Vet Rec, 1992 May 2, 130(18), 395 - 8 Airborne infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4; Baskerville A et al.; Hens were exposed to small-particle aerosols containing different concentrations of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 . They developed a systemic infection and some birds were still excreting the organism in the faeces when killed 28 days after infection . S enteritidis was present for a similar period in a wide range of alimentary tract issues and in the ovary and oviduct. Food Chem Toxicol, 1992 May, 30(5), 403 - 10 Genotoxicity hazard assessment of Caramel Colours III and IV; Brusick DJ et al.; Results from a battery of short-term tests in vitro and in vivo used to assess the genotoxicity of caramel colours are presented and discussed in relation to reports from the literature . No evidence of genotoxicity was found in the Salmonella plate incorporation test using five standard strains or in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene conversion assay using strain D4, either with or without S-9 for activation . A weak clastogenic effect for a sample of Caramel Colour III in CHO cells was abolished in the presence of S-9 . Two samples of Caramel Colour IV were not clastogenic in CHO cells . Salmonella pre-incubation tests without S-9 also failed to reveal any mutagenic activity for any of the caramel colours tested . The Caramel Colour III sample that showed clastogenic activity in CHO cells in vitro did not induce micronuclei when evaluated in a mouse bone marrow assay . These results are in general agreement with reports in the literature regarding the genotoxicity of caramel colours, and support the conclusion that caramel colours do not pose a genotoxic hazard to humans. Rozhl Chir, 1992 May, 71(5), 242 - 6 {Mesenteric venous thrombosis as an unusual serious surgical complication in salmonellosis}; Novak K et al.; The authors describe a case of an extensive relapsing mesenterial thrombosis associated with an intestinal infection caused by Salmonella enteritidis . The disease had a fatal course, despite treatment based on contemporary knowledge . The authors discusses the method of treatment, emphasize the necessity of full heparinization and second look operation after extensive resection of the gut . They draw attention to the fact that a relapse of an apparently trivial salmonellosis can influence in a decisive way the results of treatment. Res Vet Sci, 1992 May, 52(3), 384 - 6 A disc ELISA for the detection of Salmonella group D antibodies in poultry; Minga UM et al.; An ELISA using lipopolysaccharide antigens prepared from Salmonella gallinarum and S enteritidis was developed for the serological diagnosis of fowl typhoid and S enteritidis infection in poultry . There was good agreement between the results of the ELISA and conventional serological tests when samples from naturally infected birds and S enteritidis immunised birds were tested . Some cross reactions were observed when serum samples from S typhimurium infected birds were tested by ELISA . Subsequently a disc ELISA, using filter paper discs, was developed to facilitate sampling and testing of poultry . There was good correlation between the results of the disc and serum ELISAs and the test is recommended for the field testing of birds. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi, 1992 May, 8(5), 247 - 54 Incidence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes in southern Taiwan from 1978 through 1987; Peng CF; A total of 3,269 Salmonella strains, isolated from patients suffering from salmonellosis, was divided into 43 different serotypes during the period between 1978 and 1987 . The commonest ten serotypes in the order of prevalence were S . typhimurium (43.7%), S . muenchen (13.7%), S . panama (9.0%), S . krefeld (8.1%), S . bovis-morbificans (6.3%), S . derby (4.0%), S . anatum (2.7%), S . braenderup (1.6%), S . typhi (1.2%), and S . dumfries (0.7%) . Norfloxacin was found highly effective against Salmonella isolates in vitro . Moxalactam and cefotaxime were more effective than cephalothin against strains tested . Nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibited 81-100% strains of Salmonella isolates, except S . bovis-morbificans and S . typhimurium . In general, S . typhimurium showed high incidence of multiple drug resistance . Among 1,430 strains of S . typhimurium, 158 isolates showed a uniquely high level resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . It was noted that all S . typhi isolates in this study were sensitive to all drugs tested. J Appl Bacteriol, 1992 May, 72(5), 393 - 9 Detection of salmonellas by DNA hybridization with a fluorescent alkaline phosphatase substrate; Cano RJ et al.; This study evaluates a DNA hybridization assay for salmonella with AttoPhos (JBL Scientific, San Luis Obispo, CA), a fluorescent substrate for alkaline phosphatase . The probe used (50 ng/ml) was a biotinylated 600 bp fragment consisting of a tandem repeat of an insertion sequence (IS200) found in most Salmonella spp . evaluated . The hybridization was carried out at 65 degrees C for 2 h without prior prehybridization and hybrids were detected by the addition of a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate . Circles (5 mm) were cut from the membrane and placed in a cuvette containing 1 ml of 1 mmol/l AttoPhos . The reaction was evaluated after 30 min at 37 degrees C with a fluorometer with an excitation wavelength of 440 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm . The sensitivity of the probe was estimated to be 10,000 copies of target DNA or 5 x 10(-20) mol of DNA . All 74 salmonella strains tested reacted with the probe but none of the 98 heterologous species tested gave positive results . The results of this study indicate that our assay method, which employs a biotinylated tandem repeat of IS200 and AttoPhos, is a specific and highly sensitive quantitative method for the detection of salmonellas. Pediatr Nephrol, 1992 May, 6(3), 270 - 2 Hemolytic uremic syndrome due to Escherichia coli O157: H7 in a child with multiple infections; Ornt DB et al.; Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and uremia; it is a common cause of acute renal failure in children . Although many microbial agents have been associated with HUS, only Escherichia coli O157: H7 has been clearly demonstrated to be a major cause of this illness . A case is presented of a healthy 4-year-old boy who had a recent varicella infection; when evaluated for HUS his blood and stool cultures both grew Salmonella montevideo and blood cultures grew group A beta-hemolytic streptococci . A stool cultured on MacConkey-sorbitol agar also grew E . coli O157: H7 . An eightfold rise in serum antibodies to E . coli O157: H7 lipopolysaccharide was also demonstrated . The child recovered completely and was healthy 3 years later . Although this child had several infectious agents anecdotally associated with HUS, appropriate culture of stool showed that he also had E . coli O157: H7 infection . Previous cases thought to be due to other pathogens may similarly have been caused by co-infection with E . coli O157: H7. Ann Surg, 1992 May, 215(5), 435 - 42 Infected aortic aneurysms . A changing entity; Gomes MN et al.; Infected (mycotic) aortic aneurysms are infrequent and, without surgical intervention, usually lead to uncontrolled sepsis or catastrophic hemorrhage . Symptoms are frequently absent or non-specific during the early stages, and a high index of suspicion is essential to make the diagnosis . Surgery performed after rupture carries high morbidity and mortality rates . Bacterial endocarditis with streptococcus pyogenes was the most common cause of infected aortic aneurysm in the pre-antibiotic era . Today, arterial trauma due to iatrogenic manipulation and depressed immunocompetence have become more common risk factors . Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella are the most frequent bacteria identified . The authors' recent experience in six patients with infected aortic aneurysms who underwent arteriography and computed tomography was reviewed and these diagnostic methods compared . Computed tomography was found to be more sensitive in the diagnosis of the early stages of the disease, allowing for follow-up by serial scans in a noninvasive and less costly manner . Successful treatment, in four of these patients, was accomplished by aneurysmal resection and extra-anatomic bypass or in situ prosthetic reconstruction . A higher clinical awareness of this disease, leading to early computed tomography evaluation and prompt surgical intervention under appropriate and intensive antibiotic therapy, appears to offer the best chance of survival in patients with this difficult condition. Salud Publica Mex, 1992 May-Jun, 34(3), 262 - 7 {Factors of Salmonella typhi virulence in relation to the development of new vaccines}; Garcia JA et al.; Although many vaccines against typhoid fever have been developed, none have been adapted for their further application on developing countries . In order to get better vaccines, the virulence factors of both S . typhi and S . typhimurium have been studied . Thus, some protection assays have been made using surface antigens involved on virulence or using live attenuated vaccines of bacteria mutated on virulence genes . Here we present a brief review about virulence factors studied so far for the development of new vaccines. Prev Med, 1992 May, 21(3), 370 - 6 Suppression of genotoxicity of carcinogens by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate; Hayatsu H et al.; Epidemiological evidence shows that green tea may be a factor in lowering cancer risk . We have investigated the possibility that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, might be an antimutagenic substance . In the Ames Salmonella test, EGCG suppressed the direct-acting mutagenicity of 3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido-{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2(NHOH)) and 2-hydroxyamino-6-methyldipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole (Glu-P-1(NHOH)), the activated forms of food-derived carcinogens 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole and 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole . EGCG was also effective in reducing the mutagenicity of Trp-P-2(NHOH) in mouse FM3A cells in culture . Furthermore, EGCG demonstrated a suppressive effect in the in vivo Drosophila mutation assays, i.e., the wing spot test, and the DNA repair test, on several carcinogens . EGCG was also effective in inhibiting DNA single-strand breaks in vitro caused by Glu-P-1(NHOH) . We conclude that the mechanism of inhibition may not have resulted from direct interaction between EGCG and the mutagens, but rather from indirect interception of mutagen action by EGCG. Ann Vasc Surg, 1992 May, 6(3), 239 - 43 Human immunodeficiency virus and infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: report of three cases; Gouny P et al.; Three patients who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus underwent surgery for infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta . Fever and abdominal pain were the principal presenting clinical features . None of the patients had any opportunistic infections or endocarditis . In two cases, a ruptured aneurysm was demonstrated radiographically . In the remaining case, sonograms were diagnostic . The organisms responsible were salmonella, Hemophilus influenzae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis . In two cases, the infectious origin was evidenced by bacteriologic examination of the aortic wall, which revealed the presence of Salmonella enteritidis and Koch's bacillus . Although Hemophilus influenzae was not found in the aortic wall of the remaining case, the infectious origin of the aneurysm was established because preoperative blood cultures were positive for this pathogen, and pathohistologic examination of the specimen showed destruction associated with leukocyte infiltration of the aneurysmal wall . An in situ prosthetic graft replacement protected by omentum was performed in all three cases . Antibiotic therapy was continued for several weeks . All patients are well with follow-up ranging from 10 to 21 months . Infectious aneurysm associated with human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity results in bacterial infestation of an atheromatous aorta . Infected phenomena are promoted by cellular immunodeficiency . Surgery was justified in these cases because of the immediate threat of rupture. Poult Sci, 1992 May, 71(5), 838 - 43 Multivariate epidemiological approach to salmonellosis in broiler breeder flocks; Henken AM et al.; A retrospective, case-control study into risk factors of salmonellosis was undertaken using data from 111 broiler breeder flocks assembled during a 5-yr period . The results of both univariate and multivariate analyses are presented . Many different Salmonella species were detected . Multivariate models were created based on the outcome of univariate analyses . The following variables appeared to be the most relevant: disinfection tubs, hygiene barriers, the interaction of disinfection tubs by hygiene barriers, and feed mills . The final model indicated that flocks housed at farms without a disinfection tub, with poor hygiene barriers, and receiving their feed from a small feed mill had a 46.1 times greater risk of being Salmonella-positive than flocks housed at farms with a disinfection tub, with good hygiene barriers, and receiving their feed from a large feed mill . It is concluded that the application of quantitative epidemiological methods can be valuable not only to identify potential risk factors but also to quantify their contributory effect on the disease outcome . Hence, it may be a useful tool for application in "integrated food chain quality control programs". Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1992 May, 76(2), 249 - 52 Early endotoxin tolerance in suckling rats; Goto M et al.; Early endotoxin tolerance has not been well investigated in the newborn . This study demonstrated that a sublethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (S . ent-LPS) or rough mutant Salmonella minnesota LPS (Re-LPS) induced early endotoxin tolerance in suckling rats, showing blunted hypoglycemia and decreased mortality . The mortality of endotoxic shock was lower in S . ent-LPS pretreated group than Re-LPS pretreated group . A sublethal dose of S . ent-LPS caused lactacidemia but Re-LPS did not . Therefore, early endotoxin tolerance appeared to be related to physiologic responses to the initial LPS exposure. J Mol Evol, 1992 May, 34(5), 465 - 7 On the evolution of the bacterial major sigma factors; Szafranski P; The existence of internal sequence homologies between the N-terminal halves of the gram-negative bacterial major sigma factors and their C-terminal halves, which correspond to minor factors, is reported . In the case of Escherichia-Salmonella sigma-70, an apparent homology was even found between the C-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif and the corresponding region of the peptide N half, which, however, is not directly engaged in promoter recognition . It is proposed that major sigma factors may have originated by duplication and fusion of a DNA unit related to the ancestral gene for the whole sigma family . Coevolution of major sigma structures and complex promoters is suggested. Toxicol Lett, 1992 May, 60(3), 275 - 80 Genetic toxicology studies of an anti-AIDS drug; Oshiro Y et al.; SC-48334 (N-butyldeoxynojirimycin) is an experimental anti-AIDS drug which is currently in clinical trials . This drug is an aminosugar derivative . Its biological properties have been previously published {1} . Since many antiviral agents which are nucleic acid analogs exhibit mutagenic and/or clastogenic properties, the genotoxic potential of SC-48334 was examined in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay, the Chinese hamster ovary cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay . No toxic or mutagenic effects were observed in either the bacterial or mammalian in vitro mutation assays . Likewise, no clastogenic activity was observed in the in vivo micronucleus assay . Therefore, the administration of this drug in humans is not likely to have mutagenic effects and would probably not have a carcinogenic effect. Eur J Vasc Surg, 1992 May, 6(3), 327 - 9 Mycotic aneurysm of the cervical carotid artery due to Salmonella enteritidis; Dawson KJ et al.; A case of mycotic carotid aneurysm due to Salmonella enteritidis infection is reported . The features of the condition and the principles of treatment are described. Minerva Med, 1992 May, 83(5), 299 - 301 {A study carried out in 1989 at the Sant'Antonio Hospital of Ovada on food poisoning in personnel handling and selling food products and drinks}; Mazzarello MG et al.; The search for Salmonella spp in the faeces and of Staphylococcus aureus in pharyngeal pads during examinations for the renewal of the Medical Fitness Booklet, leads to a number of considerations of a technical-health and economic nature . Whereas the identification of Staphylococcus aureus is fairly straightforward, that of salmonella in the faeces is not so easy . Doubtful results are commonplace and bacteria are often found with features similar to salmonella; this means extra examinations with commitment of time, money etc. Mol Immunol, 1992 May, 29(5), 625 - 32 Antibody responses to ganglio-series gangliosides in different strains of inbred mice; Kawashima I et al.; We studied antibody responses after immunization with ganglio-series gangliosides against 10 strains of inbred mice, including Balb/c, C57BL/6, A/J, C3H/HeN, C3H/HeJ, CBA/N, AKR/N, NZB/N, DBA/2 and nu/nu Balb/c . Twelve gangliosides having NeuAc as their sialic acid moiety (GM4, GM3, GM2, GM1, GD3, O-Ac-GD3, GD2, GD1a, GD1b, GT1a, GT1b and GQ1b), four gangliosides having NeuGc (GM3, GM2, GM1 and GD3) and four asialo-gangliosides (GA4, GA3, GA2 and GA1) were injected intravenously adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota . The antibody titers of the mice sera were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an immune adherence assay . Antibody responses were found to depend not only on the ganglioside used as an immunogen but also on the mouse strain . Gangliosides having a trisaccharide sequence (NeuAc alpha 2----8NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal-) such as GD3, GD2, GD1b, GT1a and GQ1b, in particular O-Ac-GD3, induced high-titer antibody responses, whereas those having a disaccharide sequence (NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal-) such as GM4, GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a and GT1b induced low-titer antibody responses . On the other hand, gangliosides with NeuGc developed minimum titers . In contrast, asialogangliosides induced much higher responses than the corresponding gangliosides . The differences in ceramide portions of these gangliosides did not appear to be involved in inducing antibody responses . Mice could be divided into three groups according to the magnitude of their antibody responses: Group 1, those that produce the highest antibody responses (C3H/HeN and A/J); Group 2, those that demonstrate moderate antibody titers (Balb/c, C57BL/6, DBA/2 and nu/nu Balb/c); and Group 3, those that make minimum responses (AKR/N, C3H/HeJ, CBA/N and NZB/N) . The pattern of reactivity to the various gangliosides was similar in all the strains tested. J Bacteriol, 1992 May, 174(10), 3348 - 54 Separation and characterization of two chemically distinct lipopolysaccharides in two Pectinatus species; Helander IM et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the type strains of the anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and P . frisingensis were extracted with the 5:5:8 volume ratio modification of the phenolchloroform-petroleum ether method (H . Brade and C . Galanos, Eur . J . Biochem . 122:233-237, 1982) . Sequential precipitations of LPS with water and acetone from the phenol phase yielded LPS which differed in that water-precipitable material (LPS-H2O; 0.1 to 0.4% of the dry weight of the cells) was rough-type LPS, whereas acetone-precipitable material (LPS-Ac; 4.6 to 5.8% of the dry weight) contained both rough-type LPS and high-molecular-weight material resembling smooth LPS . The LPS were chemically characterized, and they contained D-glucosamine, 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, D-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and phosphate . D-Fucose was present mostly in LPS-Ac, suggesting that it is a constituent of the O antigen . The major fatty acids were ester- and amide-linked (R)-3-hydroxytridecanoic and ester-linked undecanoic acids, with minor amounts of ester-linked tridecanoic and (R)-3-hydroxyundecanoic acids . The chemical compositions of LPS-H2O and LPS-Ac suggested that they differ not only in their smooth or rough nature but also in the structure of their core regions . This may explain their different precipitabilities from the extraction mixture . The extraction method was also shown to be applicable to the isolation of smooth-type LPS from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium . Extraction of two Typhimurium strains carrying chemically different O antigens resulted in high yields (8% of the dry weight) of LPS . Strain SH2183, which contains the relatively hydrophobic O-4,5,12 antigen yielded almost exclusively LPS-Ac, whereas the LPS of strain SH5770, which has a hydrophilic O-6,7 antigen, was exclusively LPS-H2O . No fractionation to smooth and rough LPS occurred with the Typhimurium strains. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1992 May 1, 294(2), 427 - 33 Generation of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing gangliosides; Ozawa H et al.; We generated two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for mono- and disialylgangliosides having N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) as their sialic acid moiety, respectively, by immunizing C3H/HeN mice with these purified gangliosides adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota followed by fusion with mouse myeloma cells . By use of a wide variety of glycolipids, including NeuGc-containing gangliosides, the precise structures recognized by these two antibodies were elucidated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography . One MAb, GMR8, which was generated by immunizing the mice with purified GM3(NeuGc), reacted specifically with gangliosides having NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- terminal structures, such as GM3(NeuGc), IV3NeuGc alpha-Gg4Cer, IV3NeuGc alpha-nLc4Cer, V3NeuGc alpha-Gb5Cer, and GD1a(NeuGc, NeuGc) . None of the other gangliosides having internal NeuGc alpha2----3Gal- sequences, such as GM2(NeuGc) and GM1(NeuGc), nor corresponding gangliosides having NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal- sequences, nor neutral glycolipids were recognized . Thus, the epitope structures recognized by the MAb were found to be strictly NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- terminal structures . In contrast, the other MAb, GMR3, which was generated by immunizing the mice with purified GD3(NeuGc-NeuGc-) adsorbed to the bacteria, reacted specifically with gangliosides having NeuGc alpha 2----8NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- terminal sequences, such as GD3(NeuGc-NeuGc-), IV3NeuGc alpha 2-Gg4Cer, IV3NeuGc alpha 2-nLc4Cer, and V3NeuGc alpha 2-Gb5Cer, but did not react with corresponding gangliosides having NeuAc as their sialic acid moiety or with the neutral glycolipids tested . The epitope structures recognized by the MAb were suggested to be NeuGc alpha 2----8NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- terminal structures . Using these MAbs, we determined the distribution of such gangliosides in the spleen, kidney, and liver of several mice strains . Novel gangliosides reactive with these MAbs were detected in these tissues. Obstet Gynecol, 1992 May, 79(5 ( Pt 2)), 820 - 1 Salmonella sepsis and second-trimester pregnancy loss; Scialli AR et al.; Salmonella can produce bacteremia and disseminated disease, including infection of the intrauterine contents and fetal death . Published experience with salmonella infection in pregnancy has involved typhoid; however, nontyphoid gastroenteritis may also produce sepsis and fetal loss . We present a case of second-trimester fetal death associated with group C1 salmonella sepsis . The literature suggests that early diagnosis and treatment of salmonella infection during gestation is associated with a good pregnancy outcome . We recommend that pregnant women with diarrheal illnesses be evaluated by stool culture for salmonella infection. Infect Immun, 1992 May, 60(5), 2023 - 9 Indirect measurement of intestinal immune responses to an orally administered attenuated bacterial vaccine; Forrest BD; Intestinal fluid, saliva, circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and serum samples obtained from 81 human adult subjects who had been orally vaccinated with either Salmonella typhi Ty21a or one of its recombinant derivatives were examined to determine the value of indirect measurements of an antigen-specific intestinal-immunoglobulin A (IgA) response . Salivary IgA failed to provide consistent or correlative responses, and no evidence of a significant relationship was apparent with the intestinal-IgA responses . No significant correlation between the specific increase in responses in serum IgA and intestinal IgA was evident . While the magnitude of the serum IgG response significantly correlated with the intestinal-IgA response (P = 0.00064), it failed to detect 14.8% of the intestinal-IgA responses . The observation that 16.6% of the subjects had delayed serum IgA responses, with a peak occurring after day 23 compared with days 12 to 14, may have contributed to the inadequacy of the serum IgA response as a correlative indicator . The serum IgG responses in these subjects were also of a diminished magnitude . Specific IgA production by circulating PBL was found to be the most sensitive (92.6% response rate) and correlative (P = 0.00071) indicator of a specific intestinal-IgA immune response . However, its value in predicting protective efficacy is untried . These studies confirm that for the assessment of an enteric bacterial vaccine, determination of in vitro specific IgA production by circulating PBL may offer a single measurement of specific immunity which is as useful as serum and intestinal measurements combined. Cell Immunol, 1992 May, 141(2), 518 - 27 LPS activation of bone marrow natural suppressor cells; Holda JH; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhosa was injected into C57B1/6 mice and the effect on bone marrow (BM) natural suppressor (NS) cell activity was examined . It was shown that injection of LPS, as low as 0.01 microgram/g body weight, could enhance BM NS activity . The enhanced activity was apparent 24 hr postinjection, and returned to normal by Day 5 . It was necessary to show that the enhanced suppression displayed characteristics of NS cells . The suppressor cell is Thy negative and can be found in low density Percoll fractions . Suppression was dependent upon interferon-gamma and could be augmented by lymphokines that were contained in the supernatant of TH2 helper cell . The data suggest that BM NS activity may be influenced in vivo during gram-negative sepsis. Arzneimittelforschung, 1992 May, 42(5), 668 - 73 {Synthesis and antibacterial activity of benzoylaminoacyl-penicillins and related compounds with and without acylated catechol substituents}; Heinisch L et al.; Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Benzoylaminoacyl Penicillins and Related Compounds with and without Acylated Catechol Substituents . Syntheses of benzoyl, cinnamoyl, and benzoylhydrazido glyoxyloyl aminoacyl penicillins with and without acylated catechol substituents by condensation of corresponding acids or acylchlorides with ampicillin or amoxycillin and also of a 6-a-methoxy-derivative and corresponding esters are reported . Acylated catechol substituents improve the antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially against Pseudomonas strains and Salmonella . MIC tests of bacterial mutants with higher outer membrane penetrability and of the corresponding wild typs show that the increase of antibacterial activity by catechol substituents is caused by improvement of the penetration through the bacterial outer membran . The affinity to penicillin binding proteins is not influenced by catechol substituents . Stability against beta-lactamases is partly higher than that of azlocillin. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1992 May, 18(4), 557 - 69 Assessment of the potential genotoxicity of perfluorodecanoic acid and chlorotrifluoroethylene trimer and tetramer acids; Godin CS et al.; Perfluoro-n-decanoic acid (PFDA) is a perfluorinated fatty acid that produces hepatomegaly and increased peroxisomal beta-oxidation when administered to rodents . Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) trimer acid and CTFE tetramer acid are metabolites of the six- and eight-carbon oligomers of CTFE, respectively . They are structurally related to PFDA, and CTFE tetramer acid has caused toxic effects in rodents that are similar to those observed following PFDA administration . Because of the correlation between peroxisome proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis, CTFE trimer acid, CTFE tetramer acid, and PFDA were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo/in vitro bioassays to assess their potential genotoxic activity . The assays conducted were the Ames Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay, the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) locus Chinese hamster ovary gene mutation assay, the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay, chromosomal aberration assay, and an in vivo/in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and S-phase DNA synthesis assay . All test articles were negative in the Ames assay, the HGPRT assay, and the SCE assay . In the chromosomal aberration assay CTFE trimer acid and CTFE tetramer acid were negative in cultures with and without S9 metabolic activation . PFDA was also negative in the absence of metabolic activation, but chromosomal aberrations were observed when PFDA was incubated in the presence of S9 fraction . All test articles were negative for inducing UDS but all induced S-phase replicative DNA synthesis 16 hr after administration of the test article to the test animals; only CTFE tetramer acid and PFDA induced S-phase synthesis 48 hr after dosing: the usual timepoint examined for this response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1992 May, 36(5), 949 - 54 Therapy of experimental meningitis due to Salmonella enteritidis; Bryan JP et al.; In many areas of the developing world, Salmonella spp . account for greater than 50% of the gram-negative enteric organisms isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . The response of Salmonella meningitis to conventional therapy (chloramphenicol and/or ampicillin) is slow, complications arise frequently, and mortality rates of 60 to 80% are common . Two newer agents, ceftriaxone and imipenem, were compared with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in the therapy of experimental Salmonella meningitis beginning 14 h after intracisternal inoculation and continued by constant intravenous infusion for 8 h . Drug concentrations in serum and CSF closely approximated those achieved in the sera and CSF of humans receiving standard parenteral regimens . Penetration into purulent CSF {(concentration of drug in CSF/concentration of drug in serum) x 100} ranged from 18 to 41% . The rate of bacterial killing in CSF was significantly (P less than 0.001) more rapid during therapy with ceftriaxone and imipenem than it was during therapy with chloramphenicol or TMP-SMX . Ceftriaxone and imipenem sterilized the CSF of six of seven animals at 8 h, whereas it sterilized the CSF of three of eight animals treated with ampicillin (P = 0.18), one of eight animals treated with chloramphenicol, and none of seven animals treated with TMP-SMX (P less than or equal to 0.01; ceftriaxone or imipenem versus chloramphenicol or TMP-SMX) . New beta-lactams, including ceftriaxone and imipenem, appear to be effective therapy against Salmonella spp . in this animal model and deserve further evaluation in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1992 May, 36(5), 1086 - 90 Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral ciprofloxacin in infants and small children; Peltola H et al.; The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ciprofloxacin (CIP) was studied in seven infants aged 5 to 14 weeks and nine children aged 1 to 5 years, most of whom were Salmonella carriers . In each case, 15 mg of CIP per kg of body weight was given with water on an empty stomach, and timed serum samples were taken during the following 12 h . The elimination half-life of CIP was significantly (P less than 0.001) longer in the infants (2.73 +/- 0.28 h; mean +/- standard deviation) than it was in the children (1.28 +/- 0.52 h) . The area under the serum CIP concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity was 16.1 +/- 7.4 mg.h.liter-1 among the infants and 5.3 +/- 3.3 mg.h.liter-1 in the children (P less than 0.01) . No significant differences in the maximum concentration in serum, time to maximum concentration in serum, or absorption half-life were observed between the two groups . In contrast, the mean residence time was twofold longer in the infants (4.6 h) than it was in the children (2.4 h; P less than 0.001) . The findings suggest that elimination of CIP is particularly rapid in children who just have passed infancy; they may require doses at shorter time intervals than those required by infants or older children or adults . In general, an oral dose of 10 to 15 mg of CIP per kg three times daily seems appropriate for children aged 1 to 5 years. An Med Interna, 1992 May, 9(5), 225 - 8 {Incidence of typhoid fever in our environment . Analysis in Guipúzcoa}; Perez-Trallero E et al.; Based in 184 cases of Typhoid Fever bacteriologically demonstrated in the past 14 years (greater than 90% of all cases registered in the whole province), we have observed that, with the exception of some epidemic outbreaks, the disease has been constantly present during all these years, with a higher incidence between August and November . Salmonella typhi infected primarily young adults, its distribution being similar to the one among the general population . 49% of cases were males . The estimated incidence rate of the disease during this period was 2-3 per 100,000 population . A seroepidemiological study among healthy women with ages between 20 and 40 years showed a seroprevalence of anti-H:d antibodies greater than or equal to 1/40 of 1% . Although the epidemiological situation of Typhoid fever in our environment is not as bad as it has been referred in reports and textbooks, an effort is needed to situate the problem at the appropriate level, given our geographical situation and our economical development. Tsitol Genet, 1992 May-Jun, 26(3), 52 - 6 {Genotoxicity of the preparation "binase" in tests on Salmonella: Ames test and ARA-test}; Ivanchenko OB et al.; The present work deals with mutagenicity determination of enzyme sample "binase" (Bacillus intermedius ribonuclease) in microbial test-systems: Ames test and Ara-test . The weak mutagenic effect of "binase" high concentration was established in both tests by induction of forward Ara-mutations and Histidine-reverse mutations . A metabolic activation is seen to remove this effect. J Assoc Physicians India, 1992 May, 40(5), 333 - 5 Neuropsychiatric manifestations of typhoid fever; Ali G et al.; Various neuropsychiatric syndromes in typhoid fever were seen in nine patients of multiple drug resistant (both in vitro and in vivo) Salmonella typhi infection of a total of 270 suspected cases in the last two years . All but one patient received oral norfloxacin (400 mg 12 hourly) for two weeks with complete recovery, while the other patient died . Bacteremia and toxemia seem to be the only common factor responsible for neuropsychiatric complications. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1992 May, 52(3), 183 - 8 Both the polysaccharide and lipid A parts of endotoxins are needed for the inhibitory effects of endotoxins on cellular LDL uptake; Liao W et al.; We previously reported that endotoxins inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and degradation in Hep G2 cells . In the present study, we tried to elucidate which part(s) of the endotoxin molecules contribute(s) to the inhibitory effect of endotoxins on LDL uptake and degradation . The results show that the endotoxin isolated from Salmonella minnesota Re595 (Re mutant), which lacks polysaccharide, had no effect on the uptake and degradation of 125I-labelled LDL in Hep G2 cells . This mutant form also decreased the inhibitory effects of endotoxins which have complete polysaccharides on cellular LDL uptake and degradation . However, the polysaccharide part of endotoxins by itself had no effect on LDL catabolism by the cells . This suggests that both the polysaccharide and the lipid A parts of endotoxins are needed for the inhibitory effects of endotoxins on LDL uptake and degradation. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1992 May, 10(5), 286 - 9 {Osteoarticular infections in children}; Munoz C et al.; We presented a retrospective review of osteoarticular infections diagnosed at Sant Joan de Deu Hospital from Barcelona, in the last 10 years (1981-1990) . A total of 127 arthritis and 113 osteomyelitis were recorded in children aged from a few days to 15 years . This represents a 3.5% of all infectious diseases patients during the study period . The most common microorganism was S . aureus (52.3%) followed by Brucella (8.2%) and Salmonella as well as Streptococcus agalactiae (7.3% each) . The most common involved joint were hip and knee in arthritis cases, but long bones (tibia and humerus) in osteomyelitis cases. Int J Food Microbiol, 1992 May, 16(1), 41 - 50 A comparison of standard cultural methods for the detection of foodborne Salmonella; D'Aoust JY et al.; The sensitivity of the standard cultural method of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6579 and ISO 3565 combined) was compared to that of the Health Protection Branch (HPB) procedure for the detection of foodborne Salmonella . Of 195 foods tested, 84 (43.1%) were found to contain salmonellae by one or more cultural conditions . Of these, 75 (89.3%) and 68 (81.0%) were identified by the ISO and HPB methods, respectively . The apparent lack of agreement between both methods likely stemmed from the low indigenous numbers of salmonellae in several food homogenates, and unequal transfer of the target microorganism into homologous ISO and HPB pre-enrichment broths . The sensitivities of the commercially available Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MKTBG43, Oxoid CM343), and a closely-related medium prepared with Oxoid CM29 tetrathionate base varied from 86.9 to 89.3%, and were deemed equivalent to that obtained with the ISO formulation of MKTBG43 (89.3%) . Comparatively fewer contaminated samples were identified from selenite cystine (SC35) and selenite brilliant green (SBG35) enrichment cultures (82.1-83.3%) . The high selectivity and saccharide-independent response of the bismuth sulfite agar medium warrants its consideration as a mandatory plating medium in ISO methodologies for the effective detection of typical and atypical biotypes of foodborne Salmonella spp. Bioorg Khim, 1992 May, 18(5), 680 - 8 {Mono- and polyspecific glycoconjugates based on synthetic O-antigen determinants of Salmonella and their serological characteristics}; Cherniak AIa et al.; Mono- and polydeterminant synthetic antigens have been prepared via copolymerisation of acrylamide with allyl-, 2-acrylamidoethyl, and p-acrylamidophenyl glycosides of di- and trisaccharides representative of the group-specific Salmonella O-antigenic determinants (0:2, 0:3, 0:4, and 0:9) . Serological specificity of the glycoconjugates obtained has been studied in enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoreceptor antisera. Mol Microbiol, 1992 May, 6(10), 1385 - 94 Molecular analysis of the rfb gene cluster of Salmonella serovar muenchen (strain M67): the genetic basis of the polymorphism between groups C2 and B; Brown PK et al.; The rfb (O antigen) gene cluster of group C2 Salmonella differs from that of group B in a central region of 12.4 kb: we report the sequencing of this region of strain M67 (group C2) and a subsequent comparison with the central region of strain LT2 (group B) . We find a block of seven open reading frames unique to group C2 which encode the O antigen polymerase (rfc) and the transferases responsible for assembly of the group C2 O antigen . The remaining rfb genes are common to strains M67 and LT2, but rfbJ (CDP-abequose synthase) and rfbM and rfbK (GDP-mannose synthesis), which are immediately adjacent to the central region, are highly divergent . All these genes have a low G+C content and appear to have been recent additions to Salmonella enterica . We discuss the evolutionary significance of the arrangement and divergence of the genes in the polymorphism of the rfb cluster. Salud Publica Mex, 1992 May-Jun, 34(3), 268 - 73 {Conjugate vaccines against bacterial infections: typhoid fever}; Paniagua J et al.; Capsular polysaccharides have been studied as possible vaccines against infectious diseases . However, they are capable to induce only short-run protection because of their T-independent properties and they would not be protective against infection in high-risk populations . The alternative to face this problem is to develop methods to join covalently the polysaccharide and proteins to both increase the immunogenicity of and to confer the property of T-dependence to this antigen . In order to obtain a conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever, in our laboratory we have tried to synthesize a conjugate immunogen between the Vi antigen and porins from Salmonella typhi. Mutat Res, 1992 May 1, 279(1), 61 - 73 Mutagenic activity of a series of synthetic and naturally occurring heterocyclic amines in Salmonella; Smith C et al.; 26 synthetic and naturally occurring heterocyclic amines were tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test) using tester strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of an Aroclor-induced rat-liver S9 fraction . 9 of the compounds were protein-pyrolysis products which had previously been shown to be mutagenic . Mutagenic potencies similar to previously reported values were demonstrated for these compounds with the exception that Trp-P-1 was only mutagenic in strain TA98 in our study, although it had previously been reported to be weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 . 17 structurally diverse heterocyclic amines were synthesized and tested for mutagenicity . The structural diversity of these synthetic heterocyclic amines will enhance the sensitivity of future quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies by demonstrating the structural characteristics essential for mutagenicity . The results of this study provide a large data base for the mutagenicity of this important class of compounds. Mutat Res, 1992 May 1, 279(1), 1 - 8 Mutagenicity of substituted anthraquinones in the Ames/Salmonella microsome system; Krivobok S et al.; Unsubstituted anthraquinone, 4 substituted anthraquinones (emodin, danthron, physcion, a new compound M-108-C) and 3 dimers (skyrin, rugulosin, rugulin) were tested using the Ames/Salmonella assay (strains TA98, TA100, TA1537 and TA102) . Danthron and emodin were found to be mutagenic for TA1537 with or without metabolic activation, physcion only with metabolic activation . A significant difference was found between the mutagenic activities of emodin (16.2 His+/nmole) and danthron (6.5 His+/nmole) as well as a high specific mutagenic activity for physcion (11.6 His+/nmole) . These results on structure-mutagenic activity relationships suggest that the 6-methyl group plays an important role in the mutagenic activity after metabolic activation . Furthermore, and contrary to emodin, physcion exhibited a weak mutagenic activity for TA102, probably due to the formation of a different metabolite . Such information is necessary to evaluate the potential carcinogenic hazard of these compounds. Mutat Res, 1992 May, 267(1), 133 - 8 The effect of the anoxic radiosensitizing agent TAN on induction of revertants by gamma-rays and helium ions in Salmonella tester strains; Basha SG et al.; The modification effect of the anoxic radiosensitizer TAN on the mutagenesis in various Salmonella tester strains after gamma-ray and helium ion irradiation was studied . The oxygen enhancement ratios (OER) for all 3 strains on the lethal assay after gamma-irradiation are approximately equal to 2 . The induction of reversions in TA98 and TA100 does not modify under anoxia . The value of OER on the mutagenic assay in TA102 equals 1.6 . The OER after helium ion irradiation on the lethal and mutagenic assays was less than after gamma-irradiation . The mutagenesis in 3 strains after irradiation under anoxia is enhanced by TAN . The value of the TAN modification effect after gamma-irradiation increases from 2.1 +/- 0.2 for TA102 to 5.2 +/- 0.4 for TA100 . However, the TAN influence on mutagenesis in TA100 after helium ion irradiation decreases to 3.1 +/- 0.3 . We conclude that peculiarities of mutagenesis in various tester strains under anoxia with TAN can be explained by considering the nature of premutational DNA damages. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 1992 May-Jun, 34(3), 193 - 8 Renal involvement in prolonged Salmonella bacteremia: the role of schistosomal glomerulopathy; Martinelli R et al.; Renal involvement has been well documented in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and in patients with prolonged Salmonella bacteremia (PSB) . Whether there is a specific renal lesion related to PSB or the chronic bacterial infection aggravates a pre-existing schistosomal glomerulopathy has been a matter of controversy . To analyze the clinical manifestations and histopathological findings of the renal involvement, 8 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and PSB (group I) were compared with 8 patients with schistosomal glomerulopathy (group II) matched by sex and glomerular disease . The mean age in group I was 17.7 years . All patients presented with hematuria, in 4 cases associated with non-nephrotic proteinuria . In group II the mean age was 23 years; nephrotic syndrome was the clinical presentation in 7 of the 8 patients in the group . All patients in group I experienced remission of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities as the salmonella infection was cured; in group II the patients had persistent, steroid-resistant, nephrotic syndrome . On histological examination, no difference was noted between the two groups, except for pronounced glomerular hypercellularity and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in group I . These observations strongly suggest that PSB exacerbates a pre-existing sub-clinical schistosomal glomerulopathy by the addition of active lesions directly related to the prolonged bacteremia. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo, 1992 May-Jun, 47(3), 153 - 7 {Abdominal aortic mycotic aneurysm due to Salmonella: case report and review of literature}; de Aguiar ET et al.; A 59 year old female patient was admitted to the hospital complaining of lower back pain and fever for four months, with worsening of symptoms during the last two weeks . A painful pulsatile abdominal mass was the only positive sign at her physical examination . Her CT-Scan showed a periaortic hematoma and a rupture of the aortic wall while the Aortography disclosed a false aneurysm below the renal arteries . All blood cultures were negative . The patient was operated on and had her aneurysm resected and her aorta reconstructed with an in situ bifurcated aorto-femoral Dacron graft . The bacteriological examination of the aortic wall revealed a Salmonella type B, which confirmed the clinical hypothesis of abdominal aortic mycotic aneurysm . It was not possible to maintain a prolonged antibiotic therapy and the patient had to be submitted to a second operation three months later because of an infected graft; when the aorto-femoral graft was removed and an axillobifemoral bypass prosthesis was done . After a three years follow-up period the patient is doing well and has no signs of recurrences . We conclude, based on the literature review and our personal experience, that: 1) the symptomatologic triad presented by the patient is highly suggestive of those diagnosis; 2) blood cultures may not be positive; 3) the CT-Scan and aortography are the best examinations for the diagnosis of abdominal aortic mycotic aneurysm; 4) either the in situ or the extra-anatomical arterial reconstruction may be employed with good results . Higher infection rates are reported with the in situ grafts; 5) life-long antibiotic therapy is recommended whatever reconstruction procedure is selected. J Biol Chem, 1992 Apr 25, 267(12), 8371 - 6 Thermodynamics of oligosaccharide binding to a monoclonal antibody specific for a Salmonella O-antigen point to hydrophobic interactions in the binding site; Sigurskjold BW et al.; The thermodynamic characteristics of oligosaccharide binding to an antibody binding site that is dominated by aromatic amino acids suggest that the hydrophobic effect contributes substantially to complex formation as well as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions . A detailed titration microcalorimetric study on the temperature dependence of the binding of a trisaccharide, representing the epitope of a Salmonella O-antigen, showed that its maximum binding to the monoclonal antibody Se155-4 occurs just below room temperature and both enthalpy and entropy changes are strongly dependent on temperature in a mutually compensating manner . The heat capacity change also shows an unusually strong temperature dependence being large and negative above room temperature and positive below . van't Hoff analysis of the temperature dependence of the binding constant yielded a biphasic curve with two apparent intrinsic enthalpy estimations (approximately -100 kJ mol-1 above 18 degrees C and approximately +100 kJ mol-1 below), each very different from the calorimetrically determined enthalpies (ranging from about -60 kJ mol-1 to -20 kJ mol-1) . This was interpreted as being due to large enthalpy contributions from concomitant reactions, most notably changes in solvation . Linear plots, -delta H0 versus -T delta S0, observed for temperature-dependent measurements mirror the behavior seen for a series of functional group replacements, suggesting that the molecular and physical origin of these phenomena are closely related and linked to the role of water in complex formation . The thermodynamic results are compared to the mode of binding determined from a 2.05-A resolution structure of the Fab-oligosaccharide complex, and with literature data for the heat capacities of sugars in aqueous solution and for the thermodynamics of carbohydrate binding to transport proteins and lectins. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 334 - 40 Effect of nitrofurazone or novobiocin on Salmonella enteritidis cecal colonization and organ invasion in Leghorn hens; Manning JG et al.; Nitrofurazone (433 mg/liter drinking water) administration to leghorn laying hens for 72 hours with a 48-hour withdrawal period before nitrofurazone-sensitive Salmonella enteritidis challenge resulted in a S . enteritidis culture-positive rate significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that of unmedicated controls when hens were cultured 6 days following challenge . In a similar experiment, simultaneous nitrofurazone administration and S . enteritidis challenge resulted in no significant differences in S . enteritidis isolation frequency . However, unchallenged nitrofurazone-medicated contact control hens showed a significantly higher S . enteritidis culture-positive rate than the unchallenged unmedicated controls . This increase in apparent S . enteritidis susceptibility was associated with significantly lower cecal propionic acid and fewer anaerobic colony-forming units (CFU) . In a third experiment, nitrofurazone treatment had no effect when the antibiotic was withdrawn 72 hours before S . enteritidis challenge . In a subsequent experiment, novobiocin (385 mg/kg) or nitrofurazone (300 mg/kg) was administered to adult hens for 7 days before challenge with nitrofurazone and novobiocin-resistant S . enteritidis . Both nitrofurazone and novobiocin administration resulted in a significantly higher S . enteritidis culture-positive rate than unmedicated controls at end of the experiment 7 days post-challenge . Results indicate that administration of some antibiotics may enhance susceptibility to S . enteritidis in leghorn hens. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 227 - 36 Serological response of chickens to infection with Salmonella gallinarum-S . pullorum detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Barrow PA et al.; The serological response to Salmonella pullorum and S . gallinarum infection in chickens was studied with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . In broiler chickens, a more virulent strain of S . pullorum produced a significantly lower serum IgG titer than did a less virulent strain . In laying hens, the serum and egg-yolk IgG titers were very similar . In chickens infected with S . gallinarum, high IgG titers persisted for 30 weeks . In chickens reinfected with this strain, each reinfection was followed by transitory increases in IgG lasting no longer than 2 weeks . Serum samples from Brazil taken from a laying flock with evidence of fowl typhoid showed much higher antibody levels than did those from three uninfected flocks . Using lipopolysaccharide as the detecting antigen, infections caused by these salmonellae could be differentiated from those caused by other groups . Incorporation of the appropriate flagella antigen in the ELISA allowed differentiation between infections caused by S . pullorum and S . enteritidis. Lab Anim Sci, 1992 Apr, 42(2), 161 - 3 Salmonellosis in gerbils induced by nonrelated experimental procedure; Clark JD et al.; An outbreak of salmonellosis in a gerbil colony was investigated . The clinical, bacteriologic, and pathologic findings are reported . Clinical signs included an occasional sudden death, depression, emaciation, dehydration, rough hair coat, and testicular enlargement . Not every sign was observed in every infected gerbil . At necropsy, 11 animals had lesions consistent with salmonellosis . Histopathologic lesions consisted of interstitial pneumonia, hepatic and splenic necrosis, meningitis, and suppurative orchitis . Splenic and intestinal amyloidosis were also noted . Salmonella, group D, was recovered from gerbil feces, a container in which adult mosquitos were reared, filarial inoculum, and a cockroach . An epizootiologic investigation led to salmonella-infected cockroaches as the possible source of animal contamination via mosquitos and the subsequent filarial inoculum. Carbohydr Res, 1992 Apr 10, 228(1), 121 - 8 Synthesis of 2-(4-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)ethyl O-(L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl)-(1----7)-O-(L-glycero-alpha- D-manno- heptopyranosyl)-(1----3)-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside, corresponding to the heptose region of the Salmonella Ra core structure; Garegg PJ et al.; The title trisaccharide was synthesized from methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside by acetolysis, followed by conversion into ethyl thioglycosides and also glycosyl bromides, which were both used in glycosylation reactions . In glycosylations using thioglycosides as glycosyl donors, N-iodosuccinimide-silver triflate and dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium triflate were used as promoters, and in glycosylations with glycosyl bromides silver triflate was used . The protecting groups introduced into intermediates during the synthesis of the title trisaccharide were designed to allow later glycosylation at O-3' to give larger oligosaccharide fragments of the Salmonella LPS core region, and also to allow the introduction of phosphate groups at O-4 and O-4', a structural element that is suggested to be present in the Ra core. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 324 - 33 Molecular characterization of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from Maine poultry and poultry farm environments; Singer JT et al.; Eighty-six Salmonella enteritidis isolates obtained during a surveillance program of poultry farms in Maine were subjected to phage-typing, plasmid profiling and fingerprinting, outer-membrane polypeptide analysis, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing . Isolates were obtained from a variety of sources, including poultry-farm environmental samples, chicken organ samples, human stool samples, cat feces, and live-trapped rats and mice . These isolates were compared with 21 S . enteritidis isolates originating outside of Maine . Phage types isolated in Maine included 13a (60%); 14b (29%); 23 (5%); 8 (2%); and 2 (2%) . All S . enteritidis isolates from Maine carried plasmid DNA, and 97% of these isolates carried a 40.3-megadalton plasmid alone (6%) or in conjunction with several smaller plasmids (91%) . All 52 phage-type 13a isolates harbored 40.3- and 3.0-megadalton plasmids . All 25 phage-type 14b isolates carried 3.3- and 1.3-megadalton plasmids, and 22 isolates also carried the 40.3-megadalton plasmid . All isolates displayed highly similar outer-membrane polypeptide profiles and were sensitive to a variety of antimicrobials commonly used against gram-negative organisms . The above data suggest that phage type and plasmid content may be related in the cases of phage-type 13a and 14b isolates, and that traditional plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance determinants were not present in Maine isolates . Results also indicate that phage-typing can be a valuable epizootiological tool for monitoring the potential spread of these strains throughout the Northeast. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 304 - 12 Pathogenicity of Salmonella pullorum in northern bobwhite quail and mallard ducks; Buchholz PS et al.; Ten-day-old northern bobwhite quail and mallard ducks were inoculated orally and intravenously with Salmonella pullorum at selected concentrations (10(3) to 10(10) colony-forming units) . Mortality in bobwhites ranged from 65% to 100%, whereas no mallards died or exhibited any signs of morbidity . Significantly (P less than 0.05) increased values for serum calcium, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase were observed in mallards inoculated with live S . pullorum, and antibody titers were detected as early as 1 week postinoculation . Viable bacteria were cultured from feces, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, pancreas, and spleen of bobwhites and from livers of four mallards . Bacterial colonies were frequently found in the capillaries of various organs of the quail, particularly in the heart and kidneys, with slight-to-moderate diffuse or multifocal necrotizing inflammation present in all organs examined . Bobwhites are susceptible to infection from S . pullorum, with morbidity and mortality rates similar to those of chicks and poults, whereas mallards undergo a short, subclinical infection that is resolved without lasting tissue damage. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 296 - 303 Binding of Salmonella strains to immobilized intestinal mucosal preparations from broiler chickens; Craven SE et al.; The binding kinetics of radiolabeled Salmonella california 1989/O (mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin-positive {MSHA+}) to immobilized mucus or enterocytes isolated from broiler ceca and inhibition of binding by D-mannose and sodium metaperiodate were characteristic of adherence of mannose-sensitive type 1 fimbriae of bacteria to eukaryotic mannose-containing receptors . Binding by radiolabeled strains 1989/O (in the presence of D-mannose) and S . typhimurium S 7471 N (MSHA-, non-fimbriated) indicated non-specific binding that was characterized by less binding to enterocytes and mucus and lack of inhibition by carbohydrates or prior treatment with sodium metaperiodate . Inhibition of non-specific binding to enterocytes by pretreatment with various enzymes or by the presence of tetramethylurea or p-nitrophenol (known to disrupt hydrophobic interactions) indicate involvement of multiple sites and hydrophobic bonding . Strain-specific outer-membrane preparations inhibited non-specific binding to a greater extent than did lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli outer-membrane preparations, or bovine serum albumin. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 282 - 9 Necrotizing typhlocolitis associated with a spirochete in rheas (Rhea americana); Sagartz JE et al.; Necrotizing typhlocolitis was diagnosed in 13 juvenile common rheas (Rhea americana) from three separate of geographically isolated Ohio flocks, with mortality ranging from 25% to 80% . At postmortem examination, a diphtheritic membrane covered ulcerated cecal mucosa . Histologically, cecal sections showed necrosis and granulomatous-to-suppurative inflammation that extended into the submucosa and often surrounded large eosinophilic colonies of bacteria . Warthin-Starry staining showed these colonies to be composed of entangled spirochetes that invaded the submucosa and frequently were present transmurally . Similar organisms were identified by Warthin-Starry staining in the cecum of a juvenile rhea from a fourth flock that histologically had mild lymphocytic typhlitis . Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of a spirochete in the ceca . Anaerobic culture yielded a gram-negative, beta-hemolytic spirochete . Coccidia, histomonads, and Salmonella spp . were consistently absent. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 251 - 5 Prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in spent hens; Waltman WD et al.; As part of a USDA/APHIS study on the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in spent laying hens, 3700 pooled cecal samples were cultured for Salmonella . Samples were received from a single processing plant and represented 81 commercial egg-type layer flocks from nine southern states . Salmonella were isolated from 2418 of the 3700 (65.4%) cecal pools, but only six isolates were serotype enteritidis . S . enteritidis was isolated from three flocks from two states but was detected in only six of 140 samples from those flocks . Various Salmonella isolation media and procedures were compared . Xylose-lysine-tergitol-4 plates detected 64% of the total Salmonella-positive cecal samples . Brilliant green agar with novobiocin detected 72% of the total Salmonella-positive samples . When used in combination, 82% of the positive samples were detected with these two plates . The remaining 425 Salmonella-positive samples were detected after delayed secondary enrichment. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 247 - 50 Frequency of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellae in the ceca of spent hens at time of slaughter; Dreesen DW et al.; A study was conducted to determine the frequency of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and other Salmonella serovars in the cecal contents of spent laying hens at a hen-processing plant in the southeastern United States over a 4 1/2-month period, from October 1990 through February 1991 . A total of 1920 pooled cecal samples (three ceca per sample) from 38 flocks representing 23 producers were obtained and tested for the presence of SE and other Salmonella serovars . A total of 359 samples (18.7%) from 37 of the 38 flocks (97.4%) showed characteristic reactions for salmonellae on triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) slants . Twenty-nine of the 359 Salmonella-positive samples (8.1%) were Group D-positive, all of which were found to be SE on further serotyping . The SE-positive samples were from seven of the 38 flocks (18.4%); four flocks originated from the USDA/APHIS-designated Northern Region of the United States, and three were from the Southeastern Region . Serotyping of the 330 TSIA-positive Group-D negative Salmonella revealed 37 different serovars . S . heidelberg, the predominant serovar, was identified in 49.1% of these isolates. Ethiop Med J, 1992 Apr, 30(2), 119 - 22 Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi from a patient in Addis Abeba; Gebre-Yohannes A et al.; The clinical history and treatment outcome of a twenty-year old female patient (EN) with typhoid fever is presented . Laboratory examination showed that the etiological agent was a strain of Salmonella typhi which was simultaneously resistant to chloramphenicol (C), streptomycin (S), sulphonamides (Su) and tetracycline (T) . Genetic and molecular analysis of this strain demonstrated that resistance to CSSuT was encoded in a plasmid which showed a thermosensitive (28 degrees C) transfer to an Escherichia coli K12 recipient, at a frequency of 4.0 x 10(-2) . The R-plasmid had a molecular weight of 110 megadaltons and belonged to incompatibility group H1 plasmids . The present finding should warn medical personnel of the possible dissemination of this epidemic strain in Addis Abeba area. Microbiologia, 1992 Apr, 8(1), 44 - 8 The occurrence of Salmonella serotypes in marine recreational waters of Valencia, Spain; Alonso JL et al.; Salmonellae serotypes were studied in order to know their prevalence in marine recreational areas of Valencia . Two hundred eight strains were isolated . The strains belonging to serogroups B, C, D, E and G . The serotyping yielded twenty one different serotypes . The most frequent salmonellae serotypes were S . anatum and S . bredeney . Our results were compared with those reported by other authors in Spain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1992 Apr, 32(1-2), 103 - 21 Stabilization of Salmonella-specific dialyzable leukocyte extracts; Mikula I et al.; Activity of Salmonella-specific dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE) prepared from mesenteric lymphatic nodes of calves and stabilized with bovine albumin was studied in this work . The effect of ambient temperature and storage period on the activity of DLE was evaluated . Testing for DLE activity by means of capillary leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay showed that DLE stabilized with albumin retained 60% of its activity for 12 months of storage at 4 degrees C . This level of activity was retained in the native DLE (without albumin) kept at -20 degrees C . DLE stabilized with albumin and stored for 12 months at 4 degrees C inhibited the penetration of salmonellae into the liver and spleen, and their colonization in the gastrointestinal tract was significantly reduced. Am J Vet Res, 1992 Apr, 53(4), 444 - 8 Safety and efficacy of an attenuated strain of Salmonella choleraesuis for vaccination of swine; Kramer TT et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of a live Salmonella choleraesuis immunizing strain, obtained by repeated ingestion and recovery through porcine neutrophils . The strain was tested in mice and in pigs . The vaccine was safe and effective in controlled experimental trials, using clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic criteria . Vaccinated pigs were able to maintain normal weight gains during the 4-week observation period following challenge inoculation with a high dose of a virulent strain. Mol Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 6(8), 1003 - 12 Escherichia coli HlyT protein, a transcriptional activator of haemolysin synthesis and secretion, is encoded by the rfaH (sfrB) locus required for expression of sex factor and lipopolysaccharide genes; Bailey MJ et al.; Synthesis and secretion of the 110kDa haemolysin toxin of Escherichia coli and other pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria are governed by the four genes of the hly operon . We have identified, by transposon mutagenesis, an E . coli cellular locus, hlyT, required for the synthesis and secretion of haemolysin encoded in trans by intact hly operons carrying the hly upstream regulatory region . Mutation of the hlyT locus specifically reduced the level of hlyA structural gene transcript 20-100-fold and thus markedly lowered both intracellular and extracellular levels of the HlyA protein . Genetic and structural analysis of the hlyT locus mapped it at co-ordinate 3680 kbp (minute 87) on the chromosome adjacent to the fadBA operon, and identified it specifically as the rfaH (sfrB) locus which is required for transcription of the genes encoding synthesis of the sex pilus and also the lipopolysaccharide core for attachment of the O-antigen of E . coli and Salmonella . Expression of the hly operon in the E . coli hlyT mutant was restored in trans by both the hlyT and rfaH genes, suggesting that the rfaH gene is an important activator of regulon structures that are central to the fertility and virulence of these pathogenic bacteria . DNA sequencing of the hlyT locus identifies the HlyT/RfaH transcriptional activator as a protein of 162 amino acids (Mr 18325) which shows no identity to characterized transcription factors. J Lab Clin Med, 1992 Apr, 119(4), 346 - 53 Monophosphoryl lipid A attenuates the effects of endotoxic shock in pigs; Carpati CM et al.; Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a nontoxic lipid A derivative that maintains many of the beneficial immunomodulatory activities of the parent lipopolysaccharide molecule, including the induction of tolerance to endotoxin . The hemodynamic effects of Salmonella minnesota MPL (300 mg/kg) and S . minnesota lipopolysaccharide (300 micrograms/kg) were compared in 20 minipigs . Decreases in cardiac output and arterial pressure and increases in pulmonary artery pressure and lactic acidosis were significantly greater in animals treated with lipopolysaccharide . These changes were associated with peak tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels of 1373 +/- 79 U/ml in animals treated with LPS and 157 +/- 31 U/ml in animals treated with MPL . Ten minipigs were subsequently randomized to receive S . minnesota MPL (30 micrograms/kg) or diluent intravenously 48 hours before receiving S . minnesota lipopolysaccharide (300 micrograms/kg IV) . MPL significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced decreases in mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and mixed venous oxygen saturation . At baseline, no significant difference could be seen in TNF levels between diluent and MPL pigs . TNF levels peaked 2 hours after LPS infusion at 1190 +/- 156 U/ml in diluent pigs and at 539 +/- 126 U/ml in MPL pigs (p less than 0.05) . Each of the pigs pretreated with MPL survived endotoxic shock, whereas only one of the five diluent pigs survived . These observations are consistent with the induction of endotoxin tolerance by pretreatment with MPL. Epidemiol Infect, 1992 Apr, 108(2), 243 - 60 Biochemical and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar berta, and comparison of methods for typing; Olsen JE et al.; Strains of Salmonella enterica serovar berta (S . berta) from Denmark and seven other countries have been characterized with the aim of developing a rational typing strategy in connection with outbreak investigations . Biotyping divided the strains into H2S-positive (90%) and H2S-negative (10%) biovars . Six percent of the strains were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents . Eighty-eight percent of the strains carried plasmids and 52 different plasmid profiles were recognized . Six of the common plasmid sizes in these profiles were shown by restriction enzyme analyses to contain more than one plasmid species . More than 90% of the strains had the same ribotype with the restriction enzymes Sma I and EcoR I and the same whole cell protein profile . Outer membrane protein profiles and isoenzyme profiles were identical in all S . berta analysed . Plasmid profiling in combination with restriction enzyme analysis of plasmids seemed to be the most rational typing strategy for S . berta . The results indicated that S . berta strains regardless of geographical source or host are possibly clonal in nature. Epidemiol Infect, 1992 Apr, 108(2), 221 - 9 Epidemiology and control of an outbreak of typhoid in a psychiatric institution; Goh KT et al.; An outbreak of typhoid caused by Salmonella typhi of the same Vi-phage type (D1) and of the same antibiogram was reported in a large psychiatric institution in Singapore . A total of 95 (4.8%) of the 1965 inmates were infected, 47 with symptoms and 48 asymptomatic . Transmission was through close person-to-person contact and not through contaminated food or water . The source of infection could not be established . The outbreak was brought under control by maintaining a high standard of environmental sanitation, active search for fever and diarrhoeal cases, identification of asymptomatic cases by rectal swabbing, and isolation of those found to be infected . Mass immunization with two doses of heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine was also carried out concurrently . The vaccine was found to have an efficacy of 65.8% in preventing clinical illness. Arch Dis Child, 1992 Apr, 67(4), 531 - 2 Association of high fever and short bacterial excretion after salmonellosis; el-Radhi AS et al.; One hundred and two children with salmonella gastroenteritis were studied for factors affecting the length of convalescent bacterial excretion . There was a significant correlation between degree of fever and duration of excretion: a fever of greater than or equal to 40 degrees C had the shortest and no fever the longest duration of excretion . Fever therefore appears to have a favourable prognostic influence on the length of salmonella excretion. J Clin Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 30(4), 854 - 7 Comparison of plasmid profiles, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in the United States; Rodrigue DC et al.; To evaluate the laboratory techniques for subtyping isolates of Salmonella enteritidis, we compared the plasmid profiles (PP), phage types (PT), and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns (AS) of two nationally representative samples of sporadic human S . enteritidis isolates from 1979 (n = 28) and 1984 (n = 37), 43 isolates from 20 outbreaks of S . enteritidis infections between 1983 and 1987, and 46 animal isolates selected from the U.S . Department of Agriculture Veterinary Services Laboratory in 1986 and 1987 . Sporadic and outbreak isolates from humans showed similar rates of resistance to at least one of a panel of antimicrobial drugs (23 and 14%, respectively), PT (91 and 98%, respectively), and PP (97 and 100%, respectively) . Sixteen different PP were identified in sporadic, outbreak, and animal isolates; two PP accounted for 76% of sporadic and outbreak isolates . Sporadic human isolates were of PT 8 (42%), of PT 13a (37%), nontypeable (9%), of PT 14b (8%), of PT 9a (3%), and of PT 13 (2%) . Outbreak human isolates had similar distributions of PT . PT 8 was associated with poultry: 58% (7 of 12) of the poultry isolates but only 24% (8 of 34) of the isolates from other animals were of PT 8 (P less than 0.04) . Although antimicrobial susceptibility patterns do not appear as useful as an epidemiologic marker, PP and PT effectively subtyped S . enteritidis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1992 Apr, 15(2), 125 - 9 Preparation and characterization of Salmonella H antibodies in mouse ascites fluid; Bettelheim KA et al.; A method is described for raising antibodies to Salmonella H antigens in mice . Quantities of high titre antibodies of specificities similar to the traditional methods using rabbits are obtained. J Clin Invest, 1992 Apr, 89(4), 1198 - 207 Sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefmetazole enhance serum bactericidal activity in vitro by amplifying poly-C9 deposition; Schweinle JE et al.; Serum-resistant organisms grown in sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of antibiotics in vitro may be rendered sensitive to complement-mediated, serum bactericidal activity . We measured 125I-C3 and 125I-C9 deposition on genetically serum resistant Salmonella montevideo SH5770 (SH5770) that was rendered serum sensitive by growth in sub-MICs of cefmetazole (CMZ), a parenteral, second generation, cephamycin-group antibiotic . Three times as much C3 and over six times as much C9 bound to SH5770 grown in one-fourth the MIC of CMZ compared to broth-grown bacteria . SDS-PAGE analysis and autoradiography showed that neither the ratio of C3b:iC3b (approximately 1:2.5) nor the nature of the C3-bacterial bond was changed by growing the organisms in CMZ . Large amounts of complement membrane attack complexes containing poly-C9 were seen only on CMZ-grown SH5770 by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography . Poly-C9 was also detected only on CMZ-grown bacteria by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA using a murine monoclonal antibody directed against a neoantigen of poly-C9 . Bacterial hydrophobicity increased after growth in CMZ, and transmission electron micrographs of CMZ-grown SH5770 showed cell wall disruption and blebbing . These results indicate that growth in subMICs of CMZ increases bacterial hydrophobic domains available for interacting with the membrane attack complex, C5b-9, allowing formation and stable insertion of bactericidal complexes containing poly-C9. Infect Immun, 1992 Apr, 60(4), 1699 - 702 Effect of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide on oxidative metabolism and lysozyme release by human neutrophils; Rasool O et al.; Both Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A were low activators of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and lysozyme release in human neutrophils . The stimulation was dose dependent and was higher in the presence of autologous plasma than in its absence . The comparison between Brucella LPS and lipid A versus Salmonella LPS revealed that at least 100 times more LPS and 1,000 times more lipid A of the former genus were required to induce significant nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and a corresponding lysozyme release in neutrophils . Low Brucella LPS-mediated superoxide and lysozyme production might contribute to the survival of these facultative intracellular bacteria in phagocytic cells. Cancer Res, 1992 Apr 1, 52(7 Suppl), 2103s - 2107s Chemical analysis, prevention, and low-level dosimetry of heterocyclic amines from cooked food; Felton JS et al.; Potent mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines are produced from heated food derived from muscle . These compounds are present at part-per-billion levels and consist primarily of the amino-imidazoazaarene class of chemicals . Additional mutagens present in the meat are not as clearly characterized . Commercial fried-beef patties (hamburgers) have low levels of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), 0.1-0.68 ng/g meat for MeIQx and slightly lower for 4,8-DiMeIQx . The formation of these heterocyclic amines can be reduced by microwave pretreatment of meat, with the resulting liquid being poured off before frying . The Ames/Salmonella mutagenic activity was reduced to 5-10% of that of non-microwave-treated samples . MeIQx and DiMeIQx concentrations were reduced to 12% and 50% of levels in the non-microwave-treated samples, respectively . MeIQx adducts, as measured by accelerator mass spectrometry, were found to be linear with doses from 5 mg/kg to 500 ng/kg . Linear DNA binding at low doses is important for assuming linear risk estimation from the high animal-feeding doses causing cancer to the low human-dietary exposures . Extrapolating from the rodent TD50 dose to humans gives a maximum credible risk from consumption of heterocyclic amines of approximately 1/1000 exposed individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1992 Apr, 29(4), 443 - 6 Teicoplanin reduces in-vitro reactivity and murine lethality of Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide; Foca A et al.; Three different tests were performed to investigate the effect of teicoplanin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . After incubation for 3 h with teicoplanin, LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 showed reduced reactivity in the metachromatic dimethyl-methylene blue assay and the limulus amoebocyte lysate test . In addition, galactosamine-sensitized mice had an increased survival rate, from 29% to 72%, when teicoplanin was pre-incubated for 3 h with the LPS to be injected intraperitoneally . The results suggest that teicoplanin may have a neutralizing effect on LPS. Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1992 Apr, 41(1), 41 - 4 {Evaluation of the Wellcolex Agglutination Test for group identification of Salmonellae and Shigellae}; Petrova M et al.; Color agglutination test Wellcolex for rapid group identification of Salmonella and Shigella species was evaluated . The test revealed high specificity and gave information on presence of Salmonella and Shigella species in biological material in 24 hours . The test is suitable for standard diagnostic laboratories. Oral Microbiol Immunol, 1992 Apr, 7(2), 71 - 7 Comparative mitogenicity and polyclonal B cell activation capacity of eight oral or nonoral bacterial lipopolysaccharides in cultures of spleen cells from athymic (nu/nu-BALB/c) and thymic (BALB/c) mice; Sveen K et al.; Optimal stimulatory doses of purified phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 5 selected strains of 3 putative periodontopathogens (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Veillonella), 3 strains of 2 nonoral bacterial species (Bacteroides fragilis and Salmonella enteritidis), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced significantly higher maximum mitogenic responses and polyclonal Ig production in cultures of unfractionated spleen cells from nu/nu-BALB/c (nude) than from BALB/c (normal) mice . Compared with PWM, the LPS were stronger mitogens showing relative mitogenic capacities: B . fragilis LPS greater than F . nucleatum LPS greater than S . enteritidis LPS, Veillonella LPS, and P . intermedia LPS . B . fragilis LPS was the most and S . enteritidis LPS the least effective polyclonal B cell activator of total Ig, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgA, and IgM secretion . IgG1 was not detected . P . intermedia LPS was the strongest IgA inducer . Kinetic observations indicated mitogenic responses and polyclonal B cell activation in a close sequential order in nude and normal cells . The LPS were potent Ag- and T cell-independent polyclonal B cell activators and LPS of subgingival plaque bacteria may therefore play a nonspecific role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 35(2), 75 - 80 Salmonellosis in Goa; Verenkar MP et al.; During the period 1982-86, a total of 657 Salmonella strains were isolated from various clinical samples processed in the Microbiology laboratory of Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa . The strains were distributed amongst 23 different Salmonella serotypes . The commonest serotypes encountered were S.typhimurium (66%) and S.typhi (24%), the other serotypes were S.bareilly (5.4%), S.paratyphi B (1.2%), S.newport (1.2%) and S.chester (0.8%) . Stool samples yielded the maximum Salmonella isolates of which the S.typhimurium was the highest followed by S.bareilly. Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 35(2), 129 - 32 A delayed permeability factor in the culture filtrates and cell lysates of Salmonella weltevreden; Thapliyal DC et al.; Salmonella weltevreden strains produced a delayed permeability factor (PF) when tested on depilated rabbit skin . The PF activity could be demonstrated in freshly concentrated culture filtrates as well as in the cell lysates . The activity varied with strain and preparation . The induration and blueing reactions were associated with well marked balancing zones. Indian J Exp Biol, 1992 Apr, 30(4), 344 - 6 Evaluation of Biken test for detection of Salmonella enterotoxin; Rahman H et al.; Biken test by using antiserum to purified Salmonella enterotoxin (SE) was standardized and carried out to screen salmonellae for their enterotoxigenicity . As many as 101 strains of Salmonella belonging to 15 different serotypes isolated from foods of animal origin were subjected to Biken test . Of these, 68 (67.32%) were found seropositive . The test correlated with the rabbit ligated ileal loop (RLIL) test completely for the detection of enterotoxin producing salmonellae with 24 test strains . However, 5 of the 13 strains which were negative in the RLIL test, yielded positive results with the Biken test. Trop Gastroenterol, 1992 Apr-Jun, 13(2), 56 - 63 Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a retrospective study; Ndububa DA et al.; Sixty-eight proved cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever were reviewed in a retrospective study covering 5 years (1986-1990) . Patients within the age range of 10 to 39 years constituted 82.3 per cent of cases and there was equal incidence in both sexes . The mean duration of illness before presentation was 9.67 days . The major clinical features were fever (97%), abdominal tenderness (-9.4%), headache and abdominal pain (70.58%) each) . Intestinal perforation was the commonest complication (27.9%) with a male preponderance (M:F-3:1) . Perforation occurred after the first week of illness in 73.7 per cent of cases . Fourteen out of the nineteen patients who perforated were not on therapy at the time of perforation and they constituted 80 per cent of those cases of mortality in which perforation played a role . Surgical management of perforation gave better results than conservative management (mortality rates of 16.7% and 40% respectively) . Salmonella was sensitive to Chloramphenicol in all the cases where the organism was grown . There were 10 recorded deaths (14.9%) of whom 60 per cent (i . e . 6 patients) presented after two weeks of illness. Postgrad Med J, 1992 Apr, 68(798), 294 - 5 Pancreatic abscess due to Salmonella typhi; Garg P et al.; Isolated involvement of the pancreas in Salmonella typhi bacteraemia is rare . A case of pancreatic abscess due to S . typhi is reported which was managed conservatively. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 455 - 8 Salmonella enteritidis-specific monoclonal antibodies; Lin AW et al.; Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were derived that are specific for Salmonella enteritidis . Such antibodies are of interest because reagents that specifically identify S . enteritidis are potentially useful for the diagnosis and detection of this pathogen . Immunization of BALB/c mice with intact, unfixed, ultraviolet-killed S . enteritidis permitted the derivation of a collection of hybridomas among which were found three MAbs: 1053, 1110, and 1170 . Each MAb reacted with six independent field isolates of S . enteritidis, including phage type 4 . However, none of these S . enteritidis-specific MAbs reacted with any of the following members of a broad diversity of Salmonella species: S . typhimurium, S . pullorum, S . berta, S . agona, S . dublin, S . miami, S . heidelberg, S . montevideo, S . senftenberg, and S . schwarzengrund . The S . enteritidis-specific determinant recognized by these MAbs is heat-labile, and preliminary experiments indicate that at least two of the MAbs recognize the same determinant. Mutat Res, 1992 Apr, 278(4), 215 - 26 Mutagenic activity of nine N,N-disubstituted hydrazines in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Nielsen PA et al.; The mutagenic activity of N,N-dimethyl-, N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dibutyl-, N,N-diisobutyl-, N,N-di(p-tolyl)-, N-ethyl-N-phenyl-, N,N-dibenzyl-, N,N-diphenyl- and N,N-diisopropylhydrazine was examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay using the strains TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1530 . All nine hydrazines were mutagenic in at least one tester strain, although of borderline significance for some of the compounds . The mutagenic potencies of the hydrazines varied 2-3 orders of magnitude, from very weak to moderate mutagenic activity . In general, the addition of S9 resulted in a lowering of the mutagenic activity and a lowering of the toxic properties of the hydrazines . The test results were relatively difficult to evaluate due to toxic effects of many of the test compounds on the test bacteria which may have resulted in an underestimation of the mutagenic potencies of some of the compounds . The pattern of mutagenic activity of the hydrazines in the different tester strains indicates that more than one mechanism of action may be involved in the mutagenicity. Infect Immun, 1992 Apr, 60(4), 1314 - 21 A synthetic glycoconjugate representing the genus-specific epitope of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide exhibits the same specificity as its natural counterpart; Fu Y et al.; The tetrasaccharide 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (alpha-KDO) (2----8)-alpha-KDO(2----4)-alpha-KDO(2----6)-beta GlcNAc, a partial structure of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) representing a genus-specific epitope, was synthesized and covalently linked to bovine serum albumin, resulting in an artificial glycoconjugate antigen . Mice were immunized with the glycoconjugate to prepare chlamydia-specific monoclonal antibodies . They were selected with chlamydia-specific LPS antigens and the structurally and antigenically related Re-type LPS of a Salmonella minnesota rough mutant . Characterization of the selected antibodies was by (i) hemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes coated with recombinant chlamydia-specific LPS, (ii) inhibition by synthetic polyacrylamide derivatives containing the genus-specific epitope or partial structures thereof, (iii) enzyme immunoassay with recombinant LPS and synthetic bovine serum albumin glycoconjugates as solid-phase antigens, (iv) immunofluorescence of L929 monolayers infected with Chlamydia psittaci or C . trachomatis, and (v) Western immunoblots with glycoconjugates and LPS as the antigen . Two groups of monoclonal antibodies were obtained; the monoclonal antibodies in one group cross-reacted with chlamydial and Re-type LPS, but those of the other group were chlamydia specific . Among the latter, KDO trisaccharide-specific antibodies that had the same epitope specificity as antibodies obtained after immunization with chlamydial elementary bodies were identified; however, they exhibited a more than 100-fold higher affinity . In addition, antibodies that bound preferentially to the 2.8-linked KDO disaccharide were detected, although with lower affinity . The data show that the artificial glycoconjugate antigen is similar to its natural counterpart. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1992 Apr-Jun, 34(2), 71 - 5 Identification of enteropathogens in infantile diarrhea in a study performed in the city of Posadas, Misiones, República Argentina}; Vergara M et al.; The following work informs of the results of isolation, frequency and distribution of enteropathogens in children under five years old, without previous antibiotic treatment, less than seven days with diarrhoea, ambulatory or in Hospital "Dr . Ramon Madariaga" de Posadas, Misiones, Republica Argentina, from June 1986 to May 1989 . From a total of 972 children with diarrhoea, 78% required to be hospitalized . The greatest number of cases were found during spring and summer in children from 1 to 11 months of age . Distribution of the main enteropathogens was: enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (29.4%), parasites (22%), Shigella (16.3%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (14%) and rotavirus (12.9%) . Highest incidence of rotavirus was registered in the coldest months and Shigella, ETEC, Salmonella and parasites in the warm months . The group of most affected children were from 1 to 11 months of age, with higher incidence of EPEC, Salmonella and rotavirus, and parasites were found in older children . ETEC and Shigella had no relationship with the age of children . The most frequent association was EPEC with rotavirus . This is the first finding of Salmonella zaiman in humans and of Salmonella hadar in Argentina . Cryptosporidium, etiological agent of serious diarrhoea in the immunocompetent, was isolated in 3.9% of our cases. Rev Med Chil, 1992 Apr, 120(4), 365 - 74 {A study of some pathogenic factors of Salmonella typhi}; Lopez J et al.; 30 strains isolated from clinical cases and a laboratory induced R-mutant or S typhi were studied . The synthesis of Colicin V, Siderophores, hydroxamate and phenolate (Aerobactin and Enterochelin) were investigated using biological assays . All strains were positive for Enterochelin but only strains 6586 and 4448 were positive for Aerobactin . An 80 kD receptor for enterochelin was found in the outer membrane of strains . Only strains 4448, 635 and 4693 produced Colicin V . Plasmid related antibiotic resistance was demonstrated in 7 strains and was considered "cryptic" in 3 others . The LD50 for mice ranged from 2.7 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(9) bacteria per ml . The presence of pathogenic factors was not related to the LD50. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 1992 Apr, 13(2), 85 - 8 {Epidemiological investigation on pathogens of acute infectious diarrhea in Ning Xia}; Cui F; An epidemiological investigation on pathogens of diarrhoeal diseases in Ning Xia was reported . Eight genus of agents were found in all stool specimens of persons with detectable rate of 41.16% . Moreover, the most prevalent pathogens were shigella (19.59%), followed by rotaviruses (10.07%), salmonella (4.76%), and entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli (4.20%) . Four of them accounted for 93.85% of detectable agents . In addition, in shigella B group made up 80.44%, and 2a was the predominant agent . Similarly S . typhimurium accounted for 85.71% in salmonella . The detectable rates in different age groups ranged from 27.21% to 59.89% . It was was lower in the groups under one year and over fifty and highest (59.89%) in the groups aged 20-49 . Regarding seasonal variation, the detectable rate fluctuated from 31.25-50.13%, and the highest prevalence was obtained in autumn, whereas the lowest in the winter . Besides, the most commonly found agent in any seasons was shigella . In spring and autumn rotavirus was more frequently found . This study revealed that there were no significant differences between male and female, Hui and Han people, or urban and rural areas in detectable rates of agents. Avian Dis, 1992 Apr-Jun, 36(2), 221 - 6 Molecular detection of infectious bursal disease virus by polymerase chain reaction; Wu CC et al.; The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was applied to the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) . Reverse transcription followed by the PCR was used to amplify a portion of IBDV genome . A set of primers that specify a 150-base-pair segment of IBDV genome was chosen from an Australian strain of IBDV . Standard challenge strain and variant strains A, D, E, G, and GLS-5 of IBDV serotype 1 and OH strain of serotype 2 from infected bursae were subjected to reverse transcription, followed by 30 cycles of PCR . A single band of the PCR product (DNA) of the expected size from each strain of IBDV was visible on polyacrylamide gels stained with ethidium bromide . Using the same primers, no PCR product was detected from genomic nucleic acids of turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and uninfected bursae . The PCR could be efficiently performed on serially diluted IBDV RNA and could detect 2 femtograms of IBDV RNA . The identity of the PCR products was confirmed by direct sequencing . The PCR is a specific and sensitive method for the detection of IBDV. Epidemiol Infect, 1992 Apr, 108(2), 213 - 20 Genetic relationships among strains of Salmonella enteritidis in a national epidemic in Switzerland; Stanley J et al.; A collection of Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in Switzerland (1965-90) was characterized . The phage type and plasmid profile of isolates were compared with the copy number and insertion loci of the DNA insertion element IS200 . Three clonal lines of S . enteritidis were identified by IS200 profile; the various phage types were subtypes reproducibly associated with one of these lines . All human and poultry isolates contained a 38 Mda plasmid which hybridized with a mouse virulence-associated gene probe . In S . enteritidis, the IS200 profile is a race-specific molecular marker of the chromosome, and may be particularly applicable for studying the epidemiology of less common serovars. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1992 Apr-Jun, 34(2), 115 - 27 The incompatibility complex of H . plasmids; Rodriguez Lemoine V; This review deals with the general properties of the very large transfer thermosensitivity R . factor belonging to the H . incompatibility complex . This group is of particular interest not only because their temperature sensitivity transfer system but also for the number as well as distinctive resistance determinants being accumulate by them, and their prevalence in Salmonella serotypes and in other Gram-negative non-pathogenic bacteria both in man and animals. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1992 Mar 20, 41(11), 185 - 7 Salmonella hadar associated with pet ducklings--Connecticut, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, 1991; pH dependence of the absorbance and 31P NMR spectra of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase in the absence and presence of O-acetyl-L-serine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth 76107O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of L-cysteine in Salmonella, viz., the conversion of O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) and sulfide to L-cysteine and acetate . UV-visible spectra of OASS exhibit absorbance maxima at 280 and 412 nm with pH-independent extinction coefficients over the range 5.5-10.8 . Addition of OAS to enzyme results in a shift in the absorbance maximum from 412 to 470 nm, indicating the formation of an alpha-aminoacrylate Schiff base intermediate {Cook, P . F., & Wedding, R . T . (1976) J . Biol . Chem . 251, 2023} . The spectrum of the intermediate is also pH independent from 5.5 to 9.2 . The observed changes in absorbance at 470 nm at different concentrations of OAS were used to calculate a Kd of 3 microM for OAS at pH 6.9 . As the pH decreases, the Kd increases an order of magnitude per pH unit . The 31P NMR signal of the bound PLP has a pH-independent chemical shift of 5.2 ppm in the presence and absence of OAS . These results indicate that the phosphate group is present as the dianion possibly salt-bridged to positively charged groups of the protein . In agreement with this, the resonance at 5.2 ppm has a line width of 20.5 Hz, suggesting that the cofactor is tightly bound to the protein . The sulfhydrylase was also shown to catalyze an OAS deacetylase activity in which OAS is degraded to pyruvate, ammonia, and acetate . The activity was detected by a time-dependent disappearance of the 470-nm absorbance reflecting the alpha-aminoacrylate intermediate . The rate of disappearance of the intermediate was measured at pH values from 7 to 9.5 using equal concentrations of OAS and OASS . The rate constant for disappearance of the intermediate decreases below a pK of 8.1 +/- 0.1, reflecting the deprotonation of the active-site lysine that originally formed the Schiff base with PLP in free enzyme . A possible mechanism for the deacetylase activity is presented where the lysine displaces alpha-aminoacrylate which decomposes to pyruvate and ammonia. Salud Publica Mex, 1992 Mar-Apr, 34(2), 136 - 47 {The National Serum Bank}; Magos-Lopez C et al.; A National Serum Bank was established to store sera obtained during the National Seroepidemiological Survey performed in Mexico in 1987 . More than 70,000 serum samples were obtained from subjects of either sex 1-99 years of age in each of the 32 states of the country . The current collection of sera includes 28,704 male samples and 40,629 female samples . This paper describes the procedures for handling serum samples, including reception registry, storage and distribution to several laboratories for detection of measles, rubella, poliomyelitis, AIDS, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, brucella, salmonella, amoeba, toxoplasma, American trypanosomiasis and cysticercus . Determinations of total cholesterol were also made in order to describe its distribution and to identify the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1992 Mar, 66(3), 327 - 39 {Serovar distribution and drug resistance of Salmonella isolated from imported and domestic cases in 1980-1989 in Tokyo}; Matsushita S et al.; A total of 6,816 strains of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from oversea travellers (imported cases) and domestic healthy individuals and sporadic cases (domestic cases) in Tokyo from 1980 to 1989 were studied for their serovar distribution and antimicrobial sensitivity . The serological typing results showed that the Salmonella strains were classified into 22 O groups and 156 serovars . Among serovars identified, S . ser . Anatum, S . ser . Derby, S . ser . Blockley, S . ser . Agona and S . ser . Typhimurium were predominant in imported cases, while S . ser . Litchfield, S . ser . Typhimurium, S . ser . Hadar, S . ser . Infantis and S . ser . Thompson were predominant in domestic cases . It was also noticed that isolation rates of S . ser . Hadar and S . ser . Blockley have tended to increase noticeably in recent years in both cases . From antimicrobial sensitivity testing, 739 (28.1%) of 2,628 strains isolated from imported cases and 1,047 (25.0%) of 4,188 strains isolated from domestic cases were found to be resistant to any one of the drugs tested (CP, TC, SM, KM, ABPC, ST, NA, FOM and NFLX) . From 1980 to 1983 the resistance rate was less than 20% for both cases and then the rate was increased year by year, and it became greater than 40% in 1989 . Serovars of a high resistant rate during this period were S . ser . Hadar (96.3%), S . ser . Blockley (92.0%), S . ser . Typhimurium (75.7%), S . ser . Kentuckey (64.1%), S . ser . Krefeld (59.3%), and S . ser . Panama (58.3%) for the imported cases and S . ser . Hadar (97.5%), S . ser . Blockley (57.4%), S . ser . Litchfield (44.6%), S . ser . Enteritidis (44.4%), S . ser . Muenchen (42.2%) and S . ser . Typhimurium (40.9%) for the domestic cases . Drug resistance patterns of the resistant isolates varied up to as much as 50 patterns . Prevalent patterns recognized were TC.SM, CP.TC.SM.KM, TC, CP.TC.SM.KM.ABPC and SM for imported cases and TC.SM, TC, TC.SM.KM, SM, and CP.TC for the domestic cases . 21(12.4%) of 170 drug resistant strains were isolated from imported cases from 1988 to 1989 were found to have conjugative transmissible R plasmids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1992 Mar, 36(3), 626 - 31 Effect of glycerol monolaurate on bacterial growth and toxin production; Schlievert PM et al.; Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring surfactant that has potential use as an additive to tampons and wound dressings to reduce the incidence of certain bacterial toxin-mediated illnesses . In vitro studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect of GML on the growth of and toxin production by potentially pathogenic bacteria . GML inhibited the growth of clinical isolates of group A, B, F, and G streptococci at concentrations of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml . Exotoxin production, including that of pyrogenic exotoxins and hemolysins, was reduced by concentrations of GML that were below those inhibitory for growth as well as growth inhibitory . The growth of Staphylococcus aureus strains from patients with toxic shock syndrome and scalded skin syndrome was inhibited or delayed in the presence of 100 to 300 micrograms of GML per ml . Growth inhibition by GML could be overcome by the production of lipase . S . aureus elaboration of hemolysin, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and exfoliative toxin A was inhibited at GML concentrations below those necessary to inhibit growth . Results similar to those for S . aureus were obtained in tests of S . hominis . Escherichia coli growth and Salmonella minnesota growth were unaffected by GML, but an S . minnesota Re mutant was susceptible to growth-inhibitory activity . Endotoxin release into the medium from E . coli cells was also unaffected by GML, but the release or activity of E . coli hemolysin was increased by GML . Streptococcal pyrogenic endotoxin A production by an E . coli clone was not affectd by GML . These studies indicate that GML is effective in blocking or delaying the production of exotoxins by pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. Microb Pathog, 1992 Mar, 12(3), 219 - 25 Plasmid-mediated serum resistance in Salmonella enterica; Sukupolvi S et al.; The ability of Salmonella enterica to survive an incubation of 2 h in fresh, pooled guinea-pig serum was determined comparing strain sets of serovariants Dublin and Typhimurium, harbouring or lacking the virulence plasmid . All strains showed marked serum resistance, which was slightly decreased among cured strains of Typhimurium . However, when introduced into a rough Escherichia coli strain, all Typhimurium plasmids substantially increased the resistance of the host strain to guinea-pig serum, whereas the Dublin plasmid did not . The traT gene, previously shown to affect serum resistance, was identified on all Typhimurium plasmids, but not on the Dublin plasmid . Mutational inactivation of the traT gene on the Typhimurium plasmids eliminated the serum resistance mediated by the plasmids. Indian J Med Res, 1992 Mar, 95, 68 - 70 Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi in Calicut, south India; Sudarsana J et al.; Eighty S . typhi strains isolated during the period of one year (July 1989 to June 1990) were tested for susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, kanamycin, cefazolin, furazolidone and ciprofloxacin . Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by tube dilution method showed that the multiply resistant S . typhi strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin up to a concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml . MIC of sulphamethoxazole was found to be 800 micrograms/ml and trimethoprim 160 micrograms/ml . The presence of R plasmid was demonstrated by resistance transfer experiments using Esch . coli K12 (F-Lac+Nal-) as the recipient . On phage typing, most of the multiresistant S . typhi isolates were found to belong to phage type E1. Indian J Med Res, 1992 Mar, 95, 66 - 7 Plasmid mediated multidrug resistance in Salmonella typhi; Jesudason MV et al.; Between September 1989 and February 1991, strains of S . typhi showing multiple drug resistance were isolated from blood cultures of patients with typhoid fever . A total of 283 isolates were obtained over a period of 18 months . Forty four (11%) of these isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, the first three being drugs currently used in treating typhoid fever . Forty of the 44 multi-resistant strains tested showed transfer of resistance 'en block' to recipient Escherichia coli K 12 (J62-2) . All 44 multi-resistant strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin . Since the resistance is plasmid-mediated, the problem is likely to get aggravated. J Public Health Med, 1992 Mar, 14(1), 68 - 71 Salmonellosis associated with 'Combi-oven' cooked egg; Ahmed S et al.; During July 1989, four cases of Salmonella enteritidis (later identified as PT24) infection were reported by laboratories in Bristol . All those infected had dined at a restaurant in the city . An epidemiological investigation revealed that a number of restaurant staff and 56 customers who had completed a questionnaire had also been ill with gastrointestinal illness . An association was found between illness and eating egg mayonnaise . A 'Combi-oven' egg-cooking technique has been identified as the most likely cause of this outbreak . In view of the widespread commercial use of this cooking method the evidence related to this outbreak is given in detail. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1992 Mar, 11(3), 249 - 52 A rapid heat-resistant technique for presumptive identification of Salmonella on desoxycholate-citrate agar; Dealler SF et al.; A caprylate esterase chromogenic test, which was considered to indicate positivity in 5 minutes if a bright colour appeared on the filter paper inoculum site to which one colony had been applied, was used to test 534 Salmonella, 535 other bacteria capable of growth on desoxycholate-citrate agar (DCA), and 517 non-lactose fermenting colonies from stool cultures on DCA . It was found to be 100% sensitive for Salmonella, 99% specific, and more accurate than either direct antiserum agglutination or a urease test in these respects . The test kit could be stored at room temperature. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 1992 Mar, 39(3), 158 - 62 {Rapid detection of motile Salmonella in chicken meat by the 1-2 Test}; Yamazaki M et al.; The 1-2 Test (BioControl) is an enrichment culture/immuno-diffusion assay for detecting Salmonella in foods by use of poly-H-antibodies . The performance of the 1-2 Test was compared with that of the traditional culture method on 85 chicken meat samples . The results were as follows: The detection frequency of Salmonella by the 1-2 Test 24-hour assay (28/85, 32.9%) was greater than that by the 8-hour assay (16/85, 18.8%) and almost equal to that by the traditional method (26/85, 30.6%) . The 8-hour assay gave a 46.2% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity . The 24-hour assay gave an 84.6% sensitivity and 89.8% specificity . Detection appeared to show some influence from the number of Salmonella, number of viable cells (SPC) and coliform groups . Differences in serotypes of Salmonella detected by the 1-2 Test and the traditional methods were also observed . Although there were some differing results between the 1-2 Test and the traditional method, this system appears to be useful for detecting Salmonella in foods, since results can be obtained at least 24 hours earlier than by the conventional procedures. Vet Microbiol, 1992 Mar, 30(4), 355 - 68 A comparison of virulent and avirulent strains of Salmonella choleraesuis and their ability to invade Vero cell monolayers; Roof MB et al.; The mechanisms of invasion used by virulent and avirulent Salmonella</