Salmonella

Vet Microbiol, 1994 Jun, 40(3-4), 271 - 82
Genomic lineage of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin; Olsen JE et al.; Thirty five strains of the host adapted Salmonella serotype Dublin (S . Dublin) have been characterized by IS200 patterns, ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction fragment polymorphism after hybridization with five randomly cloned DNA-fragments of S . enteritidis (RFLP), and plasmid profiling in order to divide the strains into 'genomic lines' . For comparison, 20 other strains of 9 different group-D serotypes were included . The IS200 patterns were identical in all strains of S . Dublin examined . These patterns were different from those observed in other group-D Salmonella with the exception of one strain S . Enteritidis phage type 11 and a strain of S . Rostock . The insertion element IS200 was not detected in strains of S . Dar-es-Salam, S . (II) 9,12:z:-, and S . Panama . RFLP, based on probing with five random cloned chromosomal fragments gave the same pattern in all strains except for one isolate from the UK . This strain was also found to have an unique PFGE pattern and ribotype . Among the remaining strains, three different PFGE patterns and 7 different ribotypes were observed . Based on all four typing methods, 8 different 'genomic lines' of S . Dublin were identified . The same grouping could be obtained from the use of ribotyping alone, but PFGE and RFLP were found to provide valuable information on possible relationships between ribotypes . Seven different plasmid profiles and a group of strains without plasmids were observed . In several cases, the same plasmid profile was shown to be present in more than one 'genomic line'.

Mol Microbiol, 1994 Jun, 12(6), 865 - 71
Rhs elements of Escherichia coli: a family of genetic composites each encoding a large mosaic protein; Hill CW et al.; The Rhs family comprises a set of composite elements found in the chromosomes of many natural Escherichia coli strains . Five Rhs elements occur in strain K-12 . The most prominent Rhs component is a giant core open reading frame (core ORF) whose features are suggestive of a cell surface ligand-binding protein . This hypothetical protein contains a peptide motif, xxGxxxRYxYDxxGRL(I or T)xxxx, that is repeated 28 times . A similar repeated motif is found in a Bacillus subtilis wall-associated protein . The Rhs core ORFs consist of two distinct parts: a large N-terminal core that is conserved in all Rhs elements, and a smaller C-terminus that is highly variable . Distinctive G+C contents of Rhs components indicate that the elements have a recent origin outside the E . coli species, and that they are composites assembled from segments with very different evolutionary histories . The Rhs cores fall into three sub-families that are mutually more than 20% divergent . Downstream of the core ORF is a second, much shorter ORF . Like the adjacent core extension, these are highly variable . In most examples, the hypothetical product of this ORF has a candidate signal sequence for transport across the cytoplasmic membrane . Another Rhs component, the 1.3 kb H-rpt, has features typical of insertion sequences . Structures homologous to H-rpt have been detected in other bacterial genera, such as Vibrio and Salmonella, where they are associated with loci that determine O-antigen variation.

Int J Pancreatol, 1994 Jun, 15(3), 229 - 30
Necrotizing acute pancreatitis induced by Salmonella infection; Andren-Sandberg A et al.; A case of salmonellosis complicated by hemorrhagic pancreatitis is presented . It is emphasized that removal of the gallbladder when stones are present is mandatory in sepsis induced by salmonellosis in the bile-pancreatic region, in spite of modem antibiotic treatment.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1994 Jun, 33(6), 1173 - 89
Quinolone resistance in veterinary isolates of Salmonella; Griggs DJ et al.; Twenty-seven nalidixic acid-resistant (MIC > or = 256 mg/L) isolates of salmonella from veterinary sources were also less susceptible to fluoroquinolones (range of MICs of ciprofloxacin, 0.12-2 mg/L) . Six isolates were cross-resistant to one or more chemically unrelated antibacterial agents . The concentrations of enrofloxacin that inhibited DNA synthesis by 50% were similar to the MIC values for 23 of 27 isolates, suggesting a mutation in gyrA . Insertion of pNJR3-2 (gyrA) in nine of 20 isolates increased susceptibility to quinolones, suggesting that resistance was due to mutation in gyrA . Five of 27 isolates had reduced levels of accumulation of enrofloxacin . Two of the five also had increased susceptibility to quinolones when pNJR3-2 was introduced . None of the outer membrane protein profiles of the resistant isolates differed from those of sensitive control strains . Three of 27 isolates had differences in lipopolysaccharide profiles compared to control strains . Although the MIC of ciprofloxacin was less than the recommended UK break point concentrations for most isolates, the increasing incidence of quinolone-resistance in salmonella from veterinary sources is a matter of concern.

Clin Invest Med, 1994 Jun, 17(3), 212 - 7
Serologic testing for reactive arthritis; Thomson GT et al.; The objective of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of quantitative serum antibody response to Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a diagnostic test for post-Salmonella reactive arthritis (ReA) . In a single food-source outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis, serum was collected from dysenteric individuals with and without ReA at 6, 12, and 24 months post infection . Serum was also collected from control patients with no prior exposure to Salmonella infection . Quantitative measurements of isotypic antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis LPS were performed by an ELISA . Sensitivity and specificity of quantitative isotypic antibody levels over time were plotted on receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves . Serum IgG and IgA anti-LPS were found to be present in higher levels in the ReA patients than in controls . Using the optimal cutoff of 0.10 selected from an ROC curve, IgG anti-LPS is 88% sensitive and 94% specific, and IgA anti-LPS is 75% sensitive and 100% specific . We conclude that IgA anti-LPS is both sensitive and specific in distinguishing prior exposure to Salmonella LPS in ReA patients compared to unexposed controls.

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1994 Jun, 9(1), 49 - 54
Efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha and eicosanoid inhibitors in experimental models of neonatal sepsis; Mancuso G et al.; The potential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of experimental neonatal sepsis models was investigated . Lethality was induced in neonatal rats by administration of heat killed group B streptococci (GBS, 7 mg kg-1 intracardially) or Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (0.35 mg kg-1 intracardially) . The relative efficacy of six compounds with putative TNF alpha and eicosanoid inhibitory actions were tested . These were: ibuprofen (3 and 20 mg kg-1), a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor; CGS85515 (30 mg kg-1), a lipoxygenase inhibitor; LY203647 (30 mg kg-1), a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist; pentoxifylline (10, 50 and 100 mg kg-1), a TNF inhibitor; cloricromene (2 and 10 mg kg-1), a thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor with TNF alpha inhibitory actions; and SKF86002 (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1), a dual cyclo-oxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor with TNF alpha inhibitory activity . Pentoxifylline, cloricromene and SKF86002, when given intraperitoneally 2 h before challenge, produced 45, 52 and 61% reductions, respectively, in plasma levels of TNF alpha at 2.5 h post-injection with killed GBS (P < 0.05) . On the contrary, pretreatment with ibuprofen, CGS85515 or LY203647 did not significantly affect TNF alpha levels . All compounds significantly attenuated the lethality by killed GBS and S . enteritidis endotoxin . These data suggest that TNF alpha and eicosanoids contribute to the pathogenesis of shock induced by killed GBS and endotoxemia.

Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 1994 Jun, 12(1), 27 - 37
Molecular cloning and expression of Salmonella paratyphi A 52 kDa specific protein gene; Korbsrisate S et al.; Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to Salmonella paratyphi A have been established by our group in 1989 . These MAbs were proven to be species-specific for 52 kDa protein of S . paratyphi A but the nature of this protein is unknown . However, our group have proved that the 52 kDa protein which is specific to S . typhi was flagellin . This present study has characterized the 52 kDa protein of S . paratyphi A and identified its encoded gene . The plasmid containing the specific 52 kDa antigen gene was cloned from the S . paratyphi A genome, herein designated pSKA-4 . Partial nucleotide sequences from this clone was analysed by computer program and found to be phase 1-a flagellin gene of S . paratyphi A . In addition, the nucleotide sequence analysis from such clone also showed that the structural gene for phase 1 flagellin has amino acid sequences conserved at the terminal whereas the central region is variable among Salmonella spp . Therefore, the central portion of flagellin which highly polymorphic in amino acid sequences would be the most specific to S . paratyphi A, thus, should be used as specific antigen for developing specific diagnosis of S . paratyphi A infection . Using the PCR technique, an expression plasmid containing the antigen gene producing only the variable region in the central portion of flagellin from S . paratyphi A, namely pSKA-7, has been established . The recombinant protein produced by the established plasmid has a MW 33.5 kDa as detected by immunoblotting using specific MAbs . Further study by using this specific flagellin protein for immunodiagnosis of S . paratyphi A infection is being carried out in our laboratory.

Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 1994 Jun, 12(1), 21 - 5
Fusion protein of Salmonella typhi flagellin as antigen for diagnosis of typhoid fever; Sukosol T et al.; We previously established the specific 52 kDa antigen of Salmonella typhi, detected by our monoclonal antibodies, which was a flagellin protein . Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of phase-1 flagellin of Salmonella species available through GenBank database showed high homology at both ends of the genes with lower degree of homology in the middle portion which contained the antigenically variable regions . Thus, proteins from the central regions of flagellin genes should be species specific and could be used as specific antigens for the immunodiagnostic tests . In this report, recombinant protein derived from the central region of S . typhi flagellin was produced as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase . This fusion protein was used as specific S . typhi antigen for the immunodiagnostic test to detect IgM antibodies in sera using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of this test were 53.5, 98.0, 91.5, 82.1 and 92.4%, respectively.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1994 Jun, 10(3), 345 - 7
In vitro activity of eight antibiotics against Salmonella and Shigella species; Arman D et al.; The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimetoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin and fleroxacin for Salmonella spp . (n = 72) and Shigella spp . (n = 52) were established . S . typhi isolates were all susceptible to all of the antibiotics tested . In non-typhi salmonellae and Shigella spp., resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and TMP-SMX with various rates were encountered, but all isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1994 Jun, 25(2), 324 - 7
Detection of salmonellae in hen eggs in Thailand; Saitanu K et al.; Two thousand four hundred and ninety eggs were collected from retail markets in 6 provinces and from laying hen farms in 3 provinces . Eggs were pooled in groups of 3 to obtain 830 samples for testing . Isolation of salmonellae was made from both egg shell and egg contents . Eggs from retail markets were contaminated with salmonellae on egg shells (13.2%) and in egg contents (3.9%) . Three (0.4%) samples yield positive both on egg shells and in egg contents . Of the 86 samples from laying hen farms, salmonellae were found on egg shells and in egg contents, 3.5% and 1.2%, respectively . From the 134 strains tested, twenty-four serotypes were confirmed . Salmonella cerro, S . amsterdam and S . typhimurium were predominantly encountered, 4.8%, 4.3% and 1.4%, respectively . Only two samples were contaminated with S . enteritidis, one each from open market and laying hen farm, one on egg shells and the other in egg content respectively.

Circ Shock, 1994 Jun, 43(2), 64 - 70
Beneficial effects of extracellular glutathione against endotoxin-induced liver injury during ischemia and reperfusion; Liu P et al.; The potential beneficial effect of hepatocellular glutathione against inflammatory liver damage was investigated in a model of endotoxin-enhanced ischemia-reperfusion injury . Animals were subjected to 20 min of hepatic ischemia, followed by 4 hr of reperfusion . The injection of 0.5 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin potentiated liver injury and the postischemic oxidant stress, as indicated by increased plasma levels of glutathione disulfide . Depletion of hepatic glutathione levels by > 90% with phorone and inhibition of glutathione synthesis with buthionine sulfoximine further increased liver injury in this model, as indicated by enhancement of plasma alanine aminotransferase activities from 2,234 +/- 122 U/L to 4,024 +/- 282 U/L . Continuous infusion of a glutathione (GSH) solution in GSH-depleted animals (22 mumol/kg/hr) attenuated reperfusion injury by 55% . In vitro experiments demonstrated the capability of GSH to react rapidly with reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) . Only H2O2 oxidized GSH quantitatively to its disulfide; HOCl oxidized GSH to higher oxidation states . These data support the hypothesis that the enhanced release of hepatocellular GSH functions as a defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species generated by inflammatory cells during endotoxemia and reperfusion . This internal defense system of the liver may be of general importance in preventing, or at least limiting, liver damage by reactive oxygen generated in particular by Kupffer cells during their physiological function to remove gut-derived endotoxin and bacteria.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1994 Jun, 281(1), 30 - 7
Influence of the glucose concentration on the yield of biomass and lipopolysaccharide in Salmonella cultures; Schlecht S et al.; Two Salmonella S-forms and two R-mutants were cultivated in complex medium supplemented with different amounts (0.5-3%) glucose . Cultivation was performed batchwise in a fermentor under aerobic conditions . With all strains investigated, the yield of bacterial mass increased with increasing concentration of glucose . In the case of three strains, the % LPS content of bacteria also increased, thus achieving the aim of this investigation . The synthesis of bacterial mass and LPS did not proceed in parallel and differed from strain to strain . At optimal glucose concentration, the yield of LPS could be increased up to 250% . The chemical composition of the LPS was independent of the glucose concentration . The individual strains exhibited an identical composition with regard to lipid A and polysaccharide when cultured at different glucose concentrations . The uniformity of the molecular distribution of LPS could also be confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In the S-form LPSs, also the proportion of the unsubstituted R-form LPS was not affected by the glucose concentration in the culture medium . The present results demonstrate that optimisation of the cultivation conditions with respect to the glucose concentration of the medium would be of advantage especially for Salmonella strains that are cultivated frequently.

Mutat Res, 1994 Jun, 321(4), 241 - 51
Mutagenicity of ethanolic extracts of used acrylic dentures; Parisis DM et al.; The in vivo physicochemical sorption of mutagenic substances onto acrylic polymers was investigated in worn acrylic dentures . Thus, ethanolic extracts of acrylic dentures from 41 of a total of 69 human donors (60%), were found mutagenic in the standard plate incorporation Salmonella mutagenicity test against either TA98 or TA100 strains . Denture extracts from smokers produced mutagenicity more often than the ones from non-smokers (75% vs . 45%, P 0.01) . Mutagenicity was preferentially directed against TA98 (TA98:TA100 = 2.9:1, P < 0.0005) . Predilection for TA98 was more pronounced in denture extracts from non-smokers (4.7:1) than from smokers (2.0:1) . When direct mutagenicity was observed, it was reduced by the rat-liver S9 . Induced mutant yields were 6.1 +/- 3.9 and 7.0 +/- 8.9 times higher than the spontaneous for TA98 and TA100 respectively (smokers, 50-cm2 denture surface area eq./plate+S9) . Denture extracts from smokers induced higher levels of mutation than the ones from non-smokers (TA98 + S9, smoker:non-smoker = 2:1, P < 0.01) . Mutagenicity was associated with longer periods of denture usage (P 0.007) . Thus, denture poly(methyl methacrylate) base material can adsorb mutagenic substances, possibly from diet and tobacco, which are extractable by ethanol . Theoretically, the in situ alcoholic desorption and recirculation of carcinogenic mutagens may have a contributory role in certain cases of intra-oral and upper alimentary tract carcinogenesis.

Mutat Res, 1994 Jun, 321(4), 229 - 39
Mutagenicity of tryptophan photoproducts in the Ames Salmonella assay; Sjogren M et al.; During the photolysis of tryptophan a large number of products is formed . In this study, aqueous solutions of tryptophan were irradiated by ultraviolet light during 5, 20 or 40 h . Each of the irradiated batches was divided into two aliquots, which were freeze-dried or extracted with chloroform . For each batch the latter extract was subsequently divided into a purified chloroform extract and a methanol extract . Aliquots of the purified chloroform extracts were fractionated and pooled, peakwise, into seven fractions . A recombined sample was also constructed . All extracts and samples were tested for mutagenicity using the standard Ames Salmonella assay . The results indicate an exposure time dependent increase in mutagenicity of the extracts, as seen with tester strain TA100 both with and without metabolic activation . The mutagenicity of the freeze-dried extracts well approximated the mutagenicity of the chloroform extracts, indicating that most mutagenicity can be extracted with chloroform . With the fractions the highest mutagenic responses were seen in the late, i.e., less lipophilic fractions . This response pattern seen in TA98 and TA100, mainly with S9 activation, was in contrast to the response of TA102 without S9, which was highest to the more lipophilic fractions . On a fraction level, no general exposure dependent increase of mutagenicity was observed . The results also show that photooxidation of tryptophan gives rise to a different spectrum of products compared to pyrolysis . Both processes result in compounds with strong biological effects . Photooxidation results in compounds with low genotoxicity and high Ah receptor affinity while pyrolysis generates compounds with high genotoxicity and low or no Ah receptor affinity.

Mutat Res, 1994 Jun, 321(4), 213 - 8
Genotoxicity of 1,3-dithiane and 1,4-dithiane in the CHO/SCE assay and the Salmonella/microsomal test; Lee H et al.; 1,3-Dithiane and 1,4-dithiane are the sulfur-containing Maillard reaction products (MRPs) which have been found in boiled beef extracts . In this study the genotoxicity of these products was examined using the Salmonella/microsomal test and the CHO/SCE assay . 1,3-Dithiane showed a potent direct-acting mutagenicity toward S . typhimurium TA98 and TA100, but 1,4-dithiane had a lower mutagenicity toward both tester strains . Both compounds were shown to be non-mutagenic with hepatic metabolic activation with the exception of 1,3-dithiane toward strain TA100 . To compare the mutagenic potential of 1,3-dithiane and 1,4-dithiane with other types of MRPs, 24 MRPs were examined for their mutagenicity to S . typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in the presence or absence of S9 mix . 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, furan, 2-acetylpyrrole, and thiazole were shown to be mutagenic . However, these four MRPs exhibited a lower mutagenicity in TA98 than 1,3-dithiane and 1,4-dithiane . Furthermore, SCE frequencies in CHO cells were very significantly induced by 1,3-dithiane in the absence of S9 mix, but the SCE-inducing capability of 1,3-dithiane was reduced or even disappeared with metabolic activation . 1,4-Dithiane did not significantly induce SCE frequencies in the presence or absence of S9 mix . Thus, we concluded that 1,3-dithiane was a potent mutagenic MRP in the Salmonella/microsomal test, whereas it was a weak SCE inducer in the CHO/SCE assay.

Eur J Biochem, 1994 May 15, 222(1), 183 - 94
Preparation and structural analysis of oligosaccharide monophosphates obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of recombinant strains of Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli expressing the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide; Holst O et al.; The lipopolysaccharide of the recombinant strain Salmonella minnesota r595-207 expressing the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide {Holst, O., Brade, L., Kosma, P . and Brade, H . (1991) J . Bacteriol, 173, 1862-1866} was sequentially de-O- and de-N-acylated by mild hydrazinolysis and treatment with 4 M KOH, respectively . The resulting mixture of compounds was separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography, yielding four oligosaccharide phosphates two of which were readily identified by their 1H-NMR- and 13C-NMR spectra as alpha-Kdo-(2-4)-alpha-Kdo-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-alpha-D-Glcp N 1,4'-bisphosphate (tetrasaccharide bisphosphate; Kdo = 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulopyranosonic acid) and alpha-Kdo-(2-8)-alpha-Kdo-(2-4)-alpha-Kdo-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1-6) -alpha-D- GlcpN 1,4'-bisphosphate (pentasaccharide bisphosphate) {Holst, O., Broer, W., Thomas-Oates, J.E., Mamat, U . and Brade, H . (1993) Eur . J . Biochem . 214, 703-710} . The structures of the other two compounds were established by chemical analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry as alpha-Kdo- (2-4)-alpha-Kdo-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-alpha-D-GlcpN 1-phosphate (tetrasaccharide 1-phosphate) and alpha-Kdo-(2-8)-alpha-Kdo-(2-4)-alpha-Kdo-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1-6) -alpha-D- GlcpN 1-phosphate (pentasaccharide 1-phosphate) . alpha-Kdo-(2-4)-alpha-Kdo-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1-6)-alpha/beta- D-GlcpN 4'-phosphate (tetrasaccharide 4'-phosphate) and alpha-Kdo-(2-8)-alpha-Kdo-(2-4)-alpha-Kdo-(2-6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1-6) -alpha/beta-D-GlcpN 4'-phosphate (pentasaccharide 4'-phosphate) were prepared from the 1,4'-bisphosphates isolated from the recombinant strain Escherichia coli F515-207 by treatment with alkaline phosphatase and purification by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography . Their structures were characterised by chemical analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and fast-bombardment mass spectrometry.

Biochemistry, 1994 May 3, 33(17), 5183 - 92
Solution structure of a trisaccharide-antibody complex: comparison of NMR measurements with a crystal structure; Bundle DR et al.; NMR and crystallography have been used to study antigen conformational changes that occur in a trisaccharide-Fab complex in solution and in the solid state . NOE buildup rates from transferred NOE experiments show that the antigenic determinant of a Salmonella lipopolysaccharide, represented by the trisaccharide methyl glycoside alpha-D-Galp(1-->2 {alpha-D-Abep(1-->3)}- alpha-D-Manp1-->OMe (1), undergoes a protein-induced conformational shift about the Gal-->Man glycosidic linkage when it is bound by a monoclonal antibody in aqueous solution . The same trisaccharide was crystallized with Fab, and a solved structure at 2.1-A resolution revealed that the conformation of the trisaccharide ligand was similar to that seen in a dodesaccharide-Fab complex {Cygler et al . (1991) Science 253, 442-445), where the Gal-Man linkage also experienced a similar conformational shift . Distance constraints derived from the TRNOE buildup curves are consistent with two bound trisaccharide conformations, one of which correlates with the ligand conformation of the crystalline Fab-trisaccharide complex . In this bound conformation, short interatomic distances between Abe O-2 and Gal O-2 permit an oligosaccharide intramolecular hydrogen bond . Despite its relatively low energy, a preponderance of this conformer could not be detected in aqueous or DMSO solutions of free trisaccharide by either 1H or 13C NMR experiments . In DMSO, a different intramolecular hydrogen bond between Abe O-2 and Man O-4 was observed due to a solvent-induced shift in the conformational equilibria (relative to aqueous solution) . Molecular modeling of the trisaccharide in the binding site and as the free ligand suggested that the protein imposes an induced fit on the antigen, primarily resulting in a shift of the Gal-Man phi torsional angle . This reduces the interproton separation between Abe H-3 and Gal H-1 with a marked increase in the intensity of the previously weak NOEs between the protons of the noncovalently linked galactose and abequose residues . The impact of the conformational shift on gross trisaccharide topology is sufficiently small that binding modes inferred from functional group replacements are not impaired.

Biochemistry, 1994 May 3, 33(17), 5172 - 82
Molecular recognition of a Salmonella trisaccharide epitope by monoclonal antibody Se155-4; Bundle DR et al.; The binding site of monoclonal antibody Se155-4, which has been the object of successful crystallographic and antibody-engineering studies, is shown by solid-phase immunoassays to be complementary to a branched trisaccharide, alpha-D-Galp(1-->2) {alpha-D-Abep(1-->3)}-alpha-D-Manp(1, rather than to the tetrasaccharide repeating unit alpha-D-Galp(1-->2) {alpha-D-Abep(1-->3)}-alpha-D-Manp(1-->4) alpha-L-Rhap(1- of the bacterial antigen . Specificity for the 3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose (3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose) epitope present in Salmonella paratyphi B O-antigens was ensured by screening hybridoma experiments with glycoconjugates derived from synthetic oligosaccharides . Detailed epitope mapping of the molecular recognition by modified and monodeoxy oligosaccharide derivatives showed that complementary surfaces and three antibody-saccharide hydrogen bonds are essential for full binding activity . Both hydroxyl groups of the 3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose residue were obligatory for binding and consistent with the directional nature of their involvement in carbohydrate-protein hydrogen bonds; related tetrasaccharides built from the isomeric 3,6-dideoxyhexoses, 3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose, paratose, and 3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose, tyvelose were not bound by the antibody . Titration microcalorimetry measurements were consistent with the hydrogen-bonding map inferred from the crystal structure and suggest that the displacement of water molecules from the binding site accounts for the favorable entropy that accompanies binding of the native trisaccharide determinant . The protein sequences determined for the antibody VL and VH domains reveal somatic mutation of the VL germ line gene, implying that this antibody-binding site results from a mature antibody response.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1994 May, 50(5), 608 - 11
Detection of the H1-j strain of Salmonella typhi among Korean isolates by the polymerase chain reaction; Song JH et al.; Salmonella typhi, the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, typically has only a phase-1 flagellar antigen, H1-d (fliC) . While most strains of S . typhi have H1-d antigen, 10-20% of Indonesian isolates have been reported to possess H1-j antigen instead . To investigate the presence H1-j strains of S . typhi isolates in Korea, where typhoid fever is still a common infectious problem, we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a pair of oligonucleotides primers that specifically amplified the flagellin gene of S . typhi . Of 375 isolates of S . typhi tested, only one was shown to possess the H1-j antigen, which was shown by the presence of a 1,269-basepair fragment on agarose gel electrophoresis after the PCR . The isolate with the H1-j antigen was cultured from a Korean-Indonesian man who was already symptomatic in Indonesia and was thought to be an Indonesian strain . Because 375 strains tested in this study were collected from cases with typhoid fever in different regions of Korea during the period from 1986 to 1991, it could be concluded that the mutation rate to j antigen is negligible among S . typhi endemic in Korea.

Carcinogenesis, 1994 May, 15(5), 837 - 43
High promutagen activating capacity of yeast microsomes containing human cytochrome P-450 1A and human NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase; Sengstag C et al.; Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains have been constructed that co-express cDNAs coding for the human cytochrome P-450 enzymes CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 in combination with human NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (oxidoreductase) . Microsomal fractions prepared from the strains were able to efficiently activate various drugs to Salmonella mutagens . These experiments demonstrated that a functional interaction occurred between the respective human enzymes in the yeast microsomes . For every drug tested, the microsomes containing CYP enzymes and oxidoreductase were 2- to 4-fold better in activation than the corresponding microsomes that contained CYP alone . Interestingly, co-expression of CYP1A2 with oxidoreductase resulted in a decrease of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, a problem which is related to this specific substrate . Using the microsomes, it was demonstrated that aflatoxin B1 was activated to a mutagen not only by CYP1A2 but also by CYP1A1 . In contrast, benzo{a}pyrene was exclusively activated by CYP1A1 whereas CYP1A2 was inactive . The drug 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) was activated by CYP1A2 and to a lesser extent by CYP1A1 . A strong substrate specificity was observed with the two structurally related heterocyclic arylamines 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (MeIQ) and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (MeIQ) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) . MeIQx was activated efficiently by both CYP enzymes, whereas MeIQ was only activated by CYP1A2 and not by CYP1A1 . The fact that microsomes from vector transformed control strains were unable to activate any of the drugs studied underlines the suitability of these microsomes for metabolic studies . Moreover, the presence of suitable marker genes in the yeast strains will enable us to study mitotic recombination and gene conversion events induced by drugs that require metabolic activation.

Am J Public Health, 1994 May, 84(5), 859 - 60
Outbreak and sporadic egg-associated cases of Salmonella enteritidis: New York's experience; Morse DL et al.; Since 1985, egg-associated Salmonella enteritidis has emerged as a major cause of foodborne disease . New York State has been especially affected, with 47 documented egg-associated S enteritidis outbreaks involving 2279 cases and 10 deaths . Individual case reports of salmonella have also increased 56%, and sporadic cases of S enteritidis have been shown to be associated with egg consumption . Further educational and regulatory activities are needed to control this continuing public health problem.

Infect Immun, 1994 May, 62(5), 1961 - 7
Altered antigen-presenting capacity of human monocytes after phagocytosis of bacteria; Pryjma J et al.; The antigen-presenting and accessory functions of monocytes were studied after phagocytosis of bacteria . Peripheral blood monocytes isolated from mononuclear cells by counterflow elutriation were incubated with suspensions of opsonized bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Salmonella enteritidis) under conditions in which at least 80% of the monocytes engulfed microorganisms . Either the cells were pulsed with antigen (purified derivative of tuberculin or tetanus toxoid) and used as antigen-presenting cells for autologous T lymphocytes or the accessory function of the cells was examined in pokeweed mitogen-activated cultures of T cells . It has been found that phagocytosis of bacteria by monocytes reduces their ability to trigger antigen- and mitogen-induced proliferation . The reduced proliferative response of T lymphocytes was not due to a change of the kinetics of the response or triggering of suppressor mechanisms . Furthermore, antigen processing was not affected much after phagocytosis of bacteria since antigen-pulsed and paraformaldehyde-fixed cells containing bacteria were comparable to control cells in their antigen-presenting capacity . This phenomenon was observed after phagocytosis of both living and dead bacteria and was not correlated to the viability of monocytes, which were more affected after phagocytosis of living bacteria than of dead ones . As a result of phagocytosis of bacteria, reduced expression of CD54, CD14, and HLA-DQ, variable reduction of HLA-DP, CD58, and CD64, and reduced viability of monocytes were observed . In conclusion, phagocytosis of bacteria by monocytes affects their antigen-presenting and accessory functions presumably because of changes in the expression of molecules essential for monocyte-T-cell interactions and reduction of their viability.

Infect Immun, 1994 May, 62(5), 1705 - 9
Free hydroxyl groups are not required for endotoxic activity of lipid A; Tanamoto K; Previous studies demonstrated that lipid A from Salmonella abortusequi loses its B-cell mitogenicity for murine spleen cells as a result of the introduction of succinyl residues on hydroxyl groups and that the inactivated lipid A specifically antagonizes the mitogenicity of endotoxin . Hypothesizing that the hydroxyl groups are essential both for its biological activity and for producing nontoxic preparations having antagonistic activity, I tested the role of the hydroxyl groups in its activities by using well-characterized biologically active lipid A preparations synthesized chemically (Escherichia coli and Salmonella types 506 and 516, respectively) by the introduction of either succinyl or acetyl residues at the hydroxyl groups of each of these lipid A preparations . However, the biological activities of neither lipid A preparation were reduced at all after succinylation; in fact, succinylated 516 became much more potent than the original molecule with respect to most activities tested, i.e., lethal toxicity, Limulus gelation activity, and the induction of tumor necrosis factor release . On the other hand, when the hydroxyl groups were replaced with acetyl residues, the lethality and tumor necrosis factor-inducing activity of both lipid A preparations were decreased, whereas their Limulus gelation activity was increased . Mitogenicity was not affected much by the chemical modifications of either lipid A preparation . These findings indicate that although the residues introduced into the free hydroxyl groups of lipid A modulate its activities, the hydroxyl groups in lipid A need not exist in free form.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1994 May, 15(5), 311 - 4
Foodhandler-associated Salmonella outbreak in a university hospital despite routine surveillance cultures of kitchen employees; Khuri-Bulos NA et al.; OBJECTIVE: To describe an outbreak of salmonella food poisoning that probably was due to contamination of mashed potatoes by a foodhandler, which occurred despite a policy for routine surveillance stool cultures of kitchen employees . DESIGN: A case control study of 223 individuals who ate the lunch meal on September 23, 1989, at the Jordan University Hospital (JUH) cafeteria . SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital in Amman, the capital of Jordan . PATIENTS: Individuals who developed loose stool or vomiting 6 to 72 hours after eating the lunch meal of September 23, 1989, at the JUH cafeteria . RESULTS: Of 619 individuals, 183 fit the case definition (attack rate, 19.6%); 150 were employees, 26 were inpatients, and seven were visitors . Twelve other employees became sick 4 to 6 days later and probably were infected secondarily . The incubation period ranged from 16 to 72 hours in 183 instances . Symptoms included diarrhea (88%), fever (71%), abdominal pain (74%), dehydration (34%), and bloody stool (5%) . Eighty-four were hospitalized . Cultures of eight food items were negative, but stool culture on 90 of 180 patients and 11 of 61 kitchen employees yielded Salmonella enteritidis group D . A cohort study of 223 individuals revealed a food-specific attack rate of 72% for the steak and potato meal and 18% for the rice and meat meal (RR, 4; CI95, 2.62 to 6.24; P < 0.01) . Stratified analysis of the steak and potato meal revealed that the potatoes were implicated most strongly (RR, 1.93; CI95, 1.42 to 2.64; P < 0.01) . Cultures were obtained from all kitchen employees, and 11 of 61 grew Salmonella enteritidis group D . One asymptomatic, culture-positive employee prepared the mashed potatoes on September 23 . All of these employees had negative stool cultures 3 months earlier . CONCLUSION: This outbreak probably was caused by massive contamination of mashed potatoes by the contaminated hands of the foodhandler . Routine stool culture of foodhandlers is not cost-effective and should not be used as a substitute for health education and proper hygienic practices.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 May, 22(2-3), 201 - 6
Evaluation of motility enrichment on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (MSRV) and automated conductance in combination with Rambach agar for Salmonella detection in environmental samples of a milk powder factory; Joosten HM et al.; The efficacy of motility enrichment on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (MSRV) and an automated conductance method for the detection of Salmonella in environmental samples was evaluated . Two hundred and ten environmental samples from unrestricted areas of a milk powder factory, 49 of which were artificially contaminated with Salmonella infantis, were examined . From exactly 100 samples Salmonella could be isolated . With the conventional (ISO-DIS 6579) method a 100% score was obtained, whereas the MSRV method gave 82 positive results . The conductance method permitted the detection of Salmonella in only 66 samples . The use of Rambach agar improved isolation efficiency of Salmonella from enrichment broths.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 May, 22(2-3), 127 - 40
Potential growth and control of Salmonella in Hispanic type soft cheese; Kasrazadeh M et al.; This study evaluated the growth and control of Salmonella serotypes in a soft Hispanic type cheese (Queso Fresco) . Cheese was made in the laboratory using a commercial procedure and after inoculation it was stored under vacuum at temperatures ranging from 6 to 30 degrees C . The minimum temperature that allowed growth of Salmonella was 8 degrees C . Accumulated data from the growth studies were used for the development of models relating the square root of 1/LT (LT = lag time) and specific growth rate to temperature . The effect of selected antimicrobials (potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and sodium lactate) on the growth and survival of Salmonella in milk and in cheese at various storage temperatures was also examined . Addition of sodium benzoate (0.3%) to cheese (pH 6.6) or addition of potassium sorbate (0.3%) to cheese (pH 6.0) made from milk, which was acidified to pH 5.9 with propionic acid, had a significant impact on delaying or preventing growth of the pathogen.

Boll Chim Farm, 1994 May, 133(5), 328 - 38
Antimicrobial and genotoxic properties of quinoline derivatives; Zani F et al.; We continued our research into the biological properties of quinoline derivatives . Newly synthesized 8-sulfonylquinolines, tested against some representative microbial strains and practically inactive, were also studied for the genotoxic properties . The genotoxicity tests were extended to previously synthesized compounds (some 6-substituted 8-quinolinecarboxylic acids, the amide and some esters of 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid and finally the 8-quinolinecarboxaldehyde and two of its derivatives) . Rec-assay and Salmonella-microsome tests showed several compounds to be genotoxic; the mutagenic activity seems to be modulated by the nature of the substituents . The results obtained are discussed with the aim of explaining possible structure-activity relationships.

Am J Vet Res, 1994 May, 55(5), 636 - 42
Adjuvanted subunit vaccines for the control of Salmonella enteritidis infection in turkeys; Charles SD et al.; Liposomes and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) are adjuvants that have been known to potentiate the immune response to membrane proteins . Adjuvanted outer membrane proteins (OMP) from Salmonella enteritidis were evaluated for their protective efficacy against S enteritidis infection in turkeys . The adjuvanted vaccines prepared for evaluation were: positive or negatively charged liposomes, lipid-conjugated ISCOM, and mineral oil vaccines . These preparations were compared with that of a whole cell bacterin and protein alone . After vaccination, turkeys were challenge-exposed with a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of S enteritidis . They were monitored for clinical signs of disease, antibody response, bacterial shedding pattern, and clearance of the challenge S enteritidis from internal organs . Results indicated a significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibody response to the positively charged liposomal OMP vaccine, compared with the whole cell bacterin . The antibody response to positively charged liposomal OMP vaccine was greater when a booster dose of this preparation was given . Shedding of S enteritidis was decreased in all vaccinated and challenge-exposed turkeys (P < 0.001) . The tissues from a high percentage (90 to 100%) of birds that received a booster vaccination of the liposomal (+ or -) and ISCOM vaccine were culture-negative for S enteritidis.

Mycopathologia, 1994 May, 126(2), 121 - 9
Mutagenic and membranal effect of a phytotoxic molecule isolated from olive leaves parasitized by the fungus Cycloconium oleaginum Cast; Yahiaoui R et al.; A phytotoxic substance (C23H44O3) which is named 'Substance A', was purified from olive leaves infected with Cycloconium oleaginum Cast . The mutagenic effect of this substance was detected using TA 100 and TA 102 strains of Salmonella in the Ames test using Bacillus subtilis strains M45 rec-, H17 rec+ in the rec assay . Another substance manifesting the mutagenic effect was found in the extract from the Cycloconium oleaginum culture . This substance was not detected in the extract from contaminated olive leaves . Substance A increased electrolytes leakage from tissue of olive leaves, thus manifesting its phytotoxicity.

Hautarzt, 1994 May, 45(5), 330 - 4
{Snake bite by a poisonous snake . Report of an unusual case}; Gruschwitz MS et al.; We report on a 31-year-old white woman, who was bitten in her right calf by a "spitting cobra" (Neia nigricollis) during a safari in Tansania . Minor initial systemic symptoms such as nausea and vomiting were followed by severe oedematous swelling of the extremity after 2-3 h and demarcation of a 2.75 x 2.75 in . area of necrotic skin . The patient returned to her home country, where 8 days after the snake-bite necrosectomy was performed . Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents and local therapy with hydrocolloidal wound dressings were administered . With this therapy the lesion healed completely with minor scarring within 5 months . A new Salmonella strain was isolated from the ground of the ulcer.

Poult Sci, 1994 May, 73(5), 648 - 52
Resistance against Salmonella enteritidis cecal colonization in Leghorn chicks by vent lip application of cecal bacteria culture; Corrier DE et al.; Leghorn chicks were treated with cultures of cecal bacteria from adult chickens by crop gavage, upper body spray, or vent lip application on the day of hatch . The chicks were challenged orally with 10(4) Salmonella enteritidis (SE) at 3 d of age and evaluated for SE cecal colonization at 10 d of age . The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the cecal contents was determined on the day after culture treatment and at 10 d of age . Compared with controls, SE colonization was significantly decreased in each of the treatment groups . Vent lip application of a single .05-mL drop of cecal bacteria culture resulted in resistance against SE challenge comparable to crop gavage or spray treatment with .5 mL of culture . Resistance to SE challenge was directly associated with the concentrations of total VFA and propionic acid in the cecal contents of the treated chicks on the day after culture treatment . The results indicated that cecal bacteria from adult chickens that increase SE colonization resistance may rapidly become established in the ceca of newly hatched chicks following contact with the vent lips.

Immunology, 1994 May, 82(1), 42 - 50
Interaction with extracellular matrix proteins influences Lsh/Ity/Bcg (candidate Nramp) gene regulation of macrophage priming/activation for tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitrite release; Formica S et al.; The murine resistance gene Lsh/Ity/Bcg regulates activation of macrophages for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent production of nitric oxide mediating antimicrobial activity against Leishmania, Salmonella and Mycobacterium . As Lsh is differentially expressed in macrophages from different tissue sites, experiments were performed to determine whether interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins would influence the macrophage TNF-alpha response . Plating of bone marrow-derived macrophages onto purified fibrinogen or fibronectin-rich L929 cell-derived matrices, but not onto mannan, was itself sufficient to stimulate TNF-alpha release, with significantly higher levels released from congenic B10.L-Lshr compared to C57BL/10ScSn (Lshs) macrophages . Only macrophages plated onto fibrinogen also released measurable levels of nitrites, again higher in Lshr compared to Lshs macrophages . Addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but not bacterial lipopolysaccharide or mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, as a second signal enhanced the TNF-alpha and nitrite responses of macrophages plated onto fibrinogen, particularly in the Lshr macrophages . Interaction with fibrinogen and fibronectin also primed macrophages for an enhanced TNF-alpha response to leishmanial parasites, but this was only translated into enhanced nitrite responses in the presence of IFN-gamma . In these experiments, Lshr macrophages remained superior in their TNF-alpha responses throughout, but to a degree which reflected the magnitude of the difference observed on ECM alone . Hence, the specificity for the enhanced TNF-alpha responses of Lshr macrophages lay in their interaction with fibrinogen and fibronectin ECM, while a differential nitrite response was only observed with fibrinogen and/or IFN-gamma . The results are discussed in relation to the possible function of the recently cloned candidate gene Nramp, which has structural identity to eukaryote transporters and an N-terminal cytoplasmic proline/serine-rich putative SH3 binding domain.

Br J Clin Pract, 1994 May-Jun, 48(3), 130 - 2
Vertebral osteomyelitis in Qatar; Al Soub H et al.; Twenty-eight cases of vertebral osteomyelitis were diagnosed at Hamad General Hospital in Qatar between January 1988 and December 1991: 16 (57.2%) cases were tuberculous spondylitis, 6 (21.4%) Brucella spondylitis, 3 (10.7%) Staphylococcus aureus spondylitis, 2 (7.1%) Salmonella spondylitis, and 1 (3.6%) Pseudomonas cepacia spondylitis . Plain vertebral x-ray films and CT scans were abnormal in all patients . Bone and gallium scans were abnormal in 87.5% and 64% of cases respectively . Clinical manifestations, haematological and radiological investigations were not able to differentiate between the causes . Serological tests were helpful in diagnosing Brucella spondylitis . CT-guided needle biopsy was able to identify the aetiology in 90% of cases . We conclude that invasive tests are still needed to establish the microbiological diagnosis and to guide antimicrobial therapy in most cases of vertebral osteomyelitis.

Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1994 May, 43(2), 47 - 54
{Salmonellosis in the Czech Republic 1989-1993}; Sramova H et al.; The authors discuss the incidence of salmonelloses in the Czech Republic and analyze changes which developed during the period from 1989 to 1993 . In 1989 a steep rise of cases of salmonellosis was recorded; 34,435 cases were notified which, as compared with the previous period, is a threefold rise of the incidence . This trend persists already for five years . So far the largest number of notified cases (43,558) was recorded in 1992 . The death rate and case fatality rate from salmonellosis has been low for some years: the number of deaths is approximately 20-25 people per year . The salmonellosis epidemic in 1989-1993 spread to all regions of the Czech Republic . The most heavily affected regions are the South Moravian, North Moravian, East Bohemian and West Bohemian region . As to age distribution, it was revealed that the highest values of specific morbidity are in children in their first year of life and in 1-4-year-olds and that the greatest increment in 1989-1993 was notified in 1-4-year-old and in 5-9-year-old children . The dominating aetiological agent was Salmonella enteritidis, probably phagotype 8 . Its ratio in the isolation of Salmonella strains is 87% . The largest number of epidemics in 1989-1991 was notified in communities with a communal catering type (workers canteens, catering for nursery schools and schools) and in communities where half the epidemics developed during family festivities (weddings, graduation, funerals, birthdays, pig-slaughtering feasts etc.) . During the last two years the number of epidemics which develop in workshops producing foods and in private confectionaries is rising.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Yakugaku Zasshi, 1994 May, 114(5), 342 - 50
{Antimutagenic and bactericidal substances in the fruit body of a Basidiomycete Agaricus blazei, Jun-17}; Osaki Y et al.; The fruit body of a Basidiomycete Agaricus blazei, Jun-17 (Himematsutake) was extracted with hexane and chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v), and the antimutagenic effect of the extracts was examined using an Ames/Salmonella/microsome assay . Both extracts of Agaricus inhibited the mutagenicity of benzo{a}pyrene(B{a}P) . The hexane extract was purified by silica gel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and linoleic acid was isolated as a main substance having antimutagenic activity . Fr . IIa, IIb, IIc and IIb, which reduced the number of His+ revertant colonies induced by B{a}P, were separated from the chloroform-methanol extract by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC . An antimutagenic substance in Fr . IIa was linoleic acid . From Fr . IIb, a bactericidal, not antimutagenic, substance was isolated and identified as 13-hydroxy cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (13ZE-LOH) . Antimutagenic substances in Fr . IIc and IId were not purified . The possible source and mechanism of formation of 13ZE-LOH are discussed.

Bull Tokyo Dent Coll, 1994 May, 35(2), 67 - 78
Polyclonal B cell activation, endotoxin tolerance, and limulus tests of endotoxin preparations of some periodontopathogens; Inada K et al.; Potencies of polyclonal B-cell activation in C3H/HeN mice of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis endotoxins were 0.36, 0.13 and 0.04, taking Salmonella abortusequi as 1.0 . F . nucleatum and P . gingivalis endotoxins showed positive reactions in C3H/HeJ mice . Most activities in C3H/HeN other than that of F . nucleatum were suppressed by polymyxin B . In C3H/HeJ mice, similar inhibitions were only 60% for P . gingivalis and hardly observed with F . nucleatum . The resistances to polymyxin B could be due to protein in the endotoxins . A promoting effect of T cells added to B cells was observed only in the activity of F . nucleatum endotoxin in C3H/HeJ mice; there was no influence in other groups . Test endotoxins had nearly the same ability to produce colony stimulating factor as did references and could not produce the factor in tolerant mice . The clinical significance of tolerance is discussed . Regression lines of endotoxin doses and limulus activities of test endotoxins and Salmonella were parallel, either in specific or non-specific tests . The lines of two test groups were also parallel; values obtained by two tests were very close . These data indicate that the test endotoxins did not contain (1-3)-beta-D-glucan and elicited qualitatively similar limulus reactions to that of the reference, despite their different chemical natures . In conclusion, these test preparations had an endotoxicity similar to that of the reference and contribute to produce periodontitis through polyclonal B cell activation.

Circ Shock, 1994 May, 43(1), 9 - 17
Priming of phagocytes for reactive oxygen production during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion potentiates the susceptibility for endotoxin-induced liver injury; Liu P et al.; Plasma levels of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as an indicator of a vascular oxidant stress, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) formation, and liver injury (alanine aminotransferase activity, histology) were monitored in male Fischer rats after 30 min of hepatic ischemia followed by up to 4 hr of reperfusion . The injection of 1 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin at 30 min of reflow potentiated the postischemic oxidant stress and liver injury . TNF-alpha levels increased from 10 +/- 7 pg/ml (baseline) to 3,553 +/- 738 pg/ml after ischemia-reperfusion followed by endotoxin, or to 3,670 +/- 508 pg/ml after endotoxin alone . Depletion of serum complement before ischemia attenuated the endotoxin-mediated increase of reactive oxygen formation by 70% but did not affect TNF-alpha levels . Complement activation with cobra venom factor (CVF) during reperfusion had an effect similar to that of endotoxin on the oxidant stress and liver injury . CVF did not increase TNF-alpha formation during reperfusion . Kupffer cells and neutrophils isolated from the postischemic liver 2.5 hr after endotoxin injection generated 600% and 400% more superoxide, respectively, than cells isolated from control livers . The results demonstrate a substantial priming of hepatic phagocytes for reactive oxygen production but not TNF-alpha formation, even after short periods of hepatic ischemia, and the vulnerability of the postischemic liver to severe endotoxin-induced injury . Activated complement seems to be mainly responsible for the effects . These results may explain the high risk for hepatic failure after extensive liver resection and hypovolemic shock.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1994 May-Jun, (3), 10 - 4
{The comparative characteristics of preparations of Yersinia pestis capsular antigen F1 obtained from producer strains with different lipopolysaccharide structures}; Gremiakova TA et al.; The main protective antigen of the causative agent of plague is capsular antigen F1 . The preparations of this antigen isolated from Y.pestis strain EV are characterized by a high content of polysaccharide chains of endotoxins . This can be avoided by using R-variants of bacteria as producers . In this work the comparative study of the preparations of antigen F1 obtained from Y.pestis strain EV, Escherichia coli producer strain HB101 pFS1 with the complete structure of LPS and Salmonella minnesota producer strain Re595 pFS1 with maximally reduced LPS has been made . As revealed in this study, the physico-chemical properties of these preparations (the isoelectric point, electrophoretic mobility, the molecular weight of subunits) are identical . The preparation of antigen F1 obtained from S.minnesota has been found to give the highest yield and to have the lowest content of polysaccharide admixtures . This preparation has proved to possess the maximal protective potency, which may be linked with the adjuvant and immunogenic activity of microadmixtures of glycolipid Re, contained in F1.

Q J Med, 1994 May, 87(5), 301 - 9
Unusual manifestations of salmonellosis--a surgical problem; Lalitha MK et al.; From January 1981 to December 1992, of 6250 cases of salmonellosis treated at the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India, 100 patients with focal pyogenic infection caused by salmonellae required surgical intervention in addition to medical therapy . Thirty-one had involvement of the hepatobiliary system, and 10 more had other intra-abdominal infections . Involvement of bone and joint as well as soft tissue constituted 15% each . The site of infection in patients with soft tissue abscesses included skin (7), parotid (2), thyroid (2), breast (1) inguinal node (1), branchial sinus (1) and injection site (1) . Three patients had arterial infections . Noteworthy among the cases of genital infections was one case of salmonella infection in a pre-existing hydrocele, and one case of epididymo-orchitis with a loculated salmonella infection . Salmonella infection in a pre-existing ovarian cyst was seen in a patient with endometriosis . The salmonella serotypes most frequently encountered were S . typhi (36) and S . typhimurium (36), followed by S . paratyphi A (15) . The importance of recognition of these protean manifestations of salmonellosis in an endemic setting is discussed . The microbiological evaluation of properly obtained specimens is mandatory in such unusual pyogenic infections.

Int J Prosthodont, 1994 May-Jun, 7(3), 234 - 8
Immersion disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions with sodium hypochlorite . Part I: Microbiology; Beyerle MP et al.; Current American Dental Association infection control guidelines recommend immersion disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions, and this study further defines the parameters for use of sodium hypochlorite . Sodium hypochlorite has been shown to be an effective disinfectant for impressions; however, it has not been fully evaluated for optimum immersion time and concentration . In this study, irreversible hydrocolloid impressions contaminated with different bacteria were immersed in varying concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for 1, 5, or 10 minutes . Dilute solutions of sodium hypochlorite (0.525% or 0.0525%) produced a 4-log10 (99.99%) reduction in colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 1 to 5 minutes' immersion . Full-strength sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) required 5 minutes to produce a 4-log10 reduction of Bacillus subtilis . A 4-log10 reduction of Mycobacterium bovis was not obtained under any conditions examined.

J Clin Microbiol, 1994 May, 32(5), 1135 - 41
Epidemiologic analysis of sporadic Salmonella typhi isolates and those from outbreaks by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; Thong KL et al.; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare and analyze 158 isolates of Salmonella typhi from five well-defined outbreaks of typhoid fever in Malaysia and also isolates involved in sporadic cases of typhoid fever occurring during the same period . Digestion of chromosomal DNAs from these S . typhi isolates with the restriction endonucleases XbaI (5'-TCTAGA-3'), SpeI (5'-ACTAGT-3'), and AvrII (5'-CCTAGG-3') and then PFGE produced restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) patterns consisting of 11 to 24 DNA fragments ranging in size from 20 to 630 kbp . Analysis of the REA patterns generated by PFGE after digestion with XbaI and SpeI indicated that the S . typhi isolates obtained from sporadic cases of infection were much more heterogeneous (at least 13 different REA patterns were detected; Dice coefficient, between 0.73 and 1.0) than those obtained during outbreaks of typhoid fever . The clonal nature and the close genetic identities of isolates from outbreaks in Alor Setar, Penang, Kota Kinabalu, Johor Bahru, and Kota Bahru were suggested by the fact that only a limited number of REA patterns, which mostly differed by only a single band, were detected (one to four patterns; Dice coefficient, between 0.82 and 1.0), although a different pattern was associated with each of these outbreaks . Comparison of REA patterns with ribotyping for 18 S . typhi isolates involved in sporadic cases of infection showed a good correlation, in that 72% of the isolates were in the same group . There was no clear correlation of phage types with a specific REA pattern . We conclude that PFGE of s . typhi chromosomal DNA digested with infrequently cutting restriction endonucleases is a useful method for comparing and differentiating S . typhi isolates for epidemiological purposes.

Shock, 1994 May, 1(5), 362 - 5
Plasma endotoxin concentration after an intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin in fed and fasted suckling rats; Yoshioka T et al.; In the adult host response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) is dose-related . An intraperitoneal injection is commonly used for LPS administration in small animals . However, plasma endotoxin concentration following an intraperitoneal bolus injection of LPS is not well known . This study was performed to evaluate plasma endotoxin concentration following a bolus intraperitoneal injection of LPS in both fed and 24 h fasted 10 day old rats . Plasma endotoxin concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner after LPS injection (.03 or .1 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis LPS) in both fed and fasted rats . Plasma endotoxin concentrations were higher (p < .05) in fed than fasted rats . A high dose of LPS (.1 mg/kg) induced 95 and 40% mortality in fed and fasted rats, respectively . A low dose of LPS (.03 mg/kg) induced 26.7% mortality in fed rats but no mortality in fasted rats . The hematocrit was significantly lower in fed than fasted rats . Plasma endotoxin inactivation was similar in fed and fasted rats . Host response appears to be related to plasma endotoxin concentration.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 May, 22(2-3), 97 - 103
Usefulness of molecular genetic markers in the typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis causing a food-borne outbreak; Gonzalez-Hevia MA et al.; A combination of serotyping-phagetyping and three molecular genetic markers (plasmid analysis, chromosomic DNA restriction pattern and ribosomal RNA gene restriction pattern or ribotyping) was used in the typing of Salmonella enterica causing a food-borne outbreak . The isolates analysed, 29 from stools and eight from foods, belonging to serovar Enteritidis-phagetype A, carried a 36-MDa plasmid, showed a similar DNA restriction pattern and the same ribopattern . These data indicate that only one strain was involved . The DNA pattern and ribopattern of this strain were indistinguishable from the patterns of a serovar Enteritidis-phagetype A strain which has caused salmonellosis in Asturias, Spain, since, at least, 1984.

Infect Immun, 1994 May, 62(5), 1520 - 7
CD14 and CD11b mediate serum-independent binding to human monocytes of an acylpolygalactoside isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae; Hmama Z et al.; A water-soluble acylpolygalactosyl (APG) of 34 kDa was obtained from the Klebsiella pneumoniae membrane by alkaline hydrolysis and delipidation . APG comprises a poly(1,3)galactose chain, a core, and a lipid moiety made of a glucosamine disaccharide with two N-linked beta OH-myristates . The monocyte binding sites for APG were investigated by flow cytometry . Biotin-labelled APG (Biot-APG) bound to monocytes at 4 degrees C in the absence of serum, calcium, and magnesium . The binding was dose dependent, saturable, and displaced by unlabelled APG . Neither the polysaccharide chain present in APG-related molecules nor the PPi group or additional ester-linked myristates and palmitates were required for APG binding . The role of CD11b and CD14 was demonstrated by competitive inhibition with monoclonal antibodies and by the uptake of APG by these solubilized proteins . APG was rapidly internalized into monocytes at 37 degrees C while CD14 and CD11b/CD18 molecules were partially down-modulated . Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the same K . pneumoniae strain and from Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota partially competed for Biot-APG binding in the absence but not in the presence of serum . When altered by alkaline hydrolysis, those LPS became strong competitors for APG binding . It was concluded that alkaline hydrolysis of the K . pneumoniae membrane yielded molecules structurally related to LPS which bind to LPS membrane receptors in the absence of serum.

J Biol Chem, 1994 Apr 8, 269(14), 10675 - 82
Intermediate filament-like network formed in vitro by a bacterial coiled coil protein; Hurme R et al.; The TlpA protein encoded by the virulence plasmid of Salmonella enterica is an alpha-helical 371-amino acid protein possessing characteristics similar to eukaryotic coiled coil proteins (Koski, P., Saarilahti, H., Sukupolvi, S., Taira, S., Rikkonen, P., Osterlund, K., Hurme, R., and Rhen, M . (1992) J . Biol . Chem . 267, 12258-12265) . In this paper we have investigated inter- and intramolecular associations and the morphology of structures formed by TlpA . Dynamics and temperature stability of TlpA dimers were studied by examining the feasibility and conditions in which TlpA would form an artificial heterodimer with its truncated derivative . Formation of heterodimers, bridged by Cu(2+)-catalyzed air oxidation of adjacent Cys residues, showed that TlpA dimers are dynamic chain exchanging structures at 37 degrees C, whereas they were nonexchanging at room temperature or on ice . Chemical cross-linking suggested higher order interaction between TlpA dimers . Electron microscopy studies revealed two levels of TlpA organization in vitro: thin filaments and rods, 2-5 nm in diameter, and a higher ordered filament network consisting of tonofilament-like formations with a diameter of 8-15 nm . Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned Escherichia coli over-producing TlpA showed an extraordinary intracellular assembly of proteinacious lamellae with a striated appearance and a 38-nm periodicity . This study describes for the first time a bacterial protein capable of organizing itself into an ordered and suspectedly dynamic intermediate filament-like architecture.

Tierarztl Prax, 1994 Apr, 22(2), 141 - 5
{Function and development of autochthonous intestinal flora in domestic poultry}; Gerlach H; A report is given on the development and function of the autochthonous intestinal flora in poultry . The relevance of this flora for infections with Salmonella spp., both following egg transmission and oral intake from the 4th to 6th week of life is discussed.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1994 Apr, 97(2), 87 - 90
Childhood bacterial diarrhoea in a regional hospital in Saudi Arabia: clinico-aetiological features; al-Jurayyan NA et al.; Over a one-year period, 210 paediatric patients, who were admitted with acute diarrhoea to a regional hospital in the south-western region of Saudi Arabia, were retrospectively reviewed for bacterial enteropathogens . Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 66 (31.4%) patients, with Shigella being the most common (17.1%), followed by Salmonella (10.5%), and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (3.8%) . Major clinical findings associated with bacterial diarrhoea are similar to those reported before . Our results suggest that bacterial pathogens constitute a major cause of acute childhood diarrhoea in hospitalized children in Al-Baha province . Further prospective community based studies are needed to identify the pattern and risk factors of acute childhood diarrhoea in the region.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1994 Apr, 310(1), 89 - 96
Generation of one set of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for globo-series glycolipids: evidence for differential distribution of the glycolipids in rat small intestine; Kotani M et al.; We generated four murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for globo-series glycolipids by immunizing C3H/HeN mice with these purified glycolipids adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota followed by fusion with mouse myeloma cells . By use of a wide variety of glycolipids, the precise structures recognized by these MAbs were elucidated through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography . These four MAbs, designated as BGR23, BGR47, BMR26, and BGR27, exhibited highly restricted binding specificities, reacting only with the globo-series glycolipids Gb3Cer, III3Gal alpha-Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer, and IV3GalNAc alpha-Gb4Cer, respectively, which were used for immunization . None of the other various glycolipids or gangliosides were recognized . We determined the localization of these globo-series glycolipids in adult rat small intestine by means of an immunofluorescence technique with these MAbs . Our study revealed that there is a differential distribution of these glycolipids in the rat tissue . III3Gal alpha-Gb3Cer was demonstrated on the cryptic cells and circular muscle, whereas Gb4Cer was localized on both the circular and longitudinal muscles . The expression of Gb3Cer was associated with the epithelium and the capillary endothelial cells in the lamina propria mucosae as well as with the tunica submucosa, whereas IV3GalNAc alpha-Gb4Cer was detected on the epithelium, capillary endothelial cells in the lamina propria mucosae, and both the muscle layers.

Epidemiol Infect, 1994 Apr, 112(2), 253 - 61
Insertion sequence IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi: an assessment of epidemiological applicability; Threlfall EJ et al.; When Pst I-generated digests of genomic DNA from each of the type strains of 49 of the Vi phage types of Salmonella typhi were probed with a PCR-amplified IS200 gene probe, all strains were found to possess at least 11 IS200 elements carried on fragments in the range 24.2-1.2 kb . Fourteen fingerprints were identified but two patterns designated IS200Sty1 and IS200Sty2 predominated . In one strain, a plasmid-mediated IS200 element was identified . When IS200 fingerprinting was applied to epidemiologically-unrelated strains of S . typhi isolated in Ecuador, 3 patterns were identified in 10 strains belonging to 9 different phage types . It is concluded that Vi phage typing remains the method of choice for the primary differentiation of S . typhi but that IS200 fingerprinting may be of limited use in laboratories which do not have access to phage typing.

J Biol Chem, 1994 Apr 1, 269(13), 9533 - 8
Selection of antibody single-chain variable fragments with improved carbohydrate binding by phage display; Deng SJ et al.; A single-chain variable fragment (Fv) version of a murine monoclonal antibody, Se155-4, specific for Salmonella serogroup B O-polysaccharide, was used as a model system for testing monovalent phage display as a route for enhancing the relatively low affinities that typify anti-carbohydrate antibodies . Random single-chain Fv mutant libraries generated by chemical and error-prone polymerase chain reaction methods were panned against the serogroup B lipopolysaccharide . Panning of a randomly mutated heavy chain variable domain library indicated selection for improved serogroup B binders and yielded six mutants, five of which showed wild type activity by enzyme immunoassay . Two of these were apparently selected on the basis of better functional single-chain Fv yield in Escherichia coli . A heavy chain mutation (Ile77-->Thr) in one mutant, 3B1, appeared to have a particularly dramatic effect, resulting in yields of approximately 120 mg/liter of functional periplasmic product . The sixth mutant, 4B2, had complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) and CDR2 mutations and demonstrated 10-fold improved binding, by enzyme immunoassay, relative to the wild type . Extensive analysis of antigen-antibody interactions indicated that the improved binding properties of 4B2 were attributable to a higher association rate constant and interaction with an epitope that is larger than the trisaccharide recognized by the wild type . None of the mutations involved known trisaccharide contact residues; this was consistent with analysis of wild type and mutant single-chain Fvs by titration microcalorimetry . Examination of the structure indicated that two mutations in the heavy chain CDR2 provided improved surface complementarity between the protein and the extended epitope encompassing 2 additional hexose residues . However, introduction of only the CDR2 mutations into the wild type structure failed to confer the improved binding properties of 4B2, indicating an indirect effect by the more distant mutations . Panning of randomly mutated light chain variable domain and full-length single-chain Fv mutant libraries did not yield mutants with improved assembly or binding properties.

Cancer Res, 1994 Apr 1, 54(7 Suppl), 1991s - 1993s
Suppression of hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by polyphenols; Nakayama T; A variety of synthetic and dietary polyphenols protect mammalian and bacterial cells from cytotoxicity induced by hydroperoxides, especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) . Cytotoxicity of H2O2 on Chinese hamster V79 cells was assessed with a colony formation assay . Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of H2O2 on Salmonella TA104 were assessed with the Ames test . SOS response induced by H2O2 was investigated in the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37 . The polyphenol-bearing o-dihydroxy (catechol) structure, i.e., nordihydroguaiaretic acid, caffeic acid ester, gallic acid ester, quercetin, and catechin, were effective for suppression of H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in these assay systems . In contrast, neither ferulic acid ester-bearing o-methoxyphenol structure nor alpha-tocopherol were effective, indicating that o-dihydroxy or its equivalent structure in flavonoids is essential for the protection . There are many reports describing that polyphenols act as prooxidants in the presence of metal ions . Our results suggest, however, that they act as antioxidants in the cells, when no metal ions are added to the medium.

J Infect Dis, 1994 Apr, 169(4), 927 - 31
Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908 expressing the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: strain construction and safety and immunogenicity in humans; Gonzalez C et al.; rcsp, encoding amino acids 21-398 of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP), under control of tacP was integrated into the chromosomal delta aroC locus of attenuated delta aroC, delta aroD Salmonella typhi CVD 908 . By immunoblot and ELISA, rCSP expression was greater from a multicopy plasmid than from the single chromosomal gene . CVD 908 omega (delta aroC1019::tacP-rcsp) was well tolerated by 10 volunteers who were fed two doses of 5 x 10(7) organisms 8 days apart . Seven subjects excreted the vaccine strain for 1-3 days . All subjects developed serologic responses to O and H antigens of the live vector, whereas 3 vaccinees responded to the foreign antigen: 1 developed an 80-fold rise in serum anti-sporozoite antibody, another had a 4-fold rise in antibody to a recombinant portion of CSP (residues 309-345), while a third vaccinee developed CSP-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity . This is the first report of attenuated S . typhi eliciting a human serologic or a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to a foreign protein . Improved foreign gene expression should enhance immunogenicity.

Indian J Med Sci, 1994 Apr, 48(4), 85 - 8
Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi in Bangalore, south India; Rathish KC et al.; A total of 204 strains of salmonella were isolated in blood cultures during the year 1991 outbreak of enteric fever in and around Bangalore . Out of this, 190 were S . typhi, 6 S . paratyphi A, 5 S . typhimurium and 3 S . choloraesuis . Antibiogram of 190 strains of S . typhi showed resistance of 94.7%, 95.8% and 96.9% to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole and sensitivity of 65.3%, 88.4% and 94.2% to gentamycin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin respectively . Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of chloramphenicol were between 360 mcg and 640 mcg per ml . There was high degree (94.7%) of triple drug resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole.

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1994 Apr, 34(2), 152 - 5
{A new serotype of Salmonella III b}; Su F et al.; A new serotype of Salmonella No . S . 3337 was isolated from the intestinal content of reptile a snake in August 1989 . Providing with Salmonella biological characteristics, it could be classified into subspecies III b because it utilized sodium malonate, attacked lactose promptly, ONPG positive, and did not ferment dulcitol . H antigens appeared diphasic . Antigenic analysis shows that it represents a new serotype with an antigenic formula of 65 : z : z55.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1994 Apr, 13(4), 307 - 10
Eradication of convalescent-phase Salmonella carriage in children with two oral doses of pefloxacin; Raymond J et al.; Fifteen children (age range 1.5 months to 7.2 years), who were excluded from schools or nurseries due to asymptomatic convalescent-phase non-typhoidal Salmonella carriage, received two oral doses of pefloxacin (12 mg/kg on days 1 and 4) and were examined on days 10, 30, 45 and 60 . Definitive eradication was observed in 13 patients, all of whom had initial low Salmonella counts in stools and were culture-negative by day 10 . In the two patients who failed to respond, the same treatment was effective when repeated 4 and 6 months later respectively . No side-effects were observed . In six other children, considered as controls, eradication by day 10 was observed in only one case after administration of amoxicillin for eight days . Two oral doses of pefloxacin could be a useful and safe means for eliminating Salmonella carriage in young children.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Apr, 22(1), 1 - 9
Competitive exclusion of Salmonella enteritidis in chicks by treatment with a single culture plus dietary lactose; Behling RG et al.; Oral inoculation of lactose utilizing cecal bacteria plus 2.5% lactose treatments were tested in young chicks for protective efficacy against infection by Salmonella enteritidis . One-day-old chicks were treated with cecal bacteria upon arrival and challenged orally on day 3 with 10(4)-10(6) cfu S . enteritidis . A single culture identified as Escherichia coli O75:H10 was found significantly more protective than all other isolates tested . This isolate excreted a metabolite(s) in vitro that was inhibitory towards the growth of S . enteritidis . The results of this study indicate that discovery of protective strains can be facilitated by screening isolates in vitro for lactose utilization and growth inhibition of S . enteritidis before administration of treatment.

Anal Biochem, 1994 Apr, 218(1), 63 - 73
Detailed structural characterization of lipid A: electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry; Chan S et al.; Previous studies have defined specific functional relationships within monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) preparations . To extend this understanding to all contributing entities, MLA samples have been structurally characterized using electrospray ionization, collision-induced dissociation (CID), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) . MLA profiles of Salmonella minnesota Re595 have been compared with Shigella flexneri for sample type and component distribution . In excess of 20 individual structures compose each sample, which differ considerably in abundance but little in composition . Component heterogeneity can be directly related to alkane chain length, "lipid X"-type analogs, and variations in esterification to the core 2-amino-2-deoxydisaccharide, GlcNH2 beta(1-6)GlcNH2 . The previously defined heptaacyl structure in S . minnesota Re595 was identified at only 15% with the most abundant species a hexaacyl analog . Profiles of S . flexneri MLA show an absence of any heptaacyl analog, with the pentaacyl component the most abundant . To confirm structural relationships, ions from both samples were fragmented by CID and separated by MS/MS . Product ion spectra proved to be identical, showing a series of acyl losses and glycosidic cleavage fragments . Since the position of each acyl group has been previously established in S . minnesota Re595 MLA, ions in the CID spectrum of S . flexneri sample could be structurally assigned . Knowledge of these structural details, their isolation, and biological testing may provide components of unique immune adjuvancy or block-selective deleterious endotoxic processes.

J Physiol, 1994 Apr 1, 476(1), 177 - 86
Interleukin-1 beta production in the rabbit brain during endotoxin-induced fever; Nakamori T et al.; Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production in the brain and the spleen was investigated in rabbits made febrile by intravenous (I.V.) injection of endotoxin, or human recombinant IL-1 beta (hIL-1 beta) . The endotoxin used in the present study was the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin . Monophasic fever was induced by I.V . injection of a low dose of LPS (0.02 micrograms kg-1) and biphasic fever by I.V . injection of a large dose of LPS (4 micrograms kg-1), a sublethal dose of LPS (40 micrograms kg-1) or hIL-1 beta (2 micrograms kg-1) . In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies revealed that, although no IL-1 beta production was observed in the brain at 1 and 3 h after injection of a low dose of LPS (0.02 micrograms kg-1) or of hIL-1 beta (2 micrograms kg-1), IL-1 beta production was demonstrated in organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and some cells around the blood vessels in the parenchyma 1 h after 4 micrograms kg-1 LPS . IL-1 beta production was detected throughout the brain after 40 micrograms kg-1 LPS . Pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, did not affect IL-1 beta production in the brain induced by 4 micrograms kg-1 LPS . The cell type which produces IL-1 beta in the OVLT following LPS injection was confirmed to be a macrophage by electron microscopy . The cells producing IL-1 beta in the parenchyma were determined to be microglial cells . In the spleen, each dose of LPS induced a significant increase in IL-1 beta production in polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages in the red pulp 1 h after injection . However, 2 micrograms kg-1 hIL-1 beta did not induce IL-1 beta production in the spleen . The present results show clearly that systemic administration of LPS induces IL-1 beta production in the OVLT which may be responsible for induction of the second phase of biphasic fever . The production of IL-1 beta in the OVLT was not attributable to the action of peripherally synthesized IL-1 beta or prostaglandins.

An Med Interna, 1994 Apr, 11(4), 173 - 6
{Pyogenic liver abscess . Study of 20 patients treated with percutaneous drainage}; de Miguel J et al.; We conducted a descriptive study of pyogenous hepatic abscesses (PHA) and their treatment with percutaneous drainage and antibiotherapy in the general hospital of Galdacano between 1989 and 1992 . We assessed prevalence, clinical characteristics, responses to treatment, evolution and complications . We studied 20 PHAs in adults confirmed through puncture guided with echography and/or computerized tomography . We considered as causal germs those isolated in the abscess and/or hemocultures . All the patients were treated with catheter drainage and antibiotics . After discharge, follow-up and regular TC controls were performed at least for 6 months . The average age of the patients was 56 +/- 3 years and the men/women rate was 2.5:1 . The most frequent origin of the infection was cholecystitis/cholangitis in 50% of patients and hydatidic cysts in 20% . Twelve patients had isolated abscess and 8 patients, multiple abscesses . The diagnostic sensitivity was 95% for the echography and 100% for CAT . The most frequent germs were E . Coli, Streptococcus, K . pneumoniae and Salmonella spp . In three cases, it was not possible to bacteriologically identified the germ . After drainage, the abscesses disappeared in 16 patients . The average duration of percutaneous drainage was 10 days . Three patients required surgery after drainage due to complications or incomplete drainage; two other patients required extirpation of hydatidic cysts . The mortality rate was 10%, although it was not related to PHA . We did not observe any differences between isolated or multiple abscesses with regard to prognosis . The drainage guided by echography and/or CT, associated to antibiotic therapy, is a successful technique for the treatment of PHAs in most patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1994 Apr, 12(4), 197 - 9
{Subtyping of Salmonella enteritidis using a new phage typing protocol}; Alonso R et al.; BACKGROUND: Salmonella enteritidis isolates have increased since 1982 from 20% to more than 70% in 1992 in Spain . Currently available phenotypic subtyping methods have a low discriminatory power . In order to improve the phage-typing discriminatory power of Alonso's method, new bacteriophages have been developed . METHODS: Wild bacteriophages were isolated from different waste waters . Lysogenic bacteriophages were induced with mitomycin C . RESULTS: We selected 7 wild and 2 lysogenic bacteriophages, considering their stability, reproducibility and discriminatory power . Ten phage-types were also described . CONCLUSIONS: Using Simpson's index of diversity, the proposed scheme is more discriminatory power than Alonso's previously described one . It is necessary to compare it with other subtyping methods, like new molecular methods, before establishing its usefulness as a complementary marker.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1994 Apr, 12(4), 187 - 92
{Microbial drug resistance and the presence of plasmids in Salmonella strains isolated from different sources}; Luque A et al.; BACKGROUND: To establish the relationship between the presence of plasmid and their antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains . METHODS: We tested 171 strains of Salmonella isolated from different sources: natural waters (73 strains), food (23 strains), and from clinical samples (75 strains) . The disk diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 13 drugs . Plasmid analysis were performed by agarose gel electrophoresis technique . RESULTS: Antimicrobial resistances of the strains significantly varies according to their primary isolation sources . Strains isolated from the water environment exhibited a full susceptibility to cephalothin and colistin, whilst all the strains isolated from food were sensitive to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, tobramycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole . On the other hand, resistances to colistin, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole were not found in clinical isolates . From the 171 Salmonella strains tested, only 12.2% were sensitive to all the antimicrobials . The most frequently antibiotic resistances detected were to streptomycin (49.3%), tetracycline (33.1%) and nalidixic acid (30.7%) . The percentage of strains that harboured plasmids was different depending on the source of isolation, ranging from 41.4% for water isolated, 76% for clinical isolates and 86.9% for food isolates . The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and plasmid presence is very close, since higher percentages of resistance to chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, neomycin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole were obtained in strains containing plasmids . CONCLUSIONS: (a) The most frequently resistance detected in strains of Salmonella was to streptomycin (49.3% of the strains) . On the other hand, only 0.6% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin . (b) Percentages of resistance to some antibiotics was higher in strains harbouring plasmids, that implies a relationship between the plasmid presence and the antibiotic resistance in Salmonella . (c) Curing of extrachromosomic elements by acridine orange showed a percentage of resistance lost greater than 70% for cephalothin, kanamycin, neomycin, and nalidixic acid . This indicates that the resistance to those antibiotics is mainly linked to plasmids . In the case of the unusual nalidixic acid-resistance, previously described in Shigella strains, suggests that are needed more studies to demonstrate the direct association between antimicrobial resistance and presence of plasmids.

Gesundheitswesen, 1994 Apr, 56(4), 211 - 4
{Outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B infections in connection with consumption of smoked fish}; Kuhn H et al.; In the period from 2-10 August 1991 an outbreak caused by S . paratyphi B occurred in five rural areas of the district of Leipzig . Eleven patients and one excreter were involved, and mild forms of disease were observed in most cases . In three of the patients a mixed infection with S . litchfield was diagnosed . Moreover at the same time 21 cases of enteritis caused by S . litchfield and three excreters associated with this serovar were registered in these five rural areas . Both infections with S . paratyphi B and S . litchfield occurred 1-3 days after consumption of smoked halibut . The fish smoked in a smokehouse in the Grimma rural area was delivered to the shops every day . The inspection of the smokehouse and the dispatch department provided no signs of contaminations . In the smoked fish samples investigated subsequently, Salmonella were no longer detectable . The results of typing confirm the identity of all S . paratyphi B strains isolated . The possibilities of contamination of the smoked halibut are discussed . This study emphasises the possible transmission of salmonella by way of the food fish . On that occasion also a non-frequent serovar such as S . paratyphi B can be isolated and a light course of disease as e.g . febrile gastroenteritis can be observed and may attain epidemiological significance.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1994 Apr, 41(2), 113 - 25
Lymphocyte subpopulations in jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches of calves with experimental Salmonella dublin infection; Liebler EM et al.; Changes of lymphocyte subpopulations in jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches (JPP and IPP) of six calves inoculated with Salmonella dublin were investigated at 9 hours, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days post inoculation (p.i.) using immunohistochemistry . Reactive areas and area percentages of B-lymphocytes, as well as CD4+, CD8+ and gamma delta T-lymphocytes within the different compartments of PP were estimated using computer-assisted morphometric analysis . A significant, linear decline of the areas of lymphoid follicles and domes in JPP and IPP due to depletion of B-lymphocytes was found . The rate of decline was similar in JPP and IPP, but more severe in lymphoid follicles than in domes . Intraepithelial cells in follicle-associated epithelium changed from predominantly B-lymphocytes in controls to CD8+ T-lymphocytes in inoculated calves and clusters of B-lymphocytes were observed above domes at days 1 and 2 p.i . Areas of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes within lymphoid follicles and domes were increased at 3 and 7 days . p.i . resulting in decreased compartmentalization of the normally segregated T- and B-lymphocyte populations . The increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes was, however, significant in lymphoid follicles in the JPP only . No significant changes in the amount and distribution of gamma delta T-lymphocytes were observed.

Avian Dis, 1994 Apr-Jun, 38(2), 329 - 33
Effect of prolonged administration of dietary capsaicin on broiler growth and Salmonella enteritidis susceptibility; McElroy AP et al.; The effect of continuous (42 days) dietary administration of 5 or 20 ppm capsaicin to broiler chickens on Salmonella enteritidis susceptibility, body weight, and feed efficiency was investigated . Chickens were weighed at 1, 21, and 42 days of age . No significant differences in body weight or feed efficiency were observed . Chickens were challenged with 1 x 10(8) colony-forming units of S . enteritidis at 21, 28, or 42 days of age . The S . enteritidispositive culture rate for cecal tonsils was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups receiving 5 ppm or 20 ppm dietary capsaicin than in the untreated control group at all challenge times . Dietary capsaicin (5 and 20 ppm) resulted in protection against S . enteritidis organ invasion at 28 days in one experiment and at both 21 and 42 days in the other . These results indicate that continual dietary capsaicin administration increases resistance to S . enteritidis colonization and organ invasion throughout the normal growth period without detrimental effects on growth in broiler chickens.

Avian Dis, 1994 Apr-Jun, 38(2), 297 - 303
Competitive exclusion of Salmonella enteritidis in Leghorn chicks: comparison of treatment by crop gavage, drinking water, spray, or lyophilized alginate beads; Corrier DE et al.; The protective effect of cecal bacteria cultures on Salmonella enteritidis cecal colonization was evaluated . Competitive-exclusion cultures were administered by crop gavage, in first drinking water, by whole body spray, or encapsulated in alginate beads and provided in feed pans . Leghorn chicks were treated with cultures of cecal bacteria on the day of hatch and challenged orally with 10(4) S . enteritidis 2 days after treatment . Salmonella cecal colonization was evaluated 7 days after challenge . No Salmonella organisms were detected in the ceca of chicks treated with cecal cultures by crop gavage . Chicks treated with cecal cultures in the drinking water or by spray application showed comparable protection and significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the number of Salmonella in the cecal contents compared with untreated controls . The consumption of cecal bacteria encapsulated in alginate beads significantly decreased (P < 0.05) Salmonella cecal colonization compared with control treatment, but it provided less protection than the other treatment methods evaluated.

Avian Dis, 1994 Apr-Jun, 38(2), 293 - 6
Evaluation of possible alternatives to double-strength skim milk used to saturate drag swabs for Salmonella detection; Opara OO et al.; The drag-swab Salmonella screening technique was evaluated using less expensive alternatives to double-strength skim milk (2 x SM) as a saturating medium for drag swabs . Ten pre-determined Salmonella-positive poultry houses were studied . In the first phase, Salmonella screening efficiency of drag swabs impregnated with 2 x SM and commercially available canned Carnation evaporated skim milk (CESM) were compared . Results showed CESM to be a less efficient alternative . In the second phase of the study, the Salmonella screening efficiency of drag swabs impregnated with 2% buffered peptone water (BPW), physiological saline (PS), and distilled water (DW) were evaluated along with an unimpregnated drag swab (dry drag swab) (DD) as possible alternatives to 2 x SM . The efficiency of Salmonella detection using various impregnation treatments were in the following order: 2 x SM > PS > BPW > DW > DD.

Avian Dis, 1994 Apr-Jun, 38(2), 282 - 8
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect of stress on shedding in laying hens; Nakamura M et al.; Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens and the short-term effect of stress on shedding were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens . Half were inoculated with 10(5) colony-forming units of S . enteritidis phage type 4, and the remaining half were left uninoculated to study horizontal transmission . Isolation of S . enteritidis from cecal droppings of all hens was attempted every morning . Uninoculated hens rapidly became infected through contaminated drinking water . Introduction of young chickens to the same rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days coincided with a rapid increase in the shedding rate of S . enteritidis for a short period of time . The results showed that a short-term increase in the shedding rate of S . enteritidis is associated with short-term exposure to environmental stress.

Avian Dis, 1994 Apr-Jun, 38(2), 256 - 61
Effect of selected antibiotics and anticoccidials on Salmonella enteritidis cecal colonization and organ invasion in Leghorn chicks; Manning JG et al.; One-day-old leghorn chicks were placed in floor pens on previously used poultry litter (potentially providing exposure to normal chicken enteric flora) for 7 days and provided feed containing one of several antibiotics or anticoccidials . On day 7, all groups were challenged orally with an isolate of Salmonella enteritidis (10(6) colony-forming units) that was resistant to bacitracin, novobiocin, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurazone . All chicks were killed on day 13, and liver, spleen, and cecal tonsils were cultured . Dietary administration of novobiocin (0.385 g/kg) caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in positive chick colonization rate (either liver and spleen or cecal tonsils) compared with the unmedicated controls . Similarly, chicks administered dietary nitrofurazone (0.3 g/kg) were infected with S . enteritidis at a significantly greater frequency than the unmedicated controls . A significant decrease in cecal volatile fatty acid concentration, previously shown to influence susceptibility to selected enteric pathogens, was observed in the novobiocin- and nitrofurazone-treated groups . Treatment with chlortetracycline (11.4 g/kg), monensin (0.91 g/kg), or nicarbazin (0.49 g/kg) had no effect on S . enteritidis invasion or colonization . Bacitracin (0.49 g/kg) significantly increased S . enteritidis cecal colonization rate when administered continuously throughout the study . These data support and extend previous investigations involving other salmonellae and indicate that selected antibiotics may increase the severity and frequency of S . enteritidis colonization and invasion rate in leghorn chicks.

West Afr J Med, 1994 Apr-Jun, 13(2), 113 - 5
The microflora of bile in Ghanaians; Darko R et al.; Bile was obtained from the gall bladder of 104 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gall stone disease . Bile was also obtained from the common bile duct and T-tube of 17 patients who also had exploration of common bile duct . During the same period, 148 cholecystectomies were performed . The specimens were sent for culture and sensitivity and 32.7% of the specimens grew bacteria . The factors that were associated with positive culture were emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and empyema of gall bladder, carcinoma of gall bladder and obstructive jaundice . The commonest organisms were E . Coli (28.2%) and Klebsiella (17.9%) . Pseudomonas surprisingly formed 10.2% of the cultured organisms . Salmonella that causes typhoid, which is an endemic disease in Ghana, formed only 7.7% of the isolates . Most of the organisms were resistant to Ampicillin and tetracyclines . The antibiotics that most were sensitive to were Gentamicin and Cefuroxime . Therefore the antibiotics that are recommended for use as prophylaxis in biliary tract surgery are Gentamicin or Cefuroxime.

Shock, 1994 Apr, 1(4), 254 - 66
CT-1501R selectively inhibits induced inflammatory monokines in human whole blood ex vivo; Rice GC et al.; The effect of (R)-1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine (CT-1501R; the nonproprietary name for CT-1501R approved by the United States Name Council is lisofylline), an inhibitor of second messenger signaling through phosphatidic acid, on release of endogenous mediators important in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was studied using the human whole blood ex vivo assay system . Human blood was stimulated with various endotoxin preparations, zymosan, or protein A, and the levels of secreted monokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . CT-1501R inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), and IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner and was active with all stimuli tested including Salmonella and Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin, endotoxin from both rough and smooth E . coli strains, as well as zymosan and protein A . CT-1501R inhibited monokine release by approximately 50% at 200 microM and 30% at 50 microM and was independent of the relative potency of stimulus . CT-1501R also inhibited IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta induction of either TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta and inhibited the synergistic effects of stimulation with both human IL-1 beta and murine TNF-alpha on release of human TNF-alpha . Inhibition of monokine release following stimulation with monokine(s) was, in general, greater than that achieved with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation . Northern blot analysis showed decreased mRNA accumulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in CT-1501R-treated samples following LPS stimulation suggesting that CT-1501R acts at least in part, at the pretranslational level . In contrast, CT-1501R does not inhibit LPS-stimulated IL-8 or IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) release in human whole blood or IL-1 alpha-induced release of PGE2 in human foreskin fibroblast cells . These data suggest that CT-1501R may be of use for clinical intervention in SIRS.

J Bacteriol, 1994 Apr, 176(8), 2406 - 14
Hypervariable region IV of Salmonella gene fliCd encodes a dominant surface epitope and a stabilizing factor for functional flagella; He XS et al.; To identify the major antigenic determinant of native Salmonella flagella of antigenic type d, we constructed a series of mutated fliCd genes with deletions and amino acid alterations in hypervariable region IV and in region of putative epitopes as suggested by epitope mapping with synthetic octameric peptides (T.M . Joys and F . Schodel, Infect . Immun . 59:3330-3332, 1991) . The expressed product of most of the mutant genes, with deletions of up to 92 amino acids in region IV, assembled into functional flagella and conferred motility on flagellin-deficient hosts . Serological analysis of these flagella with different anti-d antibodies revealed that the peptide sequence centered at amino acids 229 to 230 of flagellin was a dominant B-cell epitope at the surface of d flagella, because replacement of these two amino acids alone or together with their flanking sequence by a tripeptide specified by a linker sequence eliminated most reactivity with antisera against wild-type d flagella as tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by Western immunoblot . Functional analysis of the mutated flagellin genes with or without an insert suggested that amino acids 180 to 214 in the 5' part of hypervariable region IV (residues 181 to 307 of the total of 505) is important to the function of flagella . The hybrid proteins formed by insertion of peptide sequence pre-S1 12-47 of hepatitis B virus surface antigen into the deleted flagellins assembled into functional flagella, and antibody to the pre-S1 sequence was detected after immunization of mice with the hybrid protein . This suggests that such mutant flagellins containing heterologous epitopes have potential as vaccines.

Mutat Res, 1994 Apr, 317(2), 89 - 109
Experimental databases on inhibition of the bacterial mutagenicity of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and cigarette smoke; Camoirano A et al.; Two antimutagenicity databases were prepared by applying a co-treatment procedure to the Salmonella reversion assay . Ninety compounds belonging to various chemical classes were quantitatively tested for antimutagenicity towards the direct-acting mutagen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) in strain TA100 of S . typhimurium and 63 of them were additionally tested for antimutagenicity towards unfractionated mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) in strain TA98, in the presence of S9 mix . Twelve compounds (13.3%) inhibited 4NQO mutagenicity by at least 50%, with a MID50 (dose inhibiting 50% of mutagenicity) varying over a 1226-fold range . Twenty-six compounds (41.3%) inhibited CS mutagenicity, with a MID50 varying over a 520-fold range . Three compounds only, i.e., bilirubin, curcumin and myricetin, were capable of inhibiting the mutagenicities of both 4NQO and CS . However, myricetin and the other flavonoid rutin were at the same time mutagenic by inducing frameshift mutations following metabolic activation . There was a rather rigorous selectivity of antimutagenicity data depending on the chemical class of inhibitors and it was possible to discriminate protective effects within several pairs or series of structurally related compounds . For instance, all eight thiols and aminothiols inhibited 4NQO mutagenicity, which contrasted with the inactivity of the remaining 17 sulfur compounds tested, all of them lacking a free sulfhydryl group . The mutagenicity of CS was consistently inhibited by the majority of phenols (eight out of 10 tested) and by all two isothiocyanates, two dithiocarbamates, three indole derivatives, three tetrapyrrole compounds and three flavonoids tested . Although the results obtained cannot be extrapolated to other mutagens or test systems, they may provide a useful source of information for research in the area of antimutagenesis and for the development of chemopreventive agents.

Mutat Res, 1994 Apr, 317(2), 111 - 32
Ethylene thiourea (ETU) . A review of the genetic toxicity studies; Dearfield KL; Ethylene thiourea (ETU) is a common contaminant, metabolite and degradation product of the fungicide class of ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs); as such, they present possible exposure and toxicological concerns to exposed individuals . ETU has been assayed in many different tests to assess genotoxicity activity . While a great number of negative results are found in the data base, there is evidence that demonstrates ETU is capable of inducing genotoxic endpoints . These include responses for gene mutations (e.g . Salmonella), structural chromosomal alterations (e.g . aberrations in cultured mammalian cells as well as a dominant lethal assay) and other genotoxic effects (e.g . bacterial rec assay and several yeast assays) . It is important to consider the magnitude of the positive responses as well as the concentrations/doses used when assessing the genotoxicity of ETU . While ETU induces a variety of genotoxic endpoints, it does not appear to be a potent genotoxic agent . For example, it is a weak bacterial mutagen in the Salmonella assay without activation in strain TA1535 at concentrations generally above 1000 micrograms/plate . Weak genotoxic activity of this sort is usually observed in most of the assays with positive results . Since ETU does not appear very potent and is not extremely toxic to test cells and organisms, it is not surprising to find that ETU does not produce consistent effects in many of the assays reviewed . Consequently, in many instances, mixed results for the same assay type are reported by different investigators, but as reviewed herein, these results may be dependent upon the test conditions in each individual laboratory . A primary shortcoming with many of the reported negative results is that the concentrations or doses used are not high enough for an adequate test for ETU activity . There are also problems with many of the negative assays generally in protocol or reporting, particularly with the in vivo studies (e.g . inappropriate sample number and/or sampling times; inadequate top dose employed) . Overall, while ETU does not appear to be a potent genotoxic agent, it is capable of producing genotoxic effects (e.g . gene mutations, structural chromosomal aberrations) . This provides a basis for weak genotoxic activity by ETU . Furthermore, based on a suggestive dominant lethal positive result, there may be a concern for heritable effects . Due to the many problems with the conduct and assessment of the in vivo assays, it is worth repeating in vivo cytogenetic assays and a dominant lethal assay (with acceptable test procedures and data generation) to determine if these results would continue to support a heritable mutagenicity concern.

Mutat Res, 1994 Apr, 321(1-2), 43 - 56
Evaluation of carbendazim for gene mutations in the Salmonella/Ames plate-incorporation assay: the role of aminophenazine impurities; Sarrif AM et al.; Benomyl (methyl {1-{(butylamino)carbonyl}-1H-benzimidazol-2- yl}carbamate) and its major metabolite carbendazim (methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate) are major agricultural systemic fungicides . These compounds inhibit fungal microtubular function and thereby cause nondisjunction of chromosomes at cell division . Several investigators have proposed that these compounds can also cause gene mutations (base-pair substitutions) . In this laboratory, no mutagenic activity was observed with either benomyl (analytical grade) or Benlate (samples tested up to 500 and 1200 micrograms/plate, respectively, the limit of cytotoxicity) in the Salmonella/Ames plate-incorporation test in either base-pair substitution (TA100 and TA1535) or frameshift-sensitive (TA98 and TA1537) strains with or without S9 metabolic activation . However, some carbendazim preparations caused mutations in frameshift-sensitive strains at very high concentrations (> or = 5000 micrograms/plate) with metabolic activation . The mutagenic activity was not due to the major carbendazim metabolite, methyl (5-hydroxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate (5-OH MBC), since 5-OH MBC was not mutagenic with (up to 20,000 micrograms/plate) or without (up to 16,000 micrograms/plate) activation . Subsequently, two highly mutagenic contaminants, 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) and 2-amino-3-hydroxyphenazine (AHP) were detected in mutagenic carbendazim samples . In those samples, DAP and AHP contaminant levels ranged as high as 46.5 and 11.6 ppm, respectively . No evidence of mutagenicity could be detected in preparations in which the DAP content was < 1.8 ppm . The mutagenic activity of these two contaminants was further investigated in strain TA98 . Without activation, DAP and AHP were positive at test concentrations as low as 5 and 10 micrograms/plate, respectively . In the presence of S9, mutations were detected at much lower concentrations (beginning at 0.025 and 0.05 microgram/plate, respectively) . These results indicate that carbendazim samples containing DAP or AHP at levels as low as 5 or 10 ppm, respectively, would be positive in the Salmonella/Ames test with activation when tested at 5000 micrograms/plate . Purified carbendazim is not mutagenic.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1994 Mar 29, 91(7), 2552 - 6
Recombinational basis of serovar diversity in Salmonella enterica; Li J et al.; The fliC gene, which encodes phase 1 flagellin, was sequenced in strains of 15 Salmonella enterica serovars expressing flagellar antigenic factors of the g series . The occurrence of each of the flagellin serotypes g,m, m,t, and g,z51 in distantly related strains is the result of horizontal exchange of DNA, as indicated by identity or close similarity in nucleotide sequence of all or parts of the antigenic factor-determining central region of fliC . The flagellin genes of some serovars are complex mosaic structures composed of diverse segments derived through multiple recombination events . Thus, recombination of horizontally transferred segments (intragenic) or entire genes (assortative) within and among subspecies is identified as a major evolutionary mechanism generating both allelic variation at the fliC locus and serovar diversity in natural populations . Evidence that flagellar serological diversity is promoted by diversifying selection in adaptation to host immune defense system or flagellotropic phage is discussed.

Eur J Pharmacol, 1994 Mar 15, 267(1), 105 - 12
Modulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide-treated mice; Dimmeler S et al.; Nitric oxide (NO) is known to inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity caused by an NAD(+)-dependent posttranslational protein modification mechanism . In order to study a possible similar protein modification under in vivo conditions, mice were injected with bacterial endotoxin known to endogenously generate NO . In endotoxin-treated mice glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was significantly reduced in cytosolic fractions of heart and spleen, compared to 100,000 x g supernatants of untreated control animals . Enzyme activity was unaffected in lung and kidney cytosol of the endotoxin-treated group . Employing the differential NAD(+)-dependent labelling method, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in heart and spleen cytosol of the endotoxin-treated group, versus the control group, had been endogenously modified . These changes were not observed in lung and kidney cytosol of endotoxin-challenged animals . Using Western blot analysis no significant changes in the amount of protein (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) in control versus endotoxin-treated animals was detectable . Since an endogenously NAD(+)-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase occurred in endotoxin-treated mice, at least in some organs, this NO-stimulated posttranslational protein modification mechanism seems to function under in vivo conditions . A covalent protein modification mechanism, rather than differences in the amount of the protein is likely to cause changes in enzyme activity.

Eur J Biochem, 1994 Mar 15, 220(3), 973 - 9
Cross-reactivity between the mannan of Candida species, Klebsiella K24 polysaccharide and Salmonella C1 and E O-antigens is mediated by a terminal non-reducing beta-mannosyl residue; Nnalue NA et al.; Rat monoclonal antibody MASC1-MR9 (MR9) binds to a mannan of Candida species and the O-antigenic polysaccharides of Salmonella bacteria of serogroups C1 (CO) and E (EO) . Mannan and glycoconjugates comprising BSA and O-antigen polysaccharides, decasaccharide-BSA (CO-BSA) or trisaccharide-BSA (EO-BSA), inhibited each other's reactivity with MR9 . The saccharides beta-D-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Manp-1-OMe, beta-D-Manp(1-->3)-alpha-D-Manp-1-OMe, beta-D-Manp(1-->2)-alpha-D-Manp-1-OMe (corresponds to the terminal non-reducing end of Salmonella serogroup C1 O-antigen) and beta-D-Manp(1-->4)-alpha-L-Rhap(1-->3)-alpha-D-Galp-1-O-p-++ +trifluoroacetamido aniline (corresponds to the backbone of Salmonella serogroup E O-antigen) inhibited the binding of MR9 to these antigens whereas alpha-D-Manp(1-->3)-alpha-D-Manp-1-OMe and alpha-D-Manp(1-->4)-alpha-L- Rhap-1-O-p-nitrophenyl did not . Saccharides (3-10 residues) of mammalian origin with terminal and internal Manp alpha-1-->2, Manp alpha-1-->3 and Manp alpha-1-->6 residues also failed to inhibit at any concentration . None of the saccharides with internal beta-mannosyl residue was able to inhibit the MR9 antibody . Monosaccharides D-mannose, beta-D-Manp-1-OMe and 1,5 anhydro-D-mannitol inhibited the MR9 monoclonal antibody whereas alpha-D-Manp-1-OMe, beta-D-Glcp-1-OMe, and beta-D-Galp-1-OMe did not . In addition a Klebsiella K24 capsular polysaccharide containing a beta-D-Manp(1-->4)-alpha-D- GlcA (GlcA, glucuronic acid) as a structural element possessed an inhibitory activity . MR9 therefore recognizes an epitope within beta-mannose monosaccharide residues at the terminal non-reducing ends of carbohydrate chains in mannan, and polysaccharides in Salmonella serogroups CO and EO and Klebsiella K24.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1994 Mar, 38(3), 558 - 62
Randomized comparison of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in treatment of typhoid fever; Gotuzzo E et al.; Patients with clinical typhoid fever plus a blood, bone marrow, or bile positive for Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi were included in an open clinical trial to compare the efficacy of aztreonam (6 g/day {2 g intravenously every 8 h}) given for 10 days with that of chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg of body weight per day {intravenously or orally}) administered for 14 days . A total of 44 patients, 22 in each group, were included in the study, and both groups were comparable in terms of baseline parameters . All patients randomized to receive chloramphenicol completed the 14 days of treatment, while two patients randomized to receive aztreonam developed an intestinal hemorrhage, and a third patient elected to withdraw from the trial . Defervescence occurred more quickly in the subjects receiving chloramphenicol than in those receiving aztreonam (P < 0.05) . All patients in the chloramphenicol group were clinically cured during therapy, while four patients (21%) in the group receiving aztreonam were declared clinical treatment failures . None of the 19 patients receiving aztreonam, compared with 7 of 22 (32%) patients receiving chloramphenicol, had a positive blood culture after 24 h of therapy (P < 0.05) . Adverse experiences were unusual and mild . In the study, aztreonam was less effective than chloramphenicol with regard to clinical effectiveness and time of defervescence but was more effective in the elimination of the infecting Salmonella organisms from the bloodstream.

Vet Microbiol, 1994 Mar, 39(1-2), 61 - 9
Comparative histopathology of draining lymph node after infection with virulent or attenuated strains of Salmonella abortusovis in lambs; Fontaine JJ et al.; Histological responses to the early phase of infection were compared in parotid lymph nodes of lambs infected by the subcutaneous route into the right eyelid with either a virulent or an attenuated strain of Salmonella abortusovis . The right parotid lymph nodes showed a massive PMN infiltration for the first days of infection for both strains . From day 6, the infected lymph nodes developed a lymphoid hyperplasia with prominent germinal centers independent of strain type . The virulent strain of S . abortusovis induced focal lesions in 2 out of 6 lambs necropsied on days 6 and 10, and provoked a systemic infection evidenced by the regular colonization of spleen on day 6 . In contrast, no focal lesion and a restricted bacterial dissemination were observed in lambs infected with the vaccinal strain.

Mutagenesis, 1994 Mar, 9(2), 141 - 9
Structural basis of the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; Zhang YP et al.; The structural basis of the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in isolated rat hepatocytes was studied with CASE, an expert system . The analysis identified a number of structural determinants associated with the induction of UDS . These structures accounted for 97.3% of the activity of the chemicals in the database . Further analyses indicated that the concordance between prediction and experimentally determined UDS of molecules not in the learning set is > 82% . A comparison of predictions of UDS and mutagenicity in Salmonella indicated that there is a dichotomy between these activities . The basis of this lack of coincidence remains to be elucidated.

J AOAC Int, 1994 Mar-Apr, 77(2), 374 - 94
Elevated-temperature, colorimetric, monoclonal, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid screening of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Eckner KF et al.; A collaborative study was performed by 30 laboratories in 3 sets of trials to validate a modified colorimetric monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for Salmonella detection . The modifications to the current methodology included incubation of enrichments and post-enrichments at an elevated temperature, addition of novobiocin to the M-broth post-enrichment, and elimination of the centrifugation and agitation steps . Five artificially contaminated foods (nonfat dry milk, milk chocolate, dried egg, ground black pepper, and soy flour) and 1 naturally contaminated food (raw ground turkey) were analyzed . The artificially contaminated foods were inoculated with individual Salmonella serotypes at a high (10-50 cells/25 g) and low (1-5 cells/25 g) contamination level . Results from the modified ELISA method were compared to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)/AOAC culture method . In 2 of the food products, milk chocolate and pepper, a number of laboratories isolated Salmonella from un-inoculated control samples, thus invalidating their data . As a result, there were too few laboratories remaining with valid data, and these foods were repeated . In the completed study, there were 11 false negative results obtained by the modified ELISA method, while there were 28 false negatives produced by the BAM/AOAC procedure . There were 11 ELISA positive assays which could not be confirmed by culture methods . Statistically, there were no differences between the modified, colorimetric, monoclonal ELISA and the reference culture method in all foods except raw turkey, where the ELISA method was more productive . The colorimetric monoclonal enzyme immunoassay (Salmonella-Tek) method for detecting Salmonella in all foods has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

J AOAC Int, 1994 Mar-Apr, 77(2), 365 - 73
Salmonella detection in cocoa and chocolate by motility enrichment on modified semi-solic Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium: collaborative study; De Smedt J et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 13 laboratories (including the authors' laboratories) to validate motility enrichment on modified semi-solid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium for rapid detection of motile Salmonella in cocoa powder and chocolate . The MSRV method was compared with the AOAC standard culture method for detection of Salmonella in cocoa powder, milk chocolate, sweet chocolate, and dark chocolate . Chocolate samples were artificially inoculated with Salmonella at 2 levels of contamination . Cocoa powder was inoculated at 2 levels with naturally contaminated dust from cocoa beans . Uninoculated control samples were also included for each type of product . The sensitivity rate was 98.1% for the MSRV method and 94.9% for the AOAC culture method . The specificity rate was 100.0% for both methods . There was no significant difference in the proportion of samples positive by MSRV and the AOAC culture methods for any of the food types . The MSRV method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Aust Vet J, 1994 Mar, 71(3), 78 - 81
Salmonella serovars and phage types in humans and animals in Australia 1987-1992; Murray CJ; This report summarises the range of Salmonella serovars and phage types found in humans in Australia during the years 1987 to 1992 inclusive, and compares them with serovars from food animals and raw meats for the same period . It also compares the major serovars found from different animal sources with their frequency from humans . The common serovars from animal feeds are compared with their frequency from animals.

Leber Magen Darm, 1994 Mar, 24(2), 57 - 8, 61-4
{Rational therapy of salmonella enteritis}; Hof H et al.; One prerequisite for an effective treatment of a salmonella enteritis with antibiotics is a reliable direct antibacterial activity of the drug . In comparison to most of all other usual antibiotics quinolones, especially ciprofloxacin, fulfill these conditions, because its activity is high and resistance of Salmonella against quinolones is extremely rare . Since quinolone resistance is never plasmid coded, there will be even in the future no obvious risk of spreading of resistant strains . Another prerequisite is that the drug is able to have access to the site of residence of the microorganism . Salmonella spp . possess the virtue to penetrate into host cells and to reside and even to multiply there . Curing can be achieved only when these intracellular bacteria are eradicated . Elimination of Salmonella in the gut lumen alone is not satisfactory . Only few antibiotics are taken up into host cells, which could explain the rather frequent failure rate of antibiotic therapy of salmonella enteritis . Quinolones on the other hand are accumulated in host cells and in addition are able to act upon bacteria in this peculiar intracellular environment . Among the various quinolone derivatives ciprofloxacin is particularly qualified because it is excreted via the intestine to a considerable extent, so that high concentrations may be achieved at the proper site . The clinical experience demonstrates indeed that in most instances a rapid amelioration of the acute disease is achieved and in chronic carriers a high rate of curing occurs . Thus, for microbiological, pharmacological, and clinical reasons one can recommend ciprofloxacin for the treatment of enteric infections with Salmonella spp.

Ceylon Med J, 1994 Mar, 39(1), 43 - 4
Salmonella typhi endocarditis; Hewage UC et al.; We report the case history of a patient with Salmonella typhi endocarditis . Bacteriological diagnosis was made by bone marrow culture when isolation from blood was unsuccessful . This is the first case of S typhi endocarditis to be documented in Sri Lanka.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1994 Mar, 44(3), 349 - 54
{Synthesis and antibacterial action of new ureido- and dicarboxylic acid diamido- derivatives of acylpenicillins with and without catechol substituents}; Heinisch L et al.; New ureido, oxamoyl, fumaramoyl and terephthalamoyl derivatives of ampicillin or amoxicillin were synthesized by reaction of acylpenicillines with o-dihydroxy- or o-diacyloxy substituents containing aromatic amines bound over CO- or dicarboxylic groups . Corresponding compounds derived from 3,4-diacetoxyaniline showed significant increase of activity against pseudomonas and salmonella in contrast to derivatives without catechol substituents . No increase of activity was observed by corresponding derivatives of bi- and tricyclic amines . Derivatives with oxamoyl, fumaramoyl or terephthalamoyl groups were found to be more active than the corresponding ureido derivatives . Studies with mutants possessing higher membrane permeability have shown that the high activities of catechol containing derivatives are connected with the improved penetration through the outer membrane . Some new penicillin derivatives are more stable against beta-lactamases compared with azlocillin.

APMIS, 1994 Mar, 102(3), 208 - 14
The characterization of Danish isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis by phage typing and plasmid profiling: 1980-1990; Brown DJ et al.; Plasmid profiling, phage typing and antimicrobial resistance typing have been carried out on 736 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis collected in Denmark during the period 1980 to 1990 . Strains originated from cases of human salmonellosis, broiler poultry flocks, layer poultry flocks, quarantined imported poultry, environmental samples from hatchery units, and from bovines . Phage type (PT) 1 was found to be the most common type among isolates of poultry origin (57.6%) followed by PT4 (28.8%) . Isolates belonging to PT8 were found exclusively in imported birds . Phage typing of a representative sample of human isolates revealed the predominance, as in most other Western European countries, of PT4 (61.8%) . PT1, however, was found in 17.0% of human strains, a much higher incidence than expected . Antibiotic resistance was observed in 4 out of 107 human isolates (3.7%) and 2 out of 205 non-human isolates (1%) tested.

Poult Sci, 1994 Mar, 73(3), 396 - 401
Eimeria tenella or Eimeria adenoeides: induction of morphological changes and increased resistance to Salmonella enteritidis infection in Leghorn chicks; Tellez GI et al.; The effect of either low doses of the chicken coccidium, Eimeria tenella (ET) or high doses of the turkey coccidium, Eimeria adenoeides (EA) on Salmonella enteritidis (SE) organ invasion, as well as histological and morphometric changes in the ceca of Leghorn chicks, was investigated . In these studies, chicks were inoculated orally with either saline solution (control) or one of three doses of sporulated oocysts of either ET or EA at 1 d of age . Five days later, 10(4) cfu of SE were administered per os to all chickens . Chicks were killed and organs cultured for SE 6 d following bacterial challenge . A clear relationship of decreased SE organ invasion was observed by increasing the dose of sporulated oocysts of either ET or EA . Furthermore, the increased resistance to organ infectivity in both experiments was matched with an increase in lamina propria thickness based on morphometric analysis (P < .05), probably due to a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in the cecal mucosa . In both trials, a significant correlation was found (r = -.98 for ET; r = -.99 for EA) between the rate of bacterial organ infectivity and lamina propria thickness of the cecum . These data indicate that the increased resistance to SE organ invasion following subclinical coccidial infections were associated with morphological changes in the ceca of Leghorn chicks.

J Infect Dis, 1994 Mar, 169(3), 547 - 52
Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States, 1985-1991; Mishu B et al.; The spread of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States was tracked to identify potential risk factors and preventive measures . Isolation rates and information regarding outbreaks of S . enteritidis from 1985 through 1991 were determined by reports to the national Salmonella surveillance system and through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system . From 1985 through 1991, 380 outbreaks were reported involving 13,056 ill persons and 50 deaths . The proportion of Northeast outbreaks fell from 81% in 1985 to 55% in 1991 as the number of outbreaks in other areas increased . Grade A shell eggs were implicated in 82% of outbreaks . Case-fatality rates in nursing homes and hospitals were 70 times higher than in other settings . Cultures of environmental or animal specimens from all farms tested yielded S . enteritidis . Eggborne S . enteritidis infections are a major public health problem . Preventive measures, including educating consumers about proper handling of eggs, using pasteurized eggs, and controlling infections on egg farms, may stem the impact of this disease.

Angiology, 1994 Mar, 45(3), 245 - 7
Salmonella prosthetic valve endocarditis . A case report; Lee YH et al.; A patient with Bjork-Shiley mechanical mitral valve was noted to have Salmonella prosthetic valve endocarditis, which was confirmed by positive blood cultures and vegetation found by transesophageal echocardiography . Up to now, only 5 cases of Salmonella prosthetic valve endocarditis have been reported in the literature . Because of the malignant course of this rare infection, the authors suggest that early surgical intervention should be considered in Salmonella prosthetic valve endocarditis, especially when the patients have recurrent fever during medical treatment.

Infect Immun, 1994 Mar, 62(3), 1052 - 7
Binding studies of a monoclonal antibody specific for 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid with a panel of Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharides representing all of the O serotypes; van der Meer NM et al.; A monoclonal antibody (MAb) raised against Salmonella minnesota R595 and specific for alpha-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (alpha-Kdo) of the inner core was tested for binding to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Klebsiella pneumoniae . The MAb was tested in several assay systems (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, passive hemolysis, and inhibition of passive hemolysis) with a large panel (n = 23) of K . pneumoniae LPS representing all nine currently known O serotypes . MAb 20 showed reactivity with almost all O serotypes of K . pneumoniae LPS, and this reactivity could be inhibited by synthetic Kdo . This suggests an epitope in the cores of these Klebsiella LPS much like that in the inner core of LPS of S . minnesota . Large differences in reactivity between LPS of different strains belonging to the same O serotype were observed . After sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of LPS followed by immunoblotting, reactivity of MAb 20 was observed only with the fast-moving fraction possibly representing the nonsubstituted core . No binding was seen with the high-molecular-weight fraction that contained core material substituted with several units of O-antigen building blocks . The chemical basis for these differences in reactivity remains to be established . As far as we know, this is the first report containing comprehensive immunochemical data on the LPS core of K . pneumoniae.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1994 Mar, 32(3), 211 - 2
Multiple antibiotic resistance among gram negative bacteria isolated from poultry; Ansari FA et al.; Gram negative bacteria, including species of Salmonella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella, isolated from poultry, were screened for their resistance to the commonly used antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin and tetracycline . Of the 500 bacteria screened, 351 were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics at the level of 50 micrograms/ml . Various patterns of antibiotic resistance observed during these studies have been reported.

Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 1994 Mar, 25(1), 78 - 82
{Computer assisted studies on the structural requirements for the mutagenicity in Salmonella reversion assay for organophosphorus pesticides}; Ni Z et al.; Computer assisted molecular fragment evaluation (CAMFE) program has been established and applied to the data set analysis of the mutagenicity of 59 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in Salmonella reversion assay . The results favour the hypothesis that the mutagenic properties of OPPs lie in their alkylation to DNA mainly by the molecular fragments containing methyl groups rather than those containing ethyl groups . Oxygen atom in phosphoryl group may prompt the mutagenic ability induced by OPPs; However, the mutagenic ability may be decreased by sulfur atom, the substitute of oxygen atom at the same site in PPs structure . It was suggested that, among the most relevant fragments, the methoxyphosphinyl group appears as the common structural subunit responsible for the activities detected in the Salmonella reversion assay, while the ethyl thionophosphinyl group appears as the descriptor of negative results.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1994 Mar, 280(4), 560 - 5
Increased occurrence of KCN-resistant Salmonella strains; Rabsch W et al.; 104 KCN-resistant Salmonella strains were detected among 1391 strains typed (7.4%) during the first 7 months in 1993 . In particular Salmonella enterica strains of subspecies I isolated from humans and foods exhibited this character . Those KCN-resistant Salmonella strains did not belong to a special antigen formula . The second flagellar phase could not be detected in most of these strains . KCN resistance does not seem to be plasmid-encoded.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1994 Mar, 280(4), 520 - 5
Behaviour of Salmonella dublin in mice and rats upon intraperitoneal infection; Radoucheva T et al.; The fate of Salmonella dublin in mice and rats after intraperitoneal infection was studied in relation to the bacterial net growth rate in the peritoneal cavity, liver and spleen, and to the corresponding inflammatory cellular response in the peritoneal cavity . Rats showed a better host defence, expressed by a greater cellular inflammatory response followed by suppressed bacterial growth . In contrast, the cellular response of mice to the higher bacterial growth was relatively low . These results may explain some mechanisms of natural resistance to salmonellosis in different hosts.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1994 Mar, 280(4), 448 - 57
The influence of low growth temperature on the amount of free R lipopolysaccharide, on the expression of R-core determinants and on O-chain lengths in Salmonella S forms; Schlecht S et al.; Ten Salmonella strains belonging to five serological groups were cultivated both at 37 degrees C and close to their individual temperature minima at 12-14 degrees C and the composition of their cell wall lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was compared . When grown at low temperature, the proportion of unsubstituted (free) R-LPS in the total LPS moiety increased significantly in 6 strains, whereas in the other strains, no change or even a slight decrease in the R-LPS proportion was observed as judged from the analyses by SDS-PAGE . In the immunoblot, the R-LPSs from 9 out of 10 strains showed a modified reactivity against a set of specific Salmonella R antisera (anti-Ra, anti-Rb1, anti-Rb2, anti-Rc) . In most cases, the decrease in Rb1 reactivity was paralleled by an increase in Rb2 reactivity and also by an increase in the total amount of free R-LPS . The electrophoretic mobility of free R-LPS was changed in 7 out of 10 strains, although the changes were not unidirectional . All changes occurred only in the range of the Ra-Rb1 chemotypes and no significant correlation to the serological grouping of the strains was evident . When grown at low temperature, the average number of O-repeating units was reduced in the majority of cases and in some cases, also the banding profile in SDS-PAGE in the S-LPS region was modified . The fatty acid spectra showed some changes which were in accordance with previous results, namely a decrease in the content of C-12:0 and C-16:0 and an increase in that of C-14:0 and C-16:1 . The different influences of the growth temperature on the LPS biosynthesis of different Salmonella strains may be a result of the genetic diversity of this group of microorganisms.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1994 Mar, 13(3), 261 - 3
False positive widal reaction in high-titer disseminated BCG infection; Skoutelis A et al.; False-positive Widal reactions following certain non-typhoid Salmonella infections may occur commonly . The case of a patient who developed miliary tuberculosis secondary to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder carcinoma is described . Very high titers of typhoid and paratyphoid agglutinins were obtained with the Widal test; these titers returned to normal after successful anti-tuberculous treatment . This case of high-titer, false-positive Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A and B reactions to BCG infection occurred in an area non-endemic for typhoid or paratyphoid fever.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1994 Mar, 13(3), 257 - 61
Evaluation of two new chromogenic media for detection of Salmonella in stools; Monnery I et al.; A clinical collaborative study was conducted to compare two new chromogenic agar media, Rambach agar and the Salmonella Detection and Identification Medium (SMID) (bioMerieux, France), with two conventional media, Salmonella-Shigella agar and Hektoen agar . Thirty-nine Salmonella strains involving 14 serotypes were isolated from 1,454 stool specimens . After enrichment in a selective broth, 100% sensitivity was obtained with each medium . The SMID and Rambach agars are considerably more specific than the conventional media . Although SMID agar detects all Salmonella serotypes, it is not as specific as Rambach agar, which requires a complementary test (C8 esterase test) to detect all serotypes.

East Afr Med J, 1994 Mar, 71(3), 183 - 8
Typhoid fever: a review of its impact and diagnostic problems; Petit PL et al.; A retrospective analysis was done on the diagnosis of typhoid fever based on clinical symptoms and available laboratory data over the last 16 years from rural areas of four African countries . This analysis concentrated on the reliability of diagnosis without cultures which cannot be performed in most rural hospitals due to lack of the necessary expertise and equipment . The analysis showed the problem to be increasing perhaps because of interaction of salmonella infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malnutrition and other infections together with neglected sanitary facilities and lack of clean water . The use of certain cardinal clinical symptoms combined with available laboratory tests were shown to enhance the diagnosis of typhoid fever, especially in vulnerable persons . In conclusion the paper suggests that using the approach followed to obtain this data in rural tropical areas one can confidently make a diagnosis of typhoid fever.

Mutat Res, 1994 Mar, 320(4), 293 - 303
Evaluation of the yeast DEL assay with 10 compounds selected by the International Program on Chemical Safety for the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens; Carls N et al.; The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DEL assay detects a wide variety of nonmutagenic carcinogens (Schiestl et al . (1989) Carcinogenesis, 10, 1445-1455) . This study shows the effect on DEL recombination of 8 carcinogenic compounds (o-toluidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, safrole, acrylonitrile, benzene, diethylhexylphthalate, phenobarbital and diethylstilbestrol) and 2 noncarcinogenic compounds (caprolactam and benzoin) . These chemicals have been selected by the Program on Chemical Safety for the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens, because sufficient carcinogenicity data for these compounds exist, and because they are difficult to detect with the Salmonella assay . 5 of 8 carcinogens reproducibly gave a strong positive response and the noncarcinogen benzoin was negative . Thus, 60% of the chemicals tested in this study have been correctly identified with the DEL assay compared to only 20% with the Salmonella assay.

Mutat Res, 1994 Mar, 320(4), 273 - 83
Mutagenic activity of 3 industrial chemicals in a battery of in vitro and in vivo tests; Blakey DH et al.; 3 chemicals were selected for mutagenicity testing from a priority list, based on production volume and available mutagenicity data . Propargyl alcohol (PA), 2-nitroaniline (2NA), and 5-methyl-1H-benzo-triazole (MBT) were selected for testing using the approach recommended in the Health Protection Branch Genotoxicity Guidelines . The battery of tests included the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutation assay, the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, and the bone-marrow micronucleus assay . The results indicate that 2 of the 3 chemicals, PA and 2NA, were clastogenic in vitro . Both PA and 2NA induced chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells in vitro with and without metabolic activation, while none induced reverse mutations detectable with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . Because PA and 2NA were found to be in vitro clastogens, they also were tested in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay . 2NA induced a small increase in micronuclei in males but not females . PA did not induce an increase in micronuclei.

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 1994 Mar, 1(2), 250 - 2
Salmonella-specific monoclonal antibodies against recombinant Salmonella typhi 36-kilodalton porin; Kissel V et al.; Mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against recombinant Salmonella typhi 36-kDa porin monomer . Specificities of 16 monoclonal antibodies were analyzed as reactivity patterns in dot immunobinding and Western blot (immunoblot) assays using isolated outer membrane proteins of gram-negative bacteria and cloned purified S . typhi porin monomers and trimers . Four monoclonal antibodies were specific for Salmonella spp.

Med Clin (Barc), 1994 Feb 19, 102(6), 205 - 8
{Incidence of enteropathogens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection}; Moreno A et al.; BACKGROUND: To establish the incidence of diarrhea and its evolution over time, the causal microorganisms, recurrence and associated mortality in patients with AIDS or severe immunologic alterations (CD4 lymphocytes lower than 0.5 x 10(9)/l) . METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was carried out from 1984 to 1992 . The following patients were included in the study: 1) all those patients with diarrhea in whom a pathogenic microorganism was identified in the stools, and 2) patients with fever and positive blood cultures for enteropathogenic bacteria . The patients belonged to a series of 1,456 patients with infection by HIV . RESULTS: Of the 1,456 controlled patients, 253 (17%) had infection by enteropathogenic microorganisms . The incidence was greater in homosexual patients (26%) than in drug addicts (12%) . The most frequent germs were Cryptosporidium, in 104 episodes and Salmonella sp . in 78 episodes (31 as isolated bacteria) . The mortality in the 15 days following isolation was 2%, the referred microorganisms being the most frequent responsible for the deaths . The mean of CD4 lymphocytes in the patients with enteropathogens was 0.17 x 10(9)/l) . SD 0.14 x 10(9)/l) . In patients with infection by Cryptosporidium the CD4 lymphocyte count was lower than that observed in the cases of infection by Isospora belli . Prior to 1988, 21% of the patients had infection by enteropathogenic bacteria and 23% by parasites, those percentages being 3% and 6%, respectively in 1991 . CONCLUSIONS: Infections by enteropathogenic microorganisms in patients with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in an advanced stage are frequent, particularly, in homosexuals . The patients with enteritis by Cryptosporidium have a greater grade of immunosuppression (CD4 lymphocytes lower than 0.1 x 10(9)/l) than patients with infection by other enteropathogenic microorganisms . In the last few years, the incidence of enteropathogenic bacteria, especially Salmonella sp . and protozoa has decreased {corrected}.

Carbohydr Res, 1994 Feb 17, 254, 81 - 90
Synthesis of a hexasaccharide corresponding to part of the heptose-hexose region of the Salmonella Ra core, and a penta- and a tetra-saccharide that compose parts of this structure; Oscarson S et al.; The synthesis of the hexasaccharide 2-(4-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)ethyl O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-{O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->6)}- O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-{O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranos yl- (1-->7)}-O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1-->3)-L-glycero-alph a-D- manno-heptopyranoside, corresponding to the heptose and part of the hexose region in the Salmonella Ra core, is described . Syntheses of the pentasaccharide 2-(4-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)ethyl O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-{O-L - glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1-->7)}-O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno- heptopyranosyl-(1-->3)-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranoside and the tetrasaccharide 2-(4-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)ethyl O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-{O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranos yl- (1-->7)}-O-L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1-->3)-L-glycero-alph a-D- manno-heptopyranoside are also described . Coupling of methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-D- glucopyranoside and methyl 2-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D- galactopyranosyl)-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside to a triheptoside derivative with a free HO-3', using dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium triflate and N-iodosuccinimide-silver triflate as promoters, gave the protected tetra- and penta-saccharide, respectively . Removal of the benzylidene group from the pentasaccharide followed by a regio- and stereo-selective coupling using halide-assisted conditions and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D- galactopyranosyl bromide as donor gave the protected hexasaccharide . Deprotection then gave the target structures.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1994 Feb 15, 91(4), 1280 - 4
Molecular genetic basis of allelic polymorphism in malate dehydrogenase (mdh) in natural populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica; Boyd EF et al.; Nucleotide sequences of the mdh gene encoding the metabolic enzyme malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined for 44 strains representing the major lineages of Escherichia coli and the eight subspecies of Salmonella enterica . Sequence diversity was four times greater in S . enterica than in E . coli, and in both species the rate of amino acid substitution was lower in the NAD(+)-binding domain than in the catalytic domain . Divergence of the mdh genes of the two species apparently has not involved excess nonsynonymous substitutions resulting from the fixation of adaptive amino acid mutations . Allozyme analysis detected 57% of the distinctive amino acid sequences . Statistical tests of the distribution of polymorphic synonymous nucleotide sites identified four possible intragenic recombination events, one involving a single allele of E . coli and three involving alleles of the three subspecies of S . enterica . But recombination at mdh has not occurred with sufficient frequency to obscure the phylogenetic relationships among strains indicated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, total DNA hybridization, and sequence analysis of the gapA and putP genes . These findings provide further evidence that the effective (realized) rates of horizontal transfer and recombination for metabolic enzyme and other housekeeping genes are generally low in these species, in contrast to those for loci encoding or mediating the structure of cell-surface and other macromolecules for which recombinants may be subject to strong balancing, directional, or diversifying selection.

J Mol Biol, 1994 Feb 11, 236(1), 328 - 41
Nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of the Arc repressor using relaxation matrix calculations; Bonvin AM et al.; The Arc repressor of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 is a dimeric sequence-specific DNA-binding protein . The solution structure of Arc has been determined from 2D NMR data using an "ensemble" iterative relaxation matrix approach (IRMA) followed by direct NOE refinement with DINOSAUR . A set of 51 structures was generated with distance geometry and further refined with a combination of restrained energy minimization and restrained molecular dynamics in a parallel refinement protocol . Distance constraints were obtained from an extensive set of NOE build-ups in H2O and 2H2O via relaxation matrix calculations from the ensemble of structures . Methyl group rotation, aromatic ring flaps and internal mobility effects (via order parameters obtained from a free molecular dynamics run in water) were included in these calculations . The best structures were finally refined with direct NOE constraints following a slow-cooling simulated annealing protocol . In this final refinement stage, theoretical NOE intensities were directly compared with the experimental data and forces were derived using a simple two-spin approximation for the gradient of the NOE function . Dynamic assignment was applied to the peaks involving unassigned diastereotopic groups . The structure is determined to a precision (r.m.s.d . from the average excluding the ill defined C and N-terminal region) of 0.55 and 1.10 A for backbone and all atoms, respectively . The final structures, with R factor values around 0.35, have good stereochemical qualities, contain an extensive network of hydrogen bonds consistent with the secondary structure elements and structural features in concordance with genetic data . The overall folding of the solution and crystal structures is the same.

Carbohydr Res, 1994 Feb 3, 253, 101 - 10
The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O62; Vinogradov EV et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide was liberated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from S . arizonae O62 by phenol-water extraction . The branched hexasaccharide repeating-unit of the O-specific chain of the O62 LPS contained L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid in molar ratios of 4:1:1 . On the basis of methylation analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D shift-correlated (COSY) and 1D NOE spectroscopy, the following structure for the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide was established: {formula: see text}

Clin Chem, 1994 Feb, 40(2), 200 - 5
Combined polymerase chain reaction-hybridization microplate assay used to detect bovine leukemia virus and Salmonella; Rasmussen SR et al.; Here we describe the use of an assay that integrates the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization of the amplified product for detection in the same microwell . Traditional PCR requires transportation of the amplified product to another system for characterization of samples . Transportation means time-consuming manipulation and risk of contaminating the laboratory with amplified product . Integration of amplification and specific product detection greatly reduces sample manipulations and the risk of contamination . We used the assay for detection of bovine leukemia virus and Salmonella . The results were identical with those produced by two traditional PCR methods . This assay could easily be adapted for other organisms, simply by using other primers and probes.

Genitourin Med, 1994 Feb, 70(1), 46 - 8
Bartholin's abscess complicating food poisoning with Salmonella panama: a case report; Cummins AJ et al.; A patient is presented who developed an acute Bartholin's abscess four weeks after an attack of Salmonella panama enteritis . Aspirate from the abscess also grew Salmonella panama, indistinguishable from the gut isolate in serotype and antigenic structure (1 9, 12: 1, v: 1,5) . Some aspects of the microbiology of Bartholin's abscess and its clinical management are discussed.

J Trop Pediatr, 1994 Feb, 40(1), 53 - 4
Infant salmonellosis and vacuum cleaners; Haddock RL et al.; Microbiological examination of the contents of vacuum cleaner bags collected from case and control homes demonstrated a statistically significant association (OR = 3.13, CL = 1.32-7.50) between infant salmonellosis cases and Salmonella contamination of the vacuums used in their homes . This suggests that some cases of infant salmonellosis may result from contact with contamination in the home environment and that steps taken to protect infants from potentially contaminated dust or dust aerosols may reduce the risk of contracting this infection.

Br J Rheumatol, 1994 Feb, 33(2), 129 - 32
Salmonellosis and systemic lupus erythematosus . Report of ten cases; Pablos JL et al.; A retrospective study of Salmonella infection was carried out in 109 SLE patients followed over the last 15 yr at a rheumatology unit . Ten cases of non-typhoid salmonellosis were identified . All patients had bacteraemia and two focal pyogenic complications . No cases of salmonellosis limited to the gastrointestinal tract were found . Death occurred in three cases and was significantly associated with renal failure . A comparative analysis of the patients with and without salmonellosis failed to detect risk factors for infection other than an older age at SLE onset in patient with salmonellosis . We suggest that a heterogeneous group of SLE patients can be at risk for Salmonella bacteraemia . Renal failure or severe pharmacologic immunosuppression might lend an additional risk of complications to infection . It can be speculated that the increased susceptibility to both severe Salmonella infection and SLE might be related to the same immunogenetic background.

Vet Microbiol, 1994 Feb, 38(4), 293 - 305
Avian heterophils and monocytes: phagocytic and bactericidal activities against Salmonella enteritidis; Stabler JG et al.; The ability of heterophils and monocytes from domestic chickens and turkeys to phagocytize and kill Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was investigated using both a standard plate count (chickens only) and direct microscopic examination by staining with acridine orange (both chickens and turkeys) . Optimal phagocytosis of SE by both chicken and turkey phagocytes required opsonization of the bacteria by antibodies as determined by both assays . However, heterophils from both the turkeys and chickens phagocytized more SE than did monocytes from either type of fowl . Regardless of the presence or absence of antibodies, heterophils were more efficient bactericidal cells than were the monocytes since only heterophils killed the intracellular bacteria while the majority of nonopsonized SE survived in the monocytes . Phagocytosis of SE did not result in an increase in the amount of superoxide anion released by the heterophils suggesting that the ultimate fate of the bacteria in these cells was not related to an oxygen-dependent mechanism.

Poult Sci, 1994 Feb, 73(2), 341 - 5
Evaluation of the humoral immune response to different antigens in Arkansas Regressor and Progressor chickens; Haddad EE et al.; Arkansas Regressor and Progressor chickens were re-evaluated for their immune response to different antigens . Chickens received i.v . injection of either SRBC (10 birds per line) or Salmonella pullorum (SP; 10 birds per line) at 7 wk of age, and sera were collected at 6, 13, and 20 d postimmunization . A third group of birds (10 birds per line) received and i.m . injection of GAT emulsion at 7 and 12 wk of age, and sera were collected at 10 and 14 wk of age . There were significant differences between the two lines in their humoral immunity to SRBC, SP, and GAT . Such results suggest genetic control of humoral immunity to these antigens in these lines . It is unknown whether humoral immunity to these antigens is correlated to regression of tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus.

J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol, 1994 Feb, 15(2), 129 - 33
Effects of tumor necrosis factor and dexamethasone on the regulation of interferon-gamma induction by monophosphoryl lipid A; Gustafson GL et al.; Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella minnesota strain R595, induced rapid accumulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma in mice . Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha appeared to be a cofactor for IFN-gamma induction by MLA . With low doses of MLA (< 5 micrograms), IFN-gamma induction was dependent upon exogenous TNF-alpha administered either in advance of or with MLA . A 25 micrograms dose of MLA induced significant IFN-gamma accumulation in the absence of exogenous TNF-alpha . In this case, endogenous TNF-alpha appeared to be a cofactor in the response, since suppression of TNF-alpha production with dexamethasone inhibited IFN-gamma induction, and this inhibition was overcome by administration of exogenous TNF-alpha with MLA . Treatment of animals with MLA tolerized them against LPS . Tolerant animals did not produce IFN-gamma when challenged with LPS, and this tolerance was not abrogated by supplementing mice with exogenous TNF-alpha during the challenge . Although dexamethasone inhibited IFN-gamma induction by MLA, it did not inhibit tolerance induction by MLA.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1994 Feb 1, 116(1), 113 - 21
Regulation of spvR, the positive regulatory gene of Salmonella plasmid virulence genes; Spink JM et al.; The regulation of the spvR promoter from the Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid was monitored using promoter-reporter gene fusion constructs . Activity was dependent upon the presence of the spv region and was affected by the number of copies of the spv region present within the cell . Activity remained constant throughout exponential growth, and increased rapidly with the onset of stationary phase, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions . Additionally, the level of spvR expression was controlled by the availability of iron, activity being greatest under low iron conditions in stationary phase . The spvA gene product negatively regulated spvR expression in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that SpvA provides a negative feedback mechanism for this operon.

Epidemiol Infect, 1994 Feb, 112(1), 45 - 9
Bacteriophage typing in Salmonella bareilly; Sharma NC et al.; A total of 675 strains of Salmonella bareilly received from different parts of India and France during 1959-92 were phage typed using six bacteriophages . Overall typability achieved was 90.8% with 23 distinct phage types excluding a group of untypable strains . Phage types have been defined in octal code . Simpson's coefficient was applied for diversity index having a value of 0.839 . This system was found to be reproducible, stable and epidemiologically useful.

Epidemiol Infect, 1994 Feb, 112(1), 33 - 43
Polymerase chain reaction for Salmonella virulence-associated plasmid genes detection: a new tool in Salmonella epidemiology; Rexach L et al.; The important role of plasmid genes in assessing virulence for BALB/c mice in salmonella, and the difficulty of using standard techniques to detect them, led us to develop a detection method by gene amplification . One hundred and forty-three strains (71 serovars) of salmonella and 35 strains of other species were tested using specific oligonucleotide primers . The amplification products were identified by a specific oligonucleotide probe . Forty-nine salmonella strains from ten serovars (S . abortus ovis, S . choleraesuis, S . dublin, S . enteritidis, S . gallinarum/pullorum, S . hessarek, S . typhimurium, S . IIIa 48:z4, z23, S . IV 43:z4, z23:-, S . V 28:a:-) produced a positive and specific response . Because of various origins of the strains possessing the gene sought and the diversity of the responses, both from one serovar to another and in the same serovar, this search has its place among the epidemiological markers in general use . This method appears well suited to the research and detection of plasmid genes associated with mouse virulence in salmonella.

Epidemiol Infect, 1994 Feb, 112(1), 25 - 31
Use of plasmid profile typing for surveillance of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans, poultry and eggs; Threlfall EJ et al.; Plasmids were found in 1022 of 1089 (94%) of drug-sensitive strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans (sporadic and outbreak cases), poultry (chickens) and eggs in England and Wales in the 5-year period 1988-92 and 25 plasmid profile patterns were identified . Strains characterized by a single plasmid of 38 MDa predominated (= plasmid profile type SE 38), comprising over 90% of isolates from humans, 70% from poultry and 92% from eggs . Eleven profile types were identified in strains from humans, 21 in strains from poultry and 3 in strains from eggs . Eight of the 11 patterns identified in human isolates were found in strains from poultry and 2 in strains from eggs . In contrast 15 patterns seen in poultry were not found in strains from humans . Four percent of strains from humans and 13% from poultry did not carry the 38 MDa plasmid but all strains from eggs were found to carry this plasmid . The second most common profile type in strains isolated between 1981 and 1988 was not identified in strains isolated from 1988-92 . It is concluded that plasmid profile typing is a useful method for rapid differentiation within phage type 4 of S . enteritidis but that methods which can discriminate within the predominant profile type, SE 38, are now required.

Epidemiol Infect, 1994 Feb, 112(1), 13 - 23
Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis; Mintz ED et al.; The effects of ingested Salmonella enteritidis (SE) dose on incubation period and on the severity and duration of illness were estimated in a cohort of 169 persons who developed gastroenteritis after eating hollandaise sauce made from grade-A shell eggs . The cohort was divided into three groups based on self-reported dose of sauce ingested . As dose increased, median incubation period decreased (37 h in the low exposure group v . 21 h in the medium exposure group v . 17.5 h in the high exposure group, P = 0.006) and greater proportions reported body aches (71 v . 85 v . 94%, P = 0.0009) and vomiting (21 v . 56 v . 57%, P = 0.002) . Among 118 case-persons who completed a follow-up questionnaire, increased dose was associated with increases in median weight loss in kilograms (3.2 v . 4.5 v . 5.0, P = 0.0001), maximum daily number of stools (12.5 v . 15.0 v . 20.0, P = 0.02), subjective rating of illness severity (P = 0.0007), and the number of days of confinement to bed (3.0 v . 6.5 v . 6.5, P = 0.04) . In this outbreak, ingested dose was an important determinant of the incubation period, symptoms and severity of acute salmonellosis.

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 1994 Feb, 10(2), 214 - 21
Role of interleukin-1 in endotoxin-induced lung injury in the rat; Rose CE Jr et al.; The effects of the recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rIL-1ra) on the systemic vascular and lung injury following intraperitoneal Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats . Initial experiments identified that maximal mortality occurred with an intraperitoneal LPS dose of 20 mg/kg, and this dose was used in subsequent experiments . Albumin permeability, measured in an ex vivo perfused heart-lung preparation from the rats 2 h after injection of LPS, was increased with endotoxin as was the wet:dry weight ratio . Pretreatment of the rats with intravenous rIL-1ra, 1 to 10 mg/kg, followed by a continuous intravenous infusion at 30 to 50 micrograms/kg/min resulted in restoration of blood pressure at 100 min following endotoxin administration . Moreover, coadministration of rIL-1ra with endotoxin totally prevented the rise in albumin permeability of the pulmonary vasculature and the increase in wet:dry lung weight ratios observed in rats treated with LPS alone . LPS injected intraperitoneally caused a marked decrease in circulating leukocyte count, an effect not reversed by rIL-1ra . RNA extraction of whole-lung homogenates revealed that mRNA for IL-1 beta was constitutively expressed in the absence of endotoxin, but transcripts increased progressively from 0.5 to 2 h after endotoxin administration . Increases in mRNAs for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, were also observed from 0.5 until 2 h after endotoxin administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Med Microbiol, 1994 Feb, 40(2), 134 - 40
Human infection in Tayside, Scotland due to Salmonella serotype Livingstone; Old DC et al.; Livingstone was the third most common salmonella serotype isolated from cases of human salmonellosis in the Tayside region of Scotland in 1989-1991; latterly, it spread to Grampian region . The significant upsurge of Livingstone in these two Scottish regions was not matched by similar increases in its frequency of isolation from human cases of salmonellosis in other regions of Scotland or elsewhere in the UK . Although Salmonella Livingstone is usually associated in the UK with incidents of infection among poultry flocks, our detailed investigations found no clear evidence that poultry, eggs or poultry-related products were responsible for this outbreak . Most cases occurred in the summer months from July to September and many of the patients required hospital treatment . Other than one outbreak among geriatric patients in a long-stay hospital in north Tayside, most of the cases were sporadic . The extent of the outbreak, covering 3 years, was recognised mainly because Livingstone was previously an uncommon serotype in Tayside . There were few Livingstone isolations from non-human sources in Scotland in these same years . Possible sources of infection and predisposing factors among patients are discussed . Livingstone was not isolated in Scotland in 1992.

J Bacteriol, 1994 Feb, 176(4), 1014 - 24
The XbaI-BlnI-CeuI genomic cleavage map of Salmonella paratyphi B; Liu SL et al.; The genomic cleavage map of Salmonella paratyphi B was determined through digestion with endonucleases and separation of the fragments by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis . The chromosome has 19 XbaI sites, 10 BlnI sites, and 7 CeuI sites . The fragments were arranged in order through excision of fragments from the gel, redigestion with a second enzyme, end labelling with 32P, and reelectrophoresis . Tn10 transposons inserted in 61 different genes of S . typhimurium LT2 were transduced by use of bacteriophage P22 into S . paratyphi B . The locations of Tn10 insertions on the chromosome of S . paratyphi B were determined by use of XbaI and BlnI sites in Tn10, revealing the positions of genes with Tn10 insertions in S . paratyphi B . All seven CeuI sites (in rrl genes for 23S rRNA) and most of the XbaI and BlnI sites in rrn genes for Glt-tRNA are conserved, but only about half of the XbaI and BlnI sites outside rrn genes are conserved . Gene order is identical in the 68 genes that we could compare between S . paratyphi B and S . typhimurium LT2, and the lengths of intervals between the genes are often the same, but there are several instances of differences in interval lengths, indicating that insertions or deletions of DNA have occurred during the evolutionary divergence of these bacteria.

Cent Afr J Med, 1994 Feb, 40(2), 48 - 52
Salmonella typhi bacteremia and HIV infection with common iliac artery occlusion; Houston S; An important association between non-typhoidal salmonella bacteremia and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been demonstrated in both industrialized and developing countries . In spite of the prevalence and public health importance of Salmonella typhi in developing countries, an association between HIV and S . typhi has not been well documented . This report describes the co-occurrence of HIV and S . typhi infections in a young Zimbabwean woman . Her presenting feature was a large artery occlusion, previously reported very rarely in association with typhoid fever and never with HIV infection.

Microb Pathog, 1994 Feb, 16(2), 141 - 51
Heterophils are decisive components in the early responses of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infections; Kogut MH et al.; Chickens injected with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were found to have a three- to nine-fold reduction in circulating heterophils without a reduction in the number of circulating mononuclear cells . A 50% organ invasive dose (ID50) for orally and intravenously administered Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was established in the heteropenic chickens . When challenged orally, about 150-fold fewer SE cells were required for organ invasion in the 5-FU-treated chickens; whereas an intravenous challenge of the heteropenic chickens required about 4000-fold fewer bacteria for organ invasion than found in the control birds . Significant (P < 0.0001) SE-dose-dependent reductions in body weight with increased mortality and lesions in the eye, heart, and thymus were found in the 5-FU-treated birds versus the control birds . Alternatively, the control birds had significantly more intestinal lesions than the 5-FU-treated birds . No consistent significant hepatic lesions were observed in either treatment group . Under the conditions used in these experiments, 5-FU treatment of chickens caused otherwise subclinical SE infections to rapidly become clinical infections with more severe extraintestinal organ infections, whereas the control chickens had infections that were primarily restricted to the intestine . These findings suggest that the heterophil is extremely important in controlling both initial SE organ invasion and subsequent disease pathogenesis in chickens.

Rev Clin Esp, 1994 Feb, 194(2), 75 - 80
{Salmonella ssp non-typhi focal infections}; de la Fuente J et al.; Provided here are the descriptions of 18 patients with focal infections caused by Salmonella spp no-typhi occurring in a period of seven years at the Puerta de Hierro Clinic . In all cases, there was at least one local factor, treatment, or underlying illness associated with decreased resistance to infection . Antecedents of severe gastroenteritis were found in seven cases (38 percent) . Eighty-three percent had previous or concomitant bacteremia caused by the same serotype of Salmonella isolated in the focal infection . S . enteritidis was the most prevalent serotype (66 percent) . The most common localizations were plueropulmonary (5), osteoarticular (5), and intravascular (3) . Relapsing infection was demonstrated in five cases . There was 28 percent mortality . Statistically, age greater than 65 years and the absence of surgical intervention were associated with a worse prognosis.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1994 Feb, 10(1), 81 - 4
Epidemic dissemination of Salmonella enterica spp . enterica serovar Bovismorbificans in southern Italy in the years 1989-1991; Nastasi A et al.; Epidemic strains of Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar Bovismorbificans isolated in southern Italy during the years 1989-1991 were submitted to a molecular epidemiological study in comparison with isolates identified in the years 1980-1988 in the same geographic area . Genomic DNA fragments obtained by digestion with BglI or Eco RI hybridized with Escherichia coli rRNA to produce three distinct, but highly related patterns . Ribotype 1, which had never been identified before 1989, was found to characterize most of the strains identified between 1989 and 1991 . Such a finding supports the hypothesis of emergence and spread of a new bacterial clone associated with the increased number of human infections reported in the same years in southern Italy.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1994 Feb, 10(1), 41 - 6
Multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in hospitalised children . Clinical, bacteriological and epidemiological profiles; Rasaily R et al.; A total of 592 children with clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever admitted to the Dr B . C . Roy Memorial Hospital for Children, Calcutta, India during the period between February 1990 and January 1992, were screened for Salmonella typhi by blood culture . S . typhi was isolated from 221 (37.3%) cases . The majority of the strains (92.3%) showed multi-drug resistant (MDR) . They were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole . However, all the strains were uniformly (100%) susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, furazolidone, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin . Minimum inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial agents against the resistant strains of S . typhi ranged between 200 and > 1600 micrograms/ml . Phage type 0 was most frequently encountered . The rate of isolation of S . typhi was more or less the same in all the pediatric age groups . The majority of the cases came from lower socio-economic classes with poor personal hygiene . Fever was the main presenting feature in all the cases . Other associated features of the MDR typhoid fever cases, who were uncomplicated during admission, were headache (36.0%), chill and rigor (23.2%), diarrhea (37.2%), anorexia (26.2%), vomiting (23.8%), cough (18.0%) and abdominal pain (19.8%) . Hepatosplenomegaly was present in 42.4% cases . However, complications were less frequently encountered among the MDR typhoid fever cases who were uncomplicated during admission and treated as in-patients . Fourteen bacteriologically-confirmed MDR typhoid fever cases had jaundice and another 18 cases had an abnormal state of consciousness during admission . Four (2.0%) bacteriologically-confirmed MDR typhoid fever patients died during the period of observation.

Immun Infekt, 1994 Feb, 22(1), 10 - 4
{Iron availability in Salmonella in diagnosis, epidemiology, and the infectious process}; Kingsley R et al.; Well known and new iron supplying systems were described . Salmonella use siderophores of different chemical structures and uptake-systems for self-produced siderophores and siderophores produced by other microorganisms . Iron supplying systems contribute to new methods in diagnosis, epidemiology, vaccination, and development of new siderophore-beta-lactams . It is hoped to obtain new insights in the pathogenesis of salmonella by using methods of iron supplying systems.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1994 Feb, 10(1), 85 - 9
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enteritidis; Gruner E et al.; Sixteen strains of Salmonella enteritidis isolated in 1991 from 13 unrelated poultry-associated sources, 7 strains from 2 community outbreaks, and 18 human sporadic isolates were investigated by phage typing, analysis of rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotyping) and plasmid profiles . Four different phage types and 10 SphI patterns were found, whereas plasmids were identical in all but 4 isolates . Only one ribotype (RT A) occurred among both human and avian strains . This particular ribotype was also responsible for the two outbreaks investigated, suggesting that such strains may be of special significance for the increase of S . enteritidis infections.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1994 Feb, 18(2), 75 - 8
Vi-specific latex agglutination for early and rapid detection of Salmonella serotype typhi in blood cultures; Jesudason MV et al.; Latex particles coated with rabbit antisera against Salmonella serotype typhi (S . typhi) Vi and O (STO) antigens were used in slide agglutination tests for the rapid identification of S . typhi in blood culture broths as soon as Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) were detected in them . Among 231 consecutive blood cultures showing GNB tested for Vi, and a subset of 163 tested for STO, by latex agglutination (LA), 125 and 32, respectively, were positive . The GNB in 127 blood cultures were confirmed by conventional methods as S . typhi, 125 (98.4%) of which had been identified by the Vi LA test . In the subset of 163, 81 grew S . typhi, of which only 32 (39.5%) had been identified by the STO LA tests . Thus, the sensitivity of the Vi and STO LA tests was 98.4% and 39.5%, respectively, whereas the specificity was 100% for both tests . Of the S . typhi isolates, 38 (30.4%) were detected by the Vi LA test on day 2 and 73 (58.4%) on day 3, day 1 being the date of inoculation of the blood culture broths . Thus, the Vi LA test is suitable for the early and rapid confirmation of S . typhi in blood culture.

J Vet Med Sci, 1994 Feb, 56(1), 121 - 4
Identification of a bovine serum mannan-binding protein reactive with a Ra chemotype strain of Salmonella serovar typhimurium; Sugii S; To study the relationship between a bovine serum mannan-binding protein (MBP) and a serum protein reactive with a Ra chemotype strain of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium (Ra-reactive factor, RaRF), both proteins were isolated by use of their affinity for yeast mannan and the Salmonella cells followed by affinity chromatography on mannobiose-Sepharose 4B . Both purified proteins showed a major protein band with a molecular weight of 33,000 and a few faint bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions . In Western blotting with rabbit anti-bovine MBP antibody, the major subunit of both proteins were found to be immunologically identical . Similar findings were also obtained with purified human MBP and RaRF . From these findings, bovine and human serum MBP are suggested to be electrophoretically and immunologically the same as their corresponding RaRF.

Immunology, 1994 Feb, 81(2), 183 - 91
Detection of Salmonella-specific L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells which can proliferate in vitro and mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity; Pope M et al.; This study was based on an initial observation that, although culture of T cells from Salmonella-infected mice with concanavalin A induced both L3T4+ T cells and Lyt-2+ T cells to proliferate, there was a relative increase in the responsiveness of the Lyt-2+ T cells in suspensions harvested from mice with secondary infection . Accordingly, primed T cells, obtained from the peritoneal cavities and spleens of mice that had received one or two intraperitoneal doses of Salmonella were examined for the presence of antigen-specific, class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted Lyt-2+ T cells . After primary infection with avirulent Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) only L3T4+ T cells could be induced to proliferate in response to formalin-killed 11RX organisms, and a second dose of live 11RX did not change the phenotype of the responding T-cell population . In contrast, secondary challenge with S . typhimurium C5 (C5) generated cell populations where both L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells proliferated when cultured with formalin-killed 11RX . Transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) using mixtures of primed T cells and either killed or live Salmonella organisms demonstrated that DTH was mediated by L3T4+ T cells, and secondary infection with either the 11RX or C5 strain did not change this result . However, antigen-specific Lyt-2+ T cells which mediated DTH reactivity were detected using a Salmonella-infected cell line which expressed MHC-coded class I but not class II products . These Lyt-2+ T cells were present in the spleen and peritoneal cavity after secondary infection and in the peritoneal cavity late after a primary infection with 11RX.

Immunology, 1994 Feb, 81(2), 177 - 82
Induction of Lyt-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes following primary and secondary Salmonella infection; Pope M et al.; Investigations of the cytotoxic activity of T cells induced following one or two intraperitoneal doses of live Salmonella revealed that cytotoxicity was restricted to the Lyt-2+ T-cell subset and was enhanced following secondary infection with Salmonella . Initial studies using the lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC) assay detected Lyt-2+ cytotoxic T cells in peritoneal cell suspensions of S . enteritidis 11RX (11RX)-infected mice, with the peak of activity occurring 5 days after infection . This did not correlate with the proliferative activity of these cells, which peaked 10-12 days after infection . Secondary challenge with 11RX or S . typhimurium C5 (C5) induced a rapid increase in the cytotoxic activity of Lyt-2+ peritoneal T cells and was detected even 21 days later . The antigen specificity of some of these cells was confirmed in cytotoxicity assays using P815 tumour cells infected with 11RX organisms as targets . No cytotoxic activity was detected in the spleen cell suspensions of infected (and normal) mice unless the cells were first activated by in vitro culture with concanavalin A (Con A) . Both types of activated spleen cells showed LDCC but Salmonella-specific cytotoxic Lyt-2+ T cells were detected only in spleen cell (SC) cultures prepared from mice challenged with a second dose of Salmonella.

Mutat Res, 1994 Feb, 320(3), 165 - 74
Genotoxicity of kraft pulp spent liquors from different types of chlorination procedures; Nylund L et al.; The genotoxicity of spent liquors from kraft softwood and hardwood pulp bleaching processes was studied using the Ames Salmonella test and the SOS chromotest . The induction of micronuclei, in vivo, was assayed in bone marrow erythrocytes of B6 mice treated with softwood first chlorination stage spent liquor . The softwood bleaching process used a combination of Cl2 and ClO2 at the first chlorination stage . During the study the amount of free chlorine at the first chlorination stage in the softwood bleachery was gradually decreased, although the amount of active chlorine remained the same . Enzymatic bleaching was also used in a softwood process together with chlorine (Cl2 + ClO2) . The hardwood bleaching plant used only ClO2 at the first chlorination stage . A decrease in genotoxicity, corresponding to the decrease in Cl2, was observed in the Ames Salmonella assays of the softwood bleaching plant effluents . A similar decrease was observed in the SOS chromotest . The highest decrease in mutagenic activity was observed when enzymatic bleaching was used together with chlorine.

J Bacteriol, 1994 Feb, 176(3), 733 - 47
Characterization of the rfc region of Shigella flexneri; Morona R et al.; The O antigen of the Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important virulence determinant and immunogen . We have isolated S . flexneri mutants which produce a semi-rough LPS by using an O-antigen-specific phage, Sf6c . Western immunoblotting was used to show that the LPS produced by the semi-rough mutants contained only one O-antigen repeat unit . Thus, the mutants are deficient in production of the O-antigen polymerase and were termed rfc mutants . Complementation experiments were used to locate the rfc adjacent to the rfb genes on plasmid clones previously isolated and containing this region (D . F . Macpherson, R . Morona, D . W . Beger, K.-C . Cheah, and P . A . Manning, Mol . Microbiol 5:1491-1499, 1991) . A combination of deletions and subcloning analysis located the rfc gene as spanning a 2-kb region . Insertion of a kanamycin resistance cartridge into a SalI site in this region inactivated the rfc gene . The DNA sequence of the rfc region was determined . An open reading frame spanning the SalI site was identified and encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 43.7 kDa . The predicted protein is highly hydrophobic and showed little sequence homology with any other protein . Comparison of its hydropathy plot with that of other Rfc proteins from Salmonella enterica (typhimurium) and Salmonella enterica (muenchen) revealed that the profiles were similar and that the proteins have 12 or more potential membrane-spanning segments . A comparison of the S . flexneri rfc gene and protein product with other rfc and rfc-like proteins revealed that they have a similarly low percentage of G + C content and have similar codon usage, and all have a high percentage of rare codons . An attempt to identify the S . flexneri Rfc protein was unsuccessful, although proteins encoded upstream and downstream of the rfc gene could be identified . Examination of the distribution of rare or minor codons in the rfc gene revealed that it has several minor codons within the first 25 amino acids . This is in contrast to the upstream gene rfbG, which also has a high percentage of rare codons but whose gene product could be detected . The positioning of the rare codons in the rfc gene may restrict translation and suggests that minor isoaccepting tRNA species may be involved in translational regulation of rfc expression . The low percentage of G + C content of rfc genes may be a consequence of the selection pressure to maintain this form of control.

Toxicology, 1994 Jan 26, 86(1-2), 1 - 12
Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA); Wilson BW et al.; Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents . GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp . assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells . GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo . The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels.

J Biol Chem, 1994 Jan 7, 269(1), 122 - 6
Purification, characterization, and high performance liquid chromatography assay of Salmonella glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from the cloned rfbF gene; Lindqvist L et al.; We report the purification and characterization of glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, the first of five enzymes committed to biosynthesis of CDP-D-abequose from Salmonella enterica strain LT2 . The purification was greatly facilitated by using a cloned rfbF gene encoding this enzyme . Pure enzyme was obtained by 64-fold enrichment in three chromatography steps . The NH2-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme was in agreement with the sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the rfbF gene . The SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis estimated subunit M(r) of 31,000 agrees well with the M(r) of 29,035 calculated from the amino acid composition deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the rfbF gene . The glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes a reversible bimolecular group transfer reaction and steady-state kinetic measurements, including product inhibition patterns, indicate that this reaction proceeds by a "ping-pong" type of mechanism . The Km values for CTP, alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate, CDP-D-glucose, and pyrophosphate are 0.28, 0.64, 0.11, and 1.89 mM, respectively.

Eksp Med Morfol, 1994, 32(3-4), 57 - 68
{The genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of gastrofenzin}; Mirkova E; Genotoxicity of the Bulgarian drug gastrophensin was studied by using a battery of two genotoxicity assays "in vitro" - Salmonella/mutation assay and "in vivo" - the rodent bone marrow micronucleus test . Mutagenicity of water solution of gastrophensin towards Salmonella "in vitro" - the rodent bone marrow micronucleus test . Mutagenicity of water solution of gastrophensin towards Salmonella "in vitro" was tested in five mutant, histidine auxotrophic strains - TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100 without and in the presence of metabolic activation (+/- S9) at concentration of 0.4, 2 and 10 mg center dot ml-1 . Gastrophensin did not induce mutagenic response in the Salmonella/mutation assay in a range of tested concentrations in both series of assays (+/- S9) . Gastrophensin did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow cells of male C57Bl6 mice at 24, 48 and 72 hours after single oral treatment with 236 mg center dot kg-1 (80% DL50 oral, mice) and 118 mg center dot kg-1 (40% DL50 oral, mice) . Based on the present data a conclusion of the lack of mutagenicity and of carcinogenic potency of gastrophensin was made.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1994 Jan-Dec, 86(1-12), 117 - 20
{Characteristics of a new Salmonella serovar: S . V 13, 22:r-, from S . bongori species}; Orlandella BM; The A reports the characteristics of a new serovar of Salmonella: S.V 13, 22:r:-, isolated from a cockroach Periplaneta americana, all set against the background of ample technic notes.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1994 Jan-Dec, 86(1-12), 101 - 15
{Environmental pollution and infectious diseases . I . Isolation of a new serovar of the Salmonella genus, S.V 13.22:r: from a Periplaneta americana cockroach}; Orlandella BM et al.; The AA have isolated a new serovar of Genus Salmonella S.V 13.22:r:-, from a cockroach Periplaneta Americana, captured near the municipal slaughterhouse of Messina and near the Faculty of Veterinary Science . This fifth original report fift in the vast subject of the environmental pollution, where the cockroaches, as widely documented, unwind a primary importance part as spreader of Salmonella, too.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1994, 39(6), 459 - 62
Yersinia ssp . in surface water in San Luis, Argentina; Escudero ME et al.; Yersinia spp . was examined in three rivers and two lakes located in the Province of San Luis, Argentina, over a 1-year period . Water samples were concentrated either by Moore's gauze technique or by filtering through diatomaceous earth . Five enrichment media: yeast extract--Bengal rose broth (YER) with bile-oxalate-sorbose broth (BOS); 67 mmol/L phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.6; PBS); PBS enriched with a 1% mannitol and 1% peptone (PBSMP); PBS with lyzed 0.5% sheep blood (PBSB); Wauters broth (W); and five plating media: Mac Conkey agar (MC); Salmonella--Shigella agar (SS); 5% sheep blood agar (BA); lactose-sucrose-urea agar (LSU) and irgasan-novobiocin agar (IN) were used . The following strains were isolated: Y . intermedia B1 O:4,32-4,33 Lis Xz (four strains), Y . intermedia B1 O:57 Lis Xo (one strain), Y . intermedia B2 O:57 Lis Xo (one strain), Y . enterocolitica B1 O:10-34 Lis Xz (one strain), and Y . frederiksenii undetermined biovar, O:16-16,29 Lis Xz (two strains) . The incidence of isolation of Yersinia spp . was 7.14% . YER-BOS proved to be the best enrichment method since it allowed the highest recovering Yersinia spp . strains . Among plating media, the best results were obtained with MC . Apparently, the isolation of Yersinia spp . can be related to environmental variables such as temperature differences between cold and warm seasons . Negative results obtained during virulence assays suggest that isolated strains lack the pathogenic potential against man.

Biol Reprod, 1994 Jan, 50(1), 210 - 4
Lipopolysaccharides inhibit prolactin and renin release from human decidual cells; Chao HS et al.; Human decidual tissue consists of a heterogeneous population of cells, including stromal cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages . Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which bind to specific cell surface receptors on macrophages, have been shown to increase prostaglandin production by the decidua and amnion . To determine whether LPS may also affect decidual hormone production, we have examined the effects of LPS on the synthesis and release of prolactin and renin . Dispersed cells from term decidual tissue exposed to LPS L2880 (Escherichia coli, 1 microgram/ml) released significantly less prolactin and renin than control cells after 24 h of exposure . Maximal inhibition of prolactin (31.6%) and renin (62.5%) release was noted at 72 and 96 h of exposure, respectively (p < or = 0.0002 in each instance) . The inhibition of prolactin and renin release was dose-dependent, with half-maximal inhibition at a dose of approximately 10 ng/ml . LPS caused a decrease in prolactin synthesis as well as release . In addition, LPS inhibited the stimulation of prolactin release in response to insulin, a known secretagogue of prolactin release . After 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure, the magnitude of the stimulation of prolactin release by cells exposed to insulin (100 ng/ml) in the presence of LPS (1 microgram/ml) was 84.5, 57.5, and 35.2% less, respectively, than that of cells exposed to insulin alone (p = 0.0001 in each instance) . LPS L6011 (Salmonella endotoxin) also inhibited prolactin and renin release . LPS had no effect on overall protein or DNA synthesis and did not cause release of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 1994 Jan, 42(1), 101 - 4
{A case of Salmonella osteomyelitis of the rib}; Ishiwa N et al.; Salmonella osteomyelitis is a rare disease occurring at a frequency of less than 1% of all cases of osteomyelitis, we report a case of salmonella osteomyelitis of the rib, which was hard to differentiate from chest wall tumor . A 40-year-old man without gastrointestinal symptoms was admitted to our hospital for swelling of the right mammary region . It was suggestive of inflammatory pseudotumor because the swelling diminished, and we could not establish a diagnosis of abscess by scintigraphy with gallium-67 or by computed tomogram (CT) . Drainage was carried out in the chest and about 10 ml of pus was removed . A culture was taken from the pus, revealing salmonella enteritidis, he was treated by local wound care and ABPC (aminobenzyl-penicillin) . The open wound became sterile in 40 days, and was closed 46 days after being opened for drainage.

Chemotherapy, 1994 Jan-Feb, 40(1), 61 - 4
Antibiotic therapy for typhoid fever; Ruanguan W et al.; A retrospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacies of various kinds of antibiotics on 804 patients with typhoid fever . Of 16 regimens studied, ofloxacin and enoxacin achieved 100 cure rates without relapse or carriage of Salmonella typhi within 3 months . Their good safety profiles and relatively lower costs were very cost-effective for treatment of typhoid fever, and they can be recommended as the first-line choices for routine management of this disease . In addition, our results suggested that ceftriaxone treatment of typhoid fever should be given at higher dose: not less than 3 g once daily, or over a longer period, to reduce the incidence of relapse.

J Lab Clin Med, 1994 Jan, 123(1), 65 - 72
Endotoxin-induced pulmonary leukostasis in the rat: role of platelet-activating factor and tumor necrosis factor; Chang SW; Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into experimental animals induces septic shock associated with the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) . Because both TNF and PAF stimulate neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro, and because neutrophils are important effector cells in sepsis-induced lung vascular injury, the role of TNF and PAF in LPS-induced lung neutrophil sequestration was investigated . Lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured as a quantitative assessment of pulmonary leukostasis . Injection of Salmonella enteritidis LPS into rats caused dose-dependent increases in lung MPO that peaked at 2 hours and persisted for up to 24 hours . Injection of purified human recombinant TNF (2 to 200 micrograms/kg i.v.) mimicked the effect of LPS on lung MPO activity . Injection of synthetic PAF increased lung MPO only at the highest and lethal dose (10 micrograms/kg) . Lower doses (0.1 and 1 microgram/kg) of PAF had no effect on lung MPO by itself and did not enhance LPS- or TNF-induced lung neutrophil sequestration . Furthermore, pretreatment of the rats with two different PAF receptor-antagonists, WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg IP) and SRI 63-441 (10 mg/kg IP), failed to block LPS-induced (1 mg/kg) increase in lung MPO . These data suggest that TNF, not PAF, mediates LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil sequestration in the intact rat.

J Leukoc Biol, 1994 Jan, 55(1), 105 - 11
Complement and tumor necrosis factor-alpha contribute to Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) up-regulation and systemic neutrophil activation during endotoxemia in vivo; Witthaut R et al.; The increased expression of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) adhesion glycoproteins on neutrophils was studied using flow cytometry in male Fischer 344 rats treated with 5 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin . A rapid and sustained threefold increase of Mac-1 expression was observed after endotoxin injection . Inhibition of complement activation with the soluble complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) completely suppressed the initial up-regulation of Mac-1 (< or = 15 min) but did not prevent the activation during the later phase (30-90 min) . During that time period, Mac-1 expression increased in parallel with the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in plasma and could be significantly attenuated with TNF antiserum . To verify the results, isolated human neutrophils were incubated with rat plasma obtained at various times after endotoxin injection . Using shape change as indicator of neutrophil activation, complement and TNF-alpha could be identified as responsible mediators for neutrophil activation during endotoxemia in vivo . In contrast, the massive neutrophil accumulation in the liver after endotoxin was only slightly reduced by sCR1 and unaffected by TNF antiserum . It is concluded that Mac-1 up-regulation on neutrophils after endotoxin injection in vivo may have limited relevance for hepatic neutrophil infiltration but may be important for the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced liver injury by facilitating adherence-dependent neutrophil cytotoxicity.

Immunol Ser, 1994, 60, 303 - 12
The intracellular nature of Salmonella infection during the early stages of mouse typhoid; Dunlap NE et al.; In mouse enteric fever (typhoid) infection with S . typhimurium, the bacteria appear to grow intracellularly, and at least during the early phase of infection they are in splenic PMNs rather than macrophages . Inflammation caused by salmonella infection and other infections, such as MHV, results in inflammatory responses that enhance resistance to salmonella infection . At least in the case of MHV, this effect is most pronounced on the rate of salmonella growth . Since the effects of the Ity locus on salmonella growth rate are readily seen during the first few days of infection, when salmonella are primarily within PMNs, the Ity locus is able to mediate its effect on salmonella pathogenesis in PMNs in vivo . Whether or not macrophages play a predominant role in salmonella pathogenesis later in infection is not yet known.

Acta Vet Scand, 1994, 35(1), 27 - 36
Biochemical phenotypes of Salmonella Livingstone isolated from humans, animals and feedstuffs in Sweden; Katouli M et al.; Salmonella Livingstone is occasionally isolated from humans, animals and feedstuffs in Sweden . To follow the spread of infection and trace the source of isolates, adequate typing methods are needed . We have developed an automated typing system based on biochemical fingerprinting of bacteria (the PhP system) for typing of different Salmonella serotypes . The system measures the kinetics of various biochemical reactions of bacteria grown in liquid medium in microtiter plates and uses numerical techniques to identify biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) among the tested strains . In the present study we used a set of 16 highly discriminatory tests to differentiate strains of Salmonella of serotype Livingstone and evaluated the system for its discriminatory ability using a collection of 34 unrelated human isolates of S . Livingstone . We also used the system to investigate BPTs of 45 Livingstone strains isolated from animals and feedstuffs in Sweden between 1987 and 1991 . Altogether 19 different BPTs were found among human isolate giving a diversity index (Di) of 0.930 . In contrast, most strains isolated from animals and feedstuffs in Sweden belonged to 2 dominating BPTs (Di = 0.704) . One of these contained 17 strains mainly isolated during 1992 whereas the other contained 18 strains isolated between 1987 and 1991 . None of the Swedish human isolates were identical to those of animals and feedstuffs . These findings suggest that 2 different BPTs of Salmonella Livingstone strains are particularly common among animals and feedstuffs in Sweden and that they are not related to human cases of enteritis in this country . We also conclude that biochemical fingerprinting with the PhP system is a reliable and highly discriminatory method for detecting epidemic strains of Salmonella Livingstone.

Compend Suppl, 1994, (17), S622 - 6
Safety profile of Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System; Adam-Rodwell G et al.; Colgate Platinum, a professional tooth-whitening paste containing 10% urea peroxide as the active ingredient, was evaluated for potential acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and irritation to oral mucosa . Oral administration to rats of a single dose of 5 g/kg of Colgate Platinum did not induce any adverse effects . Colgate Platinum was not mutagenic in Ames/Salmonella Plate Incorporation assay and did not induce primary DNA damage in the bone marrow hematopoietic cells of rats that were given oral doses of up to 1 g/kg for 5 consecutive days . Results of the oral mucosa irritation study in rats indicated that Colgate Platinum did not induce damage to soft and hard tissues of oral cavity after repeated applications for 28 days . Collectively, the data from these studies document the safety of the product for the intended use.

Arch Virol, 1994, 135(1-2), 179 - 83
Identification of four genes involved in the lysogenic pathway of the Salmonella newington bacterial virus epsilon 34; Villafane R et al.; A structure/function study has been initiated for the epsilon 34 bacteriophage proteins involved in lysogeny in Salmonella newington . Hydroxylamine and nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of a wild type epsilon 34 phage was used to generate clear plaque variants . Complementation analysis was used to define four genes involved in the phage lysogenic pathway . A relative mapping order has been established . In addition, a virulent mutant, epsilon 34vir82, which defines a repressor binding site has been isolated.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(1), 103 - 4
Salmonella typhi meningitis; Lecour H et al.; Whereas typhoid fever is still an endemic disease in some parts of the world, meningeal involvement in this disease is a rare occurrence . We report a case of Salmonella typhi meningitis in a 70-year-old woman . The patient was treated with ampicillin and the only sequela was right-sided deafness.

Ethiop Med J, 1994 Jan, 32(1), 1 - 6
Salmonella newport: outbreak of food poisoning among college students due to contaminated undercooked eggs; Aseffa A et al.; A sudden outbreak of food poisoning occurred between December 31, 1991 and January 4, 1992 among students of the Gondar College of Medical Sciences . Out of 344 students, 79 (23%) had manifest disease . Salmonella newport was isolated from the stool of six students and three food handlers . The mean incubation period for the excretors was 48 hours . Main symptoms of those evaluated by physician were mild diarrhoea (86%) and abdominal cramps (71.4%) . The only meal shared by all was a breakfast of unpeeled undercooked eggs served after 14 hours of storage at room temperature.

Environ Health Perspect, 1994 Jan, 102 Suppl 1, 91 - 4
Some comments on potency measures in mutagenicity research; Margolin BH et al.; In this article, the measurement of the potency of a chemical or mixture from its dose response in a particular assay is addressed . Attention is focused on data from the Ames Salmonella assay . Three measures of potency are explored and shown to be highly correlated . The presentation then discusses specific areas of research that might benefit from a study of potency.

Environ Health Perspect, 1994 Jan, 102 Suppl 1, 53 - 9
Biostatistical issues in the design and analysis of multiple or repeated genotoxicity assays; Edler L; Tests for genotoxic or mutagenic effects of chemicals have prompted efficient biostatistical methods for the quantification of dose-response data, especially from the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . A decision about the genotoxicity of a compound is, however, always based on several assays, and results from multiple or repeated genotoxicity assays have to be combined either qualitatively or, even better, quantitatively . The latter problem is considered here, and issues for design and analysis are addressed . General recommendations for designing genotoxicity assays are given . A long-known methodology for combining quantitative parameters from different experiments is updated and other statistical methods suitable for the combined analyses of multiple assays are presented . Some aspects of design and analysis are elucidated on count data from unscheduled DNA synthesis assays.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1994 Jan-Feb, (1), 91 - 5
{The status of the blood antioxidant system in a chronic typhoid bacterial carrier state}; Akhmedov DR; The problems dealt with in this work, the study of the pathogenesis of chronic Salmonella typhi carriership and the development of preparations for its sanation, are highly topical . The data on the evaluation of the state of antioxidative system in 33 chronic S . typhi carriers are presented . In all carriers a decrease in the activity of this system has been established, mainly in its nonenzymatic part, represented by low-molecular thiols, and an essential decrease in the buffer capacity of the thiosulfide link and catalase activity of the blood has been noted . The use of antioxidants in combination with ampicillin makes it possible to normalize the state of the antioxidative system . In all carriers no S . typhi were isolated during the first month after proposed treatment.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1994, 39(1), 74 - 8
Relation between resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and cadmium in salmonellae isolated from pigs; Hustavova H et al.; Of 50 Salmonella species isolated from pigs, 30 were resistant to cadmium and 18 of these also to azlocillin . The azlocillin-resistant isolates were resistant to cadmium at 80-500 mg/L CdSO4 . A broader spectrum of resistance to azlocillin, ampicillin and cephazolin was found in strains resistant to < 200 mg/L CdSO4 . Resistance to silver, mercury, chloramphenicol and streptomycin was independent of the resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and Cd2+ . Production and levels of beta-lactamase do not correlate with the spectrum of resistance.

Mol Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 11(2), 281 - 92
Characterization of the dTDP-rhamnose biosynthetic genes encoded in the rfb locus of Shigella flexneri; Macpherson DF et al.; The nucleotide sequence of the proximal half of the rfb region of Shigella flexneri has been determined, and the genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose have been identified . These genes show strong homology to the rfb genes encoding dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (strain LT2) and S . enterica serovar anatum (strain M32) (Jiang et al., 1991; Wang et al., 1992) . An open reading frame upstream of rfbB was also identified which encoded a protein having strong similarity with GaIU, and has been designated galF . GalF has 92% amino acid sequence identity with an S . enterica LT2 gene, orf2X8, which is similarly situated upstream of rfbB (Jiang et al., 1991) . The T7 expression system was utilized to identify proteins corresponding to those predicted from DNA sequence analysis . The similarity of the predicted proteins with proteins that are functionally identical or related, and with others of unknown function from the Yersinia enterocolitica O3 rfb region, and in the Escherichia coli K-12 rff region are also described . We have re-addressed the assignment of each gene of the dTDP-rhamnose pathway with the known enzymes of the pathway, in particular rfbC and rfbD . A reporter plasmid to detect genes encoding enzymes of the dTDP-rhamnose pathway is described . An analysis of the intergenic region between galF and rfbB has been made, and comparison with the same region from S . enterica LT2 discussed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1994 Jan, 280(3), 409 - 15
Production and characterization of a polyclonal antiserum against Spiroplasma mirum (ATCC 29335); Tenckhoff B et al.; Spiroplasma mirum (ATCC 29335), an American tick isolate, was cultivated and its purity was controlled using electron microscopy and Tricine-SDS-PAGE . In the SDS-PAGE analysis, the protein pattern of the antigen used revealed a polypeptide profile (35 bands) with an approximate molecular weight of 161 kDa to 10.5 kDa . This strain was used to immunize two rabbits . The produced antisera did not cross-react with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella minnesota, Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum but did still react in Western blot analysis with Spiroplasma mirum at a dilution of 1:128.000 . This specific and sensitive antiserum was used to examine 72 midgut smears of Berlin ticks (lxodes ricinus) individually by direct immunofluorescence . In 26 samples, we could demonstrate fluorescent structures, but we were not able to culture spiroplasmas from these samples.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1994 Jan, 280(3), 325 - 31
Characterization of antisera raised against Treponema denticola (ATCC 33521) whole cell, outer sheath, protoplasmic cylinder, and axial flagella; Wolf V et al.; In this study we produced polyclonal antisera directed to whole cell, outer sheath, protoplasmic cylinder and axial flagella sonicates of Treponema denticola (ATCC 33521) reference strain . Furthermore, the reactivity of the antisera was determined, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting techniques . As control antigen, other gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella minnesota, Escherichia coli) and related pathogenic spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum) were used . It could be shown that the purified antibodies were specific for Treponema denticola and did not cross-react with the control antigens tested . Interestingly, with one exception, the anti-axial flagella antibody reacted with the flagellin of Treponema pallidum but not with Borrelia burgdorferi flagella . It is intended to use these antisera for the characterization of patient isolates in further studies.

Vaccine, 1994, 12(3), 195 - 9
Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines; Keitel WA et al.; Clinical and serum antibody responses following intramuscular injection of two formulations of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi) were assessed in a double-blind evaluation . Healthy adults were randomly assigned to receive a 25 micrograms dose of liquid (Vi-Liq; n = 182) or freeze-dried Vi vaccine (Vi-Lyoph; n = 55), or placebo (n = 86) . Erythema and/or induration > or = 1 cm in diameter at the injection site developed in 13/182 (7%) of Vi-Liq and 3/55 (5%) of Vi-Lyoph recipients (not significant, n.s.) . Fever (oral temperature > or = 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C)) occurred in < 2% of vaccinees . The frequencies of rises of fourfold or greater and of maximal Vi antibody levels were similar in the two vaccine groups . Fourfold or greater rises in serum Vi antibody levels (RIA) developed in 53% of Vi-Lyoph and 60% of Vi-Liq recipients by 1 week (n.s.), and 98 and 93%, respectively, by 1 month (n.s.) . The frequencies of adverse reactions and mean Vi antibody levels following booster immunization with Vi-Liq 27 to 34 months after primary immunization (n = 55) were similar to those observed following primary immunization, although subjects given a booster dose were more likely to develop local reactions > or = 1 cm in diameter than those given a first dose (10/55 versus 13/182, p = 0.013 by the chi 2 test) . Primary and booster immunizations with the Vi vaccines are well tolerated in healthy adults; mean Vi antibody levels remain significantly elevated for up to 34 months after primary immunization.

Poult Sci, 1994 Jan, 73(1), 89 - 98
Mechanism of transovarian transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens; Thiagarajan D et al.; To understand the mechanism of transovarian transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens, experiments were conducted to examine the isolation of S . enteritidis from the preovulatory follicles of experimentally infected hens . Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the preovulatory follicles in 16 birds (from follicle membrane alone in 10 birds, from the follicle yolk alone in 4 birds, and from both membrane and yolk in 2 birds) . In addition, 83 S . enteritidis isolates of the major phage types prevalent in United States were tested for attachment to hen ovarian granulosa cells and HEp-2 cells . Salmonella enteritidis demonstrated three different patterns of attachment to granulosa cells, namely, local, diffuse, and aggregative; whereas, only local attachment pattern was observed on HEp-2 cells . The total number of S . enteritidis isolates that demonstrated any pattern of attachment was significantly greater on the granulosa cells than on HEp-2 cells (P < .05) . Salmonella enteritidis isolates of phage Types 8 and 28 demonstrated similar patterns of attachment on granulosa cells derived from the mature and developing follicles of the hen ovary . This suggest that S . enteritidis can colonize the preovulatory follicles at different stages of development . Preincubation of bacteria with the tetrapeptide arg-gly-asp-ser, the amino acid sequence known to mediate the interaction of adhesive proteins with cells, abrogated the local attachment of bacteria to granulosa cells . These results suggest that S . enteritidis can colonize the preovulatory follicles by interacting with the ovarian granulosa cells and that adhesive proteins may be involved in this process.

Indian J Med Res, 1994 Jan, 99, 13 - 7
Purification & antigenicity of Salmonella newport enterotoxin; Harne SD et al.; The enterotoxic moiety present in cell free culture supernatant (CFCS) of S . newport strains (MP/120 and BM/704) was purified and antigenically characterised . Purification was achieved to homogeneity by salt precipitation, dialysis and successive gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 and G-200 columns with the help of FPLC set . It was non-dialysable and purified enterotoxin yielded a single protein band in PAGE . It appeared to be of high molecular weight (100 KDa) and highly immunogenic in the rabbit . Antigenically, it was not related to cholera toxin, Shiga toxin or heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1994, 23(3), 234 - 8
Evaluation of the genetic toxicity of middle distillate fuels; McKee RH et al.; Petroleum middle distillate (PMD) fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons that distill between approximately 170-370 degrees C . Commercial products that fall into this category include kerosine, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and home heating oil . These products contain both saturated (paraffins and cycloparaffins) and aromatic species, but because of the boiling range normally contain very small amounts of the 3-6 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents, which are considered to be carcinogenic . Nevertheless, there is evidence of weak tumorigenic activity when these materials are repeatedly applied to mouse skin . In the current studies representative products were tested in two commonly used, short-term assays for genetic toxicity, the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test . All samples were inactive in the micronucleus assay, and three were clearly inactive in the Salmonella test . Of the remaining two, one was marginally active in the Salmonella assay, and one was equivocal . The marginally active sample contained detectable levels of PAH due to the use of catalytically cracked materials as blending stocks . The results indicated that PMDs that do not contain cracked material were not mutagenic . Thus they may produce tumors via nongenotoxic processes . Those products that do contain cracked stocks may have sufficient PAH to be mutagenic in the Salmonella assay, and in those cases the PAH might also contribute to tumor formation.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1994, 23(3), 200 - 7
Correlation between meteorological conditions and mutagenicity of airborne particulate samples in a tropical monsoon climate area from Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Lee H et al.; Kaohsiung is a city of 1.5 million located in the southern part of Taiwan . It has a serious air pollution problem mainly attributable to much industrial and commercial activity . In order to estimate the effects of traffic, season, and meteorological conditions on the mutagenicity of Kaohsiung City's urban ambient particulate matter, 624 airborne particulate samples were collected on a weekly basis from 12 locations for an entire year . The mutagenic potential of acetone extracts of air samples was evaluated by the Salmonella/microsomal test with S . typhimurium TA98 in the presence and absence of S9 mixtures . The air samples from November 1990 showed the highest direct and indirect mutagenicity among the 12 months, whereas those from June and July 1991 had the lowest direct and indirect mutagenic activity, respectively . The mutagenicity showed a good correlation with amounts of the acetone extractable matter of airborne particulates . The meteorological conditions, monthly mean precipitation, and wind speed also showed a good correspondence with mutagenicity . Wind direction and temperature had a moderate relationship . The major mutagenic fractions of air samples that had the highest mutagenic activity in a month were purified using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and the contents of PAHs, 1-NP, and DNPs were analyzed by HPLC . The characteristic concentration ratios of PAHs indicated that, for the main pollution sources of airborne particulates from Kaohsiung city, the mobile sources were more important than the stationary ones . The total amounts of 1-NP and DNPs in airborne particulates seemed to correspond to their mutagenicity . Although the total amounts of 1-NP and DNPs in the air samples correlated with their mutagenicity, the major mutagenic chemicals in the airborne particulate samples from Kaohsiung City need further investigation.

Chem Res Toxicol, 1994 Jan-Feb, 7(1), 62 - 7
Formation of the acrolein-derived 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts in DNA upon reaction with 3-(N-carbethoxy-N-nitrosamino)propionaldehyde; Chung FL et al.; 3-(Methylnitrosamino)propionaldehyde (MNPA) is a carcinogenic nitrosamine formed by nitrosation of arecoline, a major alkaloid in areca nut which is a constituent of betel quid . While DNA adducts of its analogue, 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionitrile, have been characterized, little is known about the structures of DNA adducts by MNPA . In this paper, we report that the acrolein-derived 1,N2-propanoguanine adducts are formed upon incubating deoxyguanosine or DNA with 3-(N-carbethoxy-N-nitrosamino)propionaldehyde, a stable carbamate precursor of the metabolically activated MNPA . The identities of these adducts were confirmed by HPLC co-migration, by their NMR and UV spectra, and by chemical properties as compared with those of the synthetic standards . Analogous results were obtained from the reaction of the carbamate with calf thymus DNA . Upon acid or enzyme hydrolysis of the carbamate-modified DNA, acrolein-guanine adducts were detected, and the levels were quantitated . Again, the identities of the adducts were verified by co-chromatography with the standards, by UV spectroscopy, or by the ring-opening with NaOH/NaBH4 . Consistent with its ability to modify DNA, the carbamate was found to be mutagenic in Salmonella tester strains . These results show that acrolein is a likely metabolite from the activation of MNPA and that the formation of 1,N2-propanoguanine adducts may contribute to the mutagenicity of the carbamate of MNPA.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 7 - 13
Salmonella enteritidis in Italy; Fantasia M et al.; During the period 1982-1992 the percentages of Salmonella enteritidis isolations in Italy have increased from 2.4 to 57.1% from human beings and from 0.5 to 22.8% from food . Seven hundred and fifty-seven isolates, 702 from man and 55 from food, were characterized . Phage type 4 accounted for the 76.8% of these isolates . The majority of strains were sensitive to the antibiotics tested; only 18 (2.4%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotics by nine different patterns.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 55 - 68
Serological diagnosis of Salmonella serotype enteritidis infections in poultry by ELISA and other tests; Barrow PA; Serological methods have increasingly been used for the detection of invasive Salmonella serotypes including enteritidis in poultry . Different types of ELISA, particularly indirect or double antibody-blocking assays using a variety of antigens such as lipopolysaccharide, flagella and SEF14 fimbrial antigen are used as part of control programmes in a number of countries . There are many advantages to using such assays for preliminary screening of flocks prior to using bacteriological culture methods.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 47 - 53
The use of latex particle agglutination to specifically detect Salmonella enteritidis; Thorns CJ et al.; This paper reviews the development and evaluation of a latex particle agglutination test to specifically identify cultured Salmonella enteritidis organisms . The test is based on the use of two monoclonal antibody-coated latex reagents, one of which detects the recently discovered SEF14 fimbriae expressed predominantly by S . enteritidis and S . dublin organisms, while the second reagent detects the H'p' antigen of S . dublin flagella . In a series of field trials 141 out of 142 strains of S . enteritidis from eighteen phage types were correctly identified by the latex test . A further 175 salmonella isolates representing 35 serotypes were tested and only two false-positives (S . dublin) in the latex test were recorded . This is the first rapid serotype specific test for S . enteritidis to be developed, and highlights the potential advantage of fimbrial antigens as novel diagnostic antigens of the future.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 41 - 6
Conventional methods for the detection and isolation of Salmonella enteritidis; van der Zee H; Conventional methods for the specific isolation of Salmonella enteritidis are scarce . For pre-enrichment, addition of ammonium-iron (III)-citrate, ferrioxamine E and G or novobiocin in combination with cefsoludin to Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) and of ferrous sulphate to Trypticase Soy Broth seems to favour S . enteritidis isolation . As far as selective media are concerned, the use of semi-solid media, and addition of nitrofurantoin, results in higher isolation rates of the S . enteritidis serovar . Addition of 0.0015% nitrofurantoin to semi-solid DIASALM is so far the only successful combination reported . Addition of 0.0015% nitrofurantoin to solid media, in this case to XLD, is also reported . Use of a semi-solid medium, preferably DIASALM + 0.0015% nitrofurantoin, in addition to the selective media routinely used is recommended.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 31 - 40
Contamination of egg shell and contents with Salmonella enteritidis: a review; Humphrey TJ; Salmonella enteritidis can contaminate the contents of clean, intact shell eggs as a result of infections of the reproductive tissue of laying hens . The principal site of infection would appear to be the upper oviduct . In egg contents the most important sites of contamination are either the outside of the vitelline membrane or the albumen surrounding it . In fresh eggs, only few salmonellas are present and as albumen is an iron-restricted environment, growth will only occur once storage-related changes to vitelline membrane permeability, which allow salmonellas to invade yolk contents, have taken place . When this happens high populations are achieved in both yolk contents and albumen . Some eggs from naturally infected hens have been found to contain large numbers of S . enteritidis . The rate of change in membrane permeability is temperature-dependent . In eggs stored at 20 degrees C, yolk invasion is uncommon until eggs have been stored for 3 weeks . In stimulated kitchen conditions where temperatures reached 30 degrees C, salmonellas could grow rapidly after a few days.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 21 - 30
The epidemiological situation of Salmonella enteritidis in Poland; Glosnicka R et al.; The epidemiological situation connected with S . enteritidis in Poland, in the years 1961-1991, is described . During this period there were two increases in infections and food poisonings, which were of an epidemiological character . The first epidemic, in 1962-1976, affected primarily small children and spread by contact in a hospital environment . It caused serious diseases, or dangerous complications in already existing illnesses, with high mortality . A few foci of later food poisonings were caused by infected meat or meat by-products . The second epidemic, which began in 1980 or 1981 and still exists, has already affected about 500,000 persons . It has often concerned cases of sporadic infections, mainly in the case of small children, but it has not been of a hospital epidemic character . It has been far more frequently associated with food poisoning outbreaks caused by contaminated ice-cream, cream cakes, eggs, mayonnaise and, less frequently, by meat and meat by-products . Attention is drawn to the large number of humans transmitting S . enteritidis infections in Poland.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 171 - 8
Salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in The Netherlands; Edel W; Results of a Salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in The Netherlands in 1989-1992 are presented . A top-down approach was performed, which means if infection is cleared out from the top end (breeding stock), and good hygiene standards are maintained throughout the industry, the infection will be progressively cleared from the whole of the national stock . Each year all poultry breeder flocks (approx . 2300) were screened for the presence of S . enteritidis by bacteriological examination of caecal droppings until 1 April 1992 . After that date, screening was carried out with a 'double-antibody sandwich blocking' (DAS blocking) ELISA-method . Treatment of S . enteritidis-positive flocks, even in production, with Baytril (enrofloxacin) and competitive exclusion flora turned out to be a good alternative for slaughtering these flocks . The top-down approach seems to be successful also in relation to S . enteritidis infection in humans in The Netherlands, since no further increase of human infections has been observed during the last 3 years.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 155 - 69
Salmonella enteritidis control programs in the United States; Mason J; A sharply rising incidence of salmonellosis in humans caused by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in the United States between 1985 and 1989 resulted in a government-sponsored outbreak traceback program which was started in 1990 . Layer flocks considered the sources of egg-implicated outbreaks would be tested for SE and the eggs from these flocks would be diverted to pasteurization plants . A program to eliminate SE from primary and multiplier breeding flocks was started at the same time . A subsequent spent hen survey and a survey of prepasteurized liquid egg material revealed that SE was much more prevalent than had been suspected, and that the highest prevalence was found in the northeastern and middle Atlantic states . Since the SE rates did not decrease during the next 2 years, a pilot project was started in 1992 in Pennsylvania, in one of the most highly affected areas . The project was designed to reduce the number of SE outbreaks by diverting eggs from SE-affected flocks and at the same time attempting to delineate the epidemiology and control aspects of the disease . With the results generated during the fist 18 months of the Pilot Project, a much larger SE prevention program will start in the same area, in October 1993.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 15 - 9
Salmonella enteritidis in Argentina; Caffer MI et al.; A significant increase in the number of isolations of Salmonella enteritidis has been observed in Argentina since 1986 . Outbreaks of foodborne diseases in humans were associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked hens' eggs . Between 1986 and the first 6 months of 1993 there were 150 outbreaks reported, affecting more than 6000 persons . A total of 71.3% of these outbreaks were confirmed by stool cultures, and 47.3% by bacteriological study of the food implicated in the outbreak . A permanent surveillance of salmonellosis is imperative, taking into account the persistence of Salmonella enteritidis isolations in sporadic cases and in new outbreaks.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 145 - 54
Intervention strategies for Salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks: a basic approach; van de Giessen AW et al.; Poultry laying flocks can become infected with Salmonella enteritidis by several routes . In this study a model is presented of the cumulative infection curve of S . enteritidis in laying flocks . Based on this model and practical results the contribution of different routes to the infection can be estimated providing a basis for an effective intervention strategy . For illustration, the cumulative infection curve of S . enteritidis in Dutch laying flocks is analysed . This curve shows a low level of infection at the start of the laying period which indicates that the contribution of the vertical infection route (from infected breeding flocks to progeny) is small . The course of the infection curve indicates that there is a high probability of infection in the first part of the laying period . The result suggests that the laying flocks become infected mainly from the farm environment including not properly cleaned and disinfected poultry houses and infected vermin present on the farm . As a consequence, intervention in The Netherlands should be directed to trace S . enteritidis-contaminated laying farms and eradicate the contamination.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 131 - 43
Salmonella enteritidis: clinical epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of S . enteritidis in poultry production; Noordhuizen JP et al.; Salmonella enteritidis infections in poultry appear to be of major public concern . Prevalence levels in veal calves and pigs are rather low . Because of the complex of socio-psychological, welfare, economic and public health aspects great emphasis should be put on prevention and control . This paper deals with some clinical epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of S . enteritidis . Emphasis is set on multifactorial background of infection occurrence, epidemiological methods and features of monitoring and surveillance for evaluation of measures taken during a follow-up period . Finally, it is stated that the application of Risk Assessment & Analysis principles in this problem area, integrating the concepts previously addressed, might prove to be a valuable perspective.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 117 - 29
The socio-economic impact of human Salmonella enteritidis infection; Roberts JA et al.; Recent government and public concern about the recorded increase in human salmonellosis in the UK and abroad has stimulated investigations of both the causes and consequences of these infections . This paper discusses the framework for economic analysis of food-borne disease and problems associated with the estimation of costs . A brief review of the literature in this area is given and the results of a national study of the costs of human salmonellosis in England and Wales are presented and used to estimate the likely costs of S . enteritidis infection.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 107 - 16
Understanding Salmonella enteritidis in laying chickens: the contributions of experimental infections; Gast RK; A significant proportion of human Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreaks in recent years has been traced to the consumption of contaminated eggs produced by infected laying flocks . Experimental SE infections in chickens have been used to acquire a considerable amount of basic information about the interaction between SE and the avian host . After oral or parenteral inoculation of chickens, SE can colonize the intestinal tract, invade and disseminate to reach numerous internal organ sites, and elicit the production of specific antibodies in serum and egg yolks . Experimental infection of laying hens can result in the deposition of SE in the contents of eggs before oviposition, although generally in rather small numbers and at a relatively low frequency . The consequences of experimental SE infection have been shown to vary significantly with the strain and dose of the inoculum . Some SE isolates have been shown to produce various clinical effects, including decreased egg production by hens . The information provided by experimental SE infections in chickens has played an important role in the formulation of appropriate strategies for reducing the incidence of SE in commercial laying flocks and thereby also reducing the incidence of transmission of SE to consumers via contaminated eggs.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 1 - 5
Salmonella enteritidis in Canada; Poppe C; During the last few years the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in people in Canada has increased slightly from 9 to 12% of all Salmonella isolates . Nation-wide surveys showed a low prevalence of S . enteritidis in poultry flocks: S . enteritidis was isolated from environmental samples of 2.7% of layer flocks and of 3% of broiler flocks . The overall prevalence of S . enteritidis-contaminated eggs from two flocks with infected hens was less than 0.06% . With the exception of S . enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, which has not been isolated from poultry in Canada, the phage types that occur most commonly in poultry (PT 8, 13 and 13a) are also the most prevalent in people . Phage typing was the most effective method for subdividing S . enteritidis strains . Eighty-three percent of the S . enteritidis isolates from poultry and its environment were sensitive to antimicrobial agents . The reasons why strains of the same phage type differ in virulence need to be elucidated.

J Rheumatol, 1994 Jan, 21(1), 132 - 7
Secretory immune response and clinical sequelae of Salmonella infection in a point source cohort; Thomson GT et al.; OBJECTIVE . To determine the kinetic isotypic serum and secretory immune response to Salmonella enteritidis in a cohort of individuals exposed to the organism in a single food source outbreak of dysentery . To determine the clinical outcome and immunogenetics of the exposed cohort and to correlate these features with the immune response . METHODS . Following a single point source outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis, a cohort of dysenteric individuals were ascertained using a reactive arthritis screening questionnaire (QUEST) . Serum and stimulated saliva samples were obtained at 6, 12, and 24 months following the outbreak of dysentery; examinations were conducted at the same time . Two unexposed control groups were ascertained: (1) general rheumatology clinic patients and (2) well nonarthritic family practice patients . An ELISA to determine quantitative IgA responses to Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was performed . RESULTS . Eleven of the 84 exposed individuals with dysentery developed reactive arthritis (ReA) of reactive enthesitis (ReE) . There was a prolonged salivary IgA anti-LPS response in both the ReA/ReE and DYS (dysentery alone) patients compared with unexposed controls . A ratio of salivary IgA anti-LPS/serum IgA anti-LPS > 1 was associated with a good outcome (remission) of ReA, whereas a ratio < 1 was associated with chronic disease . CONCLUSIONS . There is a more prolonged humoral immune response to Salmonella LPS in exposed individuals than hitherto described . A risk factor in the prolongation of ReA is the inability to mount an appropriate specific salivary (secretory) immune response.

Gesundheitswesen, 1994 Jan, 56(1), 37 - 40
{General practice of salmonella control from the viewpoint of the public health office--a report of experiences from Cottbus and the Brandenburg area}; Loeff D; Internationally, an enhanced incidence of the PT4 plasmid is seen in S . enteritidis . Parallel to this, the incidence is also increasing in the new German Land of Brandenburg . The Federal law governing the control of epidemics--which is now also valid in Brandenburg due to the reunification of Germany--demands that strict controls are enforced wherever there are institutions for children, including controls of the environment of such institutions . As a result of this enforcement, it was possible to identify 947 salmonella infections in the Cottbus district in 1992, 82.15% of which were due to S . enteritidis with identification of PT4 plasmid . The question is now raised as to whether the high infectious dose of S . enteritidis with PT4 plasmid still applies and whether the prescribed antiepidemic measures are still necessary in respect of assuming--as the law demands--that strains with PT4 plasmids are to be considered equal in respect of all other salmonella serovars . More than 1000 children under 2 years of age are being cared for in the kindergartens and creches of Cottbus who would be particularly exposed to infections not transmitted by food intake alone . But there is a shortage of funds which is a serious obstacle to antiepidemic measures . A note of warning is sounded against restricting investigations to food intake only . Particular attention is drawn to the crying need for more research, for interdisciplinary cooperation and stricter measures to fight infection.

Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol, 1994 Jan-Feb, (1), 23 - 6
{Protective activity of the recombinant strain Salmonella minnesota R595/GSA, synthesizing the plague capsule antigen in experimental plague in mice}; Gremiakova TA et al.; Protective properties of the recombinant strain Salmonella minnesota R595/GSA in experimental murine plague were studied . The recombinant vaccine ReFI possesses a high protective activity against plague with the level of survival, the LD50, indexes of immunity and the mean periods of animal death not inferior to those of the commercial vaccine . The protective properties of the live and killed recombinant ReFI vaccines in experimental murine plague are practically identical . The experimental recombinant vaccine is efficient at infecting doses up to 10(5) CFU . The live and killed vaccines are nontoxic for mice at doses up to 10(10) CFU.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1994 Jan, 32(1), 55 - 60
Formation of mutagenic activity from amino acids heated at cooking temperatures; Knize MG et al.; To investigate the formation of aromatic amine-like mutagenic activity in cooked grain foods, amino acids were heated alone or in binary combinations at either 150 or 210 degrees C . About half of the binary mixtures of arginine heated with other amino acids produced potent mutagenic responses in the Ames/Salmonella assay, but only cysteine produced mutagenic products when heated alone . One-to-one molar ratios of arginine heated with threonine, valine, cystine, cysteine or tryptophan produced reaction products that gave 1200-3200 revertants/mmol in Salmonella strain TA98 with metabolic activation . 1-Methylguanidine, a fragment of arginine, produced a mutagenic response when heated alone or in binary mixtures with all amino acids tested . Analysis of reaction product extracts by solid-phase extraction and HPLC failed to find the known heterocyclic amines commonly found in cooked meats that would explain the measured mutagenic activity . As judged by biological and chemical characterization, several new aromatic amine mutagens are formed by heating some simple amino acids combined with arginine, and these reactants may be the source of the mutagenic products detected in the extracts of some cooked grain-based foods.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1994 Jan, 32(1), 15 - 21
Characterization of mutagenic activity in cooked-grain-food products; Knize MG et al.; Wheat gluten or flour from several plant sources heated at 210 degrees C for 1 hr produced 0-1800 revertant colonies/g in the Ames/Salmonella test using strain TA98 with metabolic activation . Baked or toasted foods and a heated grain beverage showed a mutagenic response in all cases from 2 to 320 revertants/g, with higher values seen when overcooked . Fried meat-substitute patties showed 0-23 revertants/g when fried at 210 degrees C . A greater mutagenic response in bacterial strain TA98 than in strain TA100 and a requirement for metabolic activation suggests that one or more aromatic amine mutagens are formed at normal cooking temperatures, but the mutagenic activity measured cannot be accounted for by the known heterocyclic amines commonly found in cooked meats . We conclude that grain products from aromatic amine chemicals during heating that are mutagenic in bacterial mutation tests.

Bull World Health Organ, 1994, 72(1), 69 - 72
A salmonella data bank for routine surveillance and research; Talaska T; A salmonella data bank has been established in the State of Brandenburg, Germany, with due steps being taken to ensure the protection of personal data . The system of data collection and rapid return of information to the local health and veterinary services have become essential elements in intersectoral cooperation in case investigation, disease prevention, and epidemiological research . A number of issues, particularly those concerning the pathways of infection, characteristics of clusters of cases, and the infection of different population strata can now be examined and monitored . An important feature of the data bank is its accessibility by local as well as central state services using a PC-based program and the wide interdisciplinary circulation of regular reports . Preliminary results on the data volume, age distribution of cases, and salmonella isolation rates in different population strata are presented . The data bank supports studies on marketing and purchasing patterns of agricultural products representing potential vehicles of infection, and it should encourage investigations to trace the reservoirs of infection and contamination points along the food chain.

J Clin Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 32(1), 199 - 201
Differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 strains: evaluation of three additional phage typing systems, plasmid profiles, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and biotyping; Stubbs AD et al.; Three additional phage typing systems for Salmonella enteritidis, plasmid analysis, biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, were used in an attempt to subdivide 30 phage type 8 (phage typing system used by the WHO International Center for Enteric Phage Typing, London, England) isolates . These isolates represented 18 different egg-related outbreaks (21 strains) and 9 reference strains or strains that were not egg-associated . Only 7 of the 30 strains (28%) were subdivided by one or more of the methods used; this included 3 of the 21 strains from egg-related outbreaks . Twenty-seven strains contained a 55-kb plasmid that is associated with S . enteritidis . Of 65 additional phages tested, 2 from the phage typing system obtained from the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, were useful in differentiating the three strains that lacked the 55-kb plasmid . Although the results obtained for the 21 strains from egg-related outbreaks showed that the strains had minor phenotypic differences, the overall results suggested that the strains may represent a single clone . Studies are planned to test additional phages and other typing methods to see whether strains of phage type 8 can be further differentiated.

Neuroradiology, 1994, 36(1), 35 - 6
Salmonella typhi abscess in a craniopharyngioma: CT and MRI; Shanley DJ et al.; A Salmonella typhi abscess within a craniopharyngioma in a 28-year-old woman is reported . CT and MRI demonstration of cerebral edema adjacent to the tumor suggested an atypical presentation of craniopharyngioma.

Vet Med (Praha), 1994, 39(4), 187 - 95
Growth and survival of Salmonella enteritidis in selected egg foods; Ruzickova V; Growth of selected strains of S . enteritidis in the white, yolk and liquid whole egg content at 37, 21 and 8 degrees C and their survival in mayonnaise and sauce Tartare at 37 and 21 degrees C were investigated . Cell counts of strain No . 2553 rose by 6-7 logs and 5-6 logs during 24 hours of incubation in the yolk at 37 degrees C and in liquid whole egg content at 21 degrees C, respectively . The propagation was inhibited in the white at 37 or 8 degrees C, but the cell count rose by 1.2-1.3 logs after 24 hours of incubation at 21 degrees C . Four tested strains survived 4 and 2 hours of incubation at 37 or 21 degrees C in mayonnaise (pH 3.9) and sauce Tartare (pH 4.3), respectively . In samples of mayonnaise with pH adjusted to 5.4, the cell counts rose by 0.6 log after 2 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C, but, compared with the initial inoculum size, decreased by 0.1 and 0.4 logs after 6 and 24 hours of incubation, respectively . The propagation of all the strains under study was strongly inhibited in peptone water containing 0.4 percent of acetic acid.

Drug Metab Rev, 1994, 26(1-2), 431 - 42
Medium-term rat liver bioassay for rapid detection of carcinogens and modifiers of hepatocarcinogenesis; Ito N et al.; For rapid detection of carcinogenic agents, a medium-term liver bioassay has been established in our laboratory using preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci in the rat liver as endpoint marker lesions . A total of 237 compounds have so far been tested in this system and the results compared with reported Salmonella/microsome and long-term carcinogenicity test findings . The positive rate was found to be extremely high, 97% (28 of 29 compounds) for genotoxic hepatocarcinogens; and satisfactory, 86% (23 of 27 chemicals) for nongenotoxic ones . The positive rate for carcinogens targeting organs other than the liver, however, is relatively low (24%) . Malathion and vinclozolin proved positive, although both have been reported to be noncarcinogenic in rats and mice . Those chemicals which exerted positive results in this system might be hepatopromoting agents even if hepatocarcinogenicity has not been established . Five of the six false-negative hepatocarcinogens could be categorized as peroxisome proliferators . In addition, a number of inhibitory agents for GST-P-positive foci development have been detected and many are categorized as antioxidants . The validity of this system as a tool for rapid detection of carcinogenic and chemopreventive agents is discussed.

Methods Enzymol, 1994, 235, 448 - 57
Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacterial pathogens: isolation and use to determine host clearance and in vivo replication rates; Hooke AM; Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacterial pathogens are relatively easy to obtain and characterize . We have used ts mutants of a number of bacterial pathogens: E . coli and Listeria monocytogenes to determine quantitatively the bacterial activities in vitro of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; E . coli and P . cepacia to study clearance of the bacteria in vivo; and Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, E . coli, P . aeruginosa, and P . cepacia to determine quantitatively the replication rates in the spleens, lungs, and peritoneal cavities of mice, and the lungs of chickens.

Microb Pathog, 1994 Jan, 16(1), 65 - 70
In vitro adhesion and invasion of Salmonella enterica serovar Havana; Jafari A et al.; A total of 132 isolates of the Havana serovar of Salmonela enterica were studied for their adhesion to and invasion of Hela cells in the presence of D-mannose . A total of 124 (93.9%) isolates were adherent, and 51% of these were invasive . Of these 124 strains 82 (66%) adhered to HeLa cells with a pattern typical for enteroaggregative (EAgg) Escherichia coli whereas the remaining 34% adhered in a non-aggregative (non-EAgg) pattern . Of the 82 strains showing the EAgg pattern 60% were invasive whereas only 33% of the 49 non-EAgg isolates invaded HeLa cells (P < 0.01) . The action of mannose-sensitive type 1 pili was inhibited by the addition of D-mannose . Therefore we conclude that type 1 pili are not important in adhesion and invasion of Havana.

Vet Med (Praha), 1994, 39(6), 315 - 20
The isolation of salmonellae from poultry carcasses and equipment in the poultry processing plant by means of two procedures; Tadesse WM et al.; A total of 235 samples (swabs, rinse and organs) from freshly dressed broiler carcasses and from equipment of poultry processing plant were examined for the presence of salmonellae by means of motility enrichment on modified semisolid Rappaport medium (SAM) and of a conventional cultural procedure using Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (R-VB) as selective enrichment . In 61 samples (26%), Salmonella was isolated by means of one or both procedures . The highest contamination with Salmonella was found in the rinse of broiler carcasses (35.5%), followed by swabs of equipment (32.0%), tissues of organs (31.0%) and swabs of carcasses (19.7%) . Twelve different serotypes and 65 strains of salmonellae were detected . S . saint paul and S . enteritidis were the most frequent serotypes . Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the procedures.

Vet Res, 1994, 25(2-3), 185 - 91
Evaluation of some risks factors in bovine salmonellosis; Morisse JP et al.; Previous work has given evidence of the frequency of Salmonella carriage by healthy dairy cows, the increased excretion of Salmonella by talent carriers at the calving time, and the frequency of clinical salmonellosis during that period . From this the authors evaluated the relevance of 3 risks factors supposed to play a role in the triggering clinical salmonellosis, namely: metabolic and hepatic parameters; Fasciola hepatica infestation; and bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) infection . The prevalence of F hepatica and BVD, identical in infected and control herds, suggested that flukes and BVD did not play a significant role in the development of salmonellosis in the conditions of the present work . Although the mean values of metabolic and hepatic parameters were not different between healthy animals within infected herds and controls, the sequential monitoring performed in 2 reference herds gave evidence of important modifications at the calving time and during the early stages of milk production . If not formally demonstrated in this study, it is suggested that metabolic and hepatic changes observed during the peripartum, could result in a disruption of the intestinal ecosystem (pH, volatile fatty acids, NH3, peristalsis) and in the emergence of a Salmonella population . The excretion of considerable amounts of Salmonella by the first sick animals allows it to spread to the others, especially those with impaired hepatic functions.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(2), 219 - 21
Left vocal cord palsy: an unusual presentation of a mycotic aneurysm of the aorta caused by Salmonella cholerasuis; Chan P et al.; A 67-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of fever, productive cough and a concomitant hoarseness . A para-aortic lesion was found on chest X-ray, and bronchoscopy revealed a left vocal cord palsy . Due to rapid enlargement of the lesion, angiography was performed, which revealed a pseudoaneurysm at the descending aorta . Operation disclosed an infected aneurysm with rupture, and tissue culture yielded Salmonella cholerasuis . The findings of a mycotic aneurysm and hoarseness due to compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a rare and serious combination caused by salmonella, previously unreported in the medical literature.

Br Vet J, 1994 Jan-Feb, 150(1), 93 - 102
Laboratory and field trial assessment of protection given by a Salmonella enteritidis PT4 inactivated, adjuvant vaccine; Timms LM et al.; An inactivated Salmonella enteritidis PT4 vaccine, containing 10(9) cfu ml-1 and 75% oil-adjuvant, was used in a laboratory and field trial . Vaccination at day old and 4 weeks subcutaneously provided good protection against massive challenge with 10(8) cfu of virulent organisms administered intravenously at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age . The degree of protection was assessed according to the severity of the clinical signs, mortality, postmortem lesions and the recovery of the challenge organisms from postmortem material in vaccinated and unvaccinated challenged birds.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1994, 23(4), 312 - 7
Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of 2-hydroxy 4-methoxybenzophenone; Robison SH et al.; The genotoxic potential of 2-hydroxy 4-methoxy-benzophenone (benzophenone-3, Bz-3), a commonly used sunscreen, has been evaluated previously with in vitro systems . Data from Salmonella studies (with and without activation) have been predominantly negative, but two reports have shown weakly positive results in a single bacterial strain under conditions of metabolic activation . In addition, Bz-3 has been reported to induce chromosome aberrations and equivocal results for sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . We used the Drosophila somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and in vivo cytogenetics in rat bone marrow to define the potential for in vivo expression of this in vitro activity . For the SMART assay, larva from a mating of "multiple wing hair" (mwh) females with heterozygous "flare" (flr) males were exposed to 0, 3000, or 3500 ppm Bz-3 or 25 ppm dimethylnitrosamine (DMN, positive control) for 72 hr . A recombination between the mwh and flr genes produces twin wing spots, while events such as deletions produce single spots . None of the Bz-3-treated larva produced flies with significantly more single or multiple wing spots than controls . In contrast, DMN-treated larva produced flies with significantly more single or multiple wing spots than controls . The in vivo cytogenetic assay in rat bone marrow cells was conducted to evaluate the clastogenicity of Bz-3 . Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by oral gavage with a single administration of 0.0, 0.5, 1.67, or 5 gm/kg Bz-3 or a single dose of 5 gm/kg/day Bz-3 for 5 consecutive days . Cyclophosphamide (CP) was the positive control and was administered at 20 mg/kg with both treatment regimens . Colchicine growth-arrested bone marrow cells were collected 8 and 12 hr after the single treatment and 12hr after the last daily treatment . Under either treatment protocol none of the Bz-3 concentrations caused any significant increase in chromosomal aberrations . Results from these two studies strongly support the conclusion that Bz-3 is not genotoxic in vivo.

Avian Dis, 1994 Jan-Mar, 38(1), 37 - 43
Salmonella enteritidis in eggs from commercial chicken layer flocks implicated in human outbreaks; Henzler DJ et al.; Eggs were cultured from four commercial chicken layer houses implicated in three human outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis serotype enteritidis infection as part of the activities of the USDA-APHIS, VS, Salmonella enteritidis Task Force . Each house was part of a multiple in-line complex, ranging from three to seven houses . Houses were located on three separate farms, and each house contained between 50,000 and 80,000 chickens . S . enteritidis phage types 8, 13a, and 23 were isolated from samples taken from environmental and organ tissue samples, but only phage type 8 was cultured from eggs . Phage type 8 was isolated from humans in all three S . enteritidis outbreaks . Frequency estimates of contaminated eggs ranged from 0.03% to 0.90%.

Avian Dis, 1994 Jan-Mar, 38(1), 119 - 26
Amplification of Salmonella chromosomal DNA using the polymerase chain reaction; Nguyen AV et al.; A Salmonella-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed and standardized . The origin of the primers was a recombinant clone (C7) that contained Salmonella-specific HindIII fragment DNA of 2.1-kilobase pairs . Based on the sequence data of Salmonella enteritidis recombinant clone C7, two primers designated NK1 (21 nucleotides) and NK2 (24 nucleotides) were synthesized for use in the PCR . A Salmonella-specific 2.0-kilobase pair DNA product was amplified by the primers from 23 species of Salmonella, but not from 19 enteric and non-enteric bacteria . As little as 330 fg of Salmonella DNA was detected using either ethidium bromide/ultraviolet exposure of gels or Southern blot hybridization with a C7 clone.

World Health Forum, 1994, 15(4), 393 - 9
Food safety in primary health care; Abdussalam M et al.; Efforts to ensure food safety through legislation have been only partially successful, and the prevalence of foodborne disease is increasing in most countries . Health education on a large scale is needed to raise the level of public awareness of the factors leading to the spread of these diseases . The best way to do this is through the primary health care system, basing activities on both scientific knowledge and local food-related customs and behaviourPIP: The fact that food safety is given a low priority in the health care systems of many countries despite an increase in food-borne diseases may be due to a lack of reliable quantitative data on incidence of disease . The World Health Organization (WHO) has linked this increase to intensive methods of livestock production which foster the spread of salmonella and other pathogens . By relying on legislation, regulations, and standards to monitor food commerce, policy-makers have failed to emphasize health education for food handlers and consumers . WHO has proposed a collaborative, intersectoral approach between governments, food industries, and consumers which will emphasize consumer education . WHO has also prepared 10 rules for safe food preparation . Governments can insure the education of consumers and food handlers by using the primary health care (PHC) mechanism for health education . To date, the most intensive involvement of the PHC community has been in efforts to avoid diarrheal diseases through hand-washing, sanitation, and safe storage of water . Insufficient cooking, faulty food storage, and improper reuse of leftovers have all been neglected topics . Food safety efforts at the local level should 1) identify specific food-related practices and behavior relevant to risk factors, 2) change risky behavior and practices through health education, 3) involve the community in making improvements related to food safety, 4) mobilize and coordinate relevant activities of other sectors, 5) report incidences of food-borne illnesses, 6) generate a strong public demand for food safety, and 7) research diseases and cultural practices related to food handling and safety . To achieve these objectives, PHC workers should be trained in the epidemiology of food-borne diseases and the sociocultural characteristics of their area, in health education and community involvement, and in research methodology .

Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 1994 Jan-Feb, 36(1), 7 - 9
Salmonella serovars in food poisoning episodes recorded in Brazil from 1982 to 1991; Hofer E et al.; The Salmonella serovars involved in 25 food poisoning episodes which occurred in the Southeast and South of Brazil from 1982 to 1991 were identified . The most frequently detected serotype was S . Typhimurium (13/25, 52%), and the food most frequently involved in the transmission of Salmonella was homemade mayonnaise . The need to set up a permanent program of epidemiologic alert for food poisoning is emphasized.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(4), 489 - 90
Salmonella paratyphi--an unusual cause of primary septic arthritis of the hip; Stranks GJ et al.; Salmonella paratyphi is an extremely rare cause of primary septic arthritis of the hip, especially in the U.K . The presentation is no different from other causative organisms . A case is described illustrating that uncommon organisms can cause septic arthritis and that for successful treatment correct organism identification is paramount.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(4), 486 - 8
Encephalopathy associated with Salmonella enteritidis infection; Martin K et al.; A 15-year-old boy who presented with a short history of a diarrhoeal illness associated with encephalopathic features is described . Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was cultured from his stool . Although encephalopathy in the absence of CNS infection or electrolyte disturbance is well described in enteric fever, it is very rare in infections with non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes and has not previously been described in association with S . enteritidis infection.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(4), 411 - 6
Polymicrobial and recurrent bacteremia with Shigella in a patient with AIDS; Kristjansson M et al.; Shigella gastroenteritis is uncommon among HIV seropositive patients and may be complicated in some patients by bacteremia; S . flexneri being the most frequently detected serogroup . While recurrent Salmonella bacteremia is common among HIV-seropositive patients, recurrent Shigella bacteremia is not . We report here an HIV-seropositive patient with Shigella gastroenteritis, polymicrobial bacteremia due to S . flexneri and S . boydii, and recurrent gastroenteritis and bacteremia with S . boydii . Relapsing infection with the same strain of S . boydii was determined using pulsed field gel electrophoresis . Thus, HIV-seropositive patients who develop Shigella infections may require prolonged treatment and/or suppressive therapy, similar to those infected with Salmonella . Patients who develop recurrent disease should be suspected as having polymicrobial bacteremia since the incidence of this may be underestimated among patients with AIDS, particularly those with concurrent gastroenteritis.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(4), 403 - 5
Non-typhoid Salmonella meningitis; Kavaliotis J et al.; The epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings in 8 cases of meningitis due to non-typhoid salmonella were analyzed . Seven out of 8 patients were infants < 12 months old, 2 of whom died, 2 presented with recurrent meningitis . Three infants had reversible neurological sequelae on discharge, not found during follow-up in any . Conversely, one 2-month-old patient who was considered normal on discharge developed severe growth and mental retardation during follow-up.

Acta Pol Pharm, 1994, 51(1), 89 - 93
Potential carcinogenicity assessment of alpha-aescin and phenbendasol; Przybojewska B et al.; Potential carcinogenic activity of alpha-aescin and phenbendasole made by "Polfa" (Poland) as well as phenbendasole produced by "Hoechst" (Germany) was studied using Salmonella/microsome test, DNA repair test and micronucleus assay . None of tested preparations were mutagenic or genotoxic what suggest that none of them possess potential carcinogenic activity . Besides, it was established that alpha-aescin exhibits strong and phenbendasol weak acute systemic toxicity for mice . Alpha-aescin and phenbendasole produced in Poland have been found to be toxic for bone marrow cells of mice but only when administered at a high dose of 80% LD50.

Microbiol Immunol, 1994, 38(7), 561 - 5
Stimulation of macrophage oxygen free radical production and lymphocyte blastogenic response by immunization with porins; Tabaraie B et al.; Porins were prepared from smooth strain of Salmonella typhi 0-901 and chemotype rough mutant of S . typhimurium Ra-30 . Porins could significantly stimulate the immune systems of mice . Immunization of mice with the porins provoked synthesis of anti-porin antibodies . Macrophages from the immunized mice showed increased capacity to generate oxygen free radicals, and lymphocytes from these mice showed proliferative response to the porins . Thus porins may play a role in providing protection from salmonellosis by stimulating the antibody production and increasing the capacity of macrophages to generate oxygen free radicals along with stimulation of lymphocytes.

Microbiol Immunol, 1994, 38(7), 553 - 9
Evaluation of Salmonella porins as a broad spectrum vaccine candidate; Tabaraie B et al.; Porins were prepared from smooth strain of Salmonella typhi 0-901 and chemotype of rough mutant of S . typhimurium Ra-30 . Mice were immunized with both the porin preparations in different groups and challenged with S . typhimurium LT2-71 and S . enteritidis SH-1269 . Porin immunized mice showed significant protection (P < 0.01) against challenge with homologous as well as heterologous strains . Hence, the use of porins may be attempted in future to protect against salmonellosis.

Med Arh, 1994, 48(2), 77 - 8
{Diarrheal disease in hospitalized patients during the first year of the war}; Telalbasic S et al.; During the period from April 1992 to April 1993 at the Clinic for infectious Disease in Sarajevo were hospitalized 213 patients . The major causative agents were different kinds of Shigella . Shigella sonnei with 159 (74.6%) was the most frequent isolated organism, then subsequent Shigella species with 38 (23.9%) and Shigella flexneri 3 with 23 (14.5%) . Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis) was manifested as acute gastroenteritis with 60 patients (37.7%) . This disease was manifested in the form of acute enterocolitis in the same number and there were also 39 cases or 24.5% of enterocolitis acuta haemorrhagica . The patients were treated with symptomatic or dietary regimen in 69 (43.4%) . As a specific therapy 36 (22.6%) patients were received Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 28 (17.6%) Chloramphenicol and 24 (15.1%) Pefloxacin, 56 patients were treated with Nifuroxazid (Ercefuryl) only . The most sensitivity of isolated organism were shown up against Pefloxacin (100%), aminoglycosides (99.4%), Chloramphenicol (96.9%) and Cephalosporins (60.4%) . The lowest sensitivity, at the same rate had Ampicillin and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole . All patients were recovered, there were no complications . The diseases were manifested as acute gastroenterocolitis (28 or 13.1%), and acute enterocolitis (17 or 8.0%) at the patients with bacteriological unknown causative agents . Salmonella was recorded at 9 patients.

Dev Biol Stand, 1994, 82, 35 - 42
The use of live attenuated Salmonella for oral vaccination; Chatfield S et al.; Studies of the pathogenesis of Salmonella at the molecular level have led to the identification of several classes of genes that are involved in survival in the host . This has led to the availability of a panel of attenuating lesions which are now being used to develop several rationally attenuated strains which are being evaluated as oral vaccines against human and animal salmonellosis . Much effort has been directed towards the development of a more efficacious single dose oral typhoid vaccine and there are now several candidates in Phase 1 studies . The successful development of a genetically defined oral typhoid vaccine will not only be a major step forward in the control of typhoid but will pave the way for development of practical human vaccines based on using the strain to deliver heterologous antigens to the human immune system . We have concentrated on developing a single dose oral tetanus vaccine based on constructing strains expressing fragment C (a non-toxic immunogenic protein derived from tetanus toxin) . Several different promotors have been used for controlling the expression of fragment C and these have been introduced into double aro mutants of S . typhimurium and compared for their ability to elicit protective immune responses in mice . This work has demonstrated that it is possible to protect mice against tetanus toxin challenge after a single oral dose of one of these recombinant Salmonella strains . Analogous hybrid S . typhi double aro mutants have now been constructed for potential use in humans.

Dev Biol Stand, 1994, 82, 23 - 33
Recombinant Salmonella vectors in vaccine development; Curtiss R 3rd et al.; A diversity of means are available for the attenuation of Salmonella which can be used to immunize animals and humans orally to elicit mucosal, humoral and cellular immune responses . Avirulent Salmonellae can be genetically engineered to express foreign antigens and the recombinant avirulent Salmonellae are capable of stable, high-level expression of the foreign antigen in the orally immunized animal or human host . The resulting vaccines are safe, efficacious, and are easy and economical to use.

Dev Biol Stand, 1994, 82, 159 - 62
Expression of human immunodeficiency virus antigens in an attenuated Salmonella typhi vector vaccine; Hone DM et al.; Human immunodeficiency virus is known to enter the host at parenteral and mucosal sites and consequently an effective vaccine should stimulate immunity at both routes of entry . One approach toward stimulating HIV-specific mucosal and systemic immunity is the use of candidate live oral Salmonella typhi vector vaccine, strain CVD 908, which has been shown to stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity in volunteers . Using recombinant DNA techniques we constructed an expression cassette which comprises the lpp promoter (Plpp) and sequences encoding recombinant gp120 (rgp120) . When the Plpp-rgp120 expression cassette is integrated into the chromosome of CVD 908 in the delta aroC allele, high levels of recombinant gp120 expression are observed . It is likely that effective immunity against HIV in humans will require immunization with multiple HIV antigens . Hence, a second expression cassette encoding two additional HIV antigens with vaccine potential, p24 (a HIV-1 gag gene product) and Nef (a putative regulator of HIV-1 gene expression) has been constructed . We plan to integrate the p24-Nef-encoding expression cassette into the aroD locus in the chromosome of CVD 908 delta aroC::rgp120 in a stable manner to produce a CVD 908-HIV vector vaccine that expresses multiple HIV antigens.

Adv Enzyme Regul, 1994, 34, 173 - 98
Thyroid hormones and regulation of cell reliability systems; Antipenko AYe et al.; Data and arguments are presented that provide evidence of a role played by thyroid hormones (TH) in cell reliability improvement . This role may be determined by synergistic TH action on the following key cell reliability systems: (1) reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack inhibition, and (2) genetic structure repair from injuries inflicted in the course of endogenous and induced mutagenesis . (1) New approaches to ROS oxidation defence were examined . It has been shown that Ca(2+)-ATPase and, probably, regulatory proteins of cell membranes may be the main target for oxidative attack . Protein phosphorylation as well as use of dithiothreitol will lead to a protective action against Ca2+ transport damaging in aorta smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum under oxidation by HOCl, the most toxic ROS of activated neutrophils, whereas thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) validly inhibit chemiluminescence in human neutrophils activated by pyrogenal, a lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhi cell wall . As this takes place, TH most likely block neutrophil stimulation at the receptor-ligand interaction level . In this case L-T4 and L-T3 antioxidative effect is greater than that of DL-thyroxine and much greater than that produced by such a potent antioxidant as 4-methyl-2,6-diisobutyl phenol . (2) T4 acts as reparogen in rat liver cells under X-ray irradiation when a dose measuring one-half of daily hormone production by the normally functioning thyroid gland is administered to animals . Ionizing radiation dose reduction factor reached 1.3-1.4 following T4 administration . Reparogenic effect of T4 persists for at least 2 months from the moment the hormone has been administered and can be reduced in the presence of dinitrophenol . It is important to note that antioxidant and reparogenic TH potential can manifest itself within the range of physiologic concentrations of these hormones . Therefore, stimulation of cell reliability systems with TH may prove to be important for correcting conditions caused by errors in energy- and Ca(2+)-dependent DNA repair under extensive ROS attack . In particular, taking into account different responsiveness of normal and neoplastic tissues to TH, the use of TH reparogenic as well as antioxidant potential may contribute significantly to the improvement of antitumor radiotherapy efficacy.

Zentralbl Chir, 1994, 119(7), 511 - 4
{Case report of extra-intestinal manifestation of salmonella infection}; Hager K et al.; The case history of a 75 year old man is demonstrated, who developed an abscess in the scar after B-II-resection 30 years ago . In this abscess S . typhi murium was detected . Diabetes mellitus was an additional risk factor . A review of the literature is given concerning extraintestinal manifestations of salmonellosis with emphasis to the predisposing conditions.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(3), 329 - 37
Serum antibody titres to Shigella lipopolysaccharides and invasion plasmid antigens in healthy Costa Rican and Swedish women; Achi R et al.; Specific serum antibody titres to defined lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Shigella spp . and Salmonella serogroup B (BO) and Shigella invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa) were determined by enzyme immunoassays in healthy Costa Rican women from low (n = 34), middle (n = 36) and high (n = 19) socioeconomic conditions and from 64 Swedish women . Specific IgG antibody titres were the highest, in particular to the S . flexneri Y LPS, with mean titres of 750 (SD = 360), 690 (380), and 820 (300) for the Low, Middle and High Costa Rican groups respectively . Lower titres were recorded against S . sonnei and S . dysenteriae type 1 . Titres against Salmonella LPS were very low (< 250) . In Swedish women, significantly lower serum anti-LPS titres were found (p < 0.05) . No statistically significant differences regarding socioeconomic conditions or serum anti-LPS titres were seen in the Costa Rican groups (p > 0.05) . Mean IgG-titres to the Ipa of 330 (150), 220 (170) and 140 (110) were found for the 3 Costa Rican groups, respectively . The IgG and IgM titres to Ipa in serum from the Low group were significantly higher than those of the High group (p < 0.05) . The mean serum IgG titre of 70 (90) for the Swedish women was significantly lower than that of the Low and Middle groups (p < 0.05), but similar to that of the High group (p > 0.05) . High IgG anti-Ipa titres were found in 38% from the Low, 19% from the Middle but none in the High group (mean value of the High group +2 SD).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Microbiol Immunol, 1994, 38(5), 353 - 8
Purification and characterization of type 1 fimbriae of Salmonella typhi; Muscas P et al.; Type 1 fimbriae have been purified from a Salmonella typhi strain of clinical origin . Purified fimbriae retained their ability to bind to erythrocytes in a mannose-inhibitable fashion and, in doing so, behaved preferentially as a monovalent adhesin . SDS-PAGE analysis of the fimbrial preparation showed the presence of a 20-kDa major polypeptide component (fimbrillin) and of additional larger polypeptides present in smaller amounts . The amino-terminal sequence of fimbrillin was determined and turned out to be very similar but not identical to that of type 1 fimbrillins of other Salmonella serovars . A Western blot analysis of the purified fimbrial preparation using an antiserum raised against native fimbriae suggested that fimbrial proteins did not carry any major sequential epitope and that, in native fimbriae, conformational epitopes, possibly generated between different subunits, might provide for the major immunogenic epitopes . Analysis of different S . typhi clinical isolates using the anti-fimbrial antiserum showed an overall immunological similarity of these structures within this serovar.

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1994, 113(4), 232 - 4
Salmonella typhi osteomyelitis; Declercq J et al.; Salmonella infections in man can be divided in five clinical groups: enteric fever, septicaemia without localization, focal disease, gastroenteritis and the carrier state . Salmonella typhi is mostly associated with enteric fever and the carrier state . Bone infections due to S . typhi have been reported relatively seldom . They usually occur as the result of metastatic spread during septicaemia or, more rarely, after direct inoculation . Two patients with S . typhi osteomyelitis of the forearm without evidence of a primary infection or direct inoculation are presented here.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 79 - 87
Phylogenetics of Salmonella enteritidis; Stanley J et al.; The phylogenetics of Salmonella enteritidis is reviewed . Data from RFLP typing with cloned chromosomal DNA, rRNA genes and insertion sequence probes are described . Human isolates of this serovar exhibit a high degree of genotypic homogeneity . Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis defines S . enteritidis as a polyphyletic serovar closely related to S . dublin, S . gallinarum and S . pullorum . Two main classes of virulence plasmids are found in S . enteritidis . We report a comparative study of genotype for three principal clones of S . enteritidis, six other serovars carrying the g flagellar antigen, and S . pullorum . It is suggested that S . enteritidis occupies an ancestral and pivotal position among these Salmonellae.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 21(1-2), 69 - 77
Molecular typing methods for S . enteritidis; Helmuth R et al.; The predominance of certain phage types of Salmonella enteritidis in various countries makes further epidemiological subgrouping necessary . Today this is achieved by using molecular typing methods . For various bacterial species, plasmid profiling, the pattern of outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides, the fingerprinting of total genomic DNA including ribotyping, and multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing, have proven very useful . When such methods have been applied to S . enteritidis, they revealed a homogeneous, clonal structure in contemporary PT4 isolates . Furthermore they indicate that the clone observed today emerged from a heterogeneous population before the onset of the epidemic.

Immunology, 1994 Jan, 81(1), 8 - 14
A protective role of extrathymic alpha beta TcR cells in the liver in primary murine salmonellosis; Matsumoto Y et al.; The liver comprises unique T cells differentiating extrathymically and expressing an intermediate intensity of alpha beta T-cell receptor (TcR) and a high intensity of leucocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) . To elucidate the functional roles of the intermediate alpha beta TcR cells in host defence against bacterial infection, we examined the effects of depletion of the intermediate alpha beta TcR cells by in vivo administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)/LFA-1 and alpha beta TcR on the bacterial growth in the liver after infection with Salmonella chorelaesuis in mice . Pretreatment with mAb to LFA-1 (200 micrograms/mouse) together with mAb to ICAM-1 (200 micrograms/mouse), which could preferentially deplete the intermediate alpha beta TcR cells and gamma delta TcR cells in the liver, resulted in a severely reduced ability to resolve acute phase of Salmonella infection in the liver . Pretreatment with a low dose of anti-alpha beta TcR mAb (60 micrograms/mouse), which depleted only bright alpha beta TcR cells, did not affect the bacterial growth in the liver at the early stage after Salmonella infection, while the depleting of both intermediate and bright alpha beta TcR cells by pretreatment with a high dose of anti-alpha beta TcR mAb (120 micrograms/mouse) allowed the bacteria to multiply exaggeratedly in the liver at this stage . These results suggest that intermediate alpha beta TcR cells may play an important role in protection at the early stage after Salmonella infection in liver and that the interaction of ICAM-1/LFA-1 is critically involved in protective roles of extrathymic T cells bearing intermediate alpha beta TcR in liver at the early stage after Salmonella infection.

J Clin Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 32(1), 194 - 8
Molecular subtyping of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 strains from the United States; Usera MA et al.; Salmonella enteritidis is now the most common serotype of the genus Salmonella reported in the United States . Bacteriophage typing has been helpful for subdividing S . enteritidis strains from different sources in the United States . Most S . enteritidis outbreaks reported were egg related, and the majority of them were caused by strains of phage type 8 . To determine whether restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rRNA genes (ribotyping) and of the genomic DNAs from two lysogenic phages from S . enteritidis could be used to discriminate between S . enteritidis phage type 8 strains, we conducted Southern hybridization studies on 24 isolates from different outbreaks and six non-outbreak-associated strains using DNA probes for 16S and 23S rRNA genes and S . enteritidis typing phages 1 and 2 from the Ward typing system (L . R . Ward, J . D . H . de Sa, and B . Rowe, Epidemiol . Infect . 99:291-294, 1987) . Of seven restriction endonucleases screened with the probe for rRNA genes, AccI provided the best discrimination between strains; six distinct patterns were observed . AccI ribosomal DNA patterns 1 to 6 were detected among 76.7, 3.3, 6.7, 3.3, 3.3, and 6.7% of isolates tested, respectively . Strains of AccI ribosomal DNA pattern 3 could be further subdivided into two additional patterns by using SmaI . Epidemiologically related strains had identical patterns . No discrimination between strains was achieved by probes for phages 1 and 2 . No sequences homologous to the phage I probe were detected among phage type 8 strains, and all strains tested with six restriction enzymes had the same hybridization pattern with the phage 2 probe . These findings demonstrate that ribotyping with AccI and SmaI provides an additional means of discriminating between some phage type 8 strains; however, ribotyping and the phage 2 hybridization results from egg-related outbreak strains support previous findings that these strains are closely related.

J Med Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 40(1), 15 - 22
Clonal lines of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis documented by IS200-, ribo-, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and RFLP typing; Olsen JE et al.; Sixty-two selected strains of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis of 33 phage types (PTs), and one strain classified as RDNC, were characterised by four different chromosomally based typing methods to elucidate genetic relationships among strains of different phage types . Based on IS200-hybridisation patterns, two major groups, containing strains of the most commonly encountered phage types, and six minor groups (seven with the RDNC strain included) were observed . IS200 pattern was a stable epidemiological marker in strains of all phage types except PT 6a and 14b . Ribotyping separated strains of the phage types into one major and five minor groups; the pattern of the RDNC strain was not seen with other strains . More than one ribotype was observed among strains of Enteritidis PTs 6, 7, 14b and 21 . By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, strains of 21 of the 33 phage types formed one large cluster when bands > 125 kb were used as the criterion for separation . Among strains belonging to PTs 1, 6, 7 and 14b, more than one pattern was observed by this method . By probing with five random cloned fragments of the Enteritidis chromosome, strains from 27 of 31 phage types examined showed the same hybridisation pattern . With the combined use of four genotypic methods, two groups of strains, representing eight and seven of 33 Enteritidis phage types, were formed; these two groups may be considered as the main evolutionary lines of Enteritidis . Strains of the remaining phage types, and the RDNC strain, belonged to separate groups.

Med Trop (Mars), 1994, 54(3), 227 - 30
{A nosocomial epidemic of Salmonella mbandaka which produces various broad spectrum beta-lactamases: preliminary results}; Rahal K et al.; During a nosocomial epidemic of Salmonella mbandaka in Algeria, 99 strains were isolated from specimens . Study of 22 of them revealed minimum inhibiting concentrations ranged from 4 to 32 micrograms/ml for cefotaxime, 2 to 32 micrograms/ml for ceftazidime and 2 to 16 micrograms/ml for ceftriaxione . The mechanism underlying resistance was enzymatic with production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme . Clavulinic acid at a dose of 2 micrograms/ml restored the activity of hydrolyzed beta-lactamases . Resistance to all antibiotics including cefotaxime was due to a single plasmid structure . The plasmid did not belong to any known compatibility group . All strains studied contained a plasmid of 26MDa and produced TEM-1 and TEM-2 beta-lactamases . Strains resistant to cefotaxime also synthetized a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase derived from TEM.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1994, 14(4), 321 - 4
Furazolidone in multi-resistant childhood typhoid fever; Sethuraman S et al.; Multi-drug-resistant Salmonella typhi infection is an emerging public health problem in most developing countries . Fifty children up to the age of 12 years whose blood cultures were positive for S . typhi, mostly drug-resistant ones, were treated with oral furazolidone in a prospective year-long study . Defervescence occurred in 96% of the treated group with a mean duration for response of 5.9 days . No clinically significant side-effects were noted . Furazolidone was found to be efficacious, safe and cost-effective in the treatment of most cases of childhood typhoid fever caused by multi-resistant S . typhi.

Bull World Health Organ, 1994, 72(6), 831 - 3
Control of Salmonella infections in animals and prevention of human foodborne Salmonella infections . WHO Consultation; Myonecrosis in the leg caused by Salmonella enteritidis; Department of Orthopedics, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkFive weeks after an episode of gastroenteritis, a 65-year-old diabetic male developed an extensive myonecrosis, with gas production in the left leg caused by Salmonella enteritidis . The patient was treated with surgical revision and antibiotics . To our knowledge, this is the first case of myonecrosis with gas production in a leg caused by Salmonella enteritidis, in which the patient survived, and the limb was saved.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1994, 24(4), 262 - 75
Mutation spectra in Salmonella of complex mixtures: comparison of urban air to benzo{a}pyrene; DeMarini DM et al.; We used an ion-exchange procedure coupled to the Salmonella assay to fractionate the dichloromethane-extractable particulate organics from an urban air sample collected in Boise, Idaho . A resulting base/neutral fraction contained 81% of the mutagenic activity but only 36% of the mass of the unfractionated sample . Chemical analysis showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accounted for much of the mutagenic activity of the air sample . Colony probe hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequence analysis were then used to determine the mutations induced by the complex mixtures and a model PAH, benzo{a}pyrene (BAP) in approximately 900 revertants of the frameshift hisD3052 allele and approximately 400 revertants of the base-substitution hisG46 allele . The majority (93-94%) of the mutations induced at the frameshift allele in strain TA98 by the whole or base/neutral fraction of the urban air sample was a hotspot 2-base deletion of a CG or GC within the sequence CGCGCGCG . The remaining mutations were complex frameshifts that consisted of -2 or +1 frameshifts associated with a flanking base substitution . BAP induced a somewhat similar pattern of mutations, with 70% being the hotspot mutation, 23% being complex frameshifts, and the remaining being deletions . The inferred base-substitution specificity associated with the complex frameshifts at the hisD3052 allele (primarily G.C-->T.A transversions) was consistent with the observation that this same transversion was the primary mutation induced by the whole urban air sample and BAP at the base-substitution allele in strain TA100 . At the frameshift allele, adducts that promote correct incorporation/slippage could account for hotspot mutations, whereas those that promote misincorporation/slippage could account for complex frameshifts . At the base-substitution allele, a mixture of adducts or of adducts with multiple conformations could account for the observed proportion of transitions and transversions . Combined with the bioassay-directed chemical analysis, these results from the first mutation spectra of a complex mixture suggest that such spectra reflect the dominance of particular classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture.

Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 1994, 7(3), 281 - 9
Cyanuric chloride has no genotoxic and mutagenic properties in bacteria and bone marrow cells; Wyszynska K et al.; Three short-term tests were used; Salmonella/microsome assay, in vivo sister chromatid exchange assay (SCE) and micronucleus assay to evaluate mutagenic and genotoxic properties of 2,4,6-trichlorotriazine; cyanuric chloride . Mutagenicity assays were carried out using the standard top agar overplay plate assay described by Maron and Ames (9) . Tester strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 were used . Compound was dissolved in 0.1 ml of DMSO and doses of 1, 10, 100 and 500 micrograms/plate were tested in the absence and in the presence of the S9-mix . From the results obtained it appeared that incubation of the test substance with the bacteria did not increase the number of His+ revertants with any of the strains of S . typhimurium, either in the absence or in the presence of the S9-mix . At the high dose level used i.e . 100 and 500 micrograms/plate, the test substance appeared to be slightly toxic for strain TA 97a (in the absence of the S9-mix), as was seen from a diminished number of revertant colonies . The SCE test was performed according to the GENE-TOX programme . No significant increase was noted in the incidence of SCE in the groups treated with all tested doses of cyanuric chloride . Thus, in this test cyanuric chloride did not induce chromosomal damage resulting in SCE formation in bone marrow cells of mice . The micronucleus assay in vivo was performed on mice bone marrow cells . The incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes after administration of all doses of cyanuric chloride used were not statistically different (p > 0.05) as compared to negative controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reprod Fertil Dev, 1994, 6(3), 273 - 80
Contraceptive vaccine development; Alexander NJ et al.; Recent advances in antigen definition and production have made the development of a contraceptive vaccine more attainable . Such a vaccine must evoke an immune response that blocks an indispensable step in the reproductive process . Vaccine research involves many approaches to fertility prevention . Vaccines are being developed that could interrupt fertility by inhibition of gonadotrophin release, the function of follicle-stimulating hormone or the effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG); alternatively, they may prevent fertilization by interfering with the transport of spermatozoa or with sperm-zona pellucida binding . The most advanced prototype is a vaccine based on antibodies to beta hCG . Such vaccines are being studied for clinical efficacy . Many hurdles remain in contraceptive vaccine development . Since the antigens are peptides or small proteins, the resultant immune response is usually moderate, and better adjuvants and delivery systems must be developed to enhance and maintain the immune response . Improvement of the mucosal immune response may be necessary for vaccines incorporating sperm antigens . Research on vaccines that control fertility has resulted in a fascinating base of scientific knowledge that, it is hoped, can be converted into products that will allow another option for individuals who wish to control their fertilityPIP: A contraceptive vaccine must stimulate an immune response that suppresses a crucial step in the reproductive process . The most advanced prototype vaccines are based on antibodies to beta-human chorionic gonadotropin . Other contraceptive vaccines in development are those based on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and on follicle-stimulating hormone . Gamete vaccines interfere with sperm transport or with sperm-zona pellucida binding . Contraceptive vaccine research in the US has focused on gamete antigens and on reproductive hormones . In contraceptive vaccine development research, the antigens tend to only cause a moderate immune response because they are peptides or small proteins . Improved adjuvants and delivery systems are needed to boost the immune response . Genetic engineering has allowed researchers to synthesize antigens and express them in vectors that ease the initiation of the immune response . Some possible vectors are BCG, Salmonella, vaccinia, and adenovirus . Direct placement of sperm antigens in the reproductive tract tends to elicit a poor mucosal immune response . More research is needed to find ways to improve the mucosal immune response for vaccines incorporating sperm antigens . Past and recent contraceptive vaccine research has formed a good scientific knowledge base . It is hoped that this base can lead to contraceptive vaccines .

Nahrung, 1994, 38(5), 538 - 43
A health-sanitary evaluation of lacteal desserts for consumption in Santa Cruz de Tenerife; Rodriguez C et al.; The consumption of lacteal desserts in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is notably high . However, there are no legal standards in Spain regarding microbiological quality . For this reason, we have decided that it would be of interest to carry out a health-sanitary study of these products, with the aim of discovering their microbial content . 330 samples of lacteal desserts on sale in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife have undergone analysis . They have been divided into three groups: cream caramel (egg and vanilla) (80), mousse (60) and the third group, known as "other desserts", which includes custard and the rest of lacteal desserts not included in the previous groupings (190) . Neither E . coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., nor Staphylococcus aureus have been detected in any of the samples analysed . In spite of the fact that the results obtained do not reflect high microbiological contamination, we consider it necessary to lay down legal standards, with reference values, for these lacteal products, which will guarantee good microbiological quality.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1994 Jan-Mar, 89(1), 1 - 4
A Salmonella agona outbreak in a pediatric hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Asensi MD et al.; Six Salmonella Agona strains from an outbreak of 15 days duration which occurred in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed . The outbreak involved six infants (mean age, 24 days; mean body weight, 1612 g), all of them with severe clinical signs and symptoms . Two of them had surgical implications, two were preterm and two had respiratory distress at birth . The Salmonella strains were resistant to nine antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, cefalotine, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline) . Analysis of the plasmid pattern of the wild strains and of the transconjugants confirmed that these were identical strains.

Crit Rev Microbiol, 1994, 20(3), 161 - 208
Morphologic evaluation of the pathogenesis of bacterial enteric infections; Polotsky Y et al.; Current advances in the understanding of the pathogenicity of the agents of diarrheal infections, Vibrio cholerae, diarrheagenic E . coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic Yersinia, have, to a great extent, become possible due to morphological studies of host-pathogen interactions in natural and experimental infections . Despite a multigenic nature and a diversity of pathogenic features in the bacterial species and even in serogroups of the same species, it is now possible to delineate four major patterns of interaction of enteric pathogens with their cellular targets, the enterocytes, and with the immune apparatus of the gut . These patterns, epicellular cytotonic, epicellular restructuring cytotonic, invasive intraepithelial cytotonic and cytotoxic, and invasive transcellular cytotonic and cytotoxic bacteremic, underlie early pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in the respective diarrheal diseases . In this review, the results of the morphological analyses of these patterns over the last 3 decades as well as some methodological problems encountered in the interpretation of morphological observations are discussed.

Ann Biol Clin (Paris), 1994, 52(2), 133 - 6
Characteristics of the antibiotic resistance plasmid in Salmonella typhi isolated in Tunis in 1990; Ben Hassen A et al.; A multiresistant Salmonella typhi (S typhi, strain 302) was isolated from a blood culture of a patient in the Infectious Diseases department of Rabta Hospital in Tunis . The following tests were carried out: antibiotic susceptibility testing by the agar diffusion method; determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration against four beta-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, imipenem), chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and amikacin by the agar dilution method; conjugation with E coli K12 for study of transferability of resistance markers; and electrophoresis of plasmid DNA extracts on agarose gel . S typhi 302 was resistant to amoxicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamide-trimethoprim, and this resistance was transferable in toto with a frequency of 10(-4) . The MICs of amoxicillin and chloramphenicol were, respectively, 1024 (due to the production of TEM-1 beta-lactamase) and 256 mg/l . These resistance markers were carried by a plasmid of about 40 kb, similar to the Salmonella wien plasmid . The easy acquisition of a multiresistance plasmid by S typhi suggests that epidemiological monitoring of this serovar should be carried out.

Microbiol Immunol, 1994, 38(8), 629 - 37
Crystallization and analyses of crystals of various chemotypes of R-form lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella spp; Kato N et al.; Various chemotypes (Re, Rd2, Rd1P-, Rd1, RcP-, Rc, Rb3, Rb2, Rb1, and Ra) of R-form lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Salmonella spp . were crystallized by treatment with 70% ethanol containing 250 mM MgCl2, and crystals of the LPSs were observed electron microscopically and analyzed by electron diffraction and synchrotron X-ray diffraction . All the LPSs tested formed three-dimensional crystals showing very similar shapes; hexagonal plate, solid column, discoid, square or rectangular plate, lozenge plate and truncated hexangular or rectangular pyramid forms . Electron diffraction patterns from the hexagonal plate crystals of all these LPSs obtained by electron irradiation from the direction perpendicular to the basal plane showed that they consist of hexagonal lattices with the lattice constant of 4.62 A . The crystals of all the LPSs thus formed gave ring-like X-ray diffraction patterns because of their small sizes . The long-axis values were calculated from the X-ray diffraction patterns from crystals of all the LPSs in the low-angle region and they corresponded roughly to the length of the proposed primary chemical structures of the R cores of the LPSs . The volume occupied by a single molecule of all the LPSs were calculated from the molecular weights based on the proposed structures and the crystallographic data obtained by electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and density determination.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1994, 26(6), 635 - 42
Bacteremia in HIV-positive and AIDS patients: incidence, species distribution, risk-factors, outcome, and influence of long-term prophylactic antibiotic treatment; Meyer CN et al.; From a cohort of 837 adult, mainly homosexual HIV-infected patients, 76 bacteremic/fungemic episodes were identified in 63 patients over a 5-year period . Compared with an age-matched reference population with an incidence of 10.3 bacteremias/10,000 person-years, the incidence was 170 among pre-AIDS (p < 0.001) and 3,200 among AIDS patients (p < 0.001) . Staphylococcal infections comprised 35% of all episodes, while the HIV-related pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella spp . and C . neoformans together accounted for 34% . The overall mortality associated with clinical bacteremia was 12%, but nil for Salmonella spp . and S . pneumoniae . Predisposing factors for the infection were: low CD4 count (< 100 x 10(6)/l) in 71%, permanent intravenous line, 44%; neutropenia, 11% and active intravenous drug abuse, 7% . Hence, in this population, intensified hygienic precautions for intravenous lines should be the primary target for intervention . Long-term cotrimoxazole prophylaxis may prevent bacteremia with S . pneumoniae and Salmonella spp.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1994, 39(4), 283 - 6
Effect of chemical fertilizers on the transport of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella infantis through sand columns; Klanova K; Five commercial fertilizers, Amfos, ammonium sulfate, Kamex, Kieserit and NPK affected the transport of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella infantis in sand columns . The percentage of cells transported through and without fertilizers during a 2-h period was species-dependent (0.56 for S . infantis, 3.1 for E . coli and 12.4 for P . aeruginosa) . The cell transport was enhanced by Kamex for all strains tested, whereas Amfos was found to decrease the transport of E . coli and S . infantis cells . A mathematical model revealed a relationship between the transport of cells and the pH of the sand columns with fertilizers . Columns in which the pH was decreased by the fertilizers exhibited a higher retention of cells . This points to the existence of physico-chemical surface interactions between cells and sand particles.

Cytobios, 1994, 79(319), 253 - 9
Dark interaction of haematoporphyrin and proflavine with Salmonella dublin cells; Veljanov D et al.; The influence of haematoporphyrin and proflavine on the virulence, survivability, respiratory activity and cell wall ultrastructure of Salmonella dublin cells was studied . There was a decrease in all biological properties investigated, especially when haematoporphyrin was used for dark incubation in comparison with proflavine . The possible clinical use of negatively charged photosensitizers is discussed.

Int Orthop, 1994, 18(6), 368 - 71
Late complications after total hip replacement in renal allograft recipients; Romero J et al.; Seventy nine hips in 53 recipients of renal allografts were treated by cemented total hip replacement for avascular necrosis of the femoral head between 1972 and 1992 . Eight hips in 6 patients required revision for aseptic loosening after a mean of 11.2 years . Three replacements in 3 patients became infected with salmonella enteritidis after a mean of 6.2 years . One was revised, one had a disarticulation of the hip, and the third was treated with long term antibiotics . Survivorship analysis for total hip replacement and the renal allografts showed a hip reoperation rate of 9.9% at 10 years and 54.6% at 15 years with mortality rates of 32.2% and 42.2% respectively . Thus patients surviving 15 years are at a higher risk of failure of the prostheses than of dying.

Acta Vet Scand, 1994, 35(4), 349 - 54
Phage types of Salmonella enterica ssp . enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from production animals and humans in Denmark; Baggesen DL et al.; S . Typhimurium is one of the 2 most common salmonella serotypes causing human salmonellosis in Denmark . In order to illustrate the significance of different production animals as a source of infection, 1461 isolates were characterized by phage typing . The isolates originated from human patients and from cattle, pigs and poultry . By phage typing the isolates could be separated in 35 different phage types . Five types (10, 12, 66, 110 and 135) predominated and comprised 78.8% of the isolates . In humans, 57.3% of the isolates were phage type 12 . This phage type was also predominant in pig herds and, to a lesser degree, in cattle . Phage types 110, 120, 135 and 193 constituted 86.5% of the poultry isolates while these phage types only made up 12.9% of the human isolates . The investigation showed that pigs are probably a major source of S . Typhimurium infection in humans in Denmark today.

Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1994, 46(4), 259 - 76
{Comparative evaluation of latex reagents of Wellcolex Color Salmonella and Latex Salmonella used for detection and identification of Salmonella rods}; Szych J et al.; The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the Wellcolex Colour Salmonella (WCS) set produced by Murex with the Latex Salmonella (LS) set developed by the Polish company Biomex and commonly used in sanitary and epidemiological stations . An attempt is also made to determine the possible usefulness of the WCS test in routine diagnostic of salmonellosis and of S . typhi carrier . The sensitivity and specificity of latex reagents of both sets were determined basing on reactions with the suspensions of 17 selected Salmonella strains representing the A-E and G serological groups and with Salmonella O antigen preparations obtained using the Boivin method . Both reagents from the WCS set were found to detect Salmonella bacteria in a suspension having a minimal density of 7.5-60 x 10(7) cfu/ml while both the polyvalent reagent B-E and monovalent reagents from the LS set still reacted with suspensions of 0.47-15 x 10(7) cfu/ml density . Comparison of the sensitivity of both tests basing on reactions with Salmonella O antigen specimens from the B to E groups revealed that the latex reagents from the two sets detected antigens from the C2 and C3 groups and the E group in concentrations of 1 microgram/ml and 0.5 microgram/ml respectively . In the case of antigen specimens from group B, group C and group D, the LS test detecting these antigens in concentrations of 0.25-1 microgram/ml turned out to be four to eight times more sensitive in reaction with a polyvalent agent and two to eight times more sensitive in reaction with monovalent reagents than the WCS set . The evaluated latex reagents from the WCS set and LS set reacted specifically with both cell suspensions and Salmonella antigen preparations . Also, the applicability of the two latex sets to detect and identify Salmonella antigens in liquid and mixed bacterial cultures of these germs in selenite broth was compared . A positive result of the WCS test was obtained in 41% of Salmonella culture samples whereas Salmonella antigens were found in all the studied culture samples when the polyvalent reagent B-E from the LS set was used and in 97.5% of the samples when monovalent reagents were used . The study showed that in spite of the comparable specificity of the WCS test with respect to the LS set produced in Poland, the latex reagents from the WCS set turned out to be of little use in detecting and identifying Salmonella antigens in mixed bacterial cultures in selenite broth.

Med Pregl, 1994, 47(9-10), 353 - 7
{Therapy of salmonella gastroenterocolitis}; Brkic S et al.; At the Clinic for infectious and dermatovenerologic diseases in Novi Sad a prospective randomized, simple, blind investigation of differently organized treatments of salmonellal gastroenterocolitis (symptomatic therapies, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacine) was carried out . It was established that there is no statistically significant difference in the length of febrile states in any of the compared therapeutic groups . However, ciprofloxacine significantly shortens diarrhea and excretion of germs comparing with other therapeutic treatments.

Biotherapy, 1994, 8(1), 69 - 83
Semi-synthesis of polymyxin-B conjugated ovalbumin: evaluation of lipopolysaccharide binding avidity and neutralization of induced tnf-alpha synthesis; Coyne CP et al.; A method is described in these investigations for the semi-synthetic production of polymyxin-B conjugated ovalbumin in the form of polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC.ovalbumin (PSO) . The heterobifunctional "cross-linking" agent, Sulfo-SMCC was first reacted with polymyxin-B to produce a relatively pure reactive intermediate in the form of polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC . Highly purified ovalbumin was then combined with the polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC reactive intermediate and contaminants removed from the final PSO end product by exhaustive microdialysis . Purity of PSO was established with by high-performance cellulose acetate electrophoresis (HPCAE), and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analyses . Verification of polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC.ovalbumin binding avidity for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined by DotBLot analysis applying fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled E . coli (055:B5) LPS fractions (FITC-LPS) . Efficacy of PSO to inhibit in vitro LPS-induced synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was assessed with a tissue culture based biological assay system . In this context, semi-synthetic conjugates of PSO (0.349 microgram/ml) effectively inhibited Salmonella minnesota (RS) LPS (2.5 ng/ml well) induced TNF-alpha synthesis and corresponding cytoprotection (100%) to WEHI 164 clone 13 cell populations.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1994, 43(2), 247 - 50
Mutagenicity of carboline methyl derivatives in Salmonella; Rahden-Staron I et al.; A series of linear, methyl-substituted derivatives of 5H-indolo{2,3-b} quinolines was tested for mutagenic activity with the battery of Ames tester strains . Mutagenic activity of indoloquinolones was strongly influenced by the position and a number of methyl groups . All compounds tested, with one exception, act like frame-shift mutagens . Only two compounds among them were mutagenic in the strain detecting oxidative and cross-linking mutagens.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1994, 43(2), 175 - 80
Factors affecting intra and extracellular phospholipase A production by Salmonella typhi; Punj V et al.; The effect of various physico-chemical factors on the production of intra and extracellular phospholipase A by Salmonella typhi was investigated . Maximum intracellular enzyme levels were observed when cells were grown in brain heart infusion broth, after 16h of incubation at 37 degrees C . Highest level of extracellular phospholipase A was also seen in the same medium (pH 7.0), but after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C . Agitation during incubation enhanced the enzyme synthesis . Addition of surfactants to the growth media significantly decreased both intra and extracellular phospholipase A production.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1994, 43(1), 67 - 72
Egg shell penetration tendency of different Salmonella serotypes by attached ring color method; Javed T et al.; To investigate the extent of Salmonella penetration through the egg shell, 200 eggs were dipped in red (for 3 minutes) and then in green (for 6 minutes) aqueous bland food color solution for the detection of positive penetration test areas . Each egg with positive penetration area, 5 spots of 1 cm in diameter, was marked for the attachment of steel cylinders (1 cm in diameter and height) . These cylinders were filled with the test strain of Salmonella . Among 19 serotypes S . pullorum and S . gallinarum were nonmotile while the other 17 were motile . Among a total of 180 eggs (900 points) maximum (30%) penetration was in area III, where salmonellae invaded through cuticle, shell, inner and outer shell membranes, followed by area II (14.77%) and area I (4.6%) . It was very well evident that penetration of salmonellae to the contents of eggs was maximum, while in area II the penetration was to outer shell membrane and in the least cases through the cuticle and shell . Penetration in area I is not significant and to some extent in area II as well, while invasion in area III is highly significant.

Acta Med Croatica, 1994, 48(2), 89 - 92
An analysis of total expenditures on hospitalized patients with diarrhoeal syndrome; Cuculic M et al.; Between the months of June, July, August and September 1992, 175 patients with acute diarrhoeal syndrome were treated at the University Department for Infectious diseases in Rijeka . Among them were 28 refugees and 7 members of the Croatian Army forces . Etiologic agents were isolated in 69 patients, among which 61 was Salmonella . The total cost of treatment was 9.737,203 Croatian Dinars or 51,529 German Marks, obtained on monthly reevaluation of expenditures . A total of 33.3% was spent on accommodation and feeding which was 6% decrease at the on of treatment . On further treatment cost was 33.7%, microbiologic examinations 13.1%, while biochemical examinations was 12.1% . Of the total cost, the X-ray, ultrasound and specialist examinations carried the lowest price of the cost of treatment . Reduction of the cost could be achieved by reducing the duration of hospitalization, which averaged about 8 days per each patient . The routine microbiologic and serologic analysis should be repeated rationally.

Int Rev Immunol, 1994, 11(2), 167 - 78
Immune responses to epitopes inserted in Salmonella flagellin; Stocker BA et al.; Plasmid pLS408 includes gene fliC(d) specifying Salmonella flagellin of antigenic type d with an in vitro deletion of a 48 base-pair EcoRV fragment in its central hypervariable antigenically-determinant region IV . Oligonucleotides specifying peptide epitopes of antigens of unrelated pathogens inserted, in correct orientation, at the unique EcoRV site of pLS408 specify chimeric flagellins and, in many instances, cause production of functional flagella when the plasmid is placed in a flagellin-deficient delta aroA live-vaccine strain of Salmonella dublin . The foreign epitope is then exposed at the surface of the flagellar filaments, as shown by the immobilizing effect of anti-epitope antibody and by immunogold electron-microscopy . The live-vaccine strain with a foreign epitope at the surface of its flagella when administered to mice by injection nearly always causes production of antibody with affinity for the foreign epitope and, sometimes, also for the source protein . Repeated injection of the live vaccine with an epitope of Streptococcus pyogenes type 5 M protein as insert caused production of opsonizing antibody and conferred partial protection against Streptococcus challenge . Injection of semi-purified chimeric flagella or flagellin, alone or with adjuvant, likewise causes antibody production, in one instance sufficient to give partial protection against influenza A virus challenge . Plasmid pLS408 with some inserts does not confer motility, either because the filaments produced are non-functional or because flagellin is made but not assembled or because little or no flagellin is produced . The features of a sequence which as insert determine production or non-production of functional flagella are not known . The effect of insertion of known T-cell epitopes and cellular immune responses to epitope inserts in flagellin are as yet little explored.

Int Rev Immunol, 1994, 11(2), 113 - 21
PhoE protein as a carrier for foreign epitopes; Janssen R et al.; Outer membrane protein PhoE of E . coli appears to be a suitable carrier for the expression of foreign antigenic determinants at the bacterial cell-surface . Insertion of stretches of amino acids in the cell-surface exposed regions of PhoE does not interfere with the biogenesis of the protein . Dependent on the cell-surface exposed loop used for insertion and the character of the inserted amino acids up to 50 amino acids could be inserted . Both B-cell epitopes and T-cell epitopes remain antigenic and immunogenic in the PhoE-associated conformation . However, flanking amino acids can interfere with the antigenicity and immunogenicity of T-cell epitopes inserted in PhoE . Because E . coli PhoE can be expressed in attenuated Salmonella and Shigella strains, it seems to be a suitable vaccine carrier candidate.

Ophthalmic Res, 1994, 26(1), 8 - 16
Endothelial cell changes in endotoxin-induced uveitis; Alio JL et al.; Modifications in endothelial cells density and variations in endothelial pleomorphism during experimental uveitis were studied in 20 albino rabbits after intravitreal injection of 2,000 ng Salmonella typhi endotoxin into 10 of them . The other 10 rabbits were injected with sterile saline serum . Morphologic changes in endothelial cells were also determined, using a method of endothelial vital staining . For the first time, a significant reduction in endothelial density and a significant increase in endothelial pleomorphism during endotoxin-induced uveitis is reported . The control group eyes showed an endothelial density of 3,959 cells/mm2, while the uveitis eyes showed 3,667 cells/mm2 (p < 0.05, Student's t test) . A reduction in the percentage of hexagonal endothelial cells was found, from 70.4% in the control group to 64.4% in the eyes with anterior uveitis (p < 0.001, Student's t test) . An increase in the percentage of pentagonal endothelial cells was also found, from 14.5% in the control group to 20.1% in the uveitis eyes (p < 0.001, Student's t test) . These modifications are correlated with the morphologic appearance of the stained corneal surface, and functional implications are discussed.

Mutat Res, 1994 Jan, 320(1-2), 69 - 74
Chromosomal aberrations in mouse lymphocytes exposed in vitro and in vivo to benzidine and 5 related aromatic amines; Das L et al.; Mouse lymphocytes were exposed in vitro for 2 h or in vivo for 24 h to benzidine and related aromatic amines to test for chromosome aberrations (CA) and mitotic indices . Uninduced mouse S9 was used to activate the amines for the in vitro tests to be consistent with the in vivo tests . Contrary to a previous report, no difference could be established in the genotoxicity of benzidine following activation with uninduced S9 compared to induced S9 . There were concentration related increases in CA for benzidine and all the amines in vitro except for 4,4'-diaminostilbene which exhibited the greatest cellular toxicity towards cultured lymphocytes . Benzidine and its derivatives showed significant increases in CA in vivo compared to its negative control . The CA values for 4-aminostilbene were significantly higher than the other amines in both in vivo and in vitro studies . These genotoxicity results for 4-aminostilbene are consistent with our previous report of the pronounced CA effects in murine bone-marrow cells but would not be predicted from Salmonella mutagenicity tests.

Mutat Res, 1994 Jan, 320(1-2), 45 - 58
Substituent effects on the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of 4-aminobiphenyl and 4-aminostilbene derivatives; You Z et al.; 4-Amino-4'-substituted biphenyls and 4-aminostilbenes substituted in the 3' or 4' position were studied for their in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity . The in vitro mutagenicity of the biphenyls with and without S9 activation was established with Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 and that of the stilbenes with the same strains plus TA98/1,8-DNP6 . The in vivo genotoxicity assay with both series of compounds was for chromosomal aberrations in the bone-marrow cells of mice following intraperitoneal administration of the chemicals . Hammett values of substituents, partition coefficients and frontier orbital energies (ELUMO and EHOMO) of the compounds were used for correlations with mutagenicity . The Salmonella mutagenicity in TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6 with S9 was correlated to Hammett sigma + values for the 4-aminostilbene substituents, showing a strong trend of increasing mutagenicity with an increase in the electron-withdrawing capability of the substituent . Hydrophobicity of the stilbenes, however, had little effect on their relative mutagenicity . The 4-aminobiphenyls showed a correlation between their mutagenicity and Hammett sigma + values of their 4'-substituents in stain TA98 with S9, although the trend was not as strong as for the stilbenes . But unlike the stilbenes, TA98 mutagenicity of the biphenyls could also be correlated to hydrophobicity, and structure-activity correlations for the biphenyls was substantially improved when both sigma + and hydrophobicity data were included . For strain TA100 with S9, little correlation was found between mutagenicity of the stilbenes and any of the parameters . However, a limited correlation did exist between the mutagenicity of the biphenyls and their hydrophobicity . There was also limited correlations of the mutagenicity for the stilbenes in TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6 with S9 to ELUMO or EHOMO . The in vivo genotoxicity results for the biphenyls and stilbenes could not be correlated to electronic effects as for the in vitro results, nor could they be explained by hydrophobicity . However, it is interesting to note that 3'-substituted 4-aminostilbenes were all substantially more genotoxic in vivo than their corresponding 4'-substituted counterparts . The most genotoxic compound in vivo in either series was 4-aminostilbene which would not have been predicted from the in vitro results.

What Is Molecular Biology?, What Is Environmental Microbiology?, What Is Dna?, What Is Cell Biology?, What Is Bioassay?, n, Microbes, e, Microorganisms, s, Microbiology, o, Bacteriology, s, Microbe, r, Enterobacters, n, Haemophilus, r, Escherichia coli, c, Thermophile, i, Bacillus, s, S. cerevisiae, e, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, r, Wastewater, c, Microorganism, r, Fermentations, i, Growth media, r, Escherichia coli, r, S. cerevisiae, i, Multidrug resistant, a, Staphylococcus, s, Escherichia coli, o, Staphylococcus, e, Escherichia coli, s, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, s, Staphylococcus, i, Escherichia coli

Scientific Publications - Work Done by Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C
Agricultural Microbiology Anaerobic Microbiology Antimicrobial Susceptibility Artificial Atmosphere Bioassay of Antibiotics Biofilm Microbiology Bioreactor Technology Biotechnology Cell Biology Clinical Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Experiments with Yeast	Fermentation Food Microbiology Functional Genomics Gene Technology Growth Media Development Growth Rate and Lag Time Industrial Microbiology Medical/Pharmaceutical Field Microbiological Assay Microbiological Research Microbiology of Cosmetics go to a specific theme...	Military Microbiology Molecular Microbiology Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Oral Microbiology Patents Postantibiotic Studies Soil Microbiology Spore Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Waste/Wastewater Treatment Water Microbiology Wine Microbiology

� 2005 Transgalactic Ltd (manufacturer of Bioscreen C software) | Privacy Statement | P.O. Box 1393, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9 85172920, fax: +358 9 8749481, e-mail: microbiology@bionewsonline.com

Last modified: May 25, 2005