Microbiological

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1980 Jan, 124(1), 82 - 5
{Use of a tincture of birch buds for treating suppurative wounds}; Zakharov NA et al.; The treatment of purulent wounds with 20% tincture of birch buds in 70% alcohol was performed on 108 patients (83 patients had superficial wounds, 10--deep wounds, 15--cavitary wounds) . Good results were obtained after using the birch buds tincture in all the patients, including patients with antibiotic-resistant microbial flora.

Br J Nutr, 1980 Jan, 43(1), 125 - 40
The effects of dietary sucrose and the concentration of plasma urea and rumen ammonia on the degradation of urea in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle; Kennedy PM; 1 . The rates of entry of urea into plasma, of urea degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, and the partition of that degradation between the rumen and post-ruminal tract were determined by use of {14C}urea and NaH14CO3 in Hereford steers receiving hay diets with or without sucrose . The concentrations of plasma urea and rumen ammonia were varied by infusions of urea into the rumen or abomasum . 2 . For all diets, plasma urea concentration was related to urea entry rate, to degradation of urea in the whole gastrointestinal tract, and to its degradation in the post-ruminal tract, but the relationship with its degradation in the rumen was poor . 3 . Degradation of urea in the rumen was related in a multiple regression in a curvilinear manner in three groups of diets (pasture-hay alone, pasture-hay--lucerne (Medicago sativa) mixtures, diets with sucrose), and negatively to rumen ammonia concentration for pasture-hay diets, and diets with sucrose . 4 . Ruminal clearance of urea (rate of urea degradation per plasma urea concentration) was negatively related to the rumen ammonia concentration for steers given diets with sucrose, of pasture-hay with or without urea infusions . Provision of sucrose in the diet significantly increased clearance . 5 . Enhanced urea degradation in the rumen associated with dietary sucrose supplements accounted for 0.4 of additional microbial N synthesis in the rumen . 6 . The partition of transfer of urea to the rumen via saliva and through the rumen wall is discussed.

Isr J Med Sci, 1980 Jan, 16(1), 33 - 6
Production of immune and viral interferon by lymphocytes of newborn infants; Hahn T et al.; The ability of lymphocytes from newborn infants to produce two types of interferon was compared with that of lymphocytes from older children and adults . Cord blood lymphocytes were as capable of producing both viral interferon (stable at pH 2.0) following stimulation with polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidilic acid and immune interferon (unstable at pH 2.0) following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin as lymphocytes from older individuals . In a mixture of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, it was the former that produced the interferon . Interferon may be important in the defense mechanism of the newborn infant against viruses and other microbial agents.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1980, 20(5B), 1691 - 4
{Preliminary study of the effect of supplementation of iron, copper, cobalt and zinc on cellulolytic activity in the cecum of the pony}; Tisserand JL et al.; We studied a caecum-cannulated pony fed hay libitum in order to determine the mineral elements likely to cause deficiencies which decrease microbial activity in the caecum . During four successive 1-month periods, we observed the effects of adding 50 mg of iron, 1 mg of cobalt, 40 mg of copper and 200 mg of zinc, respectively . Except for the introduction of zinc, which greatly diminishes cellulolytic activity measured with the nylon bag technique, there was no significant modification in that activity as shown by pH, NH3-nitrogen, total nitrogen and volatile fatty acid production (table 1) . It can be concluded that endogenous secretion in the pre-caecal part of the digestive system of the mineral elements used was sufficient to guarantee good symbiosis between the microbial population of the caecum and the organism.

Intervirology, 1980, 14(5-6), 310 - 5
Activation of adenovirus type 5 latent infections of tissue culture; Ongradi J et al.; To study the in vitro activation of latent adenovirus type 5 infection and enhancement of virus production, primary human amnion and HEp-2 cell cultures were inoculated with low doses of virus and subsequently treated with steroid hormones, carcinogens, or a pyrogen drug 'Pyrago' containing killed cells of bacteria and fungi . Immunofluorescence and CPE revealed that only pyrogen induced conversion from latency to activation and that the drug also enhanced virus production . Although prednisolone failed to induce activation, it did have an enhancing effect on slowly multiplying virus . Presumably, activation and enhancement of virus replication do not occur as the result of the same mechanism but the latter may be influenced by hormones . Microbial products may produce both effects separately or simultaneously.

IARC Sci Publ, 1980, (31), 531 - 40
Monitoring exposure of personnel to volatile nitrosamines in the laboratory environment; Issenberg P et al.; A convenient sampling method was developed for collection of volatile nitrosamines from large-volume air samples . Stainless steel tubes containing 0.3 g Tenax GC were employed to collect nitrosamines from 5-30 1 air samples . Nitrosamines were eluted from the sample tubes with diethylether to minimize formation of artifacts which were observed when thermal desorption was employed . Eluates were analysed directly by GC-TEA and nitrosamine identities were confirmed using high-resolution GC-MS with selected ion-monitoring . The detection limit was approximately 0.8 micrograms/m3 (0.3 ppb) for NDMA in 2 ml of diethylether extract . The laboratory operations studied included chemical synthesis, trace analysis, animal treatment, microbial mutagenesis tests and in vitro biochemical procedures . In most cases, nitrosamines were not detected in laboratory air, but levels of 200-800 micrograms/m3 (42 to 180 ppb) of N-nitrosomethyl-tert-butylamine were measured during animal treatment, 0.8-8.6 micrograms/m3 (0.3 to 2.8 ppb) of NDMA during mutagenesis assays, 12-22 micrograms/m3 (4-7 ppb) of NDMA during in vitro metabolism studies and 11 micrograms/m3 (3.6 ppb) of NDMA in a walk-in refrigerator . Appropriate corrective measures reduced all nitrosamine levels to below the detection limit . Hamsters and rats treated with NDAA (80 mg/kg, s.c.) excreted 4.4 and 12.9%, respectively, of the nitrosamine in expired air in 24 hr . This route of excretion may be metabolically significant and should be considered in the safe design of animal treatment and holding facilities.

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1980, 131(7), 443 - 7
{Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis . Autopsy study, clinico-pathological correlations (author's transl)}; Chomette G et al.; During the course of 6 000 autopsies, the number of cases of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis discovered was 130 (absolute frequency of 2.1 p . cent) . Frequency was highest among patients with cancer, of which there were many in this series (4 p . cent of 2 287 autopsies) . In 83 p . cent of cases, therefore, the endocarditis was of paraneoplasic origin, usually associated with adenocarcinomas, especially those of bronchopulmonary, pancreatic or gastric origin . Less frequently, they developed during the course of shock or debilitating affections . The endocarditis lesion consists of a coagulated fibrin and platelet mass without microbial germs, located electively on the mitral and aortal valves . Emboli are a frequent consequence (47 p . cent of cases) affecting primarily the central nervous system, the kidneys, spleen, and hart . Ischemic effects of these latter, observed in 75 p . cent of cases, are generally latent . In some cases they produce clinical manifestations, and they may be the cause of death from a cerebral or myocardial infarct . Pathological examination demonstrates the frequent association of these endocarditis lesions with often multiple vascular thromboses, and disseminated intravascular coagulation affecting the same regions as the emboli . This emphasizes the major role of coagulation disorders in their genesis.

Toxicology, 1980, 17(2), 189 - 93
Screening and characterization of membrane damaging effects in tissue culture; Thelestam M et al.; A leakage test system for specific detection, measurement and characterization of membrane damage in human lung fibroblasts is discussed . Examples of applications with various types of substances are presented, i.e . tobacco smoke compounds; animal, plant and microbial cytolysins; membrane damaging antibiotics.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jan-Feb, 49(1), 44 - 8
{Continuous cultivation of mono- and mixed cultures of yeasts growing in birch vernal sap flows}; Shkidchenko AN et al.; All of the studied yeast organisms were characterized by a similar range of temperatures optimal for growth and by the ability to grow well at a relatively low content of a nitrogen source in the medium; however, their growth rates were different . The lowest growth rate was typical of the primary, further displace, yeast flora of spring sap flows . Both positive and negative types of interrelationship between yeast species were established during combined cultivation of yeasts . There is a principal correlation between the data obtained upon continuous cultivation of mixed cultures in the laboratory and the results of studies of the natural microbial cenosis; therefore, it is possible to reproduce the growth of the latter in experiments with a sufficiently high degree of approximation.

Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 2, S219 - 20
Anaerobic microbiology in the NASA space program; Brewer JH; After briefly reviewing the earlier methods used to monitor the microbial load of returned lunar material, the author reports the more accurate research on the ability of terrestrial organisms to grow under simulated Martian environments . The possible importance of anaerobic microbiology can readily be seen because of the low level of O2 found on Mars . The question of whether any of the experiments on board the Viking landers show any indication of life on Mars is discussed in detail.

Nahrung, 1980, 24(4-5), 335 - 50
Human nutrition: safety and risk; Haenel H; Man has always been existing in an "oecotoxic" environment and he will be existing in the future, though the noxious factors are changing . Today the output of modern chemical industry and its effects on health attract abundant interest . The risks in nutrition derive from imbalanced nutrition, food borne diseases of microbial origin, environmental contaminants, toxicants naturally present in food, food additives, and food allergens, the most important risks seem to connected with false nutrition and with microbial hazards . The toxic burden of modern man by chemicals can not be judged as the overwhelming nutrition health problem . This burden is only one factor, which--on the genetic background--dynamically interacts with innumerable social, cultural and economic factors, with climate, weather, noise, fatigue and relaxation, with health, functional state, special susceptibility, defense or repair capacity, nutritional situation, water intake, biochronological situation, microecology, coergism of xenobiotics and pharmaca, and others . In this biological system the single potential toxicant plays a quite variable role . The regard of a substance as safe poses a difficult task; the weigh between its toxic properties and its advantages, considering its practical use, should aim at the socially acceptable risk.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jan-Feb, 49(1), 102 - 9
{Species composition of mycococci}; Kogan IB et al.; The phenotypical similarity between 34 microbial strains was determined, and they were classified on the principle of maximal general similarity in 70 traits . All the strains were subdivided into three groups within which the similarity of the strains was not less than 85% . The groups correspond to the species Mycococcus capsulatus, M . ruber, and Mycobacterium brevicale . The results of the investigation suggest that the group of mycococci possesses a considerable number of characteristics which make it possible to consider it as a separate microbial genus . However, the principle of equal weight can be hardly applied to the taxonomy of mycococci since sharp variations in many traits do not permit to differentiate between specific and strain differences . Morphological and cultural properties still remain the most reliable criteria of the genus Mycococcus.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1980 Jan, 28(1), 25 - 8
{Cell-mediated immunity study by skin testing in 129 critically ill patients (author's transl)}; Offenstadt G et al.; Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was performed in 129 critically ill patients . Six intradermal antigens were used: tuberculin, candidin, varidase, epidermophytin, trichophytin and CCB (a polyvalent microbial vaccine from the Pasteur Institute) . The response was judged as positive when one test or more were positive . Patients were devided in four groups: group A (40 cases): non-infected patients, a priori without immunodeficiency; group B (14 cases); suspected of immunodeficiency (cancers, hemopathies, collagen diseases receiving corticosteroids); group C (24 cases): decompensated chronic respiratory insufficienceis; group D (50 cases): overwhelming sepsis (septicaemias, septic acute respiratory distress syndromes, thoracic empyemas, purulent meningitis, peritonitis, mediastinitis) . A significant diminution of delayed hypersensitivity was observed in groups B, C and D . No relation was found between delayed hypertensitivity and prognosis in groups C and D.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 24, 58 - 62
Lymphocytes of synovial fluid and peripheral blood in reactive arthritis . A case report; Bjelle A et al.; Lymphocytes were isolated from eight samples of synovial fluid obtained over a period of six weeks from a patient with reactive arthritis after venereal infection of unknown microbial etiology . The percentages of T lymphocytes were consistently higher in synovial fluid than in paired blood samples, whereas those of B lymphocytes were consistently lower in synovial fluid than in blood . When incubated in vitro the spontaneous DNA synthesis of the synovial fluid and blood lymphocytes was low . When phytohaemagglutinin or tuberculin was present in the cultures the lymphocytes from blood as well as those from synovial fluid responded with synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and phytohaemagglutinin dose response curves of lymphocytes from the two sources were similar . Thus T lymphocytes of synovial fluid showed a similar in vitro reactivity as those from blood.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(1), 77 - 83
Experimental study of the mechanism of autoantibody formation; Morozov VL et al.; A series of experiments on 78 albino mice demonstrated that cultivation in the presence of tuberculin of spleen cells of animals sensitized by BCG vaccine results in an increase of the number of cells producing antibodies to autologous, isologous and heterologous erythrocytes . This also applies to the cultivation of bone marrow cells . Thymus cells neutralize the stimulation of bone marrow cells . The conclusion has been drawn that autoantibodies are synthesized by B-lymphocytes stimulated during the specific immune reaction to microbial antigens . This process is controlled by the thymus whose cells have a suppressive effect on the synthesis of autoantibodies.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1980, 4, 439 - 42
Toxicological tests on the safety of fermosin for pigs, a novel microbial feed from petroleum distillate; Netsch W et al.; The dog fodder yeast fermosin did not influence the health of pigs in long-term feeding experiments . It is recommended to use fermosin in concentrations up to 7.5% in mixed feed for pigs.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(1a), 198 - 206
Prevention of bacterial respiratory infection by an association of bacterial ribosomes and membranous proteoglycans . 2 . Objective assessment of the response and of the immunological stimulation; Michel FB et al.; Using a vaccine preparation administered by aerosol for respiratory anti-infectious purposes and corresponding to the original formula of ribosomes and membrane fractions of microbial germs, the authors investigated during a period of nine months whether an objective, transient or lasting stimulation of the total and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) appeared . They provide a statistical analysis based on several serum Ig measurements and demonstrate the stimulant and lasting effect of the vaccine in the production of specific Ig for a sample of patients compared with controls . In those treated they observed apparently disordered variations of the serum levels of the total Ig, which in fact correspond to the initiation of a dynamic equilibrium in relation to the immunogenicity of the vaccine, the initial level of the total Ig and the production of the specific Ig . Finally, after a booster sequence carried out five month after "primary vaccination", they established the restarting of production of specific Ig accompanied this time by a different dynamic response of the total Ig.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(6), 367 - 74
Anabolic-catabolic glucose utilization and product formation of Streptomyces griseus; Bormann EJ et al.; If in stationary growth phases appearing in the submerged cultivation of Streptomyces griseus several times the consumption rates of glucose and oxygen and the rates of streptomycin formation are put in relation, the following results are obtained: The yield coefficient Ysp of glucose was below 0.1 . Since from the stoichiometric equation of turnover for the biosynthesis of the streptomycin follows that the substrate and the product are in the same weight relation, it was possible to check whether the quantity of glucose that does not appear in the streptomycin is used for the energy supplying synthesis or conservation reactions . As a characteristic value was built up the quotient qo3/qgluc that in total substrate oxidations takes the numerical value 6 . This quotient varied between 2.0 and 6.0 so that anabolic side reactions during the production of secondary substances were concluded from . As possibilities are discussed syntheses of analytically disregarded primary metabolites or preliminary steps of the biosynthesis of streptomycin . Due to the decrease of the enthalpy production by anabolic reaction steps in stationary growth phases follows a physiological-energetical importance of microbial product syntheses with likely evolutive action.

Exp Cell Biol, 1980, 48(6), 467 - 72
Effect of urethane on folate contents of chick embryos measured with a microbial assay; Gokhale V et al.; In earlier studies it was found that the effects of urethane could be reversed by folic acid and thymidine but not by uridine . It was further shown that urethane-treated chick embryos were unable to convert serine to glycine, homocysteine to methionine and uridine to thymidine, all of which are folate-dependent reactions . Due to the sensitivity of folic acid auxotrophs towards small amounts of folates present in the biological material, the folic acid contents of urethane-trewated and untreated chick embryos are studied, using microbial assay . It is found that there is a statistically significant reduction in the total folate content of chick embryos treated with urethane as compared to those from the untreated controls . It is conluded that urethane has an antifolate action.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(5), 303 - 14
{Gelatinous deposits of a special microbial population on pitwood}; Kraepelin G et al.; Conspicuous gelatinous deposits found on permanently drenched pitwood planks in an old ore mine were analyzed microscopically . They contained a very characteristic microbial community consisting primarily of bacteria producing various kinds of slime capsules, stalks, hyphae or other appendages . The high degree of morphological diversity and the remarkable enrichment of differentiated cell types may reflect selective advantages realized under the continuous pressure imposed by such an unusual biotope.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1980, 25(2), 140 - 3
Effect of starch and inorganic nitrogen on microbial transformations of organic compounds in soil; Novak B; It was found in long-term incubation experiments (100 weeks) that in soil non amended with organic compounds, mineralization proceeded in a steady state after an initial reactive respiration and corresponded approximately to the rate of mineralization of soil organic matter under natural conditions . The addition of nitrogen influenced this mineralization process only very slightly . The addition of starch decreased the stability of organic compounds in the soil at first but the newly formed organic substances were gradually stabilized again . The addition of nitrogen to starch increased the extent and the rate of these alterations . The overall extent of mineralization of the substrate after the addition of starch alone exceeds the amount of the added substrate; a small accumulation of the substrate could be observed after the addition of starch together with nitrogen.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 24, 119 - 27
The little-known determinants of virus pathogenicity; Smith H; Of the four cardinal facets of microbial pathogenicity: (1) entry to the host usually by penetrating mucous membranes; (2) multiplication in the host tissues; (3) interference with host defence; and (4) damage to the host; only multiplication (replication) has received much attention in studies of virus pathogenicity . This article points out the gaps in our knowledge of the other three areas emphasising that although some observations have been made on the invasive and pathological processes involved, the viral determinants concerned are mostly unknown.

Acta Virol, 1980 Jan, 24(1), 37 - 44
Production of interferon and other lymphokines during murine tumour growth . I . Lymphokines in cell--free fluid of rat Zajdela ascites hepatoma; Zschiesche W et al.; Cell-free ascites of rat Zajdela hepatoma was assayed for the presence of lymphokine-like factors . Macrophage migration inhibitory and microbial growth inhibitory cytokines were detected with peak activities at day 4-8 and 10-11 after tumour inoculation, respectively . Occasionally, skin reactive activity was found, whereas only borderline titres of an interferon-like substance were demonstrated . Preliminary studies indicated that both migration inhibitory and microbial growth inhibitory factors are proteins resembling the corresponding lymphocyte-derived lymphokines . The cellular site of formation of these factors remains to be determined.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1980, 9(1), 115 - 23
Influence of selected pesticides on the microbial degradation of 14C-triallate and 14C-diallate in soil; Anderson JP et al.; Degradation in soil of {allyl-2-14C}triallate and {carbonyl-14C}diallate herbicides, as affected by other selected pesticides, was studied in an incubation system that allowed recovery of 95 to 100% of added 14C . The amount and sequence of pesticide additions simulated field use in the protection of wheat (triallate) and sugar beets (diallate) . Neither the rate nor the pattern of triallate degradation in soil was influenced by the following sequence of formulated pesticides: dinoseb acetate, (bentazon + dichlorprop + 2,4,5-T), 2,4-D, (chlorcholinchloride + cholinchloride), tridemorph, and thiophanate . Similarly, diallate degradation was unaffected by pyrazon, dimethoate, and thiophanate . The effect of azinphosmethyl was unclear . In contrast, chlorpyrifos reduced diallate degradation by approximately 14% relative to the occurring in the insecticide's absence . This effect was caused by chlorpyrifos and not its formulation components . Chlorpyrifos was also found to partially inhibit degradation of triallate in soil . Inhibition of neither herbicide was considered to be of ecological significance . Triallate, diallate, and thiophanate were applied at 1 microgram/g; all others were at 2 microgram/g.

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen, 1980, 1(3), 269 - 82
Kinetics of uptake and biliary excretion of benzo(alpha)pyrene and mutagenic metabolites in isolated perfused rat liver; Forti GC et al.; An isolated liver perfusion system was used as a simplifying tool to study the metabolism and excretion of benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) as a prototype carcinogen/mutagen . Phenobarbital (PB) was used to induce liver microsomal enzymes in Sprague-Dawley male rats prior to isolated liver perfusion . Control livers were run simultaneously using generally tritiated (G-3H)BP/BP as substrate in the perfusion medium . Both biliary excretion and liver weight were increased in the induced compared to control liver, but biliary flow when corrected for liver weight is statistically the same for both control and PB-induced livers . The excretion rat of radioactivity in the bile is always higher for PB-induced than for control liver (maximum radioactive excretion at 1 hr) . There is a more rapid radioactivity removal in the liver perfusion medium for PB-induced than for control livers . Data are explained by increased metabolism of BP in induced liver leading to the presence of more polar metabolites undergoing preferential biliary excretion than in the control liver . Results support in vivo experimental data . Extracts from liver and bile were tested for microbial mutagenicity by the Ames test (TA 100) after TLC separation . The control liver shows virtually no mutagenicity in bile, only in TLC fractions from the liver . The PB-induced liver shows significant mutagenicity in several TLC fractions in both bile and liver . The net effect of induction is to produce more mutagenic metabolites of BP, excreted in the bile, and presenting a significant exposure of carcinogens/mutagens, and consequent hazard to man.

Biochem J, 1979 Dec 15, 184(3), 613 - 8
The degradation of cholic acid by Pseudomonas sp . N.C.I.B . 10590; Tenneson ME et al.; The microbial degradation of cholic acid by Pseudomonas sp . N.C.I.B . 10590 was studied, and two major products were isolated and identified as 7 alpha, 12 beta-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregna-1,4-diene-20-carboxylic acid . Four minor products were isolated and evidence is given for the following structures: 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 12 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione, 7 alpha, 12 beta, 17 beta-trihydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-20-carboxylic acid . The significance of the production of the steroid products is discussed, along with the possible enzymic mechanisms responsible for their production.

Chirurg, 1979 Dec, 50(12), 759 - 69
{Blood flow disorders of the colon and rectum and their therapy}; Saegesser F et al.; Ischemic colitis or proctitis shows three evolutionary stages . a . complete recovery, b . fibrous stenosis, and c . acute ischemia leading to gangrene . The two first stages result more frequently from hemodynamic disorders than from vascular occlusions because, in the presence of the latter, collateral circulation develops . In addition, the colonic ischemia occurs in a septic medium in the presence of an abundant microbial flora which may be highly pathogenic.

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1979 Dec, 130(12), 641 - 4
{Regressive dysautonomia associating orthostatic hypotension with an invariable pulse and choleriform diarrhea (author's transl)}; Cornet A et al.; The authors describe a case of very severe orthostatic hypotension with an invariable pulse arising during the course of considerable motor diarrhea . The diagnosis of primary dysautonomia was made only after eliminating the many organic causes of diarrhea: microbial, toxic, tumoral endocrine including diabetes . Shy and Drager's syndrome was rejected because of the spontaneously regressive course after a period of 4 years, the patient having had no further signs of orthostatic hypotension.

Infect Immun, 1979 Dec, 26(3), 996 - 9
Cytotaxin receptors of neutrophils: evidence that F-methionyl peptides and pepstatin share a common receptor; Nelson RD et al.; Pepstatin, a chemotactic microbial pentapeptide, competes with f-Met-Leu-{3H}Phe for binding to human neutrophils . Furthermore, porcine neutrophils, which neither specifically bind nor respond chemotactically to the synthetic f-methionyl peptides, also fail to respond chemotactically to pepstatin . These results suggest that pepstatin shares a receptor on the neutrophil with f-methionyl peptides, despite their completely different amino acid compositions . The specificity of this cytotaxin receptor may therefore be broader than expected and depend on ligand characteristics distinct from primary structure.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Dec, (12), 71 - 5
{Use of the systems approach in modeling the growth dynamics of a microbial biomass taking into account the cell division process}; Ugodchikov GA et al.; The possibility of using systemic approach in the construction of the mathematical model allowing for changes in the biomass and the number of cells is shown . Definite rules were followed in the process of construction, calculations were made with the use of a computer . The satisfactory coincidence of rated and experimental data was achieved (in this instance, E . coli M17 were used).

CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1979 Dec, 12(2), 113 - 59
The effects of malnutrition on secretory and cellular immune processes; Watson RR et al.; About 15 million children under 5 years of age die each year due to suppressed immunity and the resulting increased infection . In severely malnourished children and animals some immune systems such as T-cell function, secretory IgA and complement are significantly suppressed . Other systems, such as the serum IgG or IgA, are normal or even elevated . Some of these changes are apparently caused by nutritional stress while others may be due to stimulation by increased incidence of infection and antigen load . On the other hand, marginal malnutrition stimulates increased phagocytosis and T-cell function with increased immunity to cancer but decreased resistance to certain microbial agents . The mechanisms of immune suppression by malnutrition, persistence of these effects after renutrition, and the effect of maternal malnutrition on newborn immunity are critically reviewed . Possible non-nutritional means of rapid immunological restoration of malnourished children are described.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 38(6), 1184 - 5
Microbiology of bruised tissue; Gill CO et al.; No significant differences could be found in the microbial quality of bruised and unbruised tissue provided that the two types of tissue were treated identically . This suggests that there is no good reason for the condemnation of bruised tissue, which could well be used in manufactured products.

J Prosthet Dent, 1979 Dec, 42(6), 619 - 23
Materials and methods for cleaning dentures; Budtz-Jorgensen E; Proper hygienic care of removable dentures is an important means of maintaining a healthy oral mucosa in denture wearers . Denture cleanliness is often poor due to improper mechanical cleansing and the relative inefficiency of most commercial products for chemical cleansing of dentures . Dentists and patients should realize that microbial plaque on dentures may be harmful to both the oral mucosa and the patient's general health . It is the responsibility of the patient to maintain oral hygiene through a daily home care routine . It is the obligation of the dentist to motivate and instruct the patient and provide the means and methods for plaque control . Future research should be directed to developing solution cleansers which can maintain plaque-free dentures with a daily soaking period of 15 to 30 minutes and not affect the color and surface luster of the denture acrylic resin.

J Anim Sci, 1979 Dec, 49(6), 1631 - 9
Quantitative and dynamic aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a modeling analysis; Baldwin RL et al.; A modeling approach to analyses of ruminant digestive function is described . The approach provides for evaluations of current concepts and data for adequacy as explanations of behavior of the real system . It also provides for evaluation of hypotheses for probable adequacy as explanations of real behavior where proven concepts fail, and for identification of critical experiments . Analyses of several aspects of microbial maintenance and growth and dietary protein degradation are emphasized.

Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1979 Nov 15, 55(21), 2267 - 73
{Addition of amino acids and oligopeptides to the diet of piglets . I . Effects on productive performance and development of intestinal microbial flora}; Zaghini G et al.; The effects in connection with the addition of small quantities of aminoacid and oligopeptide pools to balanced diets were studied on 36 male piglets, divided into three groups (1: control; 2: aminoacid pool; 3: aminoacid and oligopeptide pool) . Piglets receiving the aminoacid pool (group 2) exhibited better performances: an increased weight gain resulting in higher feed efficiency and an increased overall microbial count with a predominance of the useful population.

J Biol Chem, 1979 Nov 10, 254(21), 10582 - 5
On the role of the sterol hydroxyl group in membranes; Lala AK et al.; The adequacy of sterol derivatives containing a blocked 3-hydroxyl group for sustaining the growth of two sterol auxotrophs has been investigated . Mycoplasma capricolum, a cholesterol-requiring bacterium, grows nearly as well on media supplemented with cholesteryl methyl ether or cholesteryl acetate as on free cholesterol . The two derivatives are recovered unchanged from the bacterial cells . Similarly, cholesteryl methyl ether or ergosteryl methyl ether replace cholesterol or ergosterol as sterol sources for a yeast mutant, strain GL7, defective in 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclization . During aerobic or semianaerobic growth, yeast cells demethylate some of the cholesteryl methyl ether to free cholesterol . However, cells growing on cholesterol methyl ether under strict anaerobic conditions do not produce free sterol . The bearing of these results on the postulated requirement of a free sterol hydroxyl group for membrane function is discussed . Sterol esterification does not appear to be essential for the two microbial systems.

S Afr Med J, 1979 Nov 10, 56(20), 801 - 4
Hepatic infections . Part II . The effect of acute and chronic hepatitis B antigenaemia on the reaction to antibodies to sheep red cells (microbial antigens) and human T-activated cells (exposed autologous tissue antigens); Vos GH et al.; Using the agglutination of sheep red cells by human antibodies as an indicator of microbial antibody activity, a highly significant association was found between the response to the e antigen of the hepatitis B virus and the formation of strong antibody levels to microbial substances (chi 2(1) = 33) . This kind of association was not found among chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus who do not produce antibodies to the e antigen (chi 2(1) = 3,7) . In the presence of e antigen activity, patients with acute virus B hepatitis almost always show significantly reduced levels of antibodies to microbial substances (chi 2(1) = 20) . The findings indirectly reveal that e activity is associated with the inability of the liver to trap bacterial antigens . Circumstantial evidence further suggests that the e factor may bear antigens on its immunoglobulin-like structure very similar to microbial cell wall components . Accepting that human antibodies to the T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) antigen represent reactions to cryptantigenic membrane structure of autologous tissues, it was significant to record that increased anti-t activity is always demonstrated when virus B infections progress from the acute to the chronic carrier stage (chi 2(1) = 73) . The most intense anti-T activity is commonly found in subjects who produce antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (chi 2(1) = 138) . In the presence of e antigen the amount of anti-T in circulation is always significantly depressed . Since this type of depression is not seen in patients with acute virus B hepatitis who lack the e antigen, we suspect that the reduced anti-T levels in e antigen-positive patients are linked with the in vivo exposure of T receptors by microbial neuraminidase.

Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Nov-Dec, 48(6), 1082 - 5
{Short-term changes in the biomass of fungi and bacteria in soddy-podzolic soil}; Zviagintsev DG et al.; Short-term (diurnal or daily) changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were studied using direct count . Diurnal changes in microbial biomass were found to be unreliable . Daily observations have shown that the length of fungal mycelium can change 3--4-fold within 10--30 days, and the number of bacteria, 2--3-fold, the frequency and amplitude of changes depending on the season . Fungal biomass was found to be greater than bacterial biomass by a factor of dozens; that is why, while estimating the biomass of soil fungi, other indices of the biological activity of soil (DNA content, enzymic activity, respiration, etc.) must be taken into account.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 38(5), 945 - 55
Intestinal microbial flora of the of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L; Bracke JW et al.; A morphological study employing scanning and transmission electron microscopy was made by the alimentary tract of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L . A . complex microbiota of diverse morphology, which could not be readily dislodged, was observed and found to be restricted to the hindgut, particularly the colon . Numerous filamentous forms were noted, and some are described, including the morphologically distinct Methanospirillum . Flora was noted attached to the cuticular lining and cuticular filaments of the colon, and several spiral forms were observed in the luminal contents from the colon.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 25(11), 1310 - 4
Influence of soil texture on survival and saprophytic activity of Rhizoctonia solani in soils; Lewis JA; Survival of Rhizoctonia solani in precolonized tablebeet seed was greater in a light-textured sandy loam (SL 1) than in a heavy-textured silty clay loam (SiCL) . Reduction in survival as well as competitive saprophytic activity of the pathogen resulted when clays (kaolinite and montmorillonite) were added to SL to prepare soils of heavier texture . Survival and activity of R . solani, however, were not increased when sand was added to SiCL (suppressive to R . solani survival) to make this soil lighter in texture . In natural soils of different textures, activity of R . solani was maintained longer in two light-textured sandy loam soils than in a light-textured loamy sand or loam . During investigation of soil chemical and biological influences on R . solani survival, high K2O content in soil was significantly correlated with low saprophytic activity of the pathogen . In all instances where soil microbial activity as determined by a dehydrogenase assay was high, low saprophytic activity was found . Since high microbial activity or K2O content in soil were not associated with any particular soil type, biological or chemical factors may be more important than soil texture in influencing survival and activity of R . solani in soil.

Neurosurgery, 1979 Nov, 5(5), 607 - 10
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis with cerebral and cerebellar abscesses: case report; Rinaldi I et al.; A case of fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis is reported . We need to remind ourselves that, if the usual laboratory tests fail to show any microbial or fungal agents either in the CSF or in fluids or tissues obtained at operation, it is imperative that a warm wet slide preparation be made . Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a very rare disease, and it is only by prompt recognition of the amebae that we can make an early diagnosis and institute the appropriate therapy.

CRC Crit Rev Biochem, 1979 Nov, 7(1), 1 - 5
Speculations on the evolution of sterol structure and function; Bloch KE; The essential oxygen requirement for sterol biosynthesis dates this molecule as a relative latecomer in cellular evolution . Structural details of the cholesterol molecule and related sterols can be rationalized in terms of optimal hydrophobic interactions between the planar sterol ring system and phospholipid acyl chains in the membrane bilayer . The prediction that the cholesterol precursor lanosterol (4,4',14 trimethyl cholastadienol) is incompetent for membrane function is verified by in vivo experiments with eucaryotic sterol auxotrophs and microviscosity measurements of sterol-containing artificial membranes . For procaryotic cells the sterol specificity is very much broader . Methylococcus capsulatus produces 4,4-dimethyl- and 4-monomethyl sterols, but not sterols of the cholesterol type . Similarly lanosterol and its partially demethylated derivatives satisfy the sterol requirement of Mycoplasma capricolum . A more primitive but unspecified role of cyclized squalene derivatives is therefore postulated for procaryotic membranes . The finding that cholesterylmethyl ether satisfies the sterol requirement of certain microbial systems is at variance with current views on the role played by the sterol hydroxyl group in membrane organization and function.

Pol J Pharmacol Pharm, 1979 Nov-Dec, 31(6), 661 - 6
Comparative study of mutagenic, inductive and transforming activities of ledakrin; Gajcy H et al.; Mutagenic activity of Ledakrin in microbial testing as well as its inductive effect on the release of free phages in lysogenic bacteria were compared with its transforming ability in human cell system . It has been found that Ledakrin is highy mutagenic both without metabolic activation and when activated in vivo . Ledakrin induces the release of free phages in E . coli K12(lambda +), but does not transform human fibroblasts in cell cuture in vitro.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Nov-Dec, 15(6), 878 - 82
{Application of the ultrafiltration method to the isolation of cholesterol oxidase of microbial origin}; Petrova LIa et al.; Ultrafiltration of solutions of intracellular cholesterol oxidase of Actinomyces lavendulae through semi-permeable membranes (N-vinyl pyrrolidone and methacrylate copolymers) of varying porosity and acetyl cellulase ultrafilter UAM-200 M was investigated . The ultrafiltration through membranes of both types involved both concentration and purification of cholesterol oxidase from low molecular weight protein admixtures . When copolymer membranes were used, their performance and degree of purification were higher and losses were lower than in case of UAM-200 M filter . The optimum hydrolytic mode of ultrafiltration of intracellular cholesterol oxidase through both filters was determined.

J Pharm Sci, 1979 Nov, 68(11), 1366 - 9
N-Benzoyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs as growth inhibitors in microbial antitumor screen; Otani TT et al.; Twenty-seven N-benzoyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity in a microbial antitumor screen . Of these, 19 showed some inhibitory capacity, from a modest 13% to a potent 96% at 1 mg/ml . The activities of the "modest" inhibitors were comparable to those of most inhibitory chloracetyl and trifluoroacetyl derivatives reported earlier . The intermediate inhibitors were as active as N-chloroacetyl-beta-hydroxy-D-norleucine isomer B, the most active acyl derivative noted previously . The most active compounds in this study were N-benzoyl-p-chloro-DL-phenylalanine and N-benzoyl-m-fluoro-DL-phenylalanine, which inhibited the test organism almost completely under the assay conditions.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Oct 26, 575(1), 156 - 65
Synthesis of various kinds of esters by four microbial lipases; Okumura S et al.; Ester synthesis by microbial lipases, using homogeneous enzyme preparations, were investigated . The amount of synthesized ester was estimated by alkalimetry, and products were identified by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy . Lipases from Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized esters from oleic acid and various primary alcohols . Only Geotrichum candidum lipase synthesized esters of secondary alcohols . Esters of tertiary alcohols, phenols or sugar alcohols were not synthesized by any lipase . Rather high concentrations of alcohol were required to synthesize the esters of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or trimethylene glycol . Lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus delemar synthesized oleyl esters of various fatty acids and some dibasic acids . In contrast, lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium cyclopium synthesized oleyl esters only from medium or long chain fatty acids.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Oct 19, 557(1), 156 - 69
Classification of microbial, plant and animal cytolysins based on their membrane-damaging effects of human fibroblasts; Thelestam M et al.; 38 cytolytic agents of mainly microbial origin were investigated with respect to membrane-damaging activity on human diploid fibroblasts . Increased plasma membrane permeability was measured as leakage of three defined cytoplasmic markers of various sizes: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, uridine nucleotides and ribosomal RNA . The relative leakages of these markers, caused by different concentrations of the various cytolysins, yielded a leakage pattern for each substance . Five distinct types of leakage patterns were obtained . These were transformed into numerical expressions by calculating the ratios between the amounts of cytolysin needed to release 50% of the nucleotide and ribosomal RNA markers and the amounts required to release 50% of the alpha-aminoisobutyric acid marker (ED50 ratios) . A classification of the cytolysins into five groups was arrived at on the basis of the different types of leakage patterns with the aid of reference cytolysins with well-known mechanisms of membrane interaction . These groups comprised: (1) detergent-like agents, (2) agents interacting with only certain constituents of the cell membrane, (3) agents interacting with specific receptor molecules in the membrane, (4) agents inducing small functional holes of a definable size, and (5) agents inducing only a very limited increase in plasma membrane permeability . The system may be useful for characterization and differentiation of new cytolytic agents of various sources as it divides membrane-damaging agents into separate groups on the basis of their principal function on intact human cells.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Oct 15, 100(2), 559 - 67
beta-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger . Separation and characterization of three multiple forms; Widmer F et al.; The enzyme beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Aspergillus niger was purified and resolved into three multiple forms, using molecular sieving, ion-exchange, an hydrophobic chromatography . The isolated enzyme forms accounted for 83%, 8%, and 9% of the total beta-galactosidase activity, respectively . They were glycoproteins with estimated molecular weights of 124,000, 150,000 and 173,000, isoelectric points of about 4.6, and pH optima between 2.5 and 4.0 . Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses showed that multiplicity was mainly due to dissimilar carbohydrate contents (about 12.5%, 20.5% and 29% neutral carbohydrates, respectively) . The multiple form pattern might depend on the culture conditions . The beta-galactosidase forms were heat-stable up to about 60 degrees C . The Km values for lactose ranged from 85 mM to 125 mM, whereas those for the synthetic substrate o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were equal to about 2.4 mM . The V values obtained at 30 degrees C for lactose and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were 104 units/mg enzyme protein and 121 units/mg enzyme protein, respectively (weighted averages for the three enzyme forms) . The slight reactional dissimilarities between the three enzyme forms are unlikely to be physiologically relevant . The biological significance of A . niger beta-galactosidase multiplicity might be related to the observed differences in carbohydrate content, as suggested by recent reports on other microbial glycoprotein enzymes.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1979 Oct-Dec, 24(4), 239 - 42
{Rapid method of testing microbiol sensitivity to antibiotics}; Lenghel Z et al.; The conventional technique for determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics is slow and a more rapid method becomes mandatory . The authors tested microbial sensitivity to antibiotics by measuring turbidity of the cultures in fluid medium . The method offers an orientation in the choice of an elective antibiotic within at most 4 hours.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Oct, 32(10), 1016 - 8
Stereo-specific synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylcephalosporin derivative by microbial acylase; Serizawa N et al.; Cephalosporin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) obtained from Kluyvera citrophila ATCC 21285 was found to catalyze synthesis of 7-{2-(2-thienyl)acetamido}-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid from methyl thienylacetate and dl-7-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid . The enzymatically-synthesized compound showed {alpha}25 D + 42.7 degrees (c 0.058, MeOH) and its biological activity was about twice as much as that of racemic 7-{2-(2-thienyl)acetamidol}-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid chemicall synthesized . As a result, N-acylation by this enzyme was demonstrated to be asymmetric synthesis.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Oct, 83(2), 277 - 83
Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical products in the home; Baird RM et al.; One thousand, nine hundred and seventy-seven pharmaceutical products used in the home were examined for microbial contamination . Viable micro-organisms were recovered from 14.0% of samples . Medicines used in the home are apparently not exposed to the same opportunities for contamination as those used in hospital.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1979 Oct, 21(10), 1697 - 709
Immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells using carrageenan as matrix; Tosa T et al.; Conditions for the gelation k-carrageenan, which is a new polymer for immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells, were investigated in detail . k-Carrageenan was easily induced to gel by contact with metal ions, amines, amino acid derivatives, and water-miscible organic solvents . By using this property of k-carrageenan, the immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells was investigated . Several kinds of enzymes and microbial cells were easily immobilized with high enzyme activities . Immobilized preparations were easily tailor-made to various shape such as cube, bead, and membrane . The obtained immobilized preparations were stable, and columns packed with them were used for continuous enzyme reaction for a long period . Their operational stabilities were enhanced by hardening with glutaraldehyde and hexamethylenediamine.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1979 Oct, 9(5), 341 - 5
Female genital actinomycosis; Beedham T et al.; PIP: Actinomycosis of the female genital tract is the subject of this brief review article, which adds 4 new cases to 300 previously reported . The problem of delayed diagnosis because of the nonspecific nature of the symptoms is emphasized, and at present no definitive tests for the disease exist, furthering the likelihood of serious complications . Clinical grounds are the only means of diagnosis, and if actinomycosis is suspected clinically, a careful examination of a cervical smear or endometrial biopsy may let the physician prescribe antibiotics before laparotomy (or removal of an IUD, if present) . Penicillin in large doses is recommended, but the organism is sensitive to many antibiotics . Recently, lincomycin and clindamycin have been used because of their better penetration into the circumscribed fibrotic abscess cavities which develop during actinomycosis, in addition to being effective against the secondary organims present . Abscess drainage and pelvic toilet at laparotomy are therapeutic, and at least 3 months of effective antibiotic treatment are required . The frequency of this pelvic infection is rising at an alarming rate, since doctors are now more likely to diagnose the condition .

Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 202 - 10
Role of environment in the development of "natural" hemagglutinins in Minnesota miniature swine; Scheffel JW et al.; "Natural" hemagglutinin titers against a panel of fixed erythrocyte antigens were determined for groups of Minnesota miniature swine reared conventionally, in a specific pathogen-free facility, and in germfree isolators . Sera were assayed for hemagglutination (HA) titers by the microtiter method against 12 species of erythrocytes stabilized by treatment with pyruvic aldehyde and formaldehyde . These erythrocytes were stable for up to 2 years and gave slightly enhanced HA titers as compared to fresh, unfixed erythrocytes . Of the sera from conventional swine tested, the highest "natural" HA titers were directed towards rabbit, cat, swine dog, and burro erythrocytes (greater than 1:1,000), intermediate titers were detected against human A, B, and O, and sheep, pig, and chicken erythrocytes (1:64 to 1:1,000), whereas the lowest titers were found against ox and goat erythrocytes (less than 1:8) . Titers obtained with sera from specific pathogen-free swine were 2- to 16-fold lower than those of conventional swine, but were of a similar distribution with regard to the species of erythrocyte tested . Germfree swine sera uniformly exhibited HA titers less than 1:4 against all species of erythrocytes . The majority of these hemagglutinins were immunoglobulin M class but there were some agglutinins of immunoglobulin A class and a slight amount of immunoglobulin G class . Specificity of these agglutinins was examined by absorption tests . The results are consistent with the hypothesis that natural hemagglutinins develop due to dietary or microbial antigenic stimulation, or both.

Contraception, 1979 Oct, 20(4), 339 - 51
Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intravaginal rings impregnated with either progesterone or norethisterone; Wadsworth PF et al.; The effects of both progesterone- and norethisterone-loaded intravaginal rings were investigated in twenty-five rhesus monkeys for 52 weeks . The intravaginal rings were designed to provide a sustained release of either the human dosage level of the hormone or ten times this level . Untreated placebo rings were used for control purposes . The devices were well retained . With the exception of increased plasma fibrinogen levels in animals treated with norethisterone, no marked differences in either local or systemic toxicity between the progesterone and norethisterone intravaginal rings were apparent . Following insertion of the hormone-treated intravaginal rings, a dose-related decrease in vaginal bleeding was recorded . The vaginal microbial flora were assessed qualitatively and semiquantitatively and all groups including the placebo controls showed a changes in mcirobial populations . Terminal studies indicated that at high dose levels, ovulation was suppressed and widespread atrophy of the uterine mucosal and glandular endometrial epithelium had occurred . An increase in cervical mucus was observed within the lumen of the endocervical canal in a proportion of hormone-treated animals . In the vagina, a dose-related focal or diffuse atrophy of the mucosal epithelium was found.

J Clin Ultrasound, 1979 Oct, 7(5), 365 - 8
Ultrasound findings in liver hydatid cysts; Hadidi A; Eighty-one liver hydatid cysts evaluated by gray-scale ultrasound were accumulated in our experience over a period of 2 years . The echographic evidence in accordance with our experience can be categorized as follows: (a) nonsuppurative hydatid cysts in which echo-free area within the fine homogeneous structure of the organ provide the basic clue to the diagnosis; then the echographic appearance of the wall offers further hints to the identity of solitary, multiloculated, and multiple cysts; (b) suppurative hydatid cysts in which, depending on the intensity of secondary microbial infection, the echo-free area turns to a low, medium, or high level of echoes while holding its constitutional pattern . This report is designed to present the various ultrasound patterns of hydatid disease of the liver and show how ultrasound may be most effective in achieving the correct diagnosis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Oct, (10), 76 - 80
{Isolation of fractions from Bordetella parapertussis extracts and their use for preparing an erythrocyte diagnostic preparation}; Samsonova VS et al.; Soluble parapertusis antigen, serologically active, having hemosensitive properties and containing only 2 antigenic components was obtained by the method of ethanol fractionation of microbial extracts . This method is simple and convenient for production purposes . The antigen thus obtained was used for the production of a highly specific erythrocytic diagnostic preparation (formalinized, liquid) . When tested in reaction with animal and human sera, the new diagnostic preparation proved to be sufficiently active and species specific.

J Exp Med, 1979 Sep 19, 150(3), 653 - 75
Augmentation of macrophage complement receptor function in vitro . I . Characterization of the cellular interactions required for the generation of a T-lymphocyte product that enhances macrophage complement receptor function; Griffin JA et al.; The function of complement receptors of mouse peritoneal macrophages was converted in vitro from mediating only attachment of macrophage complement receptor function was achieved by treating freshly explanted macrophages with supernates from cultures containing T lymphocytes and appropriately triggered macrophages . Fc receptor-mediated phagocyctosis by macrophages was required for the production of active supernates, for neither ingestion via the cells' complement receptors nor ingestion via nonimmunologic means was a sufficient stimulus for the macrophages' participation in the generation of supernatant activity . Fc receptor-triggered macrophages interacted by a contact dependent, but histocompatibility independent, mechanism with T lymphocytes, thereby signalling the lymphocytes to elaborate the active product . The possible significance of enhanced macrophage complement receptor function in inflammation, host defense against microbial pathogens, immune complex disease, and neoplasia is discussed.

Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1979 Sep-Oct, 9(5), 353 - 61
Legionnaires' disease pneumonia: histopathologic features and comparison with microbial and chemical pneumonias; Lattimer GL et al.; The histopathologic findings in lung tissue are reported from five cases of Philadelphia Legionnaire's Disease and the results are compared to pneumonias caused by other microbial and chemical agents . Histopathology of lung tissue was similar in all cases, despite the fact that death occurred between the fourth and 14th day of clinical illness . The inflammatory response was almost totally limited to the lower respiratory tract and primarily involved respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli . Major bronchial branches and pulmonary interstices showed little or no involvement . There was considerable variation in the extent and nature of the consolidation, but the overall reaction pattern was highly characteristic of diffuse alveolar damage . Most involved areas showed intra-alveolar, fibrinocellular mononuclear cell predominant exudates, associated with pneumonocytic hyperplasia and slough . These findings plus the presence of erythroleucophagocytosis by macrophages and paucity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes are commonly associated with psittacine pneumonia, and much less so with classic patterns of bacterial, viral, fungal or rickettsial pneumonias . Of the toxic inhalants, nickel carbonyl, phosgene, nitrous oxide, cadmium oxide and some halogenated hydrocarbons have been associated with this tissue reaction pattern . Bacteria were notably absent in lung tissue stained by methods used to demonstrate the Legionnaires' Disease agent.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 Sep, 169(1-2), 164 - 205
{Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers . IV . Communication: microbial immission in the vicinity of wet cooling towers (author's transl)}; Botzenhart K et al.; From the emission rates of the bacterial cooling tower emission determined in field measurements (see Comm . II) the mortality rate of enterbacteria on soil, grass and solid surfaces and the mortality rate in the atmosphere taken from literature the immission rates and the long-term effect on microbial surface flora were calculated and compared with our own measurements . The values used in the calculations include large margins for error . The atmospheric germ counts determined by experiment were no higher than the calculated values; they fluctuated in terms of concentration between 20 KBE m-3 and 200 KBE m-3 in ranges which were measured in areas with little or no anthropogenic influences . The maximum long-term surface load which occurs under these assumptions is 2.3.10(5) KBE M-2 . This relatively small additional load (approx . 10(-3%) would hardly be noticeable in a number of colonies of approximately 10(10) KBE m-2 normally occurring in soil and grass samples.

Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Sep-Oct, 48(5), 906 - 15
{Character of short-term changes in the total number of soil bacteria, including ammonifiers, during the growing season}; Kutuzova RS; The total incidence of bacteria and the number of ammonificators were assayed to the direct count and plating techniques, respectively, several times within the vegetative period in the course of ten days under the field conditions . The incidence of the former and the latter varied though not in parallel, and the variations were temporal . The total bacterial incidence depended considerably on soil water content; in ammonificators, moisture determined only the level at which their number changed . The character of oscillations is suggestive of the rate of microbial growth at different periods of the vegetative stage . Daily determination of their number several times within the same period may result in contradictory conclusions.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Sep, 140(3), 358 - 69
Microbial colonization and hepatic abnormalities in jejunoileal bypass with resection, ileal mucous fistula, and ileocolostomy; Edmiston CE Jr et al.; A role for bacterial colonization of the intestines in the pathogenesis of hepatic abnormalities after jejunoileal bypass was sought . Dogs were divided into groups according to the disposition of the bypassed segment; resection (group I), exteriorization as an ileal mucous fistula (group II), and drainage via an ileocolonic anastomosis (group III) . Weight loss, abnormalities in liver function, and hepatic steatosis were significantly greater in groups II and III than in group I . Concomitantly, there was a significant increase in the total number of bacterial colony-forming units in groups II and III . Moreover, a greater number of specific anaerobic genera was isolated in group III than in group II . It is concluded that: (1) retention of the bypassed intestinal segment is associated with greater changes in liver function and structure than when the segment is resected; (2) the changes in the liver correlated with bacterial proliferation in the bypassed intestinal segment; and (3) despite a greater number of anaerobic genera in the ileocolostomy than in the mucous fistula, both procedures were associated with hepatic abnormalities.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep, 88(3 Pt 2), 543 - 7
The microbial flora in extended-wear soft contact-lens wearers; Smolin G et al.; Of 857 cultures of material collected from the eyelids, conjunctivae, and contact lenses of 51 extended-wear soft-contact-lens wearers, 44 (5%) grew potential pathogens . The aphakic patients wearing contact lenses had fewer recoverable pathogens (24 of 295 or 8%) than a group of preoperative cataract patients (63 of 295 or 21%) . On five occasions, positive cultures accompanied clinical symptoms, and on three occasions, repeated cultures grew the same potential pathogen.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 38(3), 559 - 63
MICRID: a computer-assisted microbial identification system; Kellogg ST; An extensive computer-assisted identification system for bacteria and yeasts (117 genera and 1,430 species) was developed, and applications proved very useful in teaching situations.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 38(3), 466 - 70
Wipe-rinse technique for quantitating microbial contamination on large surfaces; Kirschner LE et al.; The evaluation of an improved wipe-rinse technique for the bioassay of large areas was undertaken due to inherent inadequacies in the cotton swab-rinse technique to which assay of spacecraft is currently restricted . Four types of contamination control cloths were initially tested . A polyester-bonded cloth (PBC) was selected for further evaluation because of its superior efficiency and handling characteristics . Results from comparative tests with PBC and cotton swabs on simulated spacecraft surfaces indicated a significantly higher recovery efficiency for the PBC than for the cotton (90.4 versus 75.2%) . Of the sampling areas sites studied, PBC was found to be most effective on surface areas not exceeding 0.74 m2 (8.0 feet 2).

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Sep-Oct, 15(5), 699 - 701
{Application of lytic enzymes for disruption of microbial cell walls to isolate DNA}; Shurygin AIa et al.; The possibility of isolating DNA from yeast and actinomycete cells, previously exposed to enzymic disruption, was explored . The enzyme was produced from Actinomyces griseinus II . The highest yield of DNA from microbial cells was obtained as a result of detergent pretreatment of the yeast and actinomycetes and subsequent disruption of cell walls with the above enzyme.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 Sep, 169(1-2), 39 - 134
{Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers ii . communication: measuring methods, emission values and changes in the germ count in the cooling system (author's transl)}; Werner HP et al.; The second in the series "Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water of wet cooling towers" describes measuring methods and results of the measurements for determining the emission values and the changes in the germ count in the cooling system . The content of colony-forming units (KBE) in the cooling water varied widely, depending on the germ content of the surface water and the preparation of the cooling water (filtration, chemical conditioning) . In summer the KBE values were as a rule higher than the values recorded in winter (factor of about 10) . The introduction of cooling tower water into the surface water thus did not result in any noticeable changes in germ content, either in summer or in winter . An emission rate of 8.3 10(7) KBE/s (CSA) measured at the top of the cooling tower was the maximum emission value recorded . This resulted in a total germ content in the plume of 1.2 . 10(4) KBE/m3 . In order to place this finding into perspective, it should be noted that fluctuations in the KBE values of the air of considerably more than 1000 KBE/m3 can occur because of biological release and meteorological conditions alone (see IVth communication) . The KBE-P values recorded (content of particles with units which are capable of forming colonies) in the plume were of the same order as the KBE values . From this it can be concluded that the drops of cooling water which are swept away with the plume are normally only charged with individual colony-forming units . It is worth noting that the KBE values of the plume are only indirectly dependent on the KBE values of the cooling water used in the cooling tower.

J Lipid Res, 1979 Sep, 20(7), 825 - 33
Aminopropyl silica gel as a solid support for preparation of glycolipid immunoadsorbent and purification of antibodies; Kundu SK et al.; Aminopropyl silica gel was prepared from porous silica gel and was used as a solid support for immunoadsorbent in the purification of anti-glycolipid antibodies . For neutral glycosphingolipids, a carboxyl function was generated by oxidation of the olefinic double bond of the sphingosine moiety, whereas for gangliosides the carboxyl group of sialic acid was used to couple with aminopropyl silica gel in the presence of a carbodiimide . These compounds were used for purifying anti-glycolipid antibodies from serum of immunized rabbits . The antibodies bound to the su-strate were released by 2 M potassium thiocyanate and their immunological properties were studied . Aminopropyl silica gel may be preferred over conventional organic solid supports for the following reasons: 1) faster flow rate; 2) higher capacity; 3) easier handling; 4) more economical; and 5) lower susceptibility to microbial attack.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 38(3), 514 - 20
Microbial conversion of ethylbenzene to 1-phenethanol and acetophenone by Nocardia tartaricans ATCC 31190; Cox DP et al.; A culture of Nocardia tartaricans ATCC 31190 was capable of catalyzing the conversion of ethylbenzene to 1-phenethanol and acetophenone while growing in a shake flask culture with hexadecane as the source of carbon and energy . This subterminal oxidative reaction with ethylbenzene appears not to have been previously reported for Nocardia species . When N . tartaricans was grown on glucose as its source of carbon and energy and ethylbenzene was added, no subsequent production of 1-phenethanol or acetophenone was observed . The mechanisms of 1-phenethanol and acetophenone production from ethylbenzene are thought to involve a subterminal oxidation of the alpha-carbon of the alkyl group to 1-phenethanol followed by biological oxidation of the latter to acetophenone.

Surv Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep-Oct, 24(2), 97 - 105
Initial therapy of suspected microbial corneal ulcers . I . Broad antibiotic therapy based on prevalence of organisms; Baum JL; The initial treatment of bacterial ulcers of the cornea should consist of a combination of antibiotics that are effective against the major pathogens in the community . A gram stain may be misleading and therefore may suggest inappropriate therapy . Antibiotic therapy should include subconjunctival injections and concentrated eye drops, but not systemic administration except following perforation . Initially, we use cefazolin and tobramycin or gentamicin . Bacitracin may be substituted as a topical medication . Antibiotic therapy should be changed only if the pathogen is reported to be resistant to initial therapy and if the corneal ulcer continues to worsen.

Arch Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 122(3), 241 - 7
Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: purification and properties of a heme-containing aldehyde dehydrogenase from Methylomonas methylovora; Patel RN et al.; Procedures for the purification of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from extracts of the obligate methylotroph, Methylomonas methylovora are described . The purified enzyme is homogeneous as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In the presence of an artificial electron acceptor (phenazine methosulfate), the purified enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of straight chain aldehydes (C1--C10 tested), aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde), glyoxylate, and glyceraldehyde . Biological electron acceptors such as NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate, and cytochrome c cannot act as electron carriers . The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by sulfhydryl agents {p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide and 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)}, cuprous chloride, and ferrour nitrate . The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration is approximately 45000 and the subunit size determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis is approximately 23000 . The purified enzyme is light brown and has an absorption peak at 410 nm . Reduction of enzyme with sodium dithionite or aldehyde substrate resulted in the appearance of peaks at 523 nm and 552nm . These results suggest that the enzyme is a hemoprotein . There was no evidence that flavins were present as prosthetic group . The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also presented.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Aug 15, 99(1), 89 - 96
Flavanone synthase from Petroselinum hortense . Molecular weight, subunit composition, size of messenger RNA, and absence of pantetheinyl residue; Kreuzaler F et al.; Flavanone synthase from irradiated cell suspension cultures of parsley was purified to apparent homogeneity . Molecular weights of about 77 000 for the enzyme and about 42 000 for the subunits were determined respectively by sedimentation-equilibrium measurements and disc-gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate . A specific antiserum was prepared for the enzyme and was used in an assay for flavanone synthase mRNA activity in partially purified RNA preparations . The apparent molecular size of flavanone synthase mRNA was estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel electrophoresis under partially denaturing conditions . Values of about 17 S and Mr = 0.62 X 10(6) were obtained . The fractionation patterns suggested that flavanone synthase mRNA was homogeneous in size . All together, the results support the idea that the enzyme is composed of two subunits which are probably identical . Amino acid analysis and a microbial assay were carried out to test the possible occurrence of cysteamine, beta-alanine, and pantothenate in the enzyme . The results were negative, indicating the absence of pantetheine or a similar residue . The possible similarity in mechanism between flavanone synthase and 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase is discussed.

Hautarzt, 1979 Aug, 30(8), 443 - 5
{Dermatology in French Guiana}; Grosshans EM et al.; In French Guayana, climatic and geographic conditions enhance development of numerous fungal, parasitic and microbial skin diseases . The most particular infectious diseases of this French department are lobomycosis, chromomycosis (Phialophora pedrosoi), creeping disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, tungiasis, mycobacterial ulcus (Mycobacterium ulcerans) and papular dermatitis caused by nettling hairs of lepidoptera (Hylesia urticans) . The occurence of these skin diseases is demonstrative of pathological ecology of the Amazonian country.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Aug, 83(1), 59 - 67
The effect of air ionization on the air-borne transmission of experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in chickens; Estola T et al.; The effect of artificial air-ionization on air-borne transmission of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chickens was studied in an isolated system consisting of two side-by-side cages with solid walls and a wire-gauze roof . During a 3-week observation period more than 90% of the uninoculated indicator chickens, housed in one of the cages, contracted the virus shed to the air by the NDV-inoculated, diseased birds in the neighbouring cage . This air-borne transmission of NDV was completely prevented by increasing the ion concentration in the test room by a constant negative corona discharge above the wire-gauze roof . On the other hand, spreading of the infection within a group of chickens housed in a single cage was not affected by air ionization . These and other results suggest that artificial air-ionization may protect animals from certain air-borne infections by interfering with microbial aerosol formation and/or by facilitating their decay.

Aust Dent J, 1979 Aug, 24(4), 231 - 4
Dental plaque ecology related to caries and periodontal diseases; Newbrun E; Dental plaque consists of a dynamic microbiota which responds to ecological changes . There are major technical difficulties in obtaining representative plaque samples and in dispersing, cultivating, identifying and quantifying the microbial components . Cumulative findings on plaque microbiota associated with dental caries and different forms of periodontal disease support the specific plaque hypothesis . However, the data do not permit designation of any single organism as the distinct aetiological agent . The characteristic pattern is autogenic succesion, in which one or more microbial species alter the plaque environment and are replaced or succeeded by other species.

Ann Intern Med, 1979 Aug, 91(2), 261 - 70
Fever: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and purpose; Bernheim HA et al.; Fever appears to have evolved in vertebrate hosts as an adaptive mechanism for controlling infection . This phenomenon is produced by certain exogenous (largely microbial) stimuli that activated bone-marrow-derived phagocytes to release a fever-inducing hormone (endogenous pyrogen) . Endogenous pyrogen, in turn, circulates to the thermoregulatory center of the brain (preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus) where it causes an elevation in the "set-point" for normal body temperature . Warm blooded animals produced fever by increasing heat production (through shivering) or reducing heat loss (by peripheral vasoconstriction), whereas cold blooded animals do so only by behavioral mechanisms (seeking a warmer environment) . This paper discusses current concepts that involve the mechanism of endogenous pyrogen production, the role of central transmittors, and the probable function of fever in combating disease.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Aug, 139(2), 675 - 9
Microbial oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons . II . Hydroxylation of alkanes and epoxidation of alkenes by cell-free particulate fractions of methane-utilizing bacteria; Patel RN et al.; Cell-free particulate fractions derived from methylotrophic bacteria catalyze the oxygen- and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent epoxidation of alkenes and hydroxylation of alkanes . Evidence presented indicates that the hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions are catalyzed by the same or a similar metal-containing monooxygenase.

Arch Tierernahr, 1979 Jul-Aug, 29(7-8), 495 - 502
{Feed value of straw materials in the in vitro system . 3 . Measurement of in vitro protein synthesis on the basis of the incorporation of 15N in the TCA-precipitable fraction of rumen fluid}; Bergner H et al.; For several reasons the utilisation of 15N for the characterisation of the microbial protein synthesis in the artificial rumen seems to be, in contrast to the incorporation of 35S, not very suitable in order to characterise the feed value of straw materials.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1979 Jul, 123(7), 3 - 9
{Bacterial proteolytic enzymes in the treatment of purulent wounds}; Gostishchev VK et al.; The enzyme therapy, the application of microbial proteases in particular, is one of rational ways of removing necrotic tissues from purulent wounds . The use of proteolytic enzymes combined with the methods of early closure of granulated wounds (primary, primary-delayed, early secondary sutures) considerably reduces the terms of treatment of patients with purulent wounds.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jul, 244(2-3), 316 - 23
Blood cultures with the BACTEC 225 radiometric microbial growth detection system; Groschel D et al.; The BACTEC 225 automated radiometric blood culture system was compared with a conventional blood culture bottle method for its ability to improve the rapid laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia in cancer patients . The BACTEC 225, in combination with routine blind subcultures and smears of radiometrically negative culture vials, detected two thirds, of all positive cultures within 24 h and shortered the detection time generally by 24-48 h . With the recommended growth index setting of 30, radiometrically false-positive findings are rare and are usually due to leukocytosis resulting from infection or leukemia.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Jul, 48(1), 21 - 8
Relationship of oral complications to peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy; Lockhart PB et al.; Patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy often suffer from oral complications as a result of their disease and its treatment . The effects of the chemotherapy on the bone marrow and oral mucosa, coupled with the patient's immunosuppressed state and altered oral microbial flora, predispose these patients to oral mucositis, infection, and hemorrhage . The oral mucosa appears to mirror the effects of the chemotherapy on the bone marrow, as there appears to be a direct relationship between the changing peripheral blood counts and the status of the oral mucosa.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 139 - 45
Ecological determinants in microbial colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract: adherence of Torulopsis pintolopesii to epithelial surfaces; Suegara N et al.; Torulopsis pintolopesii is a yeast indigenous to the gastrointestinal tracts of conventional mice and rats from many colonies . In such natively colonized animals, the organism forms layers on the surface of the epithelium in the secreting portion of the stomach and can be cultured from all areas of the gastrointestinal tract . When given in water or food to germfree mice or specific pathogen-free mice possessing an indigenous microbiota free of yeast, T . pintolopesii also can be cultured from all areas of the tract at population levels ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) cells per g (wet weight) . Likewise, as in its native hosts, the organism forms layers on gastric surfaces in the associated animals . The layers form on the secreting surface in both the specific pathogen-free and monoassociated ex-germfree mice . In the latter animal, however, a layer of yeast also forms on the nonsecreting gastric surface . In tests of its capacity to adhere to gastrointestinal surfaces in vitro, the organism adheres to epithelia from all areas of the mouse tract . These findings support an hypothesis that the capacity of T . pintolopesii to adhere to epithelial surfaces may be only one determinant influencing it to form layers on the gastric secreting surface in its native hosts.

Drug Metab Dispos, 1979 Jul-Aug, 7(4), 211 - 4
Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents . VIII . Formation of 8- and 9-hydroxyellipticines; Chien MM et al.; Microbial transformations of ellipticine with Aspergillus alliaceus (NRRL 315) yielded two phenolic metabolites which were isolated and characterized as 8- and 9-hydroxyellipticines . The latter is a major metabolite and its structure was determined by NMR and mass-spectometric analyses, and by comparison with authentic 9-hydroxyellipticine prepared by chemical demethylation of 9-methoxyellipticine . The structure of 8-hydroxyellipticine was determined primarily by NMR spectrometry . Whereas 8-hydroxyellipticine is a new derivative, 9-hydroxyellipticine has been described, and it is one of the major mammalian metabolites of the antitumor alkaloid ellipticine.

J Mol Evol, 1979 Jun 8, 13(1), 85 - 93
On the analysis of unrestricted mixed cultures in determining the fitness of microbial mutants; Vinopal RT; Equations describing the growth of two microbial strains in unrestricted mixed culture are developed and their use described . With this treatment, mixed cultures maintained in growth by periodic dilution or by use of a turbidostat may be used to obtain a quantitative measure of the adaptive or maladaptive effects of specific mutant alleles.

J Immunogenet, 1979 Jun, 6(3), 197 - 214
Relationship between the responsiveness of maternal and foetal lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin and to microbial antigens; Gill TJ 3rd et al.; The response of 105 maternal-foetal lymphocyte pairs to specific and non-specific stimulation were evaluated using a newly defined method of analysis . There were no significant differences in the responses of maternal or foetal lymphocytes to phytohaemogglutinin (PHA) or the various antigens as a function of concentration over the ranges tested . The maternal lymphocytes were stimulated by all of the antigens and responded to PHA three--five times more strongly than to the antigens . The foetal lymphocytes were stimulated by PHA and tetanus toxoid only and were suppressed by streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) . They responded to stimulation by antigens at a lower level than did the maternal lymphocytes, but they responded at a much higher level to PHA . Unstimulated cultures of foetal lymphocytes incorporated more isotope than did those of maternal lymphocytes in both autologous and AB plasma . The data were cross-classified to determine whether the responses of the foetal lymphocytes varied concordantly with the responses of the maternal lymphocytes in both autologous and AB plasma by the Chi-square test for independence and by rank correlation analysis . There was no significant correlation in either plasma to stimulation with the antigens . Thus, the presence of antigen reactive lymphocytes in the circulation of the mother does not mean that the foetus is sensitized to that antigen . Comparison of the lymphocyte responses in autologous plasma with those in AB plasma provided evidence for the presence of circulating immunoregulatory substances . Autologous maternal plasma suppressed the lymphocyte responses to high concentrations of candida and SKSD and stimulated the response to mumps, varicella and tetanus toxoid . Autologous fetal plasma suppressed the lymphocyte responses to candida, varicella and SKSD and stimulated the response to PHA . The responsiveness of maternal lymphocytes to PHA was less in foetal plasma than in autologous maternal or AB plasma.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 25(6), 722 - 9
Minute tubular forms in soil; Casida LE Jr et al.; Large numbers of minute, flat, long, straight, but often broken structures were observed in aqueous extracts of soil . We have applied the purely descriptive term 'tubules' to these structure, because they apparently became flattened during preparation for electron-microscopic viewing . The tubules appeared to be composed of parallel fibers held together by protein . Most of the tubules fell within a ranged of 10 to 50 nm in width . Lengths (of broken pieces) ranged from 0.2 to 1 micron or more . A few unbroken ends were found . They were rounded . Tubular structures of similar dimensions were found surrounding lysed cells in sectioned preparations of bacteria that had been separated from soil . The tubules were present in surface soils but not a subsurface sample . Their numbers decreased during bacterial multiplication in soil or broth containing soil . No evidence was found of cleared areas or increase in number of tubules when the tubules were plated with a heterogeneous microbial flora from soil.

Am J Med Technol, 1979 Jun, 45(6), 532 - 6
A ladder curriculum in clinical microbiology; Barr JT; A continuum of four microbiology courses for medical technology majors has been developed by the Medical Laboratory Science Program at Northeastern University . Using a system approach to curriculum design, the academic and clinical faculty identified career-entry capabilities, delineated appropriate subject content, and developed an instructional system which placed individual topics into one of four courses in the ladder curriculum: a basic, second-year, university-based clinical microbiology course stressing microbial technique and common organism identification; third-year microbiology and cellular physiology courses developing theoretical aspects; a fourth-year, hospital-based clinical microbiology rotation emphasizing isolation and identification techniques for significant pathogens; and a fourth-year, university-based, didactic course covering host defense-organism virulence interactions, infectious disease principles, and new techniques and unusual isolates as reported in the recent journal literature . Based on four years of experience with this system and in light of the publication of the 1978 American Society for Medical Technology (ASMT) Competency Statements, the Northeastern Medical Laboratory Science Program faculty is currently reexamining the continuum to insure completeness and appropriateness of overall subject content, to provide reinforcement, and to remove unnecessary duplication among the courses in the curriculum.

J Histochem Cytochem, 1979 Jun, 27(6), 1003 - 10
Accumulation of peroxidase in the cap rays of Acetabularia during the development of gametangia; Menzel D; Accumulation of peroxidase was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy to occur in Acetabularia in certain regions of the cap rays in relation to the development of the gametangia (cysts) . Peroxidase was found to be incorporated into special, cell wall-like obstructions that separate the cap rays from the stalk when the secondary nuclei have settled in the cap rays . It is assumed that peroxidase acts as an anti-microbial protectant of the gametangia.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 939 - 47
Experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in different strains of cortisonized mice; Walzer PD et al.; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was produced in eight different strains of mice by the administration of corticosteroids, low (8%)-protein diet, and tetracycline in the drinking water . Heavier degrees of P . carinii infection were most consistently found in C3H/HeN mice; intermediate levels occurred in BALB/c AnN, C57BL/6N, B10.A(2R), AKR/J, and Swiss Webster mice; lighter degrees were found in DBA/2N and DBA/IJ mice . Histopathologically, P . carinii organisms were morphologically indistinguishable from human and rat P . carinii, and elicited a predominantly mononuclear response that was similar among the various mouse strains . The optimal cortisone acetate regimen was 1 mg injected subcutaneously twice weekly . Higher doses shortened the life span of the mice, presumably by inducing overwhelming bacterial infection . This problem occurred not only in different strains of mice, but also in the same strain of mice obtained from different breeders . Thus, cortisonized mice should be useful in the study of experimental P . carinii infection . Success of this model depends on the corticosteroid dose, as well as the strain, source, general health, and preexisting microbial flora of the mice chosen for study.

Sem Hop, 1979 May 18-25, 55(19-20), 1021 - 5
{Fulminating pneumococcal septicemia (author's transl)}; Andrieu J et al.; Two cases of fulminating pneumococcal septicemia (FSP) are reported, and 47 confirmed cases were discovered after a review of the published literature . The syndrome is that of a malignant infection with fever, collapse, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, with a rapid mortal outcome in most cases . Etiologically, FSP is usually the consequence of functional or anatomical asplenia, and the relative frequency of this affection after splenectomy following trauma confirms this observation . Lack of a splenic filter and a deficiency in the phagocytic system are the reasons for microbial proliferation in the blood, and the lymphocytic defence mechanisms are inactive because of the absence of any focus of infection.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1979 May, 103(5), 261 - 4
Legionnaires' disease: ultrastructural appearance of the agent in a lung biopsy specimen; Katz SM et al.; During the Legionnaires' disease epidemic that occurred in Philadelphia in 1976, we performed a transbronchial lung biopsy on a patient who suffered from Legionnaires' disease that was confirmed by serology . The biopsy was performed in an attempt to detect a causal agent for the patient's pneumonia at a time when the cause of the epidemic was a mystery . We detected pleomorphic microbial structures that were both intracellular and extracellular in location . By electron microscopy, they ranged in size from 350 nm to 2.5 mu . Some displayed cell walls and fine cytoplasmic granules that resembled ribosomes . Our findings illustrate the appearance of the Legionnaires' disease agent in acutely infected, antibiotic-treated human lung obtained from biopsy specimens.

Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 1979 May, 360(5), 621 - 32
{Microbial degradation of papaverine (author's transl)}; Haase-Aschoff K et al.; A bacterium growing on papaverine as sole carbon and nitrogen source was isolated by incubation of soil with papaverine . The bacterium could be identified as a Nocardia strain by morphological and physiological tests . When growing on papaverine, this strain excretes metabolites into the medium . Based on the structure of the metabolites 1--9 a degradation pathway is proposed . 1 = 1-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-isoquinolinediol; 2 = 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-isoquinolinediol; 3 = 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-{2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenly}ethanone; 4 = 2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzeneethanol; 5 = 3,4-dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid; 6 = 2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyoxybenzeneacetic acid; 7 = 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid; 8 = 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde; 9 = 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzeneethanol.

Br J Nutr, 1979 May, 41(3), 521 - 7
The contribution of protozoa to the protein entering the duodenum of sheep; Harrison DG et al.; 1 . Four sheep, each fitted with a rumen fistula and a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum were fed a semi-purified diet containing urea as the only nitrogen source . The quantities of total protozoal amino acid-N (TPAN) present in the rumen and entering the duodenum were determined when the mean rumen dilution rate (D) was low (0.034/h) and when D was increased to 0.078/h by the intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva . 2 . Increasing the dilution rate had no significant effect upon the proportions of TPAN present in the total microbial amino-acid-N (TMAN) of the rumen fluid and duodenal digesta . With both dilution rates the mean proportion of TPAN in the duodenal TMAN (0.24) was markedly less than the equivalent proportion (0.45) found in the rumen fluid . 3 . The daily flow of TPAN, as measured at the duodenal cannula at both dilution rates were equivalent to only 41% of the flow of TPAN as predicted from measurements of rumen outflow, indicating that a substantial proportion of rumen protozoal protein was retained within the rumen.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1979 May, 36(5), 605 - 8
Assuring the quality of intravenous admixture programs; Stolar MH; Several aspects of quality assurance (QA) methods in i.v . admixture programs are discussed, and a basic framework for developing QA programs for admixture services is presented . The objective of QA is to insure that admixture products: (1) are therapeutically and pharmaceutically appropriate to the patient; (2) are free from microbial and pyrogenic contaminants; (3) are free from undesirable levels of particulate or toxic contaminants; (4) contain drugs in correct amounts; and (5) are labeled, stored and distributed under principles of good drug control . Three types of QA criteria bases which may be used as indicators of quality are discussed (resources, facilities and organization; required procedures; end-products or results) . Because end-product monitoring has certain limitations in the admixture setting, QA must rely heavily on procedure-centered review methods . General guidelines for developing QA programs are outlined . Adherence to procedure is the key to assuring the quality of admixture products . In developing a QA program, the highest priority should be given to the education and training of admixture personnel, particularly with respect to aseptic technique and pharmaceutical calculations.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 May, 37(5), 886 - 91
Microbial cleavage of various organophosphorus insecticides; Rosenberg A et al.; Bacteria able to utilize Aspon, Azodrin, Dasanit, diazinon, malathion, Orthene, parathion, Trithion, dimethoate, Dylox, methyl parathion, and Vapona as sole phosphorus sources were isolated from soil and sewage . Individual isolates used from 3 to 10 of these insecticides as sole phosphorus sources . The extent of growth of two Pseudomonas strains in media containing diazinon and malathion was in the range expected from the amount of insecticide supplied, and their proliferation resulted in disappearance of the chemical . Resting cells of the pseudomonads derived from cultures grown on diazinon or malathion but not orthophosphate caused extensive destruction of these two organophosphates in the presence or absence of chloramphenicol . Extracts of the two bacteria derived from organophosphate-grown cultures catalyzed the disappearance of Aspon, Azodrin, Dasanit, diazinon, malathion, Orthene, parathion, and Trithion but not dimethoate, Dylox, methyl parathion, and Vapona . Results from gas chromatographic analysis suggested that the extracts formed dimethyl phosphate from azodrin, dimethyl phosphorodithioate from malathion, diethyl phosphorodithioate from Trithion, and diethyl phosphorothioate from Dasanit, diazinon, and parathion . Dimethyl phosphate, dimethyl phosphorothioate , dimethyl phosphorodithioate, diethyl phosphate, and diethyl phosphorothioate were not used by the pseudomonads as sole phosphorus sources.

Hautarzt, 1979 May, 30(5), 236 - 41
{Therapeutic aspects of seborrhea oleosa and pityriasis simplex capillitii}; Gloor M; The treatment of seborrhoea oleosa capillitii should aim at inhibiting depletion of the sebaceous glands, lipid synthesis in the sebaceous gland and microbial lipolysis of the triglycerides in the scalp and hair lipids . The use of isopropyl alcohol as a vehicle in a hair tonic reduces sebum depletion . Coal tar and estrogens reduce the lipid synthesis in the sebaceous gland . The lipolysis can be inhibited by various surfactants, isopropyl alcohol, colloidal sulphur, selenium disulphide, Omadine MDS and benzoyl peroxide . In the treatment of pityriasis simplex capillitii (dandruff) one aims at achieving inhibition of mitosis in the epidermis and, if possible, an additional "keratolytic" effect . Inhibition of mitosis could be demonstrated for coal tar, corticosteroids, selenium disulphide, cadmium sulphide, Omadine MDS, Zn Omadine and ichthyol sodium . Colloidal sulphur, salicylic acid, Omadine MDS and various surfactants act "keratolytically".

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 May, 37(5), 878 - 85
Comparative effects of Aroclor 1254 (polychlorinated biphenyls) and phenanthrene on glucose uptake by freshwater microbial populations; Sayler GS et al.; The effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and phenanthrene stress on glucose uptake by natural microbial populations were examined by the heterotrophic potential technique . Temporal and spatial distributions in glucose uptake velocities were examined for natural samples as well as PCB- and phenanthrene-stressed samples . Statistical analysis indicated significant variability among the various samples . It was demonstrated that the environmental variables contributed significantly to the variability in uptake kinetics . Although general trends indicated a PCB-induced stimulation in uptake velocities, these trends were in part masked by sample variability . Data analysis indicated no statistically significant PCB or phenanthrene effect on either total glucose uptake velocities or the proportion of 14CO2 evolved, as compared to natural unstressed samples.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1979 May, 87(5), 452 - 4
{Myoglobin content and oxygen tension in the muscle tissues in allergic reactions}; Pleshkova SM; The influence of sensitization to horse serum, brucelia and BCG, and the allergic reactions induced by these antigens, on the oxygen tension and myoglobin content in the muscle tissues was studied . The lowering of myoglobin concentration associated with higher sensitivity formation was noted only in sensitization to living microbial strains . The allergic responses of immediate and delayed types provoked the decrease in myoglobin content both in the heart and skeletal muscles . The tension of oxygen in the skeletal muscle was reduced.

Chromosoma, 1979 Apr 30, 72(2), 131 - 50
Yeast chromosomal DNA molecules have strands which are cross-linked at their termini; Forte MA et al.; The microbial eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 18 chromosomes, each consisting of a DNA molecule of 1 x 15 x 10(8) daltons (150 to 2,300 kilobase pairs) . Interstand cross-links have now been found in molecules of all sizes by examining the ability of high molecular weight DNA to snap back, i.e., to rapidly renature after denaturation . Experiments in which snap back was assessed for molecules broken by shearing indicate that there are probably two cross-links in each chromosome . Evidence that the cross-links occur at specific sites in the genome was obtained by treating total chromosomal DNA with the endonuclease EcoRI which cleaves the yeast genome into approximately 2,000 discrete fragments . Cross-link containing fragments were separated from fragments without cross-links . This purification resulted in enrichment for about 18 specific fragments . To determine whether the cross-links are terminal or at internal sites in chromosomal DNA, large shear-produced fragments were examined by electron microsopy . With complete denaturation few fragments exhibit the X-shaped single strand configuration expected for internal cross-links . When partially denatured fragments were examined some ends had single strand loops as expected for (AT-rich) cross-linked termini . We propose that a duplex chromosomal DNA molecules have cross-linked termini . We propose that a duplex chromosomal DNA molecule in this eukaryote consists of a continuous, single, self-complementary strand of DNA . This structure has implications for the mechanism of chromosome replication and may be the basis of telomere behavior.

Eur J Pediatr, 1979 Apr 25, 131(1), 43 - 8
Effect of gammaglobulin injection on circulating immune complexes in various diseases; Schwenk HU et al.; Immune complexes (ICs) participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases and can be shown in 18% of all hospitalized patients (excluding those with infectious diseases) by means of a sensitive method such as the Raji-cell radioimmune assay . However, before this test can be applied to quantify disease activity in renal, connective tissue and neoplastic diseases, it must be recognized that febrile infections of the upper respiratory tract also induce ICs in 86% of all patients . The immune complexes containing microbial antigens can be reduced or removed by a single injection of human immunoglobulin . This is a simple method to distinguish between the immune complexes of different specifities . The resulting removal of some immune complexes may be the explanation for the claimed therapeutic effect of gammaglobulin injection in normogammaglobulinemic patients.

Res Exp Med (Berl), 1979 Apr 23, 175(1), 1 - 6
Inhibition of human intestinal alpha-glucosidehydrolases by a new complex oligosaccharide; Caspary WF et al.; The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide (Bay g 5421) of microbial origin on human intestinal alpha-glucosidehydrolase activity was tested in mucosal homogenate from human small bowel biopsy specimens . The alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) exerted a potent inhibitory effect on glucoamylase, sucrase, and maltase, was minimally effective on isomaltase, and did not affect trehalase and lactase activity . Kinetic analysis revealed a fully competitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 1.3 x 10(-6) M; thus the inhibitor had a 15,000-fold higher affinity to the enzyme sucrase than its natural substrate sucrose . The new compound may prove to be useful in the study of carbohydrate maldigestion and malabsorption and may possibly be of therapeutic benefit in diabetes and obesity.

Experientia, 1979 Apr 15, 35(4), 480 - 1
Biodegradability of Tioctilate; Pipyn P et al.; The biodegradability of Tioctilate (octylthiobenzoate), a new pesticide, has been examined by means of 5 tests . The compound appears to be susceptible to microbial metabolism.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 37(4), 774 - 8
Evidence by electron micrographs for a high incidence of bacteriophage particles in the waters of Yaquina Bay, oregon: ecological and taxonomical implications; Torrella F et al.; A variety of viral particles, the majority of them clearly identifiable as bacteriophages, were found in the seawater of Yaquina Bay, Oregon . These phages were obtained as free particles from the seawater without employing specific hosts for enrichments or further purification in the laboratory . A variety of electron micrographs showing different morphologies of phages as well as phage-bacterium interactions found in the seawater are presented . In the area where the bay received organic enrichment from seafood processing plants, a minimum of 10(4) phage particles per ml was estimated . Since the technique used was designed to concentrate particles 0.2 micrometer in diameter or larger it is assumed that the actual number of phage particles is higher than 10(4) particles per ml . The implications of the presence of such phage concentrations in bays and estuaries with a certain level of eutrophication are of obvious importance in considering the microbial ecology of these environments.

Cancer, 1979 Apr, 43(4), 1483 - 92
Nonspecific immune determinants in the patient with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma; Moertel CG et al.; Assays of immune function (recall skin tests to microbial antigens; total circulating lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells; lymphocyte blastogenesis with PHA, Con A, and pokeweed mitogens; and serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG) were obtained in 408 patients with unresectable gastrointestinal carcinoma . The overall patient population, in comparison to normal controls, was characterized by reduced response to recall skin tests, reduced total lymphocyte and T-cell counts, reduced lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, increased B-cell counts and increased IgA and IgM . Significant immunosuppression was associated with prior radiation or chemotherapy, and with impaired patient performance status . There was no apparent correlation between extent of clinically evident malignant disease and immune function within this patient population . No assay of immune function matched the prognostic value of the more readily available and less expensive determinations of performance status, serum alkaline phosphatase, or SGOT . Only reactivity to recall skin tests had a significant correlation to patient survival independent of performance status . Among patients with little or no disability, only intensity of skin test reactivity correlated significantly with survival; and among those with greater disability, there was correlation only with proportion of skin tests positive . The combination of candida and streptokinase antigens provided the best recall skin test survival correlation . Adding a third, fourth, or fifth antigen did not add to prognostic value . From an overall standpoint, the immune determinants which we studied do not appear to provide useful additions to the evaluation of the patient with unresectable gastrointestinal cancer.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Apr, (4), 21 - 5
{Biological preparations in the overall therapy of children convalescing after dysentery}; Kurnosova NA et al.; In studying the state of microbial population in the intestine of children after dysentery dysbacteriosis was revealed in 72.7% of cases . Use of biological preparations normalizing microbial population in the intestine (colibacterin) in 859 children reduced the incidence of protracted forms of the disease and of repeated excretion of the causative agent in comparison with the control group (785 children).

J Oral Rehabil, 1979 Apr, 6(2), 183 - 8
Qualitative changes in dental plaque formation related to removable partial dentures; Ghamrawy EE; A study was performed on the microbial composition of dental plaque developing on fifteen abutment teeth in nine partially edentulous subjects . Bacteria were counted in samples of plaque which had formed on vestibular surfaces, and on proximal surfaces facing edentulous spaces, during a period when dentures were not worn, and then for a period when dentures were being worn . It was found that the presence of removable partial dentures favoured a proliferation of spiral organisms.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Apr, 24(4), 246 - 50
{Aspects of the biosynthesis of actinomycin C}; Orlova TI et al.; The protoplasts of Actinomyces sp . 26--115 producing actinomycin C were obtained by the action of lysozyme on the mycelial paste of a 48-hour microbial culture . The protoplast capacity for synthesizing actinomycin was decreased as compared to that of the intact mycelium . The transport of L-isoleucine, a precursor of actinomycin C biosynthesis in the protoplasts also decreased but this could not be the only cause of the decrease in the actinomycin biosynthesis capacity . The biosynthesis of actinomycin C by the protoplasts of Actinomycin sp . 26--115 did not require galactose and was not inhibited by glucose and exogenic actinomycin.

Arch Microbiol, 1979 Mar 12, 120(3), 271 - 3
Separation of algal mixtures and bacterial mixtures with flow-microfluorometer using chlorophyll and ethidium bromide fluorescence; Paau AS et al.; The applicability of flow-microfluorometer to separate microbial cells was demonstrated with algal and bacterial cells . Algal mixtures were sorted according to the natural chlorophyll fluorescence and the bacterial mixtures were sorted according to the fluorescence of ethidium bromide-stained nucleic acid.

Tubercle, 1979 Mar, 60(1), 37 - 43
Preservation of mycobacteria at -70 degrees C: survival of unfrozen suspensions in transit; Kubica GP et al.; Mycobacteria stored at -70 degrees C retain 100% viability and maintain their definitive taxonomic, serologic, immunologic, and pathogenic properties . When shipped at ambient temperatures, however, suspensions of all mycobacteria lose viability in transit, with those species having a narrow temperature range for growth (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M . bovis) being most severely affected . In spite of these losses, all strains retain their definitive taxonomic properties . If care is taken in pre-testing and post-testing the microbial populations being preserved, mycobacteria are probably best shipped in the lyophilized state, and this procedure has been successfully used for several international studies.

J Dairy Sci, 1979 Mar, 62(3), 441 - 6
Microbial transaminase activities and their relationship with bovine rumen metabolites; Bhatia SK et al.; Two each adult male crossbred cattle and murrah buffalo were fed a diet of alfalfa hay, chopped wheat straw, and concentrate mixture . Total rumen transaminase activity of cattle was higher than that of buffalo . Rumen protozoal fractions showed higher total transaminase activity than bacterial fractions in both ruminant species . Besides generally studied glutamate oxalacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase, a large number of other microbial transaminases also have been detected in the rumen of both the ruminant species . Bacterial fractions of rumen liquor were devoid of transaminases utilizing tryptophan, threonine, and lysine as their substrates . Ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen were correlated positively with microbial transaminases in both species . Transamination reactions may be important for assimilation of ruminal ammonia to cellular proteins.

J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1979 Mar, 5(3), 201 - 4
Complications of implantation of synthetic fibers into scalps for "hair" replacement: experience with fourteen cases; Lepaw MI; Fourteen cases of complications from implantation of acrylic fibers into scalps for correction of male-pattern baldness were studied . The complications were severe enough in all of them to force attempts to remove the fibers, many of which from the nature of their knotted insertion could not be extracted . Thus, immediate complications were encountered and serious, delayed, bad effects are anticipated . Among the early complications already observed are marked edema of the face; hemorrhagic oozing; microbial infection; foreign-body reactions; scarring; acneform comedones and pustules; pain, pruritus, and numbness; and loss of natural hair . Complications in the furture are likely to be progressive sclerosis from irretrievable fragments and knots of the artificial materials and conceivably malignant degeneration of tissues of the scalp . For all of these known and possible bad effects, implantation of present-day synthetic fibers into the scalp must be judged to be a dangerous practice that must be stopped at once.

Cancer, 1979 Mar, 43(3), 1106 - 11
Effect of postoperative wound infection on the course of stage II melanoma; Papachristou DN et al.; Microbial infections reportedly have a favorable effect on the course of certain malignant diseases . Intralesional inoculation of micro-organisms can bring about tumor regression in certain clinical and experimental situations . In order to evaluate the influence of immediate postoperative wound infection on the course of Stage II melanomas, a retrospective study was undertaken of 211 patients who had undergone axillary or groin dissection . None had any antibiotic, steroid, chemoimmunotherapy, or cryosurgery and there was no history of a second primary neoplasm, pregnancy, immunodeficiency, or administration of immunosuppressive drugs . Forty of these patients developed significant postoperative wound infections . Although their representation according to sex, tumor location, number of nodes involved, and other parameters was comparable to that of the remaining 171 patients who did not develop wound infections, the incidence of local recurrence in the group with infections was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) . Patient survival and disease-free interval following node dissection were not influenced by infection . Postoperative infections in the groin or axilla offered only local protection from tumor recurrence; the ultimate course of the disease was not affected.

J Immunol, 1979 Mar, 122(3), 787 - 90
Induction of suppressor cells in rat spleen: influence of microbial stimulation; Mattingly JA et al.; The role of the products of prostaglandin synthetase in the suppression of in vitro secondary antibody responses by rat spleen cells was examined . By including cells from both germfree and conventional rats in these studies, the effect of in vivo microbial stimulation on this suppression was also determined . We found that 1) the suppression that is normally present in the spleen cells of rats can be eliminated by the use of glass wool or indomethacin; 2) germfree rats do not display this suppressor activity, and 3) this "deficit" in the germfree rat may be due to a lack of a microbial-induced signal from a nonadherent cell to an adherent prostaglandin-containing macrophage, implying that at least two cells are involved in the prostaglandin-synthetase dependent suppressor effect . It is possible that large amounts of some or all microbial products activate "suppressor" macrophages and that inbred rats behave like "chronically infected" mice because of an inability to regulate their "normal" microbial flora.

Can Med Assoc J, 1979 Feb 3, 120(3), 322 - 4, 329
Cancer immunotherapy; Richman SP et al.; Important contributions that stimulated studies in cancer immunotherapy included: (1) the discovery of tumour-associated antigens; (2) the observation that infection with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in animals was protective against tumour challenge; and (3) the observation that immunodepression due either to malignant disease or to treatment of the disease, was, in some instances, related to prognosis . Immunotherapy trials with microbial agents have involved attempts to obtain a local effect by injecting the agent into the tumour or into the region of the tumour and to obtain a "systemic" effect distant from the site of injection . Trials with active specific immunotherapy involving tumour cells or tumour cell extracts have frequently involved the combination of these specific agents with a nonspecific adjuvant such as BCG . Recent studies with thymosin and levamisole in patients with lung cancer and other types of malignant disease have shown prolonged survival in the groups receiving immunotherapy.

Clin Chem, 1979 Feb, 25(2), 273 - 8
Manual and continuous-flow colorimetry of triacylglycerols by a fully enzymic method; Megraw RE et al.; We describe a fully enzymic method for manual and continuous-flow colorimetric assay of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) in serum . Triglycerides are enzymically hydrolyzed in 10 min by lipase and microbial esterase . The resulting free glycerol is measured enzymically by glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase . The NADH so formed is oxidized by coupling with a tetrazolium salt/diaphorase system . The test follows Beer's law to 8 g/L, and the final color is stable for at least 1 h for serum, 15 min for aqueous triolein standards . The manual assay requires only 25 microliter of serum and few manipulations . A specific triolein standard was developed for calibrating the manual method . For the continuous-flow method, calibration is made with four concentrations of glycerol standard . The procedure is sensitive, has good precision and accuracy, and gives results that compare well with chemical and enzymic commercial kit methods.

Am J Vet Res, 1979 Feb, 40(2), 285 - 7
Evaluation of a cuprimyxin-hydrocortisone acetate suspension in the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats; Maestrone G et al.; The therapeutic efficacy of a 0.5% cuprimyxin plus 1% hydrocortisone acetate-water-base suspension was evaluated in 130 clinical cases of otitis externa in dogs and cats in various geographic areas of the United States . The otic microbial flora was studied before treatment in 125 (96%) of the dogs and cats, with multiple isolates recovered from mated from 70%, yeasts from 65%, and fungi from 5% of the animals . Evens though multiple drug reistance was frequently observed in the bacterial flora, all bacteria and yeast isolates were sensitive to cuprimyxin . Of the 130 treated animals, a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) favorable response was obtained in 84,6% and no response in 13;1%; in2.3%, the condition became worse . An adverse reaction (pain at the time of first application) was observed in 1 (0.8%) animal.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Feb, 71(2), 194 - 200
Comparative costs of microbial identification employing conventional and prepackaged commercial systems; Bartlett RC et al.; The accuracy of commercially prepackaged kits for microbial identification has become well established . Laboratory workers may encounter increasing demands for production of objective data to justify replacement of systems using individual biochemical tests in tubes . The authors present a system of cost analysis in which materials and labor costs are separately computed, and to which are added the effects of (1) fringe benefits, (2) decreased productivity resulting from administration, quality control, education and development, and (3) the additional expense of indirect costs that are allocated to laboratory procedures by accepted and standardized hospital accounting methods . Labor costs should be based on time-engineered studies conducted in individual laboratories . Alternatively, various published "unit values" may be used . The result may present several alternative differences in cost, depending on which unit values are accepted as applicable to the individual laboratory . Despite these uncertainties, the method of analysis provides a more objective means of justifying the cost of introduction of prepackaged kits where accuracy and speed of identification have already been proven to have advantages over biochemical tests in tubes.

Scand J Dent Res, 1979 Feb, 87(1), 7 - 23
Effect of experimental neutropenia on initial gingivitis in dogs; Attstrom R et al.; The role of neutrophilic granulocytes in the loss of gingival collagen has been studied by inducing experimental neutropenia during initial gingivitis in beagle dogs . Neutropenia was induced for 4 d in three animals with normal gingiva by repeated injections of rabbit anti-neutrophil serum . During neutropenia microbial plaque was allowed to form on the teeth . Samples of junctional (crevicular) leukocytes and gingival fluid were taken on days 0 and 4 . Block biopsies of buccal gingiva were obtained on day 4 . Stained semi- and ultrathin sections were used for histometric and stereologic tissue analysis . Gingival fluid flow increased from day 0 to day 4 in all dogs while junctional leukocytes increased in one dog only . Subgingival plaque had formed in most biopsies, and in the junctional epithelium very few neutrophilic granulocytes were present . In the coronal connective tissue subjacent to the junctional epithelium lymphoid cells, structurally abnormal neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages were diffusely scattered . The gingival collagen appeared mainly displaced by the inflammatory cells rather than dissolved . The data suggest that neutrophilic granulocytes may contribute to the loss of gingival collagen during initial gingivitis in dogs . The neutrophils also seem to be of importance for the limitation of subgingival plaque growth along the tooth surface.

J Clin Periodontol, 1979 Feb, 6(1), 22 - 32
Mucogingival surgery . The subperiosteal vestibule extension . Clinical results 2 years after surgery; Schmid MO et al.; A surgical technique to establish wide zones of attached mucosa was performed in 28 patients presenting with inadequate amounts of attached gingiva . The clinical results of the procedure were monitored over a period of 2 years . Biometric assessment of 112 mucogingival units immediately before and at 1, 3, 6, and 24 months after surgery revealed that the mean width of attached gingiva changed from 1.1 mm to 5.3 mm of attached tissue (gingiva plus vestibular mucosa) . A surgically produced increase of 4.9 mm in width (P less than 0.001) and subsequent shrinkage of 0.7 mm or 14% (P less than 0.001) resulted in a total average gain of 4.2 mm of attached mucosa 2 years after surgery (P less than 0.001) . A begin/end analysis of the coronal level of clinical periodontal attachment and the extent of gingival recession showed no clinically significant changes . The mean width of keratinized gingiva increased 0.8 mm during the 2-year postoperative period . The subperiosteal vestibule extension is recommended as an alternative to the free autogenous mucosa graft for establishing wide bands of attached mucosa in areas where loss of attached gingiva is associated with mechanical or microbial irritation of the marginal periodontium.

Can J Biochem, 1979 Feb, 57(2), 135 - 44
The 2.8 A resolution structure of Streptomyces griseus protease B and its homology with alpha-chymotrypsin and Streptomyces griseus protease A; Delbaere LT et al.; The 2.8 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) resolution structure of the crystalline orthorhombic form of the microbial serine protease Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) has been solved by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement using five heavy-atom derivatives . The geometrical arrangement of the active site quartet, Ser-214, Asp-102, His-57, and Ser-195, is similar to that found for pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsin . SGPB and alpha-chymotrypsin have only 18% identity of primary structure but their tertiary structures are 63% topologically equivalent within a root mean square deviation of 2.07 A . The major tertiary structural differences between the bacterial enzyme SGPB and the pancreatic enzymes is due to the zymogen requirement of the multicellular organisms in order to protect themselves against autolytic degradation . The two pronase enzymes, SGPB and Streptomyces griseus protease A (SGPA), have 61% identity of sequence and their tertiary structures are 85% topologically equivalent within a root mean square deviation of 1.46 A . The active site regions of SGPA and SGPB are similar and their tertiary structures differ only in three minor regions of surface loops.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Feb, 32(2), 141 - 7
Mammalian and microbial cell-free conversion of anthracycline antibiotics and analogs; Rueckert PW et al.; Cell-free preparations of Streptomyces nogalater and rat liver catalyze reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent conversion of nogalamycin to 7-deoxynogalarol and nogalose (Scheme 1) . The mammalian process requires TPNH and has a specific activity of 85 nmoles of 7-deoxynogalarol formed per hour per mg of protein while the bacterial process prefers DPNH and has a specific activity of 5 . The oxygen-sensitive conversions have pH optima of 7.5 (rat) and 9 (S . nogalater) . Other anthracycline substrates converted to their 7-deoxyaglycones by both systems include nogamycin, 7(R)-O-methylnogarol, 7(R)-O-methylnogalarol, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), steffimycin, and steffimycin B.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Jan, 24(1), 55 - 60
{Possible use of a single test culture in determining the biological activity of polyene antibiotics}; Fradkova TA; A possibility using a common test-culture in estimation of biological activity of levorin, amphotericin B, mycoheptin and nistatin was studied . It was found that C . guillier mondii, strain 40, may be used as a common test-culture . It provided satisfactory microbial growth, clear and rather large inhibition growth zones with respect to all the drugs tested.

Cancer Res, 1979 Jan, 39(1), 193 - 8
Enhancement of viral transformation for evaluation of the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of inorganic metal salts; Casto BC et al.; Thirty-eight metal salts were tested for their capacity to enhance transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by a simian adenovirus, SA7 . All of the metal salts with known carcinogenic potential in animals or mutagenic activity in microbial or mammalian cells increased the SA7 transformation frequency . Metals were classified into three groups according to the concentration necessary to produce significant enhancement . Those showing highest activity (positive at less than 0.05 mM) were the salts of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and platinum . The second group (positive from 0.05 to 0.6 mM) included beryllium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, thallium, and zinc . Iron salts were placed in a third group (only positive at concentrations greater than 0.9 mM) . With the exception of ZnCl2 and ZnSO4, enhancement was demonstrated by both a relative increase in the viral transformation frequency and an absolute increase in the number of transformed foci among treated cells . The latter observation and the demonstration of enhancement in the absence of overt cell killing negate the possibility that enhancement resulted from the selection of transformation-sensitive cells.

Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1979, 15(1), 43 - 52
Intestinal bacteria and cancer; Hili MJ; Epidemiology indicates that diet plays an important part in the causation of colorectal cancer . We have postulated that this is because the diet determines the amount of substrate available for microbial metabolism to carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic products . We have studied a wide range of possible substrates and the evidence to date indicates that the most likely ones are the bile acids . Much more work is necessary before we can confirm or refute this postulated association.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979, 169(5-6), 399 - 408
{Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water . 4 . Communication: Examination of tightening compounds under working conditions (author's transl)}; Dott W et al.; Tightening compounds which were used in the sphere of drinking-water led to a microbial settlement that differs in points of quantity and quality depending on the kind of material . Twelve compounds on the base of Silicon, one on the base of Thiokol and one Epoxid were examined.

Poumon Coeur, 1979, 35(4), 179 - 83
{Value of lymphoblastic transformation test for diagnosis and treatment of microbial asthmas in adults (author's transl)}; Grosclaude M et al.; A lymphoblastic transformation test (LTT) done on 9 germs in 30 patients (270 tests) with bacterial asthma was found positive 117 times out of 170 (43.3%) while the same study done on a control group of 100 non microbial asthma was generally negative (5% of positive responses) . Positive LTT confirmed, in 59.2% of cases, the cutaneous tests . In the other cases, discrepancies can be found in both ways: positive LTT and negative cutaneous tests (16.9%) or the reverse (23.9%) . The significance of disagreeing results is discussed . Specific desensitizations done only with the bacteria producing agreeing positive reactions, gave interesting though inconstant results.

Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1979 Jan, 106(1), 25 - 30
{Anal symptoms of gastro-intestinal diseases}; Grosshans E et al.; In most cases the ano-cutaneous clinical symptoms correlated to diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract are not specific (erythema, itching, wounds or scarring) . However in the following diseases occasional dermatological lesions may directly contribute to their diagnosis: in Crohn's disease, tuberculosis of bowel, chronic entamoebiasis and bilharziosis, the skin lesions of the anal area have the same histological structure as the gut lesions . Perianal fistulas and ulcers are frequent in Crohn's disease especially if there is a colonic and rectal spreading; they respond badly to steroid therapy and are often correlated with a worse prognosis . Perianal specific lesions occur often in oxyuriasis in children, in candidiasis of the digestive tract, in systemic aphthosis and in some malignancies . In other gastro-intestinal disturbances, the dermatological and features are less specific and can only be suggestive: iatrogenic and microbial diarrheas, side-effects of laxatives, proctological diseases . It has to be emphasized that pruritus ani is only induced by deeper lesions when they spread to the perianal skin . In proctological practice, contact dermatitis by sensitivity to anaesthetics or suppository balsams (Peruvian balsam), itching or burning atrophy by topical steroid abuse, non-diagnosed fungal (candidiasis), bacterial (erythrasma) or psoriatic intertrigos (flexural psoriasis) may sometimes explain the failure of therapy.

Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 1979, 2(3), 181 - 2
Antitumor activity of some microbial and chemical transformation products of anguidine (4,15-diacetoxyscirpene-3-ol); Claridge CA et al.; The in vivo antitumor activities, as measured by inhibition of transplanted P-388 and L-1210 leukemia in mice, have been determined for a series of analogs of anguidine including triacetoxyscirpenol, the three diacetoxyscirpenols, the three monoacetoxyscirpenols, and scirpenetriol . An acetoxy function at position 15 appears to be required for good activity.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Jan, (1), 97 - 101
{Cytomorphologic and other indices of immunogenesis in guinea pigs vaccinated with different doses of EB culture}; Struchkova EN; Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs . There was shown an association between the results of nonspecific immunity development, the character of cell differentiations, the specific immunity intensity, and the microbial dose at the immediate postvaccination periods; retention of immunological memory at the late postvaccination periods was demonstrated . With increase of the dose differentiation of the erythroid cell series was disturbed and the macrophage activity decreased . Transformation of lymphoid elements in the direction of immunologically active lymphocytes and plasma cells was more active at the initial periods; this accelerated the development of specific immunity, but had a negative effect on its efficacy at the late postvaccination periods.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1979 Jan-Feb, 2(3), 917 - 25
Water pollution and diseases in fish (an epizootiologic survey); Brown ER et al.; Three watersheds, varying from highly polluted or moderately polluted to essentially pollution-free, were surveyed to determine the frequency of fish disease . Over a five year period, it was found that a relationship existed between the level of pollution and frequency of disease . The occurrence rates of microbial and oncogenic diseases increased similarly in relation to increases in pollution in the waters . Since the water systems studied provide recreational opportunities for man, it is suggested that catching and subsequent ingesting of diseased fish from these waters present a health hazard.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jan-Feb, 1(1), 64 - 72
The design of new drugs that resist microbial inactivation; Christensen BG et al.; Several possible strategems for overcoming the development of bacterial resistance are discussed . The design of new drugs that resist microbial inactivation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotics . Examples of alteration of the inactivation site, decreased enzyme affinity, steric hindrance of enzymic inactivation, and semiempirical systematic modification of the parent antibiotic are presented . The role of the 7-alpha-methoxy group in cefoxitin and the cephamycins in conferring stability in the presence of beta-lactamase is best rationalized by its steric bulk . The effects of other 7-alpha-substituents are also discussed.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1979, 120B, 3 - 17
A molecular basis of activation of the alternative pathway of human complement; Austen KF et al.; The fluid phase interaction of native C3, B, D and P continuously generates C3b; C3b complexes with B to permit cleavage-activation by D, thereby generating C3b, Bb, the amplification C3 convertase . C3b, Bb formed in the fluid phase or on a non-activating surface for the alternative pathway undergoes decay-dissociation through release of Bi, and the residual C3b undergoes cleavage inactivation by the C3b inactivator (C3bINA) . The capacity of P to stabilize C3b, Bb and therby augment C3 cleavage is counterbalanced by beta 1H, which inactivates the convertase by displacing Bi and facilitates the inactivation of residual C3b by C3bINA . Transition to amplified C3 cleavage is achieved because the surface characteristics of an activating particle protect C3b from inactivation by C3bINA in the presence of beta 1H, and the stabilized alternative pathway convertase, P, C3b, Bb, from extrinsic decay-dissociation by beta 1H . Natural activating surfaces such as zymosan (Zy) and rabbit erythrocytes are relatively deficient in sialic acid residues as compared to non-activating surfaces such as sheep erythrocytes (Es) . Sialic acid residues on C3b-bearing particles augment binding of beta 1H to favor competition with B, inactivation of C3b and decay-dissociation of C3b, Bb . The absence of this carbohydrate on the membrane in the environment of C3b results in low affinity binding of beta 1H, a circumstance that permits uptake of B to form the amplification convertase and impairs extrinsic decay of the C3-cleaving enzyme . This natural humoral host resistance reaction based on the relative content of sialic acid on target particles has a cellular counterpart in the capacity of human monocytes to engage in antibody-independent phagocytosis of sialic acid-deficient cells . Thus, the non-immune host may respond to such cells by dual humoral and cellular recognition mechanisms and this response may represent a primordial basis for protection against microbial invasion.

Pathobiol Annu, 1979, 9, 303 - 37
Ischemic diseases of the large intestine; Saegesser F et al.; The blood flow within the walls of the digestive tract must be sufficient to maintain its structural and functional integrity . All episodes of vascular insufficiency cause ischemic damage to the organ and carry the threat of diffuse or focal necrosis . Certain forms of ischemic colitis or proctitis arise from episodes of reduced peripheric or splanchnic blood flow; indeed, those that do not culminate in necorsis of the colonic wall are more frequently caused by hemodynamic disorders than by vascular occlusions . The crisis is often mitigated by the development of collateral circulation, which is nevertheless of rather meager quality, such that the patients are very vulnerable to subsequent slight changes in cardiac output . Necrotic, gangrenous ischemic colitis arises from a combination of occlusive damage to the arteries and general hemodynamic disturbances . The vascular insufficiency might be slight or severe, temporary or long-lasting, localized or diffuse . In addition, the attack occurs in a septic medium in the presence of an abundant microbial flora that may be highly pathogenic . Thus infection complicates and aggravates the ischemic damage, with the result that the gangrenous aspect of the lesions tends to hide their ischemic origin . Indeed, the variability of the manifestations of the disease represents one of its primary characteristics and is a function of the different causative factors . A knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the splanchnic circulation and its hemodynamics is essential for a full appreciation of the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and for the adoption of the aggressive approach necessary to improve the poor prognosis of ischemic diseases of the colon and rectum . The salient points have been stressed in the present chapter . The features of the different forms of the disease have been described, together with the necessary medical treatment and the indications for surgical for surgical intervention . In the relatively rare cases where operation is necessary, the tactics and techniques have been described . All treatment should be based on (a) constant, prolonged intensive care; (b) precise monitoring of any change in status; and (c) rapid excision of any necrotic (often gangrenous) tissue . Ischemic colitis is most likely to occur in elderly patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, but it is not excluded in younger individuals . It is a frequent entity and is potentially lethal . Although its clinical, radiological, and anatomical characteristics permit its classification as a separate disease, it is often confused with other disorders of the colon . Although the abdominal surgeon is most likely to be concerned with this disease, the vascular surgeon who attacks the lower aorta should always be on the lookout for possible occurrences of segmentary ischemia of the distal colon as a result of his intervention.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(2), 149 - 53
The influence of ultrasonic waves alone and in presence of certain salts on the microbial production of alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Srivastava AS et al.; It was, thus, concluded that the influence of ultrasonic waves on the production of alcohol in presence of NaCl was inconspicuous as compared with the effects of other salts . It was evident from the fact that even the optimum yield of alcohol could not exceed the control . However, the influence of ultrasonic waves alone and its influence in presence of KH2PO4 could enhance the amount of alcohol over the control by 45.6% and 26.1%, respectively . The best result obtained amongst these treatments was found with the effect of sonics in presence of NH4Cl, in which the amount of alcohol produced was greater than that of the control by 51.3%.

Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1979, 49(2), 220 - 8
Nutrition and the immune response -- a review; Dreizen S; This compacted overview of the nutrition-immune response connection underscores the role of nutrition as a deterrent to infection . Malnutrition enhances the propensity to and heightens the intensity of infections by weaknening the various host defense mechanisms . Thus: 1 . Deficiencies of vitamin A, niacin, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B12, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, iron and protein disrupt the tissue barriers to infection . 2 . Protein-calorie, folate, iron, pyridoxine and zinc deprivations markedly depress the cell-mediated immune system . 3 . Deficiencies of protein, pyridoxine, folic acid, pantothenic acid, thiamine, biotin, riboflavin, niacin-tryptophan, vitamin A and ascorbic acid inhibit humoral antibody formation in mammalian systems . 4 . Vitamin A lack prevents the formation of lacrimal, salivary and sweat gland lysozymes . 5 . Complement, properdin, interferon and transferrin concentrations are reduced in those nutritional deficiencies that interfere with protein synthesis . 6 . Protein-calorie, iron and folate deficiencies impair phagocytosis by interfering with phagocyte microbial killing power or with phagocyte production . 7 . Protein, ascorbic acid and zinc deficiencies retard wound healing that prevents spread of infectious lesions.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(3), 276 - 85
Secondary metabolism as an expression of microbial growth and development; Calam CT; A case is made out for regarding secondary metabolism as part of normal cell growth, related to its interactions with the environment . Secondary metabolism is widespread, especially in fungi and actinomycetes, and is not to be regarded as confined to the production of antibiotics and other special substances . It is part of the normal maturation process . Examples are given of the influence of secondary metabolism in ecological systems . It is also shown that cell productivity can be related to age structure . Secondary metabolism is thus linked with growth, although in many cases this may not be obvious in laboratory work . Initiation of production will arise from the system which regulates growth and differentiation . These processes are little understood at present, but it is clear that the factors involved differ in different instances and that they involve a very great variety of biochemical and physiological processes.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1979, 37(2), 87 - 101
Oral mycoses and their treatment; Kostiala I et al.; Mycoses of the mouth and nearby areas can be caused by both yeasts and filamentous fungi . They may appear either independently or as part of a systemic infection . It is typical of many mycoses that they occur as a consequence of local factors operating in the mouth, or in patients debilitated by severe diseases . Yeasts that are part of the normal microbial flora of man, among them especially Candida species, are the most frequent causative agents . Some tropical or semitropical infections may occur in Scandinavia and Finland, but they are rare . Local therapy with antimycotics is often effective in acute infections, whereas some chronic ones may make systemic administration necessary . Some of these infections are treated surgically.

Stomatol DDR, 1979 Jan, 29(1), 29 - 31
{The prosthesis hygiene index--a method for documentation and health education}; Schubert R et al.; The microbial plaques retained in the unphysiological space between oral mucosa and denture base in case of unsatisfactory denture cleaning are always an inflammation factor that is of particular importance from the viewpoints of pathogenesis and therapy . The described denture hygiene index has been developed for the objective evaluation of denture uncleanliness and of the efficacy of hygiene measures.

Intervirology, 1979, 12(2), 120 - 3
Effect of antipain on radiation induction of endogenous type-C virus from mouse cells in vitro; Niwa O et al.; Xenotropic murine type-C virus was induced after X-ray or UV light irradiation of K-Balb cells . The induction was markedly suppressed by postirradiation treatment of the cells with antipain, a protease inhibitor of microbial origin . Virus expression was unaffected when the cells were treated with halogenated pyrimidines.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1979, 19(8), 557 - 61
Microbial introduction of a 16 alpha-hydroxyl function into the steroid nucleus; Iida M et al.; The introduction of a 16 alpha-hydroxyl function into the steroid nucleus was studied in resting cells of Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL B-1233 . The oxidation product of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was identified as 16 alpha-hydroxy DHEA by using thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography . A linear relation between cell concentration and 16 alpha-OH-DHEA formation was observed . 16 alpha-Hydroxylase showed good activity at pH 8.0 for 16 alpha-OH-DHEA formation . The enzyme showed good activity at 3.1 x 10(-4) M DHEA . The oxidation products of pregnenolone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, estrone, and 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol as well as of other substrates were identified as the 16 alpha-hydroxy steroid, respectively . The rates of microbial 16 alpha-hydroxylation were as follows: 76.9% for DHEA, 50.4% for pregnenolone, 43.9% for 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 34.3% for estrone, and 19.6% for 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol . The organism tested catalyzes 16 alpha-hydroxylation of a wide variety of steroids.

Contact Dermatitis, 1979 Jan, 5(1), 46 - 50
Contact and microbial allergy in pompholyx; Meneghini CL et al.; Contact sensitivity to medicaments and other chemical allergens has been observed in about 30% of 364 patients with pompholyx . Pompholyx is a recurrent vesicular eruption which increases the incidence of contact sensitivity . The majority of patients tested by means of intradermal and cultural tests did not show any relevant finding on the microbial nature, allergic or not, of pompholyx.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 Jan-Feb, 6(1), 62 - 7
Regulation of the formation and activity of enzymes in microbial populations of the soil; Macura J; The regulatory mechanism in microbial populations of the soil enriched with various organic substances was studied . Factors were detected that control the formation of catabolic enzymes, as were the mechanisms regulating their activity . The type of the observed regulatory mechanism depends on the nature of the added energy source and on the composition and properties of the microbial biocoenosis . The possible role of regulatory mechanisms in the development and activity of microbial associations in the soil is discussed.

Vox Sang, 1979, 36(5), 257 - 74
Macrophage heterogeneity; Hopper KE et al.; Macrophages are a mobile, functionally diverse group of cells which may be recruited and stimulated to a high degree of metabolic activity . Heterogeneity may be detected from one site to another and result from local influences, e.g . lung v . peritoneal cells, or occur within a population and arise dur to different stages of differentiation, maturation or activation or possibly from distinct cell lines . Recruitment and turnover are important determinants of the diversity of cells at any one site . In addition, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and secretory capacities of macrophages are greatly influenced by the degree and nature of stimulation possibly affecting only a subpopulation of the cells . Accessory cell activity is also a function of a minor population of macrophages which have distinct surface antigens . The sources of the heterogeneity and the interrelationship between the macrophages subpopulations remain to be determined.

Experientia, 1978 Dec 15, 34(12), 1638 - 9
The peritoneal leukocytes of the germ-free mouse; Woodward B; The cytology of the lavage-recoverable peritoneal cell population of germ-free mice is similar to that of conventional controls . The microbial status has no effect on the total counts, differential counts or 3H-thymidine labelling index of peritoneal leukocytes.

Biochem J, 1978 Dec 15, 176(3), 751 - 7
Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols . Formation of coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase and its concerted induction in Escherichia coli; Blackwell CM et al.; 1 . Kinetic studies of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation by Escherichia coli suggested that coenzyme B12 (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin), with ethanolamine, is a co-inducer . 2 . Enzymic and immunological tests failed to show the formation of complementary enzyme components induced separately by ethanolamine and cobalamin respectively . 3 . Although specific for ethanolamine as the substrate, enzyme formation was induced by certain analogues, e.g . 2-aminopropan-1-ol . 4 . Experiments with cyano{57Co}-cobalamin suggested that neither coenzyme B12 nor some more tightly bound coenzymically inactive cobamide was necessary for enzyme stability in vitro . 5 . Mutants of E . coli were obtained which formed ethanolamine ammonia-lyase apoenzyme constitutively, showing that neither ethanolamine nor cobalamin was required for assembly or post-transcriptional stability of the enzyme in vivo . Constitutive enzyme formation was subject to catabolite repression, particularly by glucose . 6 . It appears likely that ethanolamine and coenzyme B12, acting in concert, induce ethanolamine ammonia-lyase formation . The term 'concerted' induction is proposed for this phenomenon.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1978 Dec 2, 108(48), 1866 - 72
{Recent developments in the field of infectious diseases}; Freedman LR; A resume is presented of recent developments in the field of infectious diseases of particular interest of practising physicians . Examples are given to illustrate recent discoveries concerning the frequent misuse of antibiotics, the problem of infections developing in hospitalized patients, the biology of microbial infection, the etiology of well-known illnesses, new infectious diseases, and the development of vaccines . It is evident that the rate at which new and important information is evident that the rate at which new and important information is being reported demands particular effort in medical school teaching to ensure that students learn how to acquire and evaluate new information as well as how to discard ideas which are no longer valid.

Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1978 Dec, (49), 89 - 92
Cryopreservation of lymphocytes to standardize in vitro immune functions; Jewett MA; The responses of fresh and frozen lymphocytes to mitogens and antigens have been compared with the use of samples collected on five occasions from 1 normal donor . The day-to-day variation seen with the fresh cells was eliminated by the use of frozen cells . Thawed cells from 1 donor, collected once but studied on five occasions and compared with fresh cells on the same days, fluctuated from day to day as well, confirming that the day-to-day variation seen is due to technical and not biologic phenomena . Cryopreserved cells showed a decrease in responses to specific microbial antigens, a slight shift in the PHA dose-response curve, but no significant difference in responses to Con A or PWM . The relative proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations changed with freezing and thawing . The proportion of T- and B-cells increased and decreased, respectively.

Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1978 Dec, (49), 23 - 4
Transitional cell cancer: establishment and characterization of cell lines; Elliott AY et al.; Eleven long-term (in culture more than 1 yr) cell lines were established from surgical specimens of human TCC . Characterization studies performed on the individual cell lines showed that each 1) demonstrated an abnormal human karyotype, 2) grew in soft agar, 3) exhibited rapid growth and multilayering 4) was free from microbial and HeLa cell contamination, 5) produced tumors in cheek pouches of immunosuppressed Syrian golden hamsters, 6) contained ultrastructural features consistently found in epithelial cells in culture, and 7) could be grown to high cell densities in roller-bottle cultures.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 36(6), 861 - 9
Microbial succession and mineral leaching in an artificial coal spoil; Harrison AP Jr; An artificial pyritic coal spoil was prepared and examined over a period of 1.5 years for changes in the population of various physiological varieties of bacteria and also for mineral leaching . Heterotrophic bacteria were the first to dominate the spoil, acquiring a population of 10(7) cells per g within 2 weeks . Bacteria capable of utilizing choline sulfate as the sole source of energy comprised approximately 1% of the total heterotrophic bacteria . Sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria (Thiobacillus) and finally iron-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) increased in the population, the latter becoming the dominant species where acidity was greatest . Partition of species paralleled partition of acidity in the spoil . Maximum acidity (pH 2.6) and maximum population of T . ferrooxidans (greater than 10(7) cells per g) occurred at the summit . Molds (notably, Aspergillus), algae (Chlorococcales, Oscillatoria, Navicula), cilliated and flagellated protozoa, an arthropod (Podura aquatica), and a moss (aberrant Physcomitrium pyriforme) were observed . The mineral salts leached from the spoil, in decreasing order, were the sulfates of magnesium (predominantly hexahydrite), calcium (gypsum), sodium, aluminum (alunogenite), and iron.

Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 637 - 9
Leukocytic endogenous mediator in Crohn's disease; Solomons NW et al.; Reduced concentrations of plasma zinc associated with elevated levels of serum leukocytic endogenous mediator activity were found in 17 patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease . Neither the decrease in plasma zinc nor the increase in leukocytic endogenous activator activity in nine outpatients with quiescent disease was significant . Leukocytic endogenous mediator activity may be increased in inflammatory conditions as well as in microbial infections . Although zinc deficiency may be common in patients with Crohn's disease, exclusive reliance on circulating zinc levels to assess zinc nutriture in active Crohn's disease may be misleading.

J Am Diet Assoc, 1978 Dec, 73(6), 647 - 53
Activity sampling in two nursing home foodservice systems; Ho AK et al.; Activity sampling was conducted in the foodservice department of two Wisconsin skilled care nursing homes with bed capacities between 100 and 160 . Two seven-day sampling periods about one month apart were conducted in each home with 100 random observations being made each day . Analysis of variance of data indicated that the modified activity sampling technique was reliable in analyzing activities of personnel in nursing home foodservice systems with similar organizational and operational characteristics . In both homes, approximately 81, 9, and 10% of total labor time were spent in direct work, indirect work, and delays, respectively . Mean labor minutes per meal equivalent served (7.48 in Home X and 7.43 in Home Y) were similar . The consistent values for minutes per meal equivalent from Monday through Friday suggest that future activity sampling studies in nursing homes could be less than seven days . When evaluating staffing patterns in nursing home foodservice systems, consideration should be given to both quantitative indexes (minutes per meal, food cost per meal, labor cost per meal and qualitative indexes (sensory, microbial, and nutrient quality of food served), as well as to employee and resident satisfaction with the system.

Environ Health Perspect, 1978 Dec, 27, 61 - 7
Testing the environment for dispersed mutagens: use of plant bioconcentrators coupled with microbial mutagen assays; Barnes WS et al.; Mutagens dispersed in ecosystems are usually in low concentration and episodic in occurrence . The possibility of detecting such dispersed mutagens by utilizing indigenous bioconcentrator organisms coupled with a microbial mutagen assay offer a useful screening protocol . There are numerous examples of plant and animal species which concentrate toxic substances from the environment . Body extracts of these bioconcentrators can be suitably fractioned and tested for mutagens with various microbial mutagen assays . The fractions may be tested with a broad range of microbial assays covering numerous genetic end points as well as both with and without mammalian microsomal activation . This kind of environmental screening has an advantage over physicochemical techniques, in that sampling techniques are simpler and a wider chemical spectrum can be screened . There are problems inherent with testing a complex biological extract, however . If a reversion assay is used, the metabolite necessary for growth may be present . Toxins may be introduced, either concentrated from the environment in the same way as the mutagen, or produced by the concentrator itself . Finally, the concentrator may also produce an endogenous mutagen which will give spuriously active extracts . Methods for minimizing some of these difficulties are discussed.

Environ Health Perspect, 1978 Dec, 27, 149 - 59
Soil and plant factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals by plants; Cataldo DA et al.; The use of plants to monitor heavy metal pollution in the terrestrial environment must be based on a cognizance of the complicated, integrated effects of pollutant source and soil-plant variables . To be detectable in plants, pollutant sources must significantly increase the plant available metal concentration in soil . The major factor governing metal availability to plants in soils is the solubility of the metal associated with the solid phase, since in order for root uptake to occur, a soluble species must exist adjacent to the root membrane for some finite period . The rate of release and form of this soluble species will have a strong influence on the rate and extent of uptake and, perhaps, mobility and toxicity in the plant and consuming animals . The factors influencing solubility and form of available metal species in soil vary widely geographically and include the concentration and chemical form of the element entering soil, soil properties (endogenous metal concentration, mineralogy, particle size distribution), and soil processes (e.g., mineral weathering, microbial activity), as these influence the kinetics of sorption reactions, metal concentration in solution and the form of soluble and insoluble chemical species . The plant root represents the first barrier to the selective accumulation of ions present in soil solution . Uptake and kinetic data for nutrient ions and chemically related nonnutrient analogs suggest that metabolic processes associated with root absorption of nutrients regulate both the affinity and rate of absorption of specific nonnutrient ions . Detailed kinetic studies of Ni, Cd, and Tl uptake by intact plants demonstrate multiphasic root absorption processes over a broad concentration range, and the use of transport mechanisms in place for the nutrient ions Cu, Zn, and K . Advantages and limitations of higher plants as indicators of increased levels of metal pollution are discussed in terms of these soil and plant phenomena.

Environ Health Perspect, 1978 Dec, 27, 133 - 7
Sorption of pollutants by plant detritus: a review; Odum WE et al.; Detritus particles derived from the decomposition of vascular plants appear to have a high sorptive capability for a wide range of pollutants . Evidence is presented and reviewed which shows detrital concentration of heavy metals, radionuclides, and organochlorine insecticides . A study of a roadside marsh indicates that lead originating from automobile exhausts may reach concentrations as high as 1415 ppm on marshgrass detritus . We suggest that these elevated concentrations may, in turn, be passed on to detritivores which ingest the contaminated particles and experience desorption and assimilation of the pollutant within the digestive tract . Finally, potential mechanisms are listed which might explain detrital sorption; these include; microbial uptake (adsorption and metabolic absorption), association with detrital and microbial lipids, electrostatic adsorption in response to charges on the detritus particles, and formation of complexes and chelates at active sites on the organic molecules of the decomposing detritus.

Arch Fr Pediatr, 1978 Dec, 35(10 Suppl), 23 - 37
{Antibiotic therapy, intestinal microbial pullulation and risk of infection in children}; Bourrillon A et al.; The effect of antibiotic therapy on the intestinal flora was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in 41 infants . The results have been compared with 27 normal children of the same age and background . Antibiotics were responsible for the suppression of sensitive strains and for their replacement by resistant organisms but above all to a rapid multiplication of the intestinal flora . Colistin and pristinamycin caused these changes when given orally . Ampicillin when given both orally and parenterally but Colistin and the aminoglycosides when given parenterally did not have any effect . Fourteen cases of secondary septicaemia due to resistant organisms were observed but other factors were also important, namely the young age of the patients and intestinal problems (stasis and diarrhoea).

Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 649 - 56
Lymphocyte transformation test in leprosy: decreased lymphocyte reactivity to Mycobacterium leprae in lepromatous leprosy, with no evidence for a generalized impairment; Faber WR et al.; Untreated leprosy patients were examined with respect to lymphocyte transformation in vitro after stimulation with mycobacterial and other microbial antigens, allogeneic lymphocytes, or nonspecific mitogens . Methods were used to circumvent technical variability . The results were compared with those obtained in controls matched for age, sex, race, and environment . No evidence was found for a generalized impairment of lymphocyte transformation in vitro, whereas a specific defect towards Mycobacterium leprae was demonstrable in lepromatous leprosy patients . The response to M . leprae, investigated in untreated and treated leprosy patients, decreased along the leprosy spectrum . Moreover, the results of the one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures showed that lymphocytes from leprosy patients had a normal stimulator and responder capacity, when they were tested against a panel of allogeneic lymphocytes . The influence of serum factors was investigated in untreated leprosy patients in the mixed lymphocyte culture . On average, tuberculoid as well as lepromatous sera showed a low-level depressive effect, but some sera showed a stimulatory effect . Therefore, a depressive effect of serum factors cannot be considered to be a general feature of leprosy . The correlation between the Mitsuda type of lepromin skin test and the lymphocyte reactivity in vitro to M . leprae was studied, and a positive correlation was found.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Nov, 167(4), 323 - 5
{Microbial growth on bitumen and chlorcaoutchouc under laboratory conditions (author's transl)}; Schoenen D et al.; Formerly published examinations of coating materials for drinking water reservoirs under working conditions were extended to those under laboratory standard . The tests of bitumen, chlorcaoutchouc, asbestos cement and polyacryl delivered results comparable to those achieved under working conditions.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Nov, 167(4), 314 - 22
{Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water . 2 . Information: experimental examination of bitumen paint under working conditions (author's transl)}; Schoenen D et al.; A bituminous coating material for drinking water reservoirs was applied on testing plates for a microbial examination . In function of the chlorine content of the water a microbial slime layer could be found on the testing plates . The amount of slime became less in course of the time or was not produced at all, when the plates were desiccated before the experiment for some months . A slime layer could never be observed on plates of asbestos cement and polyacryl as inert materials for comparison . Different microbial populations were observed.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Nov, 62(11), 1845 - 51
Cell and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled pyran copolymer; Papamatheakis JD et al.; The tissue distribution of pyran (maleic anhydride-divinyl ether) copolymer was studied after a single ip injection of 14C-labeled pyran (25 mg/kg) to mice . The pyran showed a reticuloendothelial distribution with the liver and spleen containing the highest concentrations which persisted for at least 21 days after drug treatment . Blood levels of 14C-pyran reached a peak 2 hours after injection and were cleared within 6 hours . Attempts to measure uptake of 14C-pyran by peritoneal macrophages were unsuccessful due to an inability to recover macrophages between 3 and 24 hours after ip pyran administration . Since activated macrophages appear to be the primary mechanism by which pyran enhances host resistance to microbial infection and neoplasia, the uptake of 14C-pyran by isolated peritoneal macrophages in vitro was studied . Purified macrophages showed a gradually increasing uptake of 14C-pyran, and a large amount of cell-associated radioactivity was bound to trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material . Several polyanions, including unlabeled pyran, dextran sulfate, and poly(I)-poly(C), competed for acid-precipitable receptor molecules . The superior antitumor effects of pyran as compared to other polyanions may result from the continuous presence of the synthetic polymer in the host . Possible mechanisms of immunopotentiation by pyran are discussed.

Clin Chem, 1978 Nov, 24(11), 2018 - 9
Continuous-flow enzymic method evaluated for measurement of serum triglycerides with use of an improved lipase reagent; Whitlow K et al.; We compared a modified enzymic continuous-flow method for serum triglycerides, in which a microbial lipase is used without protease, to an extraction-fluorometric method . Results (for total--blank) correlated well with those by the comparison procedure: enzymic = 1.002 fluorometric--14 mg/liter; r = 0.9968 . Serum blanks were measured for each sample in both methods, and the concentration of free glycerol measured by the enzymic method was shown to be as much as 15 to 71% of the total triglyceride result in 7% of the samples analyzed . The dual-channel continuous-flow system provides automatic free-glycerol blank subtraction for the enzymic method.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Nov 1, 543(4), 530 - 5
Use of iron from transferrin and microbial chelates as substrate for heme synthetase in transformed and primary erythroid cell cultures; Barnekow A et al.; The enzymatic heme production in cell-free extracts of virus-transformed Friend erythroleukemia cells and primary bone marrow cells from rabbits has been measured by determining the activity of heme synthetase after addition of iron sulfate, transferrin or microbial iron chelates . In transformed cells the amounts of heme formed did not show significant difeerences independent of which substrate was offered . In cell-free extracts of primary bone marrow cells no increase of heme production could be observed.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978 Nov, 75(11), 5339 - 43
Antipain inhibits thyroxine-induced synthesis of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I in tadpole liver; Mori M et al.; The increased activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I {carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia); ATP: carbamate phosphotransferase (diphosphorylating), EC 2.7.2.5} in tadpole liver observed during thyroxine-induced metamorphosis was markedly inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of the microbial protease inhibitor antipain (0.1 micrometermol/g of body weight, twice daily) . A somewhat less than maximal inhibition was seen when antipain was given only during the first 2 days of thyroxine treatment . On the other hand, little inhibition was observed when the inhibitor was given after the third or fourth day of thyroxine treatment . Antipain also inhibited thyroxine-induced increases of ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3), arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), and succinate-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.3.99.1) activities . Among other microbial protease inhibitors tested, chymostatin was nearly as effective as antipain, leupeptin was less effective, and pepstatin was ineffective . Analysis of the total liver protein and of the immunoprecipitate by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the inhibition was due to decreased amount of the enzyme protein . Antipain had no significant effect on leucine incorporation into total protein of tadpole liver . These results indicate the involvement of a proteolytic step in the pretranscriptional events in thyroxine-stimulated enzyme induction.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1978 Nov, 20(11), 1797 - 815
Modeling the role of cyclic AMP in catabolite repression of inducible enzyme biosynthesis in microbial cells; Gondo S et al.; Modeling the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in catabolite repression of inducible enzyme production in microbial cells was studied . A catabolite repression index, F, was defined based on the postulation that complex formation occurs between RNA polymerase (RNAP) and DNA, and shifting from the inert form to the open form of this complex (the latter form is required for transcription) is accelerated by the cAMP.CRP complex . The catabolite repression index, F, was incorporated into model equations of mRNA production . Empirical relationships between intracellular cAMP level and medium glucose concentration were established based on experimental data and introduced into the model . Computer simulation results were obtained for a number of interesting cases . The practical utility of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing it with the experimental results on glucose isomerase biosynthesis.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 Nov-Dec, 14(6), 871 - 7
{Effect of some amino acids on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase by cultured Endomycopsis species}; Gracheva IM et al.; The effect of amino acids (glutamic, aspartic, beta-alanine, phenylalanine, methionine) on the glucoamylase biosynthesis by Endomycopsis species 20-9 was studied . Monoaminodicarboxylic acids produced a stimulating effect on the glucoamylase synthesis . Their addition at optimal concentrations of 0.2 to 0.4% increased by 54--69% glucoamylase activity of Endomycopsis sp . 20-9 upon submerged cultivation on the medium containing 3% maize extract and 1% starch . An application of this amino acid nutrition during cultivation did not produce a significant effect on the microbial glucoamylase activity.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Nov, 36(5), 693 - 9
Microbial degradation of glycerol nitrates; Wendt TM et al.; The fate of glycerol trinitrate when exposed to microbial attack has been investigated . Contrary to some earlier reports, this compound was readily biodegraded by employing batch or continuous techniques under a variety of cultural conditions . Breakdown of glycerol trinitrate took place stepwise via the dinitrate and mononitrate isomers, with each succeeding step proceeding at a slower rate . After a residence time of 8 to 15 h, none of the glycerol nitrates could be detected in the effluent from a continuous-culture apparatus (chemostat) supplied with an influent containing 30 mg of glycerol trinitrate per liter.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Nov, (11), 52 - 5
{Quantitative assessment of EB strain cell death in an aerosol and following rehydration}; Blinkova LP et al.; The authors assessed quantitatively inactivation of lyophilized cells of EB strain by the action of aerosol stress and rehydration using the method of bacterial nucleoide staining . With the advance of dust aerosol "ages" microbial sensitivity to rehydration increased and to the action of aerosol stress--decreased . The method can be used to calculate the aspiration dose in aerogenic vaccination and also to assess the efficacy of lyophilized bacteria restoration.

Fortschr Med, 1978 Oct 12, 96(38), 1941 - 3
{Experiences with substitution therapy using a new pancreatic enzyme of plant origin}; Zorn J; The indication field of Nortase, a combination of microbial lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, comprises the replacement therapy of maldigestion and insufficiency of pancreas . Its efficacy and tolerance were tested in 100 patients in an open study under the conditions of general practice . During the 15-day treatment the following symptoms were evaluated: anorexia, flatulence, pressure and pain in the epigastrium, nausea after the meals, belching, pyrosis, the quality of feces and the body weight . 96% of the patients showed relief of the symptoms after treatment, 65% a therapeutic result ranging from very good to good . In 53% an improvement of the quality of feces was observed and 76% reached an increase in weight . 6 patients had some small side effects, in 1 case the treatment had to be interrupted . The altogether good results confirmed the results of former investigations on the acid stability and the high lipolytic activity of lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Oct, 24(10), 1217 - 26
Relative microbial activity and bacterial concentrations in water and sediment samples taken in the Beaufort Sea; Griffiths RP et al.; A total of 91 water, 8 ice, and 50 sediment samples taken from the southwestern Beaufort Sea were analyzed for relative microbial activity, bacterial cell concentrations, and percentage of respiration (mineralization) . These samples were taken during three field-study periods (August to September 1975; April 1976; and August 1976) . Both the relative microbial activity and the cell concentrations in water and sediment samples were lower during the April (winter) sampling period than in the August-September (summer) studies . The percentage of respiration of labeled glutamic acid was higher in the winter water samples than in the summer samples . The water samples showed higher percentage of respiration values than did sediment samples . The average maximimum potential rate of glutamic acid uptake was as high or higher than those observed in studies made in more temperate waters . Samples of melted sea ice showed levels of relative microbial activity that were about the same as that found in the associated seawater . When 1:1 mixtures of melted ice and seawater were analyzed for altered microbial activity, little effect could be detected.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1978 Oct, 31(10 Suppl), S161 - S168
Physiological implications of microbial digestion in the large intestine of mammals: relation to dietary factors; Stevens CE; The rate of digesta marker passage through the large intestine of the dog, pig, and pony correlated with the relative length and degree of sacculation of the colon . Volatile fatty acids (VFA), the end products of microbial digestion of all forms of carbohydrate, were the major anions present in large intestinal contents of all three species . Total VFA concentration was little affected by the feeding of high-versus low-fiber diets . VFA were rapidly transported across colonic mucosa of all three species . Results of comparative studies indicate that production and absorption of VFA are important to the nutrition of some mammals and to the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the large intestine of most mammals.

J Urol, 1978 Oct, 120(4), 431 - 4
Cell-mediated immune competence in patients with prostatic carcinoma; Stefani SS et al.; The immune competence of 65 patients with prostatic cancer was evaluated by 2 in vivo and 2 in vitro tests to study the contribution of host factors to the progress of the disease . Patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy served as controls . Our results indicate that the delayed skin hypersensitivity response to common microbial recall antigens (streptokinase/streptodornase, purified protein derivative, dermatophytin 0 and dermatophytin) is unaltered in advanced stages of malignancy . The ability to be sensitized by dinitrochlorobenzene declines significantly in patients with metastatic disease . Blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin stimulation is not depressed in late stages of malignancy, although in the circulating T cells per cent and absolute values are somewhat lower in patients with metastases . Herein we show that immune competence (measured by the 4 tests) of patients with prostatic carcinoma does not decrease markedly even in the late stages of the disease . Primary sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene is the only test showing a decline in responsiveness related to the tumor stage.

J Fam Pract, 1978 Oct, 7(4), 825 - 37
The red eye; Waring GO 3rd et al.; The nonophthalmic physician confronted by a patient with a red eye should be able to distinguish common microbial or allergic conjunctivitis from potentially blinding disorders, such as acute angle closure glaucoma, uveitis, or herpes simplex keratitis, and should remain alert for an associated systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, or carotid cavernous fistula . The physician should approach the red eye systematically: take a careful history, including type of pain; measure visual acuity; observe the pattern of redness, the type of discharge, the shape of the pupil, and the opacities of the media; and measure the intraocular pressure.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1978 Oct, 86(10), 467 - 70
{Redox processes during sensitization and allergic reaction to microbial antigens}; Pleshkova SM; The effect of sensitization and delayed allergic response (DAR) to brucellosis antigen on the processes of glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity of Krebs' cycle was studied . The increasing sensitivity to Brucella was accompanied by inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity and increasing glycolysis . The changes were more pronounced in sensitization to living brucella . In DAR not only the dehydrogenase activity but also the processes of glycolysis were inhibited . Reduction of the aerobic fractions and excess of isoenzyme spectrum lactate dehydrogenase was observed both in sensitization and in DAR . Correction of biochemical shifts produced decreasing sensitization and inhibiting DAR symptoms.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1978 Sep, 70(3), 249 - 58
Effects of enteric microbial overgrowth on small intestinal ultrastructure in the rat; Wehman HJ et al.; The ultrastructural effects of bacterial proliferation in the upper gastrointestinal tract induced by intraperitoneal injections of mecamylamine HCl were investigated in rats . We found increased populations of nonspecific enteric bacteria in the lumen of the upper small intestine and ultrastructural abnormalities in the absorptive epithelial cells, including increased numbers of lysosomal vacular structures, fused microvilli and dilated endoplasmic reticulum . The bacteria did not penetrate into the damaged mucosal cells and so actual cytoplasmic infiltration is apparently not required in order to cause these ultrastructural changes . The alterations were not merely due to the pharmacologic agent we used, mecamylamine, since rats with subnormal numbers of enteric bacteria in the upper small intestine, whether subjected to the course of the drug or not, did not display the ultrastructural changes noted above . Concomitant with increased numbers of enteric bacteria in the small intestine, there were increased concentrations of deconjugated bile salts and decreased absorption of glucose . These findings are compatible with the following hypothetical sequence of pathogenesis: mecamylamine leads to intestinal stasis leads to bacterial overgrowth leads to deconjugation of the bile salts leads to ultrastructural alterations.

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 964 - 5
{Radial growth rate of fungal colonies in respect of their ecology}; Kochkina GA et al.; Indices of the radial growth rate of colonies were determined for Circinella circinans and Mortierella ramanniana as well as for the complex of fungi in soil in the course of microbial succession . The maximum of growth (Kr = 0.053 cm/hr) for C . circinans was observed at a high concentration of glucose (10%) in the medium, whereas for M . ramanniana the maximum (Kr = 0.0054 cm/hr) was detected at a low glucose concentration (0.005%) in the medium . These data account for the position of C . circinans and M . ramanniana in the course of microbial succession in the natural habitat . Kr was used to establish the origin of successional changes in the complex of soil fungi in serozem upon the introduction of glucose.

J Clin Pathol, 1978 Sep, 31(9), 878 - 82
A microtechnique for measuring red cell osmotic fragility of infants; Ryall RG et al.; Chloramphenicol (D-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol) added to blood samples did not alter the observed shift in the red cell osmotic fragility curves as the samples were aged in vitro for 24 hours at 37 degrees C . Nor was the normal rate of loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, or glutathione from the red cells affected by the presence of chloramphenicol over the same period . Consequently, this bacteriostatic agent can be added to blood samples taken under non-sterile conditions, such as from the heel of an infant, in order to preserve them from the effects of microbial contamination . In this way red cell osmotic fragility results can be obtained on non-sterile samples after their incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours . A miniaturisation of the standard osmotic fragility procedure is described, which allows results to be produced from the small, non-sterile samples obtained by heel-prick of infants.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Sep, 23(9), 837 - 40
{Effect of microbial and tumor cell adaptation to rubomycin on their uptake of rubomycin and carminomycin}; Ostanina LN et al.; Anthracycline antibiotics rubomycin (daunomycin) and carminomycin rapidly accumulated in the bacterial and ascitic tumor cells and their intracellular concentrations significantly exceeded the concentrations in the medium . The strains of Staph . aureus and Fisher mouse ascitic lymphadenosis L-5178/P resistant to rubomycin preserved sensitivity to carminomycin . The resistance of the bacterial and tumor strains to rubomycin was accompanied by a significant decrease in the accumulation of rubomycin in the cells . At the same time carminomycin also effectively accumulated in the cells of Staph . aureus and Fisher ascitic lymphadenosis adapted to rubomycin, the same as in the cells of the parent strains.

J Nutr, 1978 Sep, 108(9), 1527 - 39
Effects of a protein deprived diet on the hepatotoxicity, and the DNA synthetic, mitogenic, and immunological actions of microbial lipopolysaccharides in the rat; Aschkenasy A; Rats fed an 18% casein (Cs) or a protein deprived diet (PD) for 8 weeks received injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in both hind foot pads . While these injections were tolerated in Cs rats, about 50% of PD rats died after 1 or 2 days as a result of a massive necrosis of the liver . To a large extent these lesions were prevented by cortisone . Three days after injection of LPS, Cs rats exhibited a hypertrophy of the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) and spleen, as well as a drastic increase in DNA synthesis in DNA synthesis in the PLN . Mitotic indices did not increase . The DNA synthetic responses to PLN in the surviving PD rats were much lower than in Cs animals, but a sharp rise in DNA synthesis and mitotic activity occurred in the spleen . The comparison with the effects of LPS in cortisone-treated rats showed that both cortisone-sensitive and -resistant cells participated in PLN activation in rats fed both diets, but that only cortisone-resistant lymphocytes entered mitosis in the spleens of PD rats . LPS also provoked a sharp drop in both DNA synthesis and mitosis in the thymus, probably due to a stress effect, since only cortisone-sensitive thymocytes were involved . In a second experimental series, immunological tests (Rosette-forming cells, Plaque-forming cells, serum hemagglutinin titers) were performed 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of LPS . The responses were not significantly different in Cs and PD rats . This is in contrast with the protein deficiency-induced depression of thymus-dependent humoral immunity.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1978 Sep, 86(9), 341 - 4
{Nonspecific resistance in germ-free and E . coli monocontaminated miniature piglets}; Podoprigora GI; Phagocytic activity of leukocytes, as well as the complement, properdin, and lysozyme levels in the blood serum of miniature piglets, germfree and monocontaminated with E . coli 055 and E . coli 083, were studied . E . coli 055 phagocytosis was decreased in the presence of autologous serum and complement and increased under the effect of specific opsonins (antibodies to E . coli 055) . Complement, properdin, and lysozyme levels were decreased in the germfree, in comparison with conventional animals . In the E . coli contaminated piglets properdin and complement production was stimulated most, and lysozyme formation--less . No antibodies to E . coli 055 were revealed in monocontaminated piglets . The highest lysozyme levels were found in the ex-germfree animals, this indicating the participation of factors other than E . coli contamination in lysozyme stimulation . It is concluded that microbial contamination played an important role in the development of cellular and humoral factors of the organism resistance.

J Periodontal Res, 1978 Sep, 13(5), 425 - 32
Leptotrichia buccalis hemagglutination in cell binding and salivary inhibition studies; Falkler WA Jr et al.; The characteristic hemagglutination (HA) of Leptotrichia buccalis was used for measuring its attachment to various human cells and for determining if saliva contained hemagglutination inhibition (HI) factors . The microbial strain utilized displayed the characteristic EM morphology of L . buccalis . Sonicated preparations of the organism were tested for HA activity before and after adsorption with human cells . Buccal epithelial cells, red blood cells (RBC), HeLa and embryonic kidney cells all bound the HA fragments of the organisms . The bacterial fragments on the cells could be observed by fluorescent antibody testing . The fragments were released from the cells used for adsorption with chelators and upon addition of CaCl2 the HA activity returned . Whole saliva displayed hemagglutination inhibition activity in a manner suggesting a binding site interaction . The similarity of the HA activity of F . nucleatum is discussed as are the relationships of cell binding to colonization of the organisms and immunopathology to host cells.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1978 Sep, 86(9), 347 - 9
{Redox processes in allergic reactions of the delayed type to microbial antigens}; Pleshkova SM et al.; The influence of common allergic response of delayed type to brucellosis antigen on the processes of glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity of Krebs' cycle in guinea pigs' blood and organs was studied . Along with inhibitory activity of four dehydrogenases investigated there was a depression of the glucolysis processes connected with reduction of the lactate, pyruvate content, and with depression of the LDH activity . An increase of the anaerobic fractions and lowering of aerobic fractions content and of the spectrum excess was seen in the isoenzyme LDH spectrum.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Aug 17, 542(2), 340 - 7
The origin of the nitrogen atom in the thiazole ring of thiamine in Escherichia coli; White RH et al.; Methods are described for the isolation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole moiety of thiamine in microbial cells . Using these methods, it was determined that in Escherichia coli the nitrogen atom in the thiazole ring of thiamine is derived solely from L-tyrosine.

Infect Immun, 1978 Aug, 21(2), 655 - 8
Disruption of the permeability barrier (zonula occludens) between intestinal epithelial cells by lethal doses of endotoxin; Walker RI et al.; A freeze-fracture technique was used to examine the most apical intercellular junctional complex between intestinal epithelial cells (the tight or occluding junction) in mice after challenge with endotoxin . Some of these junctions were disrupted after challenge and may be a site for leakage of microbial agents from the lumen.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Aug, 23(8), 677 - 82
{Biological method of identifying antibiotic substances at an early screening stage}; Tikhonova AS et al.; A biological method was used in addition to the chemical methods of identification in the screening programme of new antibiotics . The method consists of evaluation of the effect of the crude antibiotic preparations on microbial forms resistant to various antibiotics . The efficiency of the biological method is shown . It provides more complete and rapid characterization of the properties of the new antibiotics and their rough identification at early screening stages.

J Immunol, 1978 Aug, 121(2), 418 - 20
Bacteria induce lymphokine synthesis polyclonally in human B lymphocytes; Rasanen L et al.; We have studied the ability of various bacteria to stimulate human lymphocytes to produce leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) . Mononuclear cells from adult and cord blood as well as purified T and B lymphocytes were stimulated with killed bacteria . The culture supernatants were tested for the presence of LIF by the agarose migration method . All nine bacterial strains tested activated unseparated mononuclear cells and B lymphocytes but not T cells to produce LIF . LIF was also present in cord blood cell cultures suggesting that the stimulation of lymphocytes was polyclonal rather than antigenic . Therefore, we propose that one of the physiologic functions of B lymphocyte lymphokines might be to form part of the nonspecific defense mechanisms against microbial invasion.

Int J Cancer, 1978 Jul 15, 22(1), 1 - 3
Rapidly progressing breast cancer (poussée évolutive) in Tunisia: studies on delayed hypersensitivity; Mourali N et al.; Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to a battery of antigens were measured in 145 Tunisian breast cancer patients to determine whether an immunologic mechanism could be detected which might explain the high frequency (60%) of the rapidly progressing form in Tunisian breast cancer patients . Although a greater proportion (30%) of patients with rapily progressing breast cancer reacted to extracts of a breast tumor antigen (2937) than patients without PEV (9%), no significnat difference between PEV and non-PEV patients could be found in reactivity to DNCB, standard microbial antigens, or extracts from tissue culture cell lines . Rapidly progressing breast cancer in Tunisia is not associated with an impairment of delayed hypersensitivity.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 36(1), 186 - 97
Methanogenesis from acetate: enrichment studies; Baresi L et al.; An acetate enrichment culture was initiated by inoculating anaerobic sludge from a mesophilic methane digestor into a mineral salts medium with calcium acetate as the sole carbon and energy source . This enrichment was maintained indefinitely by weekly transfer into medium of the same composition . A study of this enrichment disclosed an unexpected age-dependent inhibition of methanogenesis by H2 and formate which apparently differed from the inhibition by chloroform and benzyl viologen . This age-dependent inhibition indicated that microbial interactions of the mixed enrichment population may play a regulatory role in methane formation . Futhermore, stimulation of methanogenesis in the acetate enrichment by addition of yeast extract showed a nutrient limitation which indicated that syntrophic interactions leading to formation of growth factors may also occur . A model is presented to illustrate the possible interrelationships between methanogenic and nonmethanogenic bacteria in their growth and formation of methane and carbon dioxide from acetate.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 24(7), 847 - 55
The microbial degradation of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a beta-oxidation pathway with simultaneous induction to the utilization of benzoate; Blakley ER; The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a bacterium, designated PRL W19, follows a pathway involving beta-oxidation of coenzyme A intermediates analogous to the classical oxidation of fatty acids . The organism appears to have the property for the constitutive metabolism of caproic acid, and cell extracts contain high levels of the enzymes required for the functioning of the fatty acid cycle . However, the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid requires induction by growth or incubation with an appropriate substrate . Extracts of induced cells contain several enzyme activities which are synthesized in response to the induction process . These enzymes include cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA synthetase, cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 1-cyclohexenecarboxyl-CoA hydratase, and trans-2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase . A characteristics feature of this organism is that it becomes induced for the metabolism of benzoate and catechol during growth on cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, but benzoate does not appear to be an obligatory intermediate in the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 24(7), 839 - 6
The transport of microbial biomass and suspended material in a high-marsh creek; Erkenbracher CW Jr et al.; The transport of microbial biomass and suspended material in a high-marsh creek was investigated during four 40-h tidal studies throughout the year . Although considerable differences were noted between successive tidal cycles, overall the creek was found to be an exporting system and transported a mean concentration of ATP (-33g), chlorophyll a (-66g), particulate organic carbon (-31kg), total suspended material (-344kg), and fixed suspended material (-195kg) during each tidal cycle . This net outward flux of materials was associated with a net flow of water out of creek, while the net import of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria (43 x 10(12)) and volatile suspended material (238kg) was generally due to higher mean concentrations of these materials per unit volume of water during the flooding tide . Also the latter generally were associated with increased amounts of suspended material suggesting an association between bacteria and suspended matter.

Chem Biol Interact, 1978 Jul, 22(1), 117 - 24
Vinyl chloride and vinyl benzene (styrene)--metabolism, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity; Vainio H; Vinyl chloride and vinyl benzene (styrene) are mutagenic in microbial tests, in Drosophila, in yeast, and in mammalian cells . Reports from various countries have shown an excess of chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer when the workers were compared with controls . Workers occupationally exposed to styrene also revealed a clear increase in the rate of chromosome aberrations in their lymphocytes . Both chloroethylene oxide and styrene oxide, the primary biotransformation products of vinyl chloirde and styrene respectively, bind covalently to cellular macromolecules . Vinyl chloride is a carcinogen in both animals and man . Styrene is currently being tested in animals . These findings, the demonstration of mutagenic response via microbial and other test systems and with observations of significant excesses of chromosomal aberrations among workers exposed to these agents, raise scientific and health oriented concern about the possible genetic risks of vinyl chloride and styrene to man.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 622 - 5
{Effect of terrilytin on antifungal antibiotic activity}; Bogdanov VV; The antifungal activity of terrilitine, an enzymatic preparation of microbial origin and its effect on the activity of antifungal polyenic antibiotics and griseofulvine were studied in vitro . It was found with the method of serial dilutions in Sabourand's liquid medium that terrilitine was active against C . albicans and certain dermatophytes . In combination with amphotericin B, amphoglucamine, mycoheptine, levorin, nystatin or griseofulvin it increased the activity of these antibiotics 2-16 times.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1978 Jul-Aug, 33(7-8), 517 - 20
Multiple functions of thioredoxins; Wagner W et al.; Reduced thioredoxins from microbial and plant cells, both of cytoplasmic or chloroplast origin, are interchangeable in stimulating such diverse enzyme activities as ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (E . coli), PAPS sulfotransferase (Synechococcus), and fructose-1,6-bis-phosphatase (from spinach) in vitro . It is suggested that reduced thioredoxins are unspecific, multifunctional cellular proteins while in contrast the oxidized froms require specific enzymes for their reduction.

Ciba Found Symp, 1978 Jun 6-8, (65), 205 - 23
Oxygen consumption by stimulated human neutrophils; Segal AW et al.; Oxygen consumption by stimulated human neutrophils has been studied . An initial lag after stimulation of about 20 s is followed by a linear phase of oxygen consumption which lasts about 60 s and then declines exponentially . The duration of the respiratory burst is thus much shorter than has been generally recognized . The cessation of the linear phase of oxygen consumption occurs at a constant time after stimulation, is not due to depletion of the substrate of the oxidase enzyme (since linear oxygen consumption can be re-initiated), and is due to termination or saturation of particle uptake . The curtailment of oxygen consumption probably marks the end of the oxygen-dependent microbial role of the phagocytic vacuole, preparing it for the secondary and independent function of digestion . A novel cytochrome b becomes associated with the phagosomes and probably forms a component of a complex electron-transport chain . Superoxide may be an intermediate in this system, but it is unlikely to be released free from the cell or to form the final product of the system.

J Chromatogr, 1978 Jun 1, 153(1), 232 - 8
Clean-up procedure for the extraction of soil samples in the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Camoni I et al.; This paper describes the method which was developed in relation to analytical work connected with microbial and physico-chemical degradation experiments on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) . Soil samples are best extracted with methanol plus methylene chloride . Microbial preparations are extracted with light petroleum after boiling with methanolic potassium hydroxide . The clean-up consists of a sulphuric acid treatment and chromatography on a multilayer column (Celite + H2SO4/silica gel) followed by alumina column chromatography . The clean-up procedure proved to be suitable for soil samples and microbial preparations even when large quantities of organic matter (hydrocarbons, oils, surfactants) were present.

J Cell Biol, 1978 Jun, 77(3), 627 - 37
Cell division from a genetic perspective; Hartwell LH; A novel view of the eukaryotic cell cycle is taking form as genetic strategies borrowed from investigations of microbial gene regulation and bacteriophage morphogenesis are being applied to the process of cell division . It is a genetic construct in which mutational lesions identify the primary events, thermolabile gene products reveal temporal order, mutant phenotypes yield pathways of causality, and regulatory events are localized within sequences of gene controlled steps.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1978 May 2, 286(17), 1261 - 4
{Microbial metabolic activity and transmembrane transport phenomena by potentiometric analysis of lipoic acid oxidation-reduction, in a minimal culture medium}; Selegny E et al.; A method of measuring and studying metabolic bacterial activity is proposed, by following the kinetic evolution of the ratio of the oxidized and reduced forms of an electron transporter as a consequence of decreasing oxidizing power--due to oxygen consumption in the culture,--and increasing . Reduction power of bacterial activity . Namely, with minimum composition using salts and glucose the oxido-reduction of lipoic acid is well indicated by a gold electrode without any major bio-or electrochemical interference . A kinetic diffusion reaction theory takes into account the passive or active transmembrane transport of lipoic acid in good agreement with the experimentally observed shapes of the electrical signal . The various types of antibiotic activities are well reflected by the modifications of the signal.

Steroids, 1978 May, 31(5), 671 - 9
Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents . 7 . 14-alpha-Hydroxylation of withaferin-A by Cunninghamella elegans (NRRL 1393); Rosazza JP et al.; Microbial transformation experiments were conducted with the steroidlactone, withaferin-A (1a) . Cunninghamella elegans (NRRL 1393) converts withaferin-A into two major metabolites, one of which has been indentified as 14alpha-hydroxywithaferin-A (1b) . The metabolite is obtained in 37% yield, and its structure was determined on the basis of pmr and mass spectral evidence . The metabolite has the same level of antitumor activity as withaferin-A against the Sarcoma-180 tumor test system in mice.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1978 May, 85(5), 577 - 9
{Death of adhering spleen cells (macrophages) in vitro in delayed hypersensitivity to microbial antigens}; Smirnova MN; The cytotoxic action of immune lymphocytes on the adhering cells of the spleen obtained from guinea pigs sensitized and nonsensitized with BCG was studied in autologous and allogenous systems . A low cytotoxic effect revealed in cultivation with tuberculin of a suspension of spleen cells obtained from sensitized guinea pigs increased considerably after addition of lymph node cells from the same animal . Determination of death of the adhering cells of the spleen, as well as of the adhering cells of the lymph nodes could be used as a sensitive method for detection of hypersensitivity of a delayed type . Use of the splenic cells in the capacity of target cells is more convenient, since there are much more adhering cells in the spleen than in the suspension of lymph node cells.

Br J Nutr, 1978 May, 39(3), 601 - 13
A study of the protein and amino acid requirements of the growing New Zealand White rabbit with emphasis on lysine and the sulphur-containing amino acids; Spreadbury D; 1 . New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were given, between 4 and 8 weeks of age, a range of diets, based on oats and fish meal, containing from 104 to 255 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25; CP)/kg to establish the level of CP below which growth was retarded . 2 . In three experiments each diet was fed to four animals and food intake, growth and N balance were measured over 4 weeks . Body analysis was also carried out after two of the experiments . 3 . The rates of food intake and growth of animals increased with dietary CP concentration until a CP concentration of approximately 150 g/kg diet had been reached . Beyond this there was little further improvement . N balance studies showed that once this dietary concentration of CP had been reached, there was a reduced rate of N retention . 4 . Good agreement was found between N retention measured by balance methods and by body analysis: body composition showed a tendency towards an increase 5 . Microbial protein produced in the caecum and eaten during coprophagy, was found to supplement the dietary protein by approximately 2 g CP/d, or by only 0.1 of a normal dietary intake of CP . 6 . In the second part of the study NZW rabbits were offered, between 5 and 8 weeks of age, diets based on oats containing 150 g CP/kg . The protein supplied by oats was supplemented with maize gluten, gelatin, groundnut meal, casein, soya-bean meal or fish meal . 7 . Rabbits offered diets containing casein, soya-bean meal and fish meal gained 40-50 g/d similar, to animals given a well-balanced control diet, while those given diets containing maize gluten, gelatin or groundnut meal gained approximately 30 g/d . This indicated that amino acid balance in dietary protein was important to the growing rabbit . 8 . In later experiments, diets based on cereals and groundnut meal supplemented with varying amounts of lysine and methionine were offered during a 3-week-post-weaning period in order to assess requirements for those limiting amino acids . 9 . The addition of both lysine and methionine improved growth rates . The minimum requirements for normal growth were found to be 6.2 g methionine+cystine and 9.4 g lysine/kg diet.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 May, 35(5), 945 - 8
Identification of biotransformation products from 2,4-dinitrotoluene; McCormick NG et al.; The products of microbial transformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by Mucrosporium sp . were identified by thin-layer chromatography and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene, 2,2'-dinitro-4,4'-azoxytoluene, 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-azoxytoluene, and 4-acetamido-2-nitrotoluene . A third azoxy compound, believed to be a "mixed" type (i.e., 2,4'-azoxy or 4,2'-azoxy), was isolated but not yet identified.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1978 May, 166(4-5), 454 - 62
{The behaviour of mycobacterium intracellulare serotyp Davis and mycobacterium avium in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation after experimental inoculation (author's transl)}; Kazda J; After the inoculation in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation (Sph . magellancium-Erica Association and Sph . apiculatum-Eriophorum angustifolium Ass.) reach the mycobacteria the hyaline cells of Sphagnum (Fig . 1) . The count of M . intracellulare serotyp Davis decreases rapidly already in three days after the inoculation of Sph . magellanicum Ass . and this trend in the course of incubation is being continued . In 27 days following the inoculation only 2 of 7 specimens contained a small amount of this mycobacteria (Tab . 2, Fig . 2) . In the head region of Sph . apiculatum Ass . the mycobacterial count was more rapidly going down . Already 13 days after the inoculation only 2 of 7 specimens were found mycobacteria-positive; 24 days after the inoculation no mycobacteria were present (Tab . 3, Fig . 3) . The elimination of M . avium from the head region of Sph . magellanicum Ass . follows within 13 days after the inoculation (Tab . 4, Fig . 4) . For the microbial growth well predisponated hyaline cells with their porous cell wall and hollow spaces possess probably a mechanism, which is effective against microbial contamination of the productive head region of Sphagnum vegetation . Our further investigations have shown, that the growth of mycobacteria follows in the deeper, partially decomposed region of Sphagnum vegetation (KAZDA, 1978).

Sem Hop, 1978 May, 54(13-16), 509 - 15
{Opportunistic microbial infections and their importance in general pathology}; Fabiani G; Opportunist germs are commensal bacteria or fungi of the skin and mucosae or saprophytes of the external media, which become virulent when general or local resistance of the organism is lowered . Under the influence of favouring factors, mainly certain drugs, infections due to opportunist germs are becoming more and more frequent, mainly in hospitals, constant or occasional contact of man with these bacteria make diagnosis and prophylaxis of their infections difficult.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 May, (5), 117 - 22
{Homogeneous Cl . perfringens alpha-anatoxin: its physicochemical and immunogenic properties}; Shemanova GF et al.; The authors present a method of obtaining relatively homogeneous preparations of alpha-toxoid of Cl . perfringens, type A, including the primary conception of the alpha-toxin proteins, their chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, detoxication, with the subsequent gel-filtration through sephadex and isoelectric focussing . Sedimentation coefficient of the preparation proved to be 3.8 S, isoelectric point-4.83 +/- 0.07 . In studying the immunogenic properties of alpha-toxoid in experiments on guinea pigs and rabbits their high immunogenicity, exceeding that of the industrial toxoid 8- and 6-fold, respectively, was established . Homogeneous preparations of alpha-toxoid provided intense anti-microbial immunity . Interlinear differences in the levels of the immune response of inbred mice, highly-reactive (BALB/c) and low-reactive (C57BL/6) to alpha-toxoid, reached 20-fold; in combination with the high immunogenicity of this antigen for mice this permits to recommend it for immunogenic studies.

Blut, 1978 Apr 20, 36(4), 211 - 6
{Concentration of specific antibodies in commercially avaialable immunoglobulins (author's transl)}; Wirsing CH et al.; Not significant differences in the composition or concentration of specific antibodies against microbial antigens could be measured in five commercially available human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use . Prediction of prophylactic or therapeutic efficiency of such preparations according to their antibody content seems to be only partially possible . Human immunoglobulins for intravenous use should be free from irregular antibodies against erythrocyte antigens of the Rh-systems, as found in one of the specimens tested.

Experientia, 1978 Apr 15, 34(4), 500 - 1
Mammalian spot test with moxnidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole; Lang R; Moxnidazole {3-(5-nitrol-1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)-methyleneamino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone, HCl}, known to be mutagenic in microbial tests and Drosophila, induced genetic alterations in somatic cells of mice . Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) served as positive control.

Experientia, 1978 Apr 15, 34(4), 426 - 7
Exchange of tritium from randomly tritiated taurocholate by microbial bile salt oxidoreductases; Macdonald IA; Tritium distribution on randomly labelled taurocholate (TC) was estimated at 28%, 4%, 1% and less than 0.5% on the hydrogens opposite the 3alpha-, 7alpha- and 12alpha-OH groups and taurine moiety respectively . Anomalously, C . perfringens 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSDH) catalyzed tritium loss of 36% on formation of 7alpha-, 12alpha-dihydroxy-3-keto-5beta-cholanoate, implying additional losses of tritium at other sites by this enzyme.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1978 Apr, 86(2), 101 - 6
Bacterial contamination of heat-sterilized, heat-disinfected and chemically-disinfected haemodialysis monitors; Kolmos HJ; The bacterial contamination of one heat-sterilized, three heat-disinfected and four chemically-disinfected monitor types was evaluated before and after dialysis . All monitor types were contaminated . In the heat-treated monitors the level of contamination varied with the intensity of the heat treatment and the technical design . They were less contaminated than the chemically-disinfected recirculating single-pass monitors . The latter were contaminated to a marginal degree, irrespective of the quality of the water supply . Each monitor showed a characteristic microbial flora, indicating that recontamination occurred from the same persistent focus . Aquired antibiotic resistance characters were rare among the potential human pathogens isolated from the dialysate . The level of contamination during dialysis is determined by a complex of factors, including the mode of disinfection, the technical design of the dialysis equipment, the duration of the dialyses, and the flora of the dialysate.

Arch Tierernahr, 1978 Apr, 28(4), 221 - 33
{Behavior of the trace elements copper, zinc and manganese in bovine rumen . 1 . Trace element content of different fractions of rumen fluid and the effect of copper sulfate administration}; Wetzel R et al.; Two adult, rumen-fistulated steers were fed, over four consecutive 3-week periods, Cu-deficient and normal hays with and without copper sulphate supplementation . Their rumen liquor levels of copper, zinc and manganese were determined correspondingly . The rumen liquor samples were split into 3 fractions by way of centrifugation, sodium dodecyl sulphate treatment of the sediment and filtration . The fractionation of the rumen liquor showed copper to be contained mainly in the water-soluble supernatant (68%), whilst zinc and manganese are more strongly linked to the microbial fraction (57 and 46%, resp.) . The plant residue did not average but 9, 24 and 22% of copper, zinc and manganese, respectively . Copper sulphate supplementation to normal hay resulted in a significantly increased copper content in the supernatant and in the microbial fraction . At the same time, the zinc and manganese content values in the microbial fraction were found increased . However, the same copper sulphate supplementation to Cu-deficient hay was found to reduce highly significantly the copper level in the microbial fraction . It is supposed that the excessively high molybdenum content of this hay (2.5 ng/kg) has prevented any effect of the copper sulphate supplementation . The positive effects of copper sulphate supplementation on the zinc and manganese levels in the bacterial fraction were maintained even when feeding Cu-deficient hay rich in Mo.

Fed Proc, 1978 Apr, 37(5), 1223 - 7
Postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous components; Bergen WG; Digesta containing microbial protein, undegraded (bypass) feed protein, some free amino acids and oligopeptides, and microbial nucleic acids passes from the rumen-reticulum through the omasum to the lower gut (abomasum and small intestine) . The rate of neutralization of abomasal digesta flow is slower in ruminants than in nonruminants, and activation and peak activity of the pancreatic proteases is delayed to the mid jejunum . The overall apparent digestibility in the small intestine of proteins and microbial or exogenous nuclei acids is 60-70% and 75-85% respectively . Absorption mechanisms in ruminants for protein and nucleic acid digestion end products appear similar to those described in nonruminants, but the highest rate of amino acid uptake was found in the mid to lower ileum . Essential amino acids (Met, THr, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, His, Arg) are absorbed faster than nonessential amino acids (Gly, Glu, Asp, Ser, Pro, Cys, Tyr) . After feeding, plasma amino acids remain unchanged or decline in a mature ruminant, while in nursing lambs, plasma free amino acids levels increase after a meal.

J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Apr, 7(4), 392 - 3
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detection of microbial antigens: increased sensitivity with dextran-containing gels; Siber GR et al.; The addition of 4% dextran with a mean molecular weight of 70,000 to counterimmunoelectrophoresis gels enhanced the clarity of precipitin lines and increased the sensitivity of the procedure two- to fourfold with a variety of microbial antigens.

Ann Intern Med, 1978 Apr, 88(4), 564 - 6
Corticosteroid-induced lymphopenia, immunosuppression, and body defense; Craddock CG; The apparent paradox of heightened adrenal corticosteroid levels associated with reduction in the competence of the body's defensive apparatus to cope with exposure to new microbial antigens is considered . The question is asked how this lowered defensive capability, which occurs in the face of a threat to body integrity, is consistent with Cannon's principals of the "wisdom of the body." The suggestion is offered that the immunologic response to self-antigens exposed by disease or trauma may be suppressed by corticosteroid to offset the likelihood of autoimmune attack.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1978 Apr, 5(4), 1093 - 107
Cae I: an endonuclease isolated from the African green monkey with properties indicating site-specific cleavage of homologous and heterologous mammalian DNA; Brown FL et al.; Component alpha DNA is a highly repetitive sequence that comprises nearly a quarter of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) genome . A previous microbial restriction enzyme analysis showed that the repeat structure of component alpha DNA is based upon a monomeric unit of 176 +/- 4 base-pairs . An endonuclease, provisionally termed Case I, has been isolated from African green monkey testes that cleaves component alpha DNA into multimeric segments based upon the same repeat periodicity as that revealed by microbial restriction enzymes . The primary sites of Cae I cleavage in the component alpha sequence appear to be 120 +/- 6 base-pairs distant from the Hind III sites and 73 +/- 6 base-pairs distant from the Eco RI* sites . Cae I has been partially characterized with special reference to the effects of ATP and S-adenosylmethionine on the cleavage of component alpha DNA . Cae I may be a member of a class of similar site-specific nucleases present in mammalian cells . Cae I also cleaves mouse satellite DNA into a multimeric series of discrete segments: the periodicity of this series is shorter than that revealed by Eco RII retriction analysis of mouse satellite DNA.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Apr, (4), 27 - 30
{Jet method of administration of live brucella vaccine}; Kniazeva ZN et al.; A good survival of brucellae in the organism with the development of a stable and prolonged immunity was noted in vaccination of guinea pigs with live brucella vaccine prepared from the Br . abortus strain 19-BA . Local reactions were weak, and no general reactions were observed . In using the jet method of vaccination with the injectors bpi-4 and bi-2 on a limited group of persons (194) the local and general untoward response was weak, but in immunological respect this method proved to be effective when the vaccine was administered in a dose of 2.5 x 10(8) of microbial cells . Jet method can be recommended for express vaccination against brucellosis.

Lancet, 1978 Mar 25, 1(8065), 638 - 9
Calcium binding by dietary fibre; James WP et al.; Dietary fibre from plants low in phytate bound calcium in proportion to its uronic-acid content . This binding by the non-cellulosic fraction of fibre will reduce the availability of calcium for small-intestinal absorption, but the colonic microbial digestion of uronic acids will liberate the calcium . Thus the ability to maintain calcium balance on high-fibre diets may depend on the adaptive capacity of the colon for calcium absorption.

Br Med J, 1978 Mar 18, 1(6114), 696 - 8
Reduction of skin bacteria in theatre air with comfortable, non-woven disposable clothing for operating-theatre staff; Mitchell NJ et al.; Conventional loose-weave cotton operating garments were compared with clothing of a non-woven fabric to test their efficacy in reducing the dispersal of skin bacteria into theatre air . When men wore operating suits made of the non-woven fabric dispersal of skin bacteria was reduced by 72% . When all the operating-theatre staff wore suits and dresses of this fabric air bacterial counts during operating sessions were reduced by 55%; no reduction occurred when the fabric was worn by only the scrubbed team . The lowest levels of microbial contamination of the air in the operating theatre occurred when both the unscrubbed and scrubbed theatre staff wore clothes of non-woven fabric.

Biken J, 1978 Mar, 21(A), 9 - 14
An epidemiological study of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Japan, 1976; Okuno Y et al.; The National Registry for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) of Japan was established in 1976 at the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and Welfare . By March 1977, forty five clinically confirmed cases of SSPE were reported to the Registry, with onset of symptoms occurring between 1966 and 1976 . Histories of measles were available in 42 of these cases . Thirty nine patients with known histories had measles prior to onset of SSPE and 3 had no history of measles illness . Twenty eight (71.7%) of the 39 patients had measles before the age of 2 years . All cases were 1 to 14 years old at the time of onset of SSPE and the mean interval between measles and SSPE was 6.1 years . One of the 3 cases with no history of measles was a recipient of measles killed vaccine, but no case of SSPE was reported among recipients of measles live, attenuated vaccine.

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Mar-Apr, 47(2), 367 - 70
{Problems of protecting complex inventions in the field of microbiology}; Korovkin VI; Some problems are discussed which are connected with the protection of inventions in the field of microbiology when the invention is complex . The rights of the author are determined when a method and a product are to be protected at the same time . The additional juridical protection of a microbial strain is not necessary . The complex protection of a microbial strain and the method of its utilization is recommended in certain cases since it might prevent conflicts which arise upon the parallel juridical protection of a strain and the method of its utilization.

J Lipid Res, 1978 Mar, 19(3), 390 - 5
A rapid and quantitative method for the isolation of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids by DEAE-silica gel chromatography; Kundu SK et al.; DEAE-silica gel has been shown to be an improvement over DEAE-Sephadex for the quantitative isolation of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids from animal tissues or cells . Preliminary results indicated that it can also be used for protein separation . Direct comparative studies of DEAE-silica gel with DEAE-Sephadex showed preferences for the former for the following reasons: i) faster flow rate; ii) more rapid equilibration with the starting buffer; iii) easier regeneration; iv) more economical; and v) a lesser susceptibility to microbial attack.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Mar, 24(3), 254 - 60
In situ degradation of oil in a soil of the boreal region of the Northwest Territories; Westlake DW et al.; Replicate field plots comprising a control; control plus oil; control plus oil and fertilizer (urea phosphate, 27:27:0); control plus oil and bacteria; and control plus oil, fertilizer, and bacteria were established at Norman Wells, N.W.T., Canada . Plots were monitored over a 3-year period for changes in microbial numbers and the chemical composition of recovered oil . Where fertilizer was applied, there was a rapid increase in bacterial numbers, but no increase in fungal propagules . This was followed by a rapid disappearance of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and a continuous loss in weight of saturate compounds in recovered oil . Changes in the content of asphaltenes, aromatics, and nitrogen-, sulphur-, and oxygen-containing fractions also are discussed . The seeding of oil-soaked plots with oil-degrading bacteria did not have any effect on the composition of recovered oil . Fertilized plots showed a more rapid rate of vegetation with cotton grass and Labrador tea being the dominant species in revegetation.

Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ, 1978 Mar, 25(1), 7 - 15
A study on the microbial filtration efficiency of surgical face masks--with special reference to the non-woven fabric mask; Furuhashi M; With the experimental apparatus designed and made available by Nicholes, we evaluated the bacterial filtration efficienty (B.F.E.) of the non-woven fabric and cotton cloth masks . The apparatus was supplied by Nicholes (U.S . Military Specification 36954 C mask, surgical, disposable) . The study presented here was performed as a round robin test with Nicholes . By using this apparatus, comparison was made as to the B.F.E . of the six different kinds of surgical face mask before and after prolonged use . The result was obtained that the disposable mask made of glass fiber mat combined with non-woven fabric proved to be the highest in performance with a B.F.E . of 98.1-99.4% . It is useful both in preventing hospital infection and in general clinical practice . The B.F.E . of the conventional cotton cloth masks is not only lower but variable over a wide range of 43.1-93.6%.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1978 Mar, 117(3), 513 - 8
Immunologic "memory" for microbial antigens in lymphocytes obtained from human bronchial mucosa; Clancy RL et al.; Memory for previous immunologic contact with microbial antigens has been detected in lymphocytes from human bronchi as a secondary immune response, when tested in vitro . Antigens stimulated a predominantly proliferative response in blood lymphocytes that was significantly greater than the response in mucosal lymphocytes with purified protein derivative and Herpes simplex type 1 antigens . Co-culture experiments with autologous blood lymphocytes showed that cell-dependent suppression was one mechanism of the low response of bronchial lymphocytes . In the patient who inhaled a foreign body, a proliferative response to antigens was restricted to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphocytes, suggesting a recruitment of antigen-reactive cells from a circulating pool.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1978 Mar, 85(3), 322 - 5
{Physico-chemical properties of microbial antigens and the immuno-allergic tests}; Beklemishev ND et al.; Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs sensitized by the delayed and immediate types of allergy . Different antigens obtained from the strain of Brucella abortus BA-19 were used for sensitization and the resolving action . Comparison of the resolving properties of the corpuscular, soluble (ultrasound treated) antigens and purified protein fractions, polysaccharide and RNA was carried out in the skin reactions of the immediate and delayed type, passive skin anaphylaxis, acute anaphylactic shock, and the Schults-Dale test . Immediate reactions to the purified protein fraction were weaker than those to the whole soluble antigen, by which the animals were sensitized . Polysaccharide and the RNA-fractions proved to be inactive in the allergic reactions.

Arch Surg, 1978 Mar, 113(3), 269 - 71
Significance of microbial contamination of stored cadaver kidneys; Anderson CB et al.; The importance of microbial contamination of cadaver kidneys was assessed in 83 consecutively stored and transplanted kidneys . Fourteen kidneys had a single positive culture during storage and five had multiple positive cultures . Only one postoperative infection could be traced to kidney contamination during storage (Candida wound infection) . In three of 64 patients who received noncontaminated kidneys, posttransplant wound infections developed . No wound infections occurred in 35 patients who received prophylactic antibiotics, whereas four wound infections occurred in 48 patients without antibiotic coverage . It is concluded that, although microbial contamination of stored cadaver kidneys occurs commonly, it is not an important source of infection in renal transplant recipients.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1978 Mar, 20(3), 349 - 81
Mathematical modeling of lag phases in microbial growth; Pamment NB et al.; This paper describes a mathematical method of the lap phases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that incorporates the basic concepts previously presented in a two-stage deterministic model for the growth of this organism under conditions of oxygen excess with a sugar as the growth-limiting substrate . The model structure was suggested by an extensive investigation of the causes of the lap phases of S . cerevisiae which found that, in contrast to the traditionally accepted trends, the length of the lap phase was not inoculum-size dependent . This was consistent with other previously published work which suggested that a major factor in the length of the lag phases in S . cerevisiae was the need to synthesize adequate levels of glycolytic and respiratory enzymes . These suggestions were confirmed experimentally with lag-age data . Based on this conclusion a mathematical model was developed incorporating a description of the levels of glycolytic and respiratory enzymes and their effect on the growth rate and metabolism . This model was tested experimentally and the initial results indicate that many aspects of the lag phase of this organism may be described mathematically . The experimental findings further support the concept of primary regulatory control proposed by Bijkerk and Hall.

Biochem J, 1978 Feb 15, 170(2), 257 - 64
The metabolism of shikimate in the rat; Brewster D et al.; In the rat, shikimate was metabolized and excreted as hippurate, hexahydrohippurate, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate, t-3,t-4-dihydroxycyclohexane-r-1-carboxylate and c-3,t-4-dihydroxycyclophexane-r-1-carboxylate, conjugates of catechol and CO2 . The metabolism was entirely dependent on various initial microbial transformations in the gut, metabolite formation being suppressed in animals pretreated with antibiotics . Shikimate was not metabolized by mammalian tissues, and products of microbial metabolism were excreted either unchanged or after further biotransformation in the animal tissues.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Feb, (2), 27 - 31
{Specific immunologic reaction in autoantibody-producing cells}; Klemparskaia NN et al.; Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice . The capacity of the plasma obtained in 30 minutes from the animals vaccinated uith the microbial antigens of the animals to cause temporary activation of the autoimmune reaction in the recipients, in passive transfer, was revealed . The capacity of spleen cells, forming autohemolysins, to produce antibodies to sheep red blood cells after the immunization with this antigen was demonstrated by means of Cunningham and Pilarsky's method.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1978 Feb, 31(2), 305 - 12
Antibody mechanisms implicated in digestive disturbances following ingestion of soya protein in calves and piglets; Barratt ME et al.; Serum antibody responses to ingested aqueous alcohol-extracted soya proteins were studied in thirty-six pre-ruminant calves . Characterization of this antibody showed it to be predominantly a complement-fixing IgG1 preciptin . No evidence of tolerance was seen; previously sensitized calves responded to reintroduction of a soya diet with marked increases in antibody levels . The soya antigen was shown to be resistant to proteolysis and, to a lesser degree, to the microbial action of rumen fluid . Biopsy studies showed that the feeding of soya protein resulted in morphological disturbances to the villi and lamina propria of the intestine . Physiological studies by Thirty-Vella loop perfusion in the pig showed that soya protein solutions resulted in significant inhibition of flow rates . The effect was only observed after previous sensitization with the soya antigen . This study shows the necessity of applying immunological criteria to the quality control of soya bean processing in order to ensure that the sensitizing agent is eliminated and the nutritional qualities of soya protein concentrates are optimized.

Immun Infekt, 1978 Feb, 6(1), 15 - 27
{Immunological aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases (author's transl)}; Federlin K; The gastrointestinal tract is replete with immunocompetent tissue represented by appendix, Peyer's patches and nonaggregated lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium . This local immune system plays a vital role in the physiologic immune response and in the control of food, drug, microbial or viral antigens . Under certain situations this lymphoid tissue may contribute to the immunological reactions underlying the pathogenesis of various diseases . Generalised deficiencies of the immune apparatus frequently give rise to disturbances of gastrointestinal function . Furthermore plenty of immune reactions occurring in connection with human inflammatory bowel disease have been described . Some immunologic features are reported as typical for a disease, the majority seems to indicate only nonspecific autoimmune reactions . The relevance of immunological mechanisms for the pathogenesis of these diseases is still not full evaluated.

J Protozool, 1978 Feb, 25(1), 119 - 24
Sporozoites of rodent and simian malaria, purified by anion exchangers, retain their immunogenicity and infectivity; Moser G et al.; Sporozoites of rodent malaria, Plasmodium berghei, and simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, were partially separated from mosquito debris and microbial contaminants by passage of Anopheles material through a DEAE-cellulose column . In addition to eliminating most of the contaminants (80-90%), this simple technic has made it possible to recover rapidly large numbers of viable sporozoites (55-75% yield), which have retained their infectivity, immunogenicity, and capacity to react with known antisera . Mice injected with varying doses of column-purified sporozoites (CS) of P . berghei produced infections which paralleled those seen in the controls . Total protection against challenge with a potentially lethal dose of viable sporozoites was acquired by mice inoculated twice with irradiated CS of P . berghei CS of P . berghei and P . cynomolgi gave positive circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) reactions, upon inoculation with the respective immune sera . The preservation of the surface antigens of CS was documented by immunofluorescence . It was shown that differences in elution behavior exist among sporozoites of certain species of Plasmodium as well as among sporozoiters of the same species derived from different organs of the mosquito . These results may be attributed to differences in the surface charge of the sporozoites or conditions in sample media . Purified sporozoites obtained by the method described in this report provide an adequate source of parasites for a variety of in vitro studies.

J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Feb, 7(2), 202 - 8
Quantitative fluorescent immunoassay of antibodies to, and surface antigens of, Actinomyces viscosus; Gillis TP et al.; Optimal conditions for a fluorescence immunoassay of antibodies to, and surface antigens of, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 are described . In the standard fluorescence immunoassay, 10(8) colony-forming units of A . viscosus reacted with an antibody preparation, were washed, and then were treated with an excess of fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G . After another set of washes, fluorescence was determined in a spectofluorometer; in most cases excitation was at 485 nm, with emission measured at 525 nm . These conditions minimized interference from light scatter and stray light . Under appropriate conditions, antibodies to A . viscosus could be readily determined, with the fluorescence of the specific antibody-treated cells more than five times the fluorescence of controls treated with normal rabbit serum . Organisms coated with specific antibody could be detected at levels approaching 10(5) colony-forming units per ml . The standard fluorescence immunoassay procedure was readily adapted to the measurement of either particulate or soluble surface antigens of A . viscosus by competition of the antigen with a fixed amount of antibody in the standard assay system; the competition resulted in an antigen dose-dependent inhibition of fluorescence . The fluorescent immunoassay system thus appears to be a general one that could be applied to other microbial systems as well.

J Dent Res, 1978 Feb, 57(2), 355 - 60
Sources of variability in rat caries studies: microbial infection and caging procedure; Schuster GS et al.; Two sources of variability in rat caries experiments have been investigated: infection with two S mutans strains and two types of caging . Results indicated that strain 6715 was more virulent than was strain 10449 when 24-day-old rats were orally infected with the organism under standardized conditions . Caging of rats (2 per cage) in stainless steel, raised bottom cages resulted in higher level of caries than in plastic tubs (3 per cage) with hardwood bedding . Infection and caging conditions are two of the factors which may contribute to variability in caries pattern and severity in experimental rats.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1978 Feb, 31(2), 298 - 304
The antibody response of institutionalized Down's syndrome patients to seven microbial antigens; Hawkes RA et al.; An earlier cross-sectional study had revealed that institutionalized Down's syndrome (DS) patients possessed much lower titres of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) than did their non-Down's (ND) counterparts . In an attempt to determine whether DS patients were generally deficient in humoral antibody response, the inmates of an institution for the mentally retarded (110 DS, seventy-eight ND) were immunized with tetanus, diphtheria (toxoids), influenza A, influenza B (inactivated vaccines), measles, mumps and rubella (attenuated vaccines), and tested for their antibody responses . The DS and ND groups did not respond differently to any of the seven antigens . Furthermore, there was no general relationship between the anti-HBs titres of inmates and their capacity to respond to the defined antigenic stimulus of any of the seven antigens . From these results it is apparent that a general humoral deficit in the DS group cannot explain their tendency to possess much lower anti-HBs titres than their ND counterparts upon becoming infected with the hepatitis B virus . When the antibody status and responses to immunization of the inmates who possessed anti-HBs were compared with those who had chronic HBsAg antigenaemia, there was no significant difference between the groups.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 99 - 103
{Biological properties of the modified actinomycins synthesized by the aurantin producer}; Prokopenko VM et al.; The effect of 2 new modified actinomycins was studied . Actinomycin AuGl had the residue of sarcozin replaced by glycine and actinomycin AuNv had 1 residue of norvaline . It was shown that the new actinomycins had a similar to the actinomycin type effect on the microbial and animal cells . Still, higher concentrations of the antibiotics were required . In concentrations equal to those of actinomycins the new antibiotics were less effective with respect to the bacteriostatic action, suppression of the RNA synthesis and mitotic division of the ascitic hepatoma 22A cells.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Jan 26, 517(1), 43 - 54
Interaction of normal and unusually modified microbial DNA with cultured mammalian cells . Breakdown and reincorporation vs . uptake of polymerized DNA; Ehrlich M et al.; The uptake of radioactively labeled bacterial and phage DNA and the incorporation of acid-soluble DNAase I digests of these DNAs by cultures of human foreskin and 3T3 cells were studied . The presence of large amounts of unusually modified pyrimidine residues in donor phage DNAs allowed radioactive donor DNA in the nuclei of DNA-treated cells to be distinguished from host DNA labeled with breakdown products derived from donor DNA . This distinction could be made because it was found that radioactively labeled 5-methylcytosine residues in predigested XP-12 DNA and glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine residues in predigested T4 DNA could not be incorporated in an unaltered form into animal cell DNA . The results obtained from the study of uptake of these DNAs suggest that approx . 4--40 ng of phage DNA per 10(6) cells was transported to the nuclei of DEAE-dextran-pretreated cells during 3 days of incubation in medium after treatment with the DNA . However, interpretation of the results is complicated by the finding of considerable amounts of donor DNA binding to and persisting at the cell surface, which might attach to nuclei during subcellular fractionation.

Acta Biol Med Ger, 1978, 37(8), 1185 - 92
{Characterization of a protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (thermitase) . 1 . Purification of thermitase}; Behnke U et al.; The paper deals with the purification of the microbial protease preparation "thermitase" (submerged cultivation of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris; treatment of culture filtrate with ethanol or Na2SO4, vacuum drying of precipitate) . The crude substance was purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-50 . The proteolytically active fractions were in each case united, freeze dried and tested for protein components and protease activity by gel electrophoresis . After passage of the third column the isolated protease (4.5 fold enrichment in the specific activity) was further characterized . The electropherogram (pH 8.9) presented a protease band moving to the anode which was accompanied by 2 very weak protease bands . Furthermore there could be detected a very active protease band (main component of Thermitase) as well as a side band with lower activity both moving to the cathode . The freeze dried preparation contained 85% protein and 4% carbohydrates (glucose as single monomer component after acid hydrolysis) . A molecular weight of 11,000 was determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-75 . This value is critically discussed . Hints are given for autolytic processes taking place during the purification procedure.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(7-8), 632 - 7
Microbial fixation of nitrogen in presence of lanthanum sulphate with sodium molybdate; Bahadur K et al.; The effect of lanthanum sulphate together with 100 micrometer of sodium molybdate show that there is considerable increase in nitrogen fixation and carbon consumption in the culture medium of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter species A1 and A2, isolated from Allahabad soil . But these combination decrease the nitrogen fixation and carbon consumption in case of another species, Azotobacter A3, of the same soil.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(7-8), 628 - 31
Investigation of cerium and yttrium ions effects on microbial nitrogen fixation and determination of inhibition; Bahadur K et al.; Critical investigation of the effect of yttrium and cerium ions in culture media for nitrogen-fixing bacteria showed strong inhibition . There was a decrease in the amount of nitrogen fixed; simultaneously, in the samples containing cerium ions, carbon consumption values increased as the molarity of metal ion was enhanced . Inhibition rate was invariably maximum at the highest concentration of metal ions.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(7-8), 623 - 7
Microbial fixation of nitrogen in presence of sodium tungstate; Bahadur K et al.; The effect of sodium tungstate in the culture media of three different species of Azotobacter, isolated from Allahabad soil, was studied . It was observed that the presence of tungstate in the culture media of bacterial sample A2 and A3 decreased the fixation of nitrogen, except in the bacterial sample A1.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1978, 7(3), 349 - 57
Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in a model aquatic environment; Ward CT et al.; The fate of TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was studied by using aquatic sediment and lake water under laboratory conditions . Most of the TCDD was found in the sediment from which it slowly disappeared . Evaporation may be a major mode of disappearance of TCDD in samples incubated 39 days or more, with metabolism playing only a minor role . Under the experimental conditions the half-life of TCDD was in the order of 600 days . The metabolic activities were enhanced under conditions which stimulated microbial growth in the presence of sediment, and the metabolites were found to be released from the sediment to the ambient water.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(5), 379 - 84
Algal organic matter and plant growth; Florenzano G et al.; Since investigations on the ecology of soil algae have shown that this microbial group constitutes an important component of the soil biota, the evaluation of the role played by micro-algae in soil economy and plant growth has caused a lively interest . Working in the well defined conditions of gnotobiotic cultures, it has been shown that micro-algae actively interact with higher plants at the level of the root apparatus . These interactions give rise to favourable effects on the growth of seedlings . The same results were obtained when the plants were grown in soil under axenic-conditions . Biosynthesis of growth-promoting substances by micro-algae must be considered a factor of primary importance in the explanation of these results . Nevertheless, the physiological and biochemical bases of plant-micro-algae interactions are more complex, and many other problems are to be taken into account before a satisfactory explanation can be put forward . The results summarized here on the favourable influences, exerted by some algal strains on the growth of higher plants, show that the study of the plant-micro-algae relationships, to which poor attention has been devoted up to this time, besides contributing to a better understanding of the role played by micro-algae in soil fertility, may be of interest in relation to agricultural applications and crop algalization.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(2), 157 - 62
Effect of uranyl and molybdate ions on microbial fixation of nitrogen; Jyotishmati U et al.; The addition of molybdate in presence of uranyl acetate causes a considerable increase in nitrogen fixation in all the species of nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter, studied in this paper, as compared to the case in which these ions are taken separately (4, 3).

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(2), 154 - 6
Investigation if inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds on microbial nitrogen fixation with respect to the fixation cycle; Bahadur K et al.; The effect of inorganic and organic nitrogenous compounds on microbial nitrogen fixation with respect to the fixation cycle was investigated . Various nitrogenous compounds were added to the nutrient solution in concentrations of 2.5 mM and 5 mM . After incubation with the bacteria for fifteen days, the nitrogen and carbon contents were estimated.

Cytogenet Cell Genet, 1978, 21(4), 231 - 40
The localization of mouse globin genes: a test of the effectiveness of hybridization in situ; Henderson AS et al.; Hybridization of rabbit reticulocyte mRNA to banded mouse chromosomes in situ labeled several regions, including the globin loci . Whereas the labeling was sufficient to detect unknowns in the globin size class, the chromosome assignments would be doubtful without some means of removing trace contaminants from the probe or of recognizing chromosomal regions to which they hybridize . Mammalian gene mapping by means of hybridization in situ might be feasible with probes cloned in microbial host-vector systems or with kinetic analysis of the hybridization process at every labeled site.

Clin Allergy, 1978 Jan, 8(1), 15 - 20
Elimination of bagassosis in Louisiana paper manufacturing plant workers; Lehrer SB et al.; The prevalence of bagassosis was investigated in a Louisiana paper mill, which in the past had considerable numbers of workers with the disease . Based on negative clinical histories and the low number of positive serological reactions of the workers' serum with Thermoactinomyces sacchari antigen, it was concluded that bagassosis was no longer present . This was thought to be due to a different method of storage of bagasse, which retards microbial decay and reduces airborne organic dust, and to the increased awareness of plant management resulting in greater safety measures.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Jan, 62(1), 99 - 104
Pharmaceutical assessment of amygdalin (Laetrile) products; Davignon JP et al.; The National Cancer Institute (NCI) recently acquired a large supply of formulated products of amygdalin manufactured by Cyto Pharma of Mexico, for possible use in a clinical trial in the US . Tablets for oral administration and ampules of the injectable produce were obtained . Both forms were extensively analyzed and evaluated by several analytic and pharmaceutical laboratories under contract with the NCI . Analytic test procedures were developed to determine the chemical integrity and quantitative composition of the formulated products . Routine physical and biologic tests were also performed to evaluate the manufacturing quality of both dosage forms . The results indicate that both the oral and injectable forms of amygdalin were substandard by US criteria for manufactured pharmaceutical products . All samples were determined to be chemically subpotent, mislabeled, and of poor manufacturing quality . More than 20 samples of the ampules were found by visual inspection to contain microbial contamination . Other samples were found to be pyrogenic . Based on the results of the testing performed, both tablet and ampule forms of amygdalin manufactured by Cyto Pharma of Mexico are considered unfit for use in man.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1978 Jan, 20(1), 17 - 25
Continuous dehydrogenation of a steroid with immobilized microbial cells: effect of an exogenous electron acceptor; Yang HS et al.; Whole cells of Pseudomonas testosteroni, induced to synthesize steroid-transforming enzymes beforehand, have been immobilized by entrapment in polyacrylamide gel . The immobilized cells have been used to catalyze the continuous delta1-dehydrogenation of Reichstein's substance S under various conditions in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an electron acceptor for the cell-free delta1-dehydrogenase . The presence of PMS substantially increases the rate of reaction when fed with the steroid substrate to a continuous stirred tank reactor containing the immobilized cells . The operational half-life of the delta1-dehydrogenase activity of the cells, about 103 hr under the best operating conditions, is essentially unaffected by the presence of PMS . Though the acceleration of the reaction may be due to PMS-mediated passage of electrons from some component in the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, the lack of a similar effect with methylene blue is consistent with the conclusion that PMS functions directly as the electron acceptor for the delta1-dehydrogenase.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 149 - 55
Adhesion of bacteria to epithelial cell surfaces within the reticulo-rumen of cattle; McCowan RP et al.; Blocks of tissue were removed from various locations in the bovine digestive tract and fixed and processed for transmission and scanning electron microscopy by techniques that retained adherent bacteria . The distribution of bacteria on the surface of epithelial cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy . This showed intermittent colonization of the epithelia with the formation of occasional microcolonies of morphologically similar bacterial cells . Transmission electron microscopy of ruthenium red-stained material showed the presence of both the glycocalyx of the bovine epithelial cells and fibrous carbohydrate coats surrounding adherent bacteria . The carbohydrate coats appeared to mediate the attachment of bacteria to the epithelium, to food particles, and to each other so that microcolonies were formed . Careful examination of the bacterial colonization of keratinized cells in the process of being sloughed from the surface of the stratified squamous epithelium of the rumen showed that these dead cells were digested by adherent bacteria of a limited number of morphological types . The spatial relationship of this mixed, adherent, microbial population to living and dead epithelial cells and to food particles indicates that digestive processes of some importance may be accomplished by this stationary component of the microbial flora of the digestive tract.

Br J Nutr, 1978 Jan, 39(1), 65 - 84
Quantitative aspects of the transformations of sulphur in sheep; Kennedy PM et al.; 1 . {35S}sulphate was used to obtain quantitative estimates of the transfer of sulphur between the blood, rumen and postruminal tract of four sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets at the rate of 33 or 66 g/h . Sodium sulphate (0-4 g S/d) was infused into the rumen or abomasum of sheep given brome grass during four periods of 19 d and was not infused into the sheep during a subsequent period in which lucerne was given . The flow of sulphide, sulphate, microbial S and non-microbial organic S from the abomasum was estimated using 103Ru and 51Cr . 2 . The concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum was increased to maximum values of 35-46 mg S/l by infusion of sulphate into the rumen or abomasum . The rate of irreversible loss of serum sulphate and rumen sulphide was positively related to the amount of sulphate infused . 3 . Reabsorption of sulphate by the kidney reached a maximum of 0.69-1.1 mmol sulphate/l glomerular filtrate . 4 . The transfer of sulphate from blood to the rumen was related to the concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum, attaining maximum values of 133 (+/- 13) mg S/d for sheep given brome grass plus sulphate, and 127-159 mg S/d for sheep given lucerne . 5 . Bacteria derived 0.52-0.67 of organic S from rumen sulphide in sheep given brome grass, and approximately 0.45 of bacterial organic S was derived from sulphide for sheep given lucerne . Protozoa derived approximately 0.90 of organic S from bacteria . 6 . It was estimated that endogenous organic S contributed 300-340 mg S/d to the rumen, and that 0.24-0.45 of S digested in the rumen was derived from endogenous sources.

Gerontology, 1978, 24(1), 1 - 11
Blood flow, collagen components of oral tissue and salivary kallikrein in young to senescent, germfree and conventional rats . A study on the etiologic factors of periodontal disease; Gordon HA et al.; In oral tissues of rats, progress of age resulted in a gradual reduction of regional blood flow and in decreased levels of eluable (labile) hydroxyproline from the collagen component . These were paralleled by an increment of salivary kallikrein . The presence of the microbial flora in the oral cavity, portrayed by the comparison of conventional and germfree rats, caused an elevation of blood flow in all age groups, without exerting a marked effect on eluable hydroxyproline . In addition to aging and flora effects, the action of chronic hypoxia and of mechanical stress has been observed on the mentioned parameters . The presently used animal models and experimental design permit a critical study of etiologic agents and characteristic lesions of peridontal disease.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(3), 257 - 67
Desalinated water hygiene and scientific bases for its investigation; Sidorenko GI et al.; In view of the increasing scarcity of fresh water reserves in many countries of the world, a thorough hygienic evaluation of the different methods of desalinating highly mineralized underground and sea waters for economic and drinking purpose becomes indispensable . In addition to generally accepted hygienic criteria (favourable organoleptic properties, innocuous chemical composition and epidemiological safety), introduction of supplementary criteria for the assessment of the characteristic of the quality of freshened drinking water is necessary, i.e., its full value in the physiological sense and stability of drinking properties . The necessity of hygienic tests concerned with the study and regulation of the mineral and microelement composition of desalinated drinking water as well as of its microbial composition, structural peculiarities, the so-called "deuterium number" and the presence of various organic substances in desalinated water was pointed out . A certain degree of priority should be given to the study of the mentioned indices in hygienic assessment of the different methods of water desalination (distillation, freezing out, ion exchange, electrodialysis, inverse osmosis and others).

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(1), 10 - 6
Effect of ionizing radiation of the antigenic composition of typhoid bacteria; Sinilova NG et al.; Changes in the antigenic composition of typhoid bacteria occurring during the exposure of microbial suspension to different doses of gamma irradiation {Co60} ranging between 0.5 and 3.0 Mrad were studied . Immunoelectrophoresis in agar was used to determine the antigenic composition of different samples of irradiated bacteria . The antigenic composition of bacteria irradiated with doses up to 2.5 Mrad was found to be similar to that of non-irradiated bacteria . Antigens demonstrated by means of Vi, H and O ontisera are preserved in these bacteria . However, all irradiated bacteria in general slightly differ from non-irradiated bacteria; this is manifest in a different configuration and position of the precipitation lines in the cathodic part of the immunophoreograms . The content of the component migrating rapidly towards the cathode, evidently the O antigen in the R form, in the irradiated bacteria increases with the dose of radiation . No new serologically active substances, non-existent in non-irradiated bacteria, were found to appear in the process of irradiation.

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