Dakar Med, 1994, 39(1), 51 - 5 {Non typhoidic salmonellosis in the African pediatric population}; Sow D et al.; The study of non-typhoidic salmonellosis in A . royer pediatric Hospital (Dakar) during a five year term (1985-1989) was realised on thirty five medical records . This pathology accounts for 0.4% of admissions and occurs mainly on children under 3 years old (83%) essentially with a pathologic background . The main clinical forms were septicemia (46%) and gastro-enteritis (31%) . Purulent meningitidis represented 45% of all the localized forms . Only one case of asymptomatic carriage has been identified . The seventeen serotypes of Salmonella identified belong to eight serogroups . S . enteritidis and S . typhimurium represented 51% of the isolates . Susceptibility to antibiotics of these different serotypes were variable, the third generation cephalosporins and gentamycin having inhibited more than 80% of the strains . The mean duration of antibiotherapy was 21 days with a mortality rising to 17% . The association ampicilline-gentamycin although criticable, remains indication as first treatment because of the availability of these drugs. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1993 Dec 17, 118(50), 1844 - 6 {Sepsis and spondylodiscitis caused by Salmonella enteritidis}; Perras B et al.; Four weeks after an attack of bronchopneumonia a 59-year-old veterinary surgeon developed backache . The chest radiograph showed an impression fracture of the 11th thoracic vertebra . Persisting fever led to hospitalization . Several blood cultures grew Salmonella enteritidis . Computed tomography demonstrated a fracture of the 11th thoracic vertebra with osteolytic infiltration and paravertebral soft-tissue infiltration . Bone scan showed band-like contrast enhancement in the same area . Treatment at first consisted of Ciprofloxacin, 200 mg twice daily intravenously for 5 days, then 750 mg orally twice daily for 3 months . The fever regressed within a few days . Sclerosis of the affected vertebral area became radiologically evident after 6 weeks . After this the patient was allowed to move around again, without any further problems. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1993 Dec 15, 114(3), 299 - 304 Membrane localisation of a UDP-sugar hydrolase, in Salmonella, is by an uncleaved N-terminal signal peptide; Jones RA et al.; Most isolates of Salmonella contain two unrelated UDP-sugar hydrolases, one of which, encoded by the ushB gene, is inner membrane-associated . Previous studies showed that this enzyme contains a typical N-terminal signal peptide; the evidence also indicated, however, that this peptide is not cleaved, and serves to anchor the UshB protein in the inner membrane . In this report, we present strong evidence that this is indeed the case by using ushB'-'blaM fusions to demonstrate that this signal peptide is capable of localising beta-lactamase to the inner membrane . We also present evidence that UshB is located on the exterior (periplasmic) side of the membrane, and hence has an 'N-terminus inside/C-terminus outside' membrane orientation, consistent with a role in the degradation of external substrates. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1993 Dec 15, 114(3), 293 - 8 UDP-sugar hydrolase isozymes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli: silent alleles of ushA in related strains of group I Salmonella isolates, and of ushB in wild-type and K12 strains of E . coli, indicate recent and early silencing events, respectively; Edwards CJ et al.; Escherichia coli contains a single periplasmic UDP-glucose hydrolase (5'-nucleotidase) encoded by ushA . Salmonella enterica, serotype Typhimurium, also contains a single UDP-glucose hydrolase but, in contrast to E . coli, it is membrane-bound and is encoded by the non-homologous ushB gene; Salmonella enterica (Typhimurium) also contains a silent allele of the ushA gene (ushA0) . In this report, we show that nearly all natural isolates of Salmonella contain both UDP-sugar hydrolases, i.e . they are UshA+ UshB+ . The only exceptions are all from sub-group I (S . gallinarum, S . pullorum, and most Typhimurium strains), are UshA- UshB+, and several have been shown to contain an ushA0 allele . These data, together with the fact that these latter strains are closely related genetically, strongly suggests a recent silencing mutation(s) . We also report the presence in E . coli K-12, and in natural isolates of E . coli, of a DNA sequence which is homologous to the ushB gene of Salmonella; since E . coli does not contain UshB activity, we tentatively refer to this sequence as ushB0 . Since all E . coli strains investigated are UshB-, we conclude that the silencing mutation(s) occurred relatively early following the divergence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from a common ancestor that was ushA+ ushB+. Eur J Biochem, 1993 Dec 15, 218(3), 797 - 806 Structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides on porcine plasma vitronectin; Yoneda A et al.; The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides, especially the distribution of sialic acid species, present on porcine plasma vitronectin were elucidated . Oligosaccharides were released from the vitronectin by N-glycosidase F digestion and tagged with 2-aminopyridine, and the pyridylamino-oligosaccharides were fractionated by anion-exchange and reverse-phase HPLC . Nine major pyridyl-amino-oligosaccharides were isolated . The linkages and locations of sialic acids were determined by a novel approach involving desialylation with Salmonella sialidase in combination with acid desialylation . After desialylation, the asialo-forms were analyzed by two-dimensional sugar mapping, component sugar analysis and 400-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy . The major oligosaccharides of porcine vitronectin were of the fucosylated biantennary type, with a small amount of the triantennary N-acetyllactosamine type, to which 1-3 mol sialic acids was linked . Sialic acids were linked predominantly through alpha 2-6 linkages, although alpha 2-3 linkages were also present, and fucose was linked to the innermost N-acetylglucosamine through an alpha 1-6 linkage . It was found that every pyridylamino-oligosaccharide population contained N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid in a molar ratio of 1:2-9, and that N-glycolylneuraminic acids were located predominantly on the Man alpha 1-6 arm. J Immunol Methods, 1993 Dec 3, 166(2), 263 - 70 New procedure for the detection of complement deficiency by ELISA . Analysis of activation pathways and circumvention of rheumatoid factor influence; Fredrikson GN et al.; A procedure using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the assessment of complement function has been evaluated . The sera investigated were incubated in microtiter plates with solid-phase complement activators . Human polyclonal IgG or monoclonal IgM were used for classical activation pathway assays and Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for alternative activation pathway assays . The analysis focussed on deposition of C9 and properdin as detected with enzyme-conjugated antibodies . In an attempt to avoid spurious results due to rheumatoid factors in patient sera, monoclonal mouse and chicken antibodies were unsuccessfully tested as indicator reagents in the assay with solid-phase IgG . However, the use of solid-phase IgM as an activator completely circumvented the influence of rheumatoid factors . With solid-phase IgG or IgM, properdin deposition occurred in the absence of factor D . A combination of assays is suggested for diagnostic purposes: IgM-coated plates with detection of bound C9 and properdin for the classical pathway and LPS-coated plates with detection of bound properdin for the alternative pathway . The procedure distinguished between defects of the classical activation pathway (C1, C4, C2), the alternative activation pathway (C3, factor B, factor D, properdin) and the terminal components (C5-C9) . This analytical approach may be useful for detection of inherited complement deficiency and the assessment of complement function in acquired complement deficiency states. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev, 1993 Dec 3, 3(13), R179 - 83 An outbreak of infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 associated with the use of raw shell eggs; Irwin DJ et al.; A community outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 infection, associated with eating food from a sandwich bar in Colchester, occurred in July 1991 . One hundred and forty-four people were reported with food poisoning, of whom 132 met the clinical case definition . Three cohort studies of 92 people showed that illness was associated with the consumption of food containing mayonnaise . S . enteritidis PT4, indistinguishable by plasmid profile analysis, was isolated from stool samples from 83 people, food items including egg shells from the sandwich bar, and birds taken from the egg producing farm which supplied the eggs . This was the largest recorded outbreak of S . enteritidis PT4 infection in recent years associated with eggs produced in the United Kingdom . Existing advice on avoiding the use of raw eggs in uncooked dishes had not been followed . This outbreak highlights the importance of training in the implementation of this advice. Poult Sci, 1993 Dec, 72(12), 2264 - 71 Salmonella enteritidis immune leukocyte-stimulated soluble factors: effects on increased resistance to Salmonella organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks; McGruder ED et al.; Cytokines, derived from either concanavalin A-stimulated Salmonella enteritidis-immune chicken T lymphocytes {SE-immune Lymphocyte Stimulated Soluble Factor (LSSF)} or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated SE-immune chicken macrophages {SE-immune Macrophage Stimulated Soluble Factor (MSSF)}, were evaluated for their ability to increase resistance to SE organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks . In Trial 1, day of hatch chicks were injected i.p . with either SE-immune LSSF or SE-nonimmune LSSF (control) . In Trial 2, chicks were similarly injected with either SE-immune MSSF, SE-nonimmune MSSF, or SE-immune LSSF (positive control) . Thirty minutes postinjection, all chicks were gavaged with an invasive dose of SE . Twenty-four hours later, livers and spleens from all chicks were cultured for SE . In Trial 1, SE-immune LSSF caused a rapid and marked protection (P < .01) against SE infection as determined by the number of chicks that were culture positive regardless of challenge dose . In Trial 2, SE-immune MSSF was not associated with protection against SE organ infection . These experiments demonstrate that SE-immune LSSF, but not MSSF, are able to confer protection against SE organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks . Thus, it appears that the stimulated immune T cell, and not the macrophage, is responsible for producing the soluble products that protected the chicks. Isr J Med Sci, 1993 Dec, 29(12), 783 - 90 Water quality, waterborne disease and enteric disease in Israel, 1976-92; Tulchinsky TH et al.; Israel experienced a large number of waterborne disease outbreaks between 1975 and 1985, followed by a steep decline in the period 1986-92 . Large-scale community waterborne disease outbreaks occurred primarily in the late 1970s, and in 1985 (the Krayot, four small towns neighboring Haifa), but substantial outbreaks occurred as late as 1989, with 4 during 1986-90, and 1 during 1991-92 . New water standards, including mandatory chlorination of all community water supplies, came into effect in late 1988 . Water quality, as monitored by the Ministry of Health, showed a marked improvement even when measured by the more stringent standards of the 1988 regulations . Long-term trends in the total of reported enteric infectious diseases from all sources, including typhoid, hepatitis, Shigella and Salmonella in Israel are examined . Typhoid, which has been declining since the 1960s, peaked in 1985 with the large waterborne disease episode of the Krayot . Shigella and total hepatitis incidence increased slowly up to the mid-1970s, followed by large increases during the 1975-85 period, then by a rapid decline up to 1991 . Shigella, from childhood contacts in kindergartens, increased in 1992 . Salmonella incidence continues to increase steadily . Mandatory chlorination and more stringent water standards have had an important impact on water quality and on waterborne disease outbreaks in Israel . Empiric evidence suggests that improving water quality may also be a factor in the changing patterns of some enteric diseases and the total burden of enteric disease in Israel. Biokhimiia, 1993 Dec, 58(12), 1880 - 5 {The role of phospholipids and their fatty acids in the structural organization of membranes of plasmid-containing and plasmid-less Salmonella derby cells}; Pepoian AZ et al.; The effect of R-plasmid on the qualitative and quantitative compositions of phospholipids and their fatty acids in bacterial (S . derby) cells has been studied . It has been found that the lack of R-plasmid in bacterial cells leads to a sharp decrease in the phospholipid content, in the phosphatidylcholine content in particular, and causes an increase in the per cent content of lysophosphatidylcholines . The per cent content of saturated and nonsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids in plasmid-free cells does not change appreciably . In the plasmid-free strain of S . derby the intensity of lipid peroxidation is associated with a relatively high content of alpha-tocopherol. Am J Physiol, 1993 Dec, 265(6 Pt 2), R1369 - 75 Role of intrapreoptic norepinephrine in endotoxin-induced fever in guinea pigs; Shido O et al.; The peripheral administration of pyrogens has been shown previously to affect the activity of central noradrenergic neurons, but the effects have been variable and no consensus has emerged regarding their functional significance . Because norepinephrine (NE) microdialyzed into the preoptic area (PO) of the anterior hypothalamus of conscious guinea pigs is hypothermizing, the possibility was investigated whether NE might be a febrilytic rather than a febrigenic mediator . Intravenous injections of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (2.0 micrograms/kg) evoked a bimodal fever, which was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by NE microdialyzed (10 or 20 micrograms/microliters at a rate of 2 microliters/min for various durations) into the PO . The alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists rauwolscine (1 or 2 micrograms/microliters) and yohimbine (1 microgram/microliter) microdialyzed intrapreoptically significantly reduced the trough of body (core) temperature (Tc) between the first and second peaks of the bimodal fever and prolonged the overall febrile course . None of these effects was associated with changes in skin temperature . The level of NE (assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection) in the preoptic extracellular fluid collected by intracerebral microdialysis was significantly elevated at the end of each rising phase of the bimodal fever, just before or about the time when Tc began to fall, compared with pyrogen-free saline controls at the same times . These results suggest that intrapreoptic NE may have a thermolytic effect on fever by reducing metabolic heat production and may thus play a physiological role in the initiation of febrilysis in guinea pigs. Food Chem Toxicol, 1993 Dec, 31(12), 981 - 7 Analysis of commercial bouillons for trace levels of mutagens; Stavric B et al.; A new method, developed specifically for the extraction of heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) type mutagens from different food matrices, was applied to various forms of commercially available bouillons . This procedure is based on liquid-liquid extraction of the sample at different pH values . Recovery and reproducibility of the procedure was determined by processing spiked samples using a mutagenicity bioassay technique as an endpoint . The mutagenicity was tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay using strain TA98 with metabolic activation . 22 bouillon samples in liquid, cube or powder forms from seven manufacturers were extracted and tested for potential mutagenicity . The mutagenic activity of these samples varied and ranged from non-detectable to about 1200 induced revertants per gram of solid material, with a median value of approximately 250 revertants/g . The mutagenic response appeared to be dependent on the source rather than the type or form of the product tested . A negative response was obtained from only one chicken bouillon, and the highest positive response was obtained from a beef bouillon in cube form . It appears that the average beef sample, regardless of form, has a higher mutagenic potency than chicken or chicken and turkey samples . Overall, the intake of mutagens from commercial bouillons (obtained as cubes, concentrates or dry mixes) to prepare one serving (as bouillon, soup, casseroles, etc.) is considerably less than that reported in the literature for one serving of fried beef or pork . The extractability and mutagenic characteristics of these samples indicate the presence of HAA-type mutagens . Work is in progress to identify the mutagenic factors in bouillons. South Med J, 1993 Dec, 86(12), 1350 - 3 Outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritidis from locally produced grade A eggs, South Carolina; Luby S et al.; Recent investigations of outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis among humans, especially in the northeastern United States, implicate grade A shell chicken eggs as the likely vehicle of transmission . In April 1991 we investigated an outbreak of S enteritidis infections after a wedding anniversary celebration in Beaufort, South Carolina . Sixty-eight percent of persons who ate a macaroni and cheese dish, but none of the 16 attendees who did not, became ill (P < .001) . The chef used six grade A eggs in the macaroni and cheese and may have undercooked it . The egg supplier processed eggs exclusively from farms in South Carolina and North Carolina . This outbreak suggests that the epidemic of S enteritidis in flocks of laying hens the consequent threat of human infection has spread to the Carolinas. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Dec, 111(3), 473 - 81 An outbreak of Salmonella mikawasima associated with doner kebabs; Synnott M et al.; During October 1992 an increase in the number of isolates of Salmonella mikawasima, a rare serotype, was noted including a cluster of nine cases in the South West Thames region . A case control study was conducted and univariate analysis showed a statistical association between illness and eating at take-away A for cases compared with household controls (P = 0.003) and with neighbourhood controls (P = 0.0245) . Cases were also more likely to have eaten kebabs than were controls or average take-away A customers, implicating doner kebabs as the most likely vehicle of infection . Plasmid profile analysis of the nine cases' isolates showed them to be indistinguishable and to be characterized by a single plasmid of approximately 60 MDa . The original source of the Salmonella mikawasima contamination was not determined, but food preparation practices for kebabs at take-away A were insufficient to protect against illness if contaminated . This outbreak was only recognized because of the unusual serotype, but could be an indication of a more widespread problem with doner kebabs. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Dec, 111(3), 455 - 64 A quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for the detection in avian faeces of salmonellas carrying the spvR gene; Mahon J et al.; A quick, semi-quantitative method of detecting Salmonella species which contain the virulence plasmid has been developed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . A pair of primers have been synthesized encompassing a 500 bp fragment of the spvR virulence gene . Competitor DNA consisting of the spvR gene with a 94 bp deletion situated between the primer recognition sequences, was cloned into a plasmid vector . Co-amplification of the 'unknown' target salmonella DNA with known quantities of competitor DNA in the same reaction tube gave PCR products of 500 and 406 bp respectively . Visual assessment of the ratio of the two products on ethidium bromide stained agarose gels provided an estimate of the approximate number of salmonella cells present in avian faeces . The technique could be applied to detect quantifiably any non-host DNA in clinical samples if a suitable DNA sequence for primer construction is available. Carcinogenesis, 1993 Dec, 14(12), 2457 - 62 Activation of the food derived carcinogen 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline by rat pleural cavity inflammatory cells; Banning DP et al.; There is an increased risk of developing neoplastic disease at sites of chronic inflammation . We have used a model of rat pleural cavity inflammation induced with carrageenan to obtain inflammatory cells comprising predominantly phagocytes (macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils) to examine their ability to activate chemical carcinogens . Treatment of these cells with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 15 mM) to stimulate respiratory burst, resulted in a rapid release of reactive oxygen species . Incubation of the cooked food promutagen 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimadazo-{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) with PMA (or phorbol dibutyrate or opsonised zymosan or silica) stimulated pleural cavity phagocytes, generated highly electrophilic products which were mutagenic in an Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay . whereas resting cells (no PMA) had negligible activity . Mutagenic activation of MeIQx by PMA stimulated cells could be reduced by inhibitors of active oxygen such as mannitol, benzoate, dimethyl sulphoxide, superoxide dismutase and catalase and by inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity . In contrast the very potent, broad spectrum cytochrome P450 inhibitor 8-methoxypsoralen had no effect, suggesting the reaction was not cytochrome P450 dependent . Activation of MeIQx by PMA stimulated cells could be abolished by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporin, confirming the importance of protein kinase C in the reaction . Furthermore, performing incubations in the presence of fluoride (10 mM) to directly stimulate adenylyl cyclase avoided the requirement for phorbol ester in the activation process . These data show that phagocytes stimulated to release active oxygen species can activate MeIQx to a mutagenic derivative . Mutagenic activation of MeIQx in this system was dependent upon the generation of active oxygen via signal transduction pathways involving protein kinase C and adenylyl cyclase . We suggest that the mechanism of MeIQx activation by phagocytes probably involves one electron oxidation mediated by active oxygen species. Am J Public Health, 1993 Dec, 83(12), 1694 - 700 Salmonella enteritidis infections in France and the United States: characterization by a deterministic model; Watier L et al.; OBJECTIVES . Epidemiological surveillance can be used to identify problems, suggest hypotheses, and assess the effectiveness of preventive actions . These objectives are pursued in the analysis of the dynamic evolution of Salmonella enteritidis infections . In this analysis, development of the epidemic in France and the United States is compared . METHODS . This analysis is based on the formulation of a simple deterministic compartmental model, in which human contact with contaminated food is expressed in terms of a baseline transmission rate . RESULTS . In France, the baseline transmission rate, stable up until 1986, is multiplied by 2.3 in 1987 and by 4.1 in 1988 . There is no evidence of a slowdown of the linear rate of increase . In the Middle Atlantic region of the United States, the linear increase of the epidemic is similar to that observed in France . From 1990 a potential effect of the preventive measures is observed . CONCLUSIONS . The pattern of increase of the baseline transmission rate is similar in France and in the Middle Atlantic region of the United States . However, preventive measures, used in both areas, appeared more effective in the United States. J Med Microbiol, 1993 Dec, 39(6), 454 - 8 Insertion sequence IS200 can differentiate drug-resistant and drug-sensitive Salmonella typhi of Vi-phage types E1 and M1; Threlfall EJ et al.; The type strains of Vi-phage types E1, M1 and A of Salmonella typhi, together with drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains of phage types E1 and M1 isolated in 1992 from patients associated with India or Pakistan, and a drug-resistant strain of phage type A isolated in South Africa in 1991, were characterised with respect to the presence of plasmids conferring resistance to antimicrobial drugs and their chromosomal insertion sequence IS200 profiles . The three type strains, the drug-sensitive strains of Vi-phage types E1 and M1, and a strain of phage type M1 resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim but not to chloramphenicol, did not contain plasmids . In contrast, for strains of phage types E1 and M1 resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, and for the drug-resistant strain of phage type A, the complete spectrum of resistance was encoded by high molecular mass plasmids belonging to the H1 incompatibility group . Characterisation of IS200 profiles demonstrated that at least 13 IS200 copies were distributed on the chromosome of all strains tested . Although the IS200 profiles of the type strains of Vi-phage types A, E1 and M1 were identical, it was possible to distinguish between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Vi-phage types E1 and M1 isolated from patients infected in India and Pakistan by this method . It was concluded that although IS200 typing is not as discriminatory as phage typing for the primary subdivision of S . typhi, it may be useful for certain epidemiological investigations and, in particular, for investigating the origins of strains with multiple drug resistance. Infect Immun, 1993 Dec, 61(12), 5231 - 6 Expression of the Salmonella virulence plasmid gene spvB in cultured macrophages and nonphagocytic cells; Fierer J et al.; Certain serotypes of salmonellae carry virulence plasmids that greatly enhance the pathogenicity of these bacteria in experimentally infected mice . This phenotype is largely attributable to the 8-kb spv regulon . However, spv genes are not expressed while bacteria grow in vitro . We now show that spvB, which is required for virulence, is expressed rapidly after Salmonella dublin is ingested by cultured J774 and murine peritoneal macrophages and that expression is not affected by the alkalinization of intracellular vesicles . The level of induction of spvB is reduced when macrophages are pretreated with gamma interferon . spvB is also expressed in human and canine epithelial cell lines and a human hepatoma cell line . In all cases, spvB expression is dependent on the spvR gene, just as it is in stationary-phase cultures in vitro . These data suggest that spv virulence genes are expressed by intracellular salmonellae in vivo in response to a signal that is common to the intracellular compartments of cells that are invaded by salmonellae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1993 Dec, 12(12), 940 - 4 Inhibition of endotoxin-induced interleukin 8 release by teicoplanin in human whole blood; Foca A et al.; Antibiotic-induced endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) release may precipitate septic shock . In the present study the effect of teicoplanin, which has been reported to neutralize LPS in experimental models, on LPS neutralization was investigated in human whole blood samples . Levels of interleukin 8, a preinflammatory cytokine which was stimulated by Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS (12.6 micrograms/ml), were monitored over time . Interleukin 8 concentrations increased over time up to 24 h . When LPS was preincubated with teicoplanin (antibiotic: LPS ratio 20:1, w/w), interleukin 8 concentrations were found significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 4, 8 and 24 h after LPS challenge . Interleukin 1 beta (at 4, 8 and 24 h) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (at 8 and 24 h) levels were also significantly decreased by teicoplanin . In this experiment model, a teicoplanin:LPS ratio 100-fold less than the ratio achievable in plasma of septic shock patients was able to reduce interleukin 8, which has been correlated with the severity of septic disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1993 Dec, 12(12), 907 - 10 Ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of multiresistant typhoid fever; Wallace MR et al.; A randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone (3 g given parenterally per day for 7 days) to ciprofloxacin (500 mg given orally twice a day for 7 days) in the treatment of blood culture positive typhoid fever was conducted . Twenty patients were openly randomized to receive ciprofloxacin and 22 to receive ceftriaxone . The outcome was classified as clinical failure in 6 patients (27%) in the ceftriaxone group, but in none in the ciprofloxacin group (p = 0.01) . The mean duration of fever was four days in the ciprofloxacin group and about five days in the ceftriaxone group (p = 0.04) . In the six patients in the ceftriaxone group who experienced failure, therapy was switched to ciprofloxacin and the patients became afebrile and asymptomatic within 48 hours . Patients with resistant strains of Salmonella typhi and patients with sensitive strains responded equally well to ciprofloxacin therapy . Analysis of a subset of 12 of the multiresistant strains revealed that resistance was encoded for by a transferable 180 kilobase plasmid . Ciprofloxacin represents a useful treatment option in areas where multiresistant strains are likely to be encountered. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1993 Dec, 106(12), 404 - 7 {Plasmid profiles of different Salmonella serovars from poultry flocks in Germany}; Atanassova V et al.; 151 salmonella isolates belonging to 6 serotypes and originating from diverse material collected in broiler chicken farms, hatcheries and poultry slaughteries in Northern Germany during 1984 and 1990 were investigated for their plasmid DNA content . This is the first report describing plasmids of S . saint-paul, isolated from poultry lines . The different plasmids of 22 Md, 3.1 Md, 2.4 Md and 1.1 Md molecular weight can be used for further epidemiological studies of salmonellosis in poultry . The 62 Md plasmid of S . typhimurium and the 36 Md plasmid of S . enteritidis have been found to be serovar specific . The smaller plasmids (m . w . less than 5.0 Md), found in S . virchow and S . blockley can be used for further epidemiological studies. Vet Q, 1993 Dec, 15(4), 125 - 35 Bacterial typing methods suitable for epidemiological analysis . Applications in investigations of salmonellosis among livestock; Olsen JE et al.; The ability to subtype bacteria by typing methods provides the bacteriologist with a powerful means to identify relationships between bacteria . This knowledge is used to identify routes of disease transmission among livestock and from livestock to humans . In the present paper, the principles of bacterial typing and the most commonly applied typing methods for use in veterinary public health are discussed in the context of their application in the investigation of salmonella epidemiology . Typing methods are now routinely used in most investigations on this subject and have provided insight into routes of transmission, reservoirs of infection and mechanisms of persistent infection . Under the EC order on zoonotic diseases, extended surveillance on the presence of zoonotic bacteria in livestock must be expected . To receive the maximum benefits of this surveillance, selected typing methods must be applied to all isolates of e.g . salmonella . At present, serotyping, and phage typing where applicable, are the most obvious choices for continuous surveillance of this organism . Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (PCR based typing) may have the potential for allocating strains into relevant groups quicker and without the requirement for additional manpower, and this method may be preferred in future. Tierarztl Prax, 1993 Dec, 21(6), 491 - 7 {Salmonellae and consumer health protection}; Grossklaus D; To a major extent, the dramatic increase of food-transmitted infections caused by Salmonella is due to latent Salmonella infections in animal stocks . At the moment, a uniform clone of the phage type 4 of Salmonella enteritidis is mainly responsible . It causes illness through eggs or egg-containing food . Control of salmonellosis is made more difficult by the fact that, apart from affecting animal stocks, it has now contaminated the environment including feed stuffs . In addition, secondary contamination, occurring during both food production and processing, is a constant threat to public health . The most important aim must be the creation of Salmonella-free animal stocks by carrying out regular hygiene control and vaccination programmes and implementing immune-prophylactic measures . Because of the EC Zoonoses Guideline, redevelopment efforts will have to concentrate in the first place on poultry stocks . It is expected from the EC Egg Regulation, in force since May 1993, that it will drastically diminish the risk of infection from the final product . This paper discusses the most recent registration statistics and inspection results regarding food, animal stocks, faeces, sewage, feedstuff and soil samples . Furthermore, epidemiological facts as well as ways and causes of infection are described . Finally, the author gives recommendations for the fight against salmonellosis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1993 Dec, 182(6), 305 - 16 Enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor secretion by hyperimmune serum from chronic infected patients; Kronborg G et al.; Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection have a very high load of endotoxins in their lungs . However, sepsis practically never occurs in this group of patients and the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (one of the mediators of septic shock) in serum from chronically infected CF patients is contentious . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hyperimmune serum from patients with CF on lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin)-induced TNF secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) . PBMC were purified from healthy donors and stimulated with a mixture of purified LPS from P . aeruginosa and serum from chronically infected CF patients or healthy controls . TNF in the cell supernatants was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method . CF sera showed a pronounced potentiating effect on TNF secretion from human PBMC induced by LPS from P . aeruginosa . In comparison, serum from healthy controls did not have this effect . By contrast, CF serum and serum from healthy controls showed only little potentiating effect when using LPS from Salmonella abortus equi at concentrations above 0.01 microgram/ml per 2 x 10(6) PBMC . This indicates a specific interaction between P . aeruginosa LPS and CF serum which enhances TNF secretion . The TNF responses varied depending on the sera used in the preincubation with LPS, and correlated positively to the specific IgG, IgA, and IgM anti-P . aeruginosa LPS titers of the sera . However, since TNF is hardly detectable in sera from these patients another LPS- and/or TNF-inhibitory activity may be present in these sera. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1993 Dec, 87 Suppl 3, 27 - 30 Diarrhoeal disease: current concepts and future challenges . Rapid detection of enteric infections by measurement of enteric pathogen-specific antibody secreting cells in peripheral blood; Murphy JR; Enteric infections and diarrhoeal disease are important causes of morbidity and mortality . Infections are often difficult to diagnose, especially when access to sophisticated laboratory facilities is limited . In an attempt to develop a rapid method of diagnosis, which might not require an advanced laboratory, advantage was taken of the observation that precursors of lymphocytes secreting immunoglobulin A (IgA), generated in response to mucosal stimulation with an antigen, are transiently present in peripheral blood . Detection of cells in peripheral blood bearing IgA specific for a pathogenic microbe should indicate current infection . This hypothesis was tested using peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from volunteers who were clinically 'normal', had experimentally induced shigellosis, had naturally acquired shigellosis, or had naturally acquired typhoid fever . The method was sensitive for detection of Salmonella typhi infection and less sensitive for detection of Shigella infection . The antibody secreting cell procedure has good potential as a rapid, simple diagnostic procedure if applied during the acute phase of infection. J Rheumatol, 1993 Dec, 20(12), 2123 - 7 Acute arthritis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Rwanda; Blanche P et al.; OBJECTIVE . To determine the etiology of acute arthritis observed in adults and to define its relationship with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection in Kigali, capital city of Rwanda . METHODS . From September 1, 1989 until March 31, 1990 we conducted a study of all new patients admitted with acute arthritis to the outpatient and inpatient services of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali, in Kigali, Rwanda, a city highly endemic for HIV infection . RESULTS . Thirty-six patients (27 men 9 women; mean age: 31 years, range 18-65) were included in the study . Twenty-six (72%) were HIV seropositive . Two main diagnostic categories emerged, both strongly associated with HIV infection: (1) aseptic arthritis: 16 (44.5%) patients including 12 (33.5%) patients with spondyloarthropathy of whom 10 (83%) were HIV seropositive, and 4 (11%) patients with HIV related arthritis, (2) septic arthritis: 11 (30%) patients of whom 9 (82%) were HIV seropositive, including 4 with gonococcal, 2 with staphylococcal, 1 with Salmonella B and 2 with tuberculous arthritis . CONCLUSION . In an area highly endemic for HIV, acute arthritis should be considered a possible manifestation of HIV infection and should prompt HIV testingPIP: HIV infection is highly endemic in Kigali, Rwanda . The authors report findings from a study conducted from September 1, 1989 to March 31, 1990, to determine the etiology of acute arthritis observed in adults and its relationship with HIV-1 infection in the city . Careful medical histories and full clinical evaluations were conducted upon each new patient admitted with acute arthritis to the outpatient and inpatient services of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali over the period . 27 men and 9 women of mean age 31 years in a range of 18-65 years presented, of whom 72% were HIV seropositive . Aseptic arthritis was diagnosed in 16 patients of whom 14 were HIV seropositive . 12 patients fulfilled the criteria of spondylarthropathy of whom 10 were HIV seropositive . There were 4 cases of HIV-related polyarthritis, while septic arthritis was identified in 11 patients of whom 9 were HIV seropositive, including 4 with gonococcal, 2 with staphylococcal, 1 with Salmonella B, and 2 with tuberculosis arthritis . The authors stress on the basis of these findings the need in an area highly endemic for HIV to consider acute arthritis a possible manifestation of HIV infection which necessitates the testing for HIV . Environ Health Perspect, 1993 Dec, 101 Suppl 5, 45 - 53 Absence of morphologic correlation between chemical toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis; Huff J; The experimental data set used to evaluate site-specific histopathologic correspondence between the morphologic end points of toxicity and carcinogenicity comprises 130 chemical carcinogenesis studies . Nearly 1500 sex-species-exposure-group experiments were evaluated for a) evidence of toxicity or/and carcinogenicity, b) dose-response relationships, c) site-specific correlations of toxicity and carcinogenicity, and d) correspondence with Salmonella mutagenicity . The major conclusions are that chemicals evaluated for long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity in experimental animals divide typically and consistently into three categories: a) chemicals causing organ toxicity without cancer, b) chemicals causing site-specific cancer with no associated toxicity, and c) chemicals causing both toxicity and cancer in the same organ . Few chemicals overall (and none in this data set) fit the remaining group that cause neither toxicity nor carcinogenicity under these protocol conditions . Mutagenicity exhibited no consistent pattern with any of these groupings . Only 7 of 53 "positive" chemicals had target organ toxicity at all sites of carcinogenicity . Just three chemicals showed carcinogenic effects at the highest exposure concentrations without supporting evidence of tumors at the lower levels . From these comparative morphological analyses, and for almost all cases, available data do not support a correlation between chemically induced toxicity or regenerative phenomena and carcinogenicity . Consequently, until scientific knowledge about molecular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis becomes better understood and generally accepted, attempts to use toxicity findings to modify risk assessment processes will be fraught with uncertainty and thus could have a negative impact on public health. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Dec, 111(3), 449 - 54 Outer membrane characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 growing in chickens; Chart H et al.; Strains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type 4 (SE4) were grown in the peritoneal cavities of chickens, and without subculture on laboratory media examined for inducible in vivo phenotypic characteristics . These bacteria expressed three major outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of 33, 35 and 36 kilodaltons (kDa), and iron regulated OMPs of 74, 78 and 81 kDa . Bacteria growing in vivo did not express flagella, or fimbriae with a subunit molecular mass of 14 kDa (14 kDa fimbriae) . Two OMPs of 55 and 23 kDa, expressed during culture in nutrient broth, were repressed during growth in chickens . Possession of a 38 MDa 'mouse virulence' plasmid did not influence the expression of OMPs, flagella or fimbriae . It was concluded that strains of SE4 growing in chicken tissues, use an enterobactin mediated iron uptake system to obtain ferric ions, do not express flagella or 14 kDa fimbriae and appear not to express novel OMPs involved in survival in vivo. Infect Immun, 1993 Dec, 61(12), 5261 - 70 Yersinia lipopolysaccharide is modified by human monocytes; Wuorela M et al.; Reactive arthritis is usually self-limiting polyarthritis, which develops after certain gastrointestinal or urogenital tract infections, mostly in susceptible HLA B27-positive individuals . In the pathogenesis of this arthritis, it is probably important that structures of the causative bacteria are found in the affected joints . The structure found in the synovial fluid phagocytes of the patients with reactive arthritis after Yersinia, Salmonella, and Shigella infections has always been lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the causative bacteria . It has been in a highly processed form but still immunoreactive . To follow the degradation process of LPS, we fed peripheral blood monocytes of healthy blood donors with heat-killed Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 bacteria in vitro and monitored the fate of LPS by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting methods . Heat-killed bacteria were used since Y . enterocolitica O:3 bacteria are able to live inside monocytes in vitro and dividing intracellular bacteria would have made it impossible to monitor the degradation process of LPS with these methods . Both the core region and the O-polysaccharide chain of LPS persisted in cytoplasmic vacuoles and on plasma membrane of monocytes through the 7-day follow-up time . Migration properties of processed LPS in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested structural modifications of LPS . We also demonstrated that core epitopes appearing on the surface of Yersinia-fed monocytes on day 4 of incubation were processed intracellularly, suggesting that LPS-containing phagocytes are a constant source of membrane-active LPS in their microenvironment as well as in the joints of arthritic patients. Mutat Res, 1993 Dec, 319(4), 293 - 301 Two years' air mutagenesis monitoring in a northwestern rural area of Italy with an industrial plant; Scarpato R et al.; The mutagenicity of organic extracts from inhalable airborne particles, collected in a northwestern rural area of Italy in which an industrial plant producing chemical intermediates is present, was assessed during the years 1989 and 1990 . The Ames plate test with Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation was used . Eight sites in the first and three sites in the second year were monitored once and twice a month respectively . Results show that the mutagenicity of air particulate matter reaches maximum values in the cold months and is not dependent on plant activities . In addition, a correlation analysis between mutagenicity data and number of vehicles seems to indicate traffic emissions as the main source of mutagens. Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Nov 26, 20(3), 123 - 30 Evaluation of a new semi-automated screening method for the detection of Salmonella in foods within 24 h; Krusell L et al.; A new method for the detection of Salmonella in foods and feeds, 'The EiaFoss Salmonella Method' has been performance tested in comparison with a traditional technique, the Rappaport-Vassiliadis cultural procedure, as reference method . The new method is based on a two step enrichment procedure (19 and 3 h) using two different pre-enrichment broths (Salmonella enrichment broth, SEB I and SEB II) for raw and processed foods, followed by an automated enzyme immunoassay (EIA) carried out in the 'EiaFoss analyser' . A total of 161 food and nine feed samples were investigated . Only naturally contaminated samples were used . Viable Salmonella were recovered in 30 samples using either method . When using the EiaFoss Salmonella Method 13% more samples (27:24) were proved salmonella-positive compared with the reference method . The explanation for the better performance of the EiaFoss Salmonella Method is discussed and attributed in part to better enrichment procedures when using SEB I or SEB II. Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Nov 26, 20(3), 149 - 58 Use of inexpensive O antisera as the detecting antibodies for Salmonella antigens in the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay; Blais BW et al.; The application of O antigen-specific antisera to the detection of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens was examined in an enzyme immunoassay using polymyxin-coated polyester cloth . The LPS antigens were extracted with deoxycholate and captured on polymyxin-cloth . A mixture of rabbit antisera to Salmonella O antigens was allowed to react with the captured antigens, and the reacted antibodies were detected by an anti-rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate . The assay gave positive results with 40 different Salmonella serotypes which represented more than 99.9% of the serogroups isolated from over 122,000 food, feed and environmental samples analysed at Laboratory Services Division, Agriculture Canada, from 1975 to 1990 . Strong cross-reactivity with Staphylococcus aureus was eliminated by pregrowth of the organisms in the presence of sodium deoxycholate . The O antisera were commercially available and are more economical than monoclonal or affinity purified polyclonal antibodies. J Med Chem, 1993 Nov 12, 36(23), 3663 - 8 Preparation, characterization, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of a pair of enantiomeric platinum(II) complexes with the potential to bind enantioselectively to DNA; Vickery K et al.; The synthesis of a pair of enantiomeric Pt(II) complexes, {Pt(R,R-eap)Cl2} and {Pt(S,S-eap)Cl2} (eap = N,N-diethyl-2,4-pentanediamine), designed to bind enantioselectively to GpG and ApG sequences of DNA is described . The in vitro cytotoxicity of each of the enantiomers toward murine leukemia and human bladder tumor cells has been measured . The R,R enantiomer was found to be more active in the leukemia cells, but the difference was not as great as expected (IC50; R,R 14 microM, S,S 33 microM) . In the bladder tumor cell line, no significant difference in activity was found . The two enantiomers had similar mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion assay, but the R,R enantiomer was more cytotoxic in the bacterial cells . A structural analysis of the R,R enantiomer revealed that the ligand adopted an unexpected configuration, and a strain energy minimization analysis showed that this was a consequence of interactions between the diamine ligand and the dichloro ligands . The significance of the structural preferences with respect to the lower than expected enantiospecificity is discussed . Crystals of {Pt(R,R-eap)Cl2} are monoclinic; space group, P2(1)2(1)2(1); a = 7.909(5), b = 12.972(9), and c = 13.269(12) A; Z = 4; and the structure was refined to R = 0.025 (1657F). Infect Immun, 1993 Nov, 61(11), 4629 - 36 Development of mucosal protection against the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) of Escherichia coli by oral immunization with a genetic fusion delivered by a bacterial vector; Cardenas L et al.; An LT-B-ST (LT-B/ST) fusion peptide was constructed by genetically joining the 5' terminus of a synthetic gene coding for the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) of Escherichia coli to the 3' terminus of the gene coding for the binding subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-B) of E . coli . An eight-amino-acid, proline-containing linker was included between the LT-B and ST moieties . An aroA mutant of Salmonella dublin transformed with a plasmid carrying this genetic construct was shown to express a fusion peptide with antigenic determinants of both LT-B and ST . Mice were immunized orally with this strain or with a control strain expressing just LT-B from the same plasmid . Sera and mucosal secretions were obtained and analyzed for the presence of serum immunoglobulin G and mucosal immunoglobulin A that were able to recognize LT-B and ST by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and, more importantly, were able to neutralize native ST in the suckling mouse assay . Sera and mucosal secretions from animals immunized with the strain expressing the LT-B/ST fusion exhibited detectable ELISA reactivity against LT-B but not against native ST . However, even in the absence of detectable ELISA reactivity, both sera and mucosal secretions from these animals were able to neutralize the biological activity of native ST in the suckling mouse assay . These findings are important because they demonstrate the development of mucosal protection against ST by oral immunization with a genetic fusion delivered by a bacterial vector. Infect Immun, 1993 Nov, 61(11), 4569 - 74 Epithelial cells secrete the chemokine interleukin-8 in response to bacterial entry; Eckmann L et al.; Bacterial invasion of mucosal surfaces results in a rapid influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . The chemotactic stimulus responsible for this response is not known . Since epithelial cells are among the first cells entered by many enteric pathogens, we investigated the ability of epithelial cells to provide an early signal for the mucosal inflammatory response through the release of chemotactic cytokines . As shown herein, the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent chemoattractant and activator of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, was secreted by intestinal and cervical epithelial cells in response to bacterial entry . Moreover, a variety of different bacteria, including those that remain inside phagosomal vacuoles, e.g., Salmonella spp., and those that enter the cytoplasm, e.g., Listeria monocytogenes, stimulated this response . Increased IL-8 mRNA levels could be detected within 90 min after infection . Neither bacterial lipopolysaccharide nor noninvasive bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium, induced an IL-8 response . Moreover, tumor necrosis factor alpha, which is known to be expressed by some epithelial cells, was not detected in the culture supernatants after bacterial entry, and addition of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies had no effect on the IL-8 response following bacterial entry . These data suggest the novel concept that epithelial cells serve as an early signaling system to host immune and inflammatory cells in the underlying mucosa following bacterial entry. Vaccine, 1993 Nov, 11(14), 1386 - 9 Genetically stable temperature-sensitive mutants of Salmonella typhi induce protection in mice; Hooke AM et al.; Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Salmonella typhi were isolated following treatment with nitrosoguanidine, and characterized with respect to cut-off temperature, ts phenotype and reversion frequency . Linkage of the ts mutations to selectable chromosomal markers was established by generalized transduction with bacteriophage phage Vi I, and the appropriate antibiotic resistances were transduced into the ts mutants . Multiple mutant S . typhi were then constructed by combining three independent ts mutations in one strain, utilizing linkage of three of the mutations to erythromycin-, streptomycin- and methylglyoxal-resistance . Several recombinants are genetically stable, with calculated reversion rates of less than 10(-22), and induce both protection from intraperitoneal challenge with the virulent parental wild-type S . typhi in mice and the formation of antibodies to the somatic O-9 and O-12, the flagellar H and the capsular Vi antigens. J Infect, 1993 Nov, 27(3), 243 - 50 Septicaemia in patients with and without AIDS at Westminster Hospital, London; Hickey MM et al.; The types of organism causing septicaemia in patients with AIDS and without AIDS at Westminster Hospital were examined prospectively over a period of 2 years (1990-1991) . Altogether 417 episodes of septicaemia were diagnosed, 148 (35%) of which were in patients with AIDS . Of septicaemias in patients with AIDS, 53 (36%) were caused by mycobacteria . Non-mycobacterial septicaemias were associated with IV access devices in 58 (61%) of patients with AIDS and in 50 (19%) of those without AIDS . Gram-negative organisms were responsible for septicaemia associated with IV access devices in 16 (28%) of 58 patients with AIDS and in 8 (16%) of 50 patients without AIDS . Non-typhoidal Salmonella species or Shigella species caused 13 (31%) of 42 episodes of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative organisms in patients with AIDS . These findings have influenced the strategy for empirical therapy of septicaemia in patients with AIDS at Westminster Hospital. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol, 1993 Nov-Dec, (6), 31 - 4 {Restriction analysis of chromosomal DNA from strains of Salmonella enteritidis}; Riabchenko LE et al.; Restriction analysis of the chromosomal DNA from 17 Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in Moscow and Novomoskovsk (Tula region) during epidemics and sporadically has been undertaken . Restriction profiles of the studied strains divide them into five groups differing in physical structure of chromosomal DNA which is expressed in the presence of supplementary and more intensively stained DNA fragments, possibly, amplified . Restriction analysis is hindered by the presence of plasmids in the strains and demands a parallel analysis of the plasmid DNA carried by the strain . Lack of coincidence of strain groups obtained by different methods demands further investigation to define the real significance of the different methods for Salmonella enteritidis typing. J Appl Bacteriol, 1993 Nov, 75(5), 435 - 40 Characterization of Salmonella virchow phage types by plasmid profile and IS200 distribution; Torre E et al.; The type strains of the 57 phage types of Salmonella virchow have been characterized by plasmid profile and by distribution of the insertion sequence IS200 . Thirty-two strains carried plasmids and 21 profile types were identified; 17 strains were resistant to antimicrobial agents . In contrast only six of the type strains carried IS200 elements and three patterns were identified . Within Salm . virchow phage type 31, five of 10 wild-type isolates carried plasmids and two plasmid profiles were identified; in contrast, an IS200 element was identified in the genome of only one of these strains . It is concluded that for Salm . virchow, IS200 is unlikely to significantly extend the degree of discrimination achieved by phage typing which may be supplemented when appropriate by plasmid profile typing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993 Nov, 37(11), 2293 - 7 Liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin in treatment of murine salmonellosis; Magallanes M et al.; We used a dehydration-rehydration procedure in order to efficiently incorporate ciprofloxacin into phospholipid vesicles (liposomes), which we then used to treat BALB/c mice that had been infected per os with Salmonella dublin . A single injection of liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin (LIC) was 10 times more effective than a single injection of free drug at preventing mortality . When free ciprofloxacin was administered twice daily for 5 days, it was more effective than when it was administered as a single dose . Treatment with LIC produced dose-dependent decreases in bacterial counts in spleen, stool, and Peyer's patches, indicating that the drug had distributed to all areas of inflammation, not just to the major reticuloendothelial system organs . Although LIC was cleared rapidly from the blood, drug persisted in the liver and spleen for at least 48 h after administration of a dose of LIC . We attribute the enhanced activity of LIC to the concentration and persistence of active drug in the infected organs . Our results confirm the fact that ciprofloxacin is effective therapy for systemic salmonella infection and show that LIC is even more effective than aqueous ciprofloxacin in our model. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1993 Nov, 67(11), 1052 - 6 {A study on the bactericidal activity of povidone-iodine in the synthetic mediums}; Mizukami Y et al.; To evaluate the bactericidal activity of povidone-iodine (PVI), synthetic mediums without the protein components were prepared . The stability of the available iodine in the synthetic mediums was compared with that in heart infusion broth (HIB; natural broth) . The available iodine was remarkably decreased soon after addition of PVI in the HIB, but it was stable for 24 hr in the synthetic mediums . The growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis were found to be normal in the synthetic mediums . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of PVI in the synthetic mediums were about one thousandth of that in HIB, and the phenol coefficients (PCs) of PVI in the synthetic mediums were about 30 times lower than that in the HIB. Eur J Vasc Surg, 1993 Nov, 7(6), 747 - 9 False aneurysm formation of the right common femoral artery: a rare complication of a Salmonella infection; Klicks RJ et al.; We present a case history of a patient admitted with a Salmonella infection of the lymph nodes in the right groin . After 5 days a false aneurysm of the right common femoral artery developed . The patient was successfully treated with an extra-anatomic (obturator) bypass, isolation of the aneurysm, and local as well as systemic antibiotic therapy. Poult Sci, 1993 Nov, 72(11), 2069 - 78 Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous Salmonella enteritidis infection; Holt PS et al.; Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more SE and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with unmolted hens . A study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE infection . Hens aged 59 and 69 wk in Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days later . In Trial 1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive on Days 38 (P < or = .005) and 45 (P < or = .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE on these days (P < or = .05 and P < or = .005, respectively) than unmolted hens . Horizontal transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact-exposed hens in adjacent cages was also higher in the molted group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P < or = .05) and 45 (P < or = .001) . Molted, contact-exposed hens also shed significantly more SE than unmolted hens . In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the differences were not significant . However, more molted contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P < or = .05) and 38 (P < or = .005) and also shed more SE on these days (P < or = .05 and P < or = .01), respectively) than the unmolted hens . Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were also examined in Trial 2 . Molting appeared to exert no effect on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary tract were lower in the molted hens than the unmolted hens on Days 45 (P < or = .005) and 52 (P < or = .05) . In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly infected hens and two of eight molted contact-exposed hens produced any SE-contaminated eggs . In Trial 2, no SE-contaminated eggs were produced. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1993 Nov, 148(5), 1179 - 86 Endotoxin primes perfused rabbit lungs for enhanced vasoconstrictor response to staphylococcal alpha-toxin; Walmrath D et al.; The major pore-forming exotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, causes thromboxane-mediated pulmonary hypertension and prostanoid-independent protracted vascular leakage in perfused rabbit lungs . We asked whether lung responsiveness to the staphylococcal agent would be altered by a preceding period of endotoxin priming . Isolated rabbit lungs were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer in the presence or absence of 100 ng/ml Salmonella abortus equii endotoxin for up to 5 h . The lipopolysaccharide exposure evoked the release of large quantities of tumor necrosis factor into the vascular and alveolar spaces but did not significantly alter pulmonary artery pressure, organ weight, or the repeatedly assessed capillary filtration coefficient (Kfc) . Two and 4 h after endotoxin administration, alpha-toxin (10 to 30 ng/ml) was bolus-injected into the pulmonary artery . Toxin-evoked prostanoid generation (TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and pressor responses were markedly accelerated and enhanced in endotoxin-primed lungs, both for the 2 h and the 4 h priming period . No significant influence of endotoxin was noted when applied simultaneously with alpha-toxin . Cyclooxygenase inhibition suppressed the alpha-toxin-evoked pressure rise in both endotoxin-primed and nonprimed lungs . Endotoxin priming did not influence the alpha-toxin-induced protracted increase in Kfc values, assessed in the presence of cyclooxygenase inhibition . We conclude that endotoxin primes rabbit lungs for enhanced prostanoid generation and pulmonary hypertension in response to S . aureus alpha-toxin . Such cooperativity of endotoxin priming and exotoxin triggering may be relevant in critically ill patients suffering from both endotoxemia and gram-positive sepsis. J Infect Dis, 1993 Nov, 168(5), 1304 - 7 Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo in acute uncomplicated Salmonella enteritis: a double-blind trial; Sanchez C et al.; The role of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) was evaluated in empiric treatment of uncomplicated Salmonella enteritis in a comparative, double-blind trial . Patients were randomized to receive ciprofloxacin (500 mg), TMP-SMZ (160/800 mg), or placebo orally twice daily for 5 days . There were 65 evaluatable patients with acute, uncomplicated, culture-confirmed Salmonella enteritis . Duration of diarrhea, abdominal pain, or vomiting and time to defervescence were not significantly different for patients treated with ciprofloxacin, TMP-SMZ, or placebo; there also were no significant differences with respect to full resolution of symptoms for ciprofloxacin versus placebo (point estimate, 0.2 days; 95% confidence interval {CI}, -0.5 to 0.9 days) or for TMP-SMZ versus placebo (point estimate, 0.2 days; 95% CI, -1.0 to 0.6 days) . The rate of clearance of salmonellae from stools was not significantly different among the groups. J Bacteriol, 1993 Nov, 175(21), 7115 - 8 Use of Salmonella phage P22 for transduction in Escherichia coli; Neal BL et al.; A cosmid (pPR1347) carrying both the rfb gene cluster and the rfc gene of a Salmonella group B serovar has been constructed; Escherichia coli K-12 strains carrying this cosmid produce long-chain O antigen, are sensitive to phage P22, and can be transduced by P22 . Some of the benefits of P22 transduction are now available for studying E . coli and potentially other genera. Clin Exp Immunol, 1993 Nov, 94(2), 317 - 21 Diagnosis of typhoid fever: detection of Salmonella typhi porins-specific antibodies by inhibition ELISA; Nandakumar KS et al.; Porins are highly immunogenic outer membrane proteins of Salmonella . Sera from typhoid patients contained a high level of IgG antibodies directed to porins of Salm . typhi . Since porins are highly conserved proteins, anti-porins antibodies both from typhoid patients and healthy normals reacted with porins from several Gram-negative bacteria . Therefore, in order to improve the specificity of detecting Salm . typhi porins-specific antibodies, an inhibition ELISA was developed using enzyme-conjugated MoAbs (MP1 and MPN4) specific to Salm . typhi porins . Sera from typhoid patients with positive haemoculture (16 out of 17) inhibited the binding of MP1 to porins, thus showing a positive test for typhoid, whereas sera from patients with other Gram-negative bacterial infections (n = 7) and from healthy volunteers (66 out of 67) were found to be negative . The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of this assay were 94.1, 98.7, 97.8, 94.1 and 98.7% respectively . The validity of our inhibition ELISA for typhoid was higher than that of the Widal test . The diagnosis of typhoid fever as early as 3 days after the onset of fever, using a single specimen is possible. Minerva Pediatr, 1993 Nov, 45(11), 471 - 3 {Pancreatitis associated with salmonella}; Pastore M et al.; There is no general agreement about the possibility that pancreatitis could be regarded as a clinical complication of Salmonella infection . We report 2 cases of salmonellosis WHO were admitted to our Department for clinical and biological signs of pancreatitis . Our observation agrees with other reported cases, suggesting that patients affected by salmonellosis with upper abdominal pain should be investigated for concomitant pancreatitis; on the other hand in patients suffering from diarrhea with hyperamylasaemia, salmonellosis should be considered as a likely explanation for their clinical condition. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1993 Nov, 22(6), 943 - 4 Uncommon presentation of typhoid fever: a case report; Yap I et al.; A 24-year-old Chinese woman was admitted for cholestatic jaundice following a short history of fever associated with headache and diarrhoea . She had mild hepatomegaly . Initial laboratory investigations were non-contributory . A percutaneous liver biopsy revealed inflammatory changes more in keeping with a systemic infection than a primary hepatitic problem . Repeat blood and stool cultures finally grew salmonella typhi . Jaundice is a rare manifestation of typhoid fever; it occurs in less than one-third of patients with hepatomegaly . Such a presentation may mimic primary hepatic infections . Awareness of this rare occurrence in typhoid fever would help in early diagnosis and therapy. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1993 Nov, 41(9), 906 - 8 Storage of stools specimens and of Mueller-Kauffmann enrichment broths during week-ends does not hinder the isolation of Salmonella strains; Poisson DM et al.; Technicians are fewer in the laboratory during week-ends . Therefore, following the day of arrival, stools submitted for isolation of Salmonella are either processed immediately or stored at +4 degrees C . The same difference exists for Mueller-Kauffmann enrichment broths (MK): either immediately plated, or stored at room temperature at the end of their overnight incubation when it occurs on saturday morning . Prevalences of Salmonella in 5548 stools of human origin were compared following their day of arrival in the week . Results showed that the storage of stools at +4 degrees C during the week-ends yields a higher rate of isolation of Salmonella though the difference is not significant (prevalence 2.6% for stored stools, versus 2.1%), but significantly improves the isolation of Salmonella from their MK enrichment (4.3% vs 2.6%, p < 0.01), and that storage of overnight incubated MK at room temperature for the week-end also improves significantly the isolation of Salmonella (5.0% vs 2.6%, p < 0.001). Vet Microbiol, 1993 Nov, 37(3-4), 397 - 405 Live oral avirulent Salmonella vaccines; Curtiss R 3rd et al.; Infection of animals and humans with Salmonella is a consequence of oral consumption of food or fluids contaminated with Salmonella . Once in the intestine, Salmonella usually attach to, invade, and proliferate in enterocytes or the cells of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) . The latter route of infection can lead to disease or to an asymptomatic carrier state or stimulate the induction of mucosal, systemic and cellular immune responses . Infection of animals with virulent invasive Salmonella can result in suppression of the immune responses which in turn can facilitate the establishment of a carrier state . It is possible to attenuate Salmonella by introducing mutations that (i) confer auxotrophy, (ii) interfere with sugar metabolism and LPS biosynthesis or (iii) affect some global means of regulating genes needed for the full display of virulence . Oral immunization of animals such as mice and chickens with avirulent Salmonella strains usually is not associated with suppression but rather with stimulation of mucosal, systemic and cellular immune responses . Vaccination by injection of killed vaccines or bacterins does not lead to the induction of either mucosal or cellular immune responses, and humoral immunity may be relatively short lived . Thus, killed vaccines are inferior to orally administered live avirulent Salmonella vaccines which induce a long-lasting protective immunity . In this manuscript we discuss desirable attributes of a safe, efficacious live attenuated Salmonella vaccine, describe attenuated Salmonella mutants so far isolated and their properties and present information on the evaluation of a live attenuated Salmonella oral vaccine for poultry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Mutat Res, 1993 Nov, 303(3), 101 - 8 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP) induces chromosome breakage and aneuploidy in vitro; Armstrong MJ et al.; 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), a non-mutagen to Salmonella, was reportedly negative in tests for chromosome breakage in vitro, but did produce numerical chromosome changes and micronuclei in V79 cells (Jansson and Jansson, 1992) . This apparent specific ability to induce aneuploidy is of interest since aneuploidy testing is not part of routine genotoxicity test procedures . Here we show 2,4,6-TCP clearly induces structural chromosome aberrations in CHO cells and in V79 cells using a 3-h treatment and 20-h sampling time (17-h recovery) . The isomers 2,4,5- and 2,3,6-TCP were also clastogenic in this protocol . There was no increase in aberrations when we used the protocol of Jansson and Jansson (1992), i.e., a 24-h treatment with sampling either immediately, or with a 24-h recovery period . However, positive results were obtained when a recovery time of 4-12 h was allowed after the 24-h treatment with 2,4,6-TCP . Previous negative aberration tests of 2,4,6-TCP (Galloway et al., 1987; Ishidate, 1988) are also likely due to inappropriate protocols . All these results were obtained without S9 metabolic activation . We also found positive results in CHO cells when 2,4,6-TCP was tested with S9 . The present study demonstrates that 2,4,6-TCP induces both structural and numerical aberrations, and underscores the importance of protocol design, in particular the appropriate recovery time after treatment, for detecting clastogenic activity in vitro. Mutat Res, 1993 Nov, 290(1), 79 - 85 Porphyrins as potential inhibitors against exposure to carcinogens and mutagens; Hayatsu H et al.; Studies have shown that there are many substances that can interfere with the actions of carcinogens and mutagens . Porphyrins, which often are constituents of diet, are a class of such inhibitors . Hemin can inhibit selectively the activity of mutagens having polycyclic structures by forming complexes with them . These effects were found with the use of bacterial assays and also by in vitro chemical experiments . A survey of porphyrins for similar effects has been done in our laboratory and it was found that chlorophyll and chlorophyllin act like hemin . These green pigments are antimutagenic in Salmonella and in Drosophila . Work from other laboratories also has supported the antimutagenic character of chlorophyllin . The possibility of modifying human exposure to carcinogens by use of these porphyrins is discussed . A porphyrin-like molecule, copper phthalocyanine trisulfonate, has been shown to have strong affinity to polycyclic compounds . Blue cotton, a cotton preparation bearing this blue pigment as a covalently bound ligand, has been demonstrated to be an adsorbent useful for isolating heterocyclic amines from food and other materials. Mutat Res, 1993 Nov, 290(1), 53 - 61 Mutagenicity of chemicals added to foods; Zeiger E; Much attention has recently been brought to the fact that many natural components of the diet are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic . Approximately 2700 distinct chemical entities, chemical mixtures, and plant extracts are allowed as direct food additives by the US F.D.A . These include chemicals found in the body, natural components of foods, and synthetic chemicals . In addition to the chemicals among these additives that are mutagenic, there are a number of mutagens that are normally present in the plant products that are consumed as part of the normal diets . The mutagenicity in Salmonella of these food additives was identified using the National Toxicology Program and US E.P.A . Gene-Tox databases . Relatively few of the chemicals deliberately added to foods have been tested for mutagenicity . Among the chemicals tested, approximately 15% were mutagenic in Salmonella . The mutagens include both organic and inorganic substances . Many of the natural plant components, such as flavonoids, hydrazides, and tannins also have been shown to be mutagenic . However, these natural components are not considered as food additives . A large proportion of the mutagenic food additives appear to act through the generation of oxygen- or free radicals . Although the relationships between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of electrophilic chemicals has been well studied, the potential hazard of low-level increases in free-radical generating substances on tumor incidences is unknown. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1993 Oct 22, 42(41), 793 - 7 Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis--California, 1993; Bacteriological et al.; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandSalmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was isolated from the reproductive tract of 10 (27 per cent) of 37 laying hens from three small flocks with a naturally acquired infection . The rapid slide agglutination test with Salmonella pullorum-antigen was positive in 24 (64.9 per cent) of the 37 hens including the six hens in which the ovary was colonised and the 10 in which the oviduct was colonised . By immunohistochemical labelling S enteritidis was demonstrated in seven of eight culture-positive hens on the surface of and within the epithelial cells in the lumen and in the tuberine glands of the oviduct. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1993 Oct 16, 123(41), 1935 - 40 {Effect of ciprofloxacin therapy in duration of bacterial excretion in acute salmonella gastroenteritis}; Funke G et al.; In view of the increasing incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis, the effect of early treatment with ciprofloxacin on the permanent elimination of salmonella was evaluated . In a prospective study, 14 patients with non-typhoid salmonellosis were treated with 2 x 500 mg/d ciprofloxacin for 10 days within 5 days of onset of symptoms . Relapse occurred in 4/14 (29%) patients 2-3 weeks after termination of therapy . Using sero- and ribotyping, relapse was confirmed and reinfection ruled out in 4/4 patients . Furthermore, ribotyping suggested double infection in one patient . Development of resistance to ciprofloxacin was not observed . We conclude that the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy to treat non-institutional salmonellosis in immunocompetent patients cannot generally be recommended but must be considered carefully in each case . Indications for ciprofloxacin therapy in the treatment of non-typhoid salmonellosis are discussed. Minerva Chir, 1993 Oct 15, 48(19), 1125 - 7 {Splenectomy for splenic abscess caused by Salmonella typhi}; Lombardo G et al.; Splenectomy due to splenic abscess is without doubt an unusual occurrence, especially in Western countries . The paper reports the case of 19-year-old male who underwent splenectomy because of an abscess caused by Salmonella typhi . Following a revision of the literature it appears that only six cases of splenic abscess by S . typhi have been reported since 1940 . Splenectomy represents the elective treatment for patients with splenic abscess provoked by any cause. Biochemistry, 1993 Oct 12, 32(40), 10839 - 47 Folding of the phage P22 coat protein in vitro; Teschke CM et al.; Within infected Salmonella cells, newly synthesized 47-kDa phage P22 coat polypeptides fold without covalent modifications into assembly-competent subunits . Coat protein subunits interact with scaffolding protein to form the icosahedral procapsid precursor of the mature, T = 7, virions . In these lattices, the coat subunits form seven classes of local bonding interactions {Prasad, B . V . V., Prevelige, P . E., Marieta, E., Chen, R . O., Thomas, D., King, J., & Chiu, W . (1993) J . Mol . Biol . 231, 65-74} . Coat protein denatured in guanidine hydrochloride could be refolded to soluble, monomeric subunits by rapid dilution into buffer at concentrations of protein up to 25 micrograms/mL . The fluorescence emission spectrum of soluble coat protein monomers was between that of the assembled shells and the denatured protein, suggesting the presence of tryptophans at the subunit interfaces in the shells . Kinetic studies of the refolding of coat protein revealed an intermediate whose continued folding could be inhibited by the hydrophobic dye bisANS . The kinetic intermediate bound 10.80 +/- 1.20 bisANS molecules while the folded monomer bound 1.24 +/- 0.36 bisANS molecules . When coat polypeptide chains were refolded at 50 micrograms/mL, aggregation competed with folding . Aggregation of the folding intermediates increased in the presence of bisANS . The kinetic folding intermediate that binds bisANS probably represents the species at the junction of the productive pathway to soluble and assembly-competent coat monomers and the off-pathway steps to inclusion bodies . The relationship between these soluble monomers and the conformations observed in the T = 7 lattice remains unclear. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 1993 Oct 10, 113(24), 3019 - 22 {Typhoid fever}; Fjaerli HO et al.; The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever has been studied retrospectively in 50 hospitalized patients . Typhoid fever is increasing in Norway, owing to more travel, especially by immigrants visiting their home countries . Among 50 patients admitted to hospital for typhoid, we found no fatal complications . Fever was a main symptom, and 13 of the 50 patients had additional concomitant infections . The standard treatment was chloramphenicol for 14 days . In 1990 and 1991, however, most cases were caused by multi-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi . The adults were therefore treated with ciprofloxacin and the children with third generation cephalosporins . All the multiresistant infections had been contracted in Pakistan or India . There were no secondary cases among the more than 214 family contacts in the 47 families involved . The increase in resistant strains of typhoid fever may affect future treatment and control strategies. Poult Sci, 1993 Oct, 72(10), 1873 - 80 The effect of 5-fluorouracil treatment of chicks: a cell depletion model for the study of avian polymorphonuclear leukocytes and natural host defenses; Kogut MH et al.; Two-week-old Leghorn chicks injected intravenously with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were found to have a three- to fivefold reduction (P < .05) in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) 5 to 10 days later . The reduction in PMN was dose-dependent with a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight of 5-FU, causing suppression of PMN to almost undetectable levels . Increasing the dosage of 5-FU to 400 mg/kg had no further effect on reducing the number of PMN in the circulation nor were overt clinical signs of toxicity observed . Single per os administration of 10(6) viable Salmonella enteritidis (SE) to individual groups of chicks treated or not treated with 5-FU at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 days postinjection resulted in a two- to sixfold increase in the incidence of SE organ invasion (liver and spleen) beginning on Day 4 postinjection and continuing through Day 12 postinjection . The greatest increase in organ invasion occurred on Days 8 through 10 postinjection and was inversely proportional to the greatest reduction in the number of circulating PMN . Using 5-FU, a granulocytopenic chicken model was developed that can be used to study the defensive role of avian heterophils against infectious agents . The results from these preliminary experiments indicate that PMN play a significant role in reducing organ invasion by SE in Leghorn chicks. Infect Immun, 1993 Oct, 61(10), 4248 - 53 Role of gamma interferon in late stages of murine salmonellosis; Muotiala A et al.; Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is an important mediator of natural resistance of mice to Salmonella species during the first week of infection, when it restricts the rate of intracellular growth of the bacteria but does not lead to their killing (A . Muotiala and P . H . Makela, Microb . Pathog . 8:135-141, 1990) . We used the experimental mouse salmonellosis model to investigate the role of IFN-gamma in the later stages of a sublethal infection and the ensuing specific immunity . When anti-IFN-gamma was administered starting 6 days after challenge, it did not prevent the cessation of intracellular bacterial growth and the formation of the plateau stage in the second week of infection . In addition, anti-IFN-gamma given 14 and 16 days after challenge did not alter the elimination of the bacteria in the clearance stage in the third week of infection . When mice immunized 2 months previously with live vaccine were infected with virulent salmonellae, depletion of IFN-gamma enhanced the early growth of the bacteria in the same manner as that seen in naive mice . However, when the immunized mice were infected with attenuated aroA bacteria, their clearance started immediately and was unaffected by IFN-gamma depletion, demonstrating that IFN-gamma is not required for the clearance . We conclude that IFN-gamma restricts the rate of intracellular bacterial multiplication in the first week of Salmonella infection in both naive and immune mice but is not a mediator of bacterial clearance in either naive or immunized mice. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Oct, 111(2), 209 - 19 Egg age and the growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 in egg contents; Humphrey TJ et al.; The growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 in albumen around an intact yolk was governed by the age of the egg on inoculation . In the majority of eggs, held at 20 degrees C, the bacterium was unable to grow rapidly until eggs had been stored for approximately 3 weeks . The multiplication of S . enteritidis in stored eggs appeared to be associated with alterations to the yolk membrane which allowed the bacterium to either invade the yolk or obtain nutrients from it . The rate at which egg contents change to permit the growth of S . enteritidis would appear to be temperature related and took place more rapidly when eggs were stored under conditions where temperatures fluctuated and, on occasions, reached 30 degrees C. Epidemiol Infect, 1993 Oct, 111(2), 199 - 207 Variations in biochemical phenotypes and phage types of Salmonella enteritidis in Germany 1980-92; Katouli M et al.; The Phene Plate system for typing Salmonella serotypes (PhP-S) is a simple automated typing method based on biochemical fingerprinting . It gives a quantitative value of the metabolism of various substrates by measuring the speed and intensity of each reaction . The 'biochemical fingerprint' of each isolate is used to calculate similarities among the tested strains with a personal computer program . We used this system to examine a collection of 86 strains of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from human sporadic cases in Germany between 1980 and 1992 . Twenty-three biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) consisting of 9 common (C) and 14 single (S) BPTs were identified . BPTs C2 and C4 containing 20 and 36 strains respectively accounted for 65% of the isolates . Strains of BPT C2 were found over a wide period of time whereas strains of BPT C4 were isolated during the period between 1988 and 1992 . With phage typing, 11 discrete phage types (PTs) and 18 strains designated as non-specific type (NST) were identified . PTs 4 and 8 with 39 and 17 strains respectively were the dominant PTs . Strains of PT 8 were isolated over a wide period of time whereas all (except one) strains of PT 4 were isolated between 1988 and 1992 . Combination of biochemical fingerprinting and phage typing divided the strains into 25 phenotypes (BPT:PTs) . Whilst phenotype C2:8 was found over a number of different years, phenotype C4:4 was isolated only between 1988 and 1992 . These findings indicate the presence of one persistent and one recently emerged phenotype among S . enteritidis strains in Germany.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1993 Oct, 38(3-4), 241 - 51 Acute phase response to Salmonella in a pig liver perfusion model; Kramer TT et al.; Livers from 7- to 14-day old pigs were maintained on a perfusion apparatus for 3 h . The perfused livers maintained physiologic and immunologic functions during perfusion . The perfused livers retained 78-94% of a non-recirculating inoculum of approximately 1-5 x 10(8) Salmonella choleraesuis (Scs), and cleared 94.9 +/- 1.7% of the retained (Scs) during the 3-h perfusion period . When the acute phase response (APR) was induced in liver donor pigs 24 h before liver perfusion, the perfused livers had diminished capability to retain, and greatly diminished capability to clear Scs . When sterile, filtered, and concentrated liver perfusate (LP) from previous, LPS-perfused livers was added to the perfusion fluid (PF) at 50 min of Scs perfusion (passive APR), Scs clearance was inhibited . When sterile, filtered LP from previously Scs perfused livers was added to the system, liver clearance was abolished, and Scs always grew in such livers during the 3 h perfusion period . The LP of livers perfused with Scs enhanced growth of Scs in an in vitro assay . These observations suggest that products of the acute phase response favor growth of Scs in vitro and in vivo. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1993 Oct, 41(8), 706 - 12 {Epidemiological pattern of the resistance of 153 Salmonella strains (S . typhi excluded) isolated in a Tunisian pediatric unit from 1985 to 1990}; Ben Hassen A et al.; Since 1985 to 1990, 153 isolates of non typhoidic Salmonella were recovered from pediatric unit of the Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis . The epidemiological profile of these isolates was established according to the biochemical and serological characterizations, the antibiotic susceptibility patterns (disk diffusion method) to betalactams and aminoglycosides . 127 isolates of Salmonella spp were from stools and 22 from blood cultures . The main serotypes were S . ser . Wien (108 isolates) and S . ser . Typhimurium (21) . A sample of 50 isolates was selected among the different resistance phenotypes for determination of MICs and betalactamase identification by isolelectro-focusing (36 isolates) . All of them were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin but variable for cephaloridine . Since 1986 appeared the resistance to cefotaxime and in 1990 all the S . ser . Wien isolates were resistant to the 4 betalactams tested including cefotaxime associated to streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin . All of them had a high level of resistance to amoxicillin and gentamicin (mean MICs > 2048 and > 512 mg/l) . The mean MIC of cefotaxime was 43.2 mg/l for S . ser . Wien, 64mg/l for S . ser . Typhimurium and decreased to 1.9 and 0.12 mg/l in combination with 1 mg/l of clavulanic acid . The beta-lactam resistance was mediated to enzymatic mechanism, at first the betalactamase of TEM-1 type alone, then associated to extended-spectrum betalactamase, mainly type SHV-2 since 1986, and other new types in 1990 . They were under the control of plasmids with different sizes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1993 Oct, 7(3), 265 - 70 Specificity of rabbit antisera against the rough lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota strain R7 (chemotype Rd1P-); Swierzko A et al.; Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the Rd1P- mutant strain R7 of Salmonella minnesota were serologically characterized using R7 LPS, dephosphorylated LPS, deacylated LPS, deacylated, dephosphorylated and reduced LPS, and synthetic partial structures . The latter comprised partial structures of the core region of Rd1P- LPS bound to the beta 1-->6-linked glucosamine dissacharide with two amide-linked 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues or artificial glycoconjugates comprised of the synthetic oligosaccharides coupled to bovine serum albumin . Using a passive hemolysis and an enzyme immunoassay, absorption and inhibition experiments, the antibody specificites present could be determined . One group of antibodies required components of the core region and the phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide of the lipid A moiety for binding . The majority of phosphate-independent antibodies was directed against the trisaccharide L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose(1-->3)- L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose(1-->5)3-deoxy-D-manno-oct ulo sonic acid . Antibodies against the 1-->3- and 1-->7-linked heptose disaccharides and against a single heptose were also detected, however, with low titers . No antibodies were found which required the presence of fatty acids. Am J Infect Control, 1993 Oct, 21(5), 270 - 3 Salmonella poona infection and surveillance in a neonatal nursery; Stone A et al.; BACKGROUND: This article reports the first known outbreak of Salmonella poona infection in a neonatal unit . Three babies had stool cultures positive for the organism . At the same time, S . poona was the cause of a nationwide food-borne outbreak associated with contaminated canteloupe . To minimize the neonatal outbreak, surveys were performed and control measures were instituted . METHODS: Epidemiologic surveillance included the culture of rectal swabs collected from 48 employees, 18 babies, and four family members of the babies . Control measures used included the placement in cohorts and isolation of infected babies, strict adherence to universal precautions, and the restriction of visitation in the nursery . RESULTS: A total of three babies and one employee in the surveillance were found to have Salmonella sp . An additional two hospitalized adult patients had S . poona . Of all the people included in the surveillance, only the three babies were found to have S . poona . The hospital employee had S . enteritidis . CONCLUSIONS: Timely culture results, rapid cohort placement of infected babies, and strict adherence to universal precautions led to the successful eradication of the organism. Z Kardiol, 1993 Oct, 82(10), 654 - 7 {Mitral valve endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis}; Hufnagel B et al.; The epidemiology of salmonellosis has undergone a change during the last 2 years . An increase in the number of cases of enteritis and sepsis caused by Salmonella enteritidis has been observed . We report on the case of a 65-year-old woman with mitral valve endocarditis due to Salmonella enteritidis . The infective endocarditis occurred without prior episodes of gastroenteritis . After having undergone prosthetic valve replacement and antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin, the patient recovered completely. J Gen Microbiol, 1993 Oct, 139 ( Pt 10), 2415 - 22 fliU and fliV: two flagellar genes essential for biosynthesis of Salmonella and Escherichia coli flagella; Doll L et al.; The possible functions of two recently described flagellar genes, fliU and fliV, have been examined . Introduction of gene fliC, encoding the bacterial flagellin protein, into a number of flagellin-deficient Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains failed to complement the mutations in these strains, and the FliC flagellin was accumulated in the bacterial cytoplasm . Complementation with fliU and fliV, which map downstream of fliC, restored motility to some of the mutants which became flagellated . After inactivation of either fliU or fliV, such complementation no longer occurred and the flagellin protein accumulated in the cytoplasm, which suggested that both genes are required for the secretion of flagellin and expression of motility . Expression of these genes from high copy number plasmids resulted in the synthesis of exceptionally long flagella and in detection of the FliV protein on polyacrylamide gels. J Gen Microbiol, 1993 Oct, 139 ( Pt 10), 2409 - 14 Genotypic typing and phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella paratyphi B and S . java with IS200; Ezquerra E et al.; Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella java are biovars of common serotype 1,4,{5},12:b:1,2 which respectively cause human paratyphoid fever and gastroenteritis . In order to define genotypes and phylogenetic relationships in this group, we examined representative strains for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in and around the 16S ribosomal RNA (rrn) genes, and the five to eleven insertion sites of the Salmonella-specific DNA insertion sequence IS200 . One of four 16S rrn profiles was predominant, and was shared by the majority of strains, irrespective of their designation as S . paratyphi B or S . java . On the other hand, thirteen unique IS200 profiles were found and this technique was able to distinguish, for the first time, distinct genotypes for S . paratyphi B and S . java . One of the S . paratyphi B profiles, Spj-IP1.0, represented a globally-distributed clone . Greater diversity was detected within IS200 profiles of S . java than within those of S . paratyphi B . IS200 profiles described a phylogenetic complex in which strains of both biovars could be placed . They constituted reproducible molecular fingerprints, which could be compared in a band-matching database suitable for molecular epidemiological typing. Pharmacology, 1993 Oct, 47 Suppl 1, 178 - 86 The genotoxicity status of senna; Heidemann A et al.; Genotoxicity tests were performed by several laboratories with the drug fructus sennae, senna extract, sennosides, rhein and aloe-emodin . The drug fructus sennae, the sennosides and rhein did not increase mutation frequencies in the following test systems: bacterial systems (Salmonella reverse mutation test and/or Escherichia coli forward mutation test); mammalian cell cultures {hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) test; mouse lymphoma test; chromosome aberration test with Chinese hamster ovary cells}; bone marrow (micronucleus test; chromosome aberration test); melanoblast cells (mouse spot test) of rodents . With aloe-emodin mutagenic effects were observed only in vitro in the chromosome aberration test with CHO cells and in the Salmonella reverse mutation test (frameshift mutations in strains TA 1537, TA 1538 and TA 98) . In the in vitro gene mutation test with V79 cells (HGPRT test) no mutagenic potential of aloe-emodin was observed . In in vivo studies {micronucleus test with bone marrow cells of NMRI mice, chromosome aberration test with bone marrow cells of Wistar rats, mouse spot test (crossing DBA/2J x NMRI) no indication for a mutagenic activity of aloe-emodin was found . The relevance of the absence of a mutagenic potential in in vivo test systems was strengthened by the fact that aloe-emodin could be found in the blood serum after oral administration . Additional information on the interaction of aloe-emodin with DNA was obtained from an ex vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis test performed with hepatocytes of male Wistar rats: aloe-emodin did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis as expression of DNA damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Dairy Sci, 1993 Oct, 76(10), 3114 - 7 Biosensors: applications for dairy food industry; Richter ER; Biosensors are defined as indicators of biological compounds that can be as simple as temperature-sensitive paint or as complex as DNA-RNA probes . Food microbiologists are constantly seeking rapid and reliable automated systems for the detection of biological activity . Biosensors provide sensitive, miniaturized systems that can be used to detect unwanted microbial activity or the presence of a biologically active compound, such as glucose or a pesticide . Immunodiagnostics and enzyme biosensors are two of the leading technologies that have had the greatest impact on the food industry . The use of these two systems has reduced the time for detection of pathogens such as Salmonella to 24 h and has provided detection of biological compounds such as cholesterol or chymotrypsin . The continued development of biosensor technology will soon make available "on-line quality control" of food production, which will not only reduce cost of food production but will also provide greater safety and increased food quality. J Dairy Sci, 1993 Oct, 76(10), 3101 - 13 Rapid methods and automation in dairy microbiology; Vasavada PC; The importance of microbiology to the dairy industry has been demonstrated by recent outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with consumption of milk and dairy products that had been contaminated with pathogenic organisms or toxins . Undesirable microorganisms constitute the primary hazard to safety, quality, and wholesomeness of milk and dairy foods . Consequently, increased emphasis has been placed on the microbiological analysis of milk and dairy products designed to evaluate quality and to ensure safety and regulatory compliance . The focus of dairy microbiology, however, remains largely on conventional methods: plate counts, most probable numbers, and dye reduction tests . These methods are slow, tedious, intensive in their requirements for material and labor, and often not suitable for assessing the quality and shelf-life of perishable dairy foods . With the exception of coliforms, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, isolation and characterization of various organisms occurring in milk and milk products are seldom a part of the routine microbiological analysis in the dairy industry . Recent emphasis on the programs based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) for total quality management in the dairy industry and increased demand for microbiological surveillance of products, process, and environment have led to increased interest in rapid methods and automation in microbiology . Several methods for rapid detection, isolation, enumeration, and characterization of microorganisms are being adapted by the dairy industry . This presentation reviews rapid methods and automation in microbiology for microbiological analysis of milk and dairy products. Food Chem Toxicol, 1993 Oct, 31(10), 731 - 7 Antimutagenic effects of casein and its digestion products; van Boekel MA et al.; The antimutagenic potential of casein was investigated using several mutagens, including some food-related mutagens, and the Salmonella/microsome and Escherichia coli DNA-repair tests . The effect depended on the type of mutagen and the incubation time of casein with the mutagens . Casein was very effective against benzo{a}pyrene, N-methylnitrosourea and nitrosated 4-chloroindole, and was less effective towards sodium azide and N-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO) . Preincubation increased the antimutagenic potential of casein towards NQO . Heating of casein (up to 20 min at 130 degrees C) did not alter its antimutagenic capacity . The effect of pepsin hydrolysis under simulated gastric conditions on the antimutagenic capacity of casein was tested with sodium azide and NQO in the Salmonella/microsome test . The peptides formed were separated by ultrafiltration or by isoelectric precipitation of casein, and were characterized by HPLC size-exclusion and Kjeldahl analysis . The antimutagenic potential of casein increased with pepsin hydrolysis; this increase was due to the peptides formed and might be explained by a better accessibility of casein peptides for interaction with mutagens . The antimutagenic potential of pepsin-hydrolysed casein towards sodium azide was observed over the whole dose-response curve. Food Chem Toxicol, 1993 Oct, 31(10), 717 - 21 Screening of heat-processed Finnish foods for the mutagens 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine; Tikkanen LM et al.; The concentrations of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) and DiMeIQx (i.e . the sum of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline and 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline) were determined as their 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide derivatives in commercial heat-processed daily Finnish foods using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique with negative chemical ionization . With this technique it was possible to detect picogram quantities of halogenated aminoimidazoazaarene (AIA) derivatives . The mutagenic activities of the food samples were tested using the Ames Salmonella assay . The mutagenicities and amounts of the AIA compounds analysed varied considerably in the food samples . All the flame-broiled fish samples and the majority of the grilled pork and chicken samples were positive in the test; of all the food samples tested fish samples had the highest mutagenic activity . Industrially produced meat patties were non-mutagenic . The amounts of MeIQx, DiMeIQx and PhIP in grilled products that exhibited mutagenic activity varied in the range 0.04 to 0.4, 0.03 to 0.2 and 0.5 to 3.8 ng per g cooked food, respectively . Some of the highly mutagenic flame-broiled fish samples contained only PhIP, the amount of which varied from 0.5 to 5.5 ng per g fish . One of the samples also contained a small amount of MeIQx . None of the non-mutagenic meat patties contained detectable amounts of MeIQx, DiMeIQx or PhIP . In this screening study evaluation of the occurrence of AIA compounds was carried out in a relatively wide range of commercial heat-processed Finnish foods . Considerable differences between equivalent products from different manufacturers were found in many cases . This variation indicates that industrial processing of food has a marked effect on the mutagenic activity of the product. Carcinogenesis, 1993 Oct, 14(10), 2073 - 7 2,3-epoxy-4-hydroxynonanal as a potential tumor-initiating agent of lipid peroxidation; Chung FL et al.; Trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a product of lipid peroxidation . In the presence of t-butyl hydroperoxide the racemic HNE readily converts to its epoxide, 2,3-epoxy-4-hydroxynonanal (EH), as a pair of diastereomers . In this study, the potential roles of HNE and EH as tumor initiating agents were assessed . The mutagenicities of HNE and EH isomers in Salmonella strains TA100 and 104 were examined . In addition, the tumor initiating activities of HNE and EH were evaluated in bioassays involving either topical application in CD-1 mice or i.p . administration in newborn CD-1 mice . In the mutagenicity assays, EH isomers induced similar levels of revertants in both tester strains, although EG isomers were previously shown to react with bases in DNA with different specificity (Sodum, R.S . and Chung, F.-L., Cancer Res., 51, 137-143, 1991) . The major isomer induced approximately 20,000 revertants/mumol in TA100 and 15,000 revertants/mumol in TA104, whereas, the minor isomer induced approximately 40,000 revertants/mumol in TA100 and 20,000 revertants/mumol in TA104 . HNE was, however, not mutagenic under the assay conditions . In the tumor bioassays, EH was a weak tumorigen in CD-1 mice upon topical application followed by TPA promotion, yielding 0.55 tumors/mouse and 40% tumor incidence at a total dose of 128 mumol/mouse versus 0.02 tumors/mouse and 5% tumor incidence in the control group . Both HNE and EH induced liver tumors in male mice, but not in female mice . However, the incidences were not statistically significant . EH administered i.p . at a total dose of 200 nmol/mouse exacerbated the chronic spontaneous nephropathy in newborn CD-1 mice . Although the incidence of mild nephropathy was comparable in both EH-treated and control groups, the incidence of more severe lesions in mice treated with 200 nmol/mouse was 21%; while it was 0% in the control group . Furthermore, two mice at each dose level of EH showed a tubule profile with complex hyperplastic lining, suggestive of atypical hyperplasia . Again, HNE was not as active as EH in these bioassays . These results suggest a possible role of EH in tumorigenesis associated with lipid peroxidation. Biochem J, 1993 Oct 1, 295 ( Pt 1), 277 - 85 Characterization of the type I dehydroquinase from Salmonella typhi; Moore JD et al.; The type I dehydroquinase from the human pathogen Salmonella typhi was overexpressed in an Escherichia coli host and purified to homogeneity . The S . typhi enzyme was characterized in terms of its kinetic parameters, important active-site residues, thermal stability and c.d . and fluorescence properties . In all important respects, the enzyme from S . typhi behaves in a very similar fashion to the well-characterized enzyme from E . coli, including the remarkable conformational stabilization observed on reduction of the substrate/product mixture by NaBH4 . This gives confidence that the information from X-ray studies on the S . typhi enzyme {Boys, Fawcett, Sawyer, Moore, Charles, Hawkins, Deka, Kleanthous and Coggins (1992) J . Mol . Biol . 227, 352-355} can be applied to other type I dehydroquinases . Studies of the quenching of fluorescence of the S . typhi enzyme by succinimide show that NaBH4 reduction of the substrate/product imine complex involves a dramatic decrease in the flexibility of the enzyme, with only very minor changes in the overall secondary and tertiary structure. Am J Clin Pathol, 1993 Oct, 100(4), 404 - 6 Rapid screening of Salmonella species from stool cultures; Munoz P et al.; The authors compared a three-minute fluorescence method (MUCAP test; Biolife Italiana, Milan, Italy) with standard microbiologic procedures for the presumptive identification of Salmonella from stool cultures on three solid culture media . From 976 suspect colonies, 176 proved to be Salmonella by the traditional methods . They all were detected by the MUCAP test (sensitivity, 100%) . There were 65 false-positive results, corresponding mostly to Pseudomonas (specificity, 91.8%) . Neither the culture medium used nor the production of H2S affected the accuracy of the test . The results from this study showed that the MUCAP test is a rapid, simple, and sensitive method for the presumptive identification of Salmonella species. Singapore Med J, 1993 Oct, 34(5), 406 - 8 Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus; Oh HM et al.; A prospective study was carried out on the occurrence of infections in 28 hospitalised systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients . In 38 episodes of infections, 23 were bacterial (60.5%), 4 were viral (10.6%) and culture negative infections were present in 10 (26.3%) . The most common isolated organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (30.4%), Salmonella species (21.7%), Pseudomonas species (13.0%), and Klebsiella species (13.0%) . The care rate was 94.7% . Death occurred in 2 patients . Lupus activity, impaired renal function, and cytotoxic therapy did not predispose to infection. Environ Health Perspect, 1993 Oct, 101 Suppl 3, 247 - 52 Antimutagenic and mutagenic potentials of Chinese radish; Rojanapo W et al.; The edible part of fresh Chinese radish was chopped into small pieces, lyophilized, and then extracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform, and methanol . The solvent in each fraction was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure at 50-55 degrees C, and the residue was dissolved in dimethylsufoxide just before being tested for antimutagenicity as well as mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test . We found that none of the three fractions exhibited any mutagenicity toward S . typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 when tested either in the presence or absence of S-9 mix . Interestingly, however, hexane and chloroform extracts could strongly inhibit the mutagenicities of both direct mutagens (e.g., 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide and sodium azide) and indirect mutagens (e.g., aflatoxin B1) . In contrast, however, these two fractions did not inhibit the mutagenicity of benzo{a}pyrene, which is also an indirect mutagen . Both hexane and chloroform ext