Edwardsiella

FEBS Lett, 1996 Apr 1, 383(3), 251 - 4
Protective effect of lysozyme-galactomannan or lysozyme-palmitic acid conjugates against Edwardsiella tarda infection in carp, Cyprinus carpio L; Nakamura S et al.; The protective effect of lysozyme-galactomannan or lysozyme-palmitic acid conjugates orally administered to carp, Cyprinus carpio L . was investigated using a virulent strain of Gram-negative Edwardsiella tarda isolated from an infected fish . Lysozyme-galactomannan conjugate was prepared through controlled Maillard reaction . Lysozyme-palmitic acid conjugate was prepared through base-catalyzed ester exchange using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of palmitic acid . The conjugates provided substantial protection to carp infected with a Gram-negative bacteria fish pathogen E . tarda NG 8104 . Lytic activities of lysozyme conjugates with galactomannan and palmitic acid were about 80 and 71% of native lysozyme using Micrococcus lysodeikticus as a substrate . Feeding with lysozyme conjugates, for 8 days, significantly enhanced fish protection against E . tarda infection . The survival rate was 30% for lysozyme-galactomannan conjugate treated fish and 20% for lysozyme-palmitic acid conjugate treated fish after 6 days cultivation while all control fish died within 3 days . On the other hand, a recovery rate of 40% after 6 days was observed in the fish group that were fed lysozyme-palmitic acid conjugate 3 and 2 h before and after E . tarda challenge, respectively, and for 6 consecutive days . The results of this work show the possibility of utilizing lysozyme conjugates with galactomannan or palmitic acid as a therapeutic for infection in fish.

Arch Microbiol, 1996 Jan, 165(1), 9 - 17
Molecular cloning, characterization, and sequencing of the hemolysin gene from Edwardsiella tarda; Chen JD et al.; Hemolysis is a major symptom of diseased eels infected by Edwardsiella tarda . The hemolysin gene of E . tarda strain ET16 was cloned into plasmid pSK and expressed in Escherichia coli . The mol . mass of the functional beta-hemolysin was estimated to be approximately 34 kDa by gel filtration and by SDS-PAGE followed by in situ hemolysin activity analysis . The cloned fragment containing the beta-hemolysin locus from E . tarda strain ET16 expressed in E . coli was estimated to be 5.3 kb in length; the deduced gene product was identical in mol . mass and properties to the extracellular products of E . tarda strain ET16 . The presence of EcoRI and XbaI sites within the beta-hemolysin gene of E . tarda was determined from the loss of hemolytic activity in subclones . Analysis of the DNA sequence of a 2,436-bp HaeIII-HindIII fragment that included EcoRI and XbaI sites revealed three ORFs organized as an operon that encoded three predicted polypeptides of 15,874, 7,055, and 34,804 Da . A 34-kDa polypeptide expressing hemolytic activity in cell lysates of the clone DH5 alpha(pETH3E) is very likely the beta-hemolysin encoded by the third ORF . The observation that hemolytic activity appeared in the culture medium of E . tarda, but not in that of E . coli strain DH5 alpha(pETH3E) indicates the existence of a mechanism for transporting the hemolysin across the cell envelope in E . tarda that is different from that of E . coli.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1995 Sep, 173(3 Pt 1), 964 - 5
Tuboovarian abscess caused by Edwardsiella tarda; Pien FD et al.; Edwardsiella tarda infections are uncommon and have often been reported in association with pet reptiles . The majority of these infections occur as gastrointestinal disorders in immunocompromised hosts . We believe this to be the first reported American case of tuboovarian abscess caused by this organism in an otherwise healthy woman whose only known exposure was to raw seafood . This patient had fever and lower abdominal pain caused by a severe Edwardsiella tarda pelvic abscess that required surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotics for complete recovery.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1995 May, 28(4), 464 - 70
Immunotoxicity in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, following acute exposure to tributyltin; Rice CD et al.; Tributyltin (TBT) is a trialkylated organotin formulated for use primarily as a biocide for aquatic and agricultural industries . Although macrophages isolated from toadfish (Opsanus tau) are sensitive to exposure, very little is known about the effects of TBT on fish humoral immunity and non-specific cytotoxic cell (NCC) functions . To evaluate the effects of TBT on these parameters, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were given a single intraperitoneal injection of corn oil with 0 (vehicle control) or with 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mgTBT/kg as TBTCl . Three and seven days later, NCC activity and phagocyte oxidative burst were evaluated and related to allometric indices and hematology . The humoral immune response to Edwardsiella ictaluri was evaluated fourteen days after treatment . Peripheral blood neutrophilia and specific antibody secreting cell (SASC) numbers were the most sensitive parameters and were affected in all three TBT treatment groups . Allometric indices, peripheral blood lymphocyte and monocyte percentages, NCC activity, and phagocyte oxidative burst were less sensitive and were affected only at the highest dose of TBT.

South Med J, 1995 Mar, 88(3), 347 - 9
Suppression of cell-mediated immunity in hypothyroidism; Schoenfeld PS et al.; A 71-year-old man had severe hypothyroidism, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and bacteremia due to Edwardsiella tarda . Review of the literature identified the hypothesis that E tarda infections may occur more frequently in immunocompromised patients . Previous animal studies have shown decreases in lymphocyte function during hypothyroidism, with return of normal lymphocyte function during euthyroid states . Therefore, lymphocyte transformation studies were obtained, demonstrating severe decreases in our patient's lymphocyte function . Except for chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, other immune system abnormalities were excluded . Serial lymphocyte transformation studies showed gradual improvement in lymphocyte function during gradual return to euthyroid state . Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms for these findings will be reviewed.

Am J Vet Res, 1994 Sep, 55(9), 1256 - 60
Protection against enteric septicemia of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by immunization with the R-mutant, Escherichia coli (J5); Tyler JW et al.; The protective effects of immunization with the rough (R) mutant, Escherichia coli (J5), were evaluated in an experimental model of Edwardsiella ictaluri-induced enteric septicemia of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) . Groups of 18 to 25 fish were administered killed E coli (J5) with or without an aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or IM route . Vaccinated fish were experimentally infected with virulent Ed ictaluri . Fish were monitored to determine survival after Ed ictaluri infection . Fish that received E coli (J5) in alum i.p . had enhanced survival (92%), compared with fish given E coli (J5) i.p . only (54%, P < 0.05) or fish given saline solution i.p . (56%, P < 0.05) . Fish given E coli (J5) in alum i.m . had intermediate survival (77%), which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from survival of fish in the other 3 vaccination groups . Serologic responses to Ed ictaluri and E coli (J5) before and after immunization with E coli (J5) were determined, using whole-cell ELISA . Serologic recognition of both whole cell antigens increased significantly (P < 0.10) in all groups; however, the most pronounced increase was observed in fish that received E coli (J5) in alum i.p. . These results indicate the i.p . administration of E coli (J5) in alum protects against enteric septicemia of catfish.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1993 Dec, 39(4), 447 - 59
Opsonic effect of the alternative complement pathway on channel catfish peripheral blood phagocytes; Jenkins JA et al.; This study determined the effect of the alternative complement pathway (ACP) on neutrophil and monocyte phagocytes from peripheral blood of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus . Fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres, Edwardsiella ictaluri and Escherichia coli were used to quantify phagocytic attachment and ingestion . Activation of the ACP enhanced the attachment of bacteria and microspheres to neutrophils and monocytes . Activation of the ACP by serum opsonization of Escherichia coli increased its ingestion by neutrophils in comparison with Edwardsiella ictaluri and microspheres . Inactivation of the ACP and C3b diminished attachment by neutrophils and monocytes, and ingestion by neutrophils of microspheres and bacteria . Ingestion by monocytes was not affected by activation of the ACP . In the present study, we found that the ACP functions in opsonophagocytosis in catfish and that ingestion by neutrophils was especially enhanced.

J Med Microbiol, 1993 Oct, 39(4), 273 - 81
Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility, beta-lactamase production, plasmid analysis and serum bactericidal activity in Edwardsiella tarda, E . ictaluri and E . hoshinae; Reger PJ et al.; Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of Edwardsiella demonstrate that the three species are susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics . All strains were susceptible to two quinolones tested and to gentamicin and doxycycline . E . tarda and E . hoshinae were resistant to clindamycin, whereas E . ictaluri was moderately susceptible . beta-Lactamase was produced by all strains of E . tarda, but not by E . hoshinae or E . ictaluri . A 54-kb plasmid was detected in six of 13 E . hoshinae strains . Five of the 10 E . tarda isolates studied gave an identical plasmid pattern of four plasmids ranging in size from 76-kb to 5.0-kb . One strain exhibited a 54-kb plasmid; four strains did not contain plasmid DNA . All E . ictaluri isolates contained a 5.7-kb and a 4.9-kb plasmid . E . tarda and E . ictaluri strains were resistant to human serum 20%; 12 of 13 strains of E . hoshinae were also serum resistant . Serum resistance may play an important part in the pathogenicity of these species.

Clin Infect Dis, 1993 Oct, 17(4), 742 - 8
Infections associated with the genus Edwardsiella: the role of Edwardsiella tarda in human disease; Janda JM et al.; The role of the genus Edwardsiella in human illness is reviewed . Of the three recognized species, only Edwardsiella tarda has been demonstrated to be pathogenic for humans . Chief infections associated with this species include bacterial gastroenteritis, wound infections such as cellulitis or gas gangrene associated with trauma to mucosal surfaces, and systemic disease such as septicemia, meningitis, cholecystitis, and osteomyelitis . Risk factors that are associated with E . tarda infections include exposure to aquatic environments or exotic animals (e.g., reptiles or amphibia), preexisting liver disease, conditions leading to iron overload, and dietary habits (e.g., raw fish ingestion) . Although studies indicate that this bacterium is susceptible to most commonly prescribed antibiotics, fatal gastrointestinal and extraintestinal infections have been described.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993 Sep, 59(9), 2830 - 6
Plasmid and serological differences between Edwardsiella ictaluri strains; Lobb CJ et al.; Several studies have shown that isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri obtained from infected channel catfish in the southeastern United States harbor two cryptic plasmids, designated pCL1 (5.7 kb) and pCL2 (4.9 kb) . These isolates appear to be serologically homogeneous . To extend these studies, we focused our analyses on two isolates of nonictalurid origin . Plasmid analyses of a danio isolate showed that it harbored plasmids which were similar if not identical to pCL1 and pCL2 . This strain was also serologically indistinguishable from those isolated from channel catfish . In contrast, a green knife fish (GNF) isolate harbored four plasmids with relative mobilities of 6.0, 5.7, 4.1, and 3.1 kb . Southern blot analyses indicated that only the 5.7- and 4.1-kb plasmids strongly hybridized under high-stringency conditions to probes specific for pCL1 and pCL2, respectively . The GNF isolate showed minimal reactivity when reacted with polyclonal antiserum prepared against a channel catfish isolate . However, polyclonal antiserum to the GNF isolate strongly reacted with the GNF isolate in both surface fluorescence and agglutination reactions . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of cell lysates showed that the protein banding patterns of the strains compared were similar . However, Western blots of proteinase K-digested cell extracts showed that O antigen of the GNF isolate was antigenically distinct from the O antigen of the other isolates . These studies indicate that there are different serotypes of E . ictaluri and suggest that plasmid and serological analyses of future isolates of E . ictaluri can be used to determine whether structurally distinct strains are emerging in major channel catfish aquaculture areas.

N Engl J Med, 1993 Aug 19, 329(8), 542 - 4
Seabather's eruption; Freudenthal AR et al.; BACKGROUND . Seabather's eruption is an annoying pruritic dermatitis that appears on the areas covered by the bathing suit as an erythematous macular or papular dermatitis, with or without urticaria . It occurs sporadically in Florida, the Caribbean, and as far north as Bermuda . The cause is not known . METHODS . We collected information in Nassau County, Long Island, New York, about cases of all types of water-related dermatitis reported by beach personnel, health providers, and affected swimmers from 1970 through 1991 . Concurrently, we surveyed all Nassau County swimming waters, especially during the summer season (June through September), for the presence of organisms capable of causing dermatitis . In 1980 a sudden epidemic of a severe, unfamiliar dermatitis in ocean bathers prompted increased surveillance of cases and waters . Planula larvae of the phylum Cnidaria were collected from the ocean and beaches and inside bathing suits . They were examined, photographed, tested on healthy subjects, and observed in the laboratory for metamorphosis . RESULTS . Three outbreaks of seabather's eruption have occurred on Long Island since 1975 . The first, in August 1975, affected a small number of swimmers on the eastern end of Long Island . In 1980 there were thousands of cases along the entire south shore of the island, and in 1990 there were hundreds in the same area . In nonepidemic years, five or fewer cases have been reported yearly . Surveillance for larvae revealed them to be present during the swimming season in epidemic years, but in nonepidemic years they did not appear until autumn, after the swimming season . Applying larvae to the skin of healthy subjects produced a dermatitis indistinguishable from seabather's eruption . All larvae metamorphosed in the laboratory to the adult sea anemone Edwardsiella lineata . CONCLUSIONS . Seabather's eruption, previously reported only as sporadic cases in southern climates, has occurred sporadically and in outbreaks 1000 miles north of most previously described cases . These Long Island episodes were probably caused by the planula larvae of E . lineata.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1993 Aug 1, 111(2-3), 275 - 80
Expression of an iron-regulated hemolysin by Edwardsiella tarda; Janda JM et al.; The ability of Edwardsiella tarda to hemolyse red blood cells was investigated . Most E . tarda strains (> 80%) produced a hemolysin when assayed by either an agar overlay or contact-dependent hemolysis technique . This activity was cell-associated (CAH) and not released into the culture supernatant under routine conditions . When quantified, E . tarda strains significantly produced 30-40-fold higher levels of hemolytic activity against guinea pig, sheep, or rabbit erythrocytes than either E . hoshinae or E . ictaluri . When grown under iron restricted-conditions in the presence of ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid), hemoglobin, hematin and hemin were found to stimulate growth in both liquid and agar bioassays . Hemolysin activity could be released from selected E . tarda strains when grown in L broth supplemented with EDDA; hemolytic activity was 3- to > 40-fold under these conditions when compared to L broth alone . Preliminary characterization of the hemolysin of strain ET-13 indicates that it is a heat-labile protein with active sulphydryl and thiol groups . These results indicate that, in addition to its invasive capabilities, E . tarda produces a hemolysin which is at least partially regulated by the relative availability of iron and may play a role in human disease.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1993 Jul, 27(3), 221 - 7
{Antimicrobial sensitivity of some gram-negative bacterial strains causing hospital or community-acquired infections}; Usluer G et al.; The susceptibility to various antimicrobics of E . coli, Klebsiella, S . typhimurium, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Edwardsiella strains causing hospital or community acquired infections were investigated by Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method . It was found that ampicillin was the least and quinolones were the most effective antimicrobics for the both hospital and community acquired infections . In general, the antimicrobic resistance was significantly increased for the hospital isolates.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1993 May, 36(4), 359 - 68
Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent tests for detecting antibodies to Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, using exoantigen; Klesius PH; A rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to evaluate sera from channel catfish with and without Edwardsiella ictaluri infection . Anti-E . ictaluri antibodies were detected in the sera from 94 of 100 infected catfish . Specific antibodies were not detected in the sera from 100 non-infected fish . The ELISA was based on the Falcon Assay Screening Test (FAST) and was performed in 30 min . An E . ictaluri exoantigen was used in the FAST-ELISA . The immunodominance of the exoantigen was shown by reactivity with monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the predominant epitope of E . ictaluri . The FAST-ELISA was found to be ideal for serodiagnosis and seroepidemiological purposes of detecting and monitoring E . ictaluri antibody responses.

J Wildl Dis, 1993 Apr, 29(2), 334 - 6
An epizootic of Edwardsiella tarda in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides); Francis-Floyd R et al.; Edwardsiella tarda, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, was isolated from dying largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) during an epizootic in a eutrophic lake system, Lochloosa Lake, Florida, USA . Approximately 1,500 adult fish died over a 6-wk period during the late summer and early fall of 1991 . A mixed population of aerobic bacteria (E . tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas sp.) was isolated from deep cutaneous ulcers and intestines of moribund bass . However, E . tarda in pure culture was the only bacterium isolated from several viscera of several fish; E . tarda may be the etiologic agent responsible for some episodes of seasonal mortality in largemouth bass.

J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Jan, 31(1), 155 - 6
Sucrose-positive Edwardsiella tarda mimicking a biogroup 1 strain isolated from a patient with cholelithiasis; Walton DT et al.; An unusual strain of Edwardsiella tarda mimicking a biogroup 1 isolate was recovered in a mixed infection from a woman suffering from cholelithiasis . Rare biochemical characteristics (e.g., H2S negativity) originally detected were related to an unusual biochemical property in this species, sucrose fermentation; other points of interest regarding this strain included the site of isolation (bile) and the failure of this isolate to produce many of the in vitro virulence markers associated with E . tarda.

Clin Infect Dis, 1992 Jan, 14(1), 117 - 20
Successful medical management of a patient with multiple hepatic abscesses due to Edwardsiella tarda; Zighelboim J et al.; Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda in humans has been associated with an asymptomatic carrier state as well as mild, self-limited diarrheal illness . Extraintestinal manifestations have included soft-tissue infections, meningitis, osteomyelitis, cholangitis, and sepsis . Only three cases of patients who had documented hepatic abscess due to E . tarda have been reported in the English-language literature; two patients died, and the third required a laparotomy and drainage . We report what is, to our knowledge, the first autochthonous case of hepatic abscess due to E . tarda in the United States and the first case that was successfully managed with antibiotic therapy alone.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1992, 36(2), 207 - 16
Classification of strains of Pragia fontium, Budvicia aquatica and of Leminorella by whole-cell protein pattern; Schindler J et al.; SDS PAGE protein patterns of 37 H2S-positive strains of species belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae including the genera Budvicia (11 strains) and Leminorella (L . grimontii--3 strains, L . richardii--4 strains) were compared with 10 strains of species Pragia fontium . All strains under study form well separated clusters with overall similarity C = .49 . Clusters are separated in the range of C = .68-.83 . They display high homogeneity, only one strain of Edwardsiella tarda clusters with budviciae . Strains of Pragia form two distinct clusters separated from other genera . Electrophoretograms of two strains which do not group as expected are analyzed and results discussed . Results support evidence that strains designated Pragia fontium deserve independent treatment as a new species.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Sep, 29(9), 1997 - 2001
Pathogenic properties of Edwardsiella species; Janda JM et al.; The pathogenic characteristics of 35 Edwardsiella strains from clinical and environmental sources were investigated . Overall, most Edwardsiella tarda strains were invasive in HEp-2 cell monolayers, produced a cell-associated hemolysin and siderophores, and bound Congo red; many strains also expressed mannose-resistant hemagglutination against guinea pig erythrocytes . Edwardsiella hoshinae strains bound Congo red and were variable in their invasive and hemolytic capabilities while Edwardsiella ictaluri strains did not produce either factor; neither E . hoshinae nor E . ictaluri expressed mannose-resistant hemagglutination nor elaborated siderophores under the tested conditions . Selected strains of each species tested for mouse lethality indicated strain variability in pathogenic potential, with E . tarda strains being the most virulent; 50% lethal doses in individual strains did not correlate with plasmid content, chemotactic motility, serum resistance, or expression of selected enzyme activities . The results suggest some potential important differences in pathogenic properties that may help explain their environmental distribution and ability to cause disease in humans.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1991 Jun, 58(2), 67 - 70
Health status of salmonids in river systems in Natal . III . Isolation and identification of bacteria; Bragg RR; Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria were isolated from fish, both salmonid and non-salmonid, from selected river systems in Natal . Pasteurella pisicida was isolated for the first time from fish in South Africa . The isolation of Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Edwardsiella tarda were recorded for the first time from fish in Natal . A . hydrophila and Flexibacter columnaris were found to be widespread throughout the river systems in Natal . The Streptococcus species which caused serious disease problems in trout in the Cape Province and Transvaal was not isolated from any of the fish examined in Natal.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1991 Mar, 22(1), 30 - 4
Edwardsiella tarda: a causative agent in human infections; Jaruratanasirikul S et al.; In a retrospective study 45 specimens of E . tarda infection from 44 adult cases at Songklanagarind Hospital during February 1982 to March 1989 were reviewed . There were 24 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 48.20 years . Nearly all of E . tarda were isolated from extraintestinal sources, especially pus and urine and most of them were subsequently found to be nosocomial-acquired infections . About half were polomicrobial infections of E . tarda and gram negative bacilli . Forty one patients were cured of the infection . Three cases died from bacteremia and serious underlying diseases.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1991 Mar-Apr, 14(2), 173 - 5
In vitro susceptibilities of Edwardsiella tarda to 22 antibiotics and antibiotic-beta-lactamase-inhibitor agents; Clark RB et al.; The in vitro susceptibilities of 22 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda were studied with 22 antibiotics and antibiotic-beta-lactamase-inhibitor agents . Results indicated that all isolates were susceptible to the aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillins, imipenem, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and antibiotic-beta-lactamase-inhibitor agents . Each strain produced a beta-lactamase even though no resistance was detected to the beta-lactams.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1991 Winter, 15(1-2), 53 - 63
In vitro responses of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, neutrophils to Edwardsiella ictaluri; Waterstrat PR et al.; The in vitro responses of channel catfish peripheral blood neutrophils to Edwardsiella ictaluri were examined through the use of phagocytic, bactericidal, and chemiluminescent assays . Evidence from both light and electron microscopy indicate that catfish neutrophils appeared to phagocytose E . ictaluri . Although extracellular killing of E . ictaluri was observed, bactericidal assays did not demonstrate intracellular killing of E . ictaluri by neutrophils . Catfish neutrophils mount a chemiluminescent response to E . ictaluri which is enhanced by the presence of specific antibody . Incubation of catfish neutrophils with LPS from E . ictaluri appeared to suppress the chemiluminescent response to opsonized zymosan.

J Wildl Dis, 1991 Jan, 27(1), 144 - 7
Fish mortality in the Mississippi catfish farming industry in 1988: causes and treatments; Durborow RM et al.; The 1988 fish mortality summary for the catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) industry in Mississippi is presented . In 1988, 2,456 cases were submitted to Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service fish disease laboratories at Belzoni and Stoneville . Bacterial infection caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri was the leading cause of catfish mortality . Descriptions and treatments are presented for bacterial, parasitic, viral and other diseases affecting Mississippi farm-raised catfish in 1988.

Infect Immun, 1991 Jan, 59(1), 154 - 61
Penetration and replication of Edwardsiella spp . in HEp-2 cells; Janda JM et al.; The ability of 22 Edwardsiella strains to penetrate and replicate in cultured epithelial cells was initially evaluated by light microscopy methods and by the recovery of gentamicin-resistant (Gmr) bacteria from the Triton X-100 cell lysates of HEp-2-infected monolayers . Giemsa-stained HEp-2 cells revealed the presence of numerous internalized bacteria 3 h postinfection, often appearing as parallel rows of replicated bacteria within the cytosol and sometimes obliterating the cytoplasm because of the large numbers of bacilli present . Invasive bacteria were also sometimes found within cytoplasmic vacuoles in infected cells; thin-section electron micrographs of HEp-2-infected cells supported these conclusions . Results of light microscopy studies and cell lysate assays indicated that most Edwardsiella tarda (92%) and some Edwardsiella hoshinae strains were invasion positive on one or more occasions, while Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates were uniformly negative . HEp-2 invasion by E . tarda was a microfilament-dependent (cytochalasin B- and D-sensitive) process, with maximum numbers of Gmr CFU recorded between 3 and 6 h postinfection . The small percentage (0.01 to 1.0%) of the challenge inoculum recoverable as Gmr progeny 3 to 6 h postinfection was attributed to a strong cell-associated (not filterable) hemolysin that was produced by a majority (85%) of the E . tarda strains but not by E . ictaluri and only minimally by E . hoshinae . This cytolysin/hemolysin was responsible for the toxic effects observed in HEp-2 cells during the infection-replication process of edwardsiellae and appears to play a role in the release of internalized and replicated bacteria from infected cells . The results suggest an invasion strategy with some similarities to and differences from those of other recognized enteroinvasive pathogens.

Comp Biochem Physiol A, 1991, 100(4), 913 - 8
Effect of temperature on the immune system of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)--II . Adaptation of anterior kidney phagocytes to 10 degrees C; Dexiang C et al.; 1 . Anterior kidney phagocytes from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed to 10 and 24 degrees C from 1 day to 5 weeks were assayed for phagocytic ability and respiratory burst activity to Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella ictaluri . 2 . The results of this study indicated that phagocytosis in channel catfish remained partially functional at low temperature without adaptation, although partial suppression was observed . 3 . Adaptation to low temperature did lead to an improvement in the respiratory burst which would imply improved bacterial killing ability . 4 . Our study suggests that phagocytosis may play a significant role in preventing disease at low environmental temperature.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 May, 64(5), 620 - 4
{A case of sepsis caused by Edwardsiella tarda complicated panophthalmitis and pyogenic spondylitis}; Harada M et al.; Edwardsiella tarda (E . tarda) is gram negative enterobacteriaceae which has been found generally in animal hosts and occasionally in human feces . We have reported a case of sepsis caused by E . tarda, complicated panophthalmitis and pyogenic spondylitis . A 39-year old patient suffered from fever, polyarthralgia and lumbago . We performed blood culture, from which E . tarda was isolated . Spinal CT scan showed destruction and osteogenesis of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral body and cranial CT scan showed destruction of the right lens . So we diagnosed sepsis with pyogenic spondylitis and panophthalmitis . We suspected that chronic ethanol administration reduced the resistance to infection of E . tarda which caused sepsis.

J Wildl Dis, 1990 Apr, 26(2), 214 - 8
A medium for the selective isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri; Shotts EB et al.; A selective medium, called Edwardsiella ictaluri medium (EIM), has been formulated for the isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri . The medium inhibits the growth of most gram-negative bacteria, except Proteus sp., Serratia marcescens and some isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri . The bacteria that grow on the EIM are easily differentiated from E . ictaluri based on colony morphology . The EIM inhibits gram-positive bacteria with the exception of enterococci . The addition of fungizone to EIM suppressed the growth of most fungi . The EIM allows the evaluation of environmental reservoirs, levels of contamination and carrier states of E . ictaluri.

J Wildl Dis, 1990 Apr, 26(2), 246 - 52
Serological investigation of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri, cause of enteric septicemia of catfish; Bertolini JM et al.; The serological relationships among 32 isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri obtained from fish were studied . The strains were extremely homogeneous in protein and lipopolysaccharide preparations as observed by sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Only minor variations were observed in the structural O-side chain subunits in three isolates; however, such variation did not preclude antigenic recognition by two E . ictaluri antisera in either microagglutination or Western blot immunoassays . The antigenic homogeneity of E . ictaluri was further demonstrated by microagglutination assays with both formalin-killed and heat inactivated cellular antigens . The minimal degree of antigenic variability observed suggested that most isolates of E . ictaluri compose a single antigenic serotype.

Am J Vet Res, 1990 Feb, 51(2), 211 - 5
Outer membrane protein profiles of Edwardsiella ictaluri from fish; Newton JC et al.; Outer membrane proteins (OMP) prepared with sodium N-lauroyl sarcocinate (SLS) from 33 Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from fish were examined by electrophoresis . Twenty-eight isolates from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) had similar OMP profiles . Ten bands (71 kilodaltons {kD} to 19.5 kD) were identified in all isolates from channel catfish . One major 35-kD protein comprised most of the protein content of the outer membrane of isolates from channel catfish . Differences existed among isolates in the amount of protein within minor OMP bands . Edwardsiella ictaluri ATCC 33202 contained larger quantities of the 38.5- and 37-kD proteins than did the other isolates . Outer membrane protein profiles of E ictaluri derived from Bengal danio (Danio devario) and walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) were identical to OMP profiles of isolates from channel catfish . In contrast, OMP profiles from single isolates from green knife fish (Eigemannia virescens) and white catfish (Ictalurus catus) were different . Variations in incubation time, SLS extraction time, SLS extraction number, and in vivo and in vitro passage had no effect on the OMP profile of E ictaluri ATCC 33202 . An increase in duration of sample solubilization did affect the OMP profile of E ictaluri ATCC 33202 by decreasing the amount of protein in 52-, 46-, and 43.5-kD bands . Accompanying the decrease were increased staining intensity in the 31.5- and 28.5-kD bands and the appearance of 4 new bands (34, 33, 25.5, and 22.5 kD) . Edwardsiella ictaluri, a gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae, is the cause of enteric septicemia of catfish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dev Comp Immunol, 1990 Spring, 14(2), 201 - 9
Differences in the phagocytosis of four bacteria by channel catfish neutrophils; Ainsworth AJ et al.; The purpose of this study was to compare the phagocytosis of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Edwardsiella tarda and Micrococcus luteus by channel catfish neutrophils . Various aspects of opsonization effect and bactericidal ability of channel catfish neutrophils were investigated . Percent phagocytosis ranged from a low of 1% to a high of 91% . The highest percent phagocytosis and phagocytic indices routinely occurred with normal serum and were highest for M . luteus (91.78%, 55.25) and A . hydrophila (87.52%, 43.60) . In all cases, the percent phagocytosis and phagocytic index was lowest in assays without serum . Channel catfish neutrophils displayed a bactericidal/static ability for each bacterium tested except E . tarda . Neutrophils exhibited a greater inhibitory capacity for A . hydrophila and M . luteus than for the other bacteria when in the presence of normal or inactivated catfish serum.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 55(12), 3253 - 5
Plasmid homologies in Edwardsiella ictaluri; Reid WS et al.; Plasmids from all available non-channel catfish isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri were classified by gel electrophoresis and hybridization methods . All isolates, regardless of source, contained classes of homologous plasmids with similar but not identical sizes.

Vet Rec, 1989 Sep 16, 125(12), 315 - 8
Bacterial diseases of marine fish; Frerichs GN; The principal bacterial diseases found among wild and cultured marine fish are reviewed . The bacterial agents discussed include the Gram-negative pathogens in the Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pasteurella and Edwardsiella genera, Renibacterium salmoninarum and the myxobacteria, streptococci, mycobacteria, nocardias and anaerobic organisms which have been associated with fish diseases . Methods for the isolation and identification of these organisms are described.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Aug, 27(8), 1797 - 801
Surface properties and ultrastructure of Edwardsiella species; Wong JD et al.; Twenty-two strains of Edwardsiella representing the three currently recognized species were evaluated for surface characteristics and ultrastructural morphology . All isolates tested possessed a high surface cell charge as detected by DEAE-cellulose chromatography; surface hydrophobicity was variable and strain but not species dependent . Two major types of adhesins detected by hemagglutination assays were identified: one was inhibited by D-mannose (mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin) and found on all three species, and a second was not inhibited by D-mannose (mannose-resistant hemagglutinin) and was principally associated with Edwardsiella tarda . The results of physiologic and ultrastructural studies suggest that both hemagglutinins are afimbrial adhesin proteins . The results of these studies suggest that there are a number of distinct surface and ultrastructural properties associated with each of the three Edwardsiella species.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1989 Winter, 13(1), 43 - 8
Dietary influences on disease resistance factors in channel catfish; Blazer VS et al.; The effects of diet on selected disease resistance factors were studied in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) . Two commercial feeds and a "control," laboratory-prepared diet were compared . Macrophage function (phagocytosis and intracellular killing) was used to assess nonspecific disease resistance and serum antibody was measured as an indication of specific immunity . We measured the immune response to Edwardsiella ictaluri, a common bacterial pathogen of catfish, as well as the phagocytosis and killing of the bacteria . In the initial experiment fish were maintained on the experimental diets for 116 days, vaccinated and responses assayed 14 days later . Significant differences among the groups were observed in the phagocytic index as well as in circulating antibody . An additional study showed that even when fed the experimental diets for only 42 days there were significant differences in the ability of macrophages from both immunized and nonimmunized fish to kill E . ictaluri.

J Wildl Dis, 1989 Jan, 25(1), 103 - 7
Automated biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens using the Abbott Quantum II; Teska JD et al.; The Quantum II, originally designed by Abbott Diagnostics for automated rapid identification of members of Enterobacteriaceae, was adapted for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens . The instrument operates as a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 492.600 nm . A sample cartridge containing 20 inoculated biochemical chambers is inserted in the path of the analyzing beam . Reactions are converted into a 7-digit octal biocode, relayed via a sensor to the memory module, and compared to biocodes preprogrammed in the memory . An identification is then printed . Presently, the Quantum II is capable of identifying human strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda . This study was initiated to determine the feasibility of expanding the use of the Quantum II to include identification of bacterial fish pathogens . Ten to 50 isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri, Serratia liquefaciens, Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, typical Aeromonas salmonicida, and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida were utilized to determine optimal incubation conditions, relative stability of the biochemicals, and ability to obtain consistent biocode numbers . After sorting the octal biocodes from the 169 isolates into groupings using a cluster analysis technique, it was shown by a Chi-square goodness of fit test that isolates of a given species were sorted into the same cluster group at a frequency of at least 99% . Results of this study illustrate the usefulness of the Quantum II BID system for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens not contained within the system's memory module.

Arch Intern Med, 1989 Jan, 149(1), 208 - 10
Serious infections with Edwardsiella tarda . A case report and review of the literature; Wilson JP et al.; Edwardsiella tarda, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, has recently become recognized as pathogenic, especially in patients with an underlying illness . In the present report, a patient had sickle cell hemoglobinopathy and E tarda bacteremia . Other cases of serious infection with Edwardsiella are reported in the literature . Edwardsiella infection may present as bacteremia, enteric fever, gastroenteritis, localized infection, and an asymptomatic carrier state . On the basis of this review, bacteremia with E tarda often has been associated with septic shock and has a high mortality, but this may be related to the usual presence of a serious underlying illness in these patients.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Nov, 49(11), 1856 - 60
Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of cryptic plasmids isolated from Edwardsiella ictaluri; Newton JC et al.; Fifty-five isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri were examined for the presence of plasmid DNA by a rapid alkaline extraction procedure . All 49 isolates from channel catfish and a single isolate from Bengal danio carried 2 plasmids with molecular masses of approximately 3.2 and 3.7 megadaltons (Mdal) . Five E ictaluri isolates from other fish contained 1 to 3 plasmids, which had molecular masses ranging from 2.5 to 45 Mdal . The 2 plasmids (3.2 and 3.7 Mdal) from the type strain of E ictaluri (ATCC 33202) were ligated into pUC19 cloning vectors, and restriction endonuclease maps of each insert were prepared.

J Clin Microbiol, 1988 Nov, 26(11), 2343 - 6
Edwardsiella tarda serotyping scheme for international use; Tamura K et al.; A combination of two systems for the serotyping of Edwardsiella tarda developed independently at the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan, and the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., has enabled a single serotyping scheme comprising 61 O groups and 45 H antigens to be established for international use.

Can J Microbiol, 1988 Nov, 34(11), 1224 - 9
Chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharide from Edwardsiella ictaluri, a fish pathogen; Weete JD et al.; The chemical components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri (Ed . ictaluri) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, gas chromatography, and spectrophotometry, and compared with those of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli 0111:B4 . Only four to five low molecular weight species of LPS from Ed . ictaluri were detected by silver staining after separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The low molecular weight species, as well as a low sugar content, indicate that the LPS from Ed . ictaluri was of the rough type, compared with that of S . typhimurium and E . coli which were both of the smooth type LPS . Quantitatively, mannose was not a major sugar component in Ed . ictaluri, unlike S . typhimurium . Palmitic, palmitoleic, and cis-9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acids were predominant fatty acids among the total cellular lipids of Ed . ictaluri . C14 fatty acids comprised 78% of the total in the LPS of this bacterium, with beta-hydroxy-myristate representing 55% . The results of this study suggest that the lipid A segment of the LPS molecule of Ed . ictaluri is similar to S . typhimurium and E . coli, at least with respect to fatty acid content; however, the core polysaccharide of E . ictaluri differs in that it has twice the heptose content.

J Wildl Dis, 1988 Oct, 24(4), 610 - 9
Plasmodium relictum as a cause of avian malaria in wild-caught magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus); Fix AS et al.; Avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) caused significant mortality in wild-caught Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in 1986 at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa (USA) . In early winter, wild birds were captured off the southern coast of Chile and flown to Detroit, Michigan for a 38 day quarantine . After quarantine, 18 birds were dispersed to Lansing, Michigan, six to a facility in Maine, and 46 to Des Moines, Iowa . Upon arrival in Des Moines, several penguins became weak and inactive, had to be force-fed, and died after 2 days . Gross lesions at postmortem included splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary edema . Histopathological examination revealed numerous intraendothelial schizonts in spleen, lung, liver, heart and kidney . Schizonts were generally 16 to 28 micron by 11 to 16 micron and contained merozoites of two distinct sized (macromerozoites, nuclei 1.0 micron; micromerozoites, nuclei 0.5 micron) . Based on the morphology of the abundant exoerythrocytic forms, a tentative diagnosis of avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) was made . Subsequent transmission electron microscopic examination of schizonts in formalized tissue revealed merozoites with tear-shaped rhoptries . Antimalarial therapy was initiated early but deaths continued for 5 mo . Mortality, which eventually totaled 83%, occurred in three distinct waves, each separated by a hiatus of approximately 1 mo . Despite examinations of repeated blood smears, intraerythrocytic Plasmodium relictum was not detected until late in the outbreak . Diagnosis was based on morphologic characteristics including schizonts with eight to 12 merozoites/segmenter and round gametocytes that displaced and turned the infected erythrocyte nucleus . In addition to malaria, penguins showed evidence of aspergillosis, bacterial enteritis (Escherichia coli; Proteus sp.; and Edwardsiella sp.), and helminthiasis (Contracaecum sp . and Tetrabothrius sp.) . Based on gross and histological lesions, disease prevalence in this group of penguins was malaria 58%, aspergillosis 61%, enteritis 60%, helminthiasis 26% . Epidemiologic investigation including group transport history, disease prevalence in co-quarantined birds not sent to Des Moines and climatological data implicated Des Moines as the likely site for initial exposure, although information is not conclusive . Stress and concurrent disease certainly contributed to the severe mortality in this group of penguins infected with P . relictum.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1988 Aug, 65(2), 97 - 101
Inhibitory activity of antibiotic-producing marine bacteria against fish pathogens; Dopazo CP et al.; The activity of antibiotic-producing marine bacteria was assayed against bacterial fish pathogens belonging to the genera Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pasteurella, Edwardsiella, Yersinia and Pseudomonas with the aim of evaluating the possible use of these marine strains for controlling epizootics in aquaculture . Inhibition tests on solid medium showed that, in general, the majority of fish bacteria were strongly sensitive to the marine bacteria . Only two strains (Edwardsiella tarda and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), were resistant to all the antibiotic-producing strains . The results of antagonism assays in sea water, however, varied according to the fish pathogens examined . Experiments conducted using cell-free supernatant fluids of marine bacteria demonstrated the involvement of antibiotic substances in the inhibition of fish pathogens.

Jpn J Med, 1988 Aug, 27(3), 325 - 8
Edwardsiella tarda septicemia complicating acute leukemia; Funada H et al.; We describe here an unusual case of Edwardsiella tarda septicemia preceded by acute gastroenteritis in a patient with acute leukemia in complete remission receiving maintenance chemotherapy . She also had ulcerated rectal cancer with bleeding, which was thought to serve as the portal of entry into the blood stream . She was successfully treated with cefmetazole and gentamicin in combination . However, the concomitant resolution of chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia may have had a favorable effect as well.

Microbiol Sci, 1988 Jul, 5(7), 219 - 23
Drug-resistant plasmids from fish pathogens; Aoki T; The epidemiological surveillance of drug-resistant strains of the fish pathogenic bacteria Vibrio anguillarum and Pasteurella piscicida carrying transferable R plasmids in fish farms is described . The DNA structure of R plasmids, and the drug-resistant determinants of R plasmids from the fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila,aeromonas salmonicida, Edwardsiella tarda, V . anguillarum, and P . piscicida are discussed.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1988, 56, 7 - 10
Effect of recent antibacterial agents against bacteria causing diarrhoea; Bergan T et al.; The susceptibility of 424 bacterial isolates causing diarrhoea were tested by agar dilution technique on Mueller-Hinton Agar against amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, norfloxacin and ofloxacin . The bacterial species included were Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Pleisomonas shigelloides, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . The most active compounds were the fluorinated 4-quinolones studied, that is, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin, and ceftriaxone . The other antibacterial agents were considerably less active; a substantial portion of tested isolates were resistant to them.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1988, 81(1), 78 - 82
{First isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from fish in Abidjan: a possible source of human contamination}; Faye H et al.; The bacteriological analysis of 127 fish viscera effected for the research of enteropathogenic germs showed that 8% of them contain Edwardsiella tarda and can be a possible source of human infections.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987 Dec 1, 191(11), 1413 - 6
Effect of water temperature on the clinical outcome of infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish; Francis-Floyd R et al.; Channel catfish fingerlings (mean body weight, 19 +/- 3 g each) were given intraperitoneal inoculations of Edwardsiella ictaluri suspensions of 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) bacteria . Control fish were inoculated intraperitoneally with sterile 0.85% NaCl solution . Ten-day trials were conducted at water temperatures of 17, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 32 C . Differences in mortality between E ictaluri-infected fish and fish used as controls were observed at water temperatures of 23, 25, and 28 C, but not at temperatures of 17, 21, and 32 C . Clinical signs and lesions induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of E ictaluri were comparable with those found with the intestinal form of the natural disease . The characteristic erosion of skin and muscle overlying the skull, known as the "hole-in-the-head" lesion, was not observed . A given fish may be susceptible to infection at any water temperature, but a population is at risk when water temperatures are in the 22 to 28 C range.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1987 Aug, 31(8), 1278 - 80
Class D tetracycline resistance determinants of R plasmids from the fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, and Pasteurella piscicida; Aoki T et al.; Tetracycline resistance determinants of R plasmids from the fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, and Pasteurella piscicida were classified as class D by their expression of resistance to tetracycline and minocycline and through their DNA structure.

J Bacteriol, 1987 Jun, 169(6), 2893 - 5
Common evolutionary origin of the ilvGMEDA attenuation locus and tRNA(1Leu) in Escherichia coli; Williamson RM et al.; Published sequences of transcripts from ilvGMEDA leader regions of several enteric bacteria were compared with published sequences of the tRNAs from Escherichia coli . The analyses revealed homology between the ilvGMEDA leader peptide-coding region and tRNA(1Leu) in E . coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Klebsiella aerogenes, whereas homology was not present in Serratia marcescens and Edwardsiella tarda.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Jun, 53(6), 1267 - 72
Rapid plasmid analysis for identification of Edwardsiella ictaluri from infected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus); Lobb CJ et al.; Eighteen different strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri isolated from infected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were screened to determine whether plasmid DNA was present . Two plasmids of 5,700 and 4,900 base pairs were identified . Restriction enzyme analysis showed that each of the strains harbored these same two plasmids . Restriction maps of the separated plasmids indicated that these plasmids were not closely related to each other . A rapid screening technique was developed that would allow the presence of these plasmids from either broth cultures or single colonies of E . ictaluri to be determined within 2 to 3 h by agarose gel electrophoresis . These results suggest that plasmid fingerprinting of E . ictaluri should become a useful tool in the presumptive identification of this bacterium from infected channel catfish.

Vet Microbiol, 1986 Sep, 12(3), 277 - 82
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Edwardsiella tarda from the United States and Taiwan; Waltman WD et al.; Edwardsiella tarda isolates from the United States and Taiwan were screened against 37 antimicrobial agents . These isolates were highly susceptible to the amino-glycosides, second and third generation cephalosporins, newer penicillins, nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and the quinolones . Source-related resistance was found for penicillin G, sulfadiazine, colistin, novobiocin, spectinomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol . Generally, the Taiwan isolates were more resistant than the United States isolates.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1986 Jun, 12(1-4), 351 - 7
Immuno-response in tilapia Sarotherodon niloticus vaccinated with Edwardsiella tarda by hyperosmotic infiltration method; Lio-Po G et al.; Sarotherodon niloticus with average weight of 28.42 +/- 1.87 g were immunized with formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda using the hyperosmotic infiltration method . Test fish maintained in 30 l aquaria were grouped into four treatments . Group 1 and 2 were exposed to a single hyperosmotic treatment on day 0 . Group 1 was bled on day 14 and group 2 was bled on day 28 . Group 3 was given hyperosmotic treatments twice: on day 0 and day 14 and bled on day 28 . Group 4 was an untreated control bled on day 28 . All sera were analyzed for agglutinating antibody titer against E . tarda flagellar and somatic antigens . Results showed that flagellar and somatic agglutinin titers in all treatments were not statistically significant . Likewise, infection experiments where test fish were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of the test bacterium showed that the vaccination experiment did not effectively protect the test fish from infection by Edwardsiella tarda.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1986 Jun, 12(1-4), 297 - 304
Modulary effects of temperature on antibody response and specific resistance to challenge of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, immunized against Edwardsiella ictaluri; Plumb JA et al.; The effects of various temperature treatments on the level of the humoral antibody response in channel catfish immunized with formalin killed Edwardsiella ictaluri was determined in laboratory controlled experiments . Immunized fish that were held at 25 degrees C for 30 days and 12 degrees C for an additional 30 days had higher antibody titers, and were more protected upon challenge, than immunized fish held at 25 degrees C for 60 days . Also immunized catfish held at 25 degrees C for 5 or 10 days followed by 12 degrees C water had higher antibody titers than immunized fish held at 12 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 60 days . In a field experiment carried out during winter and spring (February-May) fingerling channel catfish were vaccinated with E . ictaluri using intraperitoneal injection or immersion with either sonicated or whole cell preparations . Following challenge, the fish vaccinated by immersion in the sonicated preparation had 11.8% mortality whereas the groups immersed in whole cell bacterin, injected with the whole cell bacterin in adjuvant, or injected with sonicate showed 24.6, 57.9 and 41.7% mortality, respectively . Although the fish vaccinated by immersion with the sonicated bacteria had lower antibody titers than those vaccinated by the other methods the immersion vaccinates were more protected against challenge with the pathogen.

J Wildl Dis, 1986 Apr, 22(2), 173 - 7
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Edwardsiella ictaluri; Waltman WD et al.; Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates collected over the past 7 yr from outbreaks of disease in fish occurring in different geographic areas were screened against 37 antimicrobial agents . Edwardsiella ictaluri were found to be susceptible to most agents active against gram negative bacteria such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, the "newer" penicillins, quinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and potentiated sulfonamides . Resistance was observed against colistin, sulfonamides, and several agents regarded as effective for gram positive bacteria . There was no evidence of unusual antimicrobial resistance associated with E . ictaluri or of developing resistance.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 51(1), 101 - 4
Biochemical characteristics of Edwardsiella ictaluri; Waltman WD et al.; A total of 119 isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri collected over the last 7 years from several states were biochemically characterized . Although not very reactive biochemically, this bacterium shows a high degree of homogeneity . Differences were found only in the production of gas from formate or from glucose at 37 degrees C and in the production of hydrogen sulfide as detected by lead acetate paper . Analysis of E . ictaluri by year of geographic area indicated that some differences existed, but no clear-cut biotypic variations were found . All isolates studied were capable of degrading chondroitin sulfate, a major component of cartilage, which may be an important virulence factor in the formation of the hole-in-the-head lesion characteristic of infected fish.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Dec, 22(6), 915 - 8
autoSCAN-4 system for identification of gram-negative bacilli; Rhoden DL et al.; A production model of the autoSCAN-4 system (American MicroScan, Inc., Mahwah, N.J.) was tested with not more than 11 strains each of 73 groups or species of gram-negative bacilli from various Centers for Disease Control culture collections . The strains included typical and atypical strains of enteric fermenters, nonenteric fermenters, and nonfermenters . The autoSCAN-4 system identified 95.3% of all 405 cultures accurately: 95.4% of 307 members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, 96.6% of 29 nonenteric fermenters, and 94.2% of 69 nonfermenters . Manual readings of the same trays provided essentially the same results, with a maximum change of only +1.6% identification accuracy of members of the Enterobacteriaceae . These data were obtained by all required additional tests, including serology and computer consultation when indicated . Only 19 of the cultures tested were misidentified . These were distributed randomly throughout the various groups and species except that Edwardsiella tarda was usually missed because of poor H2S reactions in the test medium . Of six Yersinia enterocolitica isolates, two were not identified . Only one nonenteric fermenter, a Pasteurella sp., and four nonfermenters (three Pseudomonas sp . and one Centers for Disease Control group Ve-2) were misidentified.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1985 Dec 1, 187(11), 1132 - 3
Disease patterns in the Detroit Zoo: a study of reptilian and amphibian populations from 1973 through 1983; Kaneene JB et al.; A retrospective study was conducted to determine disease patterns in reptilian and amphibian populations at the Detroit Zoo from 1973 through 1983 . In the reptilian population (mean +/- SD = 285.2 +/- 28), overall annual mortality rates were 1% to 40% . Mortality rates were highest in the fall months (20%) and lowest in the winter months (6%) . The most frequently affected reptiles were iguana (Iguana iguana), reticulated python (Python reticulatus), rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp), common boa (Constrictor constrictor), and lizards (various genera of suborder Lacertilia) . Of the 1,300 reptilian deaths from 1973 through 1983, 36.6% were caused by microbial agents, 12% by parasites, 11.6% by trauma, and 9.3% by nutritional deficiencies . The main microbial organisms that caused death were Aeromonas spp, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, and Edwardsiella spp . The main parasites that caused death were Entamoeba spp and lungworms . Among amphibians, frogs and toads were the most frequently affected, and starvation and trauma were the most frequent causes of death.

J Bacteriol, 1985 Oct, 164(1), 207 - 16
Comparison of the regulatory regions of ilvGEDA operons from several enteric organisms; Harms E et al.; The nucleotide sequence preceding the ilvGEDA operon has been examined and compared in five enteric organisms . The sequence in Escherichia coli B was identical to the earlier-described strain K-12 sequence . The sequences of Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella aerogenes were remarkably similar to that of E . coli and identical in that part of the leader region that specified the putative 32-amino-acid peptide . Thus, identical secondary structures could be postulated for the leaders of all three organisms, and regulation of operon expression could be like that postulated earlier for E . coli . Different secondary structures had to be postulated for the leader transcripts of Edwardsiella tarda and Serratia marcescens . Control of attenuation of the operon in these organisms by the level of leucyl tRNA could be explained only if ribosome stalling occurred at a single leucine codon . In both organisms, that single leucine codon is the rarely used CUA rather than the CUG that is in E . coli, S . typhimurium, and K . aerogenes.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Jun, 27(6), 966 - 7
Comparative in vitro activities of selected antimicrobial agents against Edwardsiella tarda; Reinhardt JF et al.; MICs of 14 antimicrobial agents for 29 strains of Edwardsiella tarda were determined by an agar dilution method . Of the agents tested, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin were the most active on a weight basis . All strains were also susceptible to clinically achievable concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, and gentamicin . Ninety percent of the strains demonstrated high-level resistance to polymyxin B and colistin.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 21(6), 914 - 8
Rapid microbiochemical method for presumptive identification of gastroenteritis-associated members of the family Enterobacteriaceae; Yong DC et al.; A method for rapid screening of isolates of pathogenic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is described . Flow charts are used in conjunction with triple sugar iron agar, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-phenylalanine-motility sulfate screening media, oxidase test, and six rapid biochemical tests, namely, lysine decarboxylase, urease, indole, esculin hydrolysis, malonate, and xylose . This scheme is used to provide an inexpensive but rapid presumptive identification of Salmonella, Shigella, Edwardsiella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Vibrio, and Yersinia isolates from stool cultures.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1985 Spring, 9(2), 241 - 50
Chemiluminescence by peripheral blood phagocytes from channel catfish: function of opsonin and temperature; Scott AL et al.; The ability of the peripheral blood phagocytes from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to produce chemiluminescence (CL) following ingestion of the enteric pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri was evaluated under a variety of opsonic and temperature conditions . The CL response was influenced by the concentration of immune serum used to opsonize the bacteria as well as the presence of nonspecific, heat labile opsonins . Peak light emissions were diminished and the time to peak response was increased with a reduction in temperature . Temperature-mediated changes in CL activity was accompanied by a corresponding change in intracellular killing . The addition of the metabolic inhibitors superoxide dismutase or sodium azide resulted in a reduction in CL and intracellular killing.

J Nutr, 1985 Jan, 115(1), 123 - 31
Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish; Li Y et al.; Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing 0 to 3000 mg/kg of ascorbic acid until external signs of scurvy were seen in the fish fed the ascorbic acid-deficient diet . At this time, resistance to bacterial infection, antibody production, complement activity and phagocytic activity were assessed for fish from the various dietary treatments . Mortality rates of fish experimentally infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri, the bacterium causing enteric septicemia in channel catfish, decreased with increases in dietary ascorbic acid doses, ranging from 100% for fish fed the ascorbic acid-deficient diet to 15% for fish fed 300 mg ascorbic acid per kilogram diet and 0 for fish fed 3000 mg ascorbic acid per kilogram diet . Antibody response to E . ictaluri antigen, hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by complement activity and phagocytic engulfment of E . ictaluri by peripheral phagocytes were each impaired in fish fed the diet without supplemental ascorbic acid; intracellular bactericidal activity of the phagocytes was not affected by ascorbic acid deficiency . There were no differences in antibody production, complement activity, or phagocytic activities among fish fed diets containing 30-300 mg ascorbic acid/kg of diet . However, the dose level of 3000 mg ascorbic acid/kg significantly enhanced antibody production and complement activity.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1985, 64(5), 419 - 21
Liver abscess caused by Edwardsiella tarda; Maserati R et al.; Edwardsiella tarda, among other Enterobacteriaceae, is a rare isolate from clinical specimens in man . A liver abscess caused by E . tarda was found in a middleaged woman without overt epidemiologic exposure to known reservoirs of this organism . While the most likely source of infection was the bowel, we failed to demonstrate a gut carriage of E . tarda or to show any local condition predisposing to the development of the liver lesion.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Nov, 255(4), 464 - 71
Pathogenicity tests with strains of Edwardsiella tarda: detection of a heat-stable enterotoxin; Bockemuhl J et al.; A total of 25 strains of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from various sources in different parts of the world between 1968 and 1982 was subjected to enteropathogenicity tests . A heat-stable enterotoxin was detected in three strains (12%) . Whereas culture filtrates gave doubtful results, concentration of toxin by ultrafiltration led to net fluid accumulation in the suckling mouse test and the rabbit ligated ileal loop assay . The enterotoxin resisted heating to 60 degrees C (30 min) and 100 degrees C (15 min) . Neither cell elongation nor cytotoxic effect were observed in the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay . No strain caused keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig eye model . There was no correlation of enterotoxigenic strains and a typical pathology . With regard to the usual clinical pattern of E . tarda enteritis, which primarily appears to be invasive, it is suggested that enterotoxin production might be of secondary pathogenetical importance, comparable to toxin production in salmonellosis, shigellosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica infection.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 17(4), 669 - 71
Edwardsiella tarda isolated in Israel between 1961 and 1980; Sechter I et al.; Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from patients, water tortoises (Clemmys caspica), and samples of water from Lake Kinnereth, the river Jordan, well water, and sewage water . Of the 53 isolates, 35 belonged to completely identified serotypes, among them 7 new ones . Fourteen cultures had O antigens, and one had an H antigen, different from those previously described . Three serotypes isolated from patients were also found in other sources: water tortoises, lake water, or both.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 17(1), 165 - 7
Human Edwardsiellosis traced to ornamental fish; Vandepitte J et al.; Protracted diarrhea in a 2-month-old Belgian infant was associated with Edwardsiella tarda as the only potential pathogen . The same organism was isolated from a tropical aquarium fish in the home of the patient . The enteropathogenic role of E . tarda and the role of fish as a reservoir of infection are reviewed . Additional observations, volunteer studies, and careful prospective surveys in tropical countries will be needed to produce firm evidence of the enteropathogenic potential of E . tarda.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jan, 39(1), 184 - 92
Characterization of plasmids in bacterial fish pathogen; Toranzo AE et al.; Plasmid profiles of representative fish pathogens, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Pasteurella piscicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella tarda, and Renibacterium salmoninarum, were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis with four different plasmid detection methods . A combination of two methods was required to detect the plasmids present in these strains and to calculate precisely the molecular weights of the plasmids . Of 38 strains, 28 harbored one or more plasmids, with the majority of strains demonstrating multiplasmid banding . Similarity in plasmid banding between strains was noted and related to geographic source . Five strains of A . salmonicida possessed six plasmid bands having molecular weights of 8.6 X 10(6), 8.4 X 10(6), 8.1 X 10(6), 3.6 X 10(6), 3.5 X 10(6), and 3.4 X 10(6) . Four P . piscicida isolates shared three plasmid bands having molecular weights of 37 X 10(6), 15 X 10(6), and 5 X 10(6), and five A . hydrophila strains harbored a common plasmid having a molecular weight of ca . 20 X 10(6) to 30 X 10(6) . The highest-molecular-weight plasmids (145 X 10(6) and 130 X 10(6) were detected in V . anguillarum . From curing experiments, it was found that in A . hydrophila strain 79-62, a loss of resistance to tetracycline was associated with loss of plasmid content in all susceptible derivatives, suggesting plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance . Cell surface characteristics and metabolic properties were also modified in cured derivatives of A . hydrophila strain 79-62.

Vet Med (Praha), 1983, 28(4), 249 - 54
{Finding of the bacterial species Edwardsiella tarda in the aquarium fish Betta splendens}; Vladik P et al.; A case of the mass occurrence of a disease in the aquarium fish species Betta splendens is described; morphologically the disease was characterized by the finding of large dermal changes located mainly in the dorsal part and by miliary granulomata in liver, spleen and kidneys . The granulomata consisted of epitheloid light cells with centrally located necrosis . Gram-negative bacteria with morphological and biochemical characteristics corresponding to the bacterial species Edwardsiella tarda were isolated from the kidneys, liver and from the dermal lesion . The characteristics of the strains isolated by us were compared with the reference Edwardsiella strain (Bth 1/64) obtained from the Czechoslovak collection of type cultures, Prague.

Ecol Dis, 1983, 2(1), 9 - 32
The natural history of salmonellae in mammals of the tropical Kimberley region, Western Australia; How RA et al.; Screening for salmonellae was conducted on five occasions within a year on mammals from many different habitats in the Mitchell Plateau area of the tropical Kimberley Division of Western Australia . Some data were obtained from reptiles . Forty-two Salmonella serotypes, two Edwardsiella and one Arizona strain were isolated . Marsupials harbour significantly more (1.6 times) Salmonella serotypes than eutherians . Eleven Salmonella serotypes and one Arizona strain were isolated from reptiles . All Salmonella strains were common to the mammalian species . Varanid lizards showed higher prevalence of salmonellae than other reptilian families . Top carnivores (reptile and marsupial) show relatively high numbers of Salmonella serotypes and prevalence levels . Four mammalian species showed marked seasonal variation in the prevalence of salmonellae and three species in the number of serotypes isolated . Pooled mammalian community data for individual survey sites showed similar seasonal variation which reflected the pattern seen in the predominant host species on the site . Significant seasonal variation in the prevalence of salmonella was concurrent in three of the host species showing maximum prevalence in the wet season (January-summer) followed by a declining prevalence to the end of the dry season (October) . Prevalence in the fourth species was also high in January, but continued to increase after the wet season (April) before decreasing as the dry season progressed (July and October) . Dendrograms of association showed that the salmonella 'community' does not associate according to any systematic category of the hosts and no evidence of such communities was found using other criteria, such as site or coastal vs inland locations . No evidence was found for host or site specificity of given serotypes . Multiple serotype infections by salmonella were common, with up to three present in mammals and reptiles, and they occurred at random . When hosts in coastal habitats were compared with those in inland sites higher, lower or no difference was found in the prevalence of salmonella, depending upon which host was considered . Sites with similar mammals and vegetation sometimes showed marked differences in salmonella prevalence at a given time . Generally a given Salmonella serotype was lost from the host within congruent to 3 months . Surveys for salmonellae should be designed to include a range of species, replicated vegetation types and, especially, be repeated in several seasons . Edwardsiella tarda was isolated twice from a carnivorous marsupial.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 43(6), 1380 - 4
Isolation and characterization of Edwardsiella tarda from fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha); Amandi A et al.; A new bacterial pathogen of chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was isolated from fish in Oregon's Rogue River . The bacteria are biochemically and serologically related to strains of Edwardsiella tarda . Initially isolated from chinook salmon, the bacteria were also pathogenic for steelhead and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) . The 50% lethal doses for chinook salmon, steelhead trout, and channel catfish injected intraperitoneally and maintained in 18 degrees C water were 4.1 x 10(6), 5.6 x 10(6), and 4.0 x 10(5) respectively . When chinook salmon and rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally and held in 12 degrees C water, the mean lethal doses were 6.4 x 10(7) and 1.7 x 10(6), respectively . The invasiveness of the organism was low in steelhead trout exposed to the bacteria by the waterborne route . The optimum growth temperature of the bacteria in brain heart infusion broth was approximately 35 degrees C . The guanine plus cytosine content of DNA obtained from E . tarda isolated from salmon was 59 mol%.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Dec, 42(6), 1123 - 4
Gram-negative, aerobic, enteric pathogens among intestinal microflora of wild turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) in west central Texas; Winsor DK et al.; The prevalence of gram-negative bacterial species in the intestines of 20 apparently healthy turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) was determined . Edwardsiella tarda, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, and Arizona hinshawii (Salmonella arizonae) were each recovered from 15% of these birds . Turkey vultures may be important reservoirs of these bacterial pathogens.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jul, (7), 93 - 9
{Reptiles, the chief reservoir of Edwardsiella in nature}; Kalina GP et al.; The study of reptiles in the zoo has revealed the high level of Edwardsiella contamination in crocodiles (43%), snakes (36.4%), tortoises (23.6%) and, to a lesser extent, lizards (17.6%) . All these reptiles are a natural source of Edwardsiella, and paleontological parallels, as well as the character of metabolic processes in Edwardsiella, allow referring them to the most ancient representatives of enterobacteria and date the appearance of these microorganisms from the beginning of the Mesosoic era and possibly from the end of the Paleosoic era.

South Med J, 1981 Mar, 74(3), 288 - 92
Edwardsiella tarda osteomyelitis in a patient with SC hemoglobinopathy; Rao KR et al.; Edwardsiella tarda is a recently identified gram-negative organism of the family Enterobacteriaceae . Reports of human infections with E tarda have been infrequent . We review 14 cases of systemic edwardsiellosis reported in the literature and report a case of E tarda osteomyelitis in a patient with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease . In our case the remains of a snake may have been the source of the organism . Systemic edwardsiellosis is rare, and it may present as meningitis, endocarditis, bacteremia, liver abscess, or osteomyelitis . In 12 of 15 cases reported, systemic E tarda infection occurred in patients suffering from additional debilitating illnesses.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 May, 11(5), 511 - 4
Extraintestinal human infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda; Clarridge JE et al.; Edwardsiella tarda is an uncommon enteric bacterium which has been found generally in animal hosts and occasionally in human feces . Three cases of extraintestinal infection caused by E . tarda which are described herein include a typhoid-like illness, peritonitis with sepsis, and cellulitis from a wound acquired while fishing . The microbiology of E . tarda and the previous reports of infection due to this organism are reviewed.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1980 Mar-Apr, 73(2), 139 - 49
{Edwardsiella tarda and Plesiomonas shigelloides . Their role as diarrhea agents and their epidemiology}; Vandepitte J et al.; During a bacteriological investigation of infectious diarrhoea among the population of Mopti, a town situated on the river Niger in Mali, a high prevalence of Edwardsiella tarda and Plesiomonas shigelloides in diarrhoeic stools was demonstrated . Suspecting that the human infection originated from river fish, the prevalence of both bacterial species was studied in Zairese freshwater fish . E . tarda and P . shigelloides were isolated from nearly 60% of the examined fish . It is concluded that these organisms are part of the commensal intestinal flora of tropical freshwater fish and that the latter constitute a reservoir of human infection.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 39(3), 475 - 9
Frequent isolation of Edwardsiella tarda and Pleisiomonas shigelloides from healthy Zairese freshwater fish: a possible source of sporadic diarrhea in the tropics; Van Damme LR et al.; The intestinal contents of 59 Zairese freshwater fish were examined for the presence of potential human enteric pathogens . Edwardsiella tarda and Plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated from 57 and 59% of them, respectively . For both microorganisms there was a significant difference between the isolation rates from lake and river fish: whereas E . tarda was much more frequently isolated from lake fish than was P . shigelloides, the reverse was observed for river fish . The authors hypothesize that sporadic cases of tropical diarrhea with E . tarda or P . shigelloides can be traced to contact with or consumption of freshwater fish.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 38(4), 710 - 4
Edwardsiella tarda in freshwater catfish and their environment; Wyatt LE et al.; Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from 47, 88, and 79% of skin, visceral, and dressed-fish samples, respectively . This species was also isolated from 30% of imported dressed fish, 75% of catfish pond water samples, 64% of catfish pond mud samples, and 100% of frogs, turtles, and crayfish from catfish ponds . The incidence of Edwardsiella increased during the summer months, as water temperatures increased . Of several isolation media evaluated, the most effective was selective enrichment in double-strength Salmonella-Shigella broth and subsequent plating on single-strength Samonella-Shigella agar . The significance of the incidence of Edwardsiella in catfish, catfish disease, and public health could not be substantiated.

Can J Comp Med, 1979 Jan, 43(1), 78 - 83
Hemolysins of Edwardsiella tarda; Watson JJ et al.; Isolates of Edwardsiella tarda from four sources produced nonfilterable hemolsin in trypticase soy broth . The cell-associated hemolysin was partially heat labile, destroyed by formalin and sensitive to treatment with trypsin . These characteristics, and the observation that Ca++ or Mg++ ions enhanced activity, suggest that a proteinaceous, enzymic component may be responsible for the hemolytic activity.

J Wildl Dis, 1978 Jul, 14(3), 339 - 41
Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from three Oregon sea mammals; Coles BM et al.; Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the peritoneal exudate of a Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) with peritonitis resulting from a perforating colonic ulcer; from the liver of a harbor porpoise (Phocena phocena) with metritis and peritonitis sequela to dystocia; and from the liver of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with peritonitis following fracture and necrosis of a lumbar vertebrae . These findings indicate E . tarda is a common opportunistic invader in sick or injured marine mammals.

Res Vet Sci, 1978 Mar, 24(2), 262 - 3
Intestinal bacterial flora of the household lizard, Gecko gecko; Tan RJ et al.; A total of 114 isolates was recovered from the intestines of 43 househould lizards, Gecko gecko . Among the important ones were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Edwardsiella tarda.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1977 Nov, 26(6 Pt 1), 1183 - 90
Edwardsiellosis in man and animals in Panamá: clinical and epidemiological characteristics; Kourany M et al.; Edwardsiella tarda was isolated during etiologic and epidemiologic investigations of diarrheal disease agents in man and for Enterobacteriaceae in various species of wild-caught animals in Panama . A total of 50 strains were recovered from approximately 14,000 specimens cultured between 1965 and 1972 . In this period, Edwardsiella was isolated from ten individuals with a clinically diagnosed diarrheal syndrome, while 20 of some 3,000 persons from rural areas were asymptomatic carriers of these organisms . Edwardsiella tarda was also associated with two fatal cases of extraintestinal infection in man . In both cases liver abscess was a predominant feature . Edwardsiella was not demonstrated in either symptomatic or asymptomatic persons from urban areas . Edwardsiella tarda was present among some of the wild fauna of Panama; various species of animals including snakes, toads, monkeys, and opossums harbored this organism.

Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(2), 77 - 83
Detection of R plasmids in naturally occurring fish-pathogenic bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda; Aoki T et al.; The conjugative R plasmids were detected from fish-pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda isolated from cultured eels . These R plasmids were resistant to sulfonamide and tetracycline, or sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and kanamycin . There were no inhibitions in growth of phages W-31, P1, T1, T3, T7, and lambda . They were classified into incompatibility group A.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1977, 26(3), 249 - 53
Fimbriae and haemagglutinating properties in Edwardsiella and Levinea; Nowotarska M et al.; Using the haemagglutinating procedure, the presence of fimbriae was revealed in all 34 Edwardsiella strains tested and in 3 Levinea strains out of 17 examined . The great majority of fimbriate Edwardsiella strains caused haemagglutination of MR type; only two strains of Edwardsiella and all fimbriate strains of Levinea brought about haemagglutination of MS type . All the strains exhibited a similar spectrum of haemagglutinating activity when they were tested against red cells of various animal species . Under the electron microscope MR fimbriae of Edwardsiella were found to be thicker than MS fimbriae (6.5 nm and 6.0 nm respectively) . MS fimbriae of Levinea had 6.5 nm in diameter.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 635 - 9
Isolation of salmonellae and other potential pathogens from the freshwater aquarium snail Ampullaria; Bartlett KH et al.; The freshwater aquarium snail (Ampullaria spp.) was demonstrated to carry as many as 10(8) viable mesophilic bacteria per g of meat plus shell . Some 16 genera of bacteria were identified, with gram negatives predominating . Enrichment culture techniques enabled the isolation of salmonellae from 24 to 42 lots of 200 g each . The salmonellae comprised eight different serotypes, including Salmonella newport, Salmonella saint-paul, and Salmonella infantis . This association of salmonellae with snails may contribute to cases of human salmonellosis, since other aquarium species have already been shown to contribute to many such cases . The snails were also found to commonly harbor Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, occasionally, Edwardsiella tarda.

South Med J, 1976 Feb, 69(2), 188 - 90
Edwardsiella tarda bacteremia; Le Frock JL et al.; Presented are two case reports of patients with Edwardsiella bacteremia who survived after chloramphenicol and gentamicin therapy in one case and cephalothin and kanamycin therapy in the other case . Of four previously reported patients, only one survived . One of our two patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with bacterial endocarditis and, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of E tarda endocarditis . The clinical and laboratory features of disease due to this unusual pathogen are reviewed.

Arch Environ Health, 1975 Dec, 30(12), 602 - 3
Edwardsiella tarda infections in Florida racoons, Procyon lotor; White FH et al.; Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the large intestine of seven (17%) of 42 racoons from Florida . The rate varied from 12% in South Florida to 25% in North Florida . In addition, 52% of the racoons examined were carrying Salmonella, with numerous serotypes represented.

J Wildl Dis, 1975 Oct, 11(4), 566 - 8
Intussusception in a Florida manatee; Forrester DJ et al.; An intussusception resulting from an embedded fishhook and a mass of nylon cord, monofilament line, and wire was determined to be the cause of death in a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) . Pathologic findings are given along with information on bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda), pesticide residues (DDE, PCB's and dieldrin), and parasites (Chiorchis fabaceus).

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Sep, 126(2), 111 - 24
{Nutrition and taxonomy of "enterobacteriaceae" and related bacteria . II . General results and classification (author's transl)}; Veron M et al.; A study of 186 strains belonging to eleven genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to three genera of the family Vibrionaceae has been carried out in order to determine their "versatility" towards 146 organic substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy . Glucose was the only substrate used by all the strains; gluconate and glycerol were used by respectively 184 and 185 strains; 55 substrates were used by no one strains . The 90 substrates which were used by a fraction of the strains have served to establish a numerical classification of our strains, exclusively relied on these nutritional characters . In using the distinctness coefficient, it was possible to cut the dendrogram into 32 "classes" which may be clustered into 7 "groups" or 2 "sets": the obtained taxa are approximatively similar to the ones which are actually described on the basis of morphological and biochemical characters . The studied strains use 32.7 +/- 11.1 substrates on an average: the "eutrophic Klebsielleae group", which is the most versatile, uses 49.5 substrates on an average, and the "Shigella group", the lease versatile one, only uses 16.5 substrates on an average . The strains of the set 1 (100 strains) use 39.0 substrates on an average: all they belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae . The strains of the set 2 (86 strains) use 25.8 substrates on an average: they belong either to the family of Vibrionaceae, either to any little versatile genus of Enterobacteriaceae, namely Shigella, Proteus and Edwardsiella . The taxonomic inferences of this classification, exclusively established by means of the nutritional characters, are discussed.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1975 Jul-Aug, 68(4), 355 - 9
{Contribution to the study of "Edwardsiella tarda" isolated in Viet-Nam (author's transl)}; Nguyen-Van-AI et al.; Rectal swabs from 13,947 diarrhea patients of all ages were examined during the five years period covered by this report (1969-1973) . most of the specimens came from the Saigon area, mainly from the Infectious Diseases Hospital and the Children's Hospital . Specimens also were submitted from other hospitals at provinces . From these specimens, 186 Edwardsiella tarda were isolated for a 8.77 0/0 isolation rate . These organisms were relatively frequent among adults and more commonly isolated during the driest months (February and May) . Isolates of E . tarda were also obtained from rodents, dogs, fish and clams.

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