Crit Care Med, 1993 May, 21(5), 753 - 8 Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides induces tolerance to endotoxic shock in the rat; Carpati CM et al.; OBJECTIVES: To examine the hemodynamic effects of diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and to examine the ability of this substance to induce tolerance to endotoxic shock . DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, controlled study comparing the hemodynamic actions of R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A to those effects of lipopolysaccharide form Salmonella minnesota, followed by a prospective, randomized, controlled study comparing pretreatment with R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A and phosphate-buffered saline in the induction of tolerance to endotoxic shock . SETTING: Laboratory of the Section of Critical Care Medicine at a University Hospital . SUBJECTS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats . INTERVENTIONS: Eight rats were randomized to receive intravenous R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A, 0.5 mg/100 g body weight or S . minnesota lipopolysaccharide, 0.5 mg/100 g body weight . Ten rats were then randomized to receive R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A, 0.5 mg/100 g body weight, or phosphate-buffered saline intravenously 48 hrs before receiving S . minnesota lipopolysaccharide, 5 mg/100 g body weight, by intravenous infusion . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiac index was significantly decreased from baseline in rats treated with lipopolysaccharide; there was no significant change in the R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A group . Peak circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations in the lipopolysaccharide-treated rats were higher than in R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A-treated rats (3.1 +/- 1.0 vs . 1.5 +/- 0.4 ng/mL) . R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in mean arterial pressure and cardiac index . At baseline, there was no significant difference in serum TNF concentrations between rats pretreated with R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A and those rats pretreated with phosphate-buffered saline . TNF levels peaked at 1 hr post-lipopolysaccharide infusion at 4.3 +/- 0.6 ng/mL in the phosphate-buffered saline group and at 2.0 +/- 0.5 ng/mL in the R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A group (p < .02) . Four of five rats pretreated with R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A survived endotoxic shock, whereas none of the phosphate-buffered saline-pretreated rats survived (p = .05) . CONCLUSIONS: These observations are consistent with previous reports of the limited toxic effects of R . sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A and suggest that this molecule retains the ability to induce tolerance to endotoxic shock. Eur J Epidemiol, 1993 May, 9(3), 251 - 4 Investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella typhi in a public school in Madrid; Usera MA et al.; A typhoid fever outbreak affecting 54 school students occurred in a Public School of Mostoles, Madrid . The date of onset was 11 June 1991 and the last detected case was 8 July 1991 . Salmonella typhi was cultured from blood and/or stool samples corresponding to 54 patients and one food-handler . There were no secondary cases detected . Epidemiological investigation suggested a salad or a custard as the common source . Patients and the food-handler were treated with ampicillin/amoxicillin for up to three weeks . There were seven relapses that were also treated with the same antibiotics with success . None were found to be excreting the organisms when tested after four months . All the Salmonella typhi isolated strains were phagetype 34, biotype Xylose +, Tetrationate Reductase + and harboured a similar 22 Mdal plasmid, they were also susceptible to the antibiotics tested. J Clin Microbiol, 1993 May, 31(5), 1108 - 10 Differentiation of Salmonella phase 1 flagellar antigen types by restriction of the amplified fliC gene; Kilger G et al.; The large antigenic diversity (over 2,300 serotypes) expressed by Salmonella strains can probably be observed at the genetic level . The phase 1 flagellin gene fliC was amplified, and the amplified fragment was cleaved with a mixture of both endonucleases TaqI and ScaI . The restriction patterns observed allowed differentiation of flagellar types b, i, d, j, l,v, and z10 . Flagellar group g (g,m, g,p, or g,m,s) could be differentiated from the other flagellar types . Flagellar types r and e,h could not be separated, although they could be distinguished from the other flagellar types studied . Practical applications of flagellar gene restriction are the distinction between serotype Gallinarum-Pullorum, which carries a cryptic gene for flagellar type g,m, and nonmotile Vi-negative variants of serotype Typhi, and the tentative assignation of nonmotile variants of Salmonella serotypes to a flagellar type. Infect Immun, 1993 May, 61(5), 1786 - 92 TnphoA Salmonella abortusovis mutants unable to adhere to epithelial cells and with reduced virulence in mice; Rubino S et al.; Salmonella abortusovis is a pathogenic bacterium highly specific to sheep, causing spontaneous abortion . In order to understand the role of genes involved in pathogenicity, we investigated S . abortusovis with the random mutagenic TnphoA transposon . A total of 95 S . abortusovis TnphoA mutants yielding alkaline phosphatase active fusion protein were obtained . In this way we created a bank of strains in order to identify any phenotypic modification which could affect the periplasmic and/or exported proteins involved in virulence . The TnphoA mutants were screened for the ability to adhere to epithelial cells: a total of 23 mutant strains lost this phenotypic feature . To detect the chromosomal TnphoA insertions, DNA was restricted by the enzyme EcoRV, which does not cleave the TnphoA sequence . Southern blotting analysis revealed the existence of four classes of integration . Colonies of adhesiveless mutants appear to be as smooth as the S . abortusovis wild type, and electrophoretic analysis indicates a normal lipopolysaccharide profile . To identify mutations affecting genes encoding for outer membrane proteins (OMPs), the alkaline phosphatase portion of the fusion proteins was revealed in TnphoA mutants by immunoblotting with specific antibodies . A mutation in OMPs was detected in seven mutants . Restriction analysis identified in four mutants a common region of 2 kb where alterations in genes coding for OMPs occur . We suggested that this region is involved in pathogenicity in mice, since a group of mutant strains has shown reduced virulence in mice and one mutant is completely avirulent . Furthermore, after mice were exposed orally to these mutants, significant protection against oral challenge with the parental virulent strain resulted. Cesk Pediatr, 1993 May, 48(5), 273 - 4 {Erythema nodosum after salmonella gastroenteritis}; Rucki S; The author describes a case of erythema nodosum which developed after Salmonella gastroenteritis in a 7,5-year-old boy . Other known causes of this skin lesion are discussed. J Struct Biol, 1993 May-Jun, 110(3), 232 - 43 Structural polymorphisms of rough mutant lipopolysaccharides Rd to Ra from Salmonella minnesota; Seydel U et al.; The structural polymorphisms of rough mutant lipopolysaccharides (LPS) Rd, Rc, Rb, and Ra from Salmonella minnesota (strains R4, R7, Rz, R5, R345, and R60, respectively) were investigated as a function of temperature, water content, and Mg2+ concentration . The gel to liquid crystalline (beta<==>alpha) phase transition temperature (Tc) and the state of order within each phase were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . The amount of bound water was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and the three-dimensional structures in each phase state were characterized by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction . The results indicate an extremely complex dependence of the structural behavior of LPS on ambient conditions . The beta<==>alpha acyl chain melting temperatures at high water contents (95-97%), Tc = 31 to 32 degrees C for LPS Rd, 33 to 35 degrees C for LPS Rc to Rb, and 36 degrees C for LPS Ra, increase with decreasing water content and in the presence of Mg2+ cations with a concomitant broadening of the transition range . Below 30 to 50% water content, no distinct phase transitions can be observed . These effects are most pronounced for LPS with the shortest sugar chains . Below 50% water content, only lamellar structures can be observed in the temperature range 5 to 80 degrees C, independent of the Mg2+ concentration . Above 50% water concentration, for large {LPS}:{Mg2+} molar ratios the predominant structure above Tc is nonlamellar; for smaller {LPS}:{Mg2+} molar ratios a superposition of lamellar and nonlamellar structures is found . For all LPS Rd to Rb at low Mg2+ concentrations, the phase transition is connected with a change in the three-dimensional structure from lamellar or mixed lamellar/nonlamellar to a pure nonlamellar, probably cubic structure . The tendency to form non-lamellar structures decreases with the length of the core oligosaccharide . At an equimolar ratio of {LPS} and {Mg2+} a multibilayered organization is observed . Some of the nonlamellar structures are cubic phases with periodicities between 12 and 16 nm . The molecular dimensions of the single endotoxin molecules in the absence and the presence of external water are estimated from the different lamellar periodicities, including those of free lipid A and deep rough mutant LPS Re . These observations are discussed with respect to the biological importance of LPS as a potent inducer of biological effects in mammals. Int J Artif Organs, 1993 May, 16(5), 245 - 8 Detection of low molecular size lipopolysaccharide contaminated in dialysates used for hemodialysis therapy with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium deoxycholate; Komuro T et al.; Dialysis membranes are generally considered to be impermeable for bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) contaminated in dialysates used for hemodialysis therapy, since LPS molecular size in aqueous media has been reported to be more than 10(6) . However, there are few reports concerning its size in dialysates . We have already presented a newly developed polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium deoxycholate (DOC-PAGE) which proves the LPS size . Using this method, therefore, we attempted to clarify the size of LPS in dialysates . We demonstrated that LPS in dialysates had roughly two different molecular sizes with DOC-PAGE and that compared to migration profiles of Salmonella LPS as controls on DOC-PAGE, one molecular size of LPS was approximately 4,000 and the other in tens of thousands . This investigation indicates the possibility of LPS transfer across dialysis membranes. Br J Clin Pract, 1993 May-Jun, 47(3), 162 - 3 Pericardial effusion--an uncommon complication of Salmonella enteritis; Doig JC et al.; A 62-year-old lady who was receiving corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis was admitted suffering from dehydration due to salmonella enteritis . Despite rehydration and appropriate chemotherapy she remained unwell and developed hypotension and elevation of her jugular venous pressure . Echocardiography and subsequent aspiration demonstrated a purulent pericardial effusion from which S typhimurium was cultured . Following aspiration and a change of antibiotic therapy, her condition improved dramatically. J Rheumatol, 1993 May, 20(5), 845 - 8 Reactive arthritis after Salmonella among medical doctors--study of an outbreak; Locht H et al.; OBJECTIVE . To investigate an outbreak of S . enteritidis enterocolitis which occurred at a radiology symposium in Malmo, Sweden in March, 1990 . METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to the 126 participants after 1 and 6 months inquiring about enterocolitis, joint and eye symptoms and antibiotic treatment . Fifty-one delivered blood samples for serological studies . RESULTS . One hundred thirteen responded to the questionnaire . Enterocolitis was reported by 108 individuals (96%) and 17 (15%) developed reactive arthritis (ReA) . Only 3 persons reported conjunctivitis . Antibody response did not differ between patients with uncomplicated enterocolitis or ReA . IgA antibodies had the highest sensitivity to detect infected individuals . Ten out of 65 patients treated with antibiotics (mean 9.1 days) for enterocolitis and 7 out of 48 nontreated reported joint symptoms . At 6 month followup 8 patients had persistent joint complaints . CONCLUSION . Following an outbreak of S . enteritidis dysentery, joint symptoms may be more frequent than previously thought and could not be prevented by early antibiotic treatment . Nor did antibiotics affect the duration of ReA over a 6 month followup period. Gesundheitswesen, 1993 May, 55(5), 250 - 3 {Outbreaks of food-borne infections and microbe-induced poisonings in West Germany 1991}; Zastrow KD et al.; Analysis of the outbreaks of food-borne infections and intoxications with a total of 2,610 patients in 1991 demonstrates that these cases were caused in 67.4% by Salmonella species . Eggs were mainly responsible for the outbreaks, whereas poor kitchen hygiene played also a main part in promoting disease. Mutagenesis, 1993 May, 8(3), 257 - 64 An approach for evaluating and increasing the informational content of mutagenicity and clastogenicity data bases; Takihi N et al.; A method is described for using the fragments identified by the CASE structure-activity relational expert system to identify the type of chemicals that require further testing in mutagenicity and clastogenicity assays . Inclusion of such chemicals will increase the informational content of databases with respect to structural features that are under-represented in currently available data bases . The method is applied to existing databases (mutagenicity in Salmonella, chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, in vivo induction of micronuclei, somatic mutations in Drosophila melanogaster) to identify structural determinants that are absent. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1993 May, 11(5), 250 - 4 {Oligonucleotide probes for the characterization of TEM-1 and TEM-2 beta lactamases in Salmonella strains}; Gallego L et al.; BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop molecular biology techniques as hybridization with oligonucleotide probes to characterize TEM-1 and TEM-2 beta-lactamases in strains of Salmonella spp . METHODS: Twenty seven strains of Salmonella spp . were selected . Twenty six were resistant to ampicillin due to the production of beta-lactamases enzymes of pl of 5.4 and/or 5.6 corresponding to TEM-type . Initially, they were submitted to colony hybridization with a 420 bp . TEM probe obtained from plasmid pBR322 . The strains with positive signal were selected to perform colony hybridization and Southern blot with oligonucleotide probes for TEM-1 (Gln 37) and TEM-2 (Lys 37) . Finally, polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) was developed to obtain DNA . RESULTS: Only 17 out of the 26 beta-lactamase producing strains gave positive signals with the TEM intragenic probe . Experiments with the oligonucleotide probes in colony hybridization did not allow us discriminate positive from negative signals . Southern blot of DNA obtained from alkaline lysates did not work as we could not obtain any signals in the filters . To resolve these problems and to obtain enough DNA to perform Southern blot we developed PCR . This way it was able discriminate the bla-TEM-1 from the bla-TEM-2 genes . CONCLUSIONS: PCR technique plus oligonucleotide probes are a good alternative for the specific characterization of TEM-1 and TEM-2 beta-lactamases in Salmonella spp. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1993 May, 84(5), 481 - 4 Strong inhibition of 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d} imidazole-induced mutagenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis by 1-O-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone; Hirose M et al.; The effects of 3-O-dodecylcarbomethylascorbic acid (3-O-DAsA), 3-O-ethylascorbic acid (3-O-EAsA) and 1-O-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (HTHQ) on 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}-imidazole (Glu-P-1)-induced mutagenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis were examined . In a Salmonella assay, addition of 2.5 to 20.0 mg of HTHQ to Salmonella TA 98 in the presence of S-9 mixture dose-dependently inhibited Glu-P-1-induced mutagenesis . The highest dose showed a 99% reduction in revertants . 3-O-DAsA and 3-O-EAsA were without effect . In an animal study using the medium-term bioassay system for the detection of hepatocarcinogens or hepatopromoters in F344 male rats, treatment with Glu-P-1 alone was associated with a significant increase in the number and area of GST-P-positive foci (47.5 +/- 8.9 and 11.1 +/- 4.7, respectively) . Combined treatment with 1.0% HTHQ significantly reduced the number and area of GST-P-positive foci (to 8.1 +/- 2.1 and 0.6 +/- 0.2) while 3-O-DAsA exerted marginal inhibition and 3-O-EAsA had no effect . On the other hand, all three of these compounds slightly enhanced the numbers and areas of foci when given alone . The results indicate that HTHQ is a potent chemopreventer of Glu-P-1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1993 May-Jun, 2(3), 223 - 8 Detection of mutagens in cervical mucus in smokers and nonsmokers; Holly EA et al.; The Salmonella mutagenicity test was used to analyze cervical mucus specimens from 364 smokers and 333 nonsmokers to determine whether the association between smoking and mutagenic cervical mucus that we reported previously among women diagnosed with dysplasia would apply to a larger group of healthy women (E . A . Holly et al., J . Natl . Cancer Inst., 76: 983-986, 1986) . Women smokers and nonsmokers between the ages of 18 and 49 who attended eleven clinics and physicians' offices in the San Francisco Bay area for a routine Pap smear were examined to determine whether smokers were more likely to have mutagenic substances in their cervical mucus . About 4% of smokers and 8% of nonsmokers had positive mutagenicity test results (P = 0.02) . Cervical mucus with a large number of microorganisms was more likely to have a positive mutagenicity test result than that with fewer microorganisms (test for trend, P = 0.01) . Mutagenicity results varied by race and clinic location but were not associated with smoking behavior, sexual behavior, gynecological diagnosis, or diet . Further work is needed to develop methods to detect mutagens in specific body fluids. J AOAC Int, 1993 May-Jun, 76(3), 694 - 7 Polyclonal enzyme immunoassay method for detection of motile and non-motile Salmonella in foods: comparative study; Feldsine PT et al.; A new enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for detection of motile and non-motile Salmonella was examined in a comparative study . This method uses a proprietary formulation of polyclonal antibodies to Salmonella and is controlled to maintain specificity . Sensitivity is enhanced with an additional antibody reaction designed to minimize false-negative reactions attributable to steric interference that can occur during conjugate binding in immunoassay procedures . Twenty food types representative of a wide variety of food products were analyzed by both the EIA method and the AOAC/Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method, 967.26 . Of the 1000 samples analyzed, there was a 95.6% agreement rate between the EIA method and the AOAC/BAM method . False-negative rates for the 2 methods were comparable for all foods and all Salmonella levels except ground poultry, where the EIA method detected significantly more confirmed positive samples than did the AOAC/BAM method . Twenty-seven samples were positive by EIA but negative by the culture method, and 17 samples were negative by EIA but positive by the culture method . There were no false-positive isolates detected in the comparative study. J AOAC Int, 1993 May-Jun, 76(3), 632 - 6 Rapid determination of Listeria monocytogenes in foods using a resuscitation/selection/kit system detection; Martin A et al.; A resuscitation medium consisting of a trypticase soy broth base supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, 0.25% sodium pyruvate, 0.01% sodium thioglycollate, and 0.1% chicken fat was used in the resuscitation of heat-injured and freeze-injured cells of Listeria monocytogenes . After a resuscitation period of 4-h, the medium was made selective through the addition of nalidixic acid, acriflavin, and cycloheximide . The organisms were incubated in the selectivized medium at 35 degrees C for an additional 16 h . The numbers of resuscitated Listeria monocytogenes cells rose from 10(1) to 10(7) cells/mL in 20 h . Similar numbers of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella bonn were grown together with Listeria monocytogenes; these organisms did not inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes nor interfere with its detection by the Listeria-Tek kit system . The resuscitation/selection/kit system (RSK) was compared with the methodology in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in 22 naturally contaminated cheese samples: 8 of these were positive by the BAM system and 12 were positive by the RSK system . The 8 Listeria positives found by the BAM system were positive by the RSK system . All 12 Listeria-presumptive positive samples by the RSK system were confirmed to be Listeria monocytogenes . The use of the RSK system enhanced the recovery of the pathogen, and detection was accomplished within 24 h. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1993 May, 128(5), 439 - 42 Salmonella brandenburg: a novel cause of acute suppurative thyroiditis; Chiovato L et al.; A patient with suppurative thyroiditis due to infection with Salmonella brandenburg is reported . Localization of the infection occurred to a pre-existing thyroid nodule after Salmonella bacteremia . S . brandenburg was isolated in pure culture from the fluid obtained by needle aspiration of the suppurated thyroid nodule . Surgical drainage followed by subtotal thyroidectomy was required to cure the disease . No evidence of pyriform sinus fistula was found . Suppurative thyroiditis due to Salmonella ubiquitous serotypes is an extremely rare condition, and infection to the thyroid produced by S . brandenburg is reported now for the first time . Indeed, the isolation rate of S . brandenburg from all human sources is low, and this microorganism is an uncommon agent of bacteremia. East Afr Med J, 1993 May, 70(5), 259 - 62 Antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid survey of Salmonella and Shigella isolated in Ibadan, Nigeria; Adeleye IA et al.; Antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella and Shigella spp isolated from diarrhoeic human beings were studied . Eleven antibiotic resistance patterns were observed . Plasmid survey of the isolates revealed the presence of multiple plasmids in thirty two of the fifty three strains . More plasmid patterns than antibiotic resistance were observed . Incidence of Salmonellosis and Shigellosis in this environment is caused by genetically unrelated Salmonella and Shigella strains although with identical drug resistance patterns. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1993 May, 27(3), 139 - 40 {Report of food poisoning by Salmonella hadar in China}; Li HB; A food poisoning epidemic caused by Salmonella hadar was confirmed by epidemiologic investigation and laboratory examination Samonalle hadar had been detected in the specimens of food feces of patients . Many epidemics of food poisoning caused by Salmonall group of have been reported before, but that caused by the serogroup Hadar hereby reported organisms is the first of its hind in China . Attention should be paid by the public health authorities. J Bacteriol, 1993 May, 175(9), 2523 - 33 Characterization of three fimbrial genes, sefABC, of Salmonella enteritidis; Clouthier SC et al.; Salmonella enteritidis produces thin, filamentous fimbriae designated SEF14 . A 3.9-kb region of a 5.3-kb fragment encoding genes responsible for SEF14 biosynthesis was sequenced and found to contain three genes, sefABC . sefA encoded a novel fimbrin, the structural subunit of SEF14 fimbriae . sefB and sefC encoded proteins homologous to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae fimbrial periplasmic chaperone proteins and fimbrial outer membrane proteins, respectively, and are the first such genes to be characterized from Salmonella spp . in vitro expression directed by the 5.3-kb DNA fragment identified SefA, SefB, and SefC as approximately 14,000-, 28,000-, and 90,000-M(r) proteins, respectively, which correlated with their predicted amino acid sequences . sefB and sefC were not expressed in the absence of sefA . Primer extension analysis of sefABC revealed two major transcription start sites located upstream of sefA . Transcription of sefBC also initiated from the sefA promoter region . Secondary-structure analysis of the mRNA transcript for sefABC predicted the formation of two stable stem-loop structures in the intercistronic region between sefA and sefB indicative of differential regulation of SefA, SefB, and SefC translation . E . coli cells carrying the 5.3-kb DNA fragment of S . enteritidis DNA were unable to assemble distinguishable SEF14 fimbriae; however, immunogold-labelled SEF14 fimbriae were displayed on E . coli clones containing a 44-kb DNA fragment which encompassed the 5.3-kb region . Therefore, sefABC genes make up part of a complex sef operon responsible for the expression and assembly of SEF14 fimbriae. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1993 May-Jun, (3), 43 - 8 {The characteristics of salmonellosis in the Republic of Moldova at different periods of adverse epidemic situations}; Magdei MV et al.; The epidemiological analysis of salmonellosis morbidity in the Republic of Moldova for 20 years (1970-1989) was made . The analysis revealed that the time course of morbidity was characterized by several sharply defined periods of seasonal rises . The main epidemic features of Salmonella infections at the periods of unfavorable epidemic situation were established and their essential differences shown. Environ Health Perspect, 1993 Apr 22, 101(1), 62 - 7 Mechanistic relationship among mutagenicity, skin sensitization, and skin carcinogenicity; Ashby J et al.; Twenty organic Salmonella mutagens, seven of which (including benzo{a}pyrene) are established skin carcinogens, and one of which (2-chloroethanol) is a well-defined noncarcinogen to skin, have been evaluated for skin-sensitizing activity using the local lymph node assay . The relative mutagenicity of the agents to Salmonella was also established . Fourteen of the chemicals were positive in the local lymph node assay, including the seven skin carcinogens . 2-Chloroethanol was inactive as a sensitizing agent . We suggest that a variety of factors contributes to the lack of sensitizing activity of the remaining six bacterial mutagens: extremes of intrinsic chemical reactivity, high water solubility reducing dermal translocation, and inappropriate dermal metabolism . Two reference skin-sensitizing agents (an oxazolinone and fluorescein isothiocyanate) were established as in vitro clastogens after their recognition as nonmutagens to Salmonella . These data imply that mutagenicity, rather than simply activity in the Salmonella assay, is a primary stimulus for electrophilic sensitization and carcinogenic initiation in the skin . We conclude that genotoxicity data for an agent can provide indications of the agent's potential to induce skin sensitization and that genotoxins which are skin-sensitizing agents have an enhanced potential to initiate skin carcinogenesis . We suggest that common, albeit individually distinct, structure-activity relationships underpin genotoxicity, skin sensitization, and the initiation of skin carcinogenesis . These relationships should simplify the hazard evaluation of chemicals and contribute to a reduction in animal usage . Several predictions of skin carcinogenicity are made based on the data presented. Mol Cell Biochem, 1993 Apr 21, 121(2), 143 - 8 Altered membrane fluidity in rat hepatocytes during endotoxic shock; Salgia R et al.; Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements of the fluorescent hydrocarbon probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,4-hexatriene (DPH) were carried out in isolated hepatocytes of saline control and Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (20 mg/kg) injected rats . Statistically significant differences were observed in the fluorescent anisotropy (rs) and membrane microviscosity (eta) values of control (rs = 0.107 +/- 0.004 (SEM), eta = 0.98 +/- 0.08, n +/- 6) versus endotoxin injected rat hepatocytes (rs = 0.134 +/- 0.005, eta = 1.43 +/- 0.08, n = 6, p < 0.001) at 37 degrees C . Fluidity was similarly lower in the isolated plasma membrane preparations from endotoxin-injected rat livers relative to control livers . When endotoxin-injected rats were treated with the calcium channel-blocker diltiazem, the anisotropy and microviscosity values were comparable to those obtained from control rats (rs = 0.152 +/- 0.003, eta = 1.00 +/- 0.003, n = 6) . These measurements were made in animals five hours after endotoxin had been injected, and thus represent the in vivo effects of bacterial endotoxins . Temperature scan studies of DPH from 5-40 degrees C revealed that the membrane fluidity of endotoxin-injected rat hepatocytes was significantly lower than control hepatocytes at all temperatures investigated . The data suggest that endotoxin alters the membrane fluidity of hepatocytes, and that calcium-channel blockers can prevent the alteration . Our previous studies have shown that calcium channel blocker prevented endotoxin induced alterations in hepatic cellular regulation of Ca2+ . Thus, cellular calcium homeostasis may be important in the maintenance of membrane fluidity and other membrane-associated transport functions. Vet Rec, 1993 Apr 17, 132(16), 407 - 9 Influence of feeding patterns on the artificial infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4; Humphrey TJ et al.; Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was recovered significantly more frequently from the crops of birds which had been denied food for 24 hours than from birds allowed food ad libitum . There was, however, no difference in its isolation rate from tissues . Within one hour of infection, S enteritidis could be recovered from a variety of tissues, including the oviduct, of a small proportion of the infected birds. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1993 Apr 16, 1176(3), 240 - 4 Iron potentiates bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide formation in animal organs; Kubrina LN et al.; Administration of an Fe(2+)-citrate complex to mongrel mice pretreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhosa increased LPS-induced NO formation in vivo in the liver, intestine, lung, heart, kidney and spleen by 10-20-fold . This process was monitored by the intensity of the EPR signal due to mononitrosyl iron complex (MNIC) formation with exogenous diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) recorded in the tissues . The NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, prevented this complex formation in the liver of mice treated with both LPS and Fe(2+)-citrate complex . Thus, administration of LPS and Fe(2+)-citrate complex to mice induced NO biosynthesis in this tissue via an L-arginine-dependent pathway, presumably by facilitating the entry of Ca2+ ions into NO-producing cells through Fe(2+)-induced cell membrane lesions. Med Klin (Munich), 1993 Apr 15, 88(4), 197 - 206 {N-acetylcysteine decreases functional and structural, ARDS-typical lung changes in endotoxin-treated rats}; Feddersen CO et al.; Oxygen radicals and oxygen radical mediators derived from activated granulocytes are important components in the development of acute lung injury, namely the adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS . N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is one important substance for endogenous production of reduced glutathion, which is known to be an intra- and extracellular reducing agent also found in lung tissue . We evaluated the effect of exogenous NAC on the endotoxin induced development and course of ARDS in rats . ARDS-like injury was induced in rats via intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin 30 mg/kg body weight . NAC or solvent was injected intraperitoneally 30 min prior to, at the time of and 30 min after injection of endotoxin respectively with 150 mg/kg body weight each dose . Endotoxin injection in rats resulted in 80% mortality within 72 hours, increased lung wet weight, severe ultrastructural lung damage as measured by histological methods . In isolated, ventilated, with physiological salt solution perfused rat lungs vasocontractility was severely blunted, lung albumin leakage was increased, thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) perfusate levels were increased . NAC treatment significantly improved survival of endotoxin treated rats, ameliorated structural lung damage, diminished lung wet weight and lung albumin leakage, lowered lung perfusate TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels and slightly improved vasocontractility in isolated perfused lungs . Therefore, NAC significantly ameliorates ARDS-like lung injury in rats, when given in vivo. Gene, 1993 Apr 15, 126(1), 119 - 21 Cloning and sequencing of two new fli genes, the products of which are essential for Salmonella flagellar biosynthesis; Doll L et al.; We have identified two new open reading frames downstream from fliC, which appear to encode 19- and 20-kDa proteins that are essential for flagellar formation . The nucleotide and the predicted amino acid sequences of the genes are presented . Both genes, termed fliU and fliV, are preceded by the flagellar-specific -10 consensus promoter DNA sequence, suggesting their expression in the earlier stages of flagellar-component biosynthesis. J Immunol, 1993 Apr 15, 150(8 Pt 1), 3411 - 20 Different appearance of gamma delta T cells during salmonellosis between Ityr and Itys mice; Emoto M et al.; Ity gene, which is believed to be a single gene on proximal mouse chromosome 1, determines susceptibility to Salmonella infection . We have recently demonstrated that the gamma delta T cells specific for purified protein derivative appear at the early stage after infection with Salmonella choleraesuis strain 31N-1 (avirulent strain) in mice . In the present study, we compared the appearance of the gamma delta T cells in Ityr and Itys mice after infection with S . choleraesuis in an attempt to elucidate the role of the gamma delta T cells in the in vivo effect of the Ity locus on murine salmonellosis . The numbers of gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity and liver were significantly larger in DBA/2 (Ityr) mice than those in BALB/c (Itys) mice after infection with a sublethal dose of S . choleraesuis . C.D2 Ityr mice, which are BALB/c mice with Ityr allele, also showed a significant increase in the number of the gamma delta T cells at the early stage after infection . Similar results in different appearances of the gamma delta T cells could be obtained between BALB/c and DBA/2 mice after infection with Mycobacterium bovis, bacillus Calmette-Guerin . The peritoneal adherent cells of DBA/2 mice infected with S . choleraesuis, which expressed a large amount of heat shock/stress protein (hsp) homologous to the mycobacterial 65-kDa hsp, induced significantly higher level of expansion of the peritoneal gamma delta T cells in normal mice in vivo and in vitro than did those of BALB/c mice infected with S . choleraesuis, which expressed a lesser amount of the hsp . These results suggest that the Ity locus may be closely related to the expression of hsp by macrophages after infection with Salmonella, which in turn stimulate the gamma delta T cells in the host during an early phase of salmonellosis. Ann Intern Med, 1993 Apr 15, 118(8), 582 - 6 Ciprofloxacin and loperamide in the treatment of bacillary dysentery; Murphy GS et al.; OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of loperamide plus ciprofloxacin with those of ciprofloxacin alone in the treatment of bacillary dysentery . DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial . SETTING: Hospital in Thailand . PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-eight adults with dysentery seeking medical care between November 1990 and February 1992 . Patients who had received prior antibiotics or antimotility drugs were excluded . INTERVENTION: All 88 patients with dysentery were treated with ciprofloxacin, 500 mg twice daily for 3 days . Forty-two of these patients were randomly assigned to receive loperamide, a 4-mg initial dose followed by 2 mg after every loose stool (as many as eight caplets {16 mg} daily), and 46 were randomly assigned to receive placebo . MEASUREMENTS: Stools were collected daily until resolution of diarrhea and again after 10 days . The time to passage of the last unformed stool, number of unformed stools, and symptoms were recorded after treatment . RESULTS: Shigella or enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (53%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (16%), and Salmonella (7%) were the most common bacterial enteric pathogens identified in 88 patients with dysentery . In patients infected with Shigella or enteroinvasive E . coli, the median duration of diarrhea was 19 hours (25th to 75th percentiles, 6 to 42 hours) for those receiving loperamide plus ciprofloxacin compared with 42 hours (21 to 46 hours) for those receiving ciprofloxacin alone (P = 0.028) . The median number of diarrheal stools for those receiving ciprofloxacin and loperamide was 2.0 (1 to 5 stools) compared with 6.5 (2 to 9 stools) for those receiving ciprofloxacin alone (P = 0.016) . None of the participants had a temperature greater than 38 degrees C after 24 hours of treatment . None of the patients was infected with the same bacterial enteric pathogen more than 1 day after receiving treatment . CONCLUSIONS: Loperamide decreases the number of unformed stools and shortens the duration of diarrhea in dysentery caused by Shigella in adults treated with ciprofloxacin. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1993 Apr 15, 108(3), 291 - 5 Lysogenic phage in Salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg (Salmonella Heidelberg): implications for organism tracing; Harvey D et al.; A phage typing system using a group of 11 closely related phage (as judged by Southern analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis) was able to distinguish at least six phage types in Salmonella heidelberg of human and animal origin . Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using cosmid probes from S . heidelberg confirmed that most S . heidelberg isolates belong to a single 'clonal' group . Southern analysis using DNA isolated from each of the testing phage group showed that phage types 4, 5 and 6 carry closely related endogenous or lysogenic phage . Induction of a lysogenic phage Hlp-4 (Heidelberg lysogenic phage) from type 4 could become lysogenic and convert phage types 1 and 3 to phage type 4 and phage type 5 to a non-typable phenotype. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1993 Apr, 11(4), 199 - 201 {Enteric fever caused by multiresistant Salmonella typhi: 2 autochthonous cases}; Yague A et al.; BACKGROUND: References about isolation of strains of Salmonella typhi multiply resistant to antimicrobials and native from Spain are very scant . We describe here two cases of typhoid fever produced by two identical strains of Salmonella typhi . Both strains are multiresistant and autochthonous, judging from epidemiological investigations . METHOD: Microbiological diagnosis was made by means of isolation of causative microorganism from blood and stool, in the first case, and only from stool, in the second one . Antimicrobial susceptibility was ascertained using a minimal inhibitory concentration micromethod . RESULTS: Identification of Salmonella enterica ser . typhi and determination of its resistance to many antimicrobials . Native origin of both strains verified by means of epidemiological investigation . Healing achieved in both cases with ciprofloxacin . CONCLUSIONS: We stand out the rarity of isolating native multiresistant strains of Salmonella typhi in our country, as well as the great epidemiological interest of our finding . We think that diagnosis of these diseases must be made by culturing suitable specimens and isolating causal microorganisms, what will us to determine antimicrobial susceptibility . Finally, we emphasize the resolution of the illness with ciprofloxacin . We consider that this third generation quinolone is a suitable alternative in these cases. Biophys J, 1993 Apr, 64(4), 1215 - 31 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization of the lamellar and nonlamellar structures of free lipid A and Re lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli; Brandenburg K; The structural polymorphism of free lipid A and deep rough mutant lipopolysaccharide (LPS Re) from Salmonella minnesota strain R595 and Escherichia coli strain F515 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy . For this, the beta <--> alpha phase states and the three-dimensional supramolecular structures, the latter deduced from small-angle synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction, were investigated at different water contents, Mg2+ concentrations, and temperatures . The analysis of the IR data for vibrations originating from the hydrophobic moiety shows that the beta <--> alpha acyl chain melting is strongly expressed only for the stretching and scissoring modes of the methylene groups . Vibrational groups originating from the interface region sense the acyl chain melting well (ester carbonyl bands) or only weakly (amide bands), and those resulting from the pure polar moiety not at all . From the x-ray data, the existence of lamellar (L), different cubic, and, for lipid A and LPS R595, also inverted hexagonal (HII) structures could be proven in the temperature range 20-80 degrees C with cubic <--> cubic and cubic <--> HII transitions for the Mg(2+)-free and L <--> HII transitions for the Mg(2+)-containing samples . These structural transitions can be characterized most readily by specific changes of the vibrational bands resulting from the interface region: the ester carbonyl and the amide bands . The magnitude of the changes corresponds to that of the structural rearrangement, i.e., is highest for the L <--> HII, lower for the cubic <--> HII, and lowest for the cubic <--> cubic transitions . The structural transitions are only marginally expressed for vibrational bands of the hydrophobic moiety . Similarly, the band contours of vibrations from the hydrophilic region are no indicators of the structural reorientations except for the carboxylate bands of LPS Re . Particularly the stretching vibrations of the phosphate groups are nearly completely invariant; the absolute values of their half bandwidths, however, differ significantly for lipid A and LPS Re, which seems to be of biological relevance . The ability of IR spectroscopy to detect supramolecular changes also beyond the measurability by x-ray diffraction, i.e., at water contents > 95 to 99.5%, is demonstrated. Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Apr, 18(2), 167 - 70 Comparison of two enrichment media and three selective media for isolation of salmonellae from fresh chicken carcass rinse fluids and sewer swabs; Oboegbulem SI; Slamonella was detected in 214 (45%) of 477 chickens examined . For Salmonella-positive samples of fresh chicken carcass rinse water a sensitivity of 96% and 29% respectively was demonstrated for Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) and Selenite broth . A similar superiority of RV was found for the sewer swab samples . Among the three selective agar media investigated a limited sensitivity (below 50%) was found making it imperative to use at least two media, one of which should be deoxycholate citrate agar. Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Apr, 18(2), 151 - 9 Evaluation of the toxicity of Salmonella selective media for shortening the enrichment period; Chen H et al.; Five Salmonella serotypes recovering from heat injury exhibited different kinetics of resuscitation and growth . Exponential growth was reached before full resuscitation . Fully resuscitated cells and uninjured cells at low cell densities exhibited sensitivity when transferred from non-selective media to selective media, Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) and tetrathionate-brilliant green (TBG) . The minimum number of cells required to survive in RV and TBG was determined and ranged from 10(2) to 10(5) CFU depending on the serotype . Salmonella grown in RV produced cell populations which exhibited no sensitivity when transferred to fresh RV even at low cell densities . Thus, toxic selective media enriched a resistant population . Selenite cystine exhibited no toxicity to resuscitated or uninjured Salmonella . The significance of these findings was discussed for the purpose of shortening the Salmonella enrichment period. J Appl Bacteriol, 1993 Apr, 74(4), 421 - 7 Viable but non-culturable salmonellas in soil; Turpin PE et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a microwell fluorescent antibody (FA) direct count method have been developed for the monitoring of salmonellas in soil . Both methods have a minimum detection level of ca 10(6) cells per gram of soil . The FA direct count method gave a linear recovery for the inoculum range 10(6)-10(9) cells per gram of soil . When monitored by plate counts the survival of salmonellas was greater in a sterile than in a non-sterile soil . Evidence was found for the production of viable but non-culturable salmonellas in non-sterile soil; plate counts dropped rapidly with time, but FA direct counts and ELISA remained level . The salmonella cells became progressively smaller and rounder with time . Dead salmonella cells introduced into soil rapidly disappeared. Poult Sci, 1993 Apr, 72(4), 636 - 42 Effect of dietary lactose on cecal morphology, pH, organic acids, and Salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in Leghorn chicks; Tellez G et al.; The effect of 14 or 19 days of 10% dietary lactose administration on Salmonella enteritidis (SE) colonization and histological, morphometric, and organic acid changes of the ceca were investigated . At Day 13 or 18, chicks were challenged with 10(8) cfu of SE . Chicks were killed and cultured 24 h later . A reduction in the total number of positive SE organ invasions was observed following 14 days (P < .001) or 19 days (P < .005) of treatment in chicks fed with lactose . Histological examination revealed a marked reduction in lamina propria thickness of ceca, as well as subjective epithelial cell proliferation from chicks following either 14 or 19 days of lactose administration . Using morphometric analysis, a reduction in the mean lamina propria thickness in chickens fed with lactose during 14 or 19 days was observed as compared with controls (P < .05) . Yet, an increase (P < .05) in the mean epithelial cell length in both lactose-treated groups was observed as compared with controls . Lactose decreased luminal pH (P < .05) and increased the concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acid (P < .05) . These data indicate that lactose-induced resistance to SE organ invasion is associated not only with an increase in organic acid concentration but also with measurable morphological changes of the cecal mucosa. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993 Apr, 59(4), 945 - 52 Rapid identification of bacteria on the basis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA spacer polymorphisms; Jensen MA et al.; To facilitate genus and species level identification of a broad range of bacteria without the requirement of presumptive identification, we have developed a unified set of primers and polymerase chain reaction conditions to amplify spacer regions between the 16S and 23S genes in the prokaryotic rRNA genetic loci . Spacer regions within these loci show a significant level of length and sequence polymorphism across both genus and species lines . A generic pair of priming sequences was selected for the amplification of these polymorphisms from highly conserved sequences in the 16S and 23S genes occurring adjacent to these polymorphic regions . This single set of primers and reaction conditions was used for the amplification of 16S-23S spacer regions for over 300 strains of bacteria belonging to eight genera and 28 species or serotypes, including Listeria, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella species and additional species related to these pathogenic organisms . When the spacer amplification products were resolved by electrophoresis, the resulting patterns could be used to distinguish all of the species of bacteria within the test group . Unique elements in the amplification product patterns generally clustered at the species level, although some genus-specific characteristics were also observed . On the basis of the results obtained with our test group of 300 bacterial strains, amplification of the 16S-23S ribosomal spacer region is a suitable process for generating a data base for use in a polymerase chain reaction-based identification method, which can be comprehensively applied to the bacterial kingdom. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Apr, 110(2), 227 - 37 Egg-related Salmonella enteritidis, Italy, 1991; Binkin N et al.; In recent years, Salmonella enteritidis has become an increasingly important public health problem in Italy . In some parts of the country, the fraction of total human salmonella isolates accounted for by S . enteritidis has risen from 3-4% in the mid-1980s to more than 30% in 1990 . Between 1990 and 1991, the number of reported S . enteritidis outbreaks increased more than sixfold . The 33 outbreaks reported in 1991 occurred in seven contiguous regions in northern and central Italy and were clustered in time between June and October: in the majority, products containing raw or undercooked shell eggs were implicated . Five of the egg-related outbreaks that occurred within a 30 kilometre radius over a 7-week period were investigated in detail . A phage type 1 strain containing a 38.9 MDa plasmid appeared responsible for three of the outbreaks, while in the remaining two a phage type 4 strain, also with a 38.9 MDa plasmid was isolated . Efforts are being made to enhance epidemiological surveillance and laboratory evaluation, and the use of pasteurized eggs has been recommended for high-risk populations. Toxicol Lett, 1993 Apr, 67(1-3), 73 - 85 Reactivity and genotoxicity of arylnitrenium ions in bacterial and mammalian cells; Kerdar RS et al.; Electrophilic arylnitrenium ions are considered to be the ultimate reactive intermediates formed by metabolism of mutagenic and carcinogenic arylamines and nitroarenes; they can produce DNA damage by reaction with specific sites on DNA bases . We studied their formation, reactivity and the genotoxic sequelae of their reactions with cellular DNA to understand the mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of arylamines and nitroarenes as a function of their chemical structure . Arylnitrenium ions were generated by the convenient non-metabolic procedure, photolysis of arylazides, to study the reactivity of these ultimate intermediates with DNA, by means of 32P-postlabelling, and the induction of histidine reversions in Salmonella, HPRT mutations and sister chromatid exchange in mammalian (Chinese hamster V79) cells . Good correlations were observed between the DNA-binding potencies and the mutagenic and SCE-inducing potencies of the arylnitrenium ions, among these the nitrenium ions derived from the heterocyclic food mutagens/carcinogens MeIQ, IQ, and MeIQx . This suggests that the reactivity of the arylnitrenium ions and the quantity of adducts formed with DNA are the principal determinants of the final quantity of genetic alterations in Salmonella and in V79 cells . Conversely, the quality of the adducts, that is, the structure of the arylamine residue bound, appears to be of less significance. J Appl Physiol, 1993 Apr, 74(4), 1534 - 42 Endotoxin priming followed by high altitude causes pulmonary edema in rats; Ono S et al.; Rapid ascent to high altitude may be associated with the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in susceptible individuals . Because lung lavage fluid obtained from such patients can be rich in protein and neutrophils, we considered that an element of lung injury and inflammation contributed to the pathogenesis of some forms of HAPE . On the basis of such a likely contribution of inflammatory mechanisms, we induced pulmonary lung injury and inflammation by priming rats with Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (ETX) (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg body wt ip) and examined the influence of added exposure to simulated hypobaric hypoxia (24 h, 4,300 m) . The animals that were primed with ETX and exposed to hypoxia, but not those that received either ETX or hypoxia alone, developed lung vascular damage . This vascular damage manifested itself histologically and by increases in the lung vascular permeability-surface area product and the lung bloodless wet weight-to-dry weight ratio . The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ETX-primed hypoxia-exposed rats contained a greater number of white blood cells and a higher concentration of protein compared with that of the ETX-primed rats . Hearts of ETX + hypoxia-treated rats showed an increased ratio of right ventricular weight divided by body weight (RV/BW) . Neutropenia prevented the development of pulmonary edema and the increase in ETX + hypoxia rats with a Ca2+ entry blocker inhibited lung injury and RV hypertrophy, these results indicate that ETX priming causes pulmonary edema at high altitude and suggest a role for neutrophils and Ca2+ in this rat model of lung injury. J Vet Diagn Invest, 1993 Apr, 5(2), 166 - 73 Chemiluminescent detection of infectious bursal disease virus with a PCR-generated nonradiolabeled probe; Akin A et al.; A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated digoxigenin-labeled nonradioactive oligonucleotide probe was developed and utilized in slot-blot hybridization coupled with chemiluminescence for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) . The probe was prepared from the RNA of the standard challenge strain (STC) of IBDV serotype 1 by reverse transcription followed by 2 PCR amplifications with 2 separate sets of primers . RNA of STC viruses prepared from bursae infected with STC viruses was subjected to the first PCR with the outer primers V8 and V9 that amplified a 607-base pair (bp) segment . The PCR product from the first PCR was eluted following agarose gel electrophoresis and subjected to the second PCR with the nested primers V6 and V7 that flanked a 351-bp segment . In the second PCR, dTTP was substituted by digoxigenin-11-dUTP in the PCR reaction mixture so that the amplified 351-bp DNA products were labeled with digoxigenin . The specificity of the PCR-generated digoxigenin-labeled probe was tested on different strains of IBDV, several unrelated avian viruses, and bacteria by slot-blot hybridization assay . Hybridization was detected by chemiluminescence . The sensitivity of the probe was assayed using 10-fold serial dilutions of purified RNA from the STC strain of IBDV . The PCR-generated digoxigenin-labeled probe hybridized with genomic RNA of STC and variant strains A, D, E, G, and GLS-5 of IBDV serotype 1 but not OH strain of IBDV serotype 2 . The probe did not react with avian reovirus, infectious bronchitis virus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Avian Dis, 1993 Apr-Jun, 37(2), 501 - 7 Monoclonal antibody-based detection system for Salmonella enteritidis; Keller LH et al.; Two monoclonal antibodies that react with Salmonella enteritidis in chicken tissue, eggs, and environmental samples were used to develop a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screen and agglutination assay for the specific detection of S . enteritidis . S . enteritidis was detected in 100% of egg samples and 99.8% of various field and research samples by both ELISA and traditional microbiological isolation and identification techniques . Results of titer experiments indicate that as few as 10(4) organisms can be detected by ELISA. Avian Dis, 1993 Apr-Jun, 37(2), 477 - 84 A lipid-conjugated immunostimulating complex subunit vaccine against Salmonella infection in turkeys; Charles SD et al.; Immunostaining complexes (ISCOMs) are multimeric particles and have been used successfully for presentation of membrane proteins . In this study, outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) from Salmonella heidelberg were incorporated into lipid-conjugated ISCOM particles and evaluated for their use in a vaccine for turkeys against homologous and heterologous Salmonella challenge . Two types of lipid-conjugated ISCOMs were examined: ISCOM-phospholipid and ISCOM-sphingolipid preparations . The turkeys were challenged with one of the three Salmonella serotypes: S . heidelberg, S . reading, or S . enteritidis . The turkeys were monitored for clinical signs, shedding pattern post-challenge, and clearance of the challenge Salmonella from selected internal organs . Vaccines containing OMP with either lipid-conjugated ISCOM preparation produced significantly greater (P < 0.01) immune response than OMP alone . Cloacal swabs from turkeys given OMP along with ISCOM-phospholipid and challenged with a homologous serotype were completely negative for Salmonella . A certain degree of cross-protection against heterologous Salmonella was afforded by both OMP-ISCOM vaccines . The isolation rate of Salmonella from internal organs was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in vaccinated turkeys than in unvaccinated controls. Avian Dis, 1993 Apr-Jun, 37(2), 412 - 7 Effect of induced molting on the susceptibility of White Leghorn hens to a Salmonella enteritidis infection; Holt PS; Older white leghorn hens (more than 52 weeks old) were induced to molt using a 14-day feed-removal protocol . On day 4 of feed removal, groups of hens were infected with varying 10-fold dilutions of Salmonella enteritidis, and these hens were examined for S . enteritidis intestinal shedding 7 days later . Molting hens infected with a 10(-2) dilution of S . enteritidis shed 3-4 logs more of the organism at 7 days postinfection than the unmolted group receiving a similar dose . The mean infectious dose (ID50) for S . enteritidis in unmolted hens ranged from 0.65 x 10(4) to 5.6 x 10(4), whereas in molting hens the ID50 was found to be less than 10(1), a 2-3 log increase in the susceptibility of the hens to the organism. Avian Dis, 1993 Apr-Jun, 37(2), 339 - 48 Characterization of Salmonella california and S . typhimurium strains with reduced ability to colonize the intestinal tract of broiler chicks; Craven SE et al.; This study determined the ability of eight strains of Salmonella and their agarsubcultured variants to colonize the intestinal tract of broiler chicks . Nalidixic-acid (NAL)-resistant and streptomycin-resistant subcultured strains (S . california 1989/A and S . typhimurium 3366/A) that persisted in the ceca of chicks in lower numbers than their NAL-resistant parent strains (1989/O and 3366/O) were selected for additional study S . typhimurium strain 3366/A was present in the ceca of chicks in lower numbers than the parent strain 3366/O when given concomitantly with the parent strain or when the two strains were given separately to different chicks . S . california 1989/A strain was present in the ceca in lower numbers than the parent strain after concomitant oral or intracloacal inoculation . Strains 3366/O and 3366/A of S . typhimurium differed in growth rates in BHI broth and cecal mucus . The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile indicated that LPS components present in S . california 1989/O were missing from strain 1989/A . A mutant of 1989/O--2095/R--was also LPS- and colonization-deficient. Environ Health Perspect, 1993 Apr, 100, 307 - 15 Genetic toxicology: current status of methods of carcinogen identification; Tennant RW et al.; A critical aspect of the efforts to relate the results of short-term genetic toxicity tests with those from long-term rodent tests for carcinogens is the quality and consistency of the studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program . Analysis of the results in relationship to chemical structure has shown that mutagenic potential is a primary risk factor for carcinogen identification . Chemicals positive in the Salmonella assay-generally possess "structural alerts" for electrophilic interactions, are predominantly represented among chemicals producing trans-species carcinogenic effects in rodents, and among those identified as carcinogenic to humans . Current efforts are aimed at defining toxicological, structural, and mechanistic properties of nonmutagens that are carcinogenic in rodents. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Apr, 278(2-3), 407 - 15 Vaccines in salmonellosis control in animals; Meyer H et al.; 1 . It has been demonstrated that it was possible, under the conditions of the former GDR (East Germany), to decisively decrease the occurrence of Salmonella in livestock by means of the consequent combination of a good management including hygienic measures and of immunoprophylactic measures . This is one of the most important conditions for reducing the risk of food poisoning in man . 2 . If using Salmonella live vaccines, cross immunity can be put to use . 3 . Amount and duration of Salmonella shedding by calves can be decreased using orally administered live vaccines . 4 . The immunogenicity of the S . typhimurium mutant serving as vaccine strain for Zoosaloral "Dessau" was retained after its 60-MDa plasmid had been deleted. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1993 Apr, 67(4), 366 - 70 {A case of solitary splenic abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis and cured completely by antibiotic therapy alone}; Yoshikawa K et al.; Solitary splenic abscess is a rare disease and usually treated with splenectomy . A 78-year-old female with diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis was admitted to our hospital in a state of fever and left hypochondralgia . The abdominal ultrasonogram and CT scan showed the splenomegaly and one abnormal mass in the spleen . Drainage under sonographic guidance was attempted to the splenic mass but only a little amount of aspiration fluid was obtained, from which Salmonella Enteritidis was detected . No other abscess in the other organs was detected, resulting in the diagnosis as solitary splenic abscess caused by S . Enteritidis . Antibiotic therapy was carried out and the abscess disappeared judging from the ultrasonogram, CT scan, and laboratory data . The present case suggests that the fully application of ultrasonogram, CT scan, and drainage for the diagnosis leads to the healing of solitary splenic abscess without operation . This is the first case of S . Enteritidis infection in the spleen reported in Japan. Jpn J Vet Res, 1993 Apr, 41(1), 1 - 10 Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and pigs, and diseased animals in Zambia; Ngoma M et al.; Escherichia (E.) coli and Salmonella (S.) choleraesuis (subsp . choleraesuis and subsp . salamae) from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and pigs in 1989 in Zambia, were examined for antibiotic resistance and the presence of conjugative R plasmid . Salmonella strains from diseased animals (cattle, chickens, leopards, lions and warthogs) were similarly tested . The majority of the cattle had been nomadically kept in so-called "traditional farms" while all the pigs were from commercial farms . More pigs (39%; 41/105) harboured drug-resistant E . coli than cattle (6.7%; 7/105) . Moreover, the number of drug-resistant E . coli was higher among strains from pigs (31.2%; 49/157) than cattle (4.2%; 7/167) . For both cattle and pigs, drug resistance was more frequently observed against tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfadimethoxine and ampicillin than other antibiotics and the single resistance pattern occurred most frequency, especially among pig E . coli strains . Drug-resistant Salmonella was recorded in 3.6% (1/28) of strains from slaughtered cattle and 31.3% (10/32) of those from diseased animals . Drug-resistant E . coli from pigs and cattle carried R plasmid at high frequency. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Apr, 110(2), 209 - 16 Molecular characterization of plasmids in Salmonella enteritidis phage types; Brown DJ et al.; Plasmids in selected type strains of 26 of the Salmonella enteritidis phage types have been characterized by restriction enzyme fingerprinting and by DNA-DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes for Salmonella plasmid virulence (Spv) genes . With one exception, the fingerprints of the 38 MDa plasmids studied were homogeneous but there was heterogeneity in the fingerprints of 59 MDa plasmids found in 4 of the type strains . However all 38 MDa and 59 MDa plasmids were related as was a 45 MDa plasmid identified in the type strain of phage type 19 . A 3.5 kb fragment homologous to SpvC was conserved in Hind III digests of all 38 MDa and 59 MDa plasmids, and in the related 45 MDa plasmid . In contrast a 65 MDa plasmid found in the type strain of phage type 10 was not related to these three plasmid molecular weight groups and did not carry the SpvC gene. J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Apr, 31(4), 975 - 8 Salmonella typhi O:9,12 polysaccharide-protein conjugates: characterization and immunoreactivity with pooled and individual normal human sera, sera from patients with paratyphoid A and B and typhoid fever, and animal sera; Aron L et al.; Polysaccharide of O:9,12 specificity purified from Salmonella typhi was conjugated to tetanus toxoid or bovine serum albumin in order to obtain defined antigenic material that would contain O chain free of other S . typhi antigens and that would be suitable for characterizing host humoral response to only S . typhi O-chain antigens . These artificial conjugates were strongly reactive in immunodots with 18 pooled and 3 individual serum samples from patients with typhoid fever and with rabbit anti-Salmonella O antiserum (group D, factors 1, 9, and 12) . They reacted weakly with one serum sample from one human with paratyphoid A . These results suggest that the periodate oxidation and the reductive amination used in the conjugation conserved the immunogenicity of the O chain and allowed its absorption to nitrocellulose . They also suggest that the bovine serum albumin conjugate could be used in the diagnosis of S . typhi infections as normal sera may react with the protein molecule of the tetanus toxoid conjugate. Mutat Res, 1993 Apr, 291(2), 135 - 9 A dichotomy between lipophilicity and in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity; Rosenkranz HS et al.; An analysis of a number of data bases revealed a dichotomy between the lipophilicity of groups of agents capable of inducing genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo . Thus agents with the potential for reacting with cellular DNA, inducing mutations in Salmonella and clastogenicity in cultured cells were characteristically significantly more hydrophilic than agents which did not induce such effects . On the other hand, in vivo inducers of clastogenicity (micronuclei) were significantly more lipophilic than non-inducers . Cellular and systemic toxicants were also more lipophilic than non-toxicants. Carbohydr Res, 1993 Mar 17, 241, 177 - 88 Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45; Shashkov AS et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45 (Arizona 11) is acidic and has a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit containing two residues of L-fucose, one residue each of D-galactose, D-ribose, D-glucuronic acid, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and an O-acetyl group . It was studied with the help of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 1D selective spin-decoupling and homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear and 13C-1H heteronuclear shift-correlated (COSY) and NOE (ROESY) spectroscopy, as well as by methylation analysis, and selective cleavages with anhydrous HF (or dilute HCl) and lithium in ethylenediamine to yield two different tetrasaccharide fragments . As a result, the following structure of the polysaccharide was established: {formula: see text} Anomalous 13C chemical shifts were observed in the spectrum of the trisaccharide fragment alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Gal p-(1-->3)-beta-D-Glc pNAc, structurally related to the Le(d) blood-group determinant, and rationalised by inter-residue proton-proton interactions. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1993 Mar 5, 118(9), 296 - 300 {Mycobacterium genavense infection in AIDS}; Heiken H et al.; Fever, loss of weight, anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy developed in two HIV-infected patients . At first malignant lymphoma with septicaemia was thought to be the cause . In both patients Salmonella enteritidis was isolated by blood culture and found to be sensitive against the antibiotics that were given (5 g azlocillin and 2 g cefotaxime, three times daily each; additionally in case 2, metronidazole, 500 mg three times daily) . Because bone-marrow biopsy demonstrated acid-fast rods, antimycobacterial treatment was started (isoniazid 300 mg/d, rifampicin 600 mg/d, ethambutol 1,200 mg/d and pyrazinamide 2 g/d) . Despite this the patients died of septic shock . Histological examination revealed massive amounts of acid-fast rods in spleen, liver, gut and bone marrow . Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing identified the structure as that of the recently discovered M . genavense. J Invest Surg, 1993 Mar-Apr, 6(2), 143 - 56 A porcine model of hyperdynamic endotoxemia: pattern of respiratory, macrocirculatory, and regional blood flow changes; Kreimeier U et al.; Systemic sepsis and multiple organ failure are frequent and often fatal complications after major surgery and trauma . In contrast to the biphasic hemodynamic pattern characteristically seen in patients, most experimental animal models have failed to reproduce the early, hyperdynamic phase of sepsis and endotoxemia . We have designed a standardized model of endotoxemia, which is elicited by continuous IV infusion of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin in anesthetized juvenile pigs (age 8-12 weeks) . The plasma concentration of endotoxin--as evaluated by the LAL test--is significantly elevated within less than half an hour following the start of endotoxin administration and is accompanied by a rapid fall of the leukocyte count in peripheral blood . High cardiac output and low systemic vascular resistance reflect a hypercirculatory state, during which left ventricular filling pressure is maintained by carefully monitored volume substitution (6% dextran 60) . In the present investigation, different doses of endotoxin (3.8 and 11.4 micrograms/kg, respectively) were infused intravenously and investigated for their effect on respiratory, macrocirculatory, and regional blood flow alterations . The development of respiratory deterioration depended on the duration of endotoxin administration and on the height of endotoxin plasma levels . In all animals, a high cardiac output was maintained throughout 3.5 hr of endotoxemia . Regional blood flow to the myocardium and liver increased, whereas blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract and the spleen was compromised without difference between both groups . It is concluded that this porcine model should provide the potential for further insight into the early pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of multiple organ failure in patients with sepsis and endotoxemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1993 Mar, 12(3), 205 - 8 Nontyphoidal, nonparatyphoidal salmonella septicemia in adults; Roberts FJ; A 12-year review identified 21 patients with nontyphoidal, nonparatyphoidal salmonella septicemia . Eight of the patients had no predisposing factors . Factors identified included malignancy in five, recent surgery in four, alcoholism with aspiration pneumonia in two, chronic lung disease in two, diabetes in two, systemic lupus erythematosus in one and burns in one . Ten patients presented with gastroenteritis, two with localized abscesses, two with aspiration pneumonia and the remainder with nonspecific septicemia . Three patients died of underlying diseases and three died shortly after the septicemia of related causes . Six cases were nosocomial infection and were not related to hospital outbreaks . Salmonella septicemia with these serotypes is uncommon (1 per 14,000 admissions, 1 per 4000 blood cultures) and can occur in patients without diminished host resistance. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1993 Mar-Apr, 11(2), 187 - 9 HIV infection and Salmonella septic arthritis; Stein M et al.; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection predisposes to bacterial infection at may sites but septic arthritis is notably uncommon . An HIV seropositive patient who presented with oligoarticular septic arthritis due to Salmonella enteritidis and who responded poorly to antibiotic therapy and repeated aspiration of involved joints is described . Unusual features included the clinical presentation of septic arthritis in more than one joint, a protracted clinical course with radiological destruction of the hip, bone marrow suppression induced by cotrimoxazole, and death thought to be due to a gastropathy induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy at a time when the septic arthritis appeared to have responded to treatment . Cure of Salmonella septic arthritis in HIV infected patients may be difficult and require aggressive prolonged treatment . Septic arthritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a patient with HIV infection and arthritis. APMIS, 1993 Mar, 101(3), 177 - 86 T cells in reactive arthritis; Hermann E; T cells appear to play a major role in the development, maintenance and also resolution of reactive arthritis (ReA) . Recent advances in understanding the processes involved in T cell activation now allow us to examine the peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cell responses to given "arthritogenic" microorganisms in terms of antigen specificity, epitope identification, cytokine secretion patterns, HLA restriction and the role of different T cell subsets in ReA . Peripheral blood bulk proliferation and limiting dilution studies provide evidence that the peripheral T cell response against arthritis-associated gram-negative bacteria is decreased in patients developing immunological sequelae such as ReA after gastrointestinal infection . Using clonal analysis of synovial fluid CD4+ T cells it has been shown that a polyclonal rather than an oligoclonal response to a variety of bacterial antigens is induced at the site of synovitis and that these CD4+ T cells produce a Th1-type of cytokine . 65 kD heat shock protein may represent one of the possible linkages of anti-infectious and autoimmune reactions . Furthermore, a spectrum of killer cells is present in the synovial fluid of patients with ReA . This spectrum of cytotoxic T cells includes antigen-specific, class I-restricted alpha beta-TCR+CD8+ lymphocytes, antigen-specific, apparently non-MHC-restricted alpha beta-TCR+CD8+ lymphocytes and gamma delta-TCR+ cells with braod cytolytic activity directed against bacteria-infected target cells . HLA-B27-restricted Yersinia- or Salmonella-specific synovial fluid CD8+ T cells may provide the missing link between genetic disposition (HLA-B27) and extra-articular infection with arthritogenic bacteria in these patients. Indian J Med Res, 1993 Mar, 97, 83 - 4 Antagonistic activities of mosquito larvicidal Bacillus sphaericus (Neide) against some pathogenic bacteria; Seleena P et al.; Mosquitocidal strains of B . sphaericus serotype H-5a5b were shown for the first time to exhibit antagonistic activities against several human pathogens especially Salmonella . These strains of B . sphaericus also exhibited high larval toxicity against several mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res, 1993 Mar, 97, 60 - 3 Prevalence of copper resistant salmonellae in India; Jayasheela M et al.; Sixty eight of 330 strains of Salmonella belonging to three different serotypes, S . typhi, S . typhimurium and S . bareilly, referred to at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, between 1989-1991 were found to be copper resistant . Maximum number of strains (39.1%) were resistant in S . bareilly serotype, followed by S . typhimurium (21.7%) and least in S . typhi (17.4%) . Of the 15 States/Union Territories (UTs) from where Salmonella strains were received, copper resistance was observed in strains from 10 States/UTs . This resistance was maximum among the strains from Goa (85.7%). Vet Q, 1993 Mar, 15(1), 33 - 7 Cost-benefit analysis of a screening strategy for Salmonella enteritidis in poultry; Ament AJ et al.; Salmonella enteritidis is an emerging problem in several industrial countries . Outbreaks caused by this organism are almost always associated with the consumption of eggs and egg-products originating from infected poultry flocks . To reduce human infection, elimination of contaminated flocks could be considered . In this study we estimated the effectiveness of such a measure to reduce human infections . If poultry flocks are screened for S . enteritidis only once during their laying period, there is a 43.7% reduction in contaminated eggs . The effectiveness increases if the frequency of screening is increased, resulting in a 65.4% reduction in contaminated eggs after three screenings . The costs of this intervention strategy are determined by both the costs of screening and the economic losses of destroying poultry flocks. Trends Genet, 1993 Mar, 9(3), 85 - 9 The role of host tyrosine phosphorylation in bacterial pathogenesis; Bliska JB et al.; Recent studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of several bacterial genera, including the Yersinia, Salmonella and Escherichia, have revealed novel strategies of infection that involve the signal transduction processes of eukaryotic cells . These model systems are reviewed here, with emphasis on the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in these bacterial-host cell interactions. Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1993 Mar, 148(2), 95 - 102 {The toxin-producing ability of salmonella from bovine test material}; Dinjus U et al.; Cell-free supernatants of 40 Salmonella strains of different serovars were tested for the existence of enterotoxic substances in the rabbit skin permeability factor test, rabbit ileal loop test, tissue culture assays (CHO K1, RTG-2), and baby mouse test . There were differences in the test results between the strains even within the same serovar . Correlation coefficients between the results of different toxin tests were low . It is therefore improbable that the "enterotoxic activity" of Salmonella is caused by only one toxic substance . The activities revealed in the different test systems could not be related to virulence or the epizootiological behaviour of the strains . The in vitro occurrence of the virulence factor "enterotoxin production" is lower for Salmonella than for E . coli and V . cholerae. Ceylon Med J, 1993 Mar, 38(1), 33 - 4 Chloramphenicol resistant typhoid fever; de Silva HJ et al.; We report a patient with typhoid fever caused by a strain of Salmonella typhi which was resistant to chloramphenicol . This is the first documentation of chloramphenicol resistant Salmonella typhi in Sri Lanka. Gesundheitswesen, 1993 Mar, 55(3), 130 - 5 {Food borne outbreak of a Salmonella enteritidis epidemic in a large pharmaceutical industry}; Geiss HK et al.; In summer 1991 an outbreak of a Salmonella enteritidis epidemic involving about 600 cases of gastroenteritis occurred at one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in southwestern Germany . The main source was a cold fruit soup, in addition Salmonella were isolated from meat strips and a curd cheese which were used for a salad dressing . A total of 2300 contaminated food portions were served resulting in an attack rate of about 25% . The possible origin could have been an asymptomatic Salmonella-positive member of the kitchen personnel who was the only one who was involved with the preparation of all the incriminated foods . A further spread of the epidemic and especially the possible contamination of pharmaceuticals was avoided by the timely and adequate reaction of the company's occupational medical service . This case exemplifies how classical crisis management, "increased initiative on one's own for prevention of infections in all areas of food processing" (Steuer) and finally the cooperation of the company with different institutions of the public health authorities contribute to the control of such a catastrophic scenario. J Appl Bacteriol, 1993 Mar, 74(3), 330 - 5 Laboratory study of several enrichment broths for the detection of Salmonella spp . particularly in relation to water samples; Morinigo MA et al.; The selectivity and efficiency of several enrichment broths used for the the detection of salmonellas were comparatively evaluated under laboratory and environmental conditions . Media with selenite were less efficient in their inhibition of the growth of Gram-positive micro-organisms . Salmonellas grew slowly in tetrathionate broth and in media containing brilliant green . These media inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi, which grew only in media containing selenite . The results obtained in the experiments with stressed salmonellas indicate that the media selenite F, selenite F with novobiocin, selenite cystine and Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV/43), in conjunction with the double agar layer technique, showed an optimal efficiency for the detection of stressed salmonellas . When natural samples (freshwater and seawater) were used to evaluate the media, however, those containing malachite green, whether or not supplemented with sodium novobiocin, enhanced the recovery of salmonellas. J Appl Bacteriol, 1993 Mar, 74(3), 276 - 83 Separation of bacteria using agglutinins isolated from invertebrates; Payne MJ et al.; The agglutination of a selection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the haemolymph and coelomic fluid from several invertebrates was studied . The haemolymph from Lumbricus terrestris and Limulus polyphemus caused the strongest agglutination of most of the bacteria studied . When the agglutinating fraction of Lim . Polyphemus was liganded to magnetic microspheres 53% of the cells in pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes C200, 15% of Salmonella enteritidis 37782, 92% of Staphylococcus aureus NCDO 949, 19% of Escherichia coli E4936/76 and 65% of E . coli W2-2 were adsorbed to the beads . The immobilized haemolymph from Lumb . terrestris adsorbed 42% of Salm . enteritidis 37782, 64% of E . coli 4936/76 and 27% of Staph . aureus NCDO 1499 cells and the coelomic fluid from Haemopsis sanguisuga adsorbed 42, 48 and 50% of these cultures respectively . With immobilized Haem . sanguisuga agglutinins, 21-27% of Staph . aureus NCDO 2044 cells were recovered from full-fat pasteurized milk and 20-51% from braising steak . Immobilized Lim . polyphemus agglutinins recovered 17-34% of Staph . aureus cells from raw egg . The potential of agglutinins isolated from invertebrates for enhancing rapid microbiological assays of foods is discussed. J Appl Bacteriol, 1993 Mar, 74(3), 243 - 7 Alternative antigens reduce cross-reactions in an ELISA for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry; Baay MF et al.; Two alternative antigens for the use in detection of antibodies to salmonellas were investigated: firstly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from members of the D2 group, having antigens O: 9, 46, and flagella antigens . Whereas LPS from the D2 group did not discriminate sufficiently with control sera, flagella antigens reacted specifically with antibodies directed to serotype specific H antigens . When flagella antigens were used to screen sera from birds of commercial flocks, however, cross-reactivity between flagella antigens was observed . When both LPS and flagella antigens were used to screen sera from chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis, the sera gave higher titres with flagella antigens during the early stages of infection, and titres with flagella antigens dropped earlier after infection had ended than titres with lipopolysaccharide. Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Mar, 18(1), 43 - 52 Within and between sample comparisons of Gompertz parameters for Salmonella enteritidis and aerobic plate counts in chicken stored in air and modified atmosphere; Langston SW et al.; The objective of this work was to compare between and within sample differences in aerobic plate counts (APC) and Salmonella in chicken held at abusive temperatures under air and modified atmosphere (MA) . Three independent samples and three subsamples of ground raw chicken meat were inoculated with a nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enteritidis var . Rochester, packaged in barrier films containing air or 75% CO2, 20% N2, and 5% O2, and stored at 13 and 27 degrees C for 120 h . Samples were quantitatively enumerated for APC and S . enteritidis colony forming units (cfu/g) . Gompertz function parameters for microbial growth in each sample and subsample were statistically compared in order to determine if within sample variation was different to between sample variation . At 13 degrees C, APC organisms averaged 1.27 log units lower in the MA compared to air while Salmonella counts averaged 1.44 log units higher . At 27 degrees C APC averaged 0.46 log units lower in the MA compared to air while Salmonella averaged 0.30 log units lower . The data fit the Gompertz function such that no systematic deviations from the curves were detected and the confidence bands were relatively narrow . Except for initial microbial load, there were no significant differences in variance of Gompertz parameters between the subsamples and the independent samples . This indicates that samples from different chickens with the same initial APC can be expected to be as similar in growth patterns and final counts as subsamples from the same chicken. J Card Surg, 1993 Mar, 8(2), 143 - 7 Resection of infected ventricular aneurysm (Salmonella) following septic saddle embolus; Utley JR et al.; Bacterial infection (Salmonella enteritidis) of left ventricular true and false aneurysm in a 62-year-old man was followed by septic saddle embolus . The septic saddle embolus was removed and the aneurysm was later resected with coronary bypass grafting . The patient is alive with satisfactory function over 5 years postoperatively. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993 Mar, 37(3), 393 - 7 Effects of two magainin peptides on eicosanoid release from rat peritoneal macrophages; Matera G et al.; Magainins are novel polycationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, including activity against gram-negative bacteria . Gram-negative bacteremia can elicit endotoxic shock that is associated with the increased formation of eicosanoids . Inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis has been shown to improve the outcome of experimental endotoxic shock . The aim of the present study was to test the in vitro effects of two magainin peptides, MSI-97 (M1) and MSI-98 (M2), on eicosanoid synthesis by rat peritoneal macrophages (M phi) stimulated by Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 micrograms/ml) and Salmonella minnesota lipid A (5 micrograms/ml) and to compare their effects on LPS reactivity with a metachromatic dye . M1 (100 micrograms/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced LPS-stimulated synthesis of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), without changing 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha in M phi . Similarly, M2 (10 micrograms/ml) significantly attenuated M phi synthesis of TXB2 stimulated by either LPS or lipid A . However, at a higher concentration (100 micrograms/ml), M2 but not M1 significantly augmented LPS-induced increases in TXB2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha . Polymyxin B (40 micrograms/ml) inhibited LPS production and lipid A-stimulated TXB2 production . M1 (100 micrograms/ml) and polymyxin B (10 and 40 micrograms/ml) also inhibited calcium ionophore A23187 (10 microM)-induced synthesis of TXB2 . The lipid A moiety of LPS reacts with dimethylmethylene blue dye, providing a metachromatic assay of LPS . This metachromatic reaction with lipid A was significantly reduced by polymyxin B and M2 at all concentrations . M1 was effective only at the highest M1:lipid A concentration ratio (2:1) . Thus, M1 and M2 share some similarities with polymyxin B in inhibiting lipid A reactivity with the dye, which suggests that these magainins may also bind to lipid A . However, M1 was devoid of any inhibitory effects on dye reactivity with S . enteritidis LPS and M2 was inhibitory at only one concentration ratio (1:5) . In conclusion, the varied effects of the magainin peptides on LPS, lipid A, and M phi eicosanoid synthesis appear to depend on the type of peptide used and on its concentration. Clin Orthop, 1993 Mar, (288), 277 - 81 Salmonella typhi osteomyelitis in a nonsickle cell patient . A case report; Cobos JA et al.; Few cases of osteomyelitis caused by Salmonella typhi in nonsickle cell patients have been reported . In a 33-year-old woman with a history of chronic, intermittent drainage of the right lower leg, roentgenographs indicated middiaphyseal osteomyelitis of the fibula . Bone cultures obtained at surgical debridement grew S . typhi . The patient responded adequately to four weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy, and the infection has remained arrested after 18 months . The characteristics of S . typhi osteomyelitis are as follows: All reported cases have affected female patients with no apparent immunocompromise; all had a history of S . typhi infection with long bone involvement; and all had a tendency to recurrence. J Med Microbiol, 1993 Mar, 38(3), 171 - 6 The role of a 54-kb plasmid in the virulence of strains of Salmonella enteritidis of phage type 4 for chickens and mice; Halavatkar H et al.; The role of a 54-kb plasmid in the virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis strains of phage type 4 was examined in mice, young chickens and adult laying-hens . Although the plasmid was essential for full expression of virulence in mice, differences in expression of virulence by this 54-kb plasmid were noted among strains; thus, introduction of the plasmid to a naturally occurring strain that lacked it did not make that strain virulent . In newly hatched chickens, virulence of an Enteritidis strain of phage type 4 by oral or parenteral routes was unrelated to possession of this plasmid which, similarly, played no role in infection in egg-laying hens . When a strain of Enteritidis phage type 4 and a plasmid-cured strain derived from it were given orally to chickens, both strains were equally invasive and their patterns of localisation in spleen, liver and ovaries were similar and they were isolated at similar frequencies from cultured, laid eggs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1993 Mar 1, 202(5), 752 - 5 Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp isolated from healthy broiler chickens after slaughter; Lee LA et al.; Of 105 Salmonella organisms of any serotype selected from a sample of 1,824 serotyped salmonellae isolated during a nationwide bacteriologic survey of healthy broiler chickens after slaughter, 60 (57%) were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobial agents and 47 (45%) were resistant to 2 or more agents . Highest resistance was to tetracycline (45%), streptomycin (41%), sulfisoxazole (19%), gentamicin (10%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (8%) . Additional isolates of S typhimurium, heidelberg, agona, and enteritidis were selected from the sample of 1,824 isolates for testing because of the high frequency with which these 4 serotypes are isolated from human patients . The highest frequency of resistance among 104 isolates of S heidelberg, 92 isolates of S typhimurium, and 30 isolates of S agona was to streptomycin (33 to 57%), sulfisoxazole (33 to 50%), tetracycline (26 to 50%), and gentamicin (13 to 40%); 51 to 63% of these isolates were resistant to 1 or more agents and 37 to 59% were resistant to 2 or more agents . Resistance to ampicillin among these 3 serotypes was uncommon (0 to 4%) . In contrast, 15 of 19 tested isolates (79%) of S enteritidis were resistant to ampicillin and 13 of the 19 isolates (68%) were resistant only to ampicillin . This pattern of resistance was associated with a specific bacteriophage type and indicated the potential role of bacterial clones in determining the frequency and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in populations of broiler chickens . Resistance to gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was higher than that previously reported and is of public health concern because of the frequency with which these drugs are used to treat bacterial infections in human patients. Circ Shock, 1993 Mar, 39(3), 194 - 8 Comparison of the induction of endotoxin tolerance in endotoxemia and peritonitis by monophosphoryl lipid A and lipopolysaccharide; Astiz ME et al.; We compared the induction of endotoxin tolerance with Salmonella minnesota monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a nontoxic derivative of lipid A, and S . minnesota endotoxin (LPS) in lethal endotoxemia and peritonitis . Lethal endotoxemia was induced by injecting 750 micrograms/mouse LPS intravenously . Cecal ligation and perforation was used to induce peritonitis . Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was measured by immunoassay at 2 hr after lethal endotoxin infusion and 24 hr after peritonitis . A dose of 0.1 micrograms/mouse of MPL or LPS significantly reduced endotoxin mortality from 100% to 50% and 27%, respectively (P < 0.05) . The LD50 for a 0.1 micrograms dose of MPL was 750 micrograms of LPS and the LD50 for a 0.1 micrograms dose of LPS was 1150 micrograms of endotoxin (P < 0.05) . TNF levels decreased linearly when increasing doses of MPL and LPS were used to induce tolerance . At higher pretreatment doses of LPS, survival benefits were attenuated despite the reduction in TNF levels . A 25 micrograms dose of LPS reduced mortality from peritonitis from 93% to 45% (P < 0.05) . Although MPL reduced short-term mortality, overall mortality was not significantly reduced despite using large doses of MPL . TNF levels peaked at 24 hr and were significantly lower than those following lethal endotoxemia . The induction of endotoxin tolerance by LPS and MPL is dose dependent, and LPS is modestly more effective in inducing endotoxin tolerance than MPL . Both LPS and MPL are significantly less effective in protecting against lethality from peritonitis. Ann Surg, 1993 Mar, 217(3), 300 - 6 Sequential anti-core glycolipid immunoglobulin antibody activities in patients with and without septic shock and their relation to outcome; Nys M et al.; OBJECTIVE: This study follows the sequential changes in anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies in infected patients with and without septic shock . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: A relation between high endogenous levels of anti-LPS antibodies and protection against bacteremia and septic shock in at-risk patient groups has been observed . However, information on the daily follow-up and kinetics of apparition or disappearance of anti-LPS antibody activities and their relations with the protective properties of the different immunoglobulin classes has not been clearly investigated . METHODS: Two hundred and five septic surgical patients were studied during their stay in the intensive care unit during a period of 3 years . Among these patients, septic shock developed in 54 and 47 died . A sensitive ELISA was used to study circulating IgM and IgG antibodies to the core glycolipid (CGL) region of Salmonella minnesota R595 . The activities were measured each day when sepsis occurred and every hour during septic shock . RESULTS: Anti-CGL IgM activity was found in 32% of the septic patients . This response, however, most often appeared to be transient . A strong correlation was observed between the occurrence of septic shock and the absence of anti-CGL IgM activity on admission to the ICU (p < 0.02) . Anti-CGL IgG activity was detected in 82% of the patients and better correlated with outcome for patients with high or rising activities during their hospitalization (p < 0.0005) . In patients with septic shock or irreversible organ failure, a fall in the anti-CGL IgG activity was observed before death, suggesting that the IgG antibodies were consumed during this acute event . Therefore, the anti-CGL IgG activity measured by ELISA could be used as a marker of the evolution of the illness . CONCLUSIONS: Our observations demonstrate the interest to follow-up the evolution of the anti-CGL antibodies during sepsis . The fall of these antibodies during septic shock and in patients who died was an additional argument to perform, as an additive form, passive antibody therapy to decrease lethality in this group of patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993 Mar 1, 90(5), 1819 - 23 Hirudin as a molecular probe for thrombin in vitro and during systemic coagulation in the pig; Zoldhelyi P et al.; The amount of thrombin active in vivo in the intravascular space (blood and endothelial surface), both basally and in experimental intravascular coagulation, is measured by way of the accessibility of thrombin to intravascular hirudin . Blood samples from pigs given intravenous 125I-labeled hirudin contain 125I-labeled hirudin-thrombin complex in concentrations indicative of a basal thrombin concentration in vivo of 0.5 nmol/liter . Intravenous infusion of Salmonella endotoxin elicits an increase in the circulating concentration of hirudin-thrombin complex that begins within 15 min and is 20-30 times basal after 4 hr . Induction of mild intravascular coagulation is evidenced by a modest reduction in plasma fibrinogen concentrations . It is concluded that there is a basal pool of hirudin-accessible thrombin in the intravascular space that, were it free in the plasma phase, would be sufficient in principle to sustain intravascular coagulation. J Bacteriol, 1993 Mar, 175(5), 1412 - 22 Molecular analysis of the 3,6-dideoxyhexose pathway genes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroup IIA; Kessler AC et al.; Salmonella enterica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are the only examples in nature known to use a variety of 3,6-dideoxyhexose derivatives as O antigen constituents . To allow a comparison of the responsible biosynthetic genes of the two organisms, we have sequenced a section of the Y . pseudotuberculosis serogroup IIA rfb region that contained the genes for the abequose biosynthetic pathway . Comparison of the identified genes with the rfb region of S . enterica LT2 showed that the two dideoxyhexose pathway gene clusters are related . The arrangement of the genes was largely conserved, and the G + C compositions of the two DNA regions were strikingly similar; however, the degree of conservation of nucleotide and protein sequences suggested that the two gene clusters have been evolving independently for considerable time . Hybridization experiments showed that the dideoxyhexose pathway genes are widespread throughout the various serogroups of Y . pseudotuberculosis. J Infect Dis, 1993 Mar, 167(3), 627 - 32 Pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal disease in urban Brazilian infants; Blake PA et al.; To evaluate potential risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal disease in urban infants, 500 infants < or = 12 months old with diarrhea and 500 age-matched control subjects coming to a Sao Paulo emergency room were studied . On multivariate analysis, these apparently sporadic community-acquired cases of diarrhea were significantly associated with hospitalization in the month before onset (odds ratio {OR}, 3.4), day care center exposure (OR, 2.0), prior diarrhea in another household member (OR, 4.4), and low family income (OR, 1.8) . Breast-feeding infants < 6 months old (OR, 0.3) and boiling household drinking water (OR, 0.4) were protective . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC; OR, 12.0) and Salmonella (OR, 7/0, discordant pairs) infections were associated with prior hospitalization, rotavirus infections were associated with day care (OR, 6/0), and breast-feeding was protective against EPEC infections (OR, 0.1) . These results suggest that certain preventive strategies can prevent a substantial proportion of cases of diarrheal disease in Brazilian infants. Infect Immun, 1993 Mar, 61(3), 910 - 8 Characterization of specific binding of a human immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody to lipopolysaccharide and its lipid A domain; Fujihara Y et al.; The human immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody HA-1A was first described as an antibody which bound specifically to the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (N . N . H . Teng, H . S . Kaplan, J . M . Herbert, C . Moore, H . Douglas, A . Wunderlich, and A . Braude, Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 82:1790-1794, 1985) and provided significant protection when administered to patients with gram-negative bacteremia and shock (E . J . Ziegler, C . J . Fisher, Jr., C . L . Sprung, R . C . Straube, J . C . Sadoff, G . E . Foulke, C . H . Wortel, M . P . Fink, R . P . Dellinger, N . N . H . Teng, I . E . Allen, H . J . Berger, G . L . Knatterud, A . F . LoBuglio, C . R . Smith, and the HA-1A Sepsis Study Group, New Engl . J . Med . 324:429-436, 1992) . Since that original report, questions have arisen in the scientific literature concerning the specificity of this antibody in LPS and/or lipid A binding . Experiments have, therefore, been carried out with a variety of assay formats to determine the capacity of this HA-1A antibody to bind to lipid A and LPS . Direct binding experiments with a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system have established that HA-1A will bind to purified lipid A from both Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp . These results have been confirmed by using a fluid-phase antigen-antibody competitive inhibition assay with purified lipid A and an antibody-antibody competitive inhibition assay with a monoclonal antibody with known specificity for lipid A . The HA-1A monoclonal antibody has also been shown to bind to a panel of R-chemotype LPS by ELISA and, unlike many other previously reported anti-lipid A antibodies, binding of HA-1A to R-chemotype LPS and lipid A is comparable . Although binding of HA-1A to S-LPS (smooth, wild-type LPS) could not be detected by direct ELISA, competitive inhibition experiments with some preparations of S-LPS have been able to show specific HA-1A binding . Collectively, these data confirm the binding specificity of HA-1A for the lipid A component of LPS and provide evidence that this monoclonal antibody manifests a relatively uncommon profile in its capacity to bind lipid A and R-chemotype LPS as well as some preparations of S-LPS. Infect Immun, 1993 Mar, 61(3), 1149 - 51 Safety and immunogenicity of Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine in young Thai children; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine in a liquid formulation was evaluated in 634 Thai children 2 to 6 years of age . The seroconversion rate was 69% for those who received vaccine versus 14% for those who received placebo (P < 0.005) . The immune responses among vaccine recipients ranged from 60% in 3-year-olds to 81% for 6-year-olds. Infect Immun, 1993 Mar, 61(3), 1033 - 9 Lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins of Limulus amebocyte lysate; Roth RI et al.; Limulus amebocyte lysate, obtained from horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) blood cells, contains a coagulation system which is activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . A chromatographic fraction of Limulus lysate, containing the endotoxin-sensitive factor(s) which initiates the coagulation cascade, was studied . We utilized a photoreactive, cleavable, radiolabeled derivative of Salmonella minnesota LPS, LPS-(p-azidosalicylamido)-1,3'-dithiopropionamide (LPS-ASD), to identify LPS-binding proteins . The lysate fraction was incubated with LPS-ASD, and LPS-binding proteins were identified by autoradiography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels . An 82-kDa protein, a major protein component of this fraction from Limulus lysate, was identified as a LPS-binding protein in a majority of lysates . Incubation of whole Limulus lysate with antiserum to this protein resulted in enhanced sensitivity of the lysate to LPS, suggesting that this 82-kDa protein is a negative regulator of coagulation . A minor 50-kDa protein component of lysate also was identified as a LPS-binding protein and is a candidate for the LPS-sensitive coagulation protein in L . polyphemus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1993 Mar, 12(3), 209 - 11 Use of pefloxacin after failure of initial antibiotic treatment in children with severe salmonellosis; Gendrel D et al.; Sixteen children (7 males, 9 females) aged 0.1 to 9.5 years (mean 3.6 years) who were hospitalized for severe salmonella infection were treated with conventional antibiotics . In nine children disappearance of fever and bloody diarrhea was obtained 2 to 4 days after the beginning of antibiotic therapy . Although the antibiotic administered was active against the pathogen, after 4 to 8 days the seven other children experienced clinical failure of the initial therapy, with a temperature of over 39 degrees C, bloody diarrhea and positive stool culture in all cases . The seven Salmonella strains isolated (1 S . typhi, 1 S . paratyphi B, 2 S . enteritidis, 3 S . typhimurium) were all sensitive to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and pefloxacin . These seven children were then given 12 mg/kg/day of pefloxacin orally for 7 days . Apyrexia and complete resolution of diarrhea were obtained within 1 to 3 days in all cases without side effects . Trials are needed to determine the safety and toxicity of quinolones in children, however short-term therapy with pefloxacin could be useful in children with severe invasive salmonellosis after failure of conventional antibiotic therapy. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1993 Mar, 16(1), 66 - 70 Double primary tumors of the liver; Li CT et al.; A rare case of double primary tumors of the liver is reported . A 69-year-old male presented with fever and right upper quadrant pain . On admission blood culture grew Salmonella group B . Laboratory data showed leucocytosis, mild elevation of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and sugar, positive-HBsAg, and normal range CEA and AFP . Abdominal sonography disclosed a well demarcated solid mass and another cystic lesion with a ragged wall in the left lobe of liver . Abdominal CT revealed a mixed density solid mass in the medial segment, and laterally located cystic mass with internal septa . A preoperative diagnosis of double tumors of the left lobe of the liver was made and the patient underwent a left hepatic lobectomy . Hepatocellular carcinoma and cystadenocarcinoma were diagnosed by histopathological examination . The patient has been well without tumor recurrence after one and a half year's follow-up. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi, 1993 Mar-Apr, 34(2), 84 - 90 Surgical management of complicated gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children; Sheu JC et al.; From January 1984 to October 1991, 11 consecutive patients with complication of Salmonella infection received surgical intervention at our hospital . The age at operation ranged from 4 days to 8 years old, with a mean of 1 year and 8 months . Most of them (64%) were under the age of one year . Eight cases were male, 3 cases were female . The most common pathogen was Salmonella paratyphi Gr . B (73%); the most common presenting symptoms and signs were abdominal pain (82%), pyrexia (82%) and muscle guarding (82%) . The indications for surgery included pneumoperitoneum (55%), peritonitis (36%) and intestinal obstruction (9%); 6 cases received one stage operation, 5 cases received staged operations (enterostomy) . The most commonly involved organ was ileum (54%) . Ceftriazone (rocephin) was the drug of choice for the first 2 weeks postoperatively . Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was used for at least 2 weeks . The postoperative complications included adhesion ileus (9%), high output enterostomy (9%), reperforation (9%), and wound infection (18%); there was no surgical mortality . Prompt diagnosis, early resuscitation and operative management are mandatory to avoid mortality. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1993 Mar, 24(1), 18 - 22 Some characteristics of hospitalized HIV seropositive patients in Myanmar; Soe S et al.; Twenty-two hospitalized HIV seropositive patients were studied prospectively between July 1991 and January 1992 . The majority of the patients were intravenous drug users (IVDUs) . Their age ranged from 20 to 38 years with a male preponderance of 12 to 1 . Anemia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 100%, 36% and 41%, respectively . The common pathogens like malaria parasites, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Entamoeba histolytica, Streptococcus and Salmonella were isolated/identified rather than opportunistic organisms. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1993 Mar, 24(1), 119 - 25 Ileal perforation in typhoid: bacteriological and immunological findings; Peiris JS et al.; In typhoid perforation patients, Salmonella typhi was isolated from blood in 4%, ileal contents in 23%, peritoneal pus in 13% and from mesenteric lymph nodes in 71% . While isolation of S . typhi was made from patients with less than 4 days of chloramphenicol therapy, cultures were negative from these sites after 5 days of therapy; however, S . typhi appeared to remain viable in the lymph nodes even after such therapy . All isolates of S . typhi were sensitive to chloramphenicol . Significant SAT titers (0 > or = 1/240) were obtained in only 7/21 (33%) of patients . The perforated group had lower geometric mean titers (0-1/138; H-1/46), when compared to matched patients with uncomplicated typhoid fever (0-1/476; H-1/148) . This difference was significant (0- p < 0.0