Vaccine, 1992, 10(1), 53 - 60 Construction of a genetically defined Salmonella typhi Ty2 aroA, aroC mutant for the engineering of a candidate oral typhoid-tetanus vaccine; Chatfield SN et al.; The construction of a Salmonella typhi Ty2 strain harbouring defined deletions in both the aroA and aroC genes is described . These deletions have been fully defined at the molecular level by DNA sequencing and have been introduced in such a way that no foreign DNA remains in the S . typhi genome . This strain is attenuated in mice when given by the intraperitoneal route suspended in hog gastric mucin and is attenuated to a similar level to strains harbouring deletions in aroA or aroC alone indicating that both lesions are capable of attenuating independently . We have used this defined S . typhi aroA aroC strain to express stably a non-toxic 50 kDa fragment of tetanus toxin (fragment C) from a gene incorporated into the chromosome . This strain has the advantage of harbouring no antibiotic-resistance markers and we consider it to be a candidate bivalent oral typhoid-tetanus vaccine. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1992 Jan 1, 69(2), 153 - 60 Molecular phylogenetic typing of pandemic isolates of Salmonella enteritidis; Stanley J et al.; Salmonella enteritidis is now the most common Salmonella serovar in many countries . We have used cloned DNA probes to analyze genome interrelationships between strains chosen to represent the current S . enteritidis pandemic, and included designated type strains of the seven subspecies of Salmonella in order to compare the levels of discrimination of probes . DNA sequence divergence and rearrangements were analyzed in and around the rfa, fim and umuDC loci, and around insertion sites of the Salmonella-specific DNA insertion element, IS200 . The S . enteritidis isolates showed a high degree of genome homogeneity . Chromosomal genetic loci exhibited characteristic DNA sequence divergence between subspecies of Salmonella, but no intraserovar divergence or difference with the subspecies I type strain was observed for S . enteritidis . The locus umuDC was not found in S . enteritidis . S . enteritidis contains a conserved and a variable site of insertion of insertion sequence IS200 and the analysis of DNA rearrangements around the second of these sites showed that three distinct evolutionary lines or races exist within pandemic isolates associated with human gasteroenteritis . IS200 profiles of a range of U.K . isolates of the epidemic phage type PT4 showed that all belonged to a single clonal line. Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1992, 44(3-4), 129 - 35 {A trial application of the latex test for evaluation of antibody level in rabbit immune sera}; Szych J et al.; A latex test was elaborated which served for evaluation of quality of rabbit immune sera for antigen 0 of selected Gram-negative bacteria . Sensitivity and specificity of this test in comparison with passive hemagglutination and immunoenzymatic DOT-ELISA reactions was evaluated . These studies were performed on immune sera for antigen O of Salmonella groups B, C1, C2, D and E, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and in antigen preparations for above listed microorganisms both in homologous and heterologous systems . It was found that sensitivity of the latex test is 9 to 160 times lower than that of passive hemagglutination and 7 to 307 lower than for DOT-ELISA . Sensitivity of the latex test and passive hemagglutination reaction was evaluated on the basis of results of cross reaction between studied antigens and unabsorbed rabbit sera, establishing so called sensitivity indexes, which were informing how many times heterologous titer is lower than homologous titer . So evaluated sensitivity of the latex test was close to sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination reaction . It was found that slide latex test is characterized by satisfactory sensitivity and good sensitiveness and may be used for evaluation of antibody level 0 antigens of Salmonella and Yersinia . The value of this test is characterized by high repeatability of results, as well as low work and time-consuming. Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1992, 44(3-4), 109 - 17 {Strains of Salmonella with atypical biochemical activity found in diagnostic material}; Mrozowska A et al.; Biochemically atypical strains belonging to 11 genera of Salmonella subspecies I in the number of 200 were collected in Poland in the years 1980-1991 were tested by means of 22 biochemical tests . Atypical property stability was detected in 164 strains . Most stable properties were following: ability to ferment lactose, lack of ability of dulcitol fermentation, lack of hydrosulfide production and lack of lysine decarboxylation . Atypical properties were occurring singularly or clusters numbering two or three . Identification procedure for Salmonella accepted in this country enables proper diagnosis of an atypical strain, however it requires application of supplemental biochemical tests . These strains were tested for susceptibility of 15 antimicrobial agents and no correlation between antibiotic resistance and occurrence of one or several atypical properties has been found. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop, 1992, 45(2), 137 - 8 Salmonella enteritidis infection in the Sudan; Mamoun IE et al.; Twenty-one Salmonella enteritidis isolates were recovered from several poultry farms in three states in the Sudan over an eighteen-month period . The infection was disseminated from a distributing company which had imported infected fertilized eggs and parent stock . The Sudan S . enteritidis epidemic which devastated many poultry farms during 1990 was attributable and concurrent to that in Europe in particular and throughout the world in general. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1992, 67(3-4), 357 - 67 Salmonella-induced enteritis . Clinical, serotypes and treatment; Ramadan F et al.; Salmonella-induced enteritis is a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries . The frequency of different Salmonella serotypes in different areas varies according to time and locality . The prevalence of different Salmonella serotypes in Yanbu area was studied in 136 stool cultures from patients admitted with gastroenteritis, to the medical ward of Royal Commission Hospital in the period 1/6/1991 to 30/10/1991 . Fifteen different Salmonella serotypes were determined among 31 positive Salmonella isolates and all were of the gastroenteric group, diarrhoeagenic but noninvasive . The most common serotype was S . typhimurium (45.16%) followed by S . enteritidis (9.62%) then S . virchow (6.46%) . Other forms of Salmonella were isolated from one patient each 3.23%, S . paratyphi B java, S . heidelberg, S . livingstone, S . infantis, S . bovis morbificans, S . corvallis, S . eastbourne, S . give, S . senftenberg, S . poona, S . adelaide, and S . johannesburg . Saudi patients comprised about 71% and 29% were patients of four different nationalities . Antibiograms of these cultures proved to be all sensitive to norfloxacin with different forms of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim . Norfloxacin proved to be effective in the treatment of resistant forms of Salmonella with negligible side effects and wide safety range. Br J Clin Pract, 1992 Winter, 46(4), 274 - 5 Splenic abscess: is conservation applicable? Akoh JA, Auld CD. A rare occurrence of salmonella abscess in a congenital cyst of the spleen is presented . Although splenectomy was curative, the role of splenic salvage is discussed . Percutaneous drainage is curative in about 70% of cases and may be the treatment of choice in solitary thick-walled abscesses . It should be remembered, however, that residual or regenerated splenic tissue is no absolute guarantee against sepsis . The treatment of splenic abscess should be individualised. Epidemiol Rev, 1992, 14, 222 - 42 Persistent diarrhea in children: epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, nutritional impact, and management; Lima AA et al.; PIP: A review of data on the morbidity and mortality caused by persistent diarrhea (more than 14 days' duration) was undertaken from studies in several geographic areas, including Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, and Peru, over the last 3 decades . An estimated 3-5 billion diarrheal illnesses and 5-10 million diarrhea-related deaths occur annually among 3 billion people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America . Mostly the 338 million to 1 billion episodes and 4.6 million deaths annually . A study from India showed that the incidence of persistent diarrhea was greater in the age group 0-11 months (31 episodes/100 child-years) than at age 12-23 months (9 episodes/100 child years) or 24-35 months (6 episodes/100 child-year) . Similar results were obtained in periurban Peru, periurban northeastern Brazil, and rural guatemala . Diarrhea is believed to precipitate and exacerbate malnutrition while malnutrition predisposes to diarrhea . 2 studies in both Bangladesh and Peru indicate that the risk of developing diarrhea inversely parallels delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to standard skin-test antigens . In a cohort of 175 children under 5 years of age over a 28-month period in an urban slum in northeastern Brazil the children had an average of 11 episodes/year and spent 82 days/year with diarrhea . The leading potential pathogens seen with persistent diarrhea in some areas are enteroaggregative E . coli and Cryptosporidium . Other pathogens include Shigella, Salmonella, enteropathogenic (LA (local)) E . coli, and variably Giardia lamblia . Recent nutritional management promotes breast feeding, dietary supplementation with vitamin A, zinc, iron, folate, and vitamin B 12, and improved oral rehydration solutions with glucose polymers (such as rice starch) and possibly neutral amino acids (such as alanine or glycine) and glutamine . Scand J Infect Dis, 1992, 24(6), 819 - 20 Chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever: an emerging problem in Oman; Elshafie SS et al.; Until recently multiply drug-resistant Salmonella typhi was uncommon in the Sultanate of Oman . In 1990 the first isolate of chloramphenicol-resistant S . typhi from an Indian expatriate was reported . In 1991, 58 cases of typhoid fever were diagnosed, of whom 19 (33%) were resistant to chloramphenicol . All patients with chloramphenicol-resistant S . typhi are either Indians or Omani with a history of recent travel to India . Chloramphenicol may not be the appropriate blind therapy for such patients . Ciprofloxacin may be the alternative. Scand J Infect Dis, 1992, 24(6), 793 - 6 Salmonella paratyphi C osteomyelitis: report of two separate episodes 17 years apart; Lang R et al.; Osteomyelitis secondary to salmonella infection is well documented in the literature . Infection in more than one focus has also been described . To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of recurrent osteomyelitis in a normal host (a 35-year-old man) with the same organism (S . paratyphi C) in different sites 17 years apart. Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1992, 58, 7 - 16 {Epidemiology of salmonella infections in Algeria . Evolution of the salmonella serovars isolated from 1986 to 1990}; Guechi Z et al.; The serovars evolution of 3340 Salmonella strains isolated from 1986 to 1990 in Algeria have been studied . Among Salmonella responsible for typhoid-paratyphoid fevers, 98% are S . typhi; the prevalence of this serovar is observed every year . Among the other Salmonella, 50 different serovars have been isolated from 1986 to 1990 . The predominant serovars change every year but 98% out of the total belong to 8 groups of Kauffmann White scheme; the most frequent are: groups O: 6, 7-O: 8-O: 4 and O: 9. Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1992, 58, 181 - 204 {Optimization of culture conditions for the production of Salmonella typhi O and H antigenic suspensions}; Amrouche M et al.; A Behring's production protocol of antigenic suspensions O and H of Salmonella typhi has been studied . The object of this study has been the Search of optimal conditions of cultivation and their exploitation on fermentor . A fermentation using the I.P.A culture medium has been realized to compare its results with that obtained using Behring's culture medium (B.C.M) . The optimal cultivation conditions obtained are a waving rate of 400 tr/mn, a pH of 7.6 and an important air flow . Relating to nutritious constituents, the adequate glucose concentration is about 8g/1 and it seems better to replace meat extract by yeast extract . Comparatively to I.P.A culture medium, one of the most important advantage of Behring's culture medium modified reside in the conservation of the antigenicity of Salmonella typhi. Blood, 1991 Dec 15, 78(12), 3254 - 8 Modulating activity of interferon-gamma on endotoxin-induced cytokine production in cancer patients; Mackensen A et al.; Intravenous (IV) administration of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella abortus equi to cancer patients induces the formation of high amounts of endogenous cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) . On repeated administration of LPS at 2-week intervals, a marked downregulation of the cytokine response was observed, especially between the first and the second challenge . This study sought to determine whether it would be possible to prevent this downregulation by pretreating patients with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which is known to enhance cytokine production by monocytes and macrophages in vitro . Ten patients with disseminated cancer received a first injection of 4.0 ng LPS/kg . Thereafter, patients were divided into two groups . One group received two further LPS injections (4.0 ng/kg) at 2-week intervals . The second group was pretreated (-12 hours) with 50 micrograms IFN-gamma subcutaneously (SC) before the second and third LPS challenge . To prevent constitutional side effects such as fever and chills, patients received 1,600 mg ibuprofen orally before LPS injection . The results of the current study demonstrate that apart from TNF-alpha and IL-6, two other cytokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are produced in cancer patients in response to LPS . LPS application at 2-week intervals resulted in a transient attenuation of all cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF) on the second challenge . In the case of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and G-CSF, pretreatment with IFN-gamma not only prevented the downregulation, but enhanced the production of these cytokines to levels higher than those obtained after the first LPS challenge . In contrast, the downregulation of IL-8 remained unaffected by IFN-gamma pretreatment . Further studies are warranted to determine whether the prevention of cytokine downregulation by IFN-gamma following repeated LPS injections is of clinical relevance in respect to the antitumor activity of LPS. Vet Rec, 1991 Dec 14, 129(24), 530 - 1 Differentiation of Salmonella senftenberg into biogroups; Tuchili LM et al.; Ninety-six strains of Salmonella senftenberg, isolated between 1984 and 1986 from different parts of England and Wales, were tested for their biochemical reactions and biotyped according to the method of Duguid and others (1975) . Nine biogroups were identified on the basis of their metabolism of L-tartrate, D-tartrate, Bitter's xylose and Stern's glycerol . In addition, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, glutaric, malonic, maleic, L-malic, L-aspartic, lactic and formic acids were used but did not increase the discrimination . Three biogroups (7, 2 and 5) accounted for 79 per cent of the cultures examined. Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 77 - 9 The expert system for toxicity prediction of chemicals based on structure-activity relationship; Nakadate M et al.; The prediction systems of chemical toxicity has been developed by means of structure-activity relationship based on the computerized fact database (BL-DB) . Numbers and ratio of elements, side chains, bonding, position, and microenvironment of side chains were used as structural factors of the chemical for the prediction . Such information was obtained from the BL-DB database by Wiswesser line-formula chemical notation . In the present study, the Salmonella/microsome assay was chosen as indicative of the target toxicity of chemicals . A set of chemicals specified with mutagenicity data was retrieved, and necessary information was extracted and transferred to the working file . Rules of the relations between characteristics of chemical structure and the assay result are extracted as parameters for rules by experts on the rearranged data set . These were analyzed statistically by the discriminant analysis and the prediction with the rules were evaluated by the elimination method . Eight kinds of rules to predict Salmonella/microsome assay were constructed, and currently results of the assay on aliphatic and heterocyclic compounds can be predicted as accurately as +90%. J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2868 - 9 Yersinia enterocolitica: a frequent seasonal stool isolate from children at an urban hospital in the southeast United States; Metchock B et al.; From 1 December 1988 through 28 February 1991, 7,290 rectal swab specimens received in our laboratory were screened for Yersinia enterocolitica . A total of 76 patients had Y . enterocolitica isolated from their stool samples . Of these patients, 59 (77.6%) were 12 months old or younger . Y . enterocolitica was second only to Salmonella spp . in this age group . Routine screening for Y . enterocolitica may be warranted in hospitals serving large pediatric populations. Virology, 1991 Dec, 185(2), 918 - 21 Salmonella phage PSP3, another member of the P2-like phage group; Bullas LR et al.; Freshly isolated DNA of phage PSP3, whose morphology closely resembles that of phage P2, contained both circular and linear molecules about 31 kb in length . Linear PSP3 DNA molecules possess single-stranded cohesive termini (cos) . Sequencing of the fragment anticipated to contain cos revealed a 19-base sequence identical to cos of phage 186 . Of the 107 bp to the right of cos, 94 were identical in 186 DNA (88% similarity), and of the 370 bp to the left, 229 were identical (62% similarity) . Cos flanking sequences in both P2 and P4 were also highly conserved in PSP3 . A number of restriction sites were at similar locations on the two phage DNAs . The parasitic phage P4 propagated on PSP3 lysogens . PSP3 integrates into the Escherichia coli chromosome at 27 min. J Infect Dis, 1991 Dec, 164(6), 1141 - 8 Salmonella-specific antibodies in reactive arthritis; Maki-Ikola O et al.; The development and persistence of Salmonella-specific serum antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes and subclasses were compared between those who developed reactive arthritis (n = 39) and those who did not (n = 58) after Salmonella infection . Antibodies against lipopolysaccharide and SDS-extract antigen were measured by ELISA . A significant difference was seen between the two patient groups after 4-14 months of follow-up; those with reactive arthritis had higher levels of Salmonella-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA class antibodies than those without arthritis . In the increased antibody response, secretory IgA, IgA1, and IgG2 classes were especially well represented . The persisting antibody response is a common feature in reactive arthritis and supports persistence of the pathogen or its components in the host . The differences observed in antibody profiles between Salmonella- and Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritides suggest certain dissimilarities (e.g., in the location of persisting microbes) in the arthritogenic process due to these two microbes. J Infect Dis, 1991 Dec, 164(6), 1135 - 40 An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection at a fast-food restaurant: implications for foodhandler-associated transmission; Hedberg CW et al.; An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection occurred in patrons and employees of a fast-food restaurant . Transmission took place over a 9-day period . A single employee (employee A) was identified who had onset of gastrointestinal illness 1 day before the first reported patron exposures and had S . enteritidis isolated from stool . A case-control study of 37 ill and 20 healthy patrons who ate during shifts worked by employee A demonstrated that curly-fried potatoes and ice (odds ratio {OR}, 6.8; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.5-33.7; P = .007), both food items handled bare-handed by employee A, were associated with illness . Employees who worked two or more shifts with employee A were more likely to be infected than those who did not work with employee A (OR, 4.4; CI, 1.0-19.5; P = .03) . Foodhandlers who subsequently became infected apparently contaminated multiple food items with additional transmission to patrons . This outbreak illustrates the potential for foodhandlers in a fast-food restaurant setting who are infected with Salmonella to be a source of transmission. Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4655 - 64 Inhibition of endotoxin-induced interleukin-6 production by synthetic lipid A partial structures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Wang MH et al.; The effect of two synthetic lipid A partial structures, compound 406 (or LA-14-PP, identical in structure to the lipid A precursor, known as Ia or IVa) and compound 401 (lipid X), on the in vitro modulation of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)-induced interleukin-6 production by human blood mononuclear cells was investigated . Lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella abortus equi and synthetic Escherichia coli-type lipid A (compound 506, or LA-15-PP) had potent interleukin-6-inducing capacities . The maximum release of interleukin-6 was found after stimulation with 1 to 10 ng of lipopolysaccharide or 10 to 100 ng of synthetic E . coli-type lipid A per ml . Both synthetic lipid A partial structures (compounds 406 and 401) failed to induce interleukin-6 release . However, they inhibited lipopolysaccharide- or lipid A-induced interleukin-6 production in a dose-dependent manner . Inhibition was found not only in mononuclear cells but also in purified monocytes and was not due to a shift in the kinetics of cytokine production . Suppression was manifested in the early stage of interleukin-6 production . Inhibition was also found in the presence of recombinant gamma interferon, indicating that compound 406 and recombinant gamma interferon act in different, independent pathways . Our data, therefore, indicate that the inhibition of interleukin-6 production by lipid A partial structures may help elucidate the mechanism of interaction of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide with immune cells in the inflammatory reaction during gram-negative infection. Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4555 - 61 Relation between structure and immunologic properties of the Vi capsular polysaccharide; Szu SC et al.; The Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi is a linear homopolymer of poly-alpha(1----4)GalNAcp variably O acetylated at the C-3 position . Serum antibodies elicited by this antigen confer protective immunity against typhoid fever . The relation between the immunologic properties and structure of Vi was investigated by carboxyl reduction, O deacetylation, and acid hydrolysis . The immunogenicity of Vi was closely related to its degree of O acetylation . Partial O deacetylation slightly increased immunogenicity; complete O deacetylation eliminated the immunogenicity of Vi . O-deacetylated Vi, however, still reacted with antisera prepared by injection of whole bacteria . Carboxyl reduction, in contrast, had a comparatively slight effect upon both the immunogenicity and antigenicity of Vi . Retention levels of antigenicity after acid treatment were greater for both the native and carboxyl-reduced Vi than for the O-deacetylated product . The Courtauld-Koltun space-filling model of a pentamer of Vi demonstrated that the bulky nonpolar O-acetyls, which protrude in rows on both sides, make up most of the surface . The carboxyls are less exposed and are partially shielded by the O-acetyls . The molecular model thus provides an explantation for the dominant role of the O-acetyls, as well as the lesser effect of carboxyl reduction, upon the immunologic properties of Vi. Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4491 - 6 Differential induction of tumor necrosis factor by bacteria expressing rough and smooth lipopolysaccharide phenotypes; Kelly NM et al.; The lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule of gram-negative bacteria has the ability to turn on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in macrophage cells . The question addressed in this paper was whether the presence of the polysaccharide moiety on the LPS molecule had any bearing on this ability . The question was asked (i) by using isolated LPS from a series of Salmonella mutants having progressively less polysaccharide attached to the lipid A portion of the molecule and (ii) by using whole bacteria expressing alternatively the smooth or rough LPS phenotype . Isolated LPS and bacteria were examined for their abilities to induce bioactive TNF in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 . The results indicated that the presence of long- or short-chain polysaccharide moieties had no bearing on the ability of the isolated LPS molecule to induce TNF . However, the presence of long-chain polysaccharides attached to the lipid moiety on the intact smooth bacterium was associated with a decreased ability to induce TNF . To test whether the bacteria were inducing TNF by a cell (bacterium)-to-cell (macrophage) contact mechanism or through a releasable product, the bacteria were removed from direct contact with the macrophage cells by using a Transwell filter insert . Under these conditions the rough bacteria continued to induce TNF, while the smooth bacteria were no longer capable of doing so . When filtrates from the bacteria were examined in the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, the results showed that the rough bacteria were releasing approximately a log order more Limulus amebocyte lysate activity than the smooth bacteria . The results of this study suggest that rough bacteria may be superior inducers of TNF compared with their smooth counterparts because of a greater propensity to shed their LPS. Rev Sci Tech, 1991 Dec, 10(4), 995 - 1018 Notes on technical progress in veterinary public health; Grossklaus D et al.; Scientific and technical progress in the field of veterinary public health (VPH) over the last one hundred years has contributed to the protection of consumer health and the environment . This report presents examples of the success achieved in the control of epizootics of tuberculosis, brucellosis, rabies and trichinellosis, which are also zoonotic diseases . The discussion also considers hygiene measures in relation to Listeria in food as well as certain challenges resulting from the spread of latent infections among farm animals . The increasing incidence of Salmonella infections among humans is also considered . Other important VPH tasks include the control of chemical residues of varying origin and of toxic biological substances in foods . Examples are also presented of measures taken and problems which arise in connexion with ensuring that meat is produced under hygienic conditions (meat inspection) . The principles involved in efficient controls of establishments and products are outlined . Technical progress in consumer protection is exemplified by the processes of pasteurisation, cooling and freezing, and the limitation of additives . Other important tasks arise in the disposal of animal carcasses and wastes, and in the fields of animal welfare and genetic engineering . Future activities in VPH will depend upon proper education, onward and postgraduate training for veterinarians, and suitable infrastructures for research, examination and surveillance. Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1991 Dec, 40(6), 273 - 80 {New findings on virulence factors in Salmonella species}; Majtanova L et al.; The authors present a review of the literature on most recent findings pertaining to the properties of the most important factors of virulence of Salmonellae, in particular from the aspects of their biological and physico-chemical properties . These findings can contribute towards the elucidation of factors of pathogenicity and virulence of these microbes and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diseases they produce. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1991 Dec, 22(4), 563 - 6 Dot enzyme immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever; Ismail A et al.; A nitrocellulose membrane strip dotted with a specific 50 kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi was applied for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever . Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgM and IgG antibodies with 4-chloronaphthol as substrate, antibodies in typhoid patients were clearly visualised as bluish purple dots while sera from patients with non-typhoid fevers gave negative results . The detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in typhoid patients suggest either recent or current infection . Combined with the high specificity, reliability and rapidity of the test, the dot EIA technique provides a simple and useful method for the serodiagnosis of typhoid using a single serum specimen. Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 57 - 60 A fact database for toxicological data at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Japan; Hayashi M et al.; The computerized fact database for the toxicity data of chemicals was constructed at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (biological database, BL-DB) . The BL-DB stores data on mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and other toxicological tests of chemicals that appeared in the scientific literature . The BL-DB includes information about chemical identification, test system, results of the assays, and a bibliography . The system consists of five modules: data collection, data maintenance, data search, data downloading, and backup . ADABAS is used as a core database management system . Many kinds of test data are stored with the same formats; therefore, users can retrieve data of different toxicological data by the same manner . A user of the BL-DB can use about 50 kinds of commands to interact with the system, and the majority of fields are defined as search fields, thereby facilitating retrieval of target data through many ways . Currently, there are mainly data for the mutagenicity, especially on the Salmonella/microsome assay and the rodent micronucleus assay . These data can be retrieved and used for structure-activity relationship studies. Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 47 - 51 The genetic toxicity database of the National Toxicology Program: evaluation of the relationships between genetic toxicity and carcinogenicity; Tennant RW; The database of the U.S . National Toxicology Program has been developed over approximately two decades, principally focused on substances evaluated for carcinogenicity in rodent bioassays . These assays generally provide data on the relative toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals based upon discrete subchronic (13 week) and chronic (104 week) exposures . A major value of these data are that the assay protocols, rodent strains, and technical methodologies have been generally consistent, thus permitting comparisons between assays and chemicals . The genotoxicity data for many of the same chemicals have been developed also using standardized biological systems and protocols . Data for assays including mutagenicity in Salmonella and mouse lymphoma cells, chromosomal aberrations, and sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells, transformation of Balb/c 3T3 cells, and in vivo cytogenetic effects in rodents have been compiled for many chemicals . The results of all of these assays provide a substantial database for evaluating chemical effects and for defining the complex relationships between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Dec, 96, 121 - 6 Data selection and treatment of chemicals tested for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity; Loprieno N et al.; A database containing qualitative and quantitative results of experimental studies in the fields of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity has been developed . By analyzing results of the studies performed by the U.S . National Toxicology Program, or by a similar program developed in Japan, or reported in the scientific literature, as well performed by private organizations, information has been collected relating to 3389 chemicals, identified by their CAS number . The studies considered for the database include three genotoxicity/mutagenicity short-term test (STTs), namely, two in vitro (Salmonella, gene mutation assay, and mammalian cells/human lymphocytes chromosome aberration assay) and one in vivo, the rodent bone marrow micronucleus assay . To investigate the possible predictive value of these STT assays for carcinogenicity, the results of animal long-term bioassays have also been collected . We have re-evaluated all the genotoxicity studies and the majority of those cases studied in different laboratories with contrasting results has been resolved; a small proportion of questionable cases is, however, still present in the database . In total, 2898 (85.5%) of the chemicals have been tested in the Salmonella assay; 1399 (41.3%) have been tested in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay; 319 (9.4%) have been tested in the in vivo rodent bone marrow cell micronucleus assay; 716 (21.2%) of the chemicals have been tested in the in vivo animal long-term bioassay . For 1118 chemicals tested in the Salmonella assay, 30,650 quantitative studies have been included in the database, thus allowing a possible classification of mutagenic chemicals according to their mutagenic potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Antimicrob Chemother, 1991 Dec, 28(6), 877 - 85 Antimicrobial susceptibilities and beta-lactamase production of Hong Kong isolates of gastroenteric salmonellae and Salmonella typhi; Ling JM et al.; We examined the in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of 760 gastroenteric salmonellae and 36 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Hong Kong between 1985 and 1988 . S . typhi remained susceptible to all the antibiotics tested except for one isolate resistant to chloramphenicol, another to kanamycin and co-trimoxazole, and a third to nalidixic acid . In contrast, resistance and multiple resistance has increased significantly in gastroenteric salmonellae over the last ten years . Seventeen percent were resistant to ampicillin, 61% to tetracycline, 23% to chloramphenicol and 8% to gentamicin . Many ampicillin-resistant strains remained resistant to ampicillin even in the presence of sulbactam (69%) or clavulanic acid (25%) . More than 50% of isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics and one isolate was resistant to eleven . Ampicillin-resistance was usually due to the production of TEM-1 or OXA-1 beta-lactamases but a few isolates produced AER-1, PSE-1 or PSE-2 . Genetic determinants for these enzymes were usually borne on plasmids ranging in size from 2 to 143.7 Md but half of the OXA-1 genes were chromosomally located. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1991 Dec, 12(12), 710 - 7 Salmonella and Shigella gastroenteritis at a public teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya; Paton S et al.; OBJECTIVE: To measure the proportion of nosocomial diarrhea cases associated with Salmonella and Shigella species . DESIGN: Prospective 6-month survey . SETTING: Tertiary care center in a developing country . PATIENTS: Pediatric and adult patients admitted with the previous 24 hours and all consenting adult or pediatric medical patients with nosocomial diarrhea . OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from rectal swabs at admission and among subjects with nosocomial diarrhea . RESULTS: Salmonella species and Shigella species were isolated from 3.0% and 2.5%, respectively, of 667 patients screened on admission . All admission Salmonella isolates were identified in children under 13 years of age; Shigella prevalence was similar for children and adults . Children with Salmonella at admission were significantly older and more likely to have diarrhea, fever, and some indicators of malnutrition than those from whom Salmonella was not isolated . Salmonella and Shigella were isolated from rectal cultures in 36 (10%) and 9 (2.5%) of 360 nosocomial gastroenteritis cases, respectively . Nosocomial cases occurred equally in adults and children . In adults, nosocomial Salmonella acquisition was associated with sharing a room with a diarrhea patient and previous institutionalization . In children, it was associated with recent antimicrobial therapy, crowding at home, and age between 6 months and 6 years . Nine (41%) of 22 nosocomial Salmonella cases in adults occurred in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, while none of 79 HIV-1-positive patients had Salmonella isolated at admission . CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella is a frequent cause of nosocomial gastroenteritis in this tertiary care institution in a developing country . Risk factors appear to differ for children and adults, and HIV-1-infected subjects may be at increased risk of acquisition . Control measures feasible for the limited resources available to such institutions require evaluationPIP: Researchers analyzed data on 667 patients admitted between March 9 and September 14, 1988 to the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya to verify the contribution of Salmonella and Shigella species to hospital acquired infections and to identify factors associated with admission and nosocomial infection . Laboratory personnel isolated Salmonella and Shigella in 12.5% (10% and 2.5% respectively) of the 360 patients with nosocomial diarrhea . Their overall prevalence was 3% and 2.5% respectively . These 2 bacteria were isolated from rectal swabs from 19 of the 27 hospital units . Most of the isolates were restricted to 5 units . All of the Salmonella isolates at admission were children under 13 years old (3.6% of 556 children) . Shigella prevalence at admission was 2.5% for children and 3.6% for adults . The risk of nosocomial diarrhea caused by these 2 bacteria was much greater in children older than 6 months and younger than 6 years than in children of other ages (odds ratio {OR}=21.7; p=.006) . The most significant variables which independently affected nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria in children were recent antimicrobial therapy (OR=26.4; p=.001) and living in crowded homes (OR=1.2; p=.02) . Another determinant was poor hair color indicating malnutrition (p=.03) . Even though there were no significant differences between adults with nosocomial diarrhea caused by these bacteria and those with no nosocomial diarrhea, sharing a room with people with diarrhea, being in the hospital within the last 30 days, and being HIV-1 positive were factors that almost reached significance . In fact, 9 of their 22 (41%) adults with positive cultures of Salmonella were HIV=1 positive yet Salmonella was not isolated from any of the 70 HIV-1 positive patients at admission . Salmonella contributed greatly to nosocomial diarrhea at this hospital . The hospital should evaluate and redesign its control measures within available limited resources . J Ethnopharmacol, 1991 Dec, 35(2), 165 - 71 Screening of plants used in south Brazilian folk medicine; Alice CB et al.; Thirty-seven species of medicinal plants used in folk phytotherapy were chemically screened for alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, sterols and/or triterpenes and tannins . Seven of these were also screened for the presence of mutagenic activity using the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome). FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1991 Dec 1, 68(3), 345 - 50 Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 are not involved in protection from experimental infection; Chart H et al.; BALB/c and Schofield mice were inoculated with formalin-killed bacteria prepared from strains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type (PT) 4 and carrying a 38 MDa plasmid and expressing long-chain lipopolysaccharide, or strains without a 38 MDa plasmid or lacking the ability to express lipopolysaccharide . Vaccinated mice were challenged with viable bacteria belonging to a virulent strain of S . enteritidis (PT4) . Mice surviving this viable challenge were examined for a humoral antibody response to membrane antigens of S . enteritidis (PT4) that might relate to the possession of a given virulence property . BALB/c mice immunized with any of the test antigens were found to be immune to S . enteritidis (PT4), and this immunity was protective . Serum antibodies, of the IgG class, were detected to OmpA and a minor outer membrane protein (OMP) of 31 kDa . Schofield mice also raised IgG antibodies to these outer membrane proteins; however, non-immunized mice of this strain were resistant to infection . The virulence of S . enteritidis (PT4) was also tested using mice belonging to strains B10D2 (new), Biozzi (high), Biozzi (low), C3HeJ, B10ITYR and C57/L. J Epidemiol Community Health, 1991 Dec, 45(4), 266 - 9 How is the source of food poisoning outbreaks established? The example of three consecutive Salmonella enteritidis PT4 outbreaks linked to eggs; Salmon RL et al.; Three consecutive outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 occurred in Wales in 1989 in which epidemiological and microbiological investigation established eggs as the likely source although kitchen inspection and food preparation histories suggested other vehicles of infection . This paper examines the contribution of analytical epidemiology in attributing causation, with particular reference to those limitations which are regarded as inherent in epidemiological evidence . Such evidence, implicating eggs in the three outbreaks, fulfilled 6/7 widely accepted criteria for causation; data to assess the seventh were lacking . Collaboration between different agencies and professionals in investigating outbreaks is very important. Am J Vet Res, 1991 Dec, 52(12), 2043 - 5 Prevalence of pigment gallstones in sheep; Cavallini A et al.; In a survey of 666 sheep at a slaughterhouse, gallstones (concretions with a diameter greater than or equal to 1 mm) were found in the gallbladder of 50 sheep (7.5%), sludge (concretions with a diameter less than 1 mm) was found in 9 sheep (1.4%), and sludge plus gallstones were found in 7 sheep (1.1%) . Gallstones and sludge were associated, and were more frequent in lambs and females, compared with adults and males . Qualitative analysis of the stones revealed all to be pigment (bilirubin) stones . There was a statistically significant increase of biliary bilirubin (total and indirect quota) only in sheep with gallstones plus sludge, compared with control sheep without sludge or gallstones . Concentrations of bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, total and single bile aids, and total and ionized calcium were similar in the bile of sheep with gallstones, sludge, or both and control sheep . Bacteriologic analysis of the bile in 10 sheep with gallstones and 10 controls revealed bacteria in 50% of the first group and in 75% of the second group (Escherichia coli in all sheep and Salmonella spp also in 1 sheep with gallstones) . These findings confirm our earlier findings of a high prevalence of black pigment gallstones in sheep . On that basis, we suggest that gallstones are associated with high total bilirubin concentration in the bile, and deconjugating bacteria are common in the biliary tract of these animals. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Dec, (12), 17 - 9 {The biological properties of Salmonella strains isolated from adult patients at different seasons of the year}; Iuditskaia NM et al.; Biological properties of Salmonella strains, isolated in different seasons from patients with the corresponding disease of moderate severity, were compared . Their morphological, biochemical, serologic properties, sensitivity to antibiotics, capacity for synthesizing O-antigen, as well as their virulence for experimental animals, have been studied . Seasonal changes in the virulence of Salmonella strains have been established: the strains isolated in autumn have proved to be more virulent than those isolated in winter . In winter the isolation rate of Salmonella strains resistant to the therapeutic doses of antibiotics is significantly higher than in other seasons . In spring and summer Salmonella O-antigen is synthesized more intensively. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1991 Dec 1, 104(12), 411 - 4 {Detection and characterization of Salmonella strains from laughing gulls (Larus ridibundus)}; Selbitz HJ et al.; 25 and 17 Salmonella strains could be isolated from 429 and 423 blackheaded gulls (Larus ridibundus), respectively, during two years of examination . S . typhimurium was the most frequent serovar . All strains of S . typhimurium belonged to the biochemovar c (inosite and rhamnose negative), nearly a third of isolates caused a mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes . This result is in contradiction to the literature . Furthermore the phagovars, the plasmid profiles and the resistance against chemotherapeutics were tested . The Salmonella carriage by gulls presumably reflects the contamination of the environment. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Dec, 65(12), 1533 - 40 {Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella serovar enteritidis isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea in 1989}; Kaneko M; A total of 184 strains of S . Enteritidis isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea during the period from April 1985 to March 1991 in Yamanashi Prefecture, were examined for their drug susceptibility, phage typing and plasmid profile . The results can be summarized as follows: 1) In 1989, cases of sporadic diarrhea due to S . Enteritidis has drastically increased twenty-eight-fold from 4 to 112 cases . 2) The most predominant ages of S . Enteritidis isolates were that of 2 years age . 3) The predominant phage type (PT), accounting for almost 71% of the strains isolated, was PT 34 in 1989 . 4) Eighty-two (73.2%) out of 112 strains of S . Enteritidis were resistant to SM single in 1989 . In 1990, SM single resistant strains were 49 (90.7%) out of 54 strains of S . Enteritidis . 5) The predominant plasmid profile of S . Enteritidis isolates were 60, 55 Kbp plasmids . 6) In 1989, the characteristic of S . Enteritidis isolated from the cases of sporadic diarrhea were resistant to SM single, identified as belonging to PT 34 or PT 4 . Almost S . Enteritidis strains of PT 34 carrying 60, 55 Kbp plasmids and many strains of PT 4 S . Enteritidis possessed only 60 Kbp plasmid. Immunology, 1991 Dec, 74(4), 630 - 7 Phenotypic analysis of splenic lymphocytes and immunohistochemical study of hepatic granulomas after a murine infection with Salmonella abortusovis; Guilloteau L et al.; Infection in mice with an attenuated strain of Salmonella abortusovis (SAO), a specific pathogen for sheep, was used as a convenient model to understand further the induced immunity against SAO . The hypovirulent Rv6 strain, subcutaneously inoculated in salmonella-susceptible BALB/cby (Itys) mice, colonized the spleen and the liver in less than 6 days post-infection (PI) to be cleared after Day 28 PI . Simultaneously, an increase in spleen cell numbers, splenomegaly and hepatic granulomatous lesions developed to a maximum level on Day 9 PI . In spleen of uninfected mice, the number of Thy-1.2+ cells represents twice the number of surface immunoglobulin-positive cells (sIg+) . Cytofluorometric analysis of the spleen lymphoid cell subsets showed a significant increase (10 times, P less than 0.05) in the number of sIg+ cells from Day 6 to Day 28 PI compared to control values . The number of Thy-1.2+ cells also significantly increased, to a lesser degree than the sIg+ cells, on Day 2 and on Day 16 PI (twice control values, P less than 0.05), but decreased on Day 6 PI compared to Day 2 PI . The highest L3T4+:Lyt-2+ ratio was observed on Day 2 PI and the lowest on Day 9 PI . On Day 28 PI, the number of sIg+ cells was still greater than the number of Thy-1.2+ cells . The granulomatous lesions were observed in the liver as early as Day 2 PI and their frequency was maximal on Day 9 PI . Immunohistochemical analysis of the granulomatous lesions showed that macrophages (F4/80+, Mac1+) were the basic cells and that L3T4+ cells were the predominant T cells . In well-developed granulomas observed on Day 9 PI, macrophages were in the centre whereas L3T4+ T cells were preferentially located at the periphery . T cells expressing Lyt-2 antigen were rarely detected . Variations in the proportion of lymphoid cells in the spleen and in hepatic granulomatous lesions suggest different and complementary effector mechanisms in induced immunity against SAO. An Med Interna, 1991 Dec, 8(12), 595 - 600 {Expediency of hospital admission for acute diarrhea syndrome in a short-stay unit}; Saldana Cardiel F et al.; We present the results of a 187 cases acute diarrhea study managed in the Short Stay Unit of Clinic Universitary Hospital of Zaragoza during 1987-1988 . To that aim, we designed an actuation protocol which included the gathering of several data, the realization of complementary studies and the evolutive pursuit . The coproculture resulted positive in a 54.5% of cases and Salmonella was the microorganism more frequently isolated . Most of the species were sensible to common antibiotics and all of them sensible to norfloxacin . Nearly a third part of patients developed some kind of complication . Therefore we infer that acute diarrhea may be subsidiary of diagnosis and treatment in Short Stay Units. Am J Physiol, 1991 Dec, 261(6 Pt 1), G1051 - 6 Neutrophil-induced liver cell injury in endotoxin shock is a CD11b/CD18-dependent mechanism; Jaeschke H et al.; To investigate the role of neutrophils (PMNs) and PMN-dependent adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of liver injury in a model of endotoxin shock, male ICR mice received a dose of 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 100 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin . PMNs accumulated continuously in the liver, reaching values of 446 +/- 71 PMNs/50 high-power fields at 9 h (basal value 18 +/- 7) . Plasma alanine aminotransferase activities as index of parenchymal cell injury did not change up to 5 h posttreatment (basal value 35 +/- 5 U/l) but increased to 1,950 +/- 460 U/l at 9 h . The formation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in plasma as an index of an extracellular oxidant stress also increased only at 9 h . Pretreatment of animals with monoclonal antibodies against the CD11b and CD18 subunits of the CD11/CD18 integrin family on the surface of the PMN reduced the number of PMNs in the liver by 50% and significantly attenuated liver injury and GSSG formation . An anti-CD11a and a nonbinding control antibody were ineffective . It is concluded that PMNs are actively involved in the pathogenesis of galactosamine and endotoxin shock and that at least in part the accumulation of PMNs, the subsequent oxidant stress, and the tissue injury in this model of experimental hepatitis are CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) dependent. J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2824 - 30 Fibronectin binding by Salmonella strains: evaluation of a particle agglutination assay; Baloda SB et al.; Thirty-five Salmonella strains isolated from human cases of salmonellosis were tested and compared for their fibronectin (fn) binding capacities by using two fn-particle agglutination assays (fn-PAAs) prepared by coating with human fn either (i) latex beads (Difco; 0.81-micron diameter) (L-fn-PAA) or (ii) heat-killed formalin-treated Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 cells (C-fn-PAA) . Six S . aureus strains were also included in this study as controls . The strains were cultured on colonization factor antigen agar and blood agar and in tryptic soy broth and brain heart infusion broth . The Salmonella and S . aureus strains were cultured at 33 and 37 degrees C, respectively, for optimal expression of fn-binding proteins . Bacterial cells (approximately 10(10) cells per ml) harvested from growth in various culture media and suspended in 0.02 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) agglutinated the fn-PAA reagents . These reactions were scored semiquantitatively from + to + depending on the speed or intensity of the reactions within 2 min . Maximum agglutination in fn-PAA systems was observed when the cells were grown in brain heart infusion broth, while tryptic soy broth proved to be least suitable media for culturing cells for fn-PAAS . Although a statistically highly significant correlation was obtained between results of assays of radiolabeled fn and 29-kDa fragment binding, no significant correlation was observed (i) between the results of strains cultured in different media or (ii) when semiquantitative score results of the two fn-PAA systems were compared with those of the conventional radiolabeled fn assay . To enhance the efficiency of the test system, the C-fn-PAA reagent was stained with methylene blue (2% in 0.17 M glycine-NaOH buffer {pH 6.8}) . This facilitated easy interpretation of results, which could be performed on hydrophobic paper instead of glass slides . The results obtained with both unstained C-fn-PAA and stained C-fn-PAA were comparable to each other and reproducible . Although the fn-PAAs are simple and easy to perform, the results did not differentiate between negative, low, moderate, and high binding abilities when Salmonella strains were evaluated for fn binding, and the results were not comparable to those obtained by the conventional radiolabeling method. J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2817 - 23 Phage typing of Salmonella enteritidis in the United States; Hickman-Brenner FW et al.; The number of reported isolates of Salmonella enteritidis has increased dramatically in the last 10 years . For many years phage typing has been a useful epidemiologic tool for studying outbreaks of S . typhi and S . typhimurium . In 1987, Ward et al . (L . R . Ward, J . De Sa, and B . Rowe, Epidemiol . Infect . 99:291-294, 1987) described a phage typing scheme for S . enteritidis . This system differentiated 27 phage types by use of 10 typing phages . With these phages, we typed 573 strains of S . enteritidis from humans (42 outbreaks), animals, food, and the environment . Ninety-six percent of the strains were typeable . The most common phage types were 8 (48.2%), 13a (20.1%), 13 (7.8%), and 14b (7.8%) . Most of the strains were specifically collected from egg-related outbreaks in the northeastern United States in 1988 and 1989, probably accounting for the distribution of the four most common types in this sample . This system was particularly useful for differentiating a group of animal strains that had a number of diverse phage types . For 49 animal strains typed, 16 different patterns were obtained . Phage type 8 represented 32% of these strains, but no other phage type represented more than 8% of these strains . One-half of the 16 animal strains that were phage type 8 were from poultry . This phage typing system will be useful for comparing phage types found in the United States with those types encountered worldwide and for determining whether virulent strains of phage type 4 are entering the United States . Additional phage typing systems as well as molecular techniques are being studied to determine whether they can differentiate strains of phage types 8 and 13a. Epidemiol Infect, 1991 Dec, 107(3), 565 - 76 rDNA fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi infections; Nastasi A et al.; Characterization of 169 strains of Salmonella typhi of phage types C1, C4, D1 and D9 isolated in 1975-88 was carried out by rDNA gene restriction pattern analysis . Twenty-four isolates had been recovered during four large waterbone outbreaks in the last 20 years in Sicily; 145 strains, isolated from apparently sporadic cases of infection in Southern Italy in the same period of time, were also examined . Application of rRNA-DNA hybridization technique after digestion of chromosomal DNA with Cla I showed the identity of patterns of the epidemic strains of phage types C1 and D1, confirming attribution of the outbreaks to single bacterial clones . Patterns of the two available strains of lysotype D9 were slightly different, whilst the 12 epidemic strains of phage type C4 could be assigned to two distinct patterns scarcely related to each other and, consequently, to two different clones . A considerable heterogeneity was detected among all apparently sporadic isolates of the four phage types under study . This fingerprinting method appears a reliable tool to complement phage typing in characterizing isolates of S . typhi . In particular, epidemiological features of spread of this salmonella serovar in areas, where simultaneous circulation of indigenous and imported strains occurs, can be elucidated. J Lab Clin Med, 1991 Dec, 118(6), 563 - 9 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides alter human endothelial cell morphology in vitro independent of cytokine secretion; Seifert PS et al.; Lipopolysaccharides derived from six bacterial species were found to alter human endothelial cell morphology in vitro in a species-dependent and dose-dependent manner . Lipopolysaccharides derived from Salmonella enteritidis (SeLPS) induced the strongest response, whereas lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae produced no effect . Cell-shape changes induced by SeLPS (10 micrograms/ml) were noticeable by 24 hours and reached a maximum by 72 hours, thus paralleling the effects produced by the recombinant cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) (10(3) U/ml), tumor necrosis factor (10(2) U/ml), and interleukin-1 (5 to 10 U/ml) . Pretreatment of human endothelial cells with IFN-gamma (10(3) U/ml) for 24 hours induced an accelerated morphologic response to subsequent SeLPS (10 micrograms/ml) stimulation and vice versa, suggesting independent pathways of action . Simultaneous treatment of human endothelial cells with SeLPS and IFN-gamma produced a more rapid onset of morphologic changes and a stronger overall effect . Culture medium containing polymyxin B inhibited cell-shape changes induced by lipopolysaccharides but not those induced by the cytokines . Conditioned medium generated over a 12-hour period following a 24-hour SeLPS/IFN-gamma stimulation did not contain measurable cytokine antigens, nor did it induce biologic responses associated with interleukin-1, IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha . The results indicate that lipopolysaccharides act directly on endothelial cells as well as synergistically with IFN-gamma to alter cell morphology and may, therefore, contribute to the vascular pathology of gram-negative infections. Biochem Cell Biol, 1991 Dec, 69(12), 852 - 8 Characterisation of the Salmonella O:8 antigen in the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Salmonella virginia O:8; MacLean LL et al.; The antigenic O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Salmonella virginia (O:8), analyzed by methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods, was found to be a polymer of a repeating pentasaccharide unit composed of D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-abequose, and O-acetyl (2:1:1:1:1.3) and having the following structure: {formula; see text} The disaccharide structure alpha-D-Abep-(1----3)-L-Rhap was identified as the Salmonella O:8 antigenic factor epitope, since the removal of alpha-D-Abep residues from the O-polysaccharide left a residual tetrasaccharide repeating unit backbone that did not show reaction with Salmonella type O:8 factor antiserum. Vaccine, 1991 Dec, 9(12), 877 - 82 Oral immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a-based clones expressing Vibrio cholerae O-antigen: serum bactericidal antibody responses in man in relation to pre-immunization antibody levels; Attridge S; Previous studies have shown that oral immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a-based clones expressing Vibrio cholerae O-antigen elicits serum antibody responses against the foreign polysaccharide in human volunteers . These responses are conveniently assayed by complement-dependent bacteriolysis of V . cholerae . In this report the bactericidal responses generated by two such clones are analysed in relation to the pre-immunization titres of various serum antibodies . A significant association was found, in that recipients with higher prevaccine titres of anti-V . cholerae bactericidal antibodies were less likely to register significant bactericidal responses following immunization . These results are discussed in relation to the concept of vaccine exclusion. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1991 Dec, 110(6), 889 - 95 Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for ganglioside GD3; Watarai S et al.; Four kinds of anti-GD3 monoclonal antibodies, DSG-1, -2, -3, and -4, of the IgM class were obtained by the immunization of BALB/c mice with enzootic bovine leukosis tumor tissue-derived ganglioside GD3 inserted into liposomes with Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharides . The specificities of the monoclonal antibodies obtained were defined by complement-dependent liposome immune lysis assay and by enzyme immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography . The reactivities of the monoclonal antibodies obtained to four ganglioside GD3 variants {GD3(NeuAc-NeuAc), GD3(NeuAc-NeuGc), GD3(NeuGc-NeuAc), and GD3(NeuGc-NeuGc)} were tested . All of the monoclonal antibodies were found to react with GD3(NeuAc-NeuAc) and GD3(NeuAc-NeuGc) but not with GD3(NeuGc-NeuAc) or GD3(NeuGc-NeuGc) . Furthermore, various purified glycosphingolipids were used to determine the specificity of these monoclonal antibodies . All 4 antibodies reacted only with ganglioside GD3 {GD3(NeuAc-NeuAc) and GD3(NeuAc-NeuGc)}, but not with several gangliosides linking the GalNAc, Gal beta 1-3GalNAc, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc, or NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc residue to the Gal moiety of ganglioside GD3 (GD2, GD1b, GT1b, or GQ1b, respectively), ganglioside GT1a having the same terminal NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal residue as ganglioside GD3, other gangliosides, and neutral glycosphingolipids . These findings suggest that the 4 monoclonal antibodies obtained may be specific for the epitope of NeuAc-alpha 2-8Sia alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc residue of ganglioside GD3. J Gen Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 137 ( Pt 12), 2689 - 95 Molecular cloning and genetic characterization of the rfb region from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroup IIA, which determines the formation of the 3,6-dideoxyhexose abequose; Kessler AC et al.; The rfb region of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroup IIA has been cloned and expression of O antigen in Escherichia coli K12 was demonstrated . Transposon mutagenesis analysis confined the DNA region required for O antigen expression to a 19.3 kb fragment, and the O antigen expressed was visualized by SDS-PAGE and silver staining . Southern hybridization analysis demonstrated significant levels of similarity between the Yersinia rfb region and the 3,6-dideoxyhexose pathway genes rfbF and rfbG, previously isolated from Salmonella enterica LT2, but no similarity to the abequose synthase gene rfbJ of the same strain or the paratose synthase gene rfbS isolated from S . enterica Ty2 . The evolutionary relationship between the abequose biosynthetic genes of the two species of Salmonella and Yersinia is discussed. Mutat Res, 1991 Dec, 264(4), 163 - 70 Genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony in short-term assays; Kuroda K et al.; The genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony compounds was studied with the rec, Salmonella mutagenicity and SCE assays . In the rec assay, all the salts of the metals, BeCl2, Be(NO3)2, GaCl3, Ga(NO3)3, SbCl3, SbCl5, and an oxide, Sb2O3, had DNA-damaging activity . None of the compounds was mutagenic to Salmonella . In the SCE assays using V79 cells, 2 antimony(III) compounds, SbCl3 and Sb2O3, and 2 beryllium compounds, BeCl2 and Be(NO3)2, induced SCEs significantly . Sb2O3, slightly soluble in water, was positive in both the rec assay and the SCE assay at very low doses. Mutat Res, 1991 Dec, 261(4), 249 - 59 Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and transforming activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in rat tracheal epithelial cells; Zhu SY et al.; The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and transforming activity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were studied by the assays of colony-forming efficiency (CFE), micronucleus formation (MN), and cell transformation in rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells both in vitro and in vivo . Liver S9, primary hepatocytes and RTE cells from normal and Aroclor-1254 induced rats were compared for bioactivation of NNK using Salmonella mutagenesis as the endpoint . Results from the in vitro experiments indicated that low concentrations of NNK (0.01-25 micrograms/ml) caused from 15% to greater than 100% increases in CFE of RTE cells . At high concentrations (100-200 micrograms/ml), NNK was significantly toxic to RTE cells . NNK treatment in vitro (50-200 micrograms/ml) increased MN frequency as much as 3-fold above background and significantly increased the transformation frequency (TF) in 4/5 (50 micrograms/ml) and 6/8 (100 micrograms/ml) experiments . The in vivo exposure of rats to NNK (150-450 mg/kg, given i.p.) resulted in a 60-85% reduction in CFE and a 3-5-fold increase in MN formation in RTE cells . In vivo treatment with cumulative doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg of NNK produced significant increases in TF of tracheal cells from 3/3 and 2/3 rats, respectively . Without activation, NNK was not mutagenic in Salmonella TA1535 . The bioactivation of NNK to a mutagenic metabolite was achieved by incubation of NNK with liver S9 fraction from Aroclor-1254 induced rats or primary hepatocytes from both untreated and Aroclor-1254 pretreated rats . RTE cells did not produce sufficient quantities of mutagenic NNK metabolites to be detected by the Salmonella assay. Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4720 - 3 Tn1725 transposon mutagenesis of 9-18 delta 7, an EcoRI deletion derivative of Salmonella dublin lane plasmid pSDL2; Daifuku R et al.; A 37.5-kb derivative of the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid pSDL2 was subjected to mutagenesis with the transposon Tn1725 . Fifty-two insertions were mapped, and the mutants were tested for their ability to restore virulence to a plasmid-free strain of S . dublin . Twenty-nine of these inserts could not restore full virulence and thus define nine regions of the plasmid essential for virulence . Deletion of a 4.5-kb region by Bal31 nuclease resulted in a 33-kb derivative that maintained full virulence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991 Nov 27, 181(1), 301 - 5 Demonstration of an antigenic protein specific for Salmonella typhi; Ismail A et al.; Current studies were undertaken to determine the presence of a specific antigenic protein on the outer membrane of Salmonella typhi . Immunoblot analysis using sera from patients with fevers revealed that the 50 kD band was specifically recognized only by typhoid sera . The 50 kD band located on the outer membrane is protein by nature and is not a Vi (capsular), dH (flagellar), or O9 (somatic) antigen of S . typhi . These results indicate the usefulness of the specific antigen in the development of a serodiagnostic test for typhoid fever since antibodies of both the IgM and IgG class responses were obtained. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1991 Nov 22, 40(46), 804 - 6 Foodborne nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella reading--Connecticut; Bacterial expression and secretion of various single-chain Fv genes encoding proteins specific for a Salmonella serotype B O-antigen; Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, OntarioActive single-chain Fv molecules encoded by synthetic genes have been expressed and secreted to the periplasm of Escherichia coli using the ompA secretory signal . Four different constructs were developed to investigate the effects of peptide linker design and VL-VH orientation on expression, secretion, and binding to a Salmonella O-polysaccharide antigen . Peptide linker sequences derived from the elbow regions of the Fab molecule were used alone or in combination with the flexible (GGGGS)2 sequence . VL and VH domain order in the single chain molecules had a profound effect on the level of secretion but hardly influenced total expression levels, which were approximately 50 mg/liter, chiefly in the form of inclusion bodies . With VL in the NH2-terminal position, the amount of secreted product obtained was 2.4 mg/liter, but when VH occupied this position the yield was less than 5% of this value . Enzyme immunoassays of the four products showed domain order and linker sequence affected antigen binding by less than an order of magnitude . Attempts to express active Fv from dicistronic DNA were unsuccessful, but active Fv was obtained from single-chain Fv by enzymic cleavage at a site in the elbow linker peptide . The thermodynamic binding parameters of intact and cleaved single-chain Fvs determined by titration microcalorimetry were similar to those of bacterially produced Fab and mouse IgG. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1991 Nov-Dec, 25(6), 39 - 42 {Nuclease activity of microorganisms and control of auto-microflora state of operators in hermetically sealed environment}; Polikarpov NA et al.; A study was performed to investigate biological properties of pathogenic microorganisms (Shigella, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus) and potentially pathogenic microorganisms which were isolated from different people, i.e . clinically healthy people with normal microflora, somatically healthy patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis, and patients with acute intestinal diseases . The most important parameters of pathogenicity typical of the basic representatives of pathogenic microflora were DNA and/or RNA forming activity . The "critical" size of depolymerization zones of nucleic acids on dense nutrient media was found to be equal to 2 mm and greater from the colony edge . The critical size was shown to be significantly different in potentially pathogenic and normal intestinal microorganisms . Maximal microbial concentrations in the major biotopes of man were estimated to be: no more than 25%, 5% and 2% for nasal mucosa, back skin, and for the large intestine of the total amount of microorganism in the test . Verification of the method gave evidence that in can be applied for an alternative evaluation of automicroflora of the large intestine of operators in an enclosed environment . It is suggested that the normal parameters characteristic of clinically healthy people need to be verified and applied in space and undersea medicine. Am J Physiol, 1991 Nov, 261(5 Pt 1), E620 - 7 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in rat liver and skeletal muscle in vivo; Turinsky J et al.; 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide levels were measured in liver and skeletal muscle of rats under the following four experimental conditions: 1) during rapid fetal growth in the second half of gestation and during postnatal aging, 2) during tissue anoxia lasting up to 10 min, 3) during fasting for up to 6 days, and 4) during stress induced by injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis) . 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in fetal liver were 77 and 58% lower, respectively, than those of young rats after weaning . 1,2-Diacylglycerol and ceramide concentrations in liver of postnatal rats were not influenced by aging . Anoxia produced a 41-64% increase in liver 1,2-diacylglycerol levels and a 9-21% increase in liver ceramides . Fasting of adult rats for up to 6 days had no effect on 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in liver . However, fasting increased skeletal muscle concentrations of 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramides 88 and 44%, respectively . Injection of endotoxin had a biphasic effect on liver 1,2-diacylglycerol levels, causing a transient 52% increase at 1 h, followed by a 24-38% decrease below the control level at 17 h after endotoxin administration . Liver ceramide levels were increased 66, 52, and 27% at 1, 3, and 5 h after endotoxin, respectively, but did not differ from control at 17 h after injection . Endotoxin had no effect on muscle 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide concentrations at any interval. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1991 Nov, 173(5), 375 - 83 Mortality, temporal substrate and insulin responses to endotoxic shock in zero, ten and twenty-eight day old rats; Zeller WP et al.; Neonatal sepsis is a significant health problem . However, to our knowledge, the temporal substrates and insulin response to endotoxin have not been characterized in the young animal to guide the investigations of glucoregulation in septic shock in the newborn . We characterized the temporal response to endotoxin in the developing rat . Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in high and low lethal doses to zero, ten and 28 day old rats . Mortality, temporal glucose, lactate, hepatic glycogen and insulin were monitored . Mortality experiments show the ten day old rat is 300 times as sensitive to endotoxin as the 28 day old rat . Plasma glucose concentration increased in the high mortality groups by 120 minutes in the zero and ten day old rats (102 +/- 4 milligrams per deciliter, 119 +/- 6 milligrams per deciliter, respectively, and by 60 minutes in the 28 day old rats (223 +/- 12 milligrams per deciliter) . The plasma glucose level decreased to 52 +/- 3 milligrams per deciliter by 240 minutes in the ten day old and by 180 minutes to 99 +/- 8 milligrams per deciliter in the 28 day high mortality groups . Peak lactic acid levels in the high lethality groups were zero day 2.8 +/- 0.2 millimoles per liter in zero day old rats, 3.3 +/- 0.2 millimoles per liter in 28 day old rats . Glycogen in the liver decreased rapidly by 120 minutes in all age groups . Plasma insulin concentration did not elevate significantly in zero and ten day old rats . In the 28 day old rat, insulin concentration increased by 120 minutes to 52 +/- 17 microunits per milliliter . Insulin glucose ratios were also elevated in the 28 day old endotoxin treated rat, indicating hyperinsulinemia . Thus, temporal substrates and insulin responses to endotoxin differ with animal age. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1991 Nov, 34(3), 397 - 407 Relationship between chlorofluorocarbon chemical structure and their Salmonella mutagenicity; Benigni R et al.; This paper is a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the chemical structure and the Salmonella mutagenicity of a number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) . The molecules were characterized by both molecular orbital and physical chemical parameters . The results of the analysis indicated that the CFC mutagenicity is correlated with two parameters: the free energy of binding to biological receptors, and the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) . Since these are the same factors that would favor the cytochrome P-450-catalyzed metabolism, it would appear that the CFC mutagenicity is determined more by the rate of initial activation than by the rate of DNA attack. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1991 Nov, 34(3), 297 - 308 Acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and dermal carcinogenicity assessment of isooctyl acrylate; Gordon SC et al.; Isooctyl acrylate (IOA) monomer is a complex mixture comprised predominantly of isomeric, eight-carbon alkyl esters of acrylic acid . Limited evidence from animal studies suggests that certain acrylate esters may be carcinogenic by the dermal route of exposure . The following studies were performed with IOA monomer: acute oral toxicity limit test in rats, primary dermal and ocular irritancy in rabbits, Ames Salmonella microsome assay, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 recombinogenicity assay, L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma cell assay, and C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell transformation assay . Finally, a limited dermal carcinogenicity bioassay was performed in which aliquots (25 microliters) of IOA monomer (5% v/v in acetone), IOA polymer (19% w/v in 70:30 acetone/heptane), or acetone (vehicle control) were applied to the shaved backs of male C3H/HeJ mice three times per week for the animals' lifetimes . IOA monomer had an acute oral LD50 in rats greater than 5000 mg/kg, was slightly irritating to the eyes and skin of rabbits on single exposures, and exhibited no genotoxic or cell-transforming potential . In the dermal carcinogenicity bioassay, no significant difference in mean survival times was observed between either treatment group and the control group . Animals treated with IOA monomer exhibited moderate dermatitis, surface crusting, hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, diffuse melanosis, and one benign melanoma at the treatment size . Animals treated with IOA polymer exhibited varying degrees of dermatitis, surface crusting, and hyperkeratosis . Neither IOA monomer nor IOA polymer was carcinogenic under the conditions of the study. J Bacteriol, 1991 Nov, 173(21), 6783 - 9 Growth regulation of a Salmonella plasmid gene essential for virulence; Fang FC et al.; The Salmonella dublin plasmid gene vsdC is essential for virulence . We have constructed a vsdC-lacZ translational fusion to demonstrate that vsdC is selectively expressed during the stationary phase of bacterial cell growth . This pattern of expression has been confirmed by mRNA hybridization studies . Carbon starvation is able to induce vsdC expression by limiting bacterial growth . The expression of vsdC is dependent upon an upstream gene, vsdA, whose gene product possesses significant amino-terminus homology with the LysR family of transcriptional activator proteins . We have further demonstrated that vsdC expression is not dependent upon the known Salmonella chromosomal virulence regulatory loci ompR, phoP, and cya-crp and that vsdC can be expressed in a range of nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, including some serovars in which introduction of the virulence plasmid does not confer mouse virulence . The vsd system provides a model for the study of transcriptional activation, a basis for the development of new expression vectors, and a novel mechanism of virulence gene regulation . Bacterial growth limitation within the phagosomes of host phagocytic cells may be the environmental signal inducing plasmid-mediated virulence gene expression in salmonellae. Infect Immun, 1991 Nov, 59(11), 4291 - 3 Immunogenicity of Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine for young children; Murphy JR et al.; An attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine was administered to 18 infants and toddlers (less than or equal to 24 months old) to determine its safety and immunogenicity . The vaccination (10(9) CFU per dose, three doses) was well tolerated . However, after the vaccination there was no evidence of a humoral or cellular immune response to S . typhi . The vaccine used was known to be immunogenic for older children and adults . The results support the view that the immunogenicity of Ty21a is age dependent. Infect Immun, 1991 Nov, 59(11), 4255 - 8 Inhibition of chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to interleukin-8 by endotoxins of various bacteria; Bignold LP et al.; The effects of endotoxins from various bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) on chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to formyl peptide and interleukin-8 were tested in an improved chemotaxis assay involving a "sparse-pore" polycarbonate (Nuclepore) membrane in a Boyden-type chamber . The possible chemotactic activity of the endotoxins themselves were tested by the same technique . In addition, the effects of these substances on random motility of neutrophils were tested with a corresponding assay involving similar chambers fitted with membranes of standard pore density . Possible activation of the complement system of serum by each endotoxin was tested with sheep erythrocyte assays and the maximum endotoxin concentration (100 micrograms/ml) used in the chemotaxis and motility assays . All endotoxins inhibited chemotaxis of neutrophils to interleukin-8 . No endotoxin affected chemotaxis to formyl peptide or was itself chemotactic for neutrophils . Endotoxin of S . flexneri inhibited random motility of neutrophils, while the others had no such effect . Endotoxins of K . pneumoniae and of P . aeruginosa produced moderate and marked inhibition, respectively, of total complement, as measured by hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, without affecting the levels of C3c and C4 in these assays . Endotoxins of the other bacteria had no demonstrable effect in any of these assays of complement activation . These results suggest that chemotaxis to interleukin-8 may be mediated by cellular mechanisms different from those involved in chemotaxis to formyl peptide . Furthermore, the presence of these endotoxins could be significant for the suppression of neutrophil accumulation in inflammatory lesions mediated by interleukin-8. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Nov, (11), 27 - 30 {An assessment of epidemic outbreaks of salmonellosis connected with poultry plant production}; Sergevnin VI et al.; The causes of the simultaneous rise of salmonellosis morbidity induced by S . enteritidis among the population of three towns in the Perm region were studied . The study revealed the leading role of eggs and chicken meat as factors contributing to the transfer of this infection to the population of different territories, commonly supplied with the products of one poultry plant . The contamination of eggs and chickens with S . enteritidis occurred at the plant due to Salmonella infection of chickens, parallel with the use of nonbalanced mixed fodder, originally intended for feeding swine . Analysis of the epidemic and epizootic processes of Salmonella infection in this epidemic situation made it possible to reliably establish the factors contributing to the transfer of the infective agent and the site of contamination. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi, 1991 Nov-Dec, 32(6), 358 - 64 Bacteremia in infants with Salmonella enterocolitis; Huang FY et al.; In order to determine the incidence of Salmonella bacteremia in children with Salmonella enterocolitis and to predict the risk factors of bacteremia, we conducted a prospective study on 264 infants and children with Salmonella enterocolitis from January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1989 . They were admitted to the Pediatric Department of Mackay Memorial Hospital with the chief problem of diarrhea . The rectal swab cultures were all positive for nontyphoidal Salmonella . Blood cultures were done immediately when Salmonella enterocolitis was confirmed . Clinical features including age, clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and serogroup were all recorded and analyzed to predict the risk factors of bacteremia in Salmonella enterocolitis . Twenty patients had bacteremia . Among them, 4 had meningitis simultaneously . There was one death, resulting in a 5% mortality in the bacteremia group . The overall rate of bacteremia was 7.6% . For those less than 3 months of age, it was 11.5% . We were unable to find any relationship between the bacteremia and the risk factors such as age, body temperature, clinical symptoms, white blood cell counts and differential counts . Interestingly, it was noted that Salmonella serogroup D1, a highly virulent and invasive Salmonella serogroup, was more closely related to the occurrence of bacteremia . It accounted for 40% of all cases of bacteremia . In conclusion, this study showed that the incidence of bacteremia in cases of Salmonella enterocolitis was 7.6% and the only risk factor of bacteremia was a culture of Salmonella serogroup D1 . Therefore, in cases of Salmonella serogroup D1 enterocolitis, antibiotics treatment may be considerable. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1991 Nov, 112(11), 509 - 11 {An immunohistochemical analysis of local immunity in Salmonella and dysenteric infections}; Guliamov NG et al.; Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 21 patients with acute and chronic dysentery, in 32 patients with different forms of salmonellosis in comparison with the cytoenzymatic status (CES) of immunocytes in the mucous membrane of the large intestine . It has been revealed that for acute dysentery the activation of the cellular and humoral links of local immunity is typical, but for salmonellosis--mainly of the humoral one . The chronic processes in dysentery and salmonellosis are connected with the increase in the subpopulation of T8-suppressors . Immunohistochemical data correlate completely with CES of immunocytes and that allows one use them with prognostic purposes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1991 Nov-Dec, 85(6), 790 - 2 The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella typhi in Qatar: epidemiology and therapeutic implications; Uwaydah AK et al.; Multiresistant Salmonella seems to be a growing problem in Qatar and its treatment remains problematic . Of 100 Salmonella bacteraemias that occurred between 1 October 1989 and 30 September 1990, 30 were caused by S . typhi resistant to one or more of the conventional antibiotics usually recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) . Of those, 25 (83%) were acquired by patients during visits to the Indian subcontinent . Two patients with isolates sensitive to ampicillin were successfully treated with amoxicillin, 6 paediatric patients were cured with cefotaxime, and 20 adult patients responded favourable to ciprofloxacin . A 9 year old boy failed initial therapy with cefuroxime but responded well to ciprofloxacin . One adult patient was treated successfully with a combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime . We conclude that cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin can serve as first line therapy for typhoid fever in areas where multi-resistant Salmonella is prevalent. Indian J Med Res, 1991 Nov, 93, 356 - 8 False resistance of salmonellae to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in disc diffusion method; Jesudason MV et al.; Apparent resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in disc diffusion method was found in 14 strains of Salmonella typhi and 2 strains of S . paratyphi A grown on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) of one manufacturer . On MHA from another manufacturer and on diagnostic sensitivity test agar (DSTA), these 16 strains were sensitive to TMP-SMZ . The minimum inhibitory concentration of trimethoprim (TMP) assayed by agar dilution method, on DSTA medium for these 16 strains was in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 micrograms/ml . Thus, the apparent resistance was a spurious result due to the unsatisfactory quality of the batch of MHA of the first manufacturer . Presumably the medium contained thymine or its derivatives which act as antagonists to TMP and sulphonamide drugs. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Nov, 65(11), 1476 - 8 {A case report of diarrhea associated with Giardia lambria and Salmonella}; Matsuo H et al.; We report a case of diarrhea associated with Giardia lambria and Salmonella . A 28-year-old male who had no chance to go abroad visited our hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, watery diarrhea and fever, but his symptoms persisted in spite of medication . He was admitted to our hospital on the next day for definite diagnosis and treatment . Many trophozoites of Giardia lambria were recognized in the feces . The symptoms were improved using metronidazole, so he was discharged on the 8-th day . The cause of this double infection was not determined . The domestic infection like this case is rare in Japan. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Nov, 65(11), 1411 - 8 Difference in the protection against infection with different challenge strains of Salmonella enteritidis by killed vaccine; Uchiya K et al.; Differences in protection against the challenge of different strains of formalin-killed cells obtained from Salmonella enteritidis were investigated . When strains 2547, 116M, 116-54, SR-98G, and 3775 were used as the challenge strain, protective effects were apparent in groups of mice immunized with formalin-killed cells from S . enteritidis strains (protective strains) . Conversely, no protective effects were observed with the challenge of strains 2822, 3975, and IID-604 (nonprotective strains) . Electrophoretic banding patterns of lipopolysaccharides in SDS-PAGE were similar between the LPS obtained from the various strains used in this study . Additionally, no differences in sensitivity to macrophage intracellular killing were observed between the protective and nonprotective strains . Phagocytic experiments by macrophages in vitro indicated that immune serum used as the opsonin promotes phagocytosis of various strains by macrophages as compared to using normal serum as the opsonin, but the rate of phagocytosis enhanced by immune serum is higher in protective strains than nonprotective strains . In studies of passive transfer of immune serum, it was found that mice passively immunized with immune serum could only protect against infection by challenging with protective strains with the exception of strain SR-98G . These results suggest that the protective effect observed with the challenge of protective strains may be due to macrophage phagocytosis enhanced by opsonization with immune serum. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Nov, 65(11), 1381 - 8 Susceptibility to active oxygen species of protective and nonprotective strains on the challenge of Salmonella enteritidis by immunization with culture filtrate; Uchiya K et al.; Protective ability against the challenge of different strains by immunization with culture filtrate (CF) obtained from Salmonella enteritidis was investigated . It was shown that the different strains of S . enteritidis can be separated into two distinct groups of protective (2547, 116M, 116-54, SR-98G, and 3775) and nonprotective strains (2822, 3975, and IID-604) . Using a cell-free microbicidal system, the susceptibilities of these strains to active oxygen species was evaluated . S . enteritidis was found to be susceptible to these active oxygen species, however no differences between the protective and nonprotective strains were observed . Both catalase (H2O2 scavenger) and histidine (1O2 scavenger) inhibited the bactericidal activity of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system . Therefore, among the various oxygen intermediates, H2O2 and 1O2 appears to be necessary for killing of S . enteritidis . In tests for the ability to trigger an oxidative burst in murine peritoneal macrophages, strain 2547 triggered O2 generation at levels as high as those observed with strain 2822 . These studies indicate that the difference between the protective and nonprotective strains is not attributed to susceptibility against active oxygen species nor to the ability to trigger an oxidative burst . From these observations, it is suggested that the difference is not due to differences in resistance to the killing of different strains within macrophages. J Rheumatol, 1991 Nov, 18(11), 1756 - 9 Interplay of microbe and major histocompatibility complex: a family study; Thomson GT et al.; We describe a 24-year-old man who developed reactive arthritis (ReA) after a dysenteric illness caused by Salmonella hadar . Serologic tests suggested recent exposure of family members to Salmonella . All members of the family were HLA-B27 positive, but no other family member developed acute ReA, although 2 of them had clinical evidence of previously existing B27 associated arthritis. Eur J Epidemiol, 1991 Nov, 7(6), 690 - 5 Salmonellosis diagnosed by the laboratory of the 'L . Sacco' Hospital of Milan (Italy) in patients with HIV disease; Tocalli L et al.; We reviewed the cases of typhoid fever (3 cases) and non-typhoid salmonellosis (62 cases) diagnosed from 1987 to 1989 in the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology of the 'L.Sacco' Hospital, Milan . Two cases of typhoid fever and 24 cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis occurred in patients without clinical symptoms of HIV infection . One case of typhoid fever and 38 cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis occurred in patients with clinical symptoms of HIV infection . In AIDS patients living in the Milan province the annual incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis was estimated to be 100-fold greater than that observed in the general population . In patients with non-typhoid salmonellosis, bacteremias was found only in subjects with HIV disease (P = 0.0009) . The frequency of bacteremia was higher in patients with AIDS than in patients with other manifestations of HIV disease (P = 0.0356) . Finally, a significant difference between patients with and without HIV disease was found with regard to Salmonella serotypes distribution (P = 0.0196). J Vet Intern Med, 1991 Nov-Dec, 5(6), 341 - 50 Persistent experimental Salmonella dublin intramammary infection in dairy cows; Spier SJ et al.; Experimental intramammary infections were induced in five post-parturient Holstein cows by inoculation of low numbers (5000 colony forming units) of virulent Salmonella dublin via the teat canal of mammary gland quarters . Rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, milk yield, and milk quality as assessed by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were recorded every 12 hours at milking . Bacteriologic cultures of foremilk quarter samples and feces were obtained daily, as were complete blood counts . ELISA titers for IgG and IgM recognizing S . dublin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were obtained weekly on serum and quarter milk samples . All cows excreted S . dublin intermittently from infected quarters, but no changes were detected in rectal temperature, appearance of the mammary gland or secretions, CBC, milk yield, and pulse and respiratory rates . Somatic cell counts were modestly increased in infected quarters as compared with uninfected quarters (P = .015, paired t test); however, CMT scores after infection remained low, and were not significantly different from pre-infection scores (P greater than .10, sign test) . After infection, administration of dexamethasone resulted in signs of clinical mastitis and increased excretion of S . dublin from mammary quarters (P = .0004, paired t test) . One cow had necrotizing mastitis and S . dublin septicemia and was euthanatized . In the four surviving cows, clinical improvement was observed after systemic gentamicin therapy and intramammary infusion with polymyxin B, but all cows continued to excrete S . dublin intermittently from one or more quarters and occasionally from feces for the remaining period of observation . All infected cows demonstrated a rise in IgG and IgM ELISA titers recognizing S . dublin LPS in serum and milk . At necropsy (13-25 weeks postinfection), S . dublin was recovered only from the mammary tissue or supramammary lymph nodes in three of four cows . In one cow, mammary gland and lymph-node samples were negative for S . dublin despite positive milk cultures . In all cows, histopathologic examination revealed multifocal areas of chronic active mastitis . These lesions were similar to histopathologic findings from mammary gland carriers with naturally acquired S . dublin infection. Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 14(2), 119 - 25 Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp . strains isolated from bovine meat in Zaïre; Mathieu AM et al.; A large majority (87.4%) of 190 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from fresh beef in Lubumbashi (Zaire) belonged to the human St . aureus ecovar; 81.2% of the phage-typed human strains were partially or solely lysed by phages of group III . Thirteen of the 52 tested strains (25.0%) were enterotoxin producers; nine of these (69.2%) were positive for staphylococcal enterotoxin A . Sixteen serotypes were identified among the 122 Salmonella isolates and nearly all these strains were susceptible to the 8 different antibiotics tested. J Laryngol Otol, 1991 Nov, 105(11), 966 - 7 Salmonella neck abscess associated with jugular vein thrombosis; Leiberman A et al.; An unusual case of synergistic infection caused by Salmonella paratyphi and anaerobic streptococcus resulting in necrotizing cervical infection associated with deep neck abscess and internal jugular vein thrombosis, is presented . Salmonella acting as an oxygen consumer in the infected tissues, facilitates the growth of anaerobic cocci, hence the development of a devastating soft tissue infection . The precipitating cause was a tonsillar infection developing due to 'post-anginal sepsis' . The aetiopathogenesis of the cervical infection is discussed. Vaccine, 1991 Nov, 9(11), 810 - 6 Construction of genetically defined double aro mutants of Salmonella typhi; Hone DM et al.; The construction of genetically defined, double aro mutant strains CVD906 and CVD908, which were derived from Salmonella typhi strain ISP1820 (a recent isolate of S . typhi from Chile) and from laboratory strain Ty2, respectively, is described . Strains CVD906 and CVD908 differ from previously described aro mutants of S . typhi as their aro deletion mutations do not extend beyond the limits of the mutated aro genes, and no antibiotic-resistance genes, plasmid sequences or S . typhimurium DNA sequences remain in the mutant strains . In minimal medium the aro mutants of S . typhi are unable to replicate whereas the wild type parent strains grow well in minimal medium . Using intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with S . typhi strains suspended in hog gastric mucin as a virulence assay, it is shown that the single aro mutants and the double aro mutants of Ty2 and ISP1820 are attenuated in mice . Trans complementation of the aro mutants with the aroC gene or aroD gene, or both, results in strains that are phenotypically identical to that of the wild type parents indicating that no measurable additional changes other than loss of the aro gene function occurred during strain construction. FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1991 Nov, 3(6), 327 - 36 Detection of lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins on membranes of murine lymphocyte and macrophage-like cell lines; Kirikae T et al.; Lipopolysaccharide-(LPS) binding proteins present on murine-lymphocyte and macrophage-like cell lines were identified by a ligand-blotting method and subsequent immunological detection of bound LPS . Membrane proteins of the murine-pre-B-cell line 70Z/3 were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred electrophoretically onto nitrocellulose, and the blot was incubated with LPS of the Salmonella minnesota Re-mutant R595 (mRe-LPS) . LPS bound to proteins on nitrocellulose was immunologically detected by anti-mRe-LPS antibodies; LPS was associated with one of the membrane proteins of 70Z/3 cells . This protein was 40 kDa under reducing and 45 kDa under non-reducing conditions, respectively . Treatment of 70Z/3 cells with pronase led to the disappearance of the LPS-binding protein indicating its surface location . Excess free lipid A, which represents the biologically active region of LPS, inhibited the binding of mRe-LPS to the protein . This LPS-binding protein was also identified on the pre-B-cell line CYG8, the B-cell line CYG101 and the murine-T-cell line BW5147 . It was, however, not detectable on the B-cell line CYG34 and the myeloma-cell line P3-X63-Ag8.653 . No other LPS-binding protein could be detected on these cell lines . In the murine-macrophage-like cell line J774.1, two LPS-binding proteins, one of 40 kDa and one of 80 kDa, were detected . These results indicate that mRe-LPS is specifically bound to a 40-kDa protein of lymphocytes, whereas in the case of macrophages it is associated with two LPS-binding proteins of 40 and 80 kDa. J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 29(11), 2424 - 33 Anti-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies: characterization of Salmonella BO-, CO-, DO-, and EO-specific clones and their diagnostic usefulness; Luk JM et al.; To facilitate the identification and serotyping of Salmonella species, we established a wide variety of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that were reactive with the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Salmonella serogroups B to E . An effective approach for generating LPS-reactive hybridomas was used; this required immunization of mice with LPS-coated bacteria . To screen for diagnostically useful MAbs, the MAbs were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against a set of purified LPSs from smooth and rough Salmonella strains . At least four major groups of antibody specificities were identified: Salmonella (i) BO specific, (ii) CO specific, (iii) DO specific, and (iv) EO specific . For a more detailed epitope analysis, a panel of eight different serogroup-specific MAbs which were shown to bind the O-antigenic polysaccharide chains, yielding characteristic ladder patterns in Western blots (immunoblots) against the LPS of Salmonella serogroups B to E, were selected . The availability of various chemically defined LPS structures and Salmonella O-antigen glycoconjugates permitted the definition of O-antigenic polysaccharide epitopes recognized by each MAb that serologically corresponded to factors O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, and O10 on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme for Salmonella classification . The diagnostic accuracy of these immunochemically defined O-specific MAbs for Salmonella serotyping was demonstrated by correct identification of all 167 salmonellae (including 72 serotypes from serogroups B to E) among the 294 bacterial strains in a slide agglutination test . No false-positive reactions were detected. Mutat Res, 1991 Nov, 261(3), 197 - 207 Evaluation of secondary nitroalkanes, their nitronates, primary nitroalkanes, nitrocarbinols, and other aliphatic nitro compounds in the Ames Salmonella assay; Conaway CC et al.; The secondary nitroalkanes 2-nitropropane, 2-nitrobutane, 3-nitropentane and nitrocyclopentane, as well as their anionic forms (nitronates); the primary nitroalkanes 1-nitropropane, 1-nitrobutane, and 1-nitropentane and their respective nitronates; the nitrocarbinols 2-nitro-1-propanol, 2-nitro-1-butanol, 3-nitro-2-butanol, and 3-nitro-2-pentanol and their respective nitronates; 2-methyl-2-nitropropane, and 2-nitroso-2-nitropropane were tested in the Ames Salmonella assay using strains TA98, TA100 and TA102 . Nitronates of the secondary nitroalkanes 2-nitropropane, 2-nitrobutane, 3-nitropentane, and nitrocyclopentane were significantly mutagenic in Salmonella strains TA100 and TA102 at 10-80 mumoles/plate, but the parent compounds were mutagenic at only a single dose level or were not mutagenic at all in the same dose range . The primary nitroalkanes and the nitrocarbinols were not mutagenic, or only marginally so, at the concentrations tested . The nitronates of the primary nitroalkanes and the nitrocarbinols reprotonated too rapidly under the conditions of the assay for adequate evaluation of mutagenicity . 2-Methyl-2-nitropropane was not mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA102; 2-nitroso-2-nitropropane was also not mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA102, but induced an equivocal mutagenic response in TA98 . The positive Salmonella mutation data for the nitronates of the secondary nitroalkanes studied correlate very well with the very slow rate of reprotonation of secondary nitroalkane nitronates at pH 7.7 (Conaway et al . (1991) Cancer Res., 51, 3143), and provide further evidence that nitronates of secondary nitroalkanes, rather than the neutral parent forms with which they may be in equilibrium, are the more proximate mutagenic species. Mutat Res, 1991 Nov, 258(3), 259 - 83 Considerations in the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency's testing approach for mutagenicity; Dearfield KL et al.; OPP: This paper provides the rationale and support for the decisions the OPP will make in requiring and reviewing mutagenicity information . The regulatory requirement for mutagenicity testing to support a pesticide registration is found in the 40 CFR Part 158 . The guidance as to the specific mutagenicity testing to be performed is found in the OPP's Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision F, Hazard Evaluation: Human and Domestic Animals (referred to as the Subdivision F guideline) . A revised Subdivision F guideline has been presented that becomes the current guidance for submitters of mutagenicity data to the OPP . The decision to revise the guideline was the result of close examination of the version published in 1982 and the desire to update the guidance based on developments since then and current state-of-the-science . After undergoing Agency and public scrutiny, the revised guideline is to be published in 1991 . The revised guideline consists of an initial battery of tests (the Salmonella assay, an in vitro mammalian gene mutation assay and an in vivo cytogenetics assay which may be either a bone marrow assay for chromosomal aberrations or for micronuclei formation) that should provide an adequate initial assessment of the potential mutagenicity of a chemical . Follow-up testing to clarify results from the initial testing may be necessary . After this information as well as all other relevant information is obtained, a weight-of-evidence decision will be made about the possible mutagenicity concern a chemical may present . Testing to pursue qualitative and/or quantitative evidence for assessing heritable risk in relation to human beings will then be considered if a mutagenicity concern exists . This testing may range from tests for evidence of gonadal exposure to dominant lethal testing to quantitative tests such as the specific locus and heritable translocation assays . The mutagenicity assessment will be performed in accordance with the Agency's Mutagenicity Risk Assessment Guidelines . The mutagenicity data would also be used in the weight-of-evidence consideration for the potential carcinogenicity of a chemical in accordance with the Agency's Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines . In instances where there are triggers for carcinogenicity testing, mutagenicity data may be used as one of the triggers after a consideration of available information . It is felt that the revised Subdivision F guideline will provide appropriate, and more specific, guidance concerning the OPP approach to mutagenicity testing for the registration of a pesticide . It also provides a clearer understanding of how the OPP will proceed with its evaluation and decision making concerning the potential heritable effects of a test chemical.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) J Immunol, 1991 Nov 1, 147(9), 3072 - 9 Lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of CD11b/CD18 expression on neutrophils . Evidence of specific receptor-based response and inhibition by lipid A-based antagonists; Lynn WA et al.; Gram-negative bacterial septicemia is a common clinical syndrome resulting, in part, from the activation of phagocytic leukocytes by LPS . By using flow cytometry, we have characterized LPS-induced expression of the beta 2 integrin CD11b/CD18 . After exposure to Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS, expression of neutrophil CD11b/CD18 is rapidly upregulated, beginning within 5 min and achieving a peak fluorescence (typically two- to threefold over base line) by 30 min . The increase in CD11b/CD18 expression was similar in kinetics and magnitude to that produced by FMLP, PMA, and human rTNF-alpha . Concentrations of LPS necessary to stimulate a response were as low as 1 ng/ml of R595 LPS; a maximal response was observed between 30 and 100 ng/ml . The upregulation of CD11b/CD18 due to LPS was not interrupted by protein synthesis inhibitors . A group of glucosamine disaccharide lipid A-like molecules: Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A, lipid IVA, KDO2IVA, and deacylated LPS were able to block the stimulatory effect of LPS . This inhibition was specific for the actions of LPS as stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) by FMLP, human rTNF alpha, PMA, and rewarming were not altered by the disaccharide inhibitors . PMN which were exposed to the specific disaccharide LPS antagonists and then washed, were refractory to stimulation by LPS . The monosaccharide lipid A precursor lipid X also blocked stimulation of neutrophils by LPS, although with a 100-fold reduction in potency . Unlike the disaccharide inhibitors, PMN exposed to lipid X were still responsive to LPS stimulation after washing . The PMN response to LPS was less sensitive in the absence of serum, although upregulation of CD11b/CD18 could still be seen using higher concentrations of LPS . Monoclonal antibody directed against CD14 (clone 3C10), also specifically inhibited LPS induced PMN CD11b/CD18 expression both in the presence and absence of serum . These findings support the hypothesis that LPS stimulates neutrophils by interacting with specific cellular receptors. Peptides, 1991 Nov-Dec, 12(6), 1441 - 3 Central and peripheral actions of alpha-MSH in the thermoregulation of rats; Villar M et al.; The effect of alpha-MSH on thermoregulation in rats at room temperature was examined . alpha-MSH (1 microgram ICV or 30 micrograms IP) alone did not alter temperature . However, this peptide was a potent antipyretic when administered centrally or peripherally in rats treated with pyrogen derived from Salmonella