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| Arch Microbiol, 1977 Dec 15, 115(3), 285 - 92 Anaerobic dechlorination and degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria; Jagnow G et al.; Screening studies with strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria showed that Clostridium app . and several other representatives of Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae actively degraded gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) under anaerobic conditions . Representatives of Lactobacillaceae and Propronibacterium were inactive . With 36Cl-labelled gamma-HCH a nearly complete dechlorination was shown to occur in 4--6 days by Clostridium butyricum, C . pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii, while other facultative anaerobic species were less active . Aerobically grown facultative anaerobes also dechlorinated actively gamma-HCH during subsequent anaerobic incubation with glucose, pyruvate or formate as substrates . The alpha-, beta- and delta-HCH isomers were also, but more slowly, dechlorinated (gamma larger than alpha larger than beta larger than or equal to delta-HCH) . All species active in anaerobic degradation of gamma-HCH formed gamma-tetrachlorocyclohexene (TCH) as the main intermediate metabolite and no gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCH) or other isomers of TCH or PCH have been found . Small amounts of tri- and tetrachlorinated benzenes have been found too . The mechanism of dechlorination is discussed. Cancer Res, 1977 Dec, 37(12), 4352 - 60 Morphogenesis of early 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced lesions and latent period reduction of colon carcinogenesis in mice by a variant of Citrobacter freundii; Barthold SW et al.; The morphogenesis of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced lesions in the colon of outbred NIH Swiss mice was determined for up to 5 months of treatment . The effect of hyperplasia on DMH carcinogenesis was also evaluated by introducing a transient hyperplastic stimulus to the colon during the chronic weekly treatment regimen of DMH . The hyperplastic stimulus was a naturally occurring disease of mice, transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, which is caused by a variant of Citrobacter freundii . In control mice, those not receiving the bacterium, weekly injections of the carcinogen induced neoplastic changes first detectable at two months of treatment in all segments of the colon and in both sexes . The changes increased in frequency and severity with time . Diffuse mucosal hyperpladia and chronic inflammatory and degenerative changes were also associated with DMH after prolonged treatment . The hyperplastic stimulus of C . freundii reduced the latent period for appearance of early DMH tumors, but it had no influence on already established DMH tumors. Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1977 Dec, 13(4), 458 - 61 {Effectiveness of cystolusis with rifamycin SV in patients with permanent catheters}; Baldini G et al.; It has tested the effect of Rifamicina SV in the cystolusis employed on patients with permanent catheter: compared to the treatment with physiological solution this one, with Rifamicina SV, has showed, in most cases, the lower incidence of urine bacteria and their quick negative answer . This by an only local theatment . During the experiment has also been showed the possibility for the Rifamicina SV of selecting the Citrobacter as a resistant bacterial species. Lab Anim Sci, 1977 Dec, 27(6), 938 - 45 Dietary, bacterial, and host genetic interactions in the pathogenesis of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia; Barthold SW et al.; Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, cuased by a variant of Citrobacter freundii (4280) . was shown to be modified by diet and by host strain and species . Four different diets fed to mice inoculated with C frundii 4280 were found to have a significant but varying influence on the severity of hyperplasia . Diet also influenced the colonic crypt height of uninoculated, control mice . F344 rats, Syrian hamsters, and NIH Swiss {N:(S)}, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and DBA/2J mice were inoculated with C freundii 4280 . Marked strain differences were noted in the mice in mortality and severity of the colonic hyperplasia . The NIH Swiss mice had the greatest and the C57BL/6J mice had the least mucosal hyperplasia . The rats and hamsters did not develop disease or maintain infection after inoculation with the organism . Twenty isolates of Citrobacter from a range of biologic sources were inoculated into susceptible mice, but only mice inoculated with C freundii 4280 developed the disease. Infect Immun, 1977 Dec, 18(3), 612 - 6 Effect of serum from various animal species on erythrocyte attachment of endotoxins and other bacterial antigens; Praino M et al.; Lipopolysaccharide O antigens (endotoxins) and other bacterial antigens readily attach to erythrocytes in vitro . This attachment is prevented by certain mammalian and avian sera . In this study, the inhibitory capacity of sera from lower animals was compared with that of higher animals for a total of 30 species . Antigens and the corresponding antisera included both crude O antigens and purified lipopolysaccharide preparations, the common enterobacterial antigen from Escherichia coli O14, the Vi antigen from Citrobacter ballerup, the polyribose-phosphate antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type b, and the crude teichoic acid antigen from Staphylococcus aureus . Antigen and serum mixtures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min and used for erythrocyte modification; failure of hemagglutination by homologous bacterial antiserum provided evidence of inhibitory capacity . Sera from the classes Mammalia and Aves were very strong inhibitors; those of Reptilia and Osteichthyes were moderate in activity, displaying variation within the classes; those of Amphibia and Chondrichthyes were minimal inhibitors; and those of Merostomata, Crustacea, and Lamellibranchiata displayed questionable or no inhibitory capacity . Inhibitory sera were active with all antigens tested . The findings suggest evolution of inhibitory factors consistent with the theory of two diverging lines of animal phylogeny based on embryological criteria and closely parallel the observations of an endotoxin-altering capacity in vertebrate sera that is not found in invertebrate sera or hemolymph. Microbiol Immunol, 1977 Nov, 21(11), 631 - 8 Thermolabile repression of cephalosporinase synthesis in Citrobacter freundii; Sawai T et al.; An unusual regulatory system of cephalosporinase synthesis in Citrobacter freundii has been found . When the bacteria are grown at 20 C, the cephalosporinase is synthesized as a typical inducible enzyme and benzylpenicillin acts as an effective inducer . The enzyme, however, is synthesized in the absence of the inducer at growth temperatures above 25 C . when the growth temperature is shifted from 20 C to 37 C, the induction of enzyme synthesis is observed after about one half of the organism doubling time, but it does not occur in the presence of chloramphenicol . The reverse control mutants, the enzyme constitutive synthesis of which is markedly depressed by benzylpenicillin, were isolated from the C . freundii wild strain . The possibility that the enzyme synthesis is governed by a regulatory system analogous to the its mutant of the lac operon in Escherichia coli was suggested. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Oct, 38(10), 1503 - 7 Antimicrobial sensitivity of aerobic gram-negative rods isolated from bovin udder infections; McDonald JS et al.; Antimicrobial sensitivity of 214 aerobic gram-negative rods recovered from infected bovine mammary glands was determined . Seventeen antimicrobial agents were used . More than 90% of the cultures were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and polymyxin B . These 3 antimicrobials are not approved for infusion into the bovine mammary gland . Escherichia coli was most sensitive to the 17 antimicrobials, and in decreasing sequence, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, and Proteus spp were sensitive to fewer antimicrobials . Pseudomonas spp were most resistant. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Sep, 30(9), 730 - 5 In vitro studies with cefazaflur and other parenteral cephalosporins; Actor P et al.; Cefazaflur has a broad-spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity equal to or greater than that of the commercially-available cephalosporins . In addition, cefazaflur has activity against isolates of Enterobacter, Citrobacter and indole-positive Proteus; however, this activity decreased markedly when the MIC determinations were carried out with a large inoculum size . A similar inoculum effect was observed with cefamandole, however, cefoxitin's activity was relatively unchanged at increased inoculum sizes . Human serum had a relatively small effect on the in vitro activity of cefazaflur. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1977 Sep, 56(4), 351 - 61 {Microbiological pollution of the environment due to breeding . I . Enterobacteriaceae due to cattle breeding}; Cenci P et al.; Enterobacteriaceae from faeces of cattle belonging to four cattle farms situated in the Ferrara district were investigated . At the same time, investigation was made of effluent sewage and recipient wells (upstream and downstream) . The cattle (of the Italian Frisona breed) resulted uncontaminated by Salmonellae, but proved to be very susceptible to Arizona, Citrobacter, Shigella and S . gallinarum-pullorum infections, coming from the environment . Predominant species in faeces were as follows: Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterbacter and coliforms . One farm proved to be heavily polluted by Edwardsiella tarda . Yersinia enterocolitica strains were also isolated from faeces and sewage. Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1977 Sep-Dec, 9(3), 109 - 14 {Presence of resistance factors to antibiotics in multiresistant enterobacteria}; Parada JL et al.; The present study was carried out with 111 multiresistant pathogenic strains of enterobacterias isolated from different sources with increased resistance to three or more antibiotics . Among the identified species are included E . coli, Shigella sp., Salmonella oranienburg, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii . In general, the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics was above 100 microgram/ml and in some cases it was superior to 1000 microgram/ml . Resistance transfer factors were detected in 72% of the strains; 33% movilized the complete pattern of resistance and 67% did it partially because some of the determinants were not transfered . The Citrobacter strains show a high frequency of transference (10(-1)), while for the others species it was in the order of 10(-2)--10(-3) . The use of a multi-inoculator allows to perform in a simple way the preliminar evaluation about the presence or absence of R transfer factors in multiresistant strains . This technique has shown good correlation with the data obtained by the usual dilution and plating method. Rev Esp Fisiol, 1977 Sep, 33(3), 217 - 20 {Effect of methionine sulfone on the growth of Citrobacter intermedius C3 (author's transl)}; Juarez A et al.; Specific activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and glutamate synthase (GtS) has been determined in the wild strain C3 and on a non excreting pro- mutant strain . Methionine sulfone shows inhibitory effects on their growth . The addition of alpha-ketoglutarate to the medium prevents the inhibitory effect and increases the GtS specific activity in both strains . The physiological effect of methionine sulfone and its suppression by alpha-ketoglutarate is discussed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Aug, (8), 16 - 20 {Study of the role of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in acute intestinal diseases}; Proskuriakova NB et al.; Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria were isolated in 34.2% of the patients with acute intestinal diseases (1559 cases examined in all) . Such representatives of enterobacteria as Klebsiella, Hafnia, Citrobacter of 4, 8, and 22 serological groups . Proteus mirabilis of 6, 10, 13, 26, and 28 serological groups, and Proteus morganii mostly played the etiological role . In some of the patients conditionally pathogenic microbes only aggravated the main disease, taking part in the development of dysbacteriosis . In healthy individuals these microbes were much more rare and were encountered inconstantly. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Aug, 6(2), 111 - 6 Esculin hydrolysis by Enterobacteriaceae; Edberg SC et al.; Literature reports disagree concerning esculin hydrolysis in the family Enterobacteriaceae . A total of 2,490 strains of the family were investigated for esculin hydrolysis by two methods, the esculin spot test and the PathoTec incubation strip, which measures constitutive enzyme, and five growth-supporting methods, which determine both constitutive and inducible enzymes . The five growth-supporting media studied were: Vaughn-Levine, the standard esculin hydrolysis medium (P . R . Edwards and W . H . Ewing, Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 3rd ed., 1972); Vaughn-Levine without iron; Vaughn-Levine without Andrade's indicator; and bile-esculin medium . Growth media were incubated at 35 degrees C and checked every 24 h for 120 h . On growth media, 0.3% of Escherichia coli were positive in 24 h, 34% in 48 h, and 61% in 120 h . No strains were positive on the "nongrowth" tests . It appeared that the esculin hydrolysis enzyme(s) of E . coli was inducible rather than constitutive . All esculin hydrolyzers, which yielded positive tests on "constitutive tests" and 24-h tests, were limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia and species of Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri, and Citrobacter diversus . When used with standardized inoculum size and incubation time, the esculin hydrolysis test is very useful for differentiation within the family Enterobacteriaceae. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1977 Jul-Sep, 22(3), 171 - 8 {Simplified diagnostic scheme for Enterobacteriaceae}; Negut M et al.; After testing 18 experimental variants against 40 reference strains belonging to different Enterovacteriaceae groups, the authors chose a multitest medium that permits concomitant testing of mobility, indol, lysinedecarboxylase and phenylalanine deaminase (MILP) . In this medium, the reactions of 3734 strains belonging to the genera Escherichia, Shigella . Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia . Proteus and Providencia were concordant with the reactions in individual test media, taking as reference, in a proportion of 99.7 and 100% . The authors, associating the MILP medium to TSI agar, propose a simple scheme consisting of eight test which permits, within only 24 hours, the correct identification of the genus and sometimes of the species of cultures or isolated colonies from selective media. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1977 Jun, 25(6), 409 - 12 {Enterobacteria erroneously identified as Salmonella in human faeces (author's transl)}; Richard C; To differentiate Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter hafniae, Proteus mirabilis and Alteromonas putrefaciens from Salmonella strains isolated in faeces, the author recommends the use of "Hajna-Kligler" medium, "Nitrate-Motility-Mannitol" medium, "Urease-Indole-Trytophane desaminase" medium and glycerol peptonated water . The lysis of Salmonella and E . hafniae strains by specific phages (Felix and Callow O: 1 Salmonella phage; Guinee and Valkenburg Hafnia phage) is emphasized. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1977 May 18, 163(1), 1 - 11 Synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens for production of specific 04 and 09 antisera for immunofluorescence diagnosis of salmonella; Svenungsson B et al.; The synthetic disaccharides abequose 1 leads to a 3 mannose and tyvelose 1 leads to a 3 mannose, representative of Salmonella O-antigen 4 and 9 respectively, were covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) . Antisera from rabbits immunized with these immunogens were used in indirect immunofluorescence assay for the identification of group B (O-antigen 4) and D (O-antigen 9) Salmonella . A total of 1030 enteric bacterial strains were tested, including 207 group B and 55 group D Salmonella . The anti-abequose-mannose-BSA serum correctly identified all Salmonella group B strains tested . The anti-tyvelose-mannose-BSA serum correctly indentified all Salmonella group D bacteria examined with the exception of 11 of 18 Vi-positive S . typhi strains which did not not stain until the Vi-antigen was removed by boiling . Among the 768 strains representing Salmonella other than groups B and D, E . coli, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Yersinia, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium only 5 positive reactions were found . These were observed with Y . pseudotuberculosis strains which have the same disaccharide antigenic determinants as Salmonella O-antigen 4 and 9 respectively . The high specificity of the antisera elicited by the synthetic disaccharide-BSA immunogens make them suitable for a specific and rapid identification of Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups B and D. J Biol Chem, 1977 Apr 10, 252(7), 2319 - 23 Two distinct types of trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified by R-plasmids of different compatibility groups; Pattishall KH et al.; R-Plasmids from a number of trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp . were studied after transfer to E . coli K12 hosts . Each was found to specify a dihydrofolate reductase which was resistant to trimethoprim and Methotrexate, and which could be completely separated from the host chromosomal enzyme by gel filtration . Two distinct types of R-plasmid dihydrofolate reductases were identified . Type I enzymes, typified by the R483 enzyme previously described (Skold, O., and Widh, A . (1974) J . Biol . Chem . 249, 4324-4325), are synthesized in amounts severalfold higher than the chromosomal enzyme . The 50% inhibitory concentrations (I50) of trimethoprim, Methotrexate, and aminopterin are increased several thousandfold over the corresponding values for the chromosomal enzyme . Type II R-plasmid dihydrofolate reductases are synthesized in about the same amount, or less, as the chromosomal enzyme, but are practically several hundredfold higher than those for the type I enzymes . Both types of R-plasmid dihydrofolate reductase showed little difference from the chromosomal enzyme in the binding of dihydrofolate, NADPH, folic acid, and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine. Antibiotiki, 1977 Apr, 22(4), 316 - 20 {Sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections of unclear etiology}; Teterina LM et al.; Sensitivity of Citrobacter isolated from the patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections of unknown etiology in Volgograd was studied . The antibiotic sensitivity to antibiotics was determined by the method of dilution in nutrient agar . Most of the isolates were sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and polymyxin . All strains were resistant to ristomycin . The sensitivity of the local strains differed from that described in the literature . Among sero groups 05, 08 and 023 all strains were resistant to oleandomycin, lincomycin and ristomycin . Polyresistant strains of Citrobacter were registered in Volgograd . The greater part (79 per cent) of the strains were simultaneously resistant to 4-6 antibiotics. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Apr, (4), 122 - 5 {Characteristics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter, isolated from healthy children and children with different acute gastrointestinal diseases}; Petrus VS et al.; The authors examined 250 children suffering from various acute gastrointestinal diseases, and 100 healthy children . Positive cultures of bacteria belonging to the Citrobacter genus were obtained in 38% of the patients and in 20% of the healthy persons . There were revealed no cultural or biochemical differences between the strains isolated from the sick and healthy individuals . There were revealed no cultural or biochemical differences between the strains isolated from the sich and healthy persons . A total of 189 strains were identified serologically . Serological types 01, 03, 04, 08, 021, 022, the ones most frequently encountered in sick children, were absent or rarely found in the healthy . Sensitivity of the majority of the strians to the main antibiotics used in medical practice was weak; the strain isolated from the sick and healthy children failed to differ by the antibiotic sensitivity. Mutat Res, 1977 Apr, 48(2), 155 - 61 The mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles . II . Tinidazole, ipronidazole, panidazole and ornidazole; Voogd CE et al.; The 5-nitroimidazoles tinidazole (Fasigyn), ipronidazole (Ro-7-1554), panidazole and ornidazole (Tiberal, Ro-7-0207) in concentrations of 0.02--1 mM per liter increased the mutation frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae . Escherichia coli K12 and Citrobacter freundii to streptomycin resistance, including streptomycin dependence, in Luria and Delbruck's fluctuation test . At low concentration (0.1 mM), the increase of the mutation frequency caused by each compound was nearly the same, i.e . 3--4 times the spontaneous mutation frequency . At higher concentrations, considerable differences between the mutagenic activities of the compounds occurred. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Apr, (4), 42 - 6 {Checking the reliability of the PathoTec biochemical test system for bacterial identification}; Khomenko NA; Tests of the PathoTec system intended for express bacteriological diagnosis were checked in comparative experiments with the common biochemical methods . Cultures of the following microbes were used: Schigella, Salmonella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus . In a number of tests, such as determination of cytochromoxidase, nitrate reduciase, phenylalaninedeaminase, indol, acetoin (for the differentiation of enterobacteria), detection of plasmocoagulation and mannite fermentation (for staphylococci) there was revealed a complete coincidence of the results . However, discrepancies were revealed with three of the reagents tested (for lysine decarboxylase, urease, citrate utilization) with regard to some groups of enterobacteria . The advantages of the PathoTec system consisted in more rapid results, simplicity of procedures, economy of media and ware. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 23(4), 465 - 70 Pollution indicator bacteria associated with municipal raw and drinking water supplies; Clark JA et al.; A total of 3819 bacterial cultures isolated from municipal water samples were identified using a combination of Enterotubules and confirmatory media . Frequency distributions for the different genera or groups of bacteria were similar for raw water and drinking water isolations, except for Escherichia organisms which doubled their frequency in raw water . Differences between the membrane filter (MF) and presence-absence (P-A) test with regard to types of organisms isolated were limited to Klebsiella organisms which were preferentially cultured from MF plates . Members of the genus Enterobacter were isolated more than twice as frequently as any of the other coliform genera dealt with in this study . Aeromonas organisms were detected almost as often as such individual genera as Escherichia, Citrobacter, or Klebsiella . Although non-lactose fermenting colonies (false-negatives) of the coliform genera would not be detected by the MF technique, their lack of detection would likely be offset by the Aeromonas colonies (false-positives) . At least 25% of the coliform isolates were either anaerogenic or non-lactose fermenters and would therefore go undetected by the most probably number (MPN) technique. N Z Med J, 1977 Mar 9, 85(583), 182 - 3 Endocarditis due to Citrobacter diversus developing resistance to cephalothin; MacCulloch D et al.; A 43-year-old man was admitted with acute bacterial endocarditis . Citrobacter diversus susceptible to cephalothin was isolated from blood cultures . Citrobacter diversus was later isolated from the aortic valve cusps at surgery, but this isolate was resistant to cephalothin . Laboratory testing showed that the Citrobacter diversus recovered from blood cultures was capable of producing mutants highly resistant to cephalothin. Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Mar, 67(3), 260 - 3 Interaction of blood with enterobacteriaceae: hemolysis, hemagglutination, fibrinolysis; Roland FP; One thousand eighty enterobacteriaceae, isolated during a period of three months, were tested for the presence of hemolysis, hemagglutination and fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma . The fibrinolysis on human erythrocytes and plasma . The Escherichia coli have the greatest diversity of action on the blood . Of 481 strains, 32.9% were hemolytic, 21.9% fibrinolytic, and 10.5% hemagglutinating . Of 190 strains of Klebsiella, 95.2% were fibrinolytic . Of 53 strains of Enterobacter, 90.6% were fibrinolytic, and of 53 strains of Enterobacter hafniae, 66% were fibrinolytic . Of seven strains of Serratia, 28.5% were hemolytic and 14.3% fibrinolytic . The Proteae were mostly fibrinolytic: 60.5% of 141 strains, with three strains being hemolytic and fibrinolytic . Of 19 strains of Citrobacter, 52.6% were fibrinolytic only . Providenica, Salmonella and Shigella did not interact with human blood . The patterns of blood interactions with the different species of Enterobacteriaceae are of value in the evaluation of the pathogenesis of the infections and septicemias they cause . Their study is an essential step in the understanding of the sequence of events leading to severe disturbances of the blood-clotting mechanism. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 98(2), 543 - 9 Distinctive electrophoretic patterns of Esterases from Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica and Citrobacter; Goullet P et al.; Esterases of 42 strains of Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica and Citrobacter were analysed by horizontal slab electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarosegel using several synthetic substrates . On the basis of esterase zymograms a distinctive pattern was established for each of the three species . Levinea malonatica was characterized by two major bands: one hydrolysing acetate esters but not butyrate esters; and the other hydrolysing alpha-naphthyl acetate and reacting weakly with alpha-naphthyl butyrate and beta-naphthyl acetate . Levinea amalonatica showed one prominent band that hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl esters and reacter weakly with beta-naphthyl esters . Citrobacter strains showed one major band that hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl esters and appeared slightly more towards beta-naphthyl esters than that of L . amalonatica . Considerable variations in electrophoretic mobility were observed among Citrobacter strains . Levinea amalonatica was less variable . In addition, one minor anodal band reacting with beta-naphthyl acetate was observed in both L . malonatica and Citrobacter . The relative molecular sizes of the major esterase bands were determined by disc electrophoresis with gels of different acrylamide concentrations . The molecular size of the major band of Citrobacter appeared to be smaller than that of the corresponding esterase band of L . amalonatica. Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Feb, 67(2), 187 - 9 Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns (antibiograms) as an aid in differentiating Citrobacter species; Southern PM Jr et al.; The hydrogen sulfide-negative Citrobacter group represents a taxonomic problem . Various investigators have proposed such designations as Padlewskia, Levinea, atypical Enterobacter cloacae, H2S-negative variants of Citrobacter, Citrobacter koseri and Citrobacter diversus . This problem has been investigated with emphasis on antibiograms as a means of discrimination . Clinical isolates fitting the designation Citrobacter were studied and, using the criteria of Ewing and Davis, separated into two groups: C . diversus (40 strains) or C . freundii (25 strains) . Susceptibilities to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin were determined by the agar-dilution method . C . diversus strains were resistant to 8 mug/ml ampicillin (97.5%) and 32 mug/ml carbenicillin (87.5%), and were susceptible to 8 mug/ml cephalosporins (greater than or equal to 90%) . C . freundii strains were moderately susceptible to 8 mug/ml ampicillin (25%) and susceptible to 8 mug/ml carbenicillin (92%), and were resistant to 8 mug/ml cephalosporin (greater than or equal 92%) . Using these data one can separate C . diversus from C . freundii with 90% accuracy. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 5(2), 122 - 4 Effect of storage conditions of the performance of bismuth sulfite agar; D'aoust JY; Refrigerated storage of bismuth sulfite agar plates for up to 4 days did not adversely affect growth and colonial characteristics of selected Salmonella strains . Incubation of inoculated plates for 48 h favored the development of more salmonellae with typical morphology . Inoculated plates of freshly poured medium incubated for 48 h gave recoveries similar to those on refrigerated plates and showed a high selectivity against Citrobacter freundii and Proteus vulgaris, organisms which mimic the colonial characteristics of Salmonella on this medium . The use of bismuth sulfite plates stored at room temperature for more than 2 days should be avoided. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Jan 11, 480(1), 282 - 94 L-Asparagainases from Citrobacter freundii; Davidson L et al.; Three enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine have been identified in extracts of Citrobacter freundii . One of these (asparaginase-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.1) also shows substantial glutaminase activity . This enzyme is extremely labile, is sensitive to inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate, and is not protected by dithiothreitol . A second enzyme (asparaginase B) is also sensitive to mercurials but is protected from inactivation by dithiothreitol . This enzyme has a relatively low affinity for L-asparagine (Km = 1.7-10(-3) M) . The third enzyme (asparaginase A) is insensitive to inactivation by mercurials, is stable upon long term storage and has a relatively high affinity for L-asparagine (Km = 2.9-10(-5) M) . This enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and has a molecular weight of approx . 140 000; the subunit weight being approx . 33 000 . The C . freundii asparaginase A produced significant increases in the survival time of C3H/HE mice carrying the 6C3HED lymphoma tumor. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1977, 25(1), 7 - 16 Serologic relationship of fimbriae among Enterobacteriaceae; Nowotarska M et al.; The existence of serological relationship of fimbriae among serotypes of the same genus and among genera of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by agglutination and absorption procedures . It was found that fimbriae of different serotypes of the same genus and among the genera a) Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, and b) Salmonella, Arizona and Citrobacter were more or less antigentically related . No relationship was found among fimbriae of the Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Proteus and Providencia . It was also found that in Klebsiella, MS and MR fimbriae differed antigenically . On the basis of the results obtained nine antigentically distinct types of fimbriae were distinguished. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 99 - 103 The evolution of the sensitivity to fosfomycin over the past two years; Gobernado M et al.; The sensitivity of 1,823 bacteriological strains of differing types is shown (E . coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia, Proteus-Providence, Pseudomonas, Salmonella-Shigella-Citrobacter, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus); all of clinical origin, isolated during March and April, 1975 . The methods used were series of double dilutions in Mueller-Hinton agar and the disc-plate method (weight of 50 mug) . A comparative study is made of the sensitivity between a part of the present strains (1,725) and another group of 1,664 germs, isolated and observed in January and February, 1973 . Some variations are observed which, on general lines, do not seem to be significant, except for Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Serratia. Rev Cubana Med Trop, 1977 Jan-Apr, 29(1), 33 - 41 {Microbiological examinations in the intensive surgical care unit of the General Calixto Garcia teaching Hospital}; Garcia Landa J et al.; Microbiological examinations carried out in the intensive surgical-care unit of the "Calixto Garcia" Teaching Hospital between October, 1974 and February, 1976 are exposed . Nineteen examinations were carried out in the unit and results were as follows: 53,1% of the personnel had pathogenic germs (43,8%, coagulase-positive staphylococci; 6,3%, beta-hemolytic streptococci; and 6,3%, Klebsiella) . Acceptable results were obtained in the unit air but it was not the case in laboratory and nursery sections . Pathogenic germs found on surfaces and equipments were coagulase-positive staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Proteus, Escherichia coli and enterococci. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(10), 46 - 52 {Coliform bacteria in raw and pasteurized milk}; Kaloianov I et al.; Studied were 360 samples of raw and 1404 samples of pasteurized milk, collected from three milk centers, for the presence of coliform bacteria . It was found that the coli titer of the raw milk varied from 10(-5) up to 10(-7), depending on the season . The regimes of pasteurization applied kill 100 per cent of the present coli organisms . After the thermic treatment the milk was additionally contaminated with coli forms from the containers and the equipment in dependence on the conditions of washing and disinfection . The coli titer of the pasteurized milk varied from 1 to 10(-3) . A total of 602 strains of coliform bacteria were isolated from the pasteurized and the raw milk; the bacteria were differentiated by the scheme of Kauffmann . Most commonly encountered were the coli forms of the following genera:Citrobacter (35 per cent), Enterobacter (29.8 per cent), Klebsiella (23.9 per cent), and Escherichia (11.3 per cent) . The following species were prevailing in raw milk: Kl . aerogenes, Ent . aerogenes, Ent . cloacae, C . freundi, and C . intermedium . In pasteurized milk dominating were Kl . aerogenes, C . freundi . Ent . aerogenes, and Ent . cloacae. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(6), 21 - 6 {R-factor distribution and characteristics of the E . coli isolated from pigs}; Kokosharov T; Studied was the occurrence of the R-factors in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs . It was demonstrated that in 73.3 per cent of the cases drug resistance could be transmitted to Citrobacter . In this instance an occasional drop-out of the markers of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was observed . In the author's experiments no transmission of the marker of resistance to furazolidon was established . The transmission of the signs of resistance to kanamycin and niomycin as well as to erythromycin and oleandomycin occurred always simultaneously . The possibility of transmitting the drug resistance markers of Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 made it reasonable to believe that this is one of the routes for spreading the R-factors among Salmonella organisms . No essential differences were observed between the minimal inhibitory concentration of the donor strains and the level of the acquired resistance with the recombinations . The transmission frequence of the resistance markers proved comparatively high, and ranged from 0.6.10(-3) up to 3.10(-4). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1977, 43(1), 7 - 18 Genetics of colicin E susceptibility in citrobacter freundii; Marian A et al.; The insensitivity of Citrobacter freundii to the E colicins is based on tolerance to colicin E1 and resistance to colicins E2 and E3 . Spontaneous colicin A resistant mutants of C . freundii also lost their colicin E1 receptor function . Sensitivity to colicin E1 can be induced by F'gal+tol+ plasmids, the tol A+ gene product of which is responsible for this effect . Receptor function for colicins E2 and E3 is induced by the E . coli F'14 bfe+ plasmid, which is also able to enhance notably the receptor capacity for colicin E1 . The bfe+ gene product of E . coli, which is responsible for these phenomena, also restores the receptor function for colicin A and E1 in colicin A resistant mutants of C . freundii . All results show that there is a remarkable difference between the E . coli bfe+ gene product and the bfe+ gene product of C . freundii and also between the tol A+ gene products of these strains . The sensitivity to phage BF23 parallels the sensitivity to colicins E2 and E3 and is also induced by the F'14 bfe+ plasmid. Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Dec, 26(6 Pt 1), 889 - 94 The etiology of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia; Barthold SW et al.; The etiology of a transmissable colonic mucosal hyperplasia of mice was investigated . Hyperplasia was produced in mice inoculated with unfiltered colonic suspension from affected mice, but infectivity was lost after passage through a 0.45 mum filter . The etiologic agent was subsequently identified as a variant of Citrobacter freundii . The organism induced colonic mucosal hyperplasia when inoculated into germfree mice, and it was recovered in pure culture from the affected animals. J Clin Pathol, 1976 Dec, 29(12), 1094 - 6 Citrobacter koseri meningitis in a special care baby unit; Ribeiro CD et al.; An outbreak of meningitis due to Citrobacter koseri in a special care baby unit is described . The organism showed a high capacity for spread among the babies on the unit and although the intestinal carriage rate was high, the clinical case:carrier ratio was low. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Dec, 163(5-6), 470 - 85 {On the growth of various Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alkaligenes spec . in distilled water, de-ionized water, tap water, and mineral salt solution (author's transl)}; Botzenhart K et al.; The behaviour of 12 strains of gram-negative bacteria was analysed in media having a low content of nutrients . Sterile tap water, de-ionized water, aqua bidestillata and mineral salt solution were used . It was found that Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Citrobacter are those with the most frequently observed growth . In the mineral salt solution survived also Providencia, E . coli, Erwinia, Hafnia, and Alkaligenes and reached max . colony numbers of some 100000/ml . When the salts used were added stepwise potassium phosphate and especially magnesium sulfate showed a growth-promoting effect. Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 Dec, 29(12), 1052 - 69 {Comparative results of cephacetrile with cefazolin in complicated urinary tract infections by means of double-blind trials (author's transl)}; Ishigami J et al.; In order to elucidate the usefulness of cephacetrile (CEC), comparative trials with cefazolin (CEZ) were carried out in the patients with complicated infections of the urinary tract, and the following results were obtained: 1 . There were no statistically significant differences or tendencies observed between the groups given CEC and CEZ in either of the global effects, bacteriological effects, rate of superinfection, relapse, relapse with bacterial alternation, drug usefulness, rate of improvements in symptoms and findings in all the cases . 2 . According to a result of stratified analyses, there were statistically significant differences observed, showing more inferior results of CEC than CEZ in either stratum of "below 50" in the age, "acute" in the disease phase, "infections of the upper urinary tract" in the disease pattern, and "E . coli including mixed infections with gram-positive organisms" in the pathogenic strains . However, it should be taken into consideration that certain background factors influence greatly in the effects and there were some problems on deviated backgrounds in these strata . On the other hand, CEC displayed better bacteriological effects than those of CEZ in higher stratum of "chronic" in the disease phase and "Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter including mixed infections" in the pathogenic strains, and statistically significant differences were not observed . 3 . In consequence of bacteriological studies, CEC showed stronger resistance than CEZ against beta-lactamase produced in all the strains of gram-negative bacilli . Particularly there were significant differences or tendencies observed in those of Proteus, Cirtobacter, and Enterobacter, and at the same time there were great differences in the activity of beta-lactamase between CEC and CEZ as the substrate . 4 . In correlation of the MIC and effects, CEC showed weaker actions than CEZ against susceptible organisms, but slightly stronger actions against moderately or highly resistant strains . A study of the relationship between the MIC of pathogenic strains, beta-lactamase, and bacteriological effects, showed possibilities that even the high activity of beta-lactamase results in remarkable effects in susceptible strains and the drugs with stronger resistance against beta-lactamase given better results in moderately or highly resistant organisms . 5 . The incidence rate of adverse reactions was 2 out of 51 cases in the CEC group (3.9%) and 3 out of 50 cases in the CEZ group (6.0%), showing no significant difference, and those symptoms were similar . In conclusion, when the usefulness of CEC in complicated infections of the urinary tract is compared with that of CEZ, the former is said to be equal to the latter without significant difference as a whole... J Pediatr, 1976 Dec, 89(6), 885 - 91 Toxigenic bacterial diarrhea: nursery outbreak involving multiple bacterial strains; Guerrant RL et al.; An outbreak of watery diarrhea occurred in 14 of 15 infants in a special care unit over a four-day period . Using the CHO cell assay for enterotoxin, we found that 11 of these patients had toxigenic bacteria in their stools . These bacteria comprised nine different serotypes of three species of organisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter . None of the three serotypes of E . coli were classic enteropathogenic serotypes . Rectal swab specimens from all 15 infants were examined for the presence of viruses by electron microscopic and cell culture techniques as well as by studies in suckling mice . None had parvovirus- or reovirus-like agents and two had adenoviruses . No other viral agents were detected . Of 38 bacterial strains isolated from ten control infants without diarrhea, three Klebsiella strains from two individuals were found to be toxigenic . Analysis of a total of 136 enteric isolates showed that toxigenicity as measured by the CHO assay was strongly associated with strains isolated during acute diarrheal illness when compared with strains isolated in convalescence (p less than 10(-5)) or with strains from control infants without diarrhea (p less than 10(-5)) . This study raises the possibility of an outbreak of disease caused by a transmissible plasmid responsible for a cholera-like enterotoxin production in several enteric bacterial strains. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Dec, 236(4), 472 - 80 {Serological analysis of two complex Salmonella respectively Arizona O-groups (Salmonella O:48 and O:64 - Arizona O:5 and O:29) with the object of combining them into one Salmonella O-group 48 within the Kauffmann-White-schema (author's transl)}; Winkle I; In 1963 KAUFFMANN divided O-group Y (= O:48) of the KAUFFMANN-WHITE-Schema into 3 sub-groups, e.g . 481, 482 - S . dahlem; 481, 482, 483 - S . djakarta; 481, 483, 484 = Citrobacter no . 2624/36 . He also recommended the use of the two serotypes S . dahlem and S . djakarta for the preparation of a diagnostic group-serum . At that time, serological relations- especially O-antigenic relations (and even some identities) - between the separate Salmonella and Arizona genera were known, viz . between the Salmonella group 0:48 and the Arizona group O:5 . It has now been found that there exist also close serological relations between the Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 on the one hand and to the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 on the other hand, in connection with which the special factor 484 defined by KAUFMANN in the Citrobacter culture no . 2624 embraces the whole Salmonella group O:64 (= Arizona group O:29) . Therefore, every Salmonella O:64 strain and Arizona O:29 serotype respectively can be agglutinated with factorserum 484, defined by KAUFFMANN . A special O:64 serum is no longer required . The Salmonella antigen 64 (Ar . 29 or 5.29) has a rule the partial antigens 481, 483, 484 (= Ar . 5,29) . Only a few serotypes do not possess factor 483; their components are 481 and 484 (= Ar . 29) . The evidence of our findings demonstrates that the Salmonella O-group 64 (= Arizona 29) should be combined with O-group 48 (Ar . 5) and erased from the original Kauffmann-White-Schema and the Arizona Antigenic Schema to avoid a wrong diagnosis. Br Med J, 1976 Nov 27, 2(6047), 1284 - 7 Tobramycin, amikacin, sissomicin, and gentamicin resistant Gram-negative rods; Drasar FA et al.; Sensitivities to gentamicin, sissomicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were compared in 196 gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative rods and in 212 similar organisms sensitive to gentamicin, mainly isolated from clinical specimens . Amikacin was the aminoglycoside most active against gentamicin-resistant organisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Providencia spp, and Citrobacter spp being particularly susceptible . Most of the gentamicin-resistant organisms were isolated from the urine of patients undergoing surgery . Gentamicin was the most active antibiotic against gentamicin-sensitive E coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia spp . Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas spp were most susceptible to tobramycin. Arch Dis Child, 1976 Nov, 51(11), 865 - 70 Enterotoxin-producing bacteria and parasites in stools of Ethiopian children with diarrhoeal disease; Wadstrom T et al.; Enterotoxinogenic bacteria were isolated from 131 (37%) of 354 Ethiopian infants and children with acute gastrointestinal symptoms . Only one of these isolates belonged to the classical enteropathogenic serotypes of Esch . coli . Two colonies from each patient were isolated and tested for production of enterotoxin by the rabbit ileal loop test, the rabbit skin test, and an adrenal cell assay . However, only 38% of the isolated enterotoxinogenic strains were Esch . coli; the others belonged to Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Aeromonas . In 18 patients both isolates were toxinogenic and belonged to different species . The incidence of intestinal parasites was 35% with no apparent correlation to the occurrence of toxinogenic bacteria in the stools. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Nov, (11), 73 - 7 {Identification of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in laboratory practice in the diagnosis of acute intestinal diseases}; Kalashnikova GK et al.; Identification of 361 cultures isolated from patients suffering from various acute intestinal diseasesand from persons who had sustained them, as well as from contacts and persons examined prophylactically with the use of various biochemical tests showed that ty their taxonomic properties the cultures were referred to conditionally-pathogenic representatives of Enterobacteriaceae of the corresponding genera:Citrobacter, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Providencia . Serological typing of the strains of bacteria of the Citrobacter pointed to the most frequent circulation of the strains of the serological groups 04, 01, 03, 013, 05, 022, 08; among these groups 04, encountered among all the categories under study, prevailed . At the current stage of identification of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in practical laboratories it is of expedience to use in the diagnosis of intestinal diseases the serological typing along with a complex from several additional biochemical tests. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S374 - 9 Amikacin in obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal infections: laboratory and clinical studies; Mazzei T et al.; Based on the proportion of resistant, moderately sensitive, and sensitive strains, the descending order of activity of amikacin against clinical isolates of urinary pathogens was Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter, Proteus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . However, amikacin was the most active of the antibiotics tested (including gentamicin and tobramycin) against 100 strains of P . aeruginosa . The calculated half-life of amikacin was substantially longer in patients with compromised renal function than in normal subjects . Immaturity of renal function, characteristic of the newborn, similarly slowed the rate of excretion of amikacin . The cure rate (complete clinical remission and eradication of the pathogen) was 91% in 22 patients with urinary tract infection (including 16 with chronic pyelonephritis) treated with 500 mg of amikacin every 8 or 12 hr for eight to 17 days . After single injections of 7.5 mg/kg 2-3 hr before delivery, appreciable amounts of the drug were recovered from the cord blood . No local or systemic intolerance or laboratory abnormalities were observed in a total of 42 patients (including eight infants) treated for a maximum of two weeks . No ototoxicity was demonstrable in any of the 12 patients subjected to audiometry; nystagmography revealed slight vestibular dysfunction in two elderly patients. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Nov-Dec, 127B(4), 463 - 72 On the serological relationship between Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 and the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 which would justify a merger of these groups; Winkle I; In 1963 Kauffmann divided O-group Y (O:48) of the Kauffmann-White schema into 3 sub-groups, e.g . 48(1),48(2) (S . dahlem), 48(1),48(2),48(3) (S . djakarta), 48(1),48(3),48(4) (Citrobacter 2624/36) . He also recommended the use of the two serotypes S . dahlem and S . djakarta for the preparation of a diagnostic group-serum . At that time, serological relations--especially O-antigenic relations (and even some identities)--between the separate Salmonella and Arizona genera were known, viz . between the Salmonella group O:48 and the Arizona group O:5 . It has now been found that there exist also close serological relations between the Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 on the one hand and to the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 on the other hand, in connection with which the special factor 48(4) defined by Kauffmann in the Citrobacter culture 2624/36 enbraces the whole Salmonella group O:64 (Arizona group O:29) . Therefore, every Salmonella O:64 strain and Arizona O:29 serotype respectively can be agglutinated with factor-serum 48(4), defined by Kauffmann . A special O:64 serum is no longer required . The Salmonella antigen 64 (Arizona O:29 or O:5,29) has as a rule the partial antigens 48(1),48(3),48(4) (Arizona O:29) . Only a few serotypes do not possess factor 48(3): their components are 48(1) and 48(4) (Arizona O:29) . The evidence of our findings demonstrates that the Salmonella O-group 64 (Arizona O:29) should be combined with O-group 48 (Arizona O:5) and erased from the original Kauffmann-White schema and the Arizona antigenic schema to avoid a wrong diagnosis. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Oct, 236(1), 120 - 6 {Use of Nessler's reagent for recognition of lysine, ornithine, and arginine decomposition by gramnegative fermentative bacteria (author's transl)}; Hahn H et al.; The reactions of lysine, ornithine and arginine decomposition are often difficult to read in Falkow's medium because either the decolorization of the indicator or the lack of sharp colour differences between positive and negative reactions . In such cases Nessler's reagent may be a useful aid . A volume of about 0.2 ml is added to the cultures after 4 days incubation through the mineral oil layer by means of a pipette . A positive reaction is indicated by an immediate white precipitation in case of lysine and ornithine decarboxylation, and a white or brownish precipitate which indicates arginine decomposition . A delayed opacity should be regarded as a negative reaction . Only unequivocal reactions should be considered . The specificity of the reactions was tested with pure substances of compounds which are formed by the decomposition of lysine, ornithine and arginine . Further studies of bacterial cultures in Falkow's medium and in a synthetic, amino acid containing medium without peptone gave identical results and showed that peptone derivates do not cause a false positive reaction with Nessler's reagent (Table 1) . Comparative studies on 605 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio in Falkow's medium with and without added Nessler's reagent gave corresponding results except some strains of Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii with different arginine reactions (Table 2) . Strains of these species mostly decolorized the indicator thereby hindering the recognition of either a true positive or a true negative reaction . In these cases, however, the results obtained after addition of Nessler's reagent corresponded closely to the percentage of positive reactions cited in the literature. Biochemistry, 1976 Sep 21, 15(19), 4139 - 45 Reductive microbial conversion of anthracycline antibiotics; Marshall VP et al.; Reductive conversion of several anthracycline glycosides to their 7-deoxyaglycones occurs during their microaerophilic incubation with strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, and Escherichia coli . Further, extracts of microaerophilically grown A . hydrophilia catalyze DPNH-dependent reductive conversion of the same compounds . Anthracycline substrates cleaved by both whole cells and by the cell-free system include steffimycin, steffimycin B, nogalamycin, cinerubin A, and daunomycin . Investigation of glycoside cleavage as a function of both time and anthracycline concentration demonstrated the superiority of A . hydrophila over C . freundii and E . coli in regard to reaction rate and efficiency of conversion . Interestingly, some degree of anaerobicity was required for glycoside cleavage by all three organisms . Evidence supporting 7-deoxyaglycone formation via direct reductive cleavage, as opposed to a multienzyme-catalyzed process involving hydrolysis followed by dehydration and reduction, includes the following . Equilibrium mixtures of glycoside substrate and 7-deoxyaglycone product prepared using both whole cells and their extracts display no anthracycline hydrolysis products . Further, authentic steffimycinone (aglycone), the expected product of hydrolytic sugar cleavage of steffimycin, was shown to be converted to 7-deoxysteffimycinone (7-deoxyaglycone) at a rate slower than steffimycin . These data indicate that, if steffimycinone were present as an unbound metabolic intermediate, it should have been visible in the equilibrium mixture, but none was detected. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Sep, (9), 78 - 81 {Changes in the surface structures of bacteria as a cause of weak immunogenicity of vaccines from several strains of Citrobacter}; Feigin S et al.; The authors present the results of studying the weakly immunogenic Citrobacter strains; some O-antigens of Citrobacter (11, 14, 19, 21a, 21b, 26) caused in immunization of rabbits a weak immune response (antibody titre--1:400-1:800) . An electron microscopic study of the vaccines (obtained from these strains) and their fragments showed that a partial desquamation and denaturing of the antigenic material occurred in the process of preparation of heated vaccines . Formalin-treated vaccine subjected to preliminary deflaggelation for 2 min at 3000 cps was used for obtaining the O-sera against the mentioned antigens. Poult Sci, 1976 Sep, 55(5), 1968 - 71 A simplified biochemical system to screen Salmonella isolates from poultry for serotyping; Cox NA et al.; The 24 most frequently isolated paratyphoids from poultry, along with Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum, plus strains of Arizona, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Prteus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Shigella were inoculated into triple sugar iron (TSI) and lysine iron (LI) slants and into six fermentation broths which were numbered: 1 (dextrose), 2 (lactose), 3 (sucrose), 4 (mannitol), 5 (maltose), 6 (dulcitol) . All the salmonella cultures (except S . pullorum) gave a 1, 4, 5, 6 code which means they produced acid, and in most cases gas, in dextrose, mannitol, maltose and dulcitol, but no acid or gas in lactose and sucrose . S . pullorum gave a 1, 4 code . All non-salmonella cultures gave a fermentation pattern different from the 1, 4, 5, 6 pattern of paratyphoids and S . gallinarum . Therefore, this six sugar system can be successfully used in the selection of suspect salmonella cultures for specific typing . Results from a miniaturized system (Minitek) were the same as those from the standard tube method for the carbohydrate fermentation tests for all cultures tested. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 4(3), 288 - 95 Interference by Neisseria gonorrhoeae growth by other bacterial species; Kraus SJ et al.; Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens has been enhanced by the use of selective media that inhibit the simultaneous growth of other microorganisms . One explanation for this enhancement could be that certain other bacteria inhibit gonococcal growth . This hypothesis was examined by testing 167 bacterial isolates for in vitro gonococcal inhibition; 34.1% of the isolates failed to inhibit the gonococcus, but 12.0% produced weak inhibition and 53.9% strongly inhibited N . gonorrhoeae . The pattern of in vitro gonococcal inhibition was consistently the same for all the individual isolates within some species, but individual isolates within other bacterial species varied in their ability to inhibit the gonococcus . Consistently strong in vitro N . gonorrhoeae inhibitors were Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas . The in vivo significance of gonococcal interference was demonstrated in the subcutaneous chamber model of N . gonorrhoeae infection.
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