data collection, data maintenance, data search, data downloading, and backup . ADABAS is used as a core database management system . Many kinds of test data are stored with the same formats; therefore, users can retrieve data of different toxicological data by the same manner . A user of the BL-DB can use about 50 kinds of commands to interact with the system, and the majority of fields are defined as search fields, thereby facilitating retrieval of target data through many ways . Currently, there are mainly data for the mutagenicity, especially on the Salmonella/microsome assay and the rodent micronucleus assay . These data can be retrieved and used for structure-activity relationship studies.

Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 47 - 51
The genetic toxicity database of the National Toxicology Program: evaluation of the relationships between genetic toxicity and carcinogenicity; Tennant RW; The database of the U.S . National Toxicology Program has been developed over approximately two decades, principally focused on substances evaluated for carcinogenicity in rodent bioassays . These assays generally provide data on the relative toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals based upon discrete subchronic (13 week) and chronic (104 week) exposures . A major value of these data are that the assay protocols, rodent strains, and technical methodologies have been generally consistent, thus permitting comparisons between assays and chemicals . The genotoxicity data for many of the same chemicals have been developed also using standardized biological systems and protocols . Data for assays including mutagenicity in Salmonella and mouse lymphoma cells, chromosomal aberrations, and sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells, transformation of Balb/c 3T3 cells, and in vivo cytogenetic effects in rodents have been compiled for many chemicals . The results of all of these assays provide a substantial database for evaluating chemical effects and for defining the complex relationships between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.

Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 121 - 6
Data selection and treatment of chemicals tested for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity; Loprieno N et al.; A database containing qualitative and quantitative results of experimental studies in the fields of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity has been developed . By analyzing results of the studies performed by the U.S . National Toxicology Program, or by a similar program developed in Japan, or reported in the scientific literature, as well performed by private organizations, information has been collected relating to 3389 chemicals, identified by their CAS number . The studies considered for the database include three genotoxicity/mutagenicity short-term test (STTs), namely, two in vitro (Salmonella, gene mutation assay, and mammalian cells/human lymphocytes chromosome aberration assay) and one in vivo, the rodent bone marrow micronucleus assay . To investigate the possible predictive value of these STT assays for carcinogenicity, the results of animal long-term bioassays have also been collected . We have re-evaluated all the genotoxicity studies and the majority of those cases studied in different laboratories with contrasting results has been resolved; a small proportion of questionable cases is, however, still present in the database . In total, 2898 (85.5%) of the chemicals have been tested in the Salmonella assay; 1399 (41.3%) have been tested in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay; 319 (9.4%) have been tested in the in vivo rodent bone marrow cell micronucleus assay; 716 (21.2%) of the chemicals have been tested in the in vivo animal long-term bioassay . For 1118 chemicals tested in the Salmonella assay, 30,650 quantitative studies have been included in the database, thus allowing a possible classification of mutagenic chemicals according to their mutagenic potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991 Dec, 28(6), 877 - 85
Antimicrobial susceptibilities and beta-lactamase production of Hong Kong isolates of gastroenteric salmonellae and Salmonella typhi; Ling JM et al.; We examined the in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of 760 gastroenteric salmonellae and 36 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Hong Kong between 1985 and 1988 . S . typhi remained susceptible to all the antibiotics tested except for one isolate resistant to chloramphenicol, another to kanamycin and co-trimoxazole, and a third to nalidixic acid . In contrast, resistance and multiple resistance has increased significantly in gastroenteric salmonellae over the last ten years . Seventeen percent were resistant to ampicillin, 61% to tetracycline, 23% to chloramphenicol and 8% to gentamicin . Many ampicillin-resistant strains remained resistant to ampicillin even in the presence of sulbactam (69%) or clavulanic acid (25%) . More than 50% of isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics and one isolate was resistant to eleven . Ampicillin-resistance was usually due to the production of TEM-1 or OXA-1 beta-lactamases but a few isolates produced AER-1, PSE-1 or PSE-2 . Genetic determinants for these enzymes were usually borne on plasmids ranging in size from 2 to 143.7 Md but half of the OXA-1 genes were chromosomally located.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1991 Dec, 12(12), 710 - 7
Salmonella and Shigella gastroenteritis at a public teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya; Paton S et al.; OBJECTIVE: To measure the proportion of nosocomial diarrhea cases associated with Salmonella and Shigella species . DESIGN: Prospective 6-month survey . SETTING: Tertiary care center in a developing country . PATIENTS: Pediatric and adult patients admitted with the previous 24 hours and all consenting adult or pediatric medical patients with nosocomial diarrhea . OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from rectal swabs at admission and among subjects with nosocomial diarrhea . RESULTS: Salmonella species and Shigella species were isolated from 3.0% and 2.5%, respectively, of 667 patients screened on admission . All admission Salmonella isolates were identified in children under 13 years of age; Shigella prevalence was similar for children and adults . Children with Salmonella at admission were significantly older and more likely to have diarrhea, fever, and some indicators of malnutrition than those from whom Salmonella was not isolated . Salmonella and Shigella were isolated from rectal cultures in 36 (10%) and 9 (2.5%) of 360 nosocomial gastroenteritis cases, respectively . Nosocomial cases occurred equally in adults and children . In adults, nosocomial Salmonella acquisition was associated with sharing a room with a diarrhea patient and previous institutionalization . In children, it was associated with recent antimicrobial therapy, crowding at home, and age between 6 months and 6 years . Nine (41%) of 22 nosocomial Salmonella cases in adults occurred in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, while none of 79 HIV-1-positive patients had Salmonella isolated at admission . CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella is a frequent cause of nosocomial gastroenteritis in this tertiary care institution in a developing country . Risk factors appear to differ for children and adults, and HIV-1-infected subjects may be at increased risk of acquisition . Control measures feasible for the limited resources available to such institutions require evaluationPIP: Researchers analyzed data on 667 patients admitted between March 9 and September 14, 1988 to the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya to verify the contribution of Salmonella and Shigella species to hospital acquired infections and to identify factors associated with admission and nosocomial infection . Laboratory personnel isolated Salmonella and Shigella in 12.5% (10% and 2.5% respectively) of the 360 patients with nosocomial diarrhea . Their overall prevalence was 3% and 2.5% respectively . These 2 bacteria were isolated from rectal swabs from 19 of the 27 hospital units . Most of the isolates were restricted to 5 units . All of the Salmonella isolates at admission were children under 13 years old (3.6% of 556 children) . Shigella prevalence at admission was 2.5% for children and 3.6% for adults . The risk of nosocomial diarrhea caused by these 2 bacteria was much greater in children older than 6 months and younger than 6 years than in children of other ages (odds ratio {OR}=21.7; p=.006) . The most significant variables which independently affected nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria in children were recent antimicrobial therapy (OR=26.4; p=.001) and living in crowded homes (OR=1.2; p=.02) . Another determinant was poor hair color indicating malnutrition (p=.03) . Even though there were no significant differences between adults with nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria and those with no nosocomial diarrhea, sharing a room with people with diarrhea, being in the hospital within the last 30 days, and being HIV-1 positive were factors that almost reached significance . In fact, 9 of their 22 (41%) adults with positive cultures of Salmonella were HIV=1 positive yet Salmonella was not isolated from any of the 70 HIV-1 positive patients at admission . Salmonella contributed greatly to nosocomial diarrhea at this hospital . The hospital should evaluate and redesign its control measures within available limited resources .

J Ethnopharmacol, 1991 Dec, 35(2), 165 - 71
Screening of plants used in south Brazilian folk medicine; Alice CB et al.; Thirty-seven species of medicinal plants used in folk phytotherapy were chemically screened for alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, sterols and/or triterpenes and tannins . Seven of these were also screened for the presence of mutagenic activity using the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome).

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 Dec 1, 68(3), 345 - 50
Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 are not involved in protection from experimental infection; Chart H et al.; BALB/c and Schofield mice were inoculated with formalin-killed bacteria prepared from strains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type (PT) 4 and carrying a 38 MDa plasmid and expressing long-chain lipopolysaccharide, or strains without a 38 MDa plasmid or lacking the ability to express lipopolysaccharide . Vaccinated mice were challenged with viable bacteria belonging to a virulent strain of S . enteritidis (PT4) . Mice surviving this viable challenge were examined for a humoral antibody response to membrane antigens of S . enteritidis (PT4) that might relate to the possession of a given virulence property . BALB/c mice immunized with any of the test antigens were found to be immune to S . enteritidis (PT4), and this immunity was protective . Serum antibodies, of the IgG class, were detected to OmpA and a minor outer membrane protein (OMP) of 31 kDa . Schofield mice also raised IgG antibodies to these outer membrane proteins; however, non-immunized mice of this strain were resistant to infection . The virulence of S . enteritidis (PT4) was also tested using mice belonging to strains B10D2 (new), Biozzi (high), Biozzi (low), C3HeJ, B10ITYR and C57/L.

J Epidemiol Community Health, 1991 Dec, 45(4), 266 - 9
How is the source of food poisoning outbreaks established? The example of three consecutive Salmonella enteritidis PT4 outbreaks linked to eggs; Salmon RL et al.; Three consecutive outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 occurred in Wales in 1989 in which epidemiological and microbiological investigation established eggs as the likely source although kitchen inspection and food preparation histories suggested other vehicles of infection . This paper examines the contribution of analytical epidemiology in attributing causation, with particular reference to those limitations which are regarded as inherent in epidemiological evidence . Such evidence, implicating eggs in the three outbreaks, fulfilled 6/7 widely accepted criteria for causation; data to assess the seventh were lacking . Collaboration between different agencies and professionals in investigating outbreaks is very important.

Am J Vet Res, 1991 Dec, 52(12), 2043 - 5
Prevalence of pigment gallstones in sheep; Cavallini A et al.; In a survey of 666 sheep at a slaughterhouse, gallstones (concretions with a diameter greater than or equal to 1 mm) were found in the gallbladder of 50 sheep (7.5%), sludge (concretions with a diameter less than 1 mm) was found in 9 sheep (1.4%), and sludge plus gallstones were found in 7 sheep (1.1%) . Gallstones and sludge were associated, and were more frequent in lambs and females, compared with adults and males . Qualitative analysis of the stones revealed all to be pigment (bilirubin) stones . There was a statistically significant increase of biliary bilirubin (total and indirect quota) only in sheep with gallstones plus sludge, compared with control sheep without sludge or gallstones . Concentrations of bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, total and single bile aids, and total and ionized calcium were similar in the bile of sheep with gallstones, sludge, or both and control sheep . Bacteriologic analysis of the bile in 10 sheep with gallstones and 10 controls revealed bacteria in 50% of the first group and in 75% of the second group (Escherichia coli in all sheep and Salmonella spp also in 1 sheep with gallstones) . These findings confirm our earlier findings of a high prevalence of black pigment gallstones in sheep . On that basis, we suggest that gallstones are associated with high total bilirubin concentration in the bile, and deconjugating bacteria are common in the biliary tract of these animals.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Dec, (12), 17 - 9
{The biological properties of Salmonella strains isolated from adult patients at different seasons of the year}; Iuditskaia NM et al.; Biological properties of Salmonella strains, isolated in different seasons from patients with the corresponding disease of moderate severity, were compared . Their morphological, biochemical, serologic properties, sensitivity to antibiotics, capacity for synthesizing O-antigen, as well as their virulence for experimental animals, have been studied . Seasonal changes in the virulence of Salmonella strains have been established: the strains isolated in autumn have proved to be more virulent than those isolated in winter . In winter the isolation rate of Salmonella strains resistant to the therapeutic doses of antibiotics is significantly higher than in other seasons . In spring and summer Salmonella O-antigen is synthesized more intensively.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1991 Dec 1, 104(12), 411 - 4
{Detection and characterization of Salmonella strains from laughing gulls (Larus ridibundus)}; Selbitz HJ et al.; 25 and 17 Salmonella strains could be isolated from 429 and 423 blackheaded gulls (Larus ridibundus), respectively, during two years of examination . S . typhimurium was the most frequent serovar . All strains of S . typhimurium belonged to the biochemovar c (inosite and rhamnose negative), nearly a third of isolates caused a mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes . This result is in contradiction to the literature . Furthermore the phagovars, the plasmid profiles and the resistance against chemotherapeutics were tested . The Salmonella carriage by gulls presumably reflects the contamination of the environment.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Dec, 65(12), 1533 - 40
{Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella serovar enteritidis isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea in 1989}; Kaneko M; A total of 184 strains of S . Enteritidis isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea during the period from April 1985 to March 1991 in Yamanashi Prefecture, were examined for their drug susceptibility, phage typing and plasmid profile . The results can be summarized as follows: 1) In 1989, cases of sporadic diarrhea due to S . Enteritidis has drastically increased twenty-eight-fold from 4 to 112 cases . 2) The most predominant ages of S . Enteritidis isolates were that of 2 years age . 3) The predominant phage type (PT), accounting for almost 71% of the strains isolated, was PT 34 in 1989 . 4) Eighty-two (73.2%) out of 112 strains of S . Enteritidis were resistant to SM single in 1989 . In 1990, SM single resistant strains were 49 (90.7%) out of 54 strains of S . Enteritidis . 5) The predominant plasmid profile of S . Enteritidis isolates were 60, 55 Kbp plasmids . 6) In 1989, the characteristic of S . Enteritidis isolated from the cases of sporadic diarrhea were resistant to SM single, identified as belonging to PT 34 or PT 4 . Almost S . Enteritidis strains of PT 34 carrying 60, 55 Kbp plasmids and many strains of PT 4 S . Enteritidis possessed only 60 Kbp plasmid.

Immunology, 1991 Dec, 74(4), 630 - 7
Phenotypic analysis of splenic lymphocytes and immunohistochemical study of hepatic granulomas after a murine infection with Salmonella abortusovis; Guilloteau L et al.; Infection in mice with an attenuated strain of Salmonella abortusovis (SAO), a specific pathogen for sheep, was used as a convenient model to understand further the induced immunity against SAO . The hypovirulent Rv6 strain, subcutaneously inoculated in salmonella-susceptible BALB/cby (Itys) mice, colonized the spleen and the liver in less than 6 days post-infection (PI) to be cleared after Day 28 PI . Simultaneously, an increase in spleen cell numbers, splenomegaly and hepatic granulomatous lesions developed to a maximum level on Day 9 PI . In spleen of uninfected mice, the number of Thy-1.2+ cells represents twice the number of surface immunoglobulin-positive cells (sIg+) . Cytofluorometric analysis of the spleen lymphoid cell subsets showed a significant increase (10 times, P less than 0.05) in the number of sIg+ cells from Day 6 to Day 28 PI compared to control values . The number of Thy-1.2+ cells also significantly increased, to a lesser degree than the sIg+ cells, on Day 2 and on Day 16 PI (twice control values, P less than 0.05), but decreased on Day 6 PI compared to Day 2 PI . The highest L3T4+:Lyt-2+ ratio was observed on Day 2 PI and the lowest on Day 9 PI . On Day 28 PI, the number of sIg+ cells was still greater than the number of Thy-1.2+ cells . The granulomatous lesions were observed in the liver as early as Day 2 PI and their frequency was maximal on Day 9 PI . Immunohistochemical analysis of the granulomatous lesions showed that macrophages (F4/80+, Mac1+) were the basic cells and that L3T4+ cells were the predominant T cells . In well-developed granulomas observed on Day 9 PI, macrophages were in the centre whereas L3T4+ T cells were preferentially located at the periphery . T cells expressing Lyt-2 antigen were rarely detected . Variations in the proportion of lymphoid cells in the spleen and in hepatic granulomatous lesions suggest different and complementary effector mechanisms in induced immunity against SAO.

An Med Interna, 1991 Dec, 8(12), 595 - 600
{Expediency of hospital admission for acute diarrhea syndrome in a short-stay unit}; Saldana Cardiel F et al.; We present the results of a 187 cases acute diarrhea study managed in the Short Stay Unit of Clinic Universitary Hospital of Zaragoza during 1987-1988 . To that aim, we designed an actuation protocol which included the gathering of several data, the realization of complementary studies and the evolutive pursuit . The coproculture resulted positive in a 54.5% of cases and Salmonella was the microorganism more frequently isolated . Most of the species were sensible to common antibiotics and all of them sensible to norfloxacin . Nearly a third part of patients developed some kind of complication . Therefore we infer that acute diarrhea may be subsidiary of diagnosis and treatment in Short Stay Units.

Am J Physiol, 1991 Dec, 261(6 Pt 1), G1051 - 6
Neutrophil-induced liver cell injury in endotoxin shock is a CD11b/CD18-dependent mechanism; Jaeschke H et al.; To investigate the role of neutrophils (PMNs) and PMN-dependent adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of liver injury in a model of endotoxin shock, male ICR mice received a dose of 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 100 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin . PMNs accumulated continuously in the liver, reaching values of 446 +/- 71 PMNs/50 high-power fields at 9 h (basal value 18 +/- 7) . Plasma alanine aminotransferase activities as index of parenchymal cell injury did not change up to 5 h posttreatment (basal value 35 +/- 5 U/l) but increased to 1,950 +/- 460 U/l at 9 h . The formation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in plasma as an index of an extracellular oxidant stress also increased only at 9 h . Pretreatment of animals with monoclonal antibodies against the CD11b and CD18 subunits of the CD11/CD18 integrin family on the surface of the PMN reduced the number of PMNs in the liver by 50% and significantly attenuated liver injury and GSSG formation . An anti-CD11a and a nonbinding control antibody were ineffective . It is concluded that PMNs are actively involved in the pathogenesis of galactosamine and endotoxin shock and that at least in part the accumulation of PMNs, the subsequent oxidant stress, and the tissue injury in this model of experimental hepatitis are CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) dependent.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2824 - 30
Fibronectin binding by Salmonella strains: evaluation of a particle agglutination assay; Baloda SB et al.; Thirty-five Salmonella strains isolated from human cases of salmonellosis were tested and compared for their fibronectin (fn) binding capacities by using two fn-particle agglutination assays (fn-PAAs) prepared by coating with human fn either (i) latex beads (Difco; 0.81-micron diameter) (L-fn-PAA) or (ii) heat-killed formalin-treated Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 cells (C-fn-PAA) . Six S . aureus strains were also included in this study as controls . The strains were cultured on colonization factor antigen agar and blood agar and in tryptic soy broth and brain heart infusion broth . The Salmonella and S . aureus strains were cultured at 33 and 37 degrees C, respectively, for optimal expression of fn-binding proteins . Bacterial cells (approximately 10(10) cells per ml) harvested from growth in various culture media and suspended in 0.02 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) agglutinated the fn-PAA reagents . These reactions were scored semiquantitatively from + to + depending on the speed or intensity of the reactions within 2 min . Maximum agglutination in fn-PAA systems was observed when the cells were grown in brain heart infusion broth, while tryptic soy broth proved to be least suitable media for culturing cells for fn-PAAS . Although a statistically highly significant correlation was obtained between results of assays of radiolabeled fn and 29-kDa fragment binding, no significant correlation was observed (i) between the results of strains cultured in different media or (ii) when semiquantitative score results of the two fn-PAA systems were compared with those of the conventional radiolabeled fn assay . To enhance the efficiency of the test system, the C-fn-PAA reagent was stained with methylene blue (2% in 0.17 M glycine-NaOH buffer {pH 6.8}) . This facilitated easy interpretation of results, which could be performed on hydrophobic paper instead of glass slides . The results obtained with both unstained C-fn-PAA and stained C-fn-PAA were comparable to each other and reproducible . Although the fn-PAAs are simple and easy to perform, the results did not differentiate between negative, low, moderate, and high binding abilities when Salmonella strains were evaluated for fn binding, and the results were not comparable to those obtained by the conventional radiolabeling method.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2817 - 23
Phage typing of Salmonella enteritidis in the United States; Hickman-Brenner FW et al.; The number of reported isolates of Salmonella enteritidis has increased dramatically in the last 10 years . For many years phage typing has been a useful epidemiologic tool for studying outbreaks of S . typhi and S . typhimurium . In 1987, Ward et al . (L . R . Ward, J . De Sa, and B . Rowe, Epidemiol . Infect . 99:291-294, 1987) described a phage typing scheme for S . enteritidis . This system differentiated 27 phage types by use of 10 typing phages . With these phages, we typed 573 strains of S . enteritidis from humans (42 outbreaks), animals, food, and the environment . Ninety-six percent of the strains were typeable . The most common phage types were 8 (48.2%), 13a (20.1%), 13 (7.8%), and 14b (7.8%) . Most of the strains were specifically collected from egg-related outbreaks in the northeastern United States in 1988 and 1989, probably accounting for the distribution of the four most common types in this sample . This system was particularly useful for differentiating a group of animal strains that had a number of diverse phage types . For 49 animal strains typed, 16 different patterns were obtained . Phage type 8 represented 32% of these strains, but no other phage type represented more than 8% of these strains . One-half of the 16 animal strains that were phage type 8 were from poultry . This phage typing system will be useful for comparing phage types found in the United States with those types encountered worldwide and for determining whether virulent strains of phage type 4 are entering the United States . Additional phage typing systems as well as molecular techniques are being studied to determine whether they can differentiate strains of phage types 8 and 13a.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Dec, 107(3), 565 - 76
rDNA fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi infections; Nastasi A et al.; Characterization of 169 strains of Salmonella typhi of phage types C1, C4, D1 and D9 isolated in 1975-88 was carried out by rDNA gene restriction pattern analysis . Twenty-four isolates had been recovered during four large waterbone outbreaks in the last 20 years in Sicily; 145 strains, isolated from apparently sporadic cases of infection in Southern Italy in the same period of time, were also examined . Application of rRNA-DNA hybridization technique after digestion of chromosomal DNA with Cla I showed the identity of patterns of the epidemic strains of phage types C1 and D1, confirming attribution of the outbreaks to single bacterial clones . Patterns of the two available strains of lysotype D9 were slightly different, whilst the 12 epidemic strains of phage type C4 could be assigned to two distinct patterns scarcely related to each other and, consequently, to two different clones . A considerable heterogeneity was detected among all apparently sporadic isolates of the four phage types under study . This fingerprinting method appears a reliable tool to complement phage typing in characterizing isolates of S . typhi . In particular, epidemiological features of spread of this salmonella serovar in areas, where simultaneous circulation of indigenous and imported strains occurs, can be elucidated.

J Lab Clin Med, 1991 Dec, 118(6), 563 - 9
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides alter human endothelial cell morphology in vitro independent of cytokine secretion; Seifert PS et al.; Lipopolysaccharides derived from six bacterial species were found to alter human endothelial cell morphology in vitro in a species-dependent and dose-dependent manner . Lipopolysaccharides derived from Salmonella enteritidis (SeLPS) induced the strongest response, whereas lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae produced no effect . Cell-shape changes induced by SeLPS (10 micrograms/ml) were noticeable by 24 hours and reached a maximum by 72 hours, thus paralleling the effects produced by the recombinant cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) (10(3) U/ml), tumor necrosis factor (10(2) U/ml), and interleukin-1 (5 to 10 U/ml) . Pretreatment of human endothelial cells with IFN-gamma (10(3) U/ml) for 24 hours induced an accelerated morphologic response to subsequent SeLPS (10 micrograms/ml) stimulation and vice versa, suggesting independent pathways of action . Simultaneous treatment of human endothelial cells with SeLPS and IFN-gamma produced a more rapid onset of morphologic changes and a stronger overall effect . Culture medium containing polymyxin B inhibited cell-shape changes induced by lipopolysaccharides but not those induced by the cytokines . Conditioned medium generated over a 12-hour period following a 24-hour SeLPS/IFN-gamma stimulation did not contain measurable cytokine antigens, nor did it induce biologic responses associated with interleukin-1, IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha . The results indicate that lipopolysaccharides act directly on endothelial cells as well as synergistically with IFN-gamma to alter cell morphology and may, therefore, contribute to the vascular pathology of gram-negative infections.

Biochem Cell Biol, 1991 Dec, 69(12), 852 - 8
Characterisation of the Salmonella O:8 antigen in the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Salmonella virginia O:8; MacLean LL et al.; The antigenic O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Salmonella virginia (O:8), analyzed by methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods, was found to be a polymer of a repeating pentasaccharide unit composed of D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-abequose, and O-acetyl (2:1:1:1:1.3) and having the following structure: {formula; see text} The disaccharide structure alpha-D-Abep-(1----3)-L-Rhap was identified as the Salmonella O:8 antigenic factor epitope, since the removal of alpha-D-Abep residues from the O-polysaccharide left a residual tetrasaccharide repeating unit backbone that did not show reaction with Salmonella type O:8 factor antiserum.

Vaccine, 1991 Dec, 9(12), 877 - 82
Oral immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a-based clones expressing Vibrio cholerae O-antigen: serum bactericidal antibody responses in man in relation to pre-immunization antibody levels; Attridge S; Previous studies have shown that oral immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a-based clones expressing Vibrio cholerae O-antigen elicits serum antibody responses against the foreign polysaccharide in human volunteers . These responses are conveniently assayed by complement-dependent bacteriolysis of V . cholerae . In this report the bactericidal responses generated by two such clones are analysed in relation to the pre-immunization titres of various serum antibodies . A significant association was found, in that recipients with higher prevaccine titres of anti-V . cholerae bactericidal antibodies were less likely to register significant bactericidal responses following immunization . These results are discussed in relation to the concept of vaccine exclusion.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1991 Dec, 110(6), 889 - 95
Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for ganglioside GD3; Watarai S et al.; Four kinds of anti-GD3 monoclonal antibodies, DSG-1, -2, -3, and -4, of the IgM class were obtained by the immunization of BALB/c mice with enzootic bovine leukosis tumor tissue-derived ganglioside GD3 inserted into liposomes with Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharides . The specificities of the monoclonal antibodies obtained were defined by complement-dependent liposome immune lysis assay and by enzyme immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography . The reactivities of the monoclonal antibodies obtained to four ganglioside GD3 variants {GD3(NeuAc-NeuAc), GD3(NeuAc-NeuGc), GD3(NeuGc-NeuAc), and GD3(NeuGc-NeuGc)} were tested . All of the monoclonal antibodies were found to react with GD3(NeuAc-NeuAc) and GD3(NeuAc-NeuGc) but not with GD3(NeuGc-NeuAc) or GD3(NeuGc-NeuGc) . Furthermore, various purified glycosphingolipids were used to determine the specificity of these monoclonal antibodies . All 4 antibodies reacted only with ganglioside GD3 {GD3(NeuAc-NeuAc) and GD3(NeuAc-NeuGc)}, but not with several gangliosides linking the GalNAc, Gal beta 1-3GalNAc, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc, or NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc residue to the Gal moiety of ganglioside GD3 (GD2, GD1b, GT1b, or GQ1b, respectively), ganglioside GT1a having the same terminal NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal residue as ganglioside GD3, other gangliosides, and neutral glycosphingolipids . These findings suggest that the 4 monoclonal antibodies obtained may be specific for the epitope of NeuAc-alpha 2-8Sia alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc residue of ganglioside GD3.

J Gen Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 137 ( Pt 12), 2689 - 95
Molecular cloning and genetic characterization of the rfb region from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroup IIA, which determines the formation of the 3,6-dideoxyhexose abequose; Kessler AC et al.; The rfb region of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroup IIA has been cloned and expression of O antigen in Escherichia coli K12 was demonstrated . Transposon mutagenesis analysis confined the DNA region required for O antigen expression to a 19.3 kb fragment, and the O antigen expressed was visualized by SDS-PAGE and silver staining . Southern hybridization analysis demonstrated significant levels of similarity between the Yersinia rfb region and the 3,6-dideoxyhexose pathway genes rfbF and rfbG, previously isolated from Salmonella enterica LT2, but no similarity to the abequose synthase gene rfbJ of the same strain or the paratose synthase gene rfbS isolated from S . enterica Ty2 . The evolutionary relationship between the abequose biosynthetic genes of the two species of Salmonella and Yersinia is discussed.

Mutat Res, 1991 Dec, 264(4), 163 - 70
Genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony in short-term assays; Kuroda K et al.; The genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony compounds was studied with the rec, Salmonella mutagenicity and SCE assays . In the rec assay, all the salts of the metals, BeCl2, Be(NO3)2, GaCl3, Ga(NO3)3, SbCl3, SbCl5, and an oxide, Sb2O3, had DNA-damaging activity . None of the compounds was mutagenic to Salmonella . In the SCE assays using V79 cells, 2 antimony(III) compounds, SbCl3 and Sb2O3, and 2 beryllium compounds, BeCl2 and Be(NO3)2, induced SCEs significantly . Sb2O3, slightly soluble in water, was positive in both the rec assay and the SCE assay at very low doses.

Mutat Res, 1991 Dec, 261(4), 249 - 59
Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and transforming activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in rat tracheal epithelial cells; Zhu SY et al.; The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and transforming activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were studied by the assays of colony-forming efficiency (CFE), micronucleus formation (MN), and cell transformation in rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells both in vitro and in vivo . Liver S9, primary hepatocytes and RTE cells from normal and Aroclor-1254 induced rats were compared for bioactivation of NNK using Salmonella mutagenesis as the endpoint . Results from the in vitro experiments indicated that low concentrations of NNK (0.01-25 micrograms/ml) caused from 15% to greater than 100% increases in CFE of RTE cells . At high concentrations (100-200 micrograms/ml), NNK was significantly toxic to RTE cells . NNK treatment in vitro (50-200 micrograms/ml) increased MN frequency as much as 3-fold above background and significantly increased the transformation frequency (TF) in 4/5 (50 micrograms/ml) and 6/8 (100 micrograms/ml) experiments . The in vivo exposure of rats to NNK (150-450 mg/kg, given i.p.) resulted in a 60-85% reduction in CFE and a 3-5-fold increase in MN formation in RTE cells . In vivo treatment with cumulative doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg of NNK produced significant increases in TF of tracheal cells from 3/3 and 2/3 rats, respectively . Without activation, NNK was not mutagenic in Salmonella TA1535 . The bioactivation of NNK to a mutagenic metabolite was achieved by incubation of NNK with liver S9 fraction from Aroclor-1254 induced rats or primary hepatocytes from both untreated and Aroclor-1254 pretreated rats . RTE cells did not produce sufficient quantities of mutagenic NNK metabolites to be detected by the Salmonella assay.

Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4720 - 3
Tn1725 transposon mutagenesis of 9-18 delta 7, an EcoRI deletion derivative of Salmonella dublin lane plasmid pSDL2; Daifuku R et al.; A 37.5-kb derivative of the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid pSDL2 was subjected to mutagenesis with the transposon Tn1725 . Fifty-two insertions were mapped, and the mutants were tested for their ability to restore virulence to a plasmid-free strain of S . dublin . Twenty-nine of these inserts could not restore full virulence and thus define nine regions of the plasmid essential for virulence . Deletion of a 4.5-kb region by Bal31 nuclease resulted in a 33-kb derivative that maintained full virulence.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991 Nov 27, 181(1), 301 - 5
Demonstration of an antigenic protein specific for Salmonella typhi; Ismail A et al.; Current studies were undertaken to determine the presence of a specific antigenic protein on the outer membrane of Salmonella typhi . Immunoblot analysis using sera from patients with fevers revealed that the 50 kD band was specifically recognized only by typhoid sera . The 50 kD band located on the outer membrane is protein by nature and is not a Vi (capsular), dH (flagellar), or O9 (somatic) antigen of S . typhi . These results indicate the usefulness of the specific antigen in the development of a serodiagnostic test for typhoid fever since antibodies of both the IgM and IgG class responses were obtained.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1991 Nov 22, 40(46), 804 - 6
Foodborne nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella reading--Connecticut; Bacterial expression and secretion of various single-chain Fv genes encoding proteins specific for a Salmonella serotype B O-antigen; Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, OntarioActive single-chain Fv molecules encoded by synthetic genes have been expressed and secreted to the periplasm of Escherichia coli using the ompA secretory signal . Four different constructs were developed to investigate the effects of peptide linker design and VL-VH orientation on expression, secretion, and binding to a Salmonella O-polysaccharide antigen . Peptide linker sequences derived from the elbow regions of the Fab molecule were used alone or in combination with the flexible (GGGGS)2 sequence . VL and VH domain order in the single chain molecules had a profound effect on the level of secretion but hardly influenced total expression levels, which were approximately 50 mg/liter, chiefly in the form of inclusion bodies . With VL in the NH2-terminal position, the amount of secreted product obtained was 2.4 mg/liter, but when VH occupied this position the yield was less than 5% of this value . Enzyme immunoassays of the four products showed domain order and linker sequence affected antigen binding by less than an order of magnitude . Attempts to express active Fv from dicistronic DNA were unsuccessful, but active Fv was obtained from single-chain Fv by enzymic cleavage at a site in the elbow linker peptide . The thermodynamic binding parameters of intact and cleaved single-chain Fvs determined by titration microcalorimetry were similar to those of bacterially produced Fab and mouse IgG.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1991 Nov-Dec, 25(6), 39 - 42
{Nuclease activity of microorganisms and control of auto-microflora state of operators in hermetically sealed environment}; Polikarpov NA et al.; A study was performed to investigate biological properties of pathogenic microorganisms (Shigella, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus) and potentially pathogenic microorganisms which were isolated from different people, i.e . clinically healthy people with normal microflora, somatically healthy patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis, and patients with acute intestinal diseases . The most important parameters of pathogenicity typical of the basic representatives of pathogenic microflora were DNA and/or RNA forming activity . The "critical" size of depolymerization zones of nucleic acids on dense nutrient media was found to be equal to 2 mm and greater from the colony edge . The critical size was shown to be significantly different in potentially pathogenic and normal intestinal microorganisms . Maximal microbial concentrations in the major biotopes of man were estimated to be: no more than 25%, 5% and 2% for nasal mucosa, back skin, and for the large intestine of the total amount of microorganism in the test . Verification of the method gave evidence that in can be applied for an alternative evaluation of automicroflora of the large intestine of operators in an enclosed environment . It is suggested that the normal parameters characteristic of clinically healthy people need to be verified and applied in space and undersea medicine.

Am J Physiol, 1991 Nov, 261(5 Pt 1), E620 - 7
1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in rat liver and skeletal muscle in vivo; Turinsky J et al.; 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide levels were measured in liver and skeletal muscle of rats under the following four experimental conditions: 1) during rapid fetal growth in the second half of gestation and during postnatal aging, 2) during tissue anoxia lasting up to 10 min, 3) during fasting for up to 6 days, and 4) during stress induced by injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis) . 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in fetal liver were 77 and 58% lower, respectively, than those of young rats after weaning . 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide concentrations in liver of postnatal rats were not influenced by aging . Anoxia produced a 41-64% increase in liver 1,2-diacylglycerol levels and a 9-21% increase in liver ceramides . Fasting of adult rats for up to 6 days had no effect on 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in liver . However, fasting increased skeletal muscle concentrations of 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramides 88 and 44%, respectively . Injection of endotoxin had a biphasic effect on liver 1,2-diacylglycerol levels, causing a transient 52% increase at 1 h, followed by a 24-38% decrease below the control level at 17 h after endotoxin administration . Liver ceramide levels were increased 66, 52, and 27% at 1, 3, and 5 h after endotoxin, respectively, but did not differ from control at 17 h after injection . Endotoxin had no effect on muscle 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide concentrations at any interval.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1991 Nov, 173(5), 375 - 83
Mortality, temporal substrate and insulin responses to endotoxic shock in zero, ten and twenty-eight day old rats; Zeller WP et al.; Neonatal sepsis is a significant health problem . However, to our knowledge, the temporal substrates and insulin response to endotoxin have not been characterized in the young animal to guide the investigations of glucoregulation in septic shock in the newborn . We characterized the temporal response to endotoxin in the developing rat . Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in high and low lethal doses to zero, ten and 28 day old rats . Mortality, temporal glucose, lactate, hepatic glycogen and insulin were monitored . Mortality experiments show the ten day old rat is 300 times as sensitive to endotoxin as the 28 day old rat . Plasma glucose concentration increased in the high mortality groups by 120 minutes in the zero and ten day old rats (102 +/- 4 milligrams per deciliter, 119 +/- 6 milligrams per deciliter, respectively, and by 60 minutes in the 28 day old rats (223 +/- 12 milligrams per deciliter) . The plasma glucose level decreased to 52 +/- 3 milligrams per deciliter by 240 minutes in the ten day old and by 180 minutes to 99 +/- 8 milligrams per deciliter in the 28 day high mortality groups . Peak lactic acid levels in the high lethality groups were zero day 2.8 +/- 0.2 millimoles per liter in zero day old rats, 3.3 +/- 0.2 millimoles per liter in 28 day old rats . Glycogen in the liver decreased rapidly by 120 minutes in all age groups . Plasma insulin concentration did not elevate significantly in zero and ten day old rats . In the 28 day old rat, insulin concentration increased by 120 minutes to 52 +/- 17 microunits per milliliter . Insulin glucose ratios were also elevated in the 28 day old endotoxin treated rat, indicating hyperinsulinemia . Thus, temporal substrates and insulin responses to endotoxin differ with animal age.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1991 Nov, 34(3), 397 - 407
Relationship between chlorofluorocarbon chemical structure and their Salmonella mutagenicity; Benigni R et al.; This paper is a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the chemical structure and the Salmonella mutagenicity of a number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) . The molecules were characterized by both molecular orbital and physical chemical parameters . The results of the analysis indicated that the CFC mutagenicity is correlated with two parameters: the free energy of binding to biological receptors, and the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) . Since these are the same factors that would favor the cytochrome P-450-catalyzed metabolism, it would appear that the CFC mutagenicity is determined more by the rate of initial activation than by the rate of DNA attack.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1991 Nov, 34(3), 297 - 308
Acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and dermal carcinogenicity assessment of isooctyl acrylate; Gordon SC et al.; Isooctyl acrylate (IOA) monomer is a complex mixture comprised predominantly of isomeric, eight-carbon alkyl esters of acrylic acid . Limited evidence from animal studies suggests that certain acrylate esters may be carcinogenic by the dermal route of exposure . The following studies were performed with IOA monomer: acute oral toxicity limit test in rats, primary dermal and ocular irritancy in rabbits, Ames Salmonella microsome assay, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 recombinogenicity assay, L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma cell assay, and C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell transformation assay . Finally, a limited dermal carcinogenicity bioassay was performed in which aliquots (25 microliters) of IOA monomer (5% v/v in acetone), IOA polymer (19% w/v in 70:30 acetone/heptane), or acetone (vehicle control) were applied to the shaved backs of male C3H/HeJ mice three times per week for the animals' lifetimes . IOA monomer had an acute oral LD50 in rats greater than 5000 mg/kg, was slightly irritating to the eyes and skin of rabbits on single exposures, and exhibited no genotoxic or cell-transforming potential . In the dermal carcinogenicity bioassay, no significant difference in mean survival times was observed between either treatment group and the control group . Animals treated with IOA monomer exhibited moderate dermatitis, surface crusting, hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, diffuse melanosis, and one benign melanoma at the treatment size . Animals treated with IOA polymer exhibited varying degrees of dermatitis, surface crusting, and hyperkeratosis . Neither IOA monomer nor IOA polymer was carcinogenic under the conditions of the study.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Nov, 173(21), 6783 - 9
Growth regulation of a Salmonella plasmid gene essential for virulence; Fang FC et al.; The Salmonella dublin plasmid gene vsdC is essential for virulence . We have constructed a vsdC-lacZ translational fusion to demonstrate that vsdC is selectively expressed during the stationary phase of bacterial cell growth . This pattern of expression has been confirmed by mRNA hybridization studies . Carbon starvation is able to induce vsdC expression by limiting bacterial growth . The expression of vsdC is dependent upon an upstream gene, vsdA, whose gene product possesses significant amino-terminus homology with the LysR family of transcriptional activator proteins . We have further demonstrated that vsdC expression is not dependent upon the known Salmonella chromosomal virulence regulatory loci ompR, phoP, and cya-crp and that vsdC can be expressed in a range of nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, including some serovars in which introduction of the virulence plasmid does not confer mouse virulence . The vsd system provides a model for the study of transcriptional activation, a basis for the development of new expression vectors, and a novel mechanism of virulence gene regulation . Bacterial growth limitation within the phagosomes of host phagocytic cells may be the environmental signal inducing plasmid-mediated virulence gene expression in salmonellae.

Infect Immun, 1991 Nov, 59(11), 4291 - 3
Immunogenicity of Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine for young children; Murphy JR et al.; An attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine was administered to 18 infants and toddlers (less than or equal to 24 months old) to determine its safety and immunogenicity . The vaccination (10(9) CFU per dose, three doses) was well tolerated . However, after the vaccination there was no evidence of a humoral or cellular immune response to S . typhi . The vaccine used was known to be immunogenic for older children and adults . The results support the view that the immunogenicity of Ty21a is age dependent.

Infect Immun, 1991 Nov, 59(11), 4255 - 8
Inhibition of chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to interleukin-8 by endotoxins of various bacteria; Bignold LP et al.; The effects of endotoxins from various bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) on chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to formyl peptide and interleukin-8 were tested in an improved chemotaxis assay involving a "sparse-pore" polycarbonate (Nuclepore) membrane in a Boyden-type chamber . The possible chemotactic activity of the endotoxins themselves were tested by the same technique . In addition, the effects of these substances on random motility of neutrophils were tested with a corresponding assay involving similar chambers fitted with membranes of standard pore density . Possible activation of the complement system of serum by each endotoxin was tested with sheep erythrocyte assays and the maximum endotoxin concentration (100 micrograms/ml) used in the chemotaxis and motility assays . All endotoxins inhibited chemotaxis of neutrophils to interleukin-8 . No endotoxin affected chemotaxis to formyl peptide or was itself chemotactic for neutrophils . Endotoxin of S . flexneri inhibited random motility of neutrophils, while the others had no such effect . Endotoxins of K . pneumoniae and of P . aeruginosa produced moderate and marked inhibition, respectively, of total complement, as measured by hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, without affecting the levels of C3c and C4 in these assays . Endotoxins of the other bacteria had no demonstrable effect in any of these assays of complement activation . These results suggest that chemotaxis to interleukin-8 may be mediated by cellular mechanisms different from those involved in chemotaxis to formyl peptide . Furthermore, the presence of these endotoxins could be significant for the suppression of neutrophil accumulation in inflammatory lesions mediated by interleukin-8.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Nov, (11), 27 - 30
{An assessment of epidemic outbreaks of salmonellosis connected with poultry plant production}; Sergevnin VI et al.; The causes of the simultaneous rise of salmonellosis morbidity induced by S . enteritidis among the population of three towns in the Perm region were studied . The study revealed the leading role of eggs and chicken meat as factors contributing to the transfer of this infection to the population of different territories, commonly supplied with the products of one poultry plant . The contamination of eggs and chickens with S . enteritidis occurred at the plant due to Salmonella infection of chickens, parallel with the use of nonbalanced mixed fodder, originally intended for feeding swine . Analysis of the epidemic and epizootic processes of Salmonella infection in this epidemic situation made it possible to reliably establish the factors contributing to the transfer of the infective agent and the site of contamination.

Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi, 1991 Nov-Dec, 32(6), 358 - 64
Bacteremia in infants with Salmonella enterocolitis; Huang FY et al.; In order to determine the incidence of Salmonella bacteremia in children with Salmonella enterocolitis and to predict the risk factors of bacteremia, we conducted a prospective study on 264 infants and children with Salmonella enterocolitis from January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1989 . They were admitted to the Pediatric Department of Mackay Memorial Hospital with the chief problem of diarrhea . The rectal swab cultures were all positive for nontyphoidal Salmonella . Blood cultures were done immediately when Salmonella enterocolitis was confirmed . Clinical features including age, clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and serogroup were all recorded and analyzed to predict the risk factors of bacteremia in Salmonella enterocolitis . Twenty patients had bacteremia . Among them, 4 had meningitis simultaneously . There was one death, resulting in a 5% mortality in the bacteremia group . The overall rate of bacteremia was 7.6% . For those less than 3 months of age, it was 11.5% . We were unable to find any relationship between the bacteremia and the risk factors such as age, body temperature, clinical symptoms, white blood cell counts and differential counts . Interestingly, it was noted that Salmonella serogroup D1, a highly virulent and invasive Salmonella serogroup, was more closely related to the occurrence of bacteremia . It accounted for 40% of all cases of bacteremia . In conclusion, this study showed that the incidence of bacteremia in cases of Salmonella enterocolitis was 7.6% and the only risk factor of bacteremia was a culture of Salmonella serogroup D1 . Therefore, in cases of Salmonella serogroup D1 enterocolitis, antibiotics treatment may be considerable.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1991 Nov, 112(11), 509 - 11
{An immunohistochemical analysis of local immunity in Salmonella and dysenteric infections}; Guliamov NG et al.; Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 21 patients with acute and chronic dysentery, in 32 patients with different forms of salmonellosis in comparison with the cytoenzymatic status (CES) of immunocytes in the mucous membrane of the large intestine . It has been revealed that for acute dysentery the activation of the cellular and humoral links of local immunity is typical, but for salmonellosis--mainly of the humoral one . The chronic processes in dysentery and salmonellosis are connected with the increase in the subpopulation of T8-suppressors . Immunohistochemical data correlate completely with CES of immunocytes and that allows one use them with prognostic purposes.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1991 Nov-Dec, 85(6), 790 - 2
The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella typhi in Qatar: epidemiology and therapeutic implications; Uwaydah AK et al.; Multiresistant Salmonella seems to be a growing problem in Qatar and its treatment remains problematic . Of 100 Salmonella bacteraemias that occurred between 1 October 1989 and 30 September 1990, 30 were caused by S . typhi resistant to one or more of the conventional antibiotics usually recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) . Of those, 25 (83%) were acquired by patients during visits to the Indian subcontinent . Two patients with isolates sensitive to ampicillin were successfully treated with amoxicillin, 6 paediatric patients were cured with cefotaxime, and 20 adult patients responded favourable to ciprofloxacin . A 9 year old boy failed initial therapy with cefuroxime but responded well to ciprofloxacin . One adult patient was treated successfully with a combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime . We conclude that cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin can serve as first line therapy for typhoid fever in areas where multi-resistant Salmonella is prevalent.

Indian J Med Res, 1991 Nov, 93, 356 - 8
False resistance of salmonellae to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in disc diffusion method; Jesudason MV et al.; Apparent resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in disc diffusion method was found in 14 strains of Salmonella typhi and 2 strains of S . paratyphi A grown on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) of one manufacturer . On MHA from another manufacturer and on diagnostic sensitivity test agar (DSTA), these 16 strains were sensitive to TMP-SMZ . The minimum inhibitory concentration of trimethoprim (TMP) assayed by agar dilution method, on DSTA medium for these 16 strains was in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 micrograms/ml . Thus, the apparent resistance was a spurious result due to the unsatisfactory quality of the batch of MHA of the first manufacturer . Presumably the medium contained thymine or its derivatives which act as antagonists to TMP and sulphonamide drugs.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Nov, 65(11), 1476 - 8
{A case report of diarrhea associated with Giardia lambria and Salmonella}; Matsuo H et al.; We report a case of diarrhea associated with Giardia lambria and Salmonella . A 28-year-old male who had no chance to go abroad visited our hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, watery diarrhea and fever, but his symptoms persisted in spite of medication . He was admitted to our hospital on the next day for definite diagnosis and treatment . Many trophozoites of Giardia lambria were recognized in the feces . The symptoms were improved using metronidazole, so he was discharged on the 8-th day . The cause of this double infection was not determined . The domestic infection like this case is rare in Japan.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Nov, 65(11), 1411 - 8
Difference in the protection against infection with different challenge strains of Salmonella enteritidis by killed vaccine; Uchiya K et al.; Differences in protection against the challenge of different strains of formalin-killed cells obtained from Salmonella enteritidis were investigated . When strains 2547, 116M, 116-54, SR-98G, and 3775 were used as the challenge strain, protective effects were apparent in groups of mice immunized with formalin-killed cells from S . enteritidis strains (protective strains) . Conversely, no protective effects were observed with the challenge of strains 2822, 3975, and IID-604 (nonprotective strains) . Electrophoretic banding patterns of lipopolysaccharides in SDS-PAGE were similar between the LPS obtained from the various strains used in this study . Additionally, no differences in sensitivity to macrophage intracellular killing were observed between the protective and nonprotective strains . Phagocytic experiments by macrophages in vitro indicated that immune serum used as the opsonin promotes phagocytosis of various strains by macrophages as compared to using normal serum as the opsonin, but the rate of phagocytosis enhanced by immune serum is higher in protective strains than nonprotective strains . In studies of passive transfer of immune serum, it was found that mice passively immunized with immune serum could only protect against infection by challenging with protective strains with the exception of strain SR-98G . These results suggest that the protective effect observed with the challenge of protective strains may be due to macrophage phagocytosis enhanced by opsonization with immune serum.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Nov, 65(11), 1381 - 8
Susceptibility to active oxygen species of protective and nonprotective strains on the challenge of Salmonella enteritidis by immunization with culture filtrate; Uchiya K et al.; Protective ability against the challenge of different strains by immunization with culture filtrate (CF) obtained from Salmonella enteritidis was investigated . It was shown that the different strains of S . enteritidis can be separated into two distinct groups of protective (2547, 116M, 116-54, SR-98G, and 3775) and nonprotective strains (2822, 3975, and IID-604) . Using a cell-free microbicidal system, the susceptibilities of these strains to active oxygen species was evaluated . S . enteritidis was found to be susceptible to these active oxygen species, however no differences between the protective and nonprotective strains were observed . Both catalase (H2O2 scavenger) and histidine (1O2 scavenger) inhibited the bactericidal activity of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system . Therefore, among the various oxygen intermediates, H2O2 and 1O2 appears to be necessary for killing of S . enteritidis . In tests for the ability to trigger an oxidative burst in murine peritoneal macrophages, strain 2547 triggered O2 generation at levels as high as those observed with strain 2822 . These studies indicate that the difference between the protective and nonprotective strains is not attributed to susceptibility against active oxygen species nor to the ability to trigger an oxidative burst . From these observations, it is suggested that the difference is not due to differences in resistance to the killing of different strains within macrophages.

J Rheumatol, 1991 Nov, 18(11), 1756 - 9
Interplay of microbe and major histocompatibility complex: a family study; Thomson GT et al.; We describe a 24-year-old man who developed reactive arthritis (ReA) after a dysenteric illness caused by Salmonella hadar . Serologic tests suggested recent exposure of family members to Salmonella . All members of the family were HLA-B27 positive, but no other family member developed acute ReA, although 2 of them had clinical evidence of previously existing B27 associated arthritis.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1991 Nov, 7(6), 690 - 5
Salmonellosis diagnosed by the laboratory of the 'L . Sacco' Hospital of Milan (Italy) in patients with HIV disease; Tocalli L et al.; We reviewed the cases of typhoid fever (3 cases) and non-typhoid salmonellosis (62 cases) diagnosed from 1987 to 1989 in the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology of the 'L.Sacco' Hospital, Milan . Two cases of typhoid fever and 24 cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis occurred in patients without clinical symptoms of HIV infection . One case of typhoid fever and 38 cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis occurred in patients with clinical symptoms of HIV infection . In AIDS patients living in the Milan province the annual incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis was estimated to be 100-fold greater than that observed in the general population . In patients with non-typhoid salmonellosis, bacteremias was found only in subjects with HIV disease (P = 0.0009) . The frequency of bacteremia was higher in patients with AIDS than in patients with other manifestations of HIV disease (P = 0.0356) . Finally, a significant difference between patients with and without HIV disease was found with regard to Salmonella serotypes distribution (P = 0.0196).

J Vet Intern Med, 1991 Nov-Dec, 5(6), 341 - 50
Persistent experimental Salmonella dublin intramammary infection in dairy cows; Spier SJ et al.; Experimental intramammary infections were induced in five post-parturient Holstein cows by inoculation of low numbers (5000 colony forming units) of virulent Salmonella dublin via the teat canal of mammary gland quarters . Rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, milk yield, and milk quality as assessed by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were recorded every 12 hours at milking . Bacteriologic cultures of foremilk quarter samples and feces were obtained daily, as were complete blood counts . ELISA titers for IgG and IgM recognizing S . dublin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were obtained weekly on serum and quarter milk samples . All cows excreted S . dublin intermittently from infected quarters, but no changes were detected in rectal temperature, appearance of the mammary gland or secretions, CBC, milk yield, and pulse and respiratory rates . Somatic cell counts were modestly increased in infected quarters as compared with uninfected quarters (P = .015, paired t test); however, CMT scores after infection remained low, and were not significantly different from pre-infection scores (P greater than .10, sign test) . After infection, administration of dexamethasone resulted in signs of clinical mastitis and increased excretion of S . dublin from mammary quarters (P = .0004, paired t test) . One cow had necrotizing mastitis and S . dublin septicemia and was euthanatized . In the four surviving cows, clinical improvement was observed after systemic gentamicin therapy and intramammary infusion with polymyxin B, but all cows continued to excrete S . dublin intermittently from one or more quarters and occasionally from feces for the remaining period of observation . All infected cows demonstrated a rise in IgG and IgM ELISA titers recognizing S . dublin LPS in serum and milk . At necropsy (13-25 weeks postinfection), S . dublin was recovered only from the mammary tissue or supramammary lymph nodes in three of four cows . In one cow, mammary gland and lymph-node samples were negative for S . dublin despite positive milk cultures . In all cows, histopathologic examination revealed multifocal areas of chronic active mastitis . These lesions were similar to histopathologic findings from mammary gland carriers with naturally acquired S . dublin infection.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 14(2), 119 - 25
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp . strains isolated from bovine meat in Zaïre; Mathieu AM et al.; A large majority (87.4%) of 190 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from fresh beef in Lubumbashi (Zaire) belonged to the human St . aureus ecovar; 81.2% of the phage-typed human strains were partially or solely lysed by phages of group III . Thirteen of the 52 tested strains (25.0%) were enterotoxin producers; nine of these (69.2%) were positive for staphylococcal enterotoxin A . Sixteen serotypes were identified among the 122 Salmonella isolates and nearly all these strains were susceptible to the 8 different antibiotics tested.

J Laryngol Otol, 1991 Nov, 105(11), 966 - 7
Salmonella neck abscess associated with jugular vein thrombosis; Leiberman A et al.; An unusual case of synergistic infection caused by Salmonella paratyphi and anaerobic streptococcus resulting in necrotizing cervical infection associated with deep neck abscess and internal jugular vein thrombosis, is presented . Salmonella acting as an oxygen consumer in the infected tissues, facilitates the growth of anaerobic cocci, hence the development of a devastating soft tissue infection . The precipitating cause was a tonsillar infection developing due to 'post-anginal sepsis' . The aetiopathogenesis of the cervical infection is discussed.

Vaccine, 1991 Nov, 9(11), 810 - 6
Construction of genetically defined double aro mutants of Salmonella typhi; Hone DM et al.; The construction of genetically defined, double aro mutant strains CVD906 and CVD908, which were derived from Salmonella typhi strain ISP1820 (a recent isolate of S . typhi from Chile) and from laboratory strain Ty2, respectively, is described . Strains CVD906 and CVD908 differ from previously described aro mutants of S . typhi as their aro deletion mutations do not extend beyond the limits of the mutated aro genes, and no antibiotic-resistance genes, plasmid sequences or S . typhimurium DNA sequences remain in the mutant strains . In minimal medium the aro mutants of S . typhi are unable to replicate whereas the wild type parent strains grow well in minimal medium . Using intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with S . typhi strains suspended in hog gastric mucin as a virulence assay, it is shown that the single aro mutants and the double aro mutants of Ty2 and ISP1820 are attenuated in mice . Trans complementation of the aro mutants with the aroC gene or aroD gene, or both, results in strains that are phenotypically identical to that of the wild type parents indicating that no measurable additional changes other than loss of the aro gene function occurred during strain construction.

FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1991 Nov, 3(6), 327 - 36
Detection of lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins on membranes of murine lymphocyte and macrophage-like cell lines; Kirikae T et al.; Lipopolysaccharide-(LPS) binding proteins present on murine-lymphocyte and macrophage-like cell lines were identified by a ligand-blotting method and subsequent immunological detection of bound LPS . Membrane proteins of the murine-pre-B-cell line 70Z/3 were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred electrophoretically onto nitrocellulose, and the blot was incubated with LPS of the Salmonella minnesota Re-mutant R595 (mRe-LPS) . LPS bound to proteins on nitrocellulose was immunologically detected by anti-mRe-LPS antibodies; LPS was associated with one of the membrane proteins of 70Z/3 cells . This protein was 40 kDa under reducing and 45 kDa under non-reducing conditions, respectively . Treatment of 70Z/3 cells with pronase led to the disappearance of the LPS-binding protein indicating its surface location . Excess free lipid A, which represents the biologically active region of LPS, inhibited the binding of mRe-LPS to the protein . This LPS-binding protein was also identified on the pre-B-cell line CYG8, the B-cell line CYG101 and the murine-T-cell line BW5147 . It was, however, not detectable on the B-cell line CYG34 and the myeloma-cell line P3-X63-Ag8.653 . No other LPS-binding protein could be detected on these cell lines . In the murine-macrophage-like cell line J774.1, two LPS-binding proteins, one of 40 kDa and one of 80 kDa, were detected . These results indicate that mRe-LPS is specifically bound to a 40-kDa protein of lymphocytes, whereas in the case of macrophages it is associated with two LPS-binding proteins of 40 and 80 kDa.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 29(11), 2424 - 33
Anti-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies: characterization of Salmonella BO-, CO-, DO-, and EO-specific clones and their diagnostic usefulness; Luk JM et al.; To facilitate the identification and serotyping of Salmonella species, we established a wide variety of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that were reactive with the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Salmonella serogroups B to E . An effective approach for generating LPS-reactive hybridomas was used; this required immunization of mice with LPS-coated bacteria . To screen for diagnostically useful MAbs, the MAbs were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against a set of purified LPSs from smooth and rough Salmonella strains . At least four major groups of antibody specificities were identified: Salmonella (i) BO specific, (ii) CO specific, (iii) DO specific, and (iv) EO specific . For a more detailed epitope analysis, a panel of eight different serogroup-specific MAbs which were shown to bind the O-antigenic polysaccharide chains, yielding characteristic ladder patterns in Western blots (immunoblots) against the LPS of Salmonella serogroups B to E, were selected . The availability of various chemically defined LPS structures and Salmonella O-antigen glycoconjugates permitted the definition of O-antigenic polysaccharide epitopes recognized by each MAb that serologically corresponded to factors O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, and O10 on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme for Salmonella classification . The diagnostic accuracy of these immunochemically defined O-specific MAbs for Salmonella serotyping was demonstrated by correct identification of all 167 salmonellae (including 72 serotypes from serogroups B to E) among the 294 bacterial strains in a slide agglutination test . No false-positive reactions were detected.

Mutat Res, 1991 Nov, 261(3), 197 - 207
Evaluation of secondary nitroalkanes, their nitronates, primary nitroalkanes, nitrocarbinols, and other aliphatic nitro compounds in the Ames Salmonella assay; Conaway CC et al.; The secondary nitroalkanes 2-nitropropane, 2-nitrobutane, 3-nitropentane and nitrocyclopentane, as well as their anionic forms (nitronates); the primary nitroalkanes 1-nitropropane, 1-nitrobutane, and 1-nitropentane and their respective nitronates; the nitrocarbinols 2-nitro-1-propanol, 2-nitro-1-butanol, 3-nitro-2-butanol, and 3-nitro-2-pentanol and their respective nitronates; 2-methyl-2-nitropropane, and 2-nitroso-2-nitropropane were tested in the Ames Salmonella assay using strains TA98, TA100 and TA102 . Nitronates of the secondary nitroalkanes 2-nitropropane, 2-nitrobutane, 3-nitropentane, and nitrocyclopentane were significantly mutagenic in Salmonella strains TA100 and TA102 at 10-80 mumoles/plate, but the parent compounds were mutagenic at only a single dose level or were not mutagenic at all in the same dose range . The primary nitroalkanes and the nitrocarbinols were not mutagenic, or only marginally so, at the concentrations tested . The nitronates of the primary nitroalkanes and the nitrocarbinols reprotonated too rapidly under the conditions of the assay for adequate evaluation of mutagenicity . 2-Methyl-2-nitropropane was not mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA102; 2-nitroso-2-nitropropane was also not mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA102, but induced an equivocal mutagenic response in TA98 . The positive Salmonella mutation data for the nitronates of the secondary nitroalkanes studied correlate very well with the very slow rate of reprotonation of secondary nitroalkane nitronates at pH 7.7 (Conaway et al . (1991) Cancer Res., 51, 3143), and provide further evidence that nitronates of secondary nitroalkanes, rather than the neutral parent forms with which they may be in equilibrium, are the more proximate mutagenic species.

Mutat Res, 1991 Nov, 258(3), 259 - 83
Considerations in the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency's testing approach for mutagenicity; Dearfield KL et al.; OPP: This paper provides the rationale and support for the decisions the OPP will make in requiring and reviewing mutagenicity information . The regulatory requirement for mutagenicity testing to support a pesticide registration is found in the 40 CFR Part 158 . The guidance as to the specific mutagenicity testing to be performed is found in the OPP's Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision F, Hazard Evaluation: Human and Domestic Animals (referred to as the Subdivision F guideline) . A revised Subdivision F guideline has been presented that becomes the current guidance for submitters of mutagenicity data to the OPP . The decision to revise the guideline was the result of close examination of the version published in 1982 and the desire to update the guidance based on developments since then and current state-of-the-science . After undergoing Agency and public scrutiny, the revised guideline is to be published in 1991 . The revised guideline consists of an initial battery of tests (the Salmonella assay, an in vitro mammalian gene mutation assay and an in vivo cytogenetics assay which may be either a bone marrow assay for chromosomal aberrations or for micronuclei formation) that should provide an adequate initial assessment of the potential mutagenicity of a chemical . Follow-up testing to clarify results from the initial testing may be necessary . After this information as well as all other relevant information is obtained, a weight-of-evidence decision will be made about the possible mutagenicity concern a chemical may present . Testing to pursue qualitative and/or quantitative evidence for assessing heritable risk in relation to human beings will then be considered if a mutagenicity concern exists . This testing may range from tests for evidence of gonadal exposure to dominant lethal testing to quantitative tests such as the specific locus and heritable translocation assays . The mutagenicity assessment will be performed in accordance with the Agency's Mutagenicity Risk Assessment Guidelines . The mutagenicity data would also be used in the weight-of-evidence consideration for the potential carcinogenicity of a chemical in accordance with the Agency's Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines . In instances where there are triggers for carcinogenicity testing, mutagenicity data may be used as one of the triggers after a consideration of available information . It is felt that the revised Subdivision F guideline will provide appropriate, and more specific, guidance concerning the OPP approach to mutagenicity testing for the registration of a pesticide . It also provides a clearer understanding of how the OPP will proceed with its evaluation and decision making concerning the potential heritable effects of a test chemical.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

J Immunol, 1991 Nov 1, 147(9), 3072 - 9
Lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of CD11b/CD18 expression on neutrophils . Evidence of specific receptor-based response and inhibition by lipid A-based antagonists; Lynn WA et al.; Gram-negative bacterial septicemia is a common clinical syndrome resulting, in part, from the activation of phagocytic leukocytes by LPS . By using flow cytometry, we have characterized LPS-induced expression of the beta 2 integrin CD11b/CD18 . After exposure to Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS, expression of neutrophil CD11b/CD18 is rapidly upregulated, beginning within 5 min and achieving a peak fluorescence (typically two- to threefold over base line) by 30 min . The increase in CD11b/CD18 expression was similar in kinetics and magnitude to that produced by FMLP, PMA, and human rTNF-alpha . Concentrations of LPS necessary to stimulate a response were as low as 1 ng/ml of R595 LPS; a maximal response was observed between 30 and 100 ng/ml . The upregulation of CD11b/CD18 due to LPS was not interrupted by protein synthesis inhibitors . A group of glucosamine disaccharide lipid A-like molecules: Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A, lipid IVA, KDO2IVA, and deacylated LPS were able to block the stimulatory effect of LPS . This inhibition was specific for the actions of LPS as stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) by FMLP, human rTNF alpha, PMA, and rewarming were not altered by the disaccharide inhibitors . PMN which were exposed to the specific disaccharide LPS antagonists and then washed, were refractory to stimulation by LPS . The monosaccharide lipid A precursor lipid X also blocked stimulation of neutrophils by LPS, although with a 100-fold reduction in potency . Unlike the disaccharide inhibitors, PMN exposed to lipid X were still responsive to LPS stimulation after washing . The PMN response to LPS was less sensitive in the absence of serum, although upregulation of CD11b/CD18 could still be seen using higher concentrations of LPS . Monoclonal antibody directed against CD14 (clone 3C10), also specifically inhibited LPS induced PMN CD11b/CD18 expression both in the presence and absence of serum . These findings support the hypothesis that LPS stimulates neutrophils by interacting with specific cellular receptors.

Peptides, 1991 Nov-Dec, 12(6), 1441 - 3
Central and peripheral actions of alpha-MSH in the thermoregulation of rats; Villar M et al.; The effect of alpha-MSH on thermoregulation in rats at room temperature was examined . alpha-MSH (1 microgram ICV or 30 micrograms IP) alone did not alter temperature . However, this peptide was a potent antipyretic when administered centrally or peripherally in rats treated with pyrogen derived from Salmonella typhi.

Gene, 1991 Oct 30, 107(1), 139 - 44
Construction of plasmid vectors with a non-antibiotic selection system based on the Escherichia coli thyA+ gene: application to cholera vaccine development; Morona R et al.; The construction of live oral carriers based on attenuated Salmonella strains as vectors offers a new approach to vaccine development . We have constructed a set of plasmid vectors which have the thyA gene of Escherichia coli (encoding thymidylate synthetase) as the marker for selection and maintenance of plasmid clones . The thyA system offers an alternative to antibiotic-resistance selection markers . It can be easily adapted to a particular host-vector combination since thyA chromosomal mutations can be readily introduced by trimethoprim selection . We also describe the construction of thyA-based plasmids with the Vibrio cholerae rfb genes (encoding O-antigen biosynthesis of the Inaba serotype) . These have been found to be useful in the construction of candidate bivalent cholera-typhoid vaccines.

Lancet, 1991 Oct 26, 338(8774), 1055 - 9
Oral immunisation against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine; Simanjuntak CH et al.; When tested under conditions of moderate transmission of typhoid fever, a liquid formulation of the oral typhoid fever vaccine Ty21a had a protective efficacy of 96% in Egypt, and an enteric coated capsule formulation had an efficacy of 67% in Chile . We compared the two formulations under conditions of intense transmission of typhoid fever in Indonesia in a randomised, double-blind trial . 20,543 subjects (age range 3-44 years) received either three doses of enteric coated capsules containing placebo or live Ty21a, or three doses of lyophilised placebo or live Ty21a reconstituted with phosphate buffer . During 30 months of follow-up, the rate of blood-culture-positive typhoid fever among controls was 810/100,000 per year . Rates of typhoid fever were 379/100,000 per year for subjects who received the liquid formulation of vaccine and 468/100,000 per year for subjects who received enteric coated capsules . The protective efficacies of the liquid and enteric coated formulations were 53% and 42%, respectively . Neither formulation protected against infection with Salmonella paratyphi A . No major side-effects were noted, but the overall incidence of side-effects was greater in the vaccine groups . Under conditions of intense transmission, Ty21a protected against typhoid fever; however, because Ty21a will not protect all individuals, there is a need for additional approaches to prevent the diseasePIP: When tested under conditions of moderate transmission of typhoid fever, a liquid formulation of the oral typhoid fever vaccine, Ty21a, had a protective efficacy of 96% in Egypt, and an enteric coated capsule formulation had an efficacy of 67% in Chile . The authors compared the 2 formulations under conditions of intense transmission of typhoid fever in Indonesia in a randomized, double blind trial . 20,543 subjects (age range 3-44 years) received either 3 doses of enteric-coated capsules containing placebo or live Ty21a, or 3 doses of lyophilized placebo or live Ty21a reconstituted with phosphate buffer . During 30 months of followup, the rate of blood-culture-positive typhoid fever among controls was 810/100,000/year . Rates of typhoid fever were 379/100,000/year for subjects who received the liquid formulation of vaccine and 468/100,000/year for subjects who received enteric coated capsules . The protective efficacies of the liquid and enteric coated formulations were 53% and 42%, respectively . Neither formulation protected against infection with Salmonella paratyphi A . No major side effects were noted, but the overall incidence of side effects was greater in the vaccine groups . Under conditions of intense transmission, Ty21a protected against typhoid fever; however since it will not protect all individuals, there is a need for additional approaches in prevention of the disease . author's modified

JAMA, 1991 Oct 16, 266(15), 2105 - 9
Foodborne disease outbreaks in nursing homes, 1975 through 1987; Levine WC et al.; OBJECTIVE.--To describe the epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks in nursing homes and to identify where preventive efforts might be focused . DATA SOURCES.--Reports by state and local health departments of foodborne disease outbreaks occurring from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1987 . STUDY SELECTION.--Foodborne disease outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga, on standard investigation forms . DATA EXTRACTION.--Each foodborne disease outbreak report was examined by an epidemiologist or statistician . Outbreaks were considered to have a known pathogen if confirmed by laboratory tests, and a known vehicle when an epidemiologic investigation implicated a specific food item . DATA SYNTHESIS.--From 1975 through 1987, 26 states reported 115 outbreaks of foodborne disease in nursing homes, causing illness in 4944 persons and death in 51 . These outbreaks represented 2% of all reported foodborne disease outbreaks and 19% of outbreak-associated deaths in this period . Of 52 outbreaks with a known cause, Salmonella was the most frequently reported pathogen, accounting for 52% of outbreaks and 81% of deaths . Salmonella enteritidis outbreaks accounted for 56% of the Salmonella-associated deaths since 1981 . The implicated food vehicles in S enteritidis outbreaks were made with eggs or prepared with equipment contaminated with eggs . Staphylococcal foodborne disease was the next most commonly identified cause, accounting for 23% of outbreaks . CONCLUSIONS.--Since the elderly are at high risk for serious morbidity from foodborne disease, nursing homes should practice careful food handling, preparation, and storage procedures; provide education for food handlers; and have active infection control programs to rapidly detect and control outbreaks of foodborne disease.

Stat Med, 1991 Oct, 10(10), 1493 - 509
A time series construction of an alert threshold with application to S . bovismorbificans in France; Watier L et al.; Epidemiological surveillance can be used to initiate preventive measures and Salmonella infection is a prime example of application . It is important that any unusual increase of reported cases should be detected as rapidly as possible . Reliable forecasts based on a suitable model of the temporal structure of a pathological indicator are necessary for the elaboration of an alert threshold . We first discuss the specific problems associated with the identification and the estimation of the temporal structure of indicators of infectious diseases when they present both epidemic peaks and an underlying stationary structure . Then we consider how an alert threshold can be defined . Our application concerns infections caused by S . bovismorbificans in France for which an alert threshold is constructed and tested both retrospectively and prospectively.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1991 Oct, 94(5), 341 - 7
Clinical presentation of enteric fever: its changing pattern in Kuwait; Daoud AS et al.; The clinical experience with enteric fever (1985-89) at a general hospital in Kuwait is presented . There were 90 cases of typhoid and 10 cases of paratyphoid fever, with a mortality rate of 2% . Typhoid complications of bowel perforation, haemorrhage or septic shock were present in 5% and abortion in 2% . Neurological or psychiatric manifestations were a feature in 15% . Most infections were imported (78%) . Despite rapid economic development, enteric fever may still be acquired locally but less frequently with time . This contributed to initial diagnostic uncertainty in 18% of cases, and especially in children . Another changing pattern emerged with the recent finding of five drug-resistant Salmonella typhi isolates, two in 1988 and three in 1989 . Efforts are clearly needed to diagnose enteric fever more rapidly and to utilize new antibiotics for drug-resistant cases.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Oct, 29(10), 2354 - 6
Use of Rambach Propylene Glycol Containing Agar for identification of Salmonella spp; Gruenewald R et al.; When grown on Rambach Propylene Glycol Containing Agar (Rambach agar), 216 of 230 (93.9%) Salmonella organisms isolated from patients and 54 of 62 (87.1%) Salmonella stock cultures produced a crimson-colored growth . Of the 14 clinical Salmonella isolates which displayed colors other than crimson, 8 were Salmonella typhi, 2 were Salmonella paratyphi A, and 4 belonged to other commonly isolated serotypes . All eight Salmonella stock cultures which failed to produce a crimson color belonged to rarely isolated serotypes . In contrast, of 83 non-Salmonella stock cultures distributed among 29 bacterial species, none produced a crimson color . These results suggest that while Rambach agar cannot preidentify S . typhi and S . paratyphi A, the medium can be used for the presumptive identification and can assist in the definitive identification of the overwhelming majority of Salmonella isolates.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Oct, 107(2), 357 - 61
Cockroaches (Blatta and Periplaneta species) as reservoirs of drug-resistant salmonellas; Devi SJ et al.; A total of 221 cockroaches (Blatta and Periplaneta spp.), collected in hospitals, houses, animal sheds, grocery stores and restaurants, in various parts of South Kanara District, a south-west coastal region of India, were studied bacteriologically for the presence of various salmonellas . Salmonellas were isolated from 4.1% of these cockroaches . Nine strains of salmonellas were recovered, belonging to five serotypes--Salmonella bovismorbificans, S . oslo, S . typhimurium, S . mbandaka and S . braenderup, the former two being the commonest serotypes . All salmonellas were resistant to one or other of 11 antibacterial drugs used in the susceptibility test . Isolation of salmonellas from cockroaches collected from the livestock premises and human dwellings suggested that they may act as significant reservoirs of salmonella in nature . Recovery of serotypes, phage types and R-types that were commonly isolated from humans and animals of this locality, suggested a transmission role for cockroaches . By harbouring potentially pathogenic, drug-resistant salmonellas, these wandering arthropods may pose dangerous infective hazards to humans and animals.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Oct, 107(2), 335 - 47
The social and economic impact of salmonellosis . A report of a national survey in England and Wales of laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections; Sockett PN et al.; This study presents the findings of a national survey of 1482 cases of salmonellosis reported to Environmental Health Departments in England and Wales between August 1988 and March 1989 . A questionnaire survey of ill individuals and the environmental health officers who investigated them sought information about costs which were imposed upon public health authorities, the health sector, individuals and their families and the costs to the wider economy in terms of lost production . Costs of 996,339 pounds were identified . Over half (507,555 pounds) resulted from lost production due to sickness absence and more than a third (392,822 pounds) were costs to the public sector which resulted from health care and local authority investigation of cases . The remaining costs (95,962 pounds), although the smallest proportion of the total, indicated that salmonellosis can have a significant impact on affected individuals and their families.

Mutat Res, 1991 Oct, 261(2), 93 - 9
Mutagenicity of processed bidi tobacco: possible relevance to bidi industry workers; Bagwe AN et al.; The genotoxic potential of bidi tobacco was evaluated by mutagenicity testing of aqueous, aqueous: ethanolic, ethanolic and chloroform extracts of processed tobacco used in the manufacture of 'bidis', indigenous forms of cigarettes smoked in India . The Salmonella/mammalian microsome test (Ames assay) was used to detect mutagenicity in tester strains TA98, TA100 and TA102 . The extracts were tested in the absence and presence of metabolic activation using liver S9 from rat and hamster, and following in vitro nitrosation with sodium nitrite at acidic pH . All the extracts were non-mutagenic in the absence of nitrosation . The nitrosated aqueous extract was mutagenic in strains TA98 and TA100 . While weak mutagenicity was elicited by the nitrosated aqueous: ethanolic extract in TA100, the nitrosated ethanolic extract induced a 3-fold increase in the number of revertants in the same strain . Moreover both these extracts elicited a strong mutagenic response in TA102, while the chloroform extract was non-mutagenic even after nitrite treatment . The present study indicates that workers employed in the bidi industry are exposed to potentially mutagenic and genotoxic chemicals in the course of their occupation.

Mutat Res, 1991 Oct, 261(2), 149 - 52
Mutagenicity of the coccidiostat diaveridine in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Yoshimura H; The coccidiostat diaveridine was tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay with tester strains TA100 and TA98 . This compound was not mutagenic in either tester strain in the presence and absence of rat S9 mix, but was found to be mutagenic in strain TA100 after metabolic activation with hamster S9 mix.

Mutat Res, 1991 Oct, 253(2), 127 - 36
Evaluating the relationship of metabolic activation system concentrations and chemical dose concentrations for the Salmonella spiral and plate assays; Claxton LD et al.; A factorial experimental design was used within this study to evaluate the influence of multiple metabolic activation system concentrations on the dose-response exhibited by promutagens (indirect-acting mutagens) in the Salmonella spiral and plate assays . The mutagenic activity of the three compounds used spanned three orders of magnitude . The mutagenic activity of the compounds ranged from 10 to 100 revertants/micrograms for acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) to more than 1000 revertants/micrograms for 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) . Benzo {a} pyrene (BaP) activity was within an intermediate range (100-1000 revertants/micrograms) . During a single experiment, a mutagen was tested in TA100 at 13 doses plus a negative control dose . Each dose was tested at 10 S9 concentrations . The S9 concentrations ranged from 0.1 mg protein/plate to 4 mg protein/plate in the standard plate assay and from 0.25 to 4.90 mg-equivalents in the spiral assay . The spiral Salmonella assay, an automated version of the standard assay, generates dose-response data from a concentration gradient on a single agar plate, thereby providing a straightforward approach to this type of study . This study demonstrates not only that even small differences in S9 concentrations can affect the measurement of mutagenic potency but that S9/compound interactions cannot be generalized through the use of interaction studies . This study also shows that spiral assay data and plate assay data for promutagens cannot be compared directly unless the S9 concentrations for all chemical doses are also comparable.

Mutat Res, 1991 Oct, 253(2), 115 - 21
What indication is common to different genotoxicity data bases?
Benigni R, Giuliani A.
This paper studies the relationships among 4 in vitro assays: Salmonella mutation (STY), mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell mutation (MLY), chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells (CHA), and sister-chromatid exchanges in CHO cells (SCE), in 3 different data bases: U.S . National Toxicology Program (NTP), International Program for the Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens (IPESTTC), and International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) . The analysis is performed by modeling each data base with factor analysis . With this tool, it has been possible to separate the different elements (or components) which play a role in each data base . It has also been possible to demonstrate that--together with some specificities of the data bases--there is a common effect which is independent of the data bases, and which typically represents the 'true' relationships among the assays . This element explains 69% of the information contained in NTP, 50% of that of IPESTTC, and 30% of that of IPCS . This common evidence indicates that the responses of STY and CHA to the 'universe' of chemicals are relatively similar, although STY is a bacterial mutation system and CHA is a mammalian cell test for chromosomal damage . The other similarity apparent from this analysis is the one between MLY (mutation in mouse cells) and SCE (cytogenetic evidence in hamster cells) . The implication of this result is 2-fold . On the one hand, it is extremely reassuring that the 3 most important comparative studies agree and show common evidence, and this can be recognized rationally . On the other hand, this evidence implies that the scientists involved in mutagenicity research must face the task of exploring and explaining such relationships.

J Immunol, 1991 Oct 1, 147(7), 2136 - 40
Evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) as an adjuvant . Enhancement of the serum antibody response in mice to polysaccharide-protein conjugates by concurrent injection with MPL; Schneerson R et al.; Concurrent injection of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in saline or as an oil-in-water emulsion enhanced both the primary and secondary serum antibody responses to the capsular polysaccharide (CP) components of seven conjugates: the enhanced responses were Ag-specific . In contrast, MPL did not enhance the serum antibody response to five of the six unconjugated CP . MPL and trehalose dimycolate injected concurrently with the unconjugated Vi CP of Salmonella typhi (Vi) enhanced the serum antibody response to that Ag . MPL further enhanced the Vi antibody levels when injected with conjugates of this CP . The serum antibody responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, used as the carrier protein for the Staphylococcus aureus types 5 and 8 conjugates, were also enhanced by MPL . MPL in oil-in-water emulsion was generally more effective than when administered in saline.

Infect Immun, 1991 Oct, 59(10), 3841 - 5
Prior immunologic experience potentiates the subsequent antibody response when Salmonella strains are used as vaccine carriers; Bao JX et al.; Prior immunologic experience with homologous and heterologous serotype Salmonella strains potentiated the subsequent antibody response when the same strains were used as vaccine carriers of foreign antigens . This potentiation was positively correlated with the appearance of antibody directed against the lipopolysaccharide of the carrier strain . Both serum and mucosal antibody responses against the foreign antigen increased over time . Antibody responses in sera of animals primed with either the homologous or heterologous serotype strain were not statistically significantly different, while animals primed with the homologous serotype strain developed significantly better mucosal antibody responses against the foreign antigen.

Eur J Cancer Prev, 1991 Oct, 1(1), 43 - 8
Direct involvement of human gastric mucosa in the activation of alimentary pro-carcinogens; Farinati F et al.; Exposure to N-nitroso-compounds and aromatic amines, xenobiotics which require an activation in order to exert their genotoxic potential, is causally associated with gastric cancer . We evaluated the capacity of microsome-containing fractions from human gastric mucosa to activate two model carcinogenic compounds . A 9,000 x g supernatant (S9) was obtained from gastric mucosal specimens and, for comparison, from human liver and aroclor-induced and non induced rat liver . The capacity of the S9 to activate N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) and 2-aminofluorene (2AF) to mutagenic metabolites was tested in the Ames/Salmonella reversion assay, while dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and aminopyrine (AP) demethylation activities were spectrophotometrically evaluated by using an enzymatic assay of the amount of formaldehyde released following the enzymatic demethylation of the corresponding substrates . Results indicate that human gastric S9 fractions may activate 2AF to a genotoxic derivative and are characterized by DMN and AP demethylase activities higher (p < 0.05) than those of human liver, when expressed in mg/protein (p < 0.05) . Although the parameters evaluated can only be considered as a partial measure of the general activating capacity toward dietary and environmental procarcinogens, these results suggest that human gastric mucosa may be directly involved in the metabolic activation of these compounds to mutagenic/carcinogenic species.

Offentl Gesundheitswes, 1991 Oct, 53(10), 687 - 92
{Increase in Salmonella enteritidis infections in man: a world-wide problem}; Kist M; During 1985 to 1990 a nearly threefold increase in human salmonellosis was observed in the Federal Republic of Germany, which was mainly due to an extremely high increase of the incidence of the serovar Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 4), probably reflecting a worldwide epidemiological phenomenon due to the increased incidence of the serovar Enteritidis . Poultry and eggs were identified in various countries as most probable sources and routes of infection . An increased virulence for poultry, leading to chronic septicaemic infections of the animals, is discussed . The following measures are proposed for control: 1) identification and eradication of infected flocks, 2) improved husbandry practices, 3) salmonella-free animal feed, 4) hygienic disposal of all waste, 5) improved abattoir practices, 6) better education of the consumer concerning food hygiene, and 7) improved cooperation between commercial producers, research and Public Health while promoting modern epidemiologic and diagnostic methods.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1991 Oct, 29(10), 982 - 4
Evaluation of ELISA and GM1-ELISA for detection of Salmonella enterotoxin; Rahman H et al.; The ELISA and GM1-ELISA, by using antiserum to purified Salmonella enterotoxin (SE), were standardized and carried out to screen salmonellae isolated from foods of animal origin for enterotoxigenicity . Of the 101 strains of Salmonella belonging to 15 different serogroups tested, 76 (75.24%) strains from 13 serogroups were found enterotoxigenic . ELISA correlated well with rabbit ligated ileal loop (RLIL) test for the detection of enterotoxin producing salmonellae with 24 test strains . ELISA also yielded positive reaction with 7 of 13 RLIL negative strains . GM1-ELISA could not be carried out as none of the 101 cell free culture supernatants (CFCS) were able to bind with GM1-ganglioside . ELISA and GM1-ELISA were also standardized with antiserum to cholera toxin for the detection of salmonellae producing cholera related enterotoxin . None of the 101 strains was found to produce cholera related enterotoxin . ELISA could detect as low as 15 ng/100 microliters of purified SE and 10 ng/100 microliters of cholera toxin when tested with their homologous antisera.

Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 1991 Oct, 80(4), 265 - 7
{Rosai-Dorfman disease of the mesenteric lymph nodes and appendix . Secondary to salmonellosis?}; Caton B et al.; A 28 year-old female patient was operated for acute abdominal pain . At the surgical intervention the mesenteric nodes turned out to be enlarged and the appendix was apparently normal . Microscopically, the changes observed were of the Rosai-Dorfman disease type in the appendix as well as in the nodes . A salmonella D was cultivated in the mesenteric nodes . This association, which has not been described in the literature, permits us to comment clinicopathological aspects, poorly defined, with special reference to the possibility that some instances of Rosai-Dorfman disease could be secondary to an infectious process.

J Autoimmun, 1991 Oct, 4(5), 819 - 30
Binding profiles of anticardiolipin antibodies in sera from patients with SLE and infectious diseases; Vaarala O; Inhibition experiments were performed to study the specificity of IgG-class antibody, binding to cardiolipin immobilized onto a polystyrene surface, in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or infection . Six different phospholipids (three anionic: cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, and three neutral: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and platelet activating factor), lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Minnesota (ReLPS), strain Re595 and lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus pyogenes were used as inhibitors, in the form of liposomes . Eight of fifteen SLE sera exhibited strong reactivity to phosphatidylserine liposomes; other anionic phospholipids, cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid, were less effective inhibitors . The binding was inhibited effectively only by cardiolipin in three of the SLE sera, and by none of the anionic phospholipids tested in the remaining four SLE sera . In most sera from patients with bacterial infections (including syphilis), anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) were inhibited only by cardiolipin, but in some cases also by phosphatidic acid . In Gram-negative infections, ACA were inhibited by ReLPS more effectively than by cardiolipin . ReLPS also inhibited ACA in two of five chlamydial sera . Appreciable inhibition of ACA by phosphatidylserine did not occur in infections . Thus, in contrast to previous studies, broad reactivity to anionic phospholipids occurred in only about half of SLE sera . This pattern of polyreactivity was not seen in infections.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Oct, 65(10), 1361 - 4
{Ofloxacin in the treatment of infection caused by Salmonella paratyphi A}; Takaki K et al.; We reported a case of salmonellosis treated with ofloxacin (OFLX) which showed excellent clinical and bacteriological effect in a 22 year-old Japanese male with Salmonellosis paratyphi A . He had stayed in India from Sept . 6, 1990 to Oct . 13, 1990 . On Oct . 25, 1990, he complained of a high fever and headache . On Oct . 29, he was admitted to our hospital and was diagnosed as Salmonellosis paratyphi A by the blood culture . He was treated with 2.0 g/day of chloramphenicol (CP) for 7 days, but the clinical efficacy was not sufficient . Therefore, we added 900 mg/day of OFLX for 10 days . He was treated successfully with them, the temperature became on the 2nd day . No side effect and no changes of laboratory data were observed and no recurrence was observed clinically and bacteriologically for three months after his discharge.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1991 Oct, 38(8), 561 - 74
{Kinetics of the inactivation of Salmonella during thermal disinfection of liquid manure}; Soldierer W et al.; Technical processes for thermal liquid manure disinfection usually reach temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C . The destruction of important infectious micro-organisms can be expected in this temperature range . The purpose of the investigations reported here was to study the thermal resistance of Salmonellae during heat treatment of liquid manure . Salmonella senftenberg 775W survived much longer than each of 12 other strains from 8 different Salmonella serovars . Resulting from a regression analysis kinetics of thermal death were determined for this strain and decimal reduction times were calculated in cases of an exponential die-off . D60-values ranged from 47 to 138 sec depending on the type of slurry used . Further investigations on the inactivation of Salmonella senftenberg 775W at 50 degrees C, 55 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 65 degrees C were carried out and following D-values were obtained: D50 = 56.7 min, D55 = 11.5 min, D60 = 2.3 min, D65 = 0.47 min . The resulting ZD-value was 7.2 degrees C . Minimum requirements concerning temperature and heating time can be derived from the results of this study . The given recommendations may only be applied, if technical processes work without any functional deficiencies and thermal energy is evenly distributed in the heated slurry . Combinations of temperature and heating time should not fall below the following values: 50 degrees C/15 h, 55 degrees C/3 h, 60 degrees C/30 min, 65 degrees C/5 min.

Avian Dis, 1991 Oct-Dec, 35(4), 723 - 7
California National Animal Health Monitoring System for meat-turkey flocks, 1988-1989: diagnostic testing results; Hird DW et al.; Six hundred fourteen meat turkeys were submitted for necropsy from 24 California ranches as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) . Enteritis was the most frequent pathologic diagnosis in birds 18 days old or younger and the second most frequent diagnosis in birds 19-70 days old . Hemorrhagic enteritis was the most frequent diagnosis in birds aged 19-70 days . Tibial dyschondroplasia, bronchopneumonia, and ascaridiasis were ranked one through three in frequency of diagnoses in birds over 70 days of age . Salmonella was isolated from 71% of flocks tested, and Mycoplasma meleagridis was isolated from 33% of tested flocks over 70 days of age . Antibodies to several disease agents were detected, including hemorrhagic enteritis (100% of flocks over 70 days old) and Newcastle disease (63% of flocks over 70 days old).

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 Oct 1, 67(2), 213 - 8
Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of the rfb region from Shigella flexneri type 6 in Escherichia coli K-12; Cheah KC et al.; The rfb gene cluster which determines the biosynthesis of the Shigella flexneri serotype 6 O-antigen specificity has been cloned in pHC79, generating plasmids pPM3115 and pPM3116 . These plasmids mediate expression, in Escherichia coli K-12, of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) immunologically similar to the S . flexneri type 6 LPS as judged by SDS-PAGE and Western-immunoblot analysis using S . flexneri type 6 specific antisera . Thus, unlike other S . flexneri serotypes, no additional loci are required for serotype specificity . This expression is independent of E . coli K-12 rfb genes . Southern-hybridization analysis using the 16.2-kb BglII probe from S . flexneri type 6 rfb region detected very little sequence homology in S . flexneri serotypes 1-5, however, some homology was detected with E . coli O2 and O18, but not in E . coli 0101 strains, Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae.

Can J Microbiol, 1991 Oct, 37(10), 800 - 2
Optimal growth temperature for the isolation of Plesiomonas shigelloides, using various selective and differential agars; Huq A et al.; The growth characteristics of known strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides were compared with those of Aeromonas species (the major competing species in environmental waters) on plesiomonas differential agar, inositol brilliant green bile salt, and modified salmonella-shigella agar at incubation temperatures of 37, 42, and 44 degrees C . Using local isolates from clinical and environmental sources, optimal growth conditions, as determined by colony counts and the colony characteristics, plesiomonas differential agar proved to be ideal when incubated at 44 degrees C . Contrary to earlier recommendations for 48 h incubation, the colonies could be recognized readily after an incubation of 24 h.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1991 Oct, 35(10), 2161 - 4
Aminoglycosides modify the in vitro metachromatic reaction and murine generalized Shwartzman phenomenon induced by Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide; Foca A et al.; Endotoxin-neutralizing activity may be an important property for antibiotics to be used in severe sepsis . Several antibiotics, belonging to different classes, were evaluated as to their endotoxin-neutralizing ability, using the inhibition of an in vitro metachromatic assay for lipopolysaccharides and a murine generalized Shwartzman reaction model . Gentamicin, amikacin, and sisomicin have been found to share significant in vitro antiendotoxin activity at an antibiotic/endotoxin ratio as low as 1.0/5 (by weight) and to reduce the murine generalized Shwartzman reaction at an antibiotic/endotoxin ratio of 3.3/5.

Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol, 1991 Oct, (10), 22 - 5
{Assessment of the genotoxicity of the "Binase" enzyme preparation}; Ivanchenko OB et al.; "Binase" enzyme sample (a microbial ribonuclease) has been tested for mutagenicity in a set of tests . The set included Ames test Salmonella/microsome, Escherichia coli Rec-test, bacteriophage induction assay, DNA-repair synthesis in lymphoid cells . "Binase" is shown to possess a small genotoxic effect at high concentrations . Both animal and plant S-9 fractions eliminated the effect.

J Wildl Dis, 1991 Oct, 27(4), 551 - 6
Salmonellosis in laboratory-housed iguanid lizards (Sceloporus spp.); Kalvig BA et al.; Fifteen wild-caught iguanid lizards (14 Sceloporus variabilis and one S . malachiticus) were used in a 3 mo study on thermal acclimation . Over a 2 mo period, five of the lizards showed decreased activity, anorexia and enlarged joints, and were either found moribund or were euthanatized due to their poor condition . Specimens taken from lesions in four of the five lizards were cultured and were infected with Salmonella spp . Salmonella spp . was cultured from cloacal swabs in six of the 10 surviving lizards . Standard metabolic rates of those that were infected did not differ significantly from those that were not infected . We postulate that the lizards were inapparent carriers of Salmonella spp . at the time of capture and, as a result of stress, five developed active overwhelming systemic infections.

Vet Microbiol, 1991 Oct, 29(2), 181 - 94
Generation of aromatic-dependent Salmonella havana and evaluation of its immunogenic potential in mice and sheep; Mukkur TK et al.; The generation of aromatic-dependent (aro-) Salmonella havana (Group G2, 01, 13, 23) from a smooth wild-type parent strain by transduction with phage P1 is reported . Mice immunized with this live aro- S . havana strain (CS234) by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route were protected against challenge with wild-type S . havana, whereas those immunized by the oral route were not . Mice immunized with two doses of formalin-killed aro- S . havana by the i.p . route were also unprotected, in spite of high antibody titers . However, only those mice immunized with live aro- S . havana by the i.p . route developed significant delayed-type hypersensitivity . Following i.p . inoculation in mice, the aro- S . havana strain CS234 was detected in the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes on day 9 but not on day 15 post-inoculation (p.i.) . On the other hand, when mice were inoculated with the parent wild-type strain (CS4) or the aro- derivative strain CS234 by the oral route, the organisms were recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine only on day 3 but not on day 6 post-inoculation . In sheep inoculated with the aro- strain CS234 in the gastroc muscle, organisms were recovered from the muscle, and popliteal and medial iliac lymph nodes for up to 21 but not 28 days p.i . However, no mutant organisms were recovered from liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes or faeces . In orally-inoculated sheep, the mutant organisms were recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes, rumen, intestinal contents, and faeces up to 14-21 days post-inoculation but not at 28 days . When sheep immunised with the aro- S . havana strain CS234 by the intramuscular or oral route were challenged with the parent wild-type S . havana strain CS4 by the oral route, the latter strain was detectable in the mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces of immune sheep up to 14 days post-challenge in contrast with the non-immune sheep, where the challenge strain was detectable even at 28 days post-challenge . Only sheep immunized by the intramuscular route developed high antibody levels and delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Clin Imaging, 1991 Oct-Dec, 15(4), 261 - 4
Infected abdominal aortic aneurysm due to Salmonella: CT evaluation; Kario K et al.; Two cases of infected abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA) caused by salmonella are reported and the computed tomography (CT) features are discussed and compared with the pathologic findings . Additionally, a review of the literature was performed . A well-enhanced para-aortic mass (PAM) beyond the calcified intima of the abdominal aorta on the CT, which was initially considered to represent a leakage from the infected aneurysm, was observed in 5 of the 6 reported cases (including ours) and identified as a pseudoaneurysm . In one case, multiple gas collections within the PAM were demonstrated for the first time in IAAA due to salmonella.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Oct, 14(1), 51 - 7
Comparison between semisolid Rappaport and modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis media for the isolation of Salmonella spp . from foods and feeds; Perales I et al.; Two semisolid media poured in petri dishes, semisolid Rappaport and modified semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis were compared for the recovery of Salmonella spp . from 154 high- and low-moisture foods and feeds . Semisolid media were inoculated after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water and after enrichment in Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth and selenite cystine broth . Also a conventional procedure was used, where the enrichment broths were streaked on Brilliant Green and bismuth sulphite agars . Of 62 samples found positive for Salmonella by one or more methods, semisolid Rappaport detected all of them and 60 when inoculated directly from the pre-enrichment broth . Modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis gave only 20 positive samples . The difference in productivity between semisolid Rappaport and the other media poured in plates (modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis, Brilliant Green and bismuth sulphite agar) was statistically significant (P less than 0.001) . The incubation temperature recommended for modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (42 degrees C) was found to be too high . By comparison to the other media, semisolid Rappaport gave a 500% increase in the detection of the enteritidis serotype of Salmonella.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Oct, 14(1), 43 - 9
Application of polymyxin-coated polyester cloth to the semi-quantitation of Salmonella in processed foods; Blais BW et al.; A rapid and economical semi-quantitative test for Salmonella cells in foods is proposed . Food samples containing different levels of Salmonella cells were homogenized and serially diluted in enrichment broths and then incubated for about 20 h at 37 degrees C . The presence of Salmonella cells in each dilution was assayed by capturing deoxycholate-extracted Salmonella lipopolysaccharides on a sheet of polymyxin-coated polyester cloth, followed by colorimetric detection with an anti-Salmonella antibody-enzyme conjugate . The minimum dilutions which resulted in no detectable growth were correlated with the extent of Salmonella contamination in the food samples.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Oct, 14(1), 11 - 7
Immunomagnetic separation of Salmonella from foods; Skjerve E et al.; Salmonella could be separated from different inoculated foods using antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads . When applied on suitable foods, the immunomagnetic separation technique showed a sensitivity of 10-20 Salmonella cells/g of the original sample . The technology appeared less useful for some food items.

Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1991 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 245 - 7
{Excretion of Salmonella in feces during the 1st 3 months of life}; Suarez Hoil GJ et al.; 30 children were followed up during their first three months of life, in order to determinate the moment for Salmonella excretion through feces . Five samples were taken during first month, and 3 samples in the next 2 months each . S . enteritidis was isolated in 10 children (33.3%), 4 of which were positive in 1 sample, and the others in more than one . From 330 samples (11 by child), in 24 (7.27%) Salmonella was isolated . We pointed out the fact of the isolation of the bacteria so early, and the role as a symptomatic carrier this child could play.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1991 Oct, 39(10), 745 - 7
Malaria and Widal reaction; Samal KK et al.; Widal reaction was studied in 52 patients having malaria parasites in the peripheral blood smear . Twenty had Plasmodium vivax, 26 had Plasmodium falciparum and the rest had mixed (both vivax and falciparum) infections . Widal test for both O and H antigens of Salmonella typhi was positive in high titres in 3 falciparum, 3 vivax and 2 cases of mixed infection . Of these 8 cases, one had been treated for typhoid fever 3 months back and again one month back for relapse . Blood culture for Salmonella typhi was negative in all . All were cured after antimalarial therapy . The positive Widal reaction may be false.

Infect Immun, 1991 Oct, 59(10), 3511 - 7
Characterization of three proteins expressed from the virulence region of plasmid pSDL2 in Salmonella dublin; Valone SE et al.; Infection of both cattle and humans with Salmonella dublin can result in septicemia and death . Like many nontyphoid Salmonella species that cause disease, S . dublin contains a cryptic plasmid (pSDL2) that is required for the full expression of virulence . Transposon mutagenesis of pSDL2 defined a 4.1-kb EcoRI region that is necessary for the development of a systemic infection in BALB/c mice . This EcoRI fragment was cloned into an expression vector (pEL11), and three proteins produced from this region with apparent molecular weights of 30,500, 76,000, and 27,000 were identified . Because bacterial proteins that play a role in virulence are often associated with the outer membrane, we were interested in establishing whether the proteins expressed from the EcoRI fragment are located in the membrane . Transposon mutagenesis of pEL11 with TnphoA defined the order of the genes along the fragment and suggested that the proteins may be exported out of the cytoplasm . Sucrose gradient cell fractionation was done to identify the cellular location of each of the three proteins . The 30-kDa protein was identified in the outer membrane fraction, and the 76-kDa protein was located in the cytosolic fraction . The 27-kDa protein was identified in both the cytosolic and the outer membrane fractions . The outer membrane contained less than 10% of the activity of enzymes known to be located in the cytoplasm, periplasm, and inner membrane . Sequence data of the 4.1-kb EcoRI region revealed that both the 30- and the 27-kDa proteins lack a typical signal sequence for export out of the cytoplasm (M . Krause, C . Roudier, J . Fierer, J . Harwood, and D . G . Guiney, Mol . Microbiol . 5:307, 1991) . The outer membrane location of these proteins suggests that they may be exported out of the cytoplasm by an unusual mechanism.

Eur J Biochem, 1991 Sep 15, 200(3), 775 - 81
Investigation of the structure of lipid A from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 and human clinical isolate PO 1021-7; Masoud H et al.; The lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 and a human clinical isolate PO 1021-7 were examined by SDS/PAGE, deoxycholate/PAGE and mass spectrometry . PAGE analysis revealed an electrophoretic pattern similar to the SR-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella . Deoxycholate/PAGE indicated the LPS of A . actinomycetemcomitans to consist of short sugar chains . Chemical analysis revealed the presence of thiobarbituric-acid-positive material (3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid equivalents) and four neutral sugars: glucose, galactose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptose and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose . Phosphate, glucosamine, glycine, and the fatty acids, 3-hydroxymyristic acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid, comprised the remainder of the molecule . The structure of the free lipid A revealed it to consist of a 1,6-glucosamine disaccharide esterified at C4' by a phosphomonoester . The hydroxyl group at C3 and the amide group of the non-reducing glucosamine were both acylated by 3-myristoylmyristic acid; analogous sites on the reducing glucosamine were acylated by 3-hydroxymyristic acid . Hydroxyl groups at C4 and C6' in the free lipid A were unsubstituted, with C6 being the proposed attachment site of the polysaccharide moiety . Chemical analysis revealed the presence of glycine in the intact LPS; its exact location in the A . actinomycetemcomitans LPS is still to be determined . Both intact LPS and free lipid A were highly lethal to galactosamine-sensitized mice, comparable to that of Salmonella.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 Sep 15, 67(1), 51 - 4
The role of the O antigen in adjuvant activity of lipopolysaccharide; Nurminen M et al.; Adjuvant activities of isogenic Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhimurium, O-6,7 and O-4,5,12 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipid A and Bordetella pertussis LPS were compared by immunizing groups of mice subcutaneously with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccine alone or mixed with one of the LPS derivatives . Five weeks later the mice were bled and the tetanus and diphtheria antibodies in the sera were measured . All the LPS derivatives efficiently increased the antibody responses when compared to the vaccine alone, but the mannose-rich O-6,7 LPS and lipid A were significantly more potent than O-4,5,12 LPS and B . pertussis LPS . We conclude that the quality of the O antigen influences the adjuvant activity of LPS.

CDR (Lond Engl Rev), 1991 Sep 13, 1(10), R114 - 6
Salmonella in rodents: a risk to man?
Healing TD.
Studies of salmonella infections in rodents in the United Kingdom have focused particularly on rats and house mice . Only rarely were more than 10% of animals found to carry salmonella . The organisms were mostly cultured from spleen or liver and less than 3% of animals were found to carry these organisms in the intestine . The extensive use of 'virus' rodenticides (consisting of salmonella cultures) in the first half of this century increased the prevalence of salmonella carriage in rodents and was a hazard to human health . Whilst rodents certainly acted as sources of human salmonella infection in the UK in the past, their role has probably never been great.

Rev Infect Dis, 1991 Sep-Oct, 13(5), 832 - 6
Multidrug-resistant typhoid in children: presentation and clinical features; Bhutta ZA et al.; Typhoid accounts for 8% of pediatric admissions to the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan . Over a 4-year period (1986-1989), 355 children had typhoid documented by culture of blood or bone marrow . Strains of Salmonella, resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole accounted for 20% of these cases . Compared with children infected by drug-susceptible strains of Salmonella, children with multiresistant infection were generally sicker at presentation and were more likely to be assessed as appearing "toxic" (P less than .001), as having disseminated intravascular coagulation (P less than .01), and as exhibiting hepatomegaly (P less than .01) . The mortality was 4.2% among children with multiresistant infection and 1.4% among those infected with strains susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; the higher mortality in the former group was probably due to a longer duration of illness (P less than .05) and to ineffectual oral antimicrobial therapy before hospitalization.

Am J Vet Res, 1991 Sep, 52(9), 1512 - 7
Comparison of phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella spp isolated from healthy and ill (infected) chickens; Nolan LK et al.; Phenotypic characteristics of 12 paired, Salmonella serotypes isolated from healthy and ill chickens were compared . Variables compared included antibiotic resistance profiles, production of colicins and siderophores, mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of erythrocytes, resistance to serum complement, carbon source utilization, presence and transmissibility of R plasmids, and invasiveness in primary chicken kidney cell culture . Differences were found between pairs for utilization of carbon sources, mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of erythrocytes, and invasiveness in cell culture.

Mutat Res, 1991 Sep-Oct, 250(1-2), 103 - 14
Carcinogen metabolism and DNA adducts in human lung tissues as affected by tobacco smoking or metabolic phenotype: a case-control study on lung cancer patients; Bartsch H et al.; Individual variations in activity of pulmonary enzymes that metabolize tobacco-derived carcinogens may affect an individual's cancer risk from cigarette smoking . To investigate whether some of these enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450IA-related) can serve as markers for carcinogen-induced DNA damage accumulating in the lungs of smokers, non-tumorous lung tissue specimens were taken during surgery from middle-aged men with either lung cancer (n = 54) or non-neoplastic lung disease (n = 20) . Phase I (AHH, ECDE) and phase II (EH, UDPGT, GST) enzyme activities, glutathione and malondialdehyde contents were determined in lung parenchyma and/or bronchial tissues; some samples were analyzed for DNA adducts, using 32P-postlabeling . Data analysis of subsets or the whole group of patients yielded the following results . (1) Phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzyme (AHH, EH, UDPGT, GST) activities in histologically normal surgical specimens of lung parenchyma were correlated with the respective enzyme activities in bronchial tissues of the same subject . (2) In lung parenchyma, enzyme (AHH, ECDE, EH, UDPGT) activities were significantly and positively related to each other, implying a similar regulatory control of their expression . (3) Mean activities of pulmonary enzymes (AHH, ECDE) were significantly (2- and 7-fold, respectively) higher in lung cancer patients who had smoked within 30 days before surgery (except GST, which was depressed) than in cancer-free subjects with a similar smoking history . (4) In the cancer patients, the time required for AHH, EH and UDPGT activities to return to the level found in non-smoking subjects was several weeks . (5) Bronchial tree and peripheral lung parenchyma preparations exhibited a poor efficiency in activating promutagens to bacterial mutagens in Salmonella . However, they decreased the mutagenicity of several direct-acting mutagens, an effect which was more pronounced in tissue from recent smokers . GSH concentration and GST activity were positively correlated with mutagen inactivation in the same sample . (6) In recent smokers, AHH activity in lung parenchyma was positively correlated with the level of tobacco smoke-derived DNA adducts . (7) Pulmonary AHH and EH activity had prognostic value in tobacco-related lung cancer patients . (8) An enhanced level of pro-oxidant state in the lungs was associated with recent cigarette smoking . Malondialdehyde level in lung parenchyma was associated with the degree of small airway obstruction, suggesting a common free radical-mediated pathway for both lung cancer induction and small airway obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Br Poult Sci, 1991 Sep, 32(4), 881 - 4
Pilot-scale testing of the competitive exclusion method in chickens; Schneitz C et al.; 1 . The efficacy of a commercial competitive exclusion (CE) product, BROILACT, was tested in pilot-scale trials involving groups of 100 broiler chicks . 2 . Each group was challenged with Salmonella infantis through contact with infected seeder birds and numbers of salmonellae in the caecal contents were determined weekly . 3 . The performance of the birds was also monitored over a 5-week period . 4 . The results showed a gradual decline of the infection, even in the untreated groups, and a dose-dependent response to treatment . 5 . The treatment had no significant effect on the performance of the birds.

Arch Dis Child, 1991 Sep, 66(9), 1083 - 4
Typhoid fever, ciprofloxacin, and renal failure; Simpson J et al.; An 11 year old boy from whom Salmonella typhi had been isolated was treated with ciprofloxacin . He developed non-oliguric acute renal failure that was treated successfully.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1991 Sep, 10(9), 668 - 72
Transmission of Salmonella worthington by oropharyngeal suction in hospital neonatal unit; Khan MA et al.; An outbreak of Salmonella worthington infection in a neonatal unit occurred in a pediatric ward of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan . The index case was a prematurely born male child from whose clinical specimens S . worthington was recovered . After this finding 40 infants kept in that nursery were included in an investigation . Major symptoms were diarrhea, septicemia and jaundice . Three developed meningitis . Disease morbidity rate was 45% and mortality occurred in 16.6% of the total positive cases . The source of infection was traced to a contaminated rubber tubing of a suction apparatus which was used for oropharyngeal suction of the babies . S . worthington was recovered from the clinical specimens of all 18 babies who received suction . Multiple drug resistance of these S . worthington strains was found.

Mol Gen Genet, 1991 Sep, 228(3), 381 - 4
The mkaC virulence gene of the Salmonella serovar typhimurium 96 kb plasmid encodes a transcriptional activator; Taira S et al.; The intracellular growth and virulence of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium for mice is dependent on a plasmid-borne gene cluster termed mka . We studied the regulatory interactions of the genes mkaA, mkaB, mkaC and mkaD using lacZ gene fusions . Complementation experiments with cloned DNA fragments encoding each of the four MKa proteins indicated that mkaC enhances the expression of beta-galactosidase from the mkaA-, mkaB- and mkaC-lacZ gene fusions in trans . An mkaD-lacZ fusion or mkaA-lacZ fusion that did not contain DNA proximal to mkaB was not inducible with MkaC, indicating that at least mkaB and mkaA are induced together as an operon . MkaC is thus the first virulence protein whose function has been resolved.

Eur J Immunol, 1991 Sep, 21(9), 2185 - 93
Molecular heterogeneity of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies in MLR-lpr/lpr mice; Koizumi T et al.; The VH and V kappa gene families expressed by 20 monoclonal auto-anti-idiotypes (Ab2) derived from unmanipulated MLR-lpr/lpr mice were determined by Northern blotting . Complete variable region sequences of six Ab2, along with three additional V kappa-JH Ab2 sequences, were obtained . These auto-anti-idiotypes arose spontaneously in the animals, and they bound specifically to an idiotypic determinant (Id/r) on mAb 28/12, a monoclonal IgG2b MLR-lpr/lpr anti-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibody . The 16 Ab2 heavy chains belonged to 7 different VH gene families, and the 10 Ab2 light chains were derived from 8 V kappa families . The light chains of two Ab2 were approximately 99% identical; the remaining variable region sequences were highly heterogeneous . There was no correlation between primary amino acid sequence of either heavy or light chain and idiotypic properties of the auto-anti-idiotypes . Six Ab2 used VH or V kappa genes that are identical to known germ-line genes . A high proportion of the spontaneous auto-anti-idiotypes was shown to have autoantibody activity (anti-DNA, anti-ribonucleoprotein), or specific binding reactions with lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella RE, or both properties . The structural diversity of spontaneous MLR-lpr/lpr auto-anti-idiotypes differs sharply from the structural homogeneity reported for Ab2 induced in normal animals against syngeneic Ab1 . Our results suggest that auto-anti-idiotypes might arise independently of an immunogenic stimulus from an Ab1.

J Med Chem, 1991 Sep, 34(9), 2759 - 67
C-glycosidic analogues of lipid A and lipid X: synthesis and biological activities; Vyplel H et al.; The synthesis of a series of novel analogues of lipid A, the lipophilic terminal of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and lipid X, the reducing monosaccharide unit in lipid A, is reported . In these compounds, the native 1-O-phosphate group has been replaced by a "bioisosteric" CH2COOH substituent . The new N,O-acylated monosaccharide C-glycosides were obtained by Wittig reaction of suitably protected glucosamine derivatives . These lipid X analogues were recognized as substrates by the enzyme lipid A synthase and could be coupled with UDP-lipid X to afford the corresponding disaccharide analogues of the lipid A precursor on preparative scale . All compounds were characterized by NMR, MS, and elemental analysis, and were tested for their ability to enhance nonspecific resistance to infection in mice and also for endotoxicity . The results clearly show that the new compounds express biological activities similar to those of their O-phosphorylated natural counterparts . Furthermore, these compounds exhibit a better therapeutic index in mouse models than the standard LPS obtained from Salmonella abortus equi.

South Med J, 1991 Sep, 84(9), 1156 - 7
Testicular abscess caused by Salmonella typhi; Huth RG et al.; This case, which we believe is the first report of a bacteriologically proven infection of the testis by Salmonella typhi, illustrates the occurrence of this complication in the convalescent phase of typhoid fever and the absence of a clinically evident preceding bacteremic phase . The case also emphasizes the need for prolonged antibiotic therapy and the role of surgery in treatment of relapses.

Genes Dev, 1991 Sep, 5(9), 1622 - 34
Configuration of DNA strands and mechanism of strand exchange in the Hin invertasome as revealed by analysis of recombinant knots; Heichman KA et al.; The Hin recombinase of Salmonella normally catalyzes a site-specific DNA inversion reaction that is very efficient when the Fis protein and a recombinational enhancer sequence are present . The mechanism of this recombination reaction has been investigated by analyzing the formation and structure of knots generated in different plasmid substrates in vitro . Hin seldom knots the wild-type substrate under standard recombination conditions . However, we show that increasing the length of DNA between the recombination sites and the enhancer and changing the sequence of the core nucleotides where strand exchange occurs increases the efficiency of the knotting reaction . The structure of the knots generated by different mutant substrates strongly supports a model involving a unique configuration of DNA strands at synapsis and DNA strand exchange mediated by rotation of one set of Hin subunits after DNA cleavage . Analysis of the stereostructure of the knots by electron microscopy of RecA-coated DNA molecules demonstrates that the direction of subunit rotation is exclusively clockwise . Because multiple subunit rotations generating knotted molecules do not occur efficiently when the enhancer is located in its native position, we suggest that the enhancer normally remains associated with the two recombination sites in the invertasome structure during strand exchange to limit strand rotation once it has been initiated . Under certain conditions, however, complex knots are formed that are probably the result of the premature release of the enhancer and multiple, unrestrained subunit exchanges.

Mutat Res, 1991 Sep, 261(1), 75 - 82
Measuring personal exposure to airborne mutagens and nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke; Kado NY et al.; The exposure of individuals to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is of increasing public health concern because epidemiological studies have associated passive smoking with increased risk of a variety of adverse health effects among non-smokers including lung cancer . As a way to measure individual exposure to the mutagenic compounds in the complex mixture of ETS, we used a sensitive Salmonella/microsome micro pre-incubation (microsuspension) assay to detect mutagenicity of particulate matter collected on filters from low volume (1.7 1/min flow rate) personal sampling pumps . Airborne nicotine was collected concurrently as a marker for ETS exposure . In pilot-field studies, individual exposure to ETS was measured in two separate indoor environments in which smokers were present: a gambling casino and a bingo parlor . Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected on filters worn near the breathing zone of non-smoking individuals . Sampling times ranged from 40 min to 6 h . All extracts of filters had detectable levels of mutagenic activity (TA98, +S9) resulting in airborne mutagenic activity concentrations of 500-5000 rev/m3 . The mutagenic activity of the filters from the casino and bingo parlors was significantly correlated with total particulate matter per filters (n = 12; Rho = 0.85, p less than 0.01) and with airborne nicotine per filter (n = 12; Rho = 0.95, p less than 0.01) . The microsuspension assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect the mutagens associated with extracts of particulate matter from low volume samples (0.2-0.6 m3) in these indoor environments over a relatively short sampling time, and could be useful in studies of personal exposure to the mutagens in environmental tobacco smoke . Further, airborne nicotine concentrations were highly correlated with airborne mutagenicity and the mutagenic activity associated with ETS could therefore be estimated by the concentrations of nicotine.

Mutat Res, 1991 Sep, 261(1), 21 - 8
Indoor sources of mutagenic aerosol particulate matter: smoking, cooking and incense burning; Lofroth G et al.; The emission of aerosol particles and their mutagenic activity as well as the emission of some gaseous pollutants has been studied experimentally in order to compare the emission from some indoor pyrolysis processes . Cigarette (tobacco and herbal) smoking, incense and mosquito-coil burning and frying of experimental lean minced pork emitted particulate matter . Their extracts were mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella test with TA98 and activation as well as, with a higher response, in a microsuspension test with the same strain and activation condition . The response of the particles from the smoking and burning processes varied from 3000 to 50,000 revertants per gram of smoked or burnt material in the conventional Salmonella test and from 50,000 to 350,000 revertants per gram in the microsuspension assay . The frying of lean minced pork gave an airborne emission of about 53 and 560 revertants per gram of fried pork, respectively, in the 2 assays . The frying of some common food items following cookbook recipes also emitted mutagenic aerosol particles but the emitted activity was less than that in the pork experiment . Carbon monoxide, isoprene and benzene were present in the emissions from the smoking and burning processes but were not detectable in the frying fumes . The results suggest that incense and mosquito-coil burning can cause indoor air pollution akin to that from cigarette smoking . Indoor air pollution from cooking requires further study.

J Exp Med, 1991 Sep 1, 174(3), 649 - 55
Endotoxin-neutralizing properties of the 25 kD N-terminal fragment and a newly isolated 30 kD C-terminal fragment of the 55-60 kD bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein of human neutrophils; Ooi CE et al.; The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is a potent cytotoxin, specific for Gram-negative bacteria, that also inhibits endotoxin activity by neutralizing isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) . We have previously shown that an isolated 25 kD N-terminal fragment of human BPI carries all the antibacterial activities of the parent 55-60 kD molecule . In this study we have compared the LPS-neutralizing activities of human holo-BPI, the N-terminal fragment and a 30 kD C-terminal fragment that we have now isolated . We show that the N-terminal fragment also has LPS-neutralizing activity as detected by inhibition (up to 95%) of (a) activation by LPS of procoagulant proteases in Limulus amebocyte lysates, (b) LPS "priming" of PMN, and (c) LPS-mediated production of tumor necrosis factor in whole human blood . Holo-BPI and the 25 kD fragment have similar neutralizing potency (in nanomolar range) in all assays toward "smooth" LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and O55:B5 (possessing long chain polysaccharide or O-antigen), and "deep rough" LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 mutant (possessing no O-antigen) . The C-terminal fragment of BPI is devoid of antibacterial activity when tested against BPI-sensitive E . coli J5, but does have endotoxin-neutralizing activity . This activity is weak relative to holo-BPI and the 25 kD N-terminal fragment in the Limulus and PMN-priming assay, but is comparable for inhibition of TNF production in whole blood . We conclude that the principal determinants for LPS recognition and neutralization, like those for antibacterial action, reside in the N-terminal half of the BPI molecule, but that sites within the C-terminal half can also contribute to BPI-LPS interaction once LPS is detached from the bacterial envelope.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Sep, 164(3), 538 - 41
Diabetes mellitus--a newly described risk factor for infection from Salmonella enteritidis; Telzak EE et al.; Infections due to Salmonella serotype enteritidis have increased markedly in the northeastern United States . Due to the potential severity of these infections, host risk factors for infection were determined in the largest nosocomial S . enteritidis outbreak to have occurred in the United States . In a case-control study, patients in a New York City hospital who developed infection after exposure to an S . enteritidis-contaminated meal were more likely to be medication-dependent diabetics than were those who did not develop infection (17/75 vs . 7/80, Mantel-Haenszel adjusted odds ratio = 3.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 8.6) . Proposed mechanisms for diabetes as a risk factor for infection include decreased gastric acidity in diabetic patients and an autonomic neuropathy of the small bowel that reduces intestinal motility and prolongs gastrointestinal transit time.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1991 Sep-Oct, 74(5), 821 - 6
Recovery of Salmonella from shell eggs; Stephenson P et al.; A preenrichment procedure and a direct selective enrichment procedure were compared for recovery of Salmonella artificially inoculated into liquid whole egg, egg yolk, and egg albumen . For liquid whole egg and egg yolk, the 2 procedures were comparable . With egg albumen, however, preenrichment in lactose broth gave significantly higher recoveries than did direct selective enrichment in either selenite cystine or tetrathlonate broths . The lactose preenrichment procedure was used to determine the survival of S . enteritidis in egg yolk and egg albumen over a period of 7 days . As shown by most probably number determinations, counts of S . enteritidis inoculated into egg albumen decreased by 3 log units, whereas those in egg yolk did not change significantly . It is recommended, therefore, that only the egg yolk be examined for this pathogen . In a comparison of 5 different preenrichment media (lactose broth, brain heart infusion broth, trypticase soy broth, buffered peptone water, and nutrient broth), lactose broth was somewhat less productive than the other 4 media for the recovery of Salmonella from egg yolks . Trypticase soy broth gave the highest recovery.

Rev Sci Tech, 1991 Sep, 10(3), 765 - 85
Salmonellae in the environment; Murray CJ; Salmonellae are part of the bacterial flora normally found in Man and animals, although the frequency of occurrence is variable, reflecting the general level of Salmonella in food, water and the environment . They are widely disseminated into environments which have been disturbed by human activities . Wildlife may harbour the organisms but do not appear to be a major conduit by which the organisms enter the human and animal food chain . In areas associated with Man, salmonellae in wild animals and birds reflect the serovars disseminated into the environment . Seasonal changes in infection occur, and the capacity of the organisms to survive in nature varies . Water plays an important role in the spread of the organisms to Man and animals . Control of salmonellae must start with a significant decrease in the number of organisms which are discharged into the environment.

Yonsei Med J, 1991 Sep, 32(3), 275 - 8
Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae bacteremia in an infant with enteritis--a case report; Chong Y et al.; The septicemia caused by the Arizona group organism is rare and usually observed in adults with underlying diseases . In Korea, Salmonella infection is common, but a report of Arizona infection is unknown . We isolated S . entercia subsp . diarizonae from blood of a 6-month-old infant . The serovar was determined as 28:z10:-, a rare one in America . The isolate was susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and others . The patient rapidly recovered with ampicillin and gentamicin therapy . Clinical laboratories should consider that the infection exists in Korea and should attempt to isolate and identify Arizona organism in certain patients.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1991 Sep-Oct, 85(5), 670 - 1
Randomized treatment of patients with typhoid and paratyphoid fevers using norfloxacin or chloramphenicol; Sarma PS et al.; Forty adult patients with Salmonella typhi and S . paratyphi infections were studied in a randomly assigned prospective study to receive norfloxacin (12 drug-sensitive and 8 drug-resistant cases) or chloramphenicol (20 cases) . No complication occurred in either group and no side effect was noted in the norfloxacin-treated group . The results suggest that a 7 d course of twice daily norfloxacin promises to be an alternative to a 14 d course of chloramphenicol for treating chloramphenicol-sensitive and multidrug-resistant typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Sep, 29(9), 2002 - 6
Outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to Salmonella weltevreden in a guinea pig colony; Albert MJ et al.; The purpose of this report is to demonstrate that the ability to produce keratoconjunctivitis (KC) is a property found in Salmonella weltevreden . This observation is contrary to previous reports that Salmonella spp . do not produce KC . An outbreak of KC due to S . weltevreden occurred in a guinea pig colony, and the animals carried the organism in the intestinal tract . The same Salmonella serotype that caused an epidemic of diarrhea in humans and a routine laboratory isolate also possessed the ability to induce KC . Unlike Shigella spp . (the prototype organisms positive for KC), S . weltevreden induced KC and bound Congo red dye even when grown at 30 degrees C . It invaded HeLa cells in culture but did not hybridize with a DNA probe for invasiveness of Shigella spp . and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli even though it harbored plasmids . It was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested, was hydrophobic, and showed mannose-sensitive hemagglutination . It did not have enterotoxic or cytotoxic activities.

Rev Med Panama, 1991 Sep, 16(3), 161 - 72
{Development of a rehydration therapy in diarrheic disease . 1980}; Benenson AS; Intravenous rehydration is required only in patients with severe diarrhea due to V . cholerae who are in shock, with absent peripheral pulse and blood pressure; when the shock has been corrected, rehydration can be completed using an oral rehydration solution . The intravenous solution to be used is 5:4: 1 (5g of sodium chloride, 4g of sodium bicarbonate and 1g of potassium chloride per liter) or a comparable commercial alkaline solution . For oral rehydration a solution is used containing 3.5 g sodium chloride, 2.5g sodium bicarbonate, 1.5g potassium chloride and 20g of glucose (or 40g of sucrose) per liter . These fluids are administered in a volume replacing the amount lost before treatment was initiated and the fluids lost in the continuing diarrhea . With this management, a case fatality rate of 50% in the untreated falls to less than 1% . The addition of antibiotics such as tetracycline and furazolidone reduces the duration of diarrhea and the need for continuing fluid balance observation . Intravenous rehydration of severe diarrhea cases with normal saline solution or with 5% glucose solution increases the acidosis with resulting veno-constriction, which favors the pooling of blood in the heart and the pulmonary circulation leading to cardiac overload and then failure and circulatory peripheral collapse . When acidosis is corrected by the sodium bicarbonate solution and with adequate fluid replacement, normal hemodynamics are reestablished and the patient immediately recovers from the collapse . In cases of mild or moderate diarrhea, replacement entirely by oral rehydration of the estimated volume of lost fluid alone is usually sufficient . This management of diarrhea is applicable for diarrhea from any cause, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Salmonella and Shigella as well as Vibrio cholerae.

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1991 Sep, 30(3), 214 - 9
{Salmonella in commercial chickens cooled by air-water sprays}; Eisgruber H et al.; Chicken cooled by air/water-spray systems were investigated for salmonella by two methods (OSRT-test versus section 35 Food Regulation-Method) . The total contamination rate was 95% . Obviously, the air/water-spray system does not allow a significant improvement of hygienic status.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1991 Sep-Oct, (5), 16 - 8
{The function of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in chronic opisthorchiasis and its combination with the Salmonella typhi carrier state}; Lepekhin AV et al.; The hormonal function of the hypophysis and thyroid (TTG, T3, T4) and its dependence on hepatobiliary function, examined by hepatobiliscintigraphy, were studied by radioimmunoassay in 71 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis and in 18 chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi . in both groups . The decrease of T3 and T4 in the presence of normal TTG level was found . The imbalance of thyroid hormones activity is likely to be associated with hepatobiliary dysfunction . In chronic opisthorchiasis the hormonal disturbance may be one of the factors favouring the S . typhi carriership.

J Rheumatol, 1991 Sep, 18(9), 1328 - 31
Salmonella arizona arthritis and septicemia associated with rattlesnake ingestion by patients with connective tissue diseases . A dangerous complication of folk medicine; Kraus A et al.; Snakes constitute the main reservoir of Salmonella arizona, which are opportunistic pathogens in patients with serious underlying diseases . The 2 may meet when such patients ingest uncooked snake flesh, most often as a folk remedy for arthritis or other conditions . We have seen 11 patients in whom Salmonella arizona infection was documented . Six had systemic lupus erythematosus and another had dermatomyositis and are described in detail . All 7 had received prednisone, which was combined with azathioprine in 3 . Five developed septic arthritis, including the site of a hip prosthesis in one patient . A history of dessicated rattlesnake ingestion as a "natural" remedy in either capsule or powder form was obtained in all but one of the 7 patients . Patients often think that if natural or folk remedies are not helpful they also are not harmful and, therefore, safe and worth trying . We disprove that belief and call attention to the perils of one such remedy: dessicated rattlesnake, particularly when ingested by patients with connective tissue diseases who may be immunocompromised.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1991 Sep, 192(2), 146 - 53
{Laboratory studies of Salmonella decontamination in bone meal using propionic acid}; Kleiner U et al.; Laboratory investigations centered on determining the concentration and time of influence of propionic acid to decontaminate salmonella in bone meal as well as on the inhibitory effect of reanimation and recontamination . Tests have been conducted by means of contaminated bone meal charges either naturally or artificially stressed . Findings revealed, that freedom of salmonella could be achieved ranging between one hour and 21 days when adding 3% of propionic acid to the bone meal dependent on the stress of salmonella . Evidence could be proved to the inhibitory effect of reanimation of propionic acid at least one week after the entry of action . Protection of the bone meal treated with 3% of propionic acid against new contamination of salmonella has proved to be independent of the rate of recontamination . Freedom of salmonella lasting for two or three weeks could be stated after a holding time of one day.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1991 Sep, 22(3), 362 - 71
Studies on the 52 kDa antigen of Salmonella typhi: physicochemical stability, purification by affinity chromatography and immunochemical specificity; Anuntagool N et al.; The 52 kDa specific protein antigen of Salmonella typhi, as identified by monoclonal antibodies (Ekpo et al . 1990) has been studied with respect to its physicochemical stability, purification by affinity chromatography and immunochemical specificity . It was found that the 52 kDa protein was degraded into smaller antigenic fragments of MW 30-51 kDa when treated with acetone, ethanol, sodium thiocyanate, 0.3M sodium chloride and Veronal and Tris buffers . The exact chemical nature of the degradation of the protein under these conditions is not known but digestion by conventional proteases and dissociation of the non-covalent subunit type have been ruled out . It is proposed that the degradation may be the result of yet unidentified enzyme(s) which become activated by various physical or chemical treatments . Affinity chromatography using a specific monoclonal antibody has been carried out in an attempt to purify the 52 kDa protein . The binding of S . typhi protein to the column was saturable at 65.6 microgram protein/ml gel . The amount of S . typhi protein adsorbed on the column was 0.51% of the total sonicated cell protein . SDS-PAGE of the immunoadsorbent purified protein revealed bands at Mr 15-58 kDa, indicating that the protein obtained had been severely degraded . However, Western blot of the purified protein stained with a specific monoclonal antibody and with rabbit polyclonal antibody against S . typhi showed striking similarity, indicating that the protein obtained was close to immunochemical purity . The 52 kDa protein purified by affinity adsorbent was used as an antigen for the detection of specific IgM in sera of patients . It was shown that sera of patients infected with S . typhi as well as those infected with other bacteria, contained specific IgM against the 52 kDa protein . Thus, it appears that the 52 kDa protein contains species specific as well as cross-reacting epitopes . The possible development of specific diagnosis of S . typhi based on the present experimental results in discussed.

Tissue Antigens, 1991 Sep, 38(3), 117 - 23
Induction of CD14 antigen on the surface of U937 cells by an interleukin-6 autocrine mechanism after culture with formalin-killed gram-negative bacteria; Ikewaki N et al.; In order to better understand the regulation of CD14 antigen on the surface of the monocyte-like cell line U937 in response to bacteria, the expression and regulation of CD14 antigen on these cells when cultured with formalin-killed bacteria were determined using the monoclonal antibody MY-4 and analyzed by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method . CD14 expression was induced on the U937 cells after about 48 hours of culture with all of the formalin-killed Gram-negative bacteria used in this study but with none of the Gram-positive bacteria . Maximum expression was obtained after culture with formalin-killed Salmonella enteritidis strain 116-54 . Various cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha were assayed in the culture supernatant of U937 cells cultured with or without formalin-killed Salmonella enteritidis 116-54 using an enzyme-immunoassay or radioimmunoassay system . The U937 cells were found to produce a large amount of interleukin-6 in response to formalin-killed Salmonella enteritidis 116-54 . On the other hand, culture supernatant (referred to as conditioned medium) obtained from the U937 cells after 72 h of culture with formalin-killed Salmonella enteritidis 116-54 also induced strong expression of CD14 antigen 48 to 72 h later, and this was blocked by the addition of anti-human interleukin-6 antibody . These findings suggest that the expression of CD14 antigen on the surface of U937 cells cultured with formalin-killed Gram-negative bacteria is induced by interleukin-6 and can be explained on the basis of the autocrine mechanism of interleukin-6.

Infect Immun, 1991 Sep, 59(9), 3330 - 2
Epitope mapping of the d flagellar antigen of Salmonella muenchen; Joys TM et al.; Contiguous exposed antibody-binding regions of the antigen d flagellin of Salmonella muenchen were identified by using octameric peptides synthesized on polyethylene pins . Identification was confirmed by the serological activity of immunoglobulins recovered from specified pin peptides . Peptides equivalent to four regions of the d flagellin reacted with three different sera tested.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Sep, 173(18), 5754 - 62
Identification of a multimer resolution system involved in stabilization of the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid pSDL2; Krause M et al.; The Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid pSDL2 is a low-copy-number plasmid that is highly conserved in its host . Deletion of the 8-kb EcoRI C fragment downstream of the virulence region leads to plasmid instability and formation of multimers . We identified a multimer resolution system in the EcoRI C fragment composed of a trans-acting resolvase gene and a cis-acting resolution site . The resolvase gene, rsd, maps within a 2-kb EcoRV fragment and appears to be part of a multicistronic unit together with at least two other genes of unknown function . The derived protein, 28.7-kDa in size, is almost identical to the D protein of miniF . The C-terminal region was shown to have substantial similarity to the conserved C-terminal domains of the site-specific recombinases of the integrase family . The cis-acting resolution site, crs, is located upstream of rsd within a 628-bp SmaI-HpaI fragment . It contains eight direct incomplete 17-bp repeats followed by a segment rich in indirect repeats, the latter being homologous to the oriV1 sequence of miniF . crs contains the crossover site for specific recombination and mediates bidirectional promoter activity . A replicative function in analogy to that of oriV1 of F could not be demonstrated . The multimer resolution system was shown to stabilize pACYC184 and is dependent on the recA-mediated formation of multimeric plasmids . Screening different Salmonella serovars with a pSDL2-specific recombination assay revealed that only strains harboring a virulence plasmid encode for resolvase activity . Our results suggest that site-specific recombination contributes to the stable inheritance of pSDL2 and other Salmonella virulence plasmids.

J Immunol Methods, 1991 Aug 28, 142(1), 113 - 20
Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines and their potential as oral combined vaccines carrying heterologous antigens; Hormaeche CE; Live attenuated salmonellae are protective, and are candidate vaccines against invasive salmonella infections in man and animals . Different attenuating mutations have been described, and more than one can be incorporated in a vaccine for added safety . Combined salmonella vaccines express target carbohydrate and protein antigens or epitopes from viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic parasites, either within or on the surface of the cell, as capsules, fimbriae, or in the flagellin . Humoral, secretory and cellular responses to the recombinant antigens has been demonstrated . Experimental protection against diseases including streptococcal infection, tetanus, influenza and malaria has been obtained.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1991 Aug 20, 1085(1), 15 - 20
Endotoxin-induced arachidonic acid metabolism requires de novo protein synthesis and protein kinase C activation; Geisel J et al.; The mechanisms whereby bacterial endotoxins stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages are uncertain . Both protein kinase C activation and de novo protein synthesis occur in macrophages in response to endotoxin . In this study we evaluated the time course and role of protein kinase C and de novo protein synthesis in endotoxin stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism in resident rat peritoneal macrophages . Thromboxane (TX) B2 was measured as the representative arachidonic acid metabolite synthesized in response to Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin, calcium ionophore A23187, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) . The effect of inhibition of protein kinase C by 1-(5-isoquinolinsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7) and staurosporine on endotoxin- and A23187-induced TXB2 synthesis was examined . The potential roles of transcriptional and translational events in endotoxin- and A23187-stimulated TXB2 synthesis were determined by utilizing the transcriptional inhibitors camptothecin (10 microM) or actinomycin D (0.08 microM), and the translational inhibitor cycloheximide (0.1 microM) . Whereas, A23187 stimulated maximal TXB2 synthesis within 15 min, endotoxin showed a more prolonged time course with a 12-fold increase in TXB2 synthesis above basal levels after 3 h (P less than 0.05) . PMA induced an approx . 8-fold increase above basal TXB2 levels that was blocked by inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D . H-7 (10 microM to 50 microM) inhibited endotoxin- and A23187-stimulated eicosanoid synthesis . Staurosporine (0.2 microM) produced a selective 66% inhibition of endotoxin, but not A23187-stimulated TXB2 synthesis . Endotoxin-induced TXB2 production was significantly (P less than 0.05) inhibited by staurosporine, camptothecin, actinomycin D or cycloheximide at intervals from 30 min prior to, through 60 min after endotoxin stimulation . These studies suggest a role for protein kinase C activation and de novo protein synthesis in endotoxin signal transduction events leading to increased macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism . These intracellular events are essential in sustaining the prolonged inflammatory response to endotoxin.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1991 Aug 16, 40(32), 549 - 52
Multistate outbreak of Salmonella poona infections--United States and Canada, 1991; The genetic toxicology of organic compounds in natural waters and wastewaters; E.I . du Pont de Nemours and Company, Central Research and Development . Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Newark, Delaware 19714This review was drawn from the literature describing genotoxic organic compounds in natural water (rivers, lakes, streams) and wastewater, as well as from recent discussions with industrial scientists and environmental regulators . Testing of wastewaters for genotoxicity may become a routine requirement for some industrial wastewater discharge permits, not unlike the more common requirement for routine aquatic toxicity tests . The stimuli for this are concerns that aquatic organisms inhabiting waters impacted by wastewater discharges suffer an increased risk of genetic damage or cancer, and that humans utilizing these waters for recreational and drinking water purposes may suffer similar genetic or carcinogenic risks . Some evidence suggests that neoplasia in aquatic organisms is related to habitat contamination, yet field evaluations fail to substantiate adequately a cause-and-effect relationship . Because aquatic organisms respond like mammals to the same genotoxic compounds, the increased burden of genotoxic compounds to the environment may impact certain endemic species . Wastewater discharges may be one source of genotoxic organic compounds in those impacted areas . With respect to potential human health impacts, evidence is supportive of increased cancer risk to individuals drinking water from surface sources; however, this risk may or may not relate to whether the drinking water source received input of wastewater discharges or known carcinogens . Throughout the published literature reviewed herein, the Salmonella/Ames gene mutation test was widely used to assess genotoxic activity, although studies using indigenous plants and aquatic organisms as in vivo monitors of genotoxic activity exist . No "standard" or frequently followed protocols for sample collection, sample processing, selection of tests or their conduct, or interpretation of data exist for most of the genotoxicity studies reviewed . For the Salmonella/Ames test, the aqueous samples were concentrated usually on XAD resin or by liquid:liquid extraction, and without this concentration step few samples exhibited genotoxic activity . Hence, in most instances, the ambient concentration of the compounds causing this activity is below that which is readily detectable by this test, a finding not new to this review . In contrast, aquatic organisms in laboratory and field studies responded to ambient concentrations of genotoxic compounds, thus alleviating the need for sample concentration . However, there appears to be a reluctance to utilize this information for extrapolation to potential human health effects . Unfortunately, no generally accepted and scientifically validated protocol for preparing aqueous samples for genotoxicity testing exists . Developing such a protocol is necessary before embarking on widespread genotoxicity testing of wastewaters, especially if results are to be used for permit compliance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Ann Intern Med, 1991 Aug 1, 115(3), 190 - 4
Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis transmitted by intact chicken eggs; Mishu B et al.; OBJECTIVE: To determine the source and to describe the clinical importance of a large outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis in Tennessee, which is outside the geographic focus of the S . enteritidis pandemic . DESIGN: A case-control study and tracing of the source eggs . SETTING: A Tennessee community and a large layer farm in Indiana . PATIENTS: Case patients ate at the implicated restaurant and subsequently developed S . enteritidis gastroenteritis; controls ate with the case patients, but did not develop gastroenteritis . MEASUREMENTS: Eighty-one case patients were identified; 73 (90%) had eaten egg-containing sauces at a local restaurant on a given evening . The eggs were traced to their farm of origin in Indiana . The farm was inspected 5 weeks after the outbreak . MAIN RESULTS: Of 24 patients with culture-proved cases, 11 were hospitalized . Hollandaise and bernaise sauces prepared with intact, extra-large, grade-A eggs were strongly associated with illness (P less than 0.001) . Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from specimens collected from chickens and the farm . Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage typing, and plasmid profiles of isolates from the farm and from patients were indistinguishable . CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella enteritidis infection is a large and growing public health problem that is spreading beyond the northeastern United States . This study shows a direct link between infected poultry flocks and an outbreak of human illness.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1991 Aug, 48(8), 538 - 43
{Prospective study of nosocomial infections at a pediatrics unit}; Zaidi-Jacobson M et al.; During a 10-month period a surveillance program was conducted to detect nosocomial infections (NIs) in the Pediatric Unit at the Hospital General O'Horan in Merida, Yucatan . Five hundred and five infections were detected among 359 patients from a total of 2823 discharges, yielding a 17.9% rate . The NI rate among newborns delivered in the hospital was 13.1%; among the other pediatric services the rate was 26.4%, and was 30% in the ICU . Forty-four percent of the infections were epidemic . In decreasing order, the most common NIs were diarrhea, bacteremia and "suspect bacteremia", omphalitis, conjunctivitis and phlebitis associated with intravenous cannulas . Cultures of the infection sites isolated gram-negative bacteria in 97% . The most frequently isolated bacteria were Salmonella spp, and Escherichia coli . Our results, in conjunction with data obtained from other recent studies, suggest that the global NI rate in Mexico is probably greater than previously estimated, with a high proportion of epidemic infections . This underscores the urgent need to establish a national surveillance program in order to determine the epidemiology of NIs more accurately, and thus implement effective control measures.

Aust N Z J Med, 1991 Aug, 21(4), 442 - 3
Cure of Salmonella hadar endovascular infection with medical therapy; Grey AB et al.; Endovascular infection due to salmonellae is an uncommon condition with an extremely poor prognosis . We describe a patient with endovascular infection due to Salmonella hadar who was cured by prolonged medical treatment with third generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Anal Chem, 1991 Aug 1, 63(15), 1644 - 50
Determination of volatile and semivolatile mutagens in air using solid absorbents and supercritical fluid extraction; Wong JM et al.; Volatile toxicants may be present in emissions from mobile and stationary sources as well as in ambient air . Methods for collecting and concentrating volatiles from air samples have been developed . Solid-phase adsorbents were compared in their trapping efficiencies for dichloromethane (DCM), ethylene dibromide (EDB), 4-nitroblphenyl (4-NB), 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), and fluoranthene (FI) . Charcoal and Carbosieve were the most efficient media for retaining DCM, while XAD-4 was the best adsorbent for EDB and the aromatic compounds . Extraction of direct spikes of compounds from adsorbents using supercritical carbon dioxide resulted in greater than 90% recovery of EDB and 60-92% recovery of the aromatics . Integration of trapping and desorption methods with the Salmonella microsuspension bioassay was demonstrated with EDB and 4-NB recoveries from air; chemical analysis and bioassay gave comparable results (within 10%).

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Aug, 13(4), 301 - 8
Collaborative study of the International Office of Cocoa, Chocolate and Sugar Confectionery on Salmonella detection from cocoa and chocolate processing environmental samples; De Smedt JM et al.; A comparative collaborative study was performed in 13 laboratories to evaluate the use of motility enrichment on Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium for rapid Salmonella detection from food-processing environmental samples . Artificially contaminated chocolate scrapings and naturally contaminated cocoa bean dust samples were used in the study . Pre-enrichment was performed in buffered peptone water with added casein and malachite green oxalate . Motility enrichment was compared with a conventional cultural procedure using Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and selenite cystine broth as selective enrichment . The productivity of motility enrichment was 93.5% compared to a productivity of the cultural procedure of 92% . Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two procedures . Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium is a sensitive and simple diagnostic tool for the microbiological safety evaluation of food-processing environments.

Mutat Res, 1991 Aug, 263(4), 231 - 6
Comutagenic and coclastogenic effects of selenium in vitro and in vivo; Balansky RM; The comutagenic activity of selenium was investigated using in vitro and in vivo techniques, including the liquid suspension modification of the standard Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, the metaphase analysis of chromosome aberrations in CHO cells and in mouse bone marrow as well as the micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow . 4 h growth of S . typhimurium TA1535 in a nutrient broth containing 2.9 x 10(-5) M but not 1.16 x 10(-5) M Na2SeO3 caused an up to 10-fold increase of the number of N-methylnitrosourea (MNU, 2.0-2.5 mM)-induced his+ revertants and an up to 2-fold elevation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, 1.48 x 10(-5))-induced mutation rate . Pretreatment of bacteria with Na2SeO3 alone had no effect on the spontaneous mutation level . The combined treatment of CHO cells with MNNG (1.25 x 10(-5) M) or tobacco smoke (TS, 2-3 puffs generated by a cigarette inhalation machine) plus Na2SeO3 (0.58-1.16 x 10(-5) M) starting 2 h and 4 h before the MNNG or TS treatment respectively resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in the percent of metaphases with chromosome aberrations . Furthermore, treatment for 7-14 days of male BDF1 (C57Bl x DBA2) or CC57W mice with Na2SeO3, added to the drinking water at a concentration of 10 ppm, potentiated by 2-3 times the chromosome-damaging activity of urethane (0.5-1.0 g/kg, i.p.) in mouse bone marrow, as measured by the formation of micronuclei or chromosome aberrations . In addition, Na2SeO3 increased up to 43.8% the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) induced by mitomycin C (MMC, 1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in BDF1 mouse bone marrow . Treatment of mice with Na2SeO3 alone had no effect on the spontaneous level of MNPCE . All these findings are consistent with a comutagenic and coclastogenic activity of selenium both in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes, in vitro as well as in vivo after pretreatment of target cells with the trace element.

Exp Parasitol, 1991 Aug, 73(2), 172 - 83
Trichinella spiralis: light microscope monoclonal antibody localization and immunochemical characterization of phosphorylcholine and other antigens in the muscle larva; Choy WF et al.; A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to examine the structure of the muscle larva of Trichinella spiralis under the light microscope . Immunofluorescence and, in some cases, immunoperoxidase staining were used . All four antibodies reacted with the cuticle of the organism, although differences in the staining pattern were observed for some of these . Interestingly, all the antibodies also reacted with the stichosome . One of the antibodies (Ts2Ab) is specific for the hapten, phosphorylcholine . In a binding assay, this antibody also reacted with extracts of Trichuris suis, Ascaris suum, and Fasciolopsis buski, but not with extracts derived from Cysticercus cellulosae, Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, or Escherichia coli . This crossreactivity was confirmed microscopically in which the cuticle, oviduct and eggs of T . suis, the cuticle, muscle cells, and eggs of A . suum, and the cuticle and vitelline glands of F . buski were seen to be clearly stained by the antibody . In addition, Ts2Ab also reacted with the cuticle and stichosome of the adult T . spiralis worm . In Western blot analysis, Ts2Ab recognized a 43-kDa antigen from T . spiralis muscle larvae extracts, while a previously studied antibody (7C2C5Ab) identified four major antigens (48.5, 47, 43, and 39 kDa) in this preparation . Similar results were obtained when the 24-hr excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of T . spiralis were immunoblotted with the antibodies, although the reactivity shown by Ts2Ab was relatively weak . With the 72-hr ES material, on the other hand, major antigens of lower mol wt (44, 28, and 25 kDa) were revealed by 7C2C5Ab, and no reactivity was seen with Ts2Ab . However, this antigen preparation reacted well with both antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunoassay . Taken together, the findings suggest that the 72-hr ES antigens probably result from extensive degradation of material originally secreted or excreted by the worm . Similar binding studies on the 24-hr ES preparation indicated that this source may be relatively rich in 7C2C5Ab-reactive epitopes and relatively poor in the antigen identified by Ts2Ab . Other studies performed demonstrated that the antigens recognized by these two antibodies were distinct and physically unassociated.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1991 Aug, 94(4), 219 - 23
Study on the pH of ogi, Nigerian fermented weaning food, and its effect on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi; Odugbemi T et al.; The pH values of both cooked and uncooked ogi samples were determined and the survival of nalidixic acid-resistant enteropathogenic Escherichia coli OB 26 34/20, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A when seeded into cooked ogi were studied . The pH values of ogi ranged from pH 3.0 to 3.9 . Cooked ogi had a slightly lower pH value than uncooked ogi . Our survival experiments showed that the inoculated enteric pathogens were considerably inhibited in cooked ogi during storage for 24 h . The antibacterial effect of cooked ogi was more pronounced on enteropathogenic E . coli with a log10 5 decline in bacterial count within 6 h.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Aug, 107(1), 201 - 11
The prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella sp . among Canadian registered commercial chicken broiler flocks; Poppe C et al.; A nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial broiler flocks . Environmental (litter and/or water) samples from 226 of 294 (76.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas . Litter samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than water samples (47.4 v . 12.3%) . Fifty different salmonella serovars were isolated . The most prevalent serovars were S . hadar, S . infantis, and S . schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 98/294 (33.3%), 26/294 (8.8%), and 21/294 (7.1%) flocks, respectively . Feed samples of 39/290 (13.4%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas . Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 9/294 (3.1%) flocks . Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from seven flocks, and PT 13a from two flocks.

Mutat Res, 1991 Aug, 260(4), 377 - 85
Isolation of the mutagenic and DNA adduct-inducing components from a commercial preparation of HC blue 1 using Salmonella (TA98) bioassay-directed HPLC fractionation; Abu-Shakra A et al.; In the present study we report the separation of the mutagenic impurities from the nitrophenylenediamine hair dye HC Blue 1 . This was accomplished by bioassay-directed HPLC fractionation, using Salmonella strain TA98 and reverse phase HPLC analysis . The mutagenic fraction eluted between 80 and 90% methanol, whereas the HPLC fraction containing the parent compound HC Blue 1 eluted with 30% methanol and was non-mutagenic . 100% of the mutagenic activity applied to the column was recovered in fractions that did not possess the blue color of HC Blue 1 . Also, HPLC-purified HC Blue 1 did not form DNA adducts (32P-postlabeling) in Salmonella strain TA98 . On the other hand, commercial HC Blue 1 and the mutagenic fraction derived from commercial HC Blue 1 (HPLC-isolated) gave similar DNA-adduct profiles that consisted of 7 adducts . DNA adduction was examined concomitantly with mutagenicity and toxicity studies on the HC Blue 1 samples in TA98 . The data indicated that, in Salmonella, both the mutagenicity and DNA adduction of commercial HC Blue 1 are due to impurities and not the parent compound.

Mutat Res, 1991 Aug, 253(1), 5 - 15
The genetic toxicology of 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine in eukaryotic organisms: significance for genetic risk assessment; de Serres FJ; A collaborative study was designed to assess the mutagenicity of 2-amino-N6-hydroxylaminopurine (AHA) in a wide variety of eukaryotic assays systems in terms of potency and specificity . Earlier studies in Salmonella and Neurospora had shown that AHA was an extremely potent mutagen which appeared to cause predominantly AT to GC base-pair transitions . This discovery was viewed as an unusual opportunity to explore the general utility of different eukaryotic assay systems for genetic risk assessment . The objective was to determine whether AHA would show comparable potency and specificity in those eukaryotic organisms used to evaluate mutagenic potential of environmental chemicals for the human population . The data presented in this report show that AHA was mutagenic in all the eukaryotic assays utilized; however, the level of effect was found to be assay system-dependent . In addition, in assays where other base analogs were used as positive controls, differences in relative potency were observed from those obtained in the earlier studies with Salmonella and Neurospora . When alkylating agents were used as positive controls in the higher eukaryotic assays, AHA was found to have a mutagenic potency comparable to ethylnitrosourea (ENU), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) for many of the assays . With regard to mutagenic specificity, AHA appears to induce gene/point mutations in eukaryotic organisms, resulting predominantly from base-pair substitutions, predominantly AT to GC base-pair transitions; however, there was some unexplained variation in the ratio of these base-pair transitions and other transitions and transversions as a function of assay system . In addition, studies on the induction of micronuclei have shown that AHA induces chromosomal damage at high concentrations and low levels of survival.

Mutat Res, 1991 Aug, 253(1), 47 - 54
Analysis of 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine-induced mutagenesis in phage M13mp2; Tsuchiyama H et al.; The mechanism of mutagenesis induced by 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine (AHA) and its deoxyriboside (AHAdR) was studied by determining the nucleotide sequences of phage M13mp2 mutant DNA samples . Mutations in the lac promoter-lacZ alpha region of the phage were induced by addition of this agent to culture media in which the phage was growing inside the host bacteria . The spectrum of spontaneous mutation was also investigated . The induced sequence changes were mostly base transitions (80% with AHA and 90% with AHAdR) . A few single-base deletions and additions were detected, but they were ascribable to spontaneous mutations . These results are consistent with the incorporation type mechanism proposed by Janion (this issue) . In the Ames Salmonella assay, both AHA and AHAdR showed strong mutagenicity in strain TA100 but no activity in TA98.

Environ Res, 1991 Aug, 55(2), 178 - 87
Mutagenic activity of photoreaction products formed from chlorinated ethenes and nitrogen dioxide; Victorin K et al.; The mutagenicity in Salmonella, strain TA 100, of photoreaction products from chlorinated alkenes and nitrogen dioxide, was studied after a mean reaction time of 40 min with UV-irradiation and an exposure time of 20 hr . Only vinyl chloride (monochloroethene) gave rise to significantly mutagenic photoreaction products . Of the other chloroethenes, 1,1-dichloroethene and tetrachloroethene, but not 1,2-dichloro- or trichloroethene, formed slightly mutagenic products . Bacteriotoxic effects occurred at low doses, especially with tri- and tetrachloroethene.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991 Aug 1, 88(15), 6667 - 71
Nucleotide polymorphism and evolution in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapA) in natural populations of Salmonella and Escherichia coli; Nelson K et al.; Nucleotide sequences of the gapA gene, encoding the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were determined for 16 strains of Salmonella and 13 strains of Escherichia coli recovered from natural populations . Pairs of sequences from strains representing the eight serovar groups of Salmonella differed, on average, at 3.8% of nucleotide sites and 1.1% of inferred amino acids, and comparable values for E . coli were an order of magnitude smaller (0.2% and 0.1%, respectively) . The rate of substitution at synonymous sites was significantly higher for codons specifying the catalytic domain of the enzyme than for those encoding the NAD(+)-binding domain, but the nonsynonymous substitution rate showed the opposite relationship . For Salmonella, statistical tests for nonrandom clustering of polymorphic sites failed to provide evidence that intragenic recombination or gene conversion has contributed to the generation of allelic diversity . The topology of a tree constructed from the gapA sequences was generally similar to that of phylogenetic trees of the strains based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, but the level of divergence of gapA in Salmonella group V from other Salmonella and E . coli strains is much greater than that indicated by DNA hybridization for the genome as a whole.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Aug, 164(2), 331 - 7
Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease in urban infants in São Paulo, Brazil; Gomes TA et al.; To determine the prevalence and epidemiology of enteropathogens in acute infantile diarrhea, 500 infants less than or equal to 12 months of age with diarrhea and 500 age-matched control subjects coming to a Sao Paulo emergency room were studied . Enteropathogens were identified in 55% of case infants and 10% of controls; enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) of classic EPEC serotypes producing EPEC adherence factor (EAF) (26% of case infants), rotavirus (14%), Salmonella species (8%), enterotoxigenic E . coli (7%), and Shigella species (5%) were associated with diarrhea . Isolation of EAF+ classic EPEC decreased with increasing age of cases and peaked in spring, whereas rotavirus was least common in early infancy and peaked in fall and winter . Bloody stool had a 36% positive predictive value for Shigella infection, EAF+ classic EPEC were highly resistant to antimicrobial drugs . Among poor Sao Paulo infants, EAF+ classic EPEC equaled or exceeded rotavirus throughout the year as a cause of diarrhea bringing children to medical attention.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Aug, 173(15), 4814 - 9
Relationships among the rfb regions of Salmonella serovars A, B, and D; Liu D et al.; The O antigens of Salmonella serogroups A, B, and D differ structurally in their side chain sugar residues . The genes encoding O-antigen biosynthesis are clustered in the rfb operon . The gene rfbJ in strain LT2 (serovar typhimurium, group B) and the genes rfbS and rfbE in strain Ty2 (serovar typhi, group D) account for the known differences in the rfb gene clusters used for determination of group specificity . In this paper, we report the nucleotide sequence of 2.9 kb of DNA from the rfb gene cluster of strain Ty2 and the finding of two open reading frames which have limited similarity with the corresponding open reading frames of strain LT2 . These two genes complete the sequence of the rfb region of group D strain Ty2 if we use strain LT2 sequence where restriction site data show it to be extremely similar to the strain Ty2 sequence . The restriction map of the rfb gene cluster in group A strain IMVS1316 (serovar paratyphi) is identical to that of the cluster in strain Ty2 except for a frameshift mutation in rfbE and a triplicated region . The rfb gene clusters of these three strains are compared, and the evolutionary origin of these genes is discussed.

Infect Immun, 1991 Aug, 59(8), 2750 - 7
Immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide: influence of carriers and adjuvants on isotype distribution; van de Wijgert JH et al.; This project investigated the effects of novel carriers and adjuvants on the isotype of murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 14 (S14PS) . S14PS conjugated to bovine serum albumin induced a weak antibody response which was 100% IgG1 following injection without adjuvant . The same polysaccharide conjugated to flagella of Salmonella typhi induced an antibody response which was 88% IgG3 . S14PS-bovine serum albumin was injected with block copolymer L121 or Quil A in squalane-in-water emulsions . The copolymer L121 was at least as effective as Quil A or complete Freund adjuvant in inducing IgG antibodies . IgG1 was the dominant subclass for all . Addition of monophosphoryl lipid A, but not the threonyl derivative of muramyl dipeptide or nontoxic Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide, to copolymer L121 increased production of the IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 subclasses . S14PS-flagella with copolymer L121 induced higher titers with a markedly altered isotype distribution: 13% IgG1, 52% IgG2a, 6% IgG2b, and 29% IgG3 . Monophosphoryl lipid A added to L121 reduced IgG1 antibody to 5%, but increased IgG2a antibody to 14%, IgG2b antibody to 3%, and IgG3 antibody to 78% . These studies demonstrate that both the carrier and the adjuvant can influence the titer and isotype distribution of antipolysaccharide antibody responses.

Am J Public Health, 1991 Aug, 81(8), 997 - 1000
Infant diet and salmonellosis; Haddock RL et al.; BACKGROUND: The Island of Guam has experienced a high incidence of infant salmonellosis for a number of years (age-specific incidence rate of approximately 3700 cases per 100,000 infants in 1984) . Interviews of case parents suggested that the use of high-iron infant formula was associated with this problem . METHODS: A case-control study was conducted to test this hypothesis . Information on feeding practices and a variety of medical and socioeconomic factors was collected for 78 laboratory-confirmed Salmonella-case infants and 167 control infants . RESULTS: Case infants were less likely to have been breast-fed (odds ratio {OR} = 9.15; 95% confidence interval {CI} = 2.71-30.9) and more likely to have been fed infant formula with an iron content of 10 mg/L or greater (OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.24-7.08) than were control infants . CONCLUSIONS: Although the precise means by which infants are most commonly exposed to Salmonella bacteria remain obscure, breast-feeding apparently protects against the development of physician-diagnosed clinical salmonellosis, while the feeding of high-iron infant formula has the opposite effect.

Planta Med, 1991 Aug, 57(4), 344 - 6
Comparison of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of twenty unsaturated sesquiterpene dialdehydes from plants and mushrooms; Anke H et al.; Twenty unsaturated sesquiterpene dialdehydes were tested for antimicrobial, algaecidal, cytotoxic, and mutagenic activity . In addition to the known antifungal activity, polygodial (1) also exhibited antibacterial and cytotoxic activity; epipolygodial (2) was slightly less active . The most active compounds were: isovelleral (7), isoisovelleral (8), velleral (20), and methylmarasmate (6) . With the exception of velleral (20), they also exhibited mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Derivatization to less polar compounds usually increased the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects and reduced mutagenicity, while the introduction of hydroxyl groups had the reverse effect.

Circ Shock, 1991 Aug, 34(4), 398 - 404
Absence of the Staub-Traugott effect in endotoxicosis; Inaba H et al.; Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) using 1.2 g/kg of D-glucose in fasted, male rats were repeated twice, with an interval of 75 min, during early (2.5 hr) and late (26.5 hr) nonlethal endotoxicosis induced by Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (ETX) at 10 micrograms/kg i.v . In comparison with saline controls, glucose tolerance was dramatically increased in early endotoxicosis; however, it was restored to near normal in late endotoxicosis . Augmentation of tolerance by repeated IVGTTs i.e . the Staub-Traugott effect, occurred in the saline control groups; however, it was absent in both early and late endotoxicosis . The elevations of plasma insulin (IRI) in response to the glucose loads were exaggerated vs . controls in both early and late endotoxicosis; however, the hyperinsulinemias were not significantly diminished by repeated IVGTTs in any group . These results indicate loss of the Staub-Traugott effect in endotoxicosis that is 1) independent of augmented insulin secretory responses to a repeated glucose challenge and 2) dependent on some adaptive cellular mechanisms to repeated glucose loads which were impaired in nonlethal endotoxicosis.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991 Aug, 10(8), 641 - 6
Nosocomial outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a neonatal intensive care unit in Tunisia caused by multiply drug resistant Salmonella wien producing SHV-2 beta-lactamase; Hammami A et al.; In a Tunisian hospital 27 babies, including 12 who were premature, in a single intensive care unit suffered acute gastroenteritis in the period from January to May 1988 . The mean age at the onset of gastroenteritis was 8.4 days; nine babies died . Salmonella wien was isolated from stools (all babies) and blood (4 babies) . It was also isolated from the stools of one nurse and from a mattress . Twelve of the babies had received cefotaxime, which was successfully replaced by oral colimycin . The outbreak was stopped by the implementation of infection control measures . All isolates of Salmonella wien were of the same biotype, and had the same antibiotic resistance pattern (third generation cephalosporins, monobactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and sulphonamides) and plasmid DNA restriction pattern . The isolates were all susceptible to a combination of cefotaxime and clavulanic acid (a beta-lactamase inhibitor), which displayed synergy, suggesting the presence of a beta-lactamase (geometric mean MICs 11.24 micrograms/ml for cefotaxime alone and 0.24 micrograms/ml in combination with 0.1 micrograms/ml potassium clavulanate) . All isolates produced TEM-1 and SHV-2 beta-lactamase which was not transferable to Escherichia coli by conjugation . The presence of the SHV-2 enzyme in Salmonella wien may allow it to adapt to newer beta-lactams which is a cause for concern in this hospital.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1991 Aug, 275(3), 320 - 6
Removal of the antibacterial activity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin and zidovudine by BACTEC resin-containing blood culture medium; Rozdzinski E et al.; We determined the capacity of BACTEC resin blood culture media NR 16A and NR 17A to remove the antibacterial activity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin and zidovudine . Simulated blood cultures containing increasing antibiotic concentrations were inoculated with 10(1), 10(3) and 10(5) CFU/ml blood of various bacterial strains and evaluated with the BACTEC infrared growth detection system . The antibiotic concentrations were adjusted to give breakpoint concentration in the added serum volume or in the total volume of the blood culture vials . Recovery rates and time until detection of bacterial growth in resin-media were compared with those in resin-free media . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ofloxacin were, similar to piperacillin, inactivated by resins at antibiotic concentrations that were up to ten times higher than those easily achievable in serum . The antimicrobial effect of zidovudine on gram negative bacteria was reduced in resin media at concentrations corresponding to fifteen times the peak serum levels . Growth of P . aeruginosa, but not of S . aureus, E . coli, K . pneumoniae and Salmonella, was delayed in the presence of resins even at subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations when compared with resin-free media.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1991 Aug, 275(3), 303 - 11
Coagglutination test for rapid detection of Salmonella enterotoxin; Rahman H et al.; The Staphylococcal Coagglutination (CoA) test using Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan type-1) cells coated with antiserum against purified Salmonella enterotoxin was standardized and carried out to screen Salmonella serotypes for their enterotoxigenicity . Of the 101 cell-free culture supernatants from an equal number of Salmonella strains belonging to 15 different serotypes tested, 76 were found to be enterotoxigenic . All of the 24 strains which gave positive reactions in the rabbit ligated ileal loop test were also positive with this test . As little as 7.5 ng of purified Salmonella enterotoxin could be detected by the CoA test . The presence of enterotoxin in polymyxin B extract of cells and cell-free preparation of a S . typhimurium strain was detected as early as after 1.5 and 3.0 h of incubation, respectively . Besides the test standardized with the antiserum to purified V . cholerae toxin (CT) could detect purified toxin in a quantity as little as 5.0 ng and also enterotoxigenicity in an E . coli strain (LT+) . The usefulness of the test as a routine, rapid and economic one for the detection of enterotoxin of Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae and E . coli is discussed.

Mol Microbiol, 1991 Aug, 5(8), 1873 - 81
Cloning of the rfb gene cluster of a group C2 Salmonella strain: comparison with the rfb regions of groups B and D; Brown PK et al.; We report the cloning and mapping of the entire rfb gene cluster of a group C2 Salmonella strain . Comparison with the rfb region of group B strain LT2 and group D strain Ty2 reveals an 11.8 kb central region of limited similarity flanked by regions of high similarity . The genes from the central region confer a group C2 O-antigen structure on a Salmonella LT2 partial delete strain . The significance of this region in relation to function and evolutionary origin is discussed . We also report evidence for the existence of an O-antigen chain-length determinant in Escherichia coli K12 and propose a model for a possible mechanism by which a preferred chain length is determined.

Infect Immun, 1991 Aug, 59(8), 2767 - 73
Potentiation of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity by Salmonella bacteria is an interferon- and interleukin-2-independent process that utilizes CD2 and CD18 structures in the effector phase; Tarkkanen J et al.; Incubation of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) with glutaraldehyde-fixed bacteria stimulated in the supernatant the production of interferon (IFN), which proved to be mainly IFN-gamma . Even though IFN-gamma was produced upon exposure of LGL to bacteria, anti-IFN-gamma antibodies failed to interfere with induction of cytotoxicity by bacterial contact . Anti-IFN-gamma receptor antibodies had no effect on the induction of activated killing by bacterial contact either . We also tested the effect of anti-IFN-alpha antibody, but it failed to interfere with induction of cytotoxicity by bacterial contact . No interleukin-2 (IL-2) was detected in the culture supernatant of bacterially activated LGL by the mouse HT2 cell assay, nor did we detect any IL-2 mRNA in bacterially activated LGL by Northern RNA blot assay . Neutralizing anti-IL-2 antiserum had no effect on the induction of activated killing by bacterial contact, and recombinant IL-4 did not interfere with the induction of activated killing . We then studied the membrane structures involved in bacterially activated killing . Anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody did not interfere with the induction phase of bacterially activated killing . However, both anti-CD18 and anti-CD2 antibodies inhibited the effector phase of bacterially activated killing . The effector pathways utilized by activated LGL depended on the mode of activation in that even though bacterially activated LGL were sometimes blocked by anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody, recombinant-IL-2-stimulated LGL were not . In conclusion, our present results suggest that there may be mediators other than exogenously secreted IFNs and IL-2 which are responsible for the induction of activated killing after bacterial contact . CD18 and CD2 structures were shown to be involved in the effector phase of bacterially activated killing.

Mutat Res, 1991 Aug, 260(4), 313 - 9
The identification of a new heterocyclic amine mutagen from a heated mixture of creatine, glutamic acid and glucose; Knize MG et al.; A new heterocyclic amine mutagen was isolated from a dry-heated reaction of the natural meat components creatine, glutamic acid and glucose . Heating creatine and glutamic acid alone had only one seventh of the Ames/Salmonella mutagenic activity of the glucose, creatine and glutamic acid mixture . The major mutagenic compound was purified by HPLC using the Ames/Salmonella test to guide the purification . The mutagen has a molecular weight of 244 and a composition of C12H12N4O2 as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry . NMR and IR spectral data suggest the structure is a 2,6-diamino-3,4-dimethyl-7-oxo-pyrano{4,3-g}benzimidazole . Mutagenic activity in strains TA1538, TA98 and TA100, was approximately 7000, 5200, and 550 revertants per microgram, respectively . The formation of this mutagen from natural meat components suggests that it may be present in cooked food . The preferential formation of this mutagen with glucose shows that glucose can be important in dry-heated mutagen-forming reactions.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Aug, 173(15), 4773 - 81
Purification and characterization of thin, aggregative fimbriae from Salmonella enteritidis; Collinson SK et al.; Novel fimbriae were isolated and purified from the human enteropathogen Salmonella enteritidis 27655 . These fimbriae were thin (measuring 3 to 4 nm in diameter), were extremely aggregative, and remained cell associated despite attempts to separate them from blended cells by centrifugation . The thin fimbriae were not solubilized in 5 M NaOH or in boiling 0.5% deoxycholate, 8 M urea, or 1 to 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with or without 5% beta-mercaptoethanol . Therefore, an unconventional purification procedure based on the removal of contaminating cell macromolecules in sonicated cell extracts by enzymatic digestion and preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used . The insoluble fimbriae recovered from the well of the gel required depolymerization in formic acid prior to analysis by SDS-PAGE . Acid depolymerization revealed that the fimbriae were composed of fimbrin subunits, each with an apparent molecular mass of 17 kDa . Although their biochemical characteristics and amino acid composition were typical of fimbriae in general, these thin fimbriae were clearly distinct from other previously characterized fimbriae . Moreover, their fimbrin subunits had a unique N-terminal amino acid sequence . Native fimbriae on whole cells were specifically labeled with immune serum raised to the purified fimbriae . This immune serum also reacted with the denatured 17-kDa fimbrin protein in Western blots . The polyclonal immune serum did not cross-react with the other two native fimbrial types produced by this strain or with their respective fimbrins on Western blots (immunoblots) . Therefore, these fimbriae represent the third fimbrial type produced by the enteropathogen S . enteritidis.

Circ Shock, 1991 Aug, 34(4), 385 - 92
Effect of LTB4 receptor antagonists in endotoxic shock in the rat; Li EJ et al.; This study examined 1) the effects of infusion of LTB4 and 2) the potential role of LTB4 in the sequelae to endotoxic shock in the rat . Control rats were anesthetized with Ketamine/xylazine and given LTB4 (2 micrograms/kg) bolus i.v . followed by a 1 microgram/kg/min infusion for 10 min . LTB4 induced systemic hypotension and a three-fold increase in circulating band neutrophils which contributed to a 70% increase (P less than 0.05) in the total peripheral neutrophil count . LTB4 did not cause changes in circulating mature (segmented) neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, or hematocrits . Pretreatment (1 min) with LY233978, an LTB4 antagonist (10 mg/kg bolus i.v.), inhibited LTB4-induced systemic hypotension (-16.1 +/- 6.1 mmHg {n = 3} vs . -38.8 +/- 5.9 mmHg {n = 4}, P less than 0.05) . Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (10 mg/kg bolus i.v.) induced systemic hypotension, hemoconcentration, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, which was greatest at 5 and 15 min postendotoxin . The leukopenia was characterized by lymphopenia, band neutropenia, and segmented neutropenia . LY233978 (10 mg/kg bolus i.v . immediately before endotoxin administration and followed by an infusion at 0.67 mg/kg/min for 90 min) attenuated endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration at 60 and 90 min postendotoxin (P less than 0.05), and systemic hypotension at 15 min postendotoxin (P less than 0.05) . The LTB4-receptor antagonist LY255283 (10 mg/kg bolus i.v., 10 min before endotoxin followed by a 5 mg/kg bolus i.v . 30 min postendotoxin) completely inhibited endotoxin-induced systemic hypotension and partially attenuated endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration from 15 min to 90 min postendotoxin (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991 Aug, 10(8), 649 - 51
Presumptive identification of Salmonella enterica using two rapid tests; Ruiz J et al.; Two rapid test for early detection of Salmonella enterica, the cytochrome oxidase test and a fluorescence test, were evaluated in 1,200 colonies which had been isolated from human feces and cultured on MacConkey and Salmonella-Shigella media . Using the fluorescence test there were no false negative results (sensitivity 100%) and of 205 positive cases 62 did not correspond biochemically to salmonella (specificity 94.1%); 44 of these 62 were positive in the cytochrome oxidase test, raising the specificity to 98.2% . In conclusion, the combination of the two tests could be very useful due to the ease of performance, low cost and excellent results obtained.

Science, 1991 Jul 26, 253(5018), 442 - 5
Recognition of a cell-surface oligosaccharide of pathogenic Salmonella by an antibody Fab fragment; Cygler M et al.; The 2.05 angstrom (A) resolution crystal structure of a dodecasaccharide-Fab complex revealed an unusual carbohydrate recognition site, defined by aromatic amino acids and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains that are features of transport and other carbohydrate binding proteins . A trisaccharide epitope of a branched bacterial lipopolysaccharide fills this hydrophobic pocket (8 A deep by 7 A wide) in an entropy-assisted association (association constant = 2.05 x 10(5) liters per mole, enthalpy = -20.5 +/- 1.7 kilojoules per mole, and temperature times entropy = +10.0 +/- 2.9 kilojoules per mole) . The requirement for the complementarity of van der Waals surfaces and the requirements of saccharide-saccharide and protein-saccharide hydrogen-bonding networks determine the antigen conformation adopted in the bound state.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 Jul 15, 66(1), 83 - 9
Evolutionary lines among Salmonella enteritidis phage types are identified by insertion sequence IS200 distribution; Stanley J et al.; A survey was made of the presence, copy number and location of the Salmonella-specific DNA insertion element IS200, within the genomes of the 27 phage type strains of Salmonella enteritidis . All the phage type strains contained copies of IS200 revealed by genomic Southern blot hybridizations with a 300-bp DNA probe internal to the element . Restriction site variation around IS200 insertion sites was examined . Three fundamental patterns of hybridization corresponding to chromosomal IS200 loci were found . In terms of population genetics, these 'IS200 profiles' correspond to clonal lineages of recent evolutionary origin, and underline the phage-typing scheme for epidemiological subdivision of S . enteritidis . The molecular analysis is consistent with genetic selection pressures which are apparent in the observed epidemiological distribution of S . enteritidis, since each clonal lineage contained one of the phage types of major clinical importance in the U.K.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jul, 249(1), 227 - 41
Correlations between 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the mutagenicity of the total PAH fraction in ambient air particles in La Spezia (Italy); Barale R et al.; Airborne particulate matter has been monitored 4 times a month for 1 year (1988) in the city of La Spezia (Italy) . The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions were extracted, purified and characterized for the content of 15 individual PAH . In general when concentrations of individual PAH were compared statistical correlation was obtained . Mutagenicity studies were performed by the use of the Ames plate test with the Salmonella strains TA98, TA100, TA98NR and TA98DNP6 with and without metabolic activation (S9 mix) . The TA98 strain was by far the most responsive and the S9 mix was absolutely required as expected when PAH are assayed . Besides mutagenicity, toxicity was also considered and it proved to be correlated with mutagenicity in TA98, +S9 . The TA98NR and TA98DNP6 strains showed no appreciable differences from the parental strain TA98 indicating the absence of significant amounts of direct-acting nitro derivatives in our PAH samples . Of the 15 PAH considered in this study the amounts of cyclopental{c,d}pyrene (CPP) correlated best with mutagenicity . The role of CPP in contributing to the indirect mutagenicity of urban air PAH samples is discussed.

J Infect Dis, 1991 Jul, 164(1), 81 - 7
Epidemiology of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic; Levine WC et al.; To assess the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on nontyphoidal Salmonella septicemia and to identify risk factors for this infection, national laboratory-based Salmonella surveillance data and AIDS case reports were analyzed . Among 25- to 49-year-old men in states with a high incidence of AIDS, the proportion of Salmonella isolates reported from blood increased from 2.8% in 1978-1982 to 14.2% in 1983-1987, with substantial increases for serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium . Of adolescents and adults reported with AIDS from September 1987 through March 1990, 337 (0.48%) had recurrent Salmonella septicemia, with higher proportions among those who resided in the Northeast (0.86%), had a history of intravenous drug use (0.79%), or were black (0.74%) or Hispanic (0.57%) . These data suggest that the risk of Salmonella septicemia in persons with AIDS is affected by geographic prevalence of Salmonella species, host characteristics, and invasiveness of infecting strains.

Surg Neurol, 1991 Jul, 36(1), 37 - 9
Salmonella osteomyelitis of the skull base; Senegor M et al.; A case of skull base osteomyelitis caused by Salmonella is reported . The patient, a diabetic immunosuppressed man, had a insidious presentation of nasopharyngeal and cranial nerve findings . His radiologic studies showed a striking destruction of the skull base . He died despite antibiotic therapy . Relevant literature is discussed.

Indian J Med Res, 1991 Jul, 93, 217 - 21
Comparative evaluation of some bioassay models & serological tests for the detection of Salmonella enterotoxin; Rahman H et al.; Two bioassay models viz., rabbit ligated ileal loop (RLIL) and the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture and three serological methods viz., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Biken and staphylococcal coagglutination (CoA) tests were standardized and used for the detection of Salmonella enterotoxin . A total of 37 strains belonging to 14 different serotypes of Salmonella were tested simultaneously by all the five assay models . Serological tests were standardized with antiserum against the purified enterotoxin of S . typhimurium (P/536) . The CHO test was found to be the most sensitive (86.37%) followed by ELISA and CoA test (83.78%) each and Biken test (78.37%) . The RLIL test was found to be least sensitive (64.86%) for detection of Salmonella enterotoxin.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1991 Jul, 36(7), 17 - 9
{Detection of the determinants of tetracycline A, B and C resistance in Shigella and Salmonella using DNA probes}; Voskresenskii AM et al.; Genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance of classes A, B and C were detected with DNA probes labeled with radioactive phosphorus (32P) in Shigella (44 strains) and Salmonella (50 strains) . It was shown that in the Shigella strains the frequency of the Tet A gene amounted to 66 per cent, the frequency of the Tet B gene was equal to 84 per cent, the frequency of their combination was equal to 50 per cent and the frequency of the Tet C gene was nil . In the Salmonella strains the frequency of the Tet A, Tet B and Tet C genes was equal to 0.100 and 20 per cent, respectively, and that of their combination amounted to 20% . Possible use of the DNA probes in epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of Shigella and Salmonella infections is suggested.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1991 Jul, 35(7), 1498 - 500
Identification of CTX-2, a novel cefotaximase from a Salmonella mbandaka isolate; Poupart MC et al.; A strain of Salmonella mbandaka isolated from the feces of an Algerian infant showed a reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime (MIC, 8 mg/liter) . This strain produced two transferable beta-lactamases of pIs 5.3 and 5.6 . The novel beta-lactamase with a pI of 5.3 inhibited by clavulanic acid showed cefotaxime hydrolysis and was therefore designated CTX-2.

Can J Microbiol, 1991 Jul, 37(7), 568 - 72
Characterization of a Salmonella choleraesuis mutant that cannot multiply within epithelial cells; Finlay BB et al.; A mutant of Salmonella choleraesuis was identified that could invade (enter) and penetrate through polarized monolayers of Caco-2 and MDCK epithelial cells at normal levels but was defective for intracellular multiplication within these cells . It was also able to survive inside cultured J774 macrophage cells . These bacteria remained inside membrane-bound vacuoles, which coalesced at later times in the perinuclear region of the epithelial cell . This mutant exhibited slightly slower growth rates in rich or minimal media than the parental strain but was normal for iron usage, phosphate usage, and anaerobic growth and was a prototroph . The mutant was completely avirulent when administered orally or intravenously to susceptible mice . These results suggest that the ability to multiply within eukaryotic cells may contribute to S . choleraesuis virulence.

Br Vet J, 1991 Jul-Aug, 147(4), 356 - 69
A survey of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonellae isolated from animals in England and Wales during 1984-1987; Wray C et al.; Resistance to 14 antimicrobial substances was tested in 18,647 salmonella strains isolated from animals, their environment and from animal feeds during the period 1984-1987 . Of the 2284 Salmonella dublin strains the percentage sensitive to all the antimicrobial substances ranged from 18.1 to 26.8 . Resistance to the higher concentration of streptomycin (S25) ranged from 1.9 to 6.4%, whereas the corresponding figures when the lower concentration (S10) was used were 32.3 and 63.8% . Resistance to the higher sulphonamide concentration (Su500) never exceeded 3.3%, although in 1987 70.3% of strains showed resistance to the lower concentration . In general, less than 1% of strains showed resistance to the other antibacterial substances . No strains resistant to amikacin (AK), apramycin (Apr), gentamicin (CN) and colistin (CT) were detected . Of the 8677 S . typhimurium strains the percentage sensitive to all the antimicrobial agents ranged from 6.6 in 1985 to 13.6 in 1987 . Resistance to tetracycline (T), ampicillin (PN), trimethoprim (TM) and chloramphenicol (C) ranged from 36.5 to 58.8%, the highest percentages being detected with tetracyclines . Less than 1% of strains showed resistance to furazolidone and none was resistant to amikacin and colistin . Resistance to apramycin ranged from 3.1% in 1984 to 11.6% in 1985; the figures for gentamicin were approximately half that of apramycin . In 1984, 41.6% of strains showed resistance to neomycin but only 8.5% in 1987 . The fall in neomycin resistance was associated with the epidemic spread of the commonest phage-type DT204C becoming sensitive to neomycin . Of the 7687 strains of serotypes other than S . typhimurium and S . dublin the percentage sensitive to all antimicrobial agents ranged from 23.7 in 1985 to 14.7 in 1987 . Resistance to tetracyclines and sulphonamides (Su500) ranged from 5.2 to 12.1% and 5.8 to 13.3% respectively . Resistance to the other antimicrobial agents was usually less than 5%.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1991 Jul, 3(3), 223 - 7
An outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis; Walker RL et al.; An outbreak of salmonellosis in foals occurred on a large Thoroughbred farm in California . Only foals less than 8 days of age exhibited clinical signs, which included depression, anorexia, and diarrhea . Three foals died from septicemia . The agent responsible was Salmonella ohio, which is rarely involved in salmonellosis in horses . During the course of the outbreak, S . ohio was isolated from 27 of 97 mares (27.8%) and 34 of 97 foals (35.1%) . Mares were the presumed source of infection for foals . The absence of clinical signs in mares allowed for increased exposure of foals through environmental contamination . Although foals continued to become infected after strict control measures were adopted, none became ill . Salmonella serotypes of seemingly low virulence can produce serious disease outbreaks.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1991 Jul 1, 104(7), 233 - 5
{Detection of Salmonella-containing food using the 1-2 test}; Weber A et al.; 133 samples of food were investigated for comparison of a recent commercially available 1-2 test (Biocontrol) with a cultural standard method (non-selective pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis-medium and selenite brilliant-green mannitol enrichment broth, inoculation on two selective agars) for presence of Salmonella . The 1-2 test showed in positive results an accuracy ("sensitivity") of 94.7% and in negative results an assurance ("specificity") of 97.9% and is therefore considered suitable for detection of Salmonella contaminated food.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1991 Jul, 21(1), 58 - 61
Enhancement of mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene by water as a diluent; Kuroda K et al.; The mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene was strongly enhanced in the Salmonella mutagenicity test with the preincubation modification when it was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and diluted with water . The enhancement of mutagenicity was not found in the plate incorporation method and seemed to be common to chemicals which have low solubilities in water . The indications were that the effectiveness of preincubation modification was due to the increased absorption of test chemicals by the Salmonella cells, and that the absorption depends primarily on the solubility of test chemicals in the assay mixture.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Jul, 13(3), 207 - 15
Psychrotrophy and foodborne Salmonella; D'Aoust JY; Recent reports on the behaviour of Salmonella at chill temperatures (less than 10 degrees C) raise concerns on the purported safety of refrigerated foods . The propensity for growth of salmonellae within 10-28 days in complex broth (5.9 degrees C) and agar (4.0 degrees C) media is overshadowed by more recent evidence on their capability to proliferate in fresh meats (2.0 degrees C) and shell eggs (4.0 degrees C) within 6 and 10 days, respectively . Such findings, together with the inability of many domestic refrigerators to maintain uniformly cold temperatures, are disquieting . Gaseous mixtures of CO2, N2 and O2 are widely used to extend the shelf life of chilled foods, notably fresh meats . The high levels of CO2 used in modified atmosphere packaging or generated by endogenous microflora in vacuum-packaged foods effectively inhibit the growth of psychrotrophic spoilage bacteria . Current evidence suggests that this industrial practice also arrests the growth of Salmonella but exerts little or no effect on their survival . Enhancement of the bacteriostatic potentials of pH and NaCl as temperature deviates from the optimum for growth to lower values could further contribute to the safety of chilled foods.

Am J Vet Res, 1991 Jul, 52(7), 1069 - 74
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens; Kim CJ et al.; An ELISA was developed and tested for its ability to detect antibodies against Salmonella enteritidis in chickens . Various features of the ELISA were evaluated and optimized . The outer membrane protein antigens selected by use of the protein immunoblotting method made the assay specific and sensitive . The assay was evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with S enteritidis . Blood samples collected at weekly intervals after experimental infection with S enteritidis were analyzed by ELISA . Results of the ELISA were compared with those of conventional serum plate and microagglutination tests . The ELISA was more sensitive and specific in the detection of S enteritidis infection than the other 2 conventional tests.

Am J Physiol, 1991 Jul, 261(1 Pt 2), R26 - 31
Antagonism of endotoxic glucose dyshomeostasis by protein kinase C inhibitors; Inaba H et al.; Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by bacterial lipopolysaccharide had recently been implicated in the pathogenetic sequence of gram-negative sepsis, endotoxicosis, hyperinsulinism, and the alterations in glucoregulation that eventuate in glucose dyshomeostasis . This study used the peptide antibiotic polymyxin B (PMX-B) and H-7, an isoquinoline sulfonamide, as inhibitors of PKC activation to evaluate responses to provocative insulin and glucose tolerance tests in control vs . endotoxic rats . Fed male rats were treated with either Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (ETX; 0.33 mg/kg iv) or saline 120 min before intravenous insulin tolerance testing (IVITT) with human insulin (1 U/kg) or intravenous glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT) with D-glucose (1.2 g/kg) . H-7 in dimethyl sulfoxide at 25 mg/kg, PMX-B in saline at 0.25 mg/kg, or the respective vehicles were administered 5 min before the tolerance tests . Neither H-7 nor PMX-B had any significant acute effects on basal plasma glucose or lactate values . The decline in plasma with IVITT was augmented by ETX; however, concomitant H-7 or PMX-B attenuated the insulin hypoglycemia . The computed half-life of glucose in the IVGTT was decreased by ETX; however, concomitant H-7 or PMX-B decreased the tolerance alteration . In addition, both H-7 and PMX-B attenuated the rise in insulin induced by the IVGTT . Thus the hyperinsulinism and the glucoregulatory disturbances in endotoxicosis may be mediated by PKC activation and ameliorated by PKC inhibition.

Arch Surg, 1991 Jul, 126(7), 873 - 8; discussion 878-9
Management of infected aortoiliac aneurysms; Reddy DJ et al.; A 30-year retrospective review identified 13 patients treated for infected aneurysms of the abdominal aorta or iliac arteries, for an overall incidence of 0.65% . A constellation of clinical findings led to the correct preoperative diagnosis in 11 (85%) of 13 patients . Treatment methods included resection and in situ replacement grafting in seven patients, resection and extra-anatomic bypass in five patients, and resection-ligation in one patient . Four (31%) of 13 patients died within 30 days of operation, three of whom died of rupture . Overall, good results were achieved in five patients (38%), while poor results were noted in the remaining eight patients (62%) . The determinants of outcome were aneurysm location or rupture, the presence of established infection, and the virulence of the infecting organism . In 10 (77%) of the 13 aneurysms, Salmonella species, Bacteroides fragilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for all deaths, ruptures, and suprarenal aneurysm infections . These data suggest that patients with primary infections of the abdominal aorta or iliac arteries continue to present with advanced infections or aneurysm rupture that result in a high mortality.

Mater Med Pol, 1991 Jul-Sep, 23(3), 223 - 5
Salmonelloses in children with proliferative haematological diseases; Ciepielewska D et al.; The infections caused by salmonella organisms in children with acute leukaemias are reported . Immunity depression caused by the main diseases as well as by immunosuppressing drugs lead in such cases to generalized infections with these organisms or local infections which were found in the reported cases in the skeletal system, or central nervous system . The course of these infections was very severe, often with lethal outcome.

Indian J Med Sci, 1991 Jul, 45(7), 172 - 5
Increasing prevalence of high degree resistance amongst Salmonella to different antibiotics; Aggarwal P et al.; National Salmonella & Escherichia Centre situated at Central Research Institute, Kasauli receives Salmonella strains from all over the country . Eight hundred and fourteen Salmonella strains belonging to 14 serotypes received during 1986 were studied for antibiotic resistance and Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) with regard to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), furazolidone (Fz) and gentamicin (G) . Resistance to ampicillin was found to be highest (80%) and furazolidone the least (0.1%) . Similarly a large number of strains (31%) had very high MIC values greater than 640 mcg per ml for chloramphenicol, whereas only 3.4% strains were found to have MIC values greater than 640 mcg per ml for gentamicin . The present findings have been discussed in the light of similar data published from this Centre earlier and from other sources in India.

Microb Pathog, 1991 Jul, 11(1), 11 - 8
Relevance of inoculation route to virulence of three Salmonella spp . strains in mice; Nnalue NA; The virulence of three Salmonella species strains was compared by the i.p . and i.v . routes in BALB/c mice . Salmonella choleraesuis, SL2824 (serogroup C1, O-6,7), was more virulent by the i.v . than i.p . route . A strain of S . typhimurium, SL1260 (serogroup B; O-1,4,12) was more virulent i.p . than i.v . while another strain, SL3201 (O-4,5,12) was equally virulent i.p . or i.v . The LD50 of each strain by either route correlated with the number of bacteria in the liver and spleen on day one after inoculation and thus seems determined mainly by initial bactericidal mechanisms . The rate of bacterial growth in the liver and spleen was independent of inoculation route but differed between the three strains . Salmonella choleraesuis multiplied faster than either strain of S . typhimurium . Non-virulent aromatic-dependent (aro) derivatives of these strains were tested, instead of their virulent ancestors, for survival within peritoneal macrophages in vitro . Salmonella choleraesuis SL 2824 aro and S . typhimurium SL1260 aro were much more readily killed intracellularly than S . typhimurium SL3201 aro . The data indicate that the survival and multiplication of different Salmonella serotypes or strains in vivo may depend on different critical properties or mechanisms to overcome host defenses.

Vopr Pitan, 1991 Jul-Aug, (4), 63 - 7
{Microbiological, physicochemical and cytologic indices of milk in cows with latent (subclinical) mastitis}; Zagaevskii IS et al.; To detect latent (subclinical) mastitis in cows lactenin isolated from the alveolar mucosa epithelium and udder milk cisterns of cows suffering from mastitis was used in combination with a mastitis diagnostic agent . Lactenin produced a bactericidal effect on pathogenic Escherichia and Streptococcus, and p6cteriostatic effect on toxicogenic Staphylococcus and Salmonella, depending on the cow resistance . The diagnostic agent components were destroyed by epitheliocyte lactenin and transformed into mucosal mass and gel-like coagulate . The mixture of milk with the diagnostic agent in the absence of lactenin presents a uniform fluid.

Pathology, 1991 Jul, 23(3), 233 - 4
Successive Salmonella give and Salmonella typhi infections, laboratory-acquired; Ashdown L et al.; A case of laboratory-acquired typhoid fever is described . The case was complicated by a self-limiting Salmonella give gastroenteritis which may also have been laboratory-acquired and which occurred during the incubation period of the Salmonella typhi infection . The symptoms of typhoid were not sufficiently severe for the patient to seek medical attention and she was recovering from the infection when the typhoid bacillus was isolated from her stools . The mode of transmission of the S . typhi was presumed to be a laboratory infection from an unknown source . Although there was no obvious breakdown in safe laboratory techniques, the infecting dose of S . typhi is known to be small and the dangers of handling specimens which may contain this bacterium are emphasized.

Vaccine, 1991 Jul, 9(7), 515 - 20
In vivo evidence of immunological masking of the Vibrio cholerae O antigen of a hybrid Salmonella typhi Ty21a-Vibrio cholerae oral vaccine in humans; Forrest BD et al.; The immunogenicity of the live oral hybrid vaccine organism Salmonella typhi Ty21a/V . cholerae Inaba (EX210) following its growth in media containing variable concentrations of supplemental galactose was examined in human volunteer subjects . The local intestinal IgA-specific antibody responses to both typhoid and cholera lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations were determined . It was observed that the immunogenicity of the galactose-independent Vibrio cholerae O antigen in vivo was dependent upon the variation in galactose-dependent long chain S . typhi O antigen production which was directly proportional to the media galactose concentration . It is likely that this observation was a result of steric hindrance of the presentation of the V . cholerae O antigen by S . typhi Ty21a in the presence of the longer, immunodominant S . typhi Ty21a O antigen . This observation may have relevance to the use of S . typhi vectors in vaccine development involving the presentation of LPS-associated heterologous antigens.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jul, 260(3), 233 - 8
Genotoxicity of diesel-exhaust particles dispersed in simulated pulmonary surfactant; Keane MJ et al.; Diesel-exhaust particles from two sources were dispersed in aqueous mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, a major component of pulmonary surfactant, and were tested for genotoxicity . Diesel samples from the same sources were extracted with dichloromethane and transferred into dimethyl sulfoxide and subjected to the same assays . Both types of extractions yielded similar results in both the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and the sister-chromatid exchange assay using V79 cells . After separation of the samples into supernatant and sediment fractions, the activity of both diesel samples was shown to reside exclusively in the supernatant fraction for the solvent-extracted samples, and exclusively in the sedimented fraction for surfactant dispersed samples . These findings indicate that genotoxic activity associated with diesel particles inhaled into the lung may be made bioavailable by virtue of the solubilization/dispersion properties of pulmonary surfactant components.

Infect Immun, 1991 Jul, 59(7), 2279 - 84
Characterization and immunogenicity of EX880, a Salmonella typhi Ty21a-based clone which produces Vibrio cholerae O antigen; Attridge SR et al.; EX645 is a derivative of Salmonella typhi Ty21a which carries a plasmid specifying production of Vibrio cholerae O antigen . When cultured with exogenous galactose to overcome the galE defect of the vector, EX645 also synthesizes S . typhi O antigen, and this can result in the masking of the shorter V . cholerae O antigen on the bacterial surface . To determine whether the potential for such masking at least partly underlies the inconsistency of anti-V . cholerae responses elicited by EX645, a derivative of this strain has been isolated, characterized, and tested for immunogenicity in human volunteers . EX880 has an rfb defect which prevents synthesis of S . typhi O antigen, and consequently V . cholerae O antigen is still detectable on the surface of the clone following growth in the presence of galactose . Compared with EX645, EX880 more consistently elicited significant rises in serum bactericidal antibody levels, although individual responses within a cohort still varied widely.

J Hosp Infect, 1991 Jul, 18(3), 231 - 8
An outbreak of Salmonella urbana infection in neonatal nurseries; Sirinavin S et al.; An outbreak of neonatal infection with Salmonella urbana in three neonatal wards of a teaching hospital in Bangkok, Thailand is described . The outbreak lasted for 5 days . Fifty-seven neonates had gastrointestinal infection, 37 had diarrhoea, and three had bacteraemia . The attack rates were 43% for infection, 29% for diarrhoea, and 2.3% for bacteraemia . Epidemiological evaluation suggested that a contaminated wash basin in the labour nursery was the source of infection . Delay in controlling this outbreak occurred because the staff assumed that person-to-person transmission was the mode of spread, thus ignoring epidemiological data that would have led to the identification of the source of infection.

APMIS, 1991 Jul, 99(7), 609 - 14
Plasmid profiles of Salmonella enterica serovar berta isolated from broilers in Denmark; Sorensen M et al.; Salmonella enterica serovar berta was isolated for the first time in Denmark in October 1984 . This serovar has subsequently become endemic in the broiler industry . Plasmid profile analysis of 610 strains of S . berta isolated from broilers and broiler parent stock in the period October 1984 to July 1989 showed that plasmids were present in 85.7% of strains investigated, with a mean of 1.8 plasmids per strain . A significant increase in the mean number of plasmids per strain was seen during the observation period . Seventeen different plasmid sizes and 90 different plasmid profiles were identified . Plasmid profiling of S . berta appears to represent a promising tool for analysing the epidemiology of S . berta infections in broilers.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1991 Jun 25, 19(12), 3207 - 11
Isolation and genetic structure of the AvaII isoschizomeric restriction-modification system HgiBI from Herpetosiphon giganteus Hpg5: M.HgiBI reveals high homology to M.BanI; Dusterhoft A et al.; The complete type II restriction-modification system HgiBI of Herpetosiphon giganteus strain Hpg5 recognizing the AvaII specific DNA sequence GGWCC has been cloned and expressed functionally active in Escherichia coli . A considerable acceleration in cloning could be achieved by preparing a size restricted library after application of a related hybridization probe . Both methyltransferase (437 codons) and restriction endonuclease gene (274 codons) were found to be encoded on a 3.6 kilobases ClaI/HincII fragment in the same transcriptional orientation separated by one triplett only . Protein sequence comparisons revealed a close resemblance of M.HgiBI to the group of m5C-methyltransferases, especially to M.BanI from Bacillus aneurinolyticus with the related recognition sequence GGYRCC . In contrast, no significant similarities have been observed for the associated endonuclease R.HgiBI with any other restriction enzyme described so far, even not with the isoschizomeric R.SinI from Salmonella infantis, or with R.BanI.

Eur J Pharmacol, 1991 Jun 25, 199(2), 221 - 5
Effect of the LTD4 receptor antagonist LY203647 on endotoxic shock sequelae in the rat; Li EJ et al.; This study investigated the effect of a novel LTD4 receptor antagonist LY203647 on Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin-induced shock sequelae in anesthetized rats . LY203647 (30 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle was given 10 min prior to endotoxin (10 mg/kg i.v.) or its vehicle, and the hematocrit, mean arterial pressure and circulating leukocyte counts were determined . LY203647 significantly inhibited endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration up to 90 min post-endotoxin (46.7 +/- 1.3 vs . 51.9 +/- 2.4% at 30 min post-endotoxin, 45.9 +/- 1.1 vs . 53.1 +/- 1.4% at 90 min post-endotoxin, N = 8-9, P less than 0.05) . The endotoxin-induced decreases in mean arterial pressure were also attenuated by LY203647, -29 +/- 5 vs . -56 +/- 9 mm Hg at 60 min post-endotoxin and -42 +/- 4 vs . -60 +/- 9 mm Hg at 90 min post-endotoxin (N = 9-10, P less than 0.05) . LY203647 also attenuated endotoxin-induced decreases in leukocyte count in arterial blood . A study of differential counts in circulating leukocytes (N = 3) showed that endotoxin induced complete disappearance in circulating neutrophils . The circulating lymphocyte count was decreased by 30 +/- 10 and 41 +/- 1% at 15 and 30 min post-endotoxin, respectively . LY203647 inhibited endotoxin-induced lymphopenia (P less than 0.05) but failed to alter endotoxin-induced neutropenia . These data suggest that LTD4 may play an important role in mediating hemoconcentration, hypotensive and lymphocytopenic sequelae of endotoxin shock.

Poult Sci, 1991 Jun, 70(6), 1345 - 50
Decreased Salmonella colonization in turkey poults inoculated with anaerobic cecal microflora and provided dietary lactose; Corrier DE et al.; The effect of intracloacal inoculation with anerobic cultures of cecal microflora and addition of lactose to the feed on Salmonella senftenberg cecal colonization was evaluated in turkey poults . One-day-old poults were divided into four groups and provided 1) no anaerobic cultures, no lactose (control), 2) anaerobic cultures, 3) 5% lactose in the feed, or 4) anaerobic cultures and lactose . All groups were challenged orally with 10(6) S . senftenberg at 3 days of age . Salmonella senftenberg growth in the cecal contents was significantly decreased (P less than .05) at 10 and 30 days of age in both trials and at 20 days of age in Trial 1 in each of the three treatment groups as compared with the controls . On Day 30, the number of poults that were positive for Salmonella cecal culture was significantly decreased (P less than .01) in each of the treatment groups compared with the controls . Protection against Salmonella colonization was similar in the treatment groups inoculated with anaerobic cultures or provided dietary lactose . Combined treatment with anaerobic cultures of cecal microflora and provision of dietary lactose resulted in a level of protection against colonization equal to or higher than did either of the two treatments administered separately.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jun, 252(3), 239 - 46
Comparative mutagenicity testing of bropirimine, 3 . Bropirimine does not induce cytogenetic damage in vivo in the rat but does produce micronuclei in the mouse; Aaron CS et al.; Bropirimine is a biological response modifier (BRM) with potential antineoplastic and antiviral indications . Recent results have documented the negative findings in the Ames Salmonella assay, the in vitro UDS assay and the mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay as well as positive findings in the in vitro cytogenetic assay in CHO cells . Extensive mechanistic studies failed to establish the reason for positive findings in the in vitro cytogenetic assays . The data reported here cast doubt on the relevance of the in vitro cytogenetic results and suggest limited in vivo genotoxic potential . At doses as high as 150 mg/kg (i.p.) and 6.73 g/kg (p.o.), no evidence of chromosome aberration induction was observed in rat bone marrow cytogenetic assays . Consistent with these data, plasma and bone marrow tissue levels in similarly treated animals were well below those required for activity in the in vitro chromosome aberration assays . Positive results were obtained in the mouse micronucleus assay . However, the significance of these findings may be explained by markedly different pathways of metabolism in that species as compared to the rat . Hence, the findings in the mouse are of questionable relevance to human risk assessment . Exposure of humans to bropirimine, under therapeutically acceptable regimens is unlikely to constitute a genotoxic health hazard.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jun, 252(3), 229 - 38
Comparative mutagenicity testing of bropirimine, 2 . Further characterization and mechanistic investigation of clastogenesis; Petry TW et al.; Bropirimine is an immunomodulator and has been investigated as an antineoplastic drug as well as for antiviral indications . However, the standard of prudence and the level of concern necessary in safety assessment in the alternative therapeutic situations, namely, antineoplastic therapy as opposed to treatment of non-life-threatening viral illnesses, is dramatically different . In previous reports from this laboratory, bropirimine was shown to be non-mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay (Aaron et al., 1989b), the in vitro UDS assay (Aaron et al., 1989a) and the L5178Y TK+/- assay but positive in the CHO cell chromosome aberration assay, in the presence of S9 (Aaron et al., 1991a) . In this manuscript, we provide data gathered in attempts to further characterize the apparent requirement for S9 and understand the mechanism by which bropirimine induces chromosome aberrations . For example, heat inactivation of the S9 significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, the aberration induction . In addition, collection of mitotic cells without use of colcemid failed to reduce the aberration yield . Furthermore, no evidence of S9-mediated activation of bropirimine to an electrophilic, macromolecular binding species was observed in vitro, nor did lysosomal toxicity appear to contribute to the effect . Several analogs were tested for clastogenic potential; the 5-chloro analog was also clastogenic, but not the 5-iodo-, 5-bromo-3-fluorophenyl- or non-halogenated analogs . Thus, the mechanism of aberration induction remains obscure, but we have confirmed the need for presence of exogenous protein in order for the clastogenicity of bropirimine to be manifest and have ruled out several non-threshold mechanisms for toxicity.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jun, 252(3), 221 - 8
Comparative mutagenicity testing of bropirimine, 1 . Induction of chromosome aberrations in CHO cells is not reflected in induction of mutation at the TK locus of L5178Y cells; Aaron CS et al.; Bropirimine (U-54,461) is a novel compound which is being developed as a biological response modifier for use in treatment of neoplastic and viral disease . Compounds of this type exert their therapeutic effects by immuno-stimulation or other non-cytotoxic mechanisms . The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the hazard potential of this drug . Bropirimine was previously reported to be negative in the Ames Salmonella assay (Aaron et al., 1989a) and the in vitro UDS assay (Aaron et al., 1989b) . In experiments reported here positive response was observed in a test for clastogenicity in vitro in CHO cells, but bropirimine was negative in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay . A subsequent experiment demonstrated the ability of bropirimine to induce HPRT mutations in CHO cells . Interestingly, evidence for induction of chromosome aberrations in the L5178Y cells by bropirimine was also obtained . While the reason for the apparent insensitivity of the L5178Y TK+/- assay to bropirimine is unexplained by the experiments, it is clear that at high dose bropirimine is capable of clastogenesis in both CHO and L5178Y cells and can give rise to gene mutations in CHO cells but apparently not in L5178Y cells.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Jun, 106(3), 489 - 96
Numbers of Salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs; Humphrey TJ et al.; Over 5700 hens eggs from 15 flocks naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis were examined individually for the presence of the organism in either egg contents or on shells . Thirty-two eggs (0.6%) were positive in the contents . In the majority, levels of contamination were low . Three eggs, however, were found to contain many thousands of cells . In eggs where it was possible to identify the site of contamination, the albumen was more frequently positive than the yolk . Storage at room temperature had no significant effect on the prevalence of salmonella-positive eggs but those held for more than 21 days were more likely (P less than 0.01) to be heavily contaminated . In batches of eggs where both shells and contents were examined, 1.1% were positive on the former site and 0.9% in the latter.

Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Jun, 106(3), 485 - 8
Salmonella serovars (others than Typhi and Paratyphi) from extra-intestinal sources . Israel, 1984-9; Sechter I et al.; The purpose of this study was to examine whether certain salmonella serovars, other than Typhi and Paratyphi, may have an increased ability to enter the human body fluids . The data are based on over 20,000 salmonella isolated from humans during 1984-9, among them 436 from extra-intestinal (EI) sources . The mean percentage of EI salmonella isolated in Israel (excluding Typhi and Paratyphi), was 2.1% . In three serovars: S.9, 12:1, v:-, Virchow and Saintpaul, the percentage of blood isolations and of EI isolations in general, was high . Among the frequent serovars, ser . Infantis and Hadar had a much lower percentage of EI isolations.

Mutat Res, 1991 Jun, 248(2), 221 - 31
Determination of the genotoxic status of a chemical; Ashby J; Before a non-genotoxic mechanism of action is proposed for a rodent carcinogen, or predicted for an untested chemical, adequate knowledge of the genotoxic status of the chemical must exist . The current absence of absolute agreement on the set of assays to use when evaluating genotoxicity suggests that a practical approach should be adopted, as outlined, for example, by Arni et al . (1988) . In that approach, the chemical is evaluated for gene mutagenicity to Salmonella, for its ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells, and if appropriate, gene mutations in cultured mammalian cells . Consideration of the chemical structure and the expected metabolism of the test chemical also contribute to the classification of an agent as a putative non-genotoxin . Judgement is required when interpreting isolated positive test responses generated in peripheral short-term tests . When attempting to study the mode of action of an established rodent carcinogen that is thought to operate by a non-genotoxic mechanism of action, genotoxicity data generated in vivo, if possible in the target tissue, are of great value . Compounds defined as non-genotoxic by these methods then become candidates for the study of those non-genotoxic toxicities that may predict or explain non-genotoxic rodent carcinogenesis.

Infect Immun, 1991 Jun, 59(6), 2110 - 5
Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates lethal activity of killed gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in D-galactosamine-treated mice; Freudenberg MA et al.; Treatment with D-galactosamine increases sensitivity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responder mice to the lethal effects of LPS, while nonresponder mice remain resistant (M.A . Freudenberg, D . Keppler, and C . Galanos, Infect . Immun . 51:891-895, 1986) . In the present study it is shown that, in contrast to LPS, killed gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella abortus equi and S . typhimurium) were highly toxic for D-galactosamine-treated LPS-responder (C57BL/10 ScSN and C3H/HeN) and -nonresponder (C57BL/10 ScCR and C3H/HeJ) mice, although to a higher extent in the former strains . Also, killed gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Mycobacterium phlei) exhibited toxicity for D-galactosamine-treated mice, LPS-responder and -nonresponder mice being equally susceptible . Evidently, bacterial components other than LPS may exhibit lethal effects in sensitized animals . In all cases, the lethality of LPS and of bacteria was inhibited by anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) serum . While LPS induced TNF-alpha in vitro only in macrophages from LPS-responder mice, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria induced TNF-alpha also in macrophages from LPS-nonresponder mice . The data show that TNF-alpha is a common endogenous mediator of the lethal activity of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Am J Public Health, 1991 Jun, 81(6), 764 - 6
Salmonella egg survey in Hawaii: evidence for routine bacterial surveillance; Ching-Lee MR et al.; One hundred and six dozen eggs, representing 12 brands, were purchased from Oahu supermarkets and cultured for Salmonella using standard FDA (Food and Drug Administration) microbiological techniques . Two enrichment incubation temperatures were used to improve culture sensitivity . Ten cartons (9.4 percent) of the 106 dozen samples had shells positive for Salmonella . Seven of the 10 were traced to a single egg processor . Inspection of the facility led to the discovery of malfunctioning equipment used in the egg washing and sanitation process.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1991 Jun, 39(6), 445 - 8
Some prospective observations on recent outbreak of typhoid fever in West Bengal; Mukherjee P et al.; The present study was designed to study the clinical behaviour of a recent epidemic of typhoid fever in West Bengal . Of 46 cases studied, 67% (31) had chloramphenicol resistant typhoid fever . The chloramphenicol-resistant cases were comparatively severe in nature with higher complication and mortality rates . Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol were also resistant to ampicillin, cloxaxillin and cotrimoxazole . Strains of Salmonella typhi sensitive to chloramphenicol retained their sensitivity to these other antimicrobials.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1991 Jun, 39(6), 443 - 4
The problem of emerging chloramphenicol resistance in typhoid fever--a preliminary report; Agarwal S et al.; Drug sensitivity of Salmonella typhi isolated from 25 blood culture positive cases of typhoid fever who presented between May and July 1990 was tested to determine their in vitro susceptibility to various antimicrobials . Twenty-one of them (84%) showed resistance to chloramphenicol and 24 (96%) to cotrimoxazole . All the 25 cases were sensitive to norfloxacin, gentamicin and cephalexin . Sixteen of 21 chloramphenicol resistant typhoid cases in whom chloramphenicol was initially started failed to respond to this drug even after 5 to 7 days, thereby indicating that in vivo response matched with the in vitro sensitivity . Clinical response to norfloxacin, whether given initially or following chloramphenicol failure, was prompt and satisfactory . Norfloxacin thus appears to be a good choice in such cases.

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1991 Jun, 9(2), 87 - 90
Bacteriologic studies of food and water consumed by children in Myanmar: 1 . The nature of contamination; Oo KN et al.; To isolate major bacterial pathogens from children's food and drinking water, a 3-month study was conducted in a suburban community in Yangon, Myanmar . From the morning meals and stored drinking water of 208 randomly selected children, 775 food and 113 water samples were collected and were cultured using standard methods . Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae non-01, and Salmonella were isolated from 505, 28 and 6 food samples respectively, and E . coli and V . cholerae non-01 were isolated from 29 and 5 water samples respectively . Among the E . coli isolates, 8 produced heat-stable toxin (ST) and 3 were enteroinvasive . Nine V . cholerae non-01 produced cholera-like toxin . Of the 29 E . coli isolates from the samples of drinking water, 3 produced ST . All water samples were negative for Salmonella . The study underscores the importance of bacterial contamination of children's food and drinking water and stresses the need to improve environmental sanitation.

Planta Med, 1991 Jun, 57(3), 237 - 41
Studies on the genotoxic properties of essential oils with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay; Zani F et al.; Genotoxic properties of essential oils from Anthemis nobilis L., Artemisia dracunculus L., Salvia officinalis L., Salvia sclarea L., Satureja hortensis L., Satureja montana L., Thymus capitatus L., Thymus citriodorus Schreb., Thymus vulgaris L., Citrus bergamia Risso, were studied with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay . The essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus L . "Piemontese" turned out to be active in the rec-assay but not in the Salmonella test . DNA-damaging activity was demonstrated to be due to the estragol component of the oil . Advantages of the combined use of these two short-term microbial assays in genotoxic studies are discussed.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Jun, 13(2), 177 - 81
The growth of salmonellae in tomatoes; Asplund K et al.; The growth of Salmonella enteritidis, S . infantis and S . typhimurium in tomatoes was studied at 7,22 and 30 degrees C . The pH values of tomatoes varied from 3.99 to 4.37 before incubation and from 3.90 to 4.36 after incubation at different temperatures . No growth was observed at 7 degrees C . S . enteritidis, S . infantis and S . typhimurium grew from cell densities of 1.2 x 10(1), 0.7 x 10(1) per g to 2.0 x 10(6), 2.3 x 10(6) and 7.1 x 10(6) per g, respectively, at 22 degrees C in 24 h . At 30 degrees C, the number of bacteria was about one logarithmic unit higher than at 22 degrees C after the same incubation time . The results of this study demonstrated a possible risk of tomatoes as vehicles of Salmonella spp.

Vaccine, 1991 Jun, 9(6), 423 - 7
Different profiles of the human immune response to primary and secondary immunization with an oral Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine; Kantele A et al.; Human immune response to a secondary immunization by the oral route was studied by enumerating specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the peripheral blood, believed to reflect the local immune response in the mucosa . The volunteers had been immunized 1-2 years earlier with live Salmonella typhi Ty21a given orally as three doses of vaccine in enteric-coated capsules (3 x E); their ASC and serum antibody responses have been published . In the present study 17 of the same volunteers received one booster dose of the same vaccine (B-E) . Specific ASC appeared in the blood of all volunteers after vaccination, peaked on day 5 and faded away thereafter so that on day 9 specific ASC were detected in only seven subjects . The ASC responses to the single booster dose were significantly higher than those to one dose in primary immunization and at least as high as those of the same volunteers to three doses in primary immunization . Serum antibody responses were not seen in any of the vaccinees after secondary immunization, whereas after primary immunization 60% of these subjects responded . This study shows the presence of immunologic memory also in respect of the human ASC response, and confirms the separate nature of ASC and serum response.

Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 1991 Jun, 92(6), 627 - 35
{Antitumor effect of LPS immobilized beads}; Abe H; The anticancer effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been investigated, but its strong toxicity has made it difficult to utilize . In order to induce the anticancer effect without toxicity, LPS and its components were immobilized to polystyrene beads . Spleen cells from C3H/HeN mice and SD rats were activated by contact stimulation with immobilized beads . Cytotoxicity tests were measured by 51Cr release assay . Spleen cells stimulated by beads immobilizing a portion of the components constituting LPS led to little cytotoxicity . Spleen cells stimulated by E . coli LPS immobilized beads led to strong cytotoxicity in the murine system . On the other hand, in the SD rat system, cells stimulated with Salmonella LPS immobilized beads led to more stronger cytotoxicity than that of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells . These activities were enhanced by culturing within 48 to 72 hours after stimulation . Activated spleen cells were injected into the tumor-bearing mice intralesionally, and suppression of tumor growth and survival elongation of the mice were recognized . Activated cells were injected intravenously into the metastatic lung tumor-bearing rats, and lung metastasis almost vanished . LPS immobilized beads exhibited antitumor effects, and it was considered LPS immobilized beads induced killer cells through cytokines and proper immobilized LPS was different according to the species of animals.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1991 Jun 1, 198(11), 1969 - 71
Cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: 277 cases (1986-1987); Moore DA et al.; From January 1986 through December 1987, 277 cases of cryptosporidiosis in calves were diagnosed by the South Dakota State University Diagnostic Laboratory . Cryptosporidium sp was the only pathogen identified in 142 (51.3%) of the calves . Concurrent infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, bovine viral diarrhea virus, or other pathogens were identified in the remaining 135 calves . After elimination of cases involving autolyzed specimens or calves with chronic diarrhea, records of 11 calves with acute, severe cryptosporidiosis were identified in which Cryptosporidium sp was the only pathogen.

Microbiologia, 1991 Jun, 7(1), 49 - 52
{Evaluation of the Autoscan-4 System for the identification of strains of the genus Salmonella}; Usera MA et al.; A study was performed to compare the Autoscan-4 with conventional biochemical methods to identify isolates of the Salmonella genus . The Autoscan-4 yielded correct identification of the 99% Salmonella isolates at the genus and species level, but failed to identify 74% Salmonella isolates of the "Arizona" group, making necessary to perform subspecies biochemical reactions.

Microbiologia, 1991 Jun, 7(1), 23 - 34
{Serotypes of Salmonella enterica in sewage effluent from Zaragoza . Comparison with clinical isolates . 1982-1989}; Lafarga MA et al.; Between 1982 and 1989, 560 Salmonella enterica strains belonging to 63 serovars, were isolated from Zaragoza urban sewage . During the same period of time there were 45 different serovars isolated from faeces of patients from a hospital (in the same city) . Only a reduced number of serovars comprised the majority of the human and environmental isolates . An approximately rectilinear relationship is shown between the isolated strains number and the number of different serovars, in non human Salmonella strains . In clinical isolates, we have not found this relation . We have compared the local results with those reported in other different Spanish regions.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1991 Jun-Jul, 80(6-7), 596 - 601
Neonatal sepsis in Pakistan . Presentation and pathogens; Bhutta ZA et al.; The case records of all neonates admitted to the neonatal unit at Aga Khan University Hospital (Karachi) in a 30 month period (Nov . 86-April 89) were analysed . Of 60 neonates with confirmed sepsis, 33 (55%) had non-nosocomial infection (NNC) whereas 27 (45%) had nosocomial sepsis (NC) . The most common organisms causing early-onset NNC sepsis were Klebsiella species (53%) and Escherichia coli (10%), whereas the organisms causing late-onset NNC sepsis included Salmonella parathypi (21%), Group A Streptococcus (21%), Escherichia coli (14%) and Pseudomonas species (14%) . Klebsiella was the most common organism causing NC sepsis, others being Staphylococcus aureus (15%) and Serratia species (15%) . The mortality in NC sepsis, early-onset and late onset NNC sepsis was 44%, 26% and 43%, respectively . Risk factors associated with NNC sepsis included low birthweight, prematurity and prolonged and complicated deliveries . There was a high incidence of drug resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin among gram-negative organisms causing sepsis (mean 67%).

W V Med J, 1991 Jun, 87(6), 249 - 50
Salmonella D enteritis in the newborn: a maternal infant case study; Lauderman TA et al.; This is a case of a 31-year-old pregnant female who had diarrhea one week prior to delivery and was later diagnosed as having Salmonella D . This report also discusses the physical changes in the neonate within 48 hours post delivery and medical treatment for Salmonella D.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1991 Jun, 10(6), 446 - 50
Renal abscess in childhood: diagnostic and therapeutic progress; Wippermann CF et al.; During the past decade new techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography have been reported to have changed the diagnostic investigation and treatment of renal abscess in adults . To evaluate whether similar changes have taken place in the pediatric age group, a retrospective study of all patients seen between 1979 and 1989 was performed . Seven patients, 0.8 to 14 (mean, 9) years old, with renal abscesses in eight kidneys were identified . Ultrasound and computed tomography proved to be the most valuable diagnostic tools, revealing the diagnosis by showing a hypoechoic or hypodense mass . All patients had an initial trial of intensive antibiotic treatment, which led to resolution of the abscesses in two of the eight kidneys . In all other cases the abscesses were additionally drained, which was done surgically in two and by ultrasonography- or CT-guided percutaneous drainage in four patients . Abscess cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus (three), Escherichia coli (one) and Salmonella Group B (one) and were sterile in one case . Drainage was unsuccessful in only one patient, who subsequently underwent nephrectomy for uncontrolled infection of a diffusely damaged kidney . We conclude that the diagnosis of renal abscesses is greatly facilitated by ultrasonography and CT and that most patients can be cured without operation by antibiotics and, if necessary, by additional percutaneous drainage.

Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 1991 Jun, 2(3), 459 - 64
Time dependent release of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor into the circulation of pigs during shock; Siebeck M et al.; To investigate short-term activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis during shock, we studied plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and t-PA inhibition capacity (PAI) in anaesthetized pigs . t-PA in euglobulin fractions of plasma was measured by the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of fibrin split products . Plasmin thus generated was measured in a chromogenic substrate assay . PAI was measured as plasma inhibition capacity for human melanoma t-PA . Controls (n = 8) had constant t-PA and PAI for 6 h . Lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi in four different doses (n = 9 - 11), or live Escherichia coli (n = 3) induced a transient t-PA increase with peak values at 2 h . PAI decreased to 50% at 2 h and increased to 250% at 6 h . Phorbol myristate acetate (n = 7) induced no change of t-PA or PAI . Dextran sulphate (n = 4) produced a t-PA rise at 30 min, followed by a rapid decline . Endotoxin was an appropriate stimulus for activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis whereas phorbol ester failed to elicit this response.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Jun, (6), 43 - 6
{The role of day-old chicks in the transmission of Salmonella enteritidis}; Oblapenko GP et al.; The epidemiological analysis of an outbreak of salmonellosis, registered in May 1988 on the territory of two regions of the Karelian ASSR and covering 10 villages, was carried out . Altogether 112 persons were affected . One-day old chickens sold to the population by the local poultry plant were the source of infection which was transmitted through everyday contacts: those persons who had direct contact with chickens were affected . S . enteritidis with similar biological characteristics were isolated from salmonellosis patients, from persons having had contacts with chickens and from chickens . Chickens were probably infected by oral route.

Microb Pathog, 1991 Jun, 10(6), 459 - 64
Positive regulator for the expression of Mba protein of the virulence plasmid, pKDSC50, of Salmonella choleraesuis; Matsui H et al.; A positive regulator was identified within a 2.3 kb fragment of the 6.4 kb mouse bacteremia region (mba region) of the virulence pKDSC50 plasmid of Salmonella choleraesuis . Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that Escherichia coli K-12 carrying the recombinant plasmids of the 2.3 kb fragment produced Mba1 protein with a molecular mass of 32 kDa . The recombinant plasmids carrying a 4.1 kb fragment, the other part of 6.4 kb region, produced Mba2 (32 kDa), Mba3 (70 kDa) and Mba4 (29 kDa) proteins . All three proteins were expressed by using the lacZ promoter under isopropyl thiogalactoside induction . In contrast to this, Mba3 protein was overexpressed independently of the lacZ promoter when the 2.3 kb fragment coexisted either in cis or trans . These results suggest that Mba1 is a trans-acting positive regulator for the expression of the Mba3 protein of mba region of pKDSC50.

Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 1991 Jun, 38(6), 431 - 7
{Effects of sodium chloride on destruction of microorganisms by microwave heating in potatoes}; Hayashi M et al.; To assess the destructive effect of different sodium chloride concentrations (0, 0.3, 1.5, and 3%) on microorganisms with microwave heating, strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were used to inoculate a mashed potato preparation . After microwave heating for 1 min at 800 W, resulted in temperatures and rate of destruction of bacteria significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the core than on the surface of mashed potato when no salt was added . Except for B . cereus, microorganisms inoculated into mashed potato, with no added salt, could be completely destroyed by 2 min of microwave heating . Core temperatures and rate of destruction of microorganisms in the mashed potato decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) with increase in concentration of added salt . The results also indicate that bacterial species differ in their susceptibility to microwave inactivation . In particular, S . aureus, which exhibited a level of survival that was greater than that of any other species tested here, seemed notably resistant to microwave treatment for 2 min while V . parahaemolyticus was highly susceptible.

Bull Acad Natl Med, 1991 Jun-Jul, 175(6), 811 - 21
{Virulence factors of Salmonella: from molecular genetics to diagnostic applications}; Popoff MY; Salmonella serotype Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes a systemic infection in naturally, or experimentally, infected mice . After oral contamination, Typhimurium colonizes the ileal mucosa and Peyer's patches and invades draining mesenteric lymph nodes . From these primary sites of infection, bacteria dissiminate to the reticuloendothelial system and proliferate rapidly in spleen and liver . Several virulence factors are encoded by chromosomal genes . The ability of Typhimurium to adhere to and invade epithelial cells has been associated with flagella, pili of type I and mannose-resistant haemagglutinating activity . By comparing the virulence of isogenic strains, it appeared that these traits played a marginal role and were not essential for full virulence expression . It is now clear that other surface structures are important for the invasiness capacity of Typhimurium . To multiply in the reticuloendothelial system, a complete lipopolysaccharide is necessary for the bacteria in resisting serum bactericidal activity and producing tissue damage . Salmonella have evolved a specialized iron-binding ligand, termed enterobactin, to acquire iron necessary for their multiplication . Enterobactin competes with the host iron-binding proteins (transferrin or lactoferrin) to secure the iron required by the bacteria . Though the presence of an enterotoxin in Salmonella is still controversial, there is now substantial evidence to support this concept . Recently, a gene encoding an enterotoxin has been cloned from Typhimurium and expressed in E . coli . Typhimurium strains harbour a 90 kilobases (kb) plasmid which is essential for virulence . This plasmid encodes virulence factors required for replication of Salmonella in liver and spleen . It was postulated that the plasmid allowed Typhimurium to multiply in Kupffer cells and in splenic macrophages . The virulence-associated region of the plasmid restored full virulence to plasmidless strains . Transposon insertion mutagenesis demonstrated the existence of two DNA sequences, designated Vir A and Vir B, which are essential for virulence expression . The Vir A region has been sequenced; it encodes four polypeptides with apparent molecular mass of 27,000, 28,000, 33,000 and 70,000 . The Vir B region encodes two polypeptides of 38,000 and 43,000 . In an attempt to identify bacterial components contributing to invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella serovar Typhi, we cloned a 30 kb DNA sequence necessary for entry of bacteria into epithelial cells . However, this sequence is not sufficient for conferring an invasive phenotype to E . coli strains . From this DNA fragment, a short segment of 487 bp was subcloned, sequenced and used as probe to detect Salmonella.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Res Microbiol, 1991 Jun, 142(5), 521 - 33
Lack of the alpha-1,2-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine epitope in the outer core structures of lipopolysaccharides from certain O serogroups and subspecies of Salmonella enterica; Tsang RS et al.; A total of 176 strains of Salmonella enterica representing 116 serotypes were tested for the presence of the T6 epitope of the alpha-1,2-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue by reaction with a murine monoclonal antibody T6 specific for this structure in the Salmonella Ra core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . All 20 serotypes (70 strains) belonging to serogroups A to E were positive for the T6 epitope while 29% of the 96 serotypes (106 strains) belonging to O serogroups F to 67 were negative; 12 serotypes (12 strains) of subspecies IIIb Salmonella were positive for the T6 epitope, but 10 serotypes (11 strains) of subspecies IIIa Salmonella were found to lack this epitope . In T6-positive strains, the epitope was accessible to antibody binding in both the unsubstituted free rough core LPS and in the rough core LPS substituted with a few repeating units of O side chains . The presence or absence of the T6 epitope in Salmonella strains was not affected by culture conditions, the source of the isolate, the age of the culture or the presence of fimbriae antigens.

Crit Care Med, 1991 Jun, 19(6), 801 - 9
Hypertonic saline dextran resuscitation during the initial phase of acute endotoxemia: effect on regional blood flow; Kreimeier U et al.; BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Small-volume resuscitation by means of bolus application of hypertonic saline solutions has been demonstrated to restore central hemodynamics and regional blood flow in severe hemorrhagic and traumatic shock . The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential of this new concept for treatment of profound hypovolemia and microcirculatory deterioration associated with sepsis and endotoxic shock . In a porcine model of acute hyperdynamic endotoxemia (elicited by continuous iv infusion of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin for 3.5 hrs), small-volume resuscitation applying hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions was analyzed for its effect on central hemodynamics, oxygen delivery (Do2), and regional blood flow . Fluid therapy was initiated when the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) tended to decrease (at 43 to 52 mins of endotoxemia), and consisted of 4 mL/kg bolus infusion of either 7.2% sodium chloride, 10% dextran, or 10% dextran in 7.2% sodium chloride; thereafter, PAOP was maintained by controlled infusion of 6% dextran-60 . In a control group, 6% dextran-60 was given without preinjection of hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions . RESULTS: On small-volume resuscitation, cardiac index significantly increased within 5 mins in all groups, while mean arterial pressure remained unchanged . Fluid requirements were significantly reduced after small-volume resuscitation and the hyperdynamic circulatory state was maintained until the end of the observation period; Do2 as well as blood flow to heart, kidneys, and splanchnic organs remained high . CONCLUSION: Small-volume resuscitation by means of hypertonic saline-dextran proved the most effective, and seems to be an attractive supportive therapy to prevent microcirculatory failure in sepsis and endotoxemia.

Scand J Immunol, 1991 Jun, 33(6), 729 - 36
Effect of Salmonella bacteria on the interaction of human NK cells with endothelial cells; Pinola M et al.; Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and its regulation are essential and complex initial aspects of lymphocyte migration . Various factors (IL-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma etc.) have been shown to increase the endothelial adhesiveness for human lymphocytes, including natural killer cells (NK cells) . In this work we have demonstrated that pretreatment of either the target endothelial cell monolayers or the binding LGL-cells with mR595 Salmonella Minnesota bacteria results in a substantial increase in the adhesiveness of LGL-cells to endothelial cells . The increase was more prominent when the endothelial cells were treated than when the adhering LGL-cells were similarly pretreated . The adhering cell population was significantly enriched with CD56 (Leu19) and CD16 positive cells, i.e . cells with NK cell phenotype, when the lymphocyte population was pretreated . However, the pretreatment of EC resulted in a non-specific increase in EC adhesiveness since the relative proportion of CD56+ (Leu19), CD16+ and CD3+ cells among the adhering cells did not significantly differ from the starting population . The bidirectional enhancement of adhesiveness of human NK cells to endothelium by mR595 Salmonella bacteria may be significant in the host defense responses against microbial infections.

Microb Pathog, 1991 Jun, 10(6), 487 - 92
The frequency of fim genes among Salmonella serovars; Swenson DL et al.; Salmonella serovars were examined for the presence of fim gene sequences using specific DNA probes . All strains, regardless of their ability to express surface-associated fimbriae, retain a considerable amount of DNA homologous to the gene probes used . The phenotypically nonfimbriae FIRN and non-FIRN strains of S . typhimurium retain detectable amounts of fim gene sequences and, therefore, may not be genotypically non-fimbriate . The MS adhesin can be expressed by type 2 fimbriate bacteria when they are transformed with discrete regions of the fim gene cluster . However, this conversion to a hemagglutinating phenotype is not associated with a small region of DNA . Therefore, the inability of type 2 fimbria-producing strains of Salmonella to mediate hemagglutination does not appear to be due to a small deletion in a single fim gene.

Genomics, 1991 Jun, 10(2), 356 - 64
The host resistance locus Bcg is tightly linked to a group of cytoskeleton-associated protein genes that include villin and desmin; Malo D et al.; In the mouse, innate resistance or susceptibility to infection with a group of unrelated intracellular parasites which includes, Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Leishmania is determined by the expression of a single dominant autosomal gene designated Bcg located on the proximal portion of chromosome 1 . The gene is expressed at the level of the mature tissue macrophage and influences its capacity to restrict intracellular proliferation of the parasites . We have used restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in segregating populations of inter- and intraspecific backcross mice and in recombinant inbred strains to position four new marker genes, transition protein 1 (Tp-1), desmin (Des), the alpha subunit of inhibin (Inha), and retinal S-antigen (Sag), in the vicinity of the host resistance locus, Bcg . The gene order for Tp-1, Des, Inha, and Sag was established in an eight-point testcross with respect to anchor loci previously assigned to that portion of mouse chromosome 1 and was found to be centromere-Fn-1-Tp-1-(Vil,Bcg)-Des-Inha-Akp-3-Acrg+ ++-Sag . Two of these new marker genes were found very tightly linked to Bcg: Des was located 0.3 +/- 0.3 cM distal from (Vil,Bcg) and 0.3 +/- 0.3 cM proximal to Inha . Tp-1 mapped 0.8 +/- 0.8 cM proximal and Sag 12.8 +/- 1.7 cM distal to (Vil,Bcg) . Tp-1, Des, Inha, and Sag all fall within a large mouse chromosome 1 segment homologous with the telomeric region of the long arm of human chromosome 2 (2q) . Our findings indicate that the two closest markers to the host resistance locus, Bcg, encode cytoskeleton-associated proteins which are capable of interaction with actin filaments.

Infect Immun, 1991 Jun, 59(6), 2051 - 7
Binding of Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains to members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family: differential binding inhibition by aromatic alpha-glycosides of mannose; Leusch HG et al.; Various Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains bound to glycoproteins of the family of carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) . As judged from plateau regions of the binding curves, CEA, nonspecific cross-reacting antigen of Mr 55,000 (NCA-55), and biliary glycoprotein of Mr 85,000 (BGP-85) showed similar binding activities . The binding to ovalbumin was significantly lower and the binding to fetuin was insignificant under identical experimental conditions . The binding of E . coli and S . typhi to the different glycoproteins was similar as judged from the binding curves . In comparison with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, aromatic alpha-glycosides of mannose were more potent binding inhibitors of E . coli but not of salmonellae to CEA and NCA-55 . These results are similar to those previously obtained with intestinal epithelial cells and yeast cells (N . Firon, S . Ashkenazi, D . Mirelman, I . Ofek, and N . Sharon, Infect . Immun . 55:472-476, 1987) . The binding of E . coli to CEA was inhibited by purified type 1 fimbriae . On the basis of the distribution of CEA-like glycoproteins in tissues and body fluids, the results indicate that glycoproteins of the CEA family may be involved in the recognition of bacteria and the regulation of bacterial colonization.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1991 Jun, 71(6), 314 - 7, 24
{Mechanism of multiresistant Salmonella typhi}; Zhang L; From November 1988 to June 1989, 142 strains of S . typhi were isolated from patients of typhoid fever in Qingpu County, Shanghai These strains were highly sensitive to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin and enoxacin, the sensitive rates to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and ampicillin being from 67% to 83% . Of these 142 strains, twenty-two were multiresistant strains, being resistant to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefazolin, gentamicin, piperacillin and tetracycline . Beta-lactamase production was the possible mechanism of resistance of S.typhi to beta-lactam antibiotics . Plasmid analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that a plasmid band of 98Md was found in all multiresistant strains as well as the conjugates, while in sensitive strains, no plasmid band was found . The 98Md large plasmid seemed to be closely related to the multiresistance of S.typhi . Phage typing of S.typhi strains in Qingpu area revealed that M1 was the most prevalent type and A, E1, D2 etc followed in order of frequency . M1 type seemed to be closely related to the resistance to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and ampicillin.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1991 Jun, 36(6), 38 - 41
{The pathogenetic bases for chemotherapy in an experimental Salmonella infection}; Martynenko LD et al.; The effect of etiotropic (polymyxin and adriblastin) and pathogenetic (levamisole and vitamin E) chemotherapy on lipid peroxidation (LPO), phagocyte functional activity and the process and outcomes of Salmonella infection was studied in rabbits . It was shown that development of salmonellosis was accompanied by activation of LPO which was phase-by-phase . There was synchronism in changing of LPO and neutrophilic phagocytic activity . Adriblastin and levamisole stimulated LPO and increased the neutrophilic phagocytic activity . Vitamin E inhibited LPO and had an unfavourable effect on the process and outcomes of the infection . The problem in differential use of the chemotherapeutic drugs with an account of their modulating effect on LPO is discussed.

J Immunol, 1991 May 15, 146(10), 3583 - 90
Murine IgG isotype responses to the Plasmodium cynomolgi circumsporozoite peptide (NAGG)5 . I . Effects of carrier, copolymer adjuvants, and lipopolysaccharide on isotype selection; Kalish ML et al.; The tandem repeat peptide of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium cynomolgi, (NAGG)5, conjugated to BSA or Salmonella flagella, was injected into mice with block copolymer and other adjuvants . The flagella carrier preferentially stimulated IgG2a antibodies to (NAGG)5 that constituted as much as 85% of the total IgG antibody whereas the BSA carrier stimulated as much as 98% IgG1 . The distribution of isotypes of antibody to (NAGG)5 was also modified by using the copolymer adjuvants L121 or L141, either alone, or especially in combination with a nontoxic LPS . L121 or L141 increased the proportion of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies to (NAGG)5 after immunization with (NAGG)5-BSA whereas LPS stimulated further increases in IgG2 antibodies (up to 69% of the total IgG) . The hapten density, physical form of emulsion, and route of immunization further affected the isotypes produced in this study.

Cancer Res, 1991 May 15, 51(10), 2524 - 30
Phase I trial of intravenously administered endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) in cancer patients; Engelhardt R et al.; We report a phase I study in cancer patients being treated with i.v . bolus injections of highly purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Salmonella abortus equi . Twenty-four patients with disseminated cancer received escalating doses of LPS at 2-week intervals . Dose escalation was performed in six dose levels treating 3-6 patients at each level . Dose levels 1 and 2 consisted of 0.15 and 0.3 ng/kg, respectively . Further dose escalation up to 5.0 ng/kg was enabled by pretreatment with ibuprofen, which attenuated the constitutional side effects of LPS . The maximum tolerated dose was 4.0 ng/kg with dose-limiting toxicity being World Health Organization grade III hepatic toxicity . Hematological changes included transient decreases in WBCs affecting granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in a marked different pattern . Endogenous cytokine release occurred in an LPS dose-dependent manner as measured by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor serum levels . Moderate antitumor activity in colorectal cancer was observed in the case of 2 patients . Phase II trials of LPS are currently in progress.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 May 15, 64(2-3), 135 - 40
Characterization and application of a murine monoclonal antibody that reacts specifically with the serogroup D1 Salmonella; Lu GZ et al.; A murine hybridoma cell line that produces monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the serogroup D1 Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen was established . The trisaccharide tyvelose alpha 1----3 mannose alpha 1----4 rhamnose was shown to be involved in the reactive epitope of the mAb since this mAb reacted strongly with strains of serogroup D1 Salmonella but not with Salmonella strains from the O serogroups of A, B, and D2, and sodium meta-periodate was found to destroy the reactivity of the serogroup D1 O-antigen with the mAb . As such this mAb was found to be a useful serotyping reagent for the identification of serogroup D1 Salmonella, and for the differentiation of strains of serogroups D1 and D2 Salmonella which have identical flagellar H antigens.

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