|
|
|
|
|
| J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 96(2), 202 - 6 Nitrogen fixation by bacteria from the hindgut of termites; French JR et al.; Anaerobically grown bacteria isolated from the hindgut contents of the termites Coptotermes lacteus (Froggatt), Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) were nitrogenase-positive as assayed by acetylene reduction . Nitrogen fixation, confirmed with 15N2, was highest in the isolate from M . darwiniensis . All isolates were identified as Citrobacter freundii (Braak) Werkman & Gillen. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Aug, 235(4), 433 - 8 {Comparative studies with the rapid KCN-test for Enterobacteriaceae according to Cahan, Sechter and Ohad (author's transl)}; Hohne C; 581 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (184 of Salmonella, 100 of Shigella, 31 of Citrobacter freundii, 61 of Escherichia coli, 40 of Klebsiella, 165 of Proteus) were investigated in comparison with the KCN-test according to Moller and with the rapid KCN-test according to Cahan, Sechter and Ohad . There was found that the results obtained with both methods were identical to 99 percent . In both tests there could be observed that inexplicable differences occur only in two strains of Proteus mirabilis . The rapid KCN-test can be recommended because of the good durability of the basic medium and of the solutions of the reagents, because of the short testing time (3 h), of the very good correspondence of the results and of the possibility of a well defined reading. Infect Immun, 1976 Aug, 14(2), 590 - 2 Formation of crystalline deposits by several genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae; Keefe WE; Several species of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae formed crystalline materials containing calcium when grown in a defined culture medium . Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, and C . intermedius produced calcium pyrophosphate crystals . Edwardsiella tarda and Escherichia coli formed calcite III crystals, whereas Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, and Serratia marcescens produced hydroxyapatite crystals . Several of these bacteria have been isolated from the kidneys of patients with kidney stones, indicating that microorganisms may be involved in the enucleation process of kidney stone formation. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jul, (7), 56 - 60 {Bacteria of the citrobacter genus as one of the possible indeices of dysbacteriosis in intestinal diseases}; Kalashnikova GK et al.; A study of the incidence of detection of bacteria of the Citrobacter genus in chronic intestinal diseases with the clinical and bacteriological manifestations of dysbacteriosis indicated that the mentioned conditioned pathogenic bacteria were revealed with the same frequency as bacteria of the Proteus genus which served as the commonly accepted index of intestinal dysbacteriosis . Comparative analysis of the intestinal microbial flora of the patients led to a supposition that bacteria of the Citrobacter genus could be found not only in the associations with other microbes, but also as a definite individual group of bacteria during the infectious disease and antibiotic therapy in case of disturbance of normal intestinal biocenosis; this could occur even in the absence in these patients of the known bacteriological indices of dysbacteriosis, thus becoming one of its manifestations. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jul, 127(1), 193 - 203 Kinetic properties of Serratia marcescens adenosine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase; Preiss J et al.; The regulatory properties of partially purified adenosine 5'-diphosphate-(ADP) glucose pyrophosphorylase from two Serratia marcescens strains (ATCC 274 and ATCC 15365) have been studied . Slight or negligible activation by fructose-P2, pyridoxal-phosphate, or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was observed . These compounds were previously shown to be potent activators of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylases from the enterics, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia aurescens, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli . Phosphoenolpyruvate stimulated the rate of ADPglucose synthesis catalyzed by Serratia ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase about 1.5- to 2-fold but did not affect the S0.5 values (concentration of substrate required for 50% maximal stimulation) of the substrates, alpha-glucose-1-phosphate, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate . Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), a potent inhibitor of the enteric ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, is an effective inhibitor of the S . marcescens enzyme . ADP also inhibits but is not as effective as AMP . Activators of the enteric enzyme counteract the inhibition caused by AMP . This is in contrast to what is observed for the S . marcescens enzyme . Neither phosphoenolpyruvate, fructose-diphosphate, pyridoxal-phosphate, NADPH, 3-phosphoglycerate, fructose-6-phosphate, nor pyruvate effect the inhibition caused by AMP . The properties of the S . marcescens HY strain and Serratia liquefaciens ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase were found to be similar to the above two S . marcescens enzymes with respect to activation and inhibition . These observations provide another example where the properties of an enzyme found in the genus Serratia have been found to be different from the properties of the same enzyme present in the enteric genera Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter. Chest, 1976 Jun, 69(6), 743 - 6 Treatment of anaerobic pulmonary infections; carbenicillin compared to clindamycin and gentamicin; Thadepalli H et al.; Twenty-three patients with anaerobic infections of the lung were treated with either two antibiotics, clindamycin and gentamicin (11 patients) or with a single antibiotic, carbenicillin (12 patients) . Cultures were obtained prior to therapy, either by transtracheal needle aspiration (17 patients) or thoracocentesis (six patients) . Anaerobic bacteria were found in all . Fifteen patients had aerobic and facultative bacteria in addition . The anerobic isolates were peptostreptococci (12), peptococci (12), Bacteroides organisms (eight), clostridia (three), actinomycetes (two), eubacteria (one), and fusobacteria (one) . Aerobes included streptococci (nine), enterococci (seven), Neisseria organisms (two), Klebsiella organisms (one), Citrobacter organisms (one), Pseudomonas organisms (one), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (two), and Nocardia (one) . The two patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with anaerobic and superinfection received antituberculosis chemotherapy in addition . Therapeutic response was considered excellent in both groups . This suggests that carbenicillin may be used as a single antibiotic in the treatment of anaerobic and mixed infections of the lung. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1976 May 28, 88(11), 355 - 60 {Sensitivity of bacteria causing urinary tract infections towards terizidon (author's transl)}; Wewalka G et al.; In agar diffusion tests 2603 bacterial strains of species known to cause urinary tract infections were tested routinely in regard to their sensitivity towards Terizidon, a derivative of cycloserine . In order to relate the results which were obtained in terms of the diameter of the inhibiton zone, to the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), 304 of these strains were tested additionally in agar dilution tests . The MICs of the other strains were estimated from the results of these tests . Since it is known that after the oral administration of 500 mg Terizidon the urine contains, on average, more than 128 mug/ml Terizidon for 12 hours and longer, it may be concluded from the results of this investigation that 75% of the strains of E . coli and Citrobacter, 45% of enterobacter, 40% of Proteus mirabilis and enterococci, 35% of the indole-positive Proteus strains and 30% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa would have been successfully attacked by Terizidon in the case or urinary tract infections . By contrast, Klebsiella must be reagarded as being completely resistant to this antibiotic . It follows that the administration of Terizidon is mainly indicated in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections with E . coli as the predominant causative agent. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 May-Jun, 127(4), 477 - 86 Polynucleotide sequence divergence among strains of Salmonella sub-genus IV and closely related organisms; Stoleru GH et al.; Polynucleotide sequence relatedness studies were carried out to determine the extent of divergence present in Salmonella sub-genus IV strains, related strains of Salmonella of other sub-genera and the Citrobacter genus . Salmonella sub-genus IV were 91-97% related . The Salmonella of sub-genus I, II and III showed lower binding (79-87%) to Salmonella sub-genus IV . The change in thermal elution midpoint closely followed the reassociation data . Relatedness of Salmonella sub-genus IV and C . freundii ranged between 44 and 57%, which confirms that these organisms belong to different genera . The taxonomic position of Salmonella sub-genus IV is discussed according to the actual classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 May, 234(4), 480 - 90 Serotyping of strains belonging to the Citrobacter-Levinea group isolated from diagnostic material; Sourek J et al.; A proposal is presented for the serotyping of Citrobacter-Levinea strains: 9 serotypes for Citrobacter diversus (Levinea malonatica) and 13 serotypes for H2S-negative, indole-positive variants of Citrobacter freundii (Levinea amalonatica), which showed a considerable antigenic diversity . By means of both kinds of antiserum types 80 per cent of the strains (L . malonatica 100 per cent, L . amalonatica 72 per cent) from a series of 106 strains isolated from different diagnostic material were serologically classified . According to results presented in this paper, a direct relationship between biotype and serotype was found among the strains of biotype b for Levinea amalonatica and c for L . malonatica, which were agglutinated by the antisera prepared from biotypes b and c, respectively, only . Serotyping will evidently greatly contribute to a more perfect identification, especially of those strains that are, for various reasons, classified among so called intermediates . The importance of the Citrobacter freundii and C . diversus species in the clinical material is emphasized with a view to their increasing occurrence . Taxonomic and nomenclature questions with regard to Citrobacter-Levinea are discussed in detail. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 3(4), 390 - 2 Citrobacter diversus isolated from clinical material; Altmann G et al.; Forty-seven strains of Citrobacter diversus were isolated during a 12-month period from clinical material obtained from patients in a general hospital in Israel . The majority of cultures (38) were recovered from urine and wound discharges . There was one case of septicemia . The biochemical reactions of all cultures were typical for this species, except one that was anaerogenic, and they could be divided into five biotypes (a through e) . Thirty-nine strains were identified serologically and found to belong to one of seven O groups described by Gross and Rowe (1974) . All cultures were sensitive to tetracycline and nalidixic acid . All strains were resistant to carbenicillin and ampicillin and produced beta-lactamase. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Apr, (3), 108 - 12 {Biochemical characteristics of strains from the Citrobacter and Hafnia genera and their laboratory identification}; Kalashnikova GK et al.; A study of biochemical properties of 176 strains of coprocultures isolated from the patients and persons who sustained various acute enteric diseases, and also from contacts and persons examined for prophylaxis showed that they corresponded to the taxonomic definition of the Citrobacter and Hafnia genus . In connection with the similarity by biochemical properties between bacteria of Citrobacter and Salmonella genus and bacteria of Hafnia and Shigella genus it is of expedience in their identification and differentiation carried out in bacteriological laboratories in the diagnosis of enteric infections to use several biochemical tests. Ann Sclavo, 1976 Mar-Apr, 18(2), 233 - 42 {Antimicrobical resistance of bacterial strains isolated in specimens of the respiratory tract (author's transl)}; Torelli PC et al.; More than 4,000 susceptibility tests of antimicrobical agents performed in two years with six groups of microorganisms: 1) Staphylococcus, 2) Escherichia coli, 3) Proteus, 4) Enterobacter and Klebsiella, 5) Citrobacter, 6) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been compared . Percentages of antimicrobical resistance of every group are here related and statistically compared to discover significant susceptibility variations of bacteria isolated in 1973 and 1974. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 31(3), 380 - 4 Observations on brilliant green agar with H2S indicator; Moats WA et al.; Several formulations of brilliant green agar with an added H2S indicator were evaluated . Results were optimum with variations of a basic formula consisting of 40 g of tryptic soy agar (Difco), 8 g of lactose, 8 g of sucrose, 80 mg of phenol red, 1 g of sulfanilamide, 1.5 g of ferric ammonium citrate, 5 g of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, and 7 mg of brilliant green dye per liter . Brilliant green dye was added after sterilization of the other components This formulation supported good growth of all of 39 strains of Salmonella tested . Normal biochemical types formed pink colonies with black centers, and an H2S-negative S . choleraesuis formed pink colonies without black centers . Of other bacteria tested, only Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and a few Citrobacter strains showed significant growth in 24 h . When lactose was omitted from the formulation, a lactose-fermenting strain formed pink colonies with black centers, and differentiation of Salmonella from the Enterobacter-Klebsiella groups was equally good . Addition of xylose (4.0 g) and L-lysine hydrochloride (5.4 g) to the above formulation improved differentiation between Salmonella and the few Citrobacter strains that grew and produced more intense blackening in Salmonella colonies . Addition of an H2S indicator to brilliant green agar formulations aided in identification of Salmonella colonies, especially in mixtures with other bacteria . These media were judged to give better differentiation of salmonellae from other bacteria than Hektoen agar with added novobiocin (10 mg/liter). Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 Mar, 29(3), 229 - 37 {Gentamicin-susceptibility of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials}; Kosakai N et al.; We studied on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against various pathogens isolated from clinical materials mainly isolated during 1974 and 1975, comparing with other antibiotics . Beta hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci are less susceptible to gentamicin than staphylococci . Staph, aureus and Staph . epidermidis resistant to various antibiotics are very susceptible to gentamicin, and no resistant strain to this drug was found . Haemophilus influenzae, H . parainfluenzae and H . parahaemolyticus are very susceptible to gentamicin, and there is no resistant strain to this drug . Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Serratia and five species of Proteus are more susceptible to gentamicin and tobramycin than dibekacin and amikacin . A few resistant or less susceptible strains to gentamicin are found in E . coli, Citrobacerr, Serratia, Pr . morganii and Pr . rettgeri . Pr . inconstans is less susceptible to gentamicin than other species of Proteus . Antibacterial activity of gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very strong, but dibekacin and tobramycin are stronger . Gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are now rather few. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 22(2), 121 - 37 DNA relatedness among species of Enterobacter and Serratia; Steigerwalt AG et al.; Species of Enterobacter and Serratia were examined for deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness to Klebsielleae, to atypical erwiniae, and to other members of Enterobacteriaceae . Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and then hydroxyapatite chromatography was the technique used to assess relatedness . Strains of Enterobacter cloacae formed two separate hybridization groups that correlate with the presence or absence of yellow pigment . Pigmented E . cloacae were 75-100% related, but they were only 40-50% related to unpigmented strains . Conversely, unpigmented strains were 70% or more related but were only 40-50% related to the pigmented strains . Both pigmented and unpigmented E . cloacae were 40-45% related to Enterobacter aerogenes and klebsiellae, and 20-30% related to Serratia species and Enterobacter hafniae . Atypical erwiniae were highly related to E . cloacae . Serratia marcescens strains formed one closely related group . Serratia liquefaciens strains formed a single, more disperse, relatedness group, as did isolates of Serratia rubidaea . These species were related throughout a substantial portion of their genomes . A group of lysine-positive "Citrobacter-like" strains were 40-50% related to Serratia species . Only four E . hafniae strains were tested . Two of these were highly related, while the other two were only 50% related to the reference strain . Enterobacter hafniae was only 15-20% related to other Enterobacteriaceae. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Feb-Mar, 127A(2), 275 - 95 {Taxonomic positions of H2S-Enterobacteria in relation to the genus (Citrobacter) (author's transl)}; Gavini F et al.; This work studies the classification, by numerical procedure, of 111 strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae . Their taxonomic position is discussed, in relation to the genus Citrobacter, Levinea, Enterobacter, to which some appear to be closely associated . The study is based on the usual biochemical and nutritional characters as shown by the utilisation of substrates tested as sole sources of carbon and energy . Six hierarchical classes can thus be defined . Their degree of affinity with members of the Enterobacteriaceae groups or genera is discussed . The diverse origins of the strains examined (human, soil, aquatic) are certainly the cause for the individualization of the new classes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jan 20, 420(1), 155 - 64 A specific cephalosporin-binding protein of Citrobacter freundii; Ogawara H; 1 . A cephalosporin-binding protein obtained from a strain of Citrobacter freundii was purified to the extent of a single band in analytical and sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing disc electrophoresis . 2 . The molecular weight determined by disc electrophoresis was 53 000 . 3 . The binding protein did not show any beta-lactamase activity at substrate concentrations examined: 6 mM to 100 muM of penicillins and 12 mM to 100 muM of cephalosporins . 4 . In gel filtration, {14C}benzylpenicillin was found not to bind to the binding protein . 5 . In fluorescence titration, all cephalosporins tested quenched the fluorescence . Association constants of cephalosporins were in the range of 0.8-12-103 M-1, and one binding site was calculated for all cephalosporins tested. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976, (3), 52 - 7 {Characteristics of strains of Citrobacter 037 (5396/38) isolated from guinea pigs in a gnotobiologic experiment}; Pershin BB et al.; No changes in the principal biochemical properties characteristic of the given genus occurred in a gnotobiological experiment of passing Citrobacter bacteria through microbe free and exmicrobe-free animals . Of 28 strains of this genus isolated in the course of investigation two strains lost their arginine-decarboxylase activity . In the cultures studied the quantitative content of the Vi-antigen had a tendency to reduction in comparison with the initial culture used for the association . some of the strains studied had one more common antigen with typhoid bacilli (strain Ty2-4446) along with theknown cross by the Vi-antigen . Bacteria of the Enterobacter and Excherichia genus isolated after the conventionalization had common antigens with typhoid bacilli (Ty2-4446). Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(3), 168 - 77 Physiological characteristics of chemostatically grown Citrobacter freundii as a function of the specific growth rate and type of nutrient limitation; Dolezal J et al.; Citrobacter freundii was grown aerobically in a chemostat on a mineral medium with galactose or glucose as carbon and energy sources under limitation by carbon or nitrogen source respectively . At various specific growth rates ranging from 7 to 95% mumax the culture in steady state was analysed and growth yield, specific metabolic rate of substrate utilization, intracellular concentration of pyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP and energy charge were determined and plotted as functions of dilution rate . In all four types of experiments the physiological state of cells remained practically independent of dilution rate up to D=0.6 mumax, and at a given specific growth rate nearly independent on mumax and type of limitation . At approximately D=0.6 mumax, which is close to the maximum output dilution rate Dm, the physiological state of the cells changed: growth yields decreased and intr cellular pyruvate and adenylates concentrations increased . Consequently, in a given medium two dilution rates exist at which growth rate dx/dt is the same but the physiology of the population is quite different. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jan, (1), 35 - 40 {Live enteric typhoid vaccine consisting of a Vi-negative double-dependent mutant of S . typhi and a Vi-positive strain of Citrobacter}; Pershin BB et al.; The authors present experimental data on the study of the living enteral vaccine against the typhoid infection from the Vi-negative strain of salmonella with a double-dependence by streptomycin and purine, and from the Vi-positive strain -- citrobacter 5396/38 . The method of immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed an indenticity of the O- and H-antigens of the doubledependent mutant with the O- and H-antigens of the typhoid strains of bacteria (Ty2-4446 and 5501) . A sufficiently marked immunological reaction was revealed in the tests of antibody formation and in the study of the preventive activity of the sera of the immunized rabbits . The efficacy of the enteral immunization with the associated vaccine consisting of a doubledependent mutant of typhoid bacilli and the citrobacter strain in the doses tested (a 6-fold immunization) was demonstrated in experiments on albino mice . Association in one preparation of the cultures under study did not lead to any changes in the immunogenic properties of these strains . The cells of the mutant strain administered per os gave a positive culture (from the mouse organism) only in the course of the first 24 hours, in difference from the citrobacter strain which gave a positive culture in the course of 14 days. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 92(1), 175 - 82 Immunological relationships of bacterial L-asparaginases; Bascomb S et al.; Rabbit antisera against L-asparaginase preparations from Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora, Citrobacter sp . and Chromobacterium violaceum showed on immunoelectrophoresis that only the enzymes from E . coli and Citrobacter are immunologically related . Purified preparations had to be used to determine the immunological cross-reactions . Immunoelectrophoresis at different pH values yielded the zero mobility points of the enzymes . The activity of the Er . carotovora preparation was enhanced up to fourfold by homologous antiserum but not by normal sera . Heterologous antisera also enhanced, but only at a higher concentration . Less enhancement was observed for the other enzymes with antisera as well as with bovine serum albumin . Inhibition was not observed. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Dec 1, 60(1), 239 - 46 Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides . Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; Jann B et al.; Lipopolysaccharide preparations from R(rough) Escherichia coli O8-,SR(semirough) Salmonella typhimurium and S (smooth) strains E . coli O8 and Citrobacter 396 were disintegrated with sodium dodecylsulfate and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 1% sodium dodecylsulfate . The results obtained were compared with those obtained from the same lipopolysaccharide preparations by degradation analysis . In dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis the lipopolysaccharide preparation from the E . coli R mutant and the S . typhimurium SR mutant showed one band each (R-and SR-band, respectively) with different electrophoretic mobilities . The lipopolysaccharide preparations from the E . coli O8-strain exhibited two bands, one of which had the same electrophoretic mobility as the R-band and the other was identified as S-band . The lipopolysaccharide preparation from the Citrobacter 396-S-strain exhibited four bands: one R-band, one SR-band and two S-bands . The results showed that wild-type S strains contain more than one type of lipopolysaccharide . They differ in the length of their O-specific polysaccharide chains . The lipid A content of the different lipopolysaccharide was expressed in their electrophoretic mobilities. Jpn J Antibiot, 1975 Dec, 28(6), 785 - 94 {In vitro examination on antibacterial activities of broad-spectrum antibiotics against gram-negative clinical isolates (author's transl)}; Deguchi K et al.; In vitro studies were undertaken on clinically isolated strains of various bacteria to examine the antibacterial activity of ampicillin (AB-PC), carbenicillin (CB-PC), sulbenicillin (SB-PC) cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ) and gentamicin (GM) . Fifty three % of Escherichia coli strains 53.3% of Citrobacter sp., 80% of Proteus mirabilis, 42.9% of Morganella and 80% of Bacteroides sp . were susceptible (MIC being not higher than 12.5 mug/ml) to AB-PC . The eight other species were not so susceptible to this penicillin . CB-PC and SB-PC were almost as effective as AB-PC against Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp . They were less active against Klebsiella sp., but more active against Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., indole-positive Proteus group and Pseudomonas sp . than AB-PC, SB-PC was more effective than CB-PC against Pseudomonas sp . The strains of Pseudomonas sp . which were resistant to higher concentrations of CB-PC and SB-PC were pyocyanine-negative strains . All strains (100%) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp . and Citrobacter sp . were susceptible to CET and CEZ, while none of Enterobacter sp . , Serratia sp., Proteus vulgaris . Morganella, Rettgerella, Providencia and Pseudomonas sp . were susceptible to these cephalosporins . The MICs of CET and CEZ against Bacteroides sp . were moderately low . Some strains of Providencia and Alkaligenes sp . were resistant of GM but the other 10 species were not resistant to this antibiotic, though it showed comparatively high MICs against Bacteroides sp . When seen from the MIC distribution of each antibiotic, there was a tendency that the strains isolated from the pus were more resistant than those isolated from the other sources (urine, sputum and bile). Am J Med Sci, 1975 Nov-Dec, 270(3), 497 - 501 Citrobacter diversus at Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Madrazo A et al.; Over a six-month period from December 1973 to June 1974, isolations of Citrobacter diversus were obtained from nine patients at Grace Hospital . Our initial experience was with a patient who developed pneumonitis and a massive fatal empyema due to this organism . Seven of the nine patients were 50 years of age . Three patients had an underlying malignancy . Four patients experienced significant clinical infections . Isolations in three patients were considered to be commensal, and two isolations were of indeterminate significance . Our Citrobacter diversus isolates, which can be confused with Escherichia coli, were uniformly resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin and sensitive to the cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and gentamicin . These results agree with previous reports . Citrobacter diversus appears to be capable of causing serious clinical disease . Patients most at risk are elderly compromised hosts and infections are usually hospital acquired. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 2(5), 373 - 6 Thin-layer chromatographic technique for rapid detection of bacterial phospholipases; Legakis NJ et al.; Silica gel thin-layer chromatography was employed to detect lecithinase activity induced from bacterial resting cell preparations induced from bacterial resting cell preparations incubated at 37 C for 4 h in the presence of purified egg yolk lecithin . Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa hydrolyzed lecithin with the formation of free fatty acids as the sole lipid-soluble product . In none of the Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii strains tested could lecithinase activity be detected . Four among eight strains of Enterobacter aerogenes and one among 12 strains of Proteus tested produced negligible amounts of free fatty acid. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 91(1), 1 - 16 The properties and large-scale production of L-asparaginase from citrobacter; Bascomb S et al.; An intracellular L-asparaginase with antitumour activity was purified from a strain of Citrobacter . The optimum conditions for enzyme production by fermentation on scales up to 2700 l were investigated . Highest enzyme yield was obtained in corn-steep liquor medium (9-2%, W/V) at 37 degrees C . Oxygen limitation was not necessary for high enzyme yield . A total recovery of 4-3% from nucleic-acid-free extract and a 180-fold increase in specific activity were obtained after purificaiton . The specific activity of the purified preparation was 45 i.u./mg protein . The enzyme hydrolysed D-asparagine and L-glutamine at 7 and 5%, respectively, of its activity toward L-asparagine, but L-glutaminase activity could be demonstrated only at substrate concentrations above 5 mM . The Km values for L-asparagine and D-asparagine were 2-6 X 10(-5) and 1-4 X 10(-4) respectively . The anti-lymphoma activity of the enzyme was demonstrated with Gardner lymphosarcoma and was found only slightly less potent that Crasnitin, the most active asparaginase so far tested in this system. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1975 Oct 27, 158(6), 321 - 31 {Total count and bacterial flora of minced meat with special reference to enterobacteria and pseudomonads (author's transl)}; Kleeberger A et al.; The bacterial flora of minced meat is dominated by Micrococcaceae . In addition lactobacilli, pseudomonads, and enterobacteria are present in high numbers . The most important groups of spoiled meat are lactobacilli and pseudomonads . Enterobacteria develop predominantly at higher spoilage temperatures (15 degrees C) . A more detailed study was conducted on 1076 cultures of enterobacteria and 915 cultures of pseudomonads . The main groups of enterobacteria found on minced meat are Enterobacter liquefacines, Erwinia, Citrobacter and Klebsiella . In spoiled meat E . liquefaciens and Erwinia predominate . Basicly, however, the enterobacteria flora of fresh and spoiled meat is rather similar . The same applies to the pseudomonads flora which at a rate of 60-70% consists of Pseudomonads fragi . The total count of minced meat is subject to large variations. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Oct, (10), 119 - 22 {Frequency of detecting bacteria of the genera Citrobacter and Hafnia in different contingents of examined adults}; Kalashnikova GK et al.; A study of the incidence of bacteria of the Citrobacter and Hafnia genus in adults permitted to establish a greater occurrence of the mentioned microbes in the patients with various acute intestinal diseases in comparison with the healthy ones . Bacteria of the Citrobacter and Hafnia genus were revealed in the patients with acute intestinal diseases of obscure etiology, which often were diagnosed as gastroenteritis, enteritis, etc . Bacteria of the Citrobacter and Hafnia genus were revealed in the dysentery patients . Results of studies carried out among various healthy groups of the population indicated no significant differences in respect to the carrier state of the Citrobacter and Hafnia bacteria both within each of the groups of the persons examined and between them . Further studies directed to the investigation of the etiological role of bacteria of the Citrobacter and Hafnia genus in the pathology of enteric disturbances are necessary. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Oct, 233(2), 171 - 9 {New serological investigations into O-antigenic relations between Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Arizona and Citrobacter (author's transl)}; Refai M et al.; During a systemic investigation into O-antigenic relations within the family Enterobacteriaceae, with special emphasis on serological relationships between O-antigens (or O-groups) of E . coli and various O-groupps of Salmonella, Arizona, and Citrobacter, our tests confirmed some findings previously descried by other authors, some were not confirmed, and other antigenic relationships were discovered which have not yet been published . Individually tested were O-Antigens of 142 serologically defined E . coli types by using O-factorsera of Salmonella, Arizona, and Citrobacter for the slide agglutination . The slide agglutination was applied in preference to the tube-agglutination, not only because the former has been generally adopted but it also shows broader reactions... Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1975 Sep 19, 161(4), 231 - 8 Four hour-test for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Nord C-E et al.; A set of 12 rapid biochemical tests--lysinedecarboxylase, ornithinedecarboxylase, beta-galactosidase, urease, hydrogensulphide, indole, acetoin, deoxyribonuclease, esculin, mannitol, raffinose and sorbitol--were selected from an original set of 13 tests and were found to give 98% accurate reactions within 4 hrs of incubation for the identification of bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae . This set permits identification on the genus and/or species level for Escherichia, Shigella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia and Proteus. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Sep, 126(2), 125 - 47 {Nutrition and taxonomy of "enterobacteriaceae" and related bacteria . III . Nutritional characters and differentiation of the taxonomic groups (author's transl)}; Veron M et al.; A batch of 186 strains belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae or Vibrionaceae has been studied by determination, for each strain, of the "versatility" towards 146 organic substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy . This study allowed to work out a classification of these strains into the 32 classes which have been previously described . In the present paper the nutritional characters of these classes are reported . On the basis of these characters, the 32 classes may be regrouped into 7 groups, namely: (1.1) "Escherichia-Salmonella-Citrobacter", (1.2) "dystrophic Klebsielleae", (1.3) "eutrophic Klebsielleae", (2.1) "Shigella", (2.2) "Proteus", (2.3) "Aeromonas-Vibrio", (2.4) "Edwardsiella tarda-Aeromonas salmonicida-Plesiomonas shigelloides" . Only 4 strains (about 2 percent) happened misclassified in this study where the taxa were assembled exclusively by means of nutritional characters . The number and the type of the substrates which can be used in each group are reported, as well as the nutritional characters which are possibly useful to differential diagnosis . The taxonomic considerations which may be deduced from this study are discussed. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Aug, 75(1), 121 - 7 Citrobacter koseri . I . An extended antigenic scheme for Citrobacter koser (syn . C . diversus, Levinea malonatica); Gross RJ et al.; The names Citrobacter koseri, Levinea malonatica and Citrobacter diversus are synonymous . As a result of the study of representative strains of these organisms an antigenic scheme comprising seven O antigens has been proposed . The examination of a further 165 strains from clinical sources suggests that an additional seven antigens should be included in the scheme . The serological and biochemical reactions of the test strains for all 14 O antigens are described. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Aug, 75(1), 129 - 34 Citrobacter koseri . II . Serological and biochemical examination of Citrobacter koseri strains from clinical specimens; Rowe B et al.; 165 strains of Citrobacter koseri isolated from clinical specimens were studied and their biochemical reactions determined . They were examined serologically by means of a scheme consisting of 14 O antigens . The sources of the clinical specimens were tabulated and the epidemiological information was summarized . The clinical significance of these findings is discussed. Jpn J Antibiot, 1975 Aug, 28(4), 530 - 7 {Comparison of the antibacterial activity of amikacin (BB-K8) with other aminoglycosides against pathogens recently isolated from clinical materials (author's transl) }; Kosakai N et al.; We determined the antibacterial activity of amikacin against 1,277 strains of pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical materials during 1974, including beta hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staph . epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Proteus morganii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and compared the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this drug with gentamicin, dibekacin, tobramycin and kanamycin . 1)Antibacterial activity of amikacin against beta hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci was as weak as the other four aminoglycosides, but against Staph . aureus, Staph . epidermidis, various groups of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed amikacin the good antibacterial activity as gentamicin, dibedacin and tobramycin, and also showed the good activity against kanamycin resistant strains . 2) Amikacin has the similar antibacterial spectrum as gentamicin, dibekacin or tobramycin, but its antibacterial activity is generally weakest among these four drugs . 3) On many strains tested the cross resistance is observed between amikacin and one of gentamicin, dibekacin and tobramycin, but several strains of Proteus morganii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which have rather large MIC against gentamicin, dibekacin or tobramycin showed rather small MIC against amikacin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1975 Jul, 72(7), 2621 - 5 Sulfonamide resistance mechanism in Escherichia coli: R plasmids can determine sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthases; Wise EM Jr et al.; Several natural isolate E . coli strains highly resistant to sulfonamides and antibiotics are shown to contain a sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine-diphosphate:4-aminobenzoate 2-amino-4-hydroxydihydropteridine-6-methenyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.15) in addition to the normal sensitive enzyme . The resistant dihydropteroate synthases examined are determined by an R plasmid and are smaller and less heat stable than the normal sulfonamide-sensitive enzyme . One synthase resistant to any sulfonamide tested, and to sulfanilic and arsanilic acids, was still inhibited by several non-sulfonamide analogs of p-aminobenzoate . Citrobacter and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains also show similar mechanisms of sulfonamide resistance. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1975 Jul, 80(7), 76 - 8 {Local Shwartzman phenomenon in germ-free guinea pig}; Chakhava OV et al.; Eleven germfree and two monoassociated with the Citrobacter guinea pigs, and 25 conventional animals were injected with the heat-inactivated Citrobacter or E . coli for the induction of the local Schwartzman phenomenon . All the gnotobiotic pigs gave a positive reaction . Infiltration at the site of intracutaneous injection was found in all the conventionals, but in none of the gnotobiotics . The data are discussed from the aspect of primary and secondary sequelae of the absence of host microflora. Chest, 1975 Jul, 68(1), 105 - 6 Massive empyema due to Citrobacter diversus; Madrazo A et al.; Citrobacter diversus is a gram-negative rod member of the Enterobacteriacease family . A patient is described from whom this organism was isolated twice in pure culture from empyema fluid . Our isolates of Citrobacter diversus were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin and sensitive to cephalothin . Citrobacter diversus should be distinguished from Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae . This organism joins Streptococcus pyogenes, bacteroids species, anaerobic streptococci and Escherichia coli as a cause of slight pneumonia with extensive empyema. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jul, (7), 72 - 4 {Nomenclature of the S . coli (E . coli) No . 2624/36 and 5396/38 strains}; Raginskaia VP; The author confirmed the fact that S . coli (E . coli) No . 2624/36 and 5396/38 strains were referred to the serological type O37 : H1,5(Salmonella) : Vi of the Citrobacter genus . Strains of this serological type of Citrobacter failed to ferment cellobiose, starch, contained no decarboxylase of glutamic acid, and did not utilize sodium malonate; they fermented glycerine. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 May, 1(5), 483 - 5 Evaluation of tyrosine medium for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Sheth NK et al.; Use of the tyrosine medium in the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae form the basis of this paper . Six hundred and twenty-three strains were tested for their property of tyrosine degradation . Three hundred and seventy-two strains were positive in 24 h and an additional eight strains were positive in 48 to 72 h . These positive strains consisted of all 344 strains of the Proteus-Providencia group, all 25 strains of Citrobacter diversus, and three strains of atypical C . freundii . Our findings suggest that tyrosine degradation is a useful property for separating out the Proteus-Providencia group and in specific identification of C . diversus. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 65 - 9 {Citrobacter persistence in the intestinal tract of guinea pigs depending on the microecological status}; Pershin BB et al.; Gnotobiological studies were conducted on germ-free guinea pigs . Association of the animals with the citrobacteria 5396/38 strain led to the reproduction of these bacteria in numbers exceeding the sum total number of all the representatives of the normal microbial flora in the conventional animals . Association lasting for a period of 46 days caused no antibody formation in the blood serum of these animals in difference to conventional guinea pigs immunized parenterally . Conventionalization of the monoflora guinea pigs served as the beginning of population of the intestinal tract by other microbial representatives which replaced the first culture . Biochemical properties of the citrobacteria strains isolated from the monoflora strains were identical to the properties of the initial culture . After the monoflora animals were let out of the isolation cage the citrobacteria strains displayed changes of some differential-diagnostic signs . Passage through the macroorganism of the citrobacteria stain proved to lead to the changes in the antigenic structure. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1975 Apr, 32(4), 373 - 7 Consequences of microbial contamination during extended intravenous therapy using inline filters; Rusmin S et al.; A study was conducted to determine: (1) the effectiveness of 0.22-mum and 0.45-mum pore size membrane filters in retaining microorganisms over a period of 72 hours of intravenous fluid administration; (2) the growth and multiplication characteristics of microorganisms retained on the filter; and (3) the possibility of pyrogens being released by microorganisms trapped on the filter . Lactated Ringer's injection was used as the i.v . solution . The 0.45-mum filter was found to be effective in retaining all microorganisms studied for at least 6 hours . However, Esherichia coli and Pseudomomas aeruginosa began passing through the 0.45-mum filter between 6 and 8 hours after seeding . All other microorganisms (Candida albicans, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphyloccus aureus) were retained for at least 72 hours . None of the microorganisms passed through the 0.22-mum filter during the 72-hour study period . With viable microorganisms on the filter for 72 hours, no detectable endotoxins or pyrogens were found in the filtrates as examined by the limulus and rabbit tests. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 29(4), 491 - 4 Transformation of elemental mercury by bacteria; Holm HW et al.; The fate and impact of elemental mercury in closed bacterial cultures were examined . The quantity of elemental mercury oxidized by bacteria ranged from small amounts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P . fluorescens, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter to essentially all of the added elemental mercury for Bacillus subtilis and B . megaterium . The percentage of the total mercury in the system associated with bacterial cells ranged from 18.6 to 43.2% . Growth of the two Pseudomonas species was inhibited by elemental mercury, whereas growth of the other cultures was not distinguishable from that in mercury-free controls . No methylmercury was formed by the six cultures within 48 h. Jpn J Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 19(1), 7 - 12 Effects of chemotherapeutics on bacterial ecology in the water of ponds and the intestinal tracts of cultured fish, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis); Aoki T; Drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli conferred with R factors were isolated with high frequencies from the intestinal tracts of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) cultured in ponds, in which chemotherapeutics had often been used, and with relatively low frequencies from ayu which received no administration of chemotherapeutics . Drug-resistant bacteria were also isolated at low frequencies from the intestinal tracts of wild ayu in rivers, as well as from the water of ayu-culturing ponds and some of them carried R factors . The drug-resistant bacteria carrying R factors were Aeromonas liquefaciens, Citrobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Hafnia and unidentified strains . All the R factors were classified as the Fi-(F) type, except the two R factors detected in an E . coli strain and in an unidentified strain. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 230(3), 347 - 60 First isolations of Levinea-Citrobacter cultures in Czechoslovakia; Aldova E et al.; Twenty-two strains corresponding by their biochemical properties to the genus Levinea - Citrobacter were isolated . Six of the strains were referred to the species Citrobacter diversus and 12 to C . freundii, whose properties are identical with those of L . malonatica and L . amalonatica, respectively . Four strains differed from Levinea organisms by some reactions, but were fully compatible with C . freundii (in the scheme of EWING and DAVIS); two of them utilized malonate . The taxonomic position of strains displaying the following biochemical properties: dextrose positive, indole positive, H2S negative, urease on Christensen's citrate medium positive, lysine-decarboxylase negative-is discussed . In routine practice, these strains may be more accurately identified by adding of four tests: adonitol with gas production, KCN, raffinose and malonate. J Bacteriol, 1975 Jan, 121(1), 239 - 49 Tryptophan biosynthetic pathway in the Enterobacteriaceae: some physical properties of the enzymes; Largen M et al.; Several physical properties of the first four enzymatic activities of the tryptophan pathway were examined using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography . Five different patterns were noted . Differences in the anthranilate synthetase (AS) and phosphoribosylanthranilate transferase (PRT) defined these patterns . In all the organisms studied phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase co-eluted from both diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and G-200 and thus probably are contained in a single polypeptide of 50,000 daltons . An AS-PRT complex was found in Citrobacter species, Enterobacter cloacae, and Erwinia dissolvens . In all the other bacteria examined AS and PTR were separate molecules . In Serratia marcescens, S . marinorubra, and Enterobacter liquefaciens, AS was 140,000 daltons and PRT was 45,000 daltons . In Erwinia carotavora and Enterobacter hafniae the AS was the same size as the Serratia species but the PRT was larger at 67,000 daltons . Two Proteus species had an AS and PRT of the same size as E . carotavora and E . halfniae but the Proteus AS was different in that it partially dissociated upon gel filtration . Aeromonas formicans was unique in its possession of an AS with a molecular weight of 220,000 . The PRT of A . formicans was found to elute at 67,000 daltons . Possible paths of evolution of the tryptophan enzymes are discussed in terms of the results of this study . The results presented here are also considered with respect to existing taxonomic schemes of the enteric bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1975, 41(3), 309 - 18 A genetic study of tolerance and resistance to colicin A in Citrobacter freundii; van Vught AM et al.; Colicin A-insensitive mutants of Citrobacter freundii were isolated and grouped into six phenotypic classes characterized by sensitivity, insensitivity or partial insensitivity to the bacteriocins S6, DF 13 and colicin A, and sensitivity or insensitivity to deoxycholate (DOC) and ampicillin . Mapping by the gradient-of-transmission method revealed the chromosomal regions in which the responsible genes are situated . Res-3 mapped near pur between pur and thr; Tol-5 mapped between aro and ilv and Tol-4 between gal and pur; Tol-1, Tol-2 and Tol-3 are situated close to gal . All the mutations that mapped near gal rendered the bacteria more sensitive to DOC and ampicillin . Complementation analysis with E . coli plasmids showed that the three phenotypic groups that map near gal were complemented by E . coli plasmids and fall into three complementation groups . Two of these are quivalent with the tol A and tol B genes in E . coli. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jan, 230(1), 104 - 11 In vitro bacteriological study of a new antibiotic substance: sisomicin; Jedlickova Z et al.; Effects of a new antimicrobial agent sisomicin on microorganisms isolated from pathologic material (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus pyogenes-B, Citrobacter Freundii) were studied . The results obtained were compared with another two aminoglycoside antibiotics - gentamicin and tobramycin . All three antibiotics were found to be very effective in vitro; their effect was enhanced by addition of an antibiotic of the penicillin group (carbenicillin, suncillin) or an antibiotic of the tetracyklin series (oxytetracyklin, doxycyklin) . All three preparations were tested on 26 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains . Tobramycin inhibited growth of 22 strains and thus presented the highest level of efficiency among these deoxystreptamin preparations. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jan, 230(1), 86 - 103 {Synthetic medium for testing of susceptibility . II . Susceptibility of bacteria to sulphonamides (author's transl)}; Abdou MA; A comparative study of 9 media for testing the susceptibility of bacteria to 7 sulphonamides has been carried out . The evaluated culture-media included 4 "Mueller Hinton" media (MH), 4 others based on the formula of the "Diagnostic Sensitivity Test" agar base (D.S.T.) and a "Synthetic Medium" (SM) which has been developed in our laboratory . MH and D.S.T . culture-media have been supplied by 4 manufacturing companies in Europe and USA . A total number of 21 bacterial cultures have been employed . The included species belong to the gram negative genera Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia and Shigella, and to the gram positive genus Streptococcus . Sulphafurazole, sulphasomidine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphamethoxypyridazine, sulphadimethoxine, sulphaphenazole and sulphamethoxydiazine have been investigated . SM proved to be clearly superior to the other 8 culture-media mentioned above . Just one MH afforded good results . The 3 other MH and 2 D.S.T . media were not quite satisfactory . The two remaining D.S.T . media were unsuitable . Moreover, the activity of the tested sulphonamides was not equally high against the concerned bacteria . The author discussed the significance of the inoculum-size and of competitive and noncompetitive sulphonamide-antagonists in commercial culture-media and the difficulties they raise by the interpretation of the results. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1975 Jan, 54(1), 14 - 8 {The inhibition of various bacterial proteinases with natural proteinase inhibitiors(author's transl)}; Theopold HM et al.; Proteus mirabilis, citrobacter intermedius, staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus and staphylococcus albus produce extracellualr proteinases with maximum activity at pH 7.8 . These proteinases are inhibited practically completely by human and animal blood serum . This inhibitory activity of human serum is caused by alpha2-macroglobulin . Ovomucoid showed nearly the same inhibitory activity as alpha2-macroglobulin.
|
© 2005
Transgalactic Ltd (manufacturer of Bioscreen C software) |
Privacy Statement | P.O. Box
1393, 00101 Helsinki, Finland,
Last modified: May 25, 2005
| ||||||
