Microorganisms

Clin Plast Surg, 1979 Oct, 6(4), 493 - 503
Infection in the surgical patient: an imbalance in the normal equilibrium; Robson MC; Infection in the surgical patient, like infection elsewhere in the body, is a manifestation of a disturbed host-bacteria equilibrium in favor of the bacteria . It results when bacteria indigenous to that patient achieve dominance over the factors of host resistance . This is reflected by a quantitative increase in the bacterial presence . To be able rationally to prevent and manage such infection requires understanding of how each prophylactic or therapeutic maneuver will work to reestablish the normal equilibrium in the specific situation in which the surgeon finds his patient.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Oct, 48(4), 298 - 308
Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias; Roberts AM et al.; In a series of sixteen patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-one patients with atypical facial neuralgia, it was found that the painful phenomena associated with both disorders were, in nearly all instances, closely related to the presence of maxillary or mandibular bone cavities at previous tooth extraction sites . Standard oral surgical procedures for curettage of the cavities, together with administration of antibiotics, were employed in the successful treatment of both the trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, with complete pain remissions for periods varying from 2 months (for most recently treated cases) up to 9 years . The observations and results of this study suggest that dental and oral disorders may play a role in the genesis of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Oct, 76(10), 5124 - 8
Triplet states in photosystem I of spinach chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles; Frank HA et al.; We report light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance triplet spectra from samples of chloroplasts or digitonin photosystem I particles that depend upon the dark redox state of the bound acceptors of photosystem I . If the reaction centers are prepared in the redox state P-700 A X- FdB-FdA-, then upon illumination at 11K we observe a polarized chlorophyll triplet species which we interpret as arising from radical pair recombination between P-700+ and A- . This chlorophyll triplet is apparently the analog of the PR state of photosynthetic bacteria {Parson, W.W . & Cogdell, R.J . (1975) Biochim . Biophys . Acta 416, 105-149} . If the reaction centers are prepared in the dark redox state P-700 A X FdB-FdA-, then upon illumination at 11K we observe a different triplet species of uncertain origin, possibly pheophytin or carotenoid . This species is closely associated with the photosystem I reaction center and it traps excitation when P-700 is oxidized.

Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 1979 Oct, 57(5), 847 - 59
Morphological, histochemical and X-ray microanalytical examination of deposits on soft contact lenses in extended wearing; Dreyer V et al.; The deposits on 29 contact lenses of various water content from 20 wearers were analysed by the methods given in the title . Six lenses were used as bandage lenses, the remaining for optical correction . The age of the patients varied from 7 to 56 years, two-thirds being under 45 years . Wearing time had been from 1 week to 1 year, with an average of 13 weeks . The results obtained by the methods applied showed that calcium was present in just over two-thirds of the cases (20/29), other elements being infrequent . Mucopolysaccharides were found in just under two-thirds (18/29) . Chlorine was present in one-fifth of the cases . No significant amounts of lipid were detected . Fungi were found in three cases (3/29) . Bacteria were also found in these cases, but never without fungi . Evaluation of the methods applied showed that the methods of choice were macroscopical examination and scanning microscopy in combination with X-ray microanalysis, in a few cases combined with histochemistry . None of the methods applied is sufficient for protein analysis.

J Med Chem, 1979 Oct, 22(10), 1247 - 57
Folate antagonists . 15 . 2,3-Diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)quinazoline and related 2,4-diamino-6-{(phenyl and naphthyl)sulfinyl and sulfonyl}quinazolines, a potent new class of antimetabolites with phenomenal antimalarial activity; Elslager EF et al.; Oxidation of an array of 2,4-diamino-6-(arylthio)quinazolines provided the corresponding arylsulfinyl and arylsulfonyl analogues . A variety of these nonclassical analogues of methotrexate exhibited suppressive antimalarial activity superior to that of the parent thioquinazolines against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice and P . gallinaceum in chicks, and several displayed potent prophylactic activity against P . gallinaceum . The sulfinyl- and sulfonylquinazolines also retained antimalarial effects against chloroquine-, cycloguanil-, and DDS-resistant lines of P . berghei in mice and against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of P . falciparum in owl monkeys . Coadministration of one of the most active of these compounds, 2,4-diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-quinazoline (35), with sulfadiazine to monkeys infected with P . falciparum of P . vivax led to greatly enhanced activity and prevented the development of quinazoline resistance.

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1979 Sep 11, 68(37), 1172 - 82
{Siphonaptera/fleas (author's transl)}; Mumcuoglu Y et al.; Fleas are small, reddish-brown, wingless insects with a laterally compressed body and a pronounced third pair of legs adapted to leaping . Of the 100 species found in Middle Europe, hardly a dozen are of medical importance, they concern mainly people in contact with domestic animals . The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, and the bird flea . Ceratophyllus gallinae, are the most important human-pathogenic species in our region . A flea bite shows first as a haemorrhagic punctum, accompanied by itching, and leads to an erythema with or without central wheal . After 12--24 hours a papule appears which persists up to 2 weeks . Linimentum zinci with 10% Neocid alleviates the itching and prevents further infestation . The fleas are destroyed in their hiding places and on their animal host by applying Toxical-, Neocid- or Noflo-powder . The tropical sand flea, Tunga penetrans, is a permanent ectoparasite of man . It is seen in people returning from the tropics . Fleas may, even in our region, be vectors of bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and intestinal parasites.

Respir Care, 1979 Oct, 24(10), 921 - 7
A survey of fungal flora in respiratory therapy equipment; Hyde EA et al.; This survey, designed to detect the presence of fungi in respiratory therapy equipment by using a modification of the method of Nazemi et al, indicated significant numbers of fungi in 6 of 30 respiratory therapy devices used in the home, while none of 138 devices used in the hospital showed significant numbers of fungi . Species of fungi detected in large numbers were all yeasts and yeast-like organisms . Additionally, 50% of home devices were found to be moderately to heavily contaminated with either bacteria or fungi, or both, while only 3.6% of the hospital equipment achieved similar levels of contamination (P less than or equal to 0.005), and in these cases, bacteria were the primary contaminants . It was concluded that fungi merited consideration as potential contaminants of respiratory therapy equipment, and that home care respirators presented significantly greater changes for possibly hazardous contamination than did hospital-maintained equipment.

Science, 1979 Sep 7, 205(4410), 964 - 71
Comparative biochemistry and drug design for infectious disease; Cohen SS; In the past two decades, biochemistry and molecular biology have demonstrated the existence of potentially exploitable biochemical differences between etiologic agents of disease and their hosts . Known differences between organism and host with respect to metabolism and polymer structure point to the detailed characterization of key proteins as the focus for the development of potential inhibitors . In the last decade, the methodology of the isolation, characterization, and inactivation of proteins and enzymes has been advanced . The present scientific and technological base suggests that new efforts toward the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents for infections caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and higher eukaryotes should exploit the known differences in proteins or other specific biopolymers serving crucial structural or metabolic roles in the economy of the parasite.

N Engl J Med, 1979 Sep 6, 301(10), 519 - 22
Lack of evidence for cancer due to use of metronidazole; Beard CM et al.; Experimental studies have shown that metronidazole is carcinogenic in rodents and mutagenic in bacteria . In 771 women given metronidazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis, more cancers developed than had been expected after exclusion of carcinoma of one uterine cervix (observed, 24 cases; expected on the basis of the Connecticut Tumor Registry, 21.7; expected on the basis of the Third National Cancer Survey, 18.4) . However, the excess was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) . The observed and expected numbers of breast-cancer cases were the same, but four lung-cancer cases were observed, whereas 0.6 would have been expected . This finding is confounded by the fact that all four lung cancers developed in women who were smokers . Overall, we observed no appreciable increase in cases of cancer.

Immunobiology, 1979 Sep, 156(3), 309 - 18
Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of mistletoe extract; Bloksma N et al.; The adjuvanticity of the mistletoe preparation Iscador was investigated . The cellular response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was augmented after intracutaneous immunization with antigen and different doses of Iscador . Iscador did not change the cellular response to 2 x 10(7) intraperitoneally administered SRBC . The IgM plaque forming cell response was accelerated and followed by an augmentation of the IgG and IgA plaque forming cell response . Evidence is presented that the immunogenic and inflammatory capacities of Iscador contribute to its adjuvant activity . Both micro-organisms and soluble, filter-adherent constituents in Iscador possess adjuvant activity . The relation between the immunostimulating properties of Iscador and its anti-tumour activity is discussed.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 991 - 4
Differentiation of rapidly growing mycobacteria with trimethoprim (Tmp); Laszlo A et al.; Inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis, M . vaccae, and M . diernhoferi by Trimethoprim (Tmp) in both liquid and solid media is described . Other mycobacteria were not inhibited by the same concentrations . The selective inhibition of the above strains, particularly M . smegmatis, by Tmp could be used for differentiation of these species from other fast-growing acid-fast bacteria.

J Pathol, 1979 Sep, 129(1), 31 - 6
Oesophageal neoplasia in male Wistar rats due to parenteral di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN): a combined histopathological, histochemical and electron microscopic study; Levison DA et al.; Intraperitoneal di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN) caused a high incidence of oesophageal squamous carcinoma in male Wistar rats, particularly in rats killed 11 or more months after the start of injections . No control rats (injected intraperitoneally with saline) developed an oesophageal neoplasms . Histopathologically, the tumours were moderately well differentiated . Histochemical studies showed minor increases in mucin staining and mast cell population and a marked increase in bacteria in tumour-bearing oesophaguses . Electron microscopy showed the tumours to be similar to, but to differ in some respects from squamous carcinomas at other sites in humans . The possible implications of this work for human disease are twofold . It could provide a model for further study of aspects of oesophageal carcinoma and it serves to remind us that all potential oesophageal carcinogens need not act during swallowing.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(646), 553 - 5
Quality of specimens and sputum culture results: a retrospective study; Rahman M; A retrospective study of laboratory reports of sputums examined in the first 3 months of 1977 and of 1978 showed some interesting findings, which were similar in these 2 years . Analysis of the findings demonstrated that information from a proportion of sputum cultures were not helpful to the clinicians . Probable causes of such unhelpful results and some ways to overcome these problems were discussed, along with reviews of relevant literature . A conclusion drawn at the end of the discussion was that, under present circumstances, it was not expected that sputum cultures would produce totally reliable aetiological agents, unless attempts were made to obtain a better quality of specimen, e.g . those obtained by transtracheal or bronchoscopic aspirations.

Orig Life, 1979 Sep, 9(4), 313 - 27
Archean photoautotrophy: some alternatives and limits; Knoll AH; From the Archean geological record, one can infer that photoautotrophy evolved early in earth history; however the nature of this photosynthesis -- whether it was predominately or cyanobacterial -- is less clearly understood . General agreement tht the earth's atmosphere did not become oxygen rich before the Early Proterozoic era places constraints on theories concerning more ancient biotas . Accommodating this limitation in various ways, different workers have hypothesized (1) that blue-green algae frist evolved in the Early Proterozoic; (2) that oxygen producing proto-cyanobacteria existed in the Archean, but had no biochemical mechanism for coping with ambient O2; and (3) that true cyanobacteria flourished in the Archean, but did not oxygenate the atmosphere because of high rates of oxygen consumption caused, in part, by the emanation of reduced gases from widespread Archean volcanoes . Inversion of hypothesis three leads to another, as yet unexplored, alternative . It is possible that physiologically modern blue-green algae existed in Archean times, but had low productivity . Increased rates of primary production in the Early Proterozoic era resulted in the atmospheric transition documented in strata of this age . An answer to the question of why productivity should have changed from the Archean to the Proterozoic may lie in the differing tectonic frameworks of the two areas . The earliest evidence of widespread, stable, shallow marine platforms is found in Lower Proterozoic sedimentary sequnces . In such environments, productivity was, and is high . In contrast, Archean shallow water environments are often characterized by rapid rates of clastic and pyroclastic influx -- conditions that reduce rates of benthonic primary production . This hypothesis suggests that the temporal correlation of major shifts in tectonic mode and atmospheric composition may not be fortuitous . It also suggests that sedimentary environments may have constituted a significant limit to the abundance and diversity of early life.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1979 Sep, 120(3), 613 - 8
Defective oxidative metabolic responses in vitro of alveolar macrophages in chronic granulomatous disease; Hoidal JR et al.; After stimulation with bacteria, alveolar macrophages (AM) from uninfected normal subjects or persons with pneumonia approximately doubled their rates of O2 consumption, superoxide anion generation, and glucose (1(-14)C) oxidation . In contrast, bacteria-stimulated AM from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) failed to consume more O2, make superoxide anion, or oxidize glucose . In addition, AM from the patient with CGD did not respond to stimulation by a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, which increased the metabolic activities of AM from control subjects . The appearance, esterase and Gomori acid phosphatase staining, phagocytic ability, unstimulated O2 consumption, and response to methylene blue of AM from the CGD patient were normal . The results extend the biochemical defect in patients with CGD beyond abnormalities in their circulating neutrophils and monocytes, to their tissue-associated lung macrophages . The results also indicate that AM from patients with CGD may have an additional abnormality in metabolism, which is a lack of enhanced mitochondrial respiration during phagocytosis . The studies also document the selective action of phorbol myristate acetate, which stimulated the metabolic activities of normal AM, but not of those from the patient with CGD.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep, 88(3 Pt 2), 560 - 4
Sodium hydroxide sterilzation of intraocular lenses; Galin MA et al.; Intraocular lenses of polymethylmethacrylate contaminated with various inocula of bacteria, spores, and fungi were sterilized by modifications of the Ridley method using sodium hydroxide . Positive cultures were obtained from iris-supported lenses contaminated with concentrations of approximately 1 x 10(6) organisms per milliliter after one hour in 10% NaOH . No positive cultures were obtained when lenses remained in 10% NaOH for three hours, a time corresponding to a 1 x 10(-6) probability of surviving organism . The NaOH method, when appropriately used, is an effective sterilization process for intraocular lenses.

Clin Pharmacokinet, 1979 Sep-Oct, 4(5), 368 - 79
Biliary excretion of drugs in man; Rollins DE et al.; Biliary excretion is an important route for the elimination of some drugs and drug metabolites in man . The factors which determine elimination via the biliary tract include characteristics of the drug such as chemical structure, polarity and molecular size as well as characteristics of the liver such as specific active transport sites within the liver cell membranes . A drug excreted in bile may be reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or a drug conjugate may be hydrolysed by gut bacteria, liberating original drug which can be returned to the general circulation . Enterohepatic circulation may prolong the pharmacological effect of certain drugs and drug metabolites, but the quantitative importance of this in man appears to be less than in animals . Biliary elimination may play a role in the interindividual differences in drug response observed in healthy subjects and in patients with certain diseases . Cholestatic disease states, in which normal bile flow is reduced, will influence drug elimination by this route resulting in increased risk of drug toxicity . Bile may serve as an alternate route of elimination in renal failure, but this has not been determined in man . Lack of reliable information regarding the biliary excretion of drugs in man is partly due to the relative inaccessibility of the human biliary tract . Most studies of drug excretion in human bile have been performed in post-surgical patients with T-tube drainage . This method of bile collection is not ideal because bile flow and composition are often severely altered during the period of study, not all bile is collected and enterohepatic circulation is partially interrupted . Recent advances in the methods of collection of bile may improve future studies of drug excretion in human bile.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Sep, (9), 79 - 83
{Effectiveness of oral immunization of white mice with a complex S . typhimurium antigen}; Elkina SI et al.; The protective properties of hydroxylamine preparation obtained from a virulent strain of S . typhimurium were studied in experiments with natural infection after a single oral immunization . The new data obtained in these experiments suggest that the treatment of bacteria with hydroxylamine allows to produce the preparation which, when administered orally, has the immunizing dose only 20 times as great as its immunizing dose for subcutaneous administration . The action of gastric juice on hydroxylamine preparation, as well as the duration and specificity of immunity induced by the oral administration of this preparation were studied . The oral administration of some adjuvants was found to make it possible to considerably decrease the effective dose of the vaccine.

J Pediatr, 1979 Sep, 95(3), 385 - 8
Brain abscess and cystic fibrosis; Fischer EG et al.; Brain abscess has only recently been considered a complication of cystic fibrosis . Three patients are reported here and a fourth cited from the literature . All of our patients were young adults with advanced pulmonary disease . The bacteria involved were mouth organisms and were found in the sputum culture in only one of the patients . Resistance was present to previously given antibiotics . As patients with cystic fibrosis survive into adulthood, the risk of developing a brain abscess appears to increase.

Clin Chem, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1531 - 46
Analytical luminescence: its potential in the clinical laboratory; Whitehead TP et al.; The various types of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions are described . Applications of luminescence in the analysis of substancs of clinical interest are surveyed . The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for luminescent assays are discussed.

Biofizika, 1979 Sep-Oct, 24(5), 843 - 8
{Polarization of photosynthetic membranes and reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 1760-1 in an external electrical field}; Borisevich GP et al.; Electric fields as high as 10(5) V/cm cause polarization of chromatophores and reaction centre films prepared from photosynthesizing bacteria . Photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids in particular, the absorption spectra of which are changed in response to electric fields, may serve as an intrinsic indicator of the development of a polarized state . Polarization occurs due to changes in orientation and spacial position of different charge groups and particles . The field-induced polarized state can be fixed up by exposure to low temperature (-120 degrees C) . While heating the system relaxes to the initial state and this can be seen as a current in an electric circuit . The effects of hydration, chemical modification or heat treatment on current indicate the involvement of macromolecule components in the formation of a polarized state, In light-adapted samples the polarization effect is markedly greater and this can indicate that conformational changes occur during the primary photoact . It is supposed that polarization might be implicated in the stabilization of separated charges and in the storage of energy.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Sep 1, 175(5), 460 - 2
Polioencephalomalacia in range cattle; Dickie CW et al.; Polioencephalomalacia developed in 27 of 225 cattle grazing on 486 hectares of dry, short, grama grass pasture . Chemicals in drinking water, toxin from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria, and documented poisonous plants were considered as etiologic agents . Attempts to reproduce the disease by injecting mice and dosing sheep with broth filtrate from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria were not successful . Mushrooms collected from the pasture and fed to a cow did not reproduce the disease.

Acta Trop, 1979 Sep, 36(3), 215 - 22
The endosymbionts of Glossina morsitans and G . palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties; Wink M; Pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin A, but not by cyanide . The symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides . It was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of G . morsitans and G . palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates . A high attraction between cells and symbionts was observed in these systems; about 10% of all bacteroids were incorporatedby the cells but they were lysed and digested within 48 h.

Biofizika, 1979 Sep-Oct, 24(5), 879 - 84
{Effect of cell metabolism on the rate of medium addition during pH stabilized cultivation}; Minkevich IG et al.; The rate of base or acid addition to the culture broth for maintenance of the present pH-value is a quantity reflecting the metabolic activity of the cell population . This quantity is proportional to the biomass growth rate with the proportionality coefficient depending on the cell consumption of ionized substrates from the environment, cell biomass, electric charge, and content of ionized metabolic products in the medium . The equation for this relationship has been found and the effect of the above, factors on the titration rate has been calculated . This rate may be used to obtain rapidly the quantitative information on the growth of the cell population.

Nature, 1979 Aug 30, 280(5725), 815 - 9
Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the major protein of hepatitis B virus surface antigen; Valenzuela P et al.; DNA extracted from hepatitis B virus Dane particles has been cloned in bacteria using a plasmid vector . A full-length clone has been examined by restriction endonuclease analysis, and the nucleotide sequence of an 892-base pair fragment from cloned hepatitis B viral DNA encoding the surface antigen gene is reported . The amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA indicates that the surface antigens is a protein consisting of 226 amino acids and with a molecular weight of 25,398 . The portion of the gene coding for this protein apparently contains no intervening sequences.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Aug 28, 579(2), 269 - 78
The redox properties and heme environment of cytochrome c-551.5 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans; Fiechtner MD et al.; The environment of the three heme groups in cytochrome c-551.5 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans was investigated by the technique of solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy . The hemeoctapeptide from cytochrome c plus added imidazole was used as a model compound for the fully exposed chromophore . The average heme exposure in both the ferric and ferrous cytochromes c-551.5 was found to be considerably greater than that previously observed for the monoheme mitochondrial cytochrome c and Prosthecochloris cytochrome c-555 . Differences in the average heme exposure for ferric and ferrous cytochromes c-551.5 suggested that a change in oxidation state is accompanied by a change in conformation . A spectrophotometric redox titration of the protein yielded a sigmoidal plot of the potential versus the logarithm of the ratio of oxidized to reduced heme . The resolved plot indicated that two hemes were characterized by a E'o of -177 mV and the third E'o of -102 mV . Each of the resolved steps had an n value of 1 indicating that cytochrome c-551.5 transfers electrons singly.

J Biol Chem, 1979 Aug 10, 254(15), 7047 - 54
Intracellular protein degradation in Neurospora crassa; Martegani E et al.; In exponentially growing cultures of Neurospora crassa, the basal rate of protein degradation increases as the constant of the rate of growth decreases, so that in slow growing cells (mu = 0.13) the rate of protein degradation is about 25% of the rate of protein accumulation . During glucose starvation and shift-down transition of growth, the rate of protein degradation is greatly enhanced, and a moderate reduction (about 30%) of the ATP level is observed . Treatment of glucose-starved cells with 2-deoxyglucose reduces the ATP content by 70% and blocks protein degradation . The addition of cycloheximide, given at the onset of glucose starvation, prevents the enhancement of protein degradation; instead cycloheximide is without effect if added when proteolysis has already started . At a supraoptimal temperature (42 degrees C) the basal rate of protein degradation is not stimulated, contrary to the behavior observed in bacteria . Guanosine nucleotides, which appear to have a regulatory role for protein degradation in bacteria, are not found in N . crassa.

Nature, 1979 Aug 9, 280(5722), 455 - 61
Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II; May RM et al.; In the first part of this two-part article (Nature 280, 361--367), mathematical models of directly transmitted microparasitic infections were developed, taking explicit account of the dynamics of the host population . The discussion is now extended to both microparasites (viruses, bacteria and protozoa) and macroparasites (helminths and arthropods), transmitted either directly or indirectly via one or more intermediate hosts . Consideration is given to the relation between the ecology and evolution of the transmission processes and the overall dynamics, and to the mechanisms that can produce cyclic patterns, or multiple stable states, in the levels of infection in the host population.

Arch Dermatol, 1979 Aug, 115(8), 963 - 5
Flushing syndrome due to mahimahi (scombroid fish) poisoning; Kim R; Scombroid fish poisoning, one of the most common adverse reactions to fish, is also probably one of the most common causes of a flushing syndrome . The reaction usually involves fishes of the Scombridae family but, in Hawaii, the reaction is most often due to mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus) . Onset of the reaction is usually abrupt and commonly associated with a prominent flush resembling a sunburn . Headache, tachye to a toxin with histamine-like properties, which is formed because improper refrigeration enables endogenous bacteria to decarboxylate histidine normally present in dark-meat fishes . Symptoms are usually promptly relieved by parenteral antihistamine therapy.

Blood Cells, 1979 Aug, 5(3), 479 - 97
Lymphocyte recirculation and the gut: the cellular basis of humoral immunity in the intestine; Hall J; During the last 15 years evidence has accumulated which shows that the B immunoblasts generated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in response to antigenic stimuli from the intestinal tract are discharged into the intestinal lymph . The lymph stream carries them to the blood but most of them soon extravasate in the gut (and some other mucosae) and develop into plasma cells which synthesise secretory immunoglobulins . In sheep, there is some evidence that these cells may be derived initially from a sub-set of small lymphocytes which circulate preferentially through the GALT, but the situation in rodents is less clear . However, in most species it is becoming clear that although some of the antibodies produced by the sub-mucosal plasma cells are secreted directly into the lumen of the gut many find their way, via the lymph, into the blood and, if in the form of polymeric IgA, they are rapidly and actively transported by the hepatocytes into the bile and thus gain direct access to the duodenum in concert with the entry of freshly ingested food and bacteria.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 25(8), 943 - 6
{Electron microscopic study of forest soil}; Kilbertus G et al.; Scanning electron microscopy was used to evidence the aggregated structure of a forest soil as well as the presence of fungal hyphae external to soil aggregates . The supernatant of soil suspension in water mainly contained isolated bacteria, while ultrathin sections of aggregates frequently revealed groups of bacteria surrounded by a sheath of mucilage with adhering clay minerals on the outside . These results confirm the existence of two particular biotopes in the soil studied: one is located inside aggregates, and the other, in the inter-aggregate spaces.

J Cell Physiol, 1979 Aug, 100(2), 351 - 64
Inhibition by glucocorticoids and choleragen of the conditional growth of poorly adherent mononuclear phagocytes of newborn hamster liver and lung (hormonal control of macrophage growth); Nozawa RT et al.; Conditions for in vitro growth of mononuclear phagocytes from newborn hamster liver and lung were studied . In the primary cultures of liver and lung, round cells outgrew and frequently floated off into the culture medium . They were separated from fibroblast-like cells adherent to plastic by collecting the medium . The round cells were identified as mononuclear phagocytes on the criteria of phagocytic capacity of heat-killed bacteria and IgG-coated erythrocytes, fine cell structure and cytochemistry . The phagocytes that had not been activated previously proliferated for about ten generations in F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum depending on a growth factor produced by hamster brain, liver or lung cells . Without the factor, the cells quickly cytolysed . Mononuclear phagocytes from blood had the same characteristics of growth and cytochemistry, but had fewer IgG receptors at the cell surface than similar cells from the liver and lung . The effects of a variety of chemical compounds on the growth of the liver and lung cells were studied . Insulin stimulated their growth by 20-30%, but was not replaceable for the growth factor . Glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, inhibited the growth of the phagocytes at the physiological concentrations: 3 x 10(-9) M and 2 x 10(-8) M for 50% inhibition, respectively . Indomethacin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory reagent, at 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M gave no effect . Choleragen that increases the intracellular cyclic AMP level, inhibited the growth at a concentration as low as 5 pg/ml . These data suggest that the growth of mononuclear phagocytes is controlled not only by a growth factor produced by other cells but also by glucocorticoids.

Biomed Mass Spectrom, 1979 Aug, 6(8), 356 - 8
Thermolysis chemical ionization of a complex polar lipid; Hilker DR et al.; Vaporization of a ornithine-containing polar lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans has been accomplished by thermolysis in a chemical ionization source . The thermolysis has been shown to be more extensive than previously thought . It occurs in at least two steps, the first being dehydration of the ornithine to produce a substituted piperidone . This fragment undergoes a facile elimination to produce two neutral lipid components: a long chain fatty acid and piperidone-containing fatty amide . The results demonstrate the utility of chemical ionization for developing an understanding of a thermolysis process.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Aug 1, 134(7), 784 - 8
The relationship between prematurely ruptured membranes and fetal immunoglobulin production; Cederqvist LL et al.; Cord blood and maternal sera were studied in a series of 227 cases of prematurely ruptured membranes (PRM) with respect to: (1) fetal immunoglobulin (lg) synthesis associated with PRM, (2) the interrelationship between different lg classes during infection, and (3) the relationship between lg values and the duration of PRM prior to the onset of labor . A preliminary report from this laboratory, which indicated that a humorla fetal immune response occurred in some but not all cases of PRM, and that significant increases in either IgA or IgM could be found, was confirmed . There was both clinical and immunologic evidence of one peak of infection one to 12 hours after onset of PRM and another after 72 hours after onset of PRM, suggesting that some patients were infected before the clinical onset of PRM symptomatology . Increased IgA and/or IgM was found in 16.3% of infants with clinical evidence of infection . This was comparable to the 18.5% of patients with PRM who had elevated IgA and/or IgM without clinical evidence of infection . Further, there was no correlation between the severity of infection and the presence of lg elevation . Based on the data in the present series, lg determination in cord blood cannot be used to distinguish cases of PRM with and without fetal infection.

Gastroenterology, 1979 Aug, 77(2), 231 - 4
Hyperammonemic coma after hepatectomy in germ-free rats; Schalm SW et al.; Current theories on the pathogenesis of hepatic coma indicate that intestinal bacteria produce cerebral toxins, such as ammonia, mercaptans, and short-chain fatty acids . To test the hypothesis that elimination of anaerobic and aerobic intestinal bacteria retards the onset and alters the biochemical profile of acute hepatic coma, we determined the onset of coma and the ammonia concentration in blood and cecal contents in 7 germ-free and 10 normal dehepatized rats . Ammonia levels were also determined in a further group of 7 germ-free and 12 normal rats 24 hr after hepatic vascular exclusion was accomplished . Onset of coma for germ-free rats (x: 34 hr) was identical to that of normal rats (x: 36 hr) . Arterial ammonia was equally elevated in germ-free rats (x: 834 mumol/liter) and in normal rats (x: 854 mumol/liter), although the ammonia concentration in the cecal contents was significantly lower in germ-free rats (x: 1762 mumol/liter) than in normal rats (x: 5572 mumol/liter) . In germ-free animals, portal venous blood contained more ammonia than arterial blood (x A-V difference: -87 mumol/liter), indicating nonbacterial intestinal ammonia release . We conclude that intestinal bacteria toxins are of minor importance in the mechanism of acute hepatic coma of the liverless rat and that presumably bacterial toxins, such as ammonia, can be products of nonbacterial metabolism . Since hyperammonemia could be considered an important determinant of coma in our model, prevention of hyperammonemia in functionally anhepatic animals should be the next objective in unraveling the pathogenesis of acute hepatic coma.

Hautarzt, 1979 Aug, 30(8), 434 - 6
{New fluorescence microscopic technic for the identification of Trichomonas vaginalis}; Grossgebauer K et al.; A new fluorescent dye for the identification of trichomonas vaginalis is described . Specimens under investigation were mixed with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (Dapi) and examined using white light and UV-light . The combined use of the two techniques allows to recognize the mobile non fluorescing and the dead intensive yellow fluorescing trichomonads . Devitalized epithelial cells, bacteria and leucocytes in contrast to living trichomonas are stained yellow in a few minutes . This is of diagnostic help.

J Clin Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 6(4), 197 - 209
The effect of metronidazole on the development of plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog; Heijl L et al.; The present investigation was performed in order to assess if the administration of metronidazole changed the composition of developing plaque in dogs, which at the start of the study were free from signs of gingivitis . Five beagle dogs were used . Throughout the observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation . A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate . Gingival biopsies were sampled and the tissue examined by a point counting procedure . The composition of the subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark-field microscopy . The bacteria were characterized into the following types: coccoid cells, straight rods, filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods and spirochetes . Following the baseline examination the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque . A careful tooth cleaning program was maintained in the left jaw quadrants . Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and biopsies sampled in the right jaws after 7, 14 and 28 days of no tooth cleaning . On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated . A baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which the tooth cleaning program also in this part of the dentition was terminated . During the subsequent 28-day period each animal was given a dosage of 20 mg metronidazole/kilogram bodyweight/day . Clinical examinations and biopsies were repeated after 7, 14 and 28 days . The results demonstrated that metronidazole administered via the systemic route during a 28-day period can effectively decrease plaque and gingivitis development in dogs . The bacterial flora from subgingival sites of healthy gingiva was dominated by coccoid cells and straight rods . During the phase of developing gingivitis the percentage of coccoid cells and rods tended to decrease, while motile rods and spirochetes increased . During the 28 days of metronidazole treatment the subgingival plaque flora maintained its "healthy" composition, i.e . a gradual influx of motile rods and spirochetes was prevented.

J Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 50(8), 406 - 15
Calculus attachment . Review of the literature and new findings; Canis MF et al.; This study was undertaken in order to provide current information relative to the modes of calculus attachment to tooth surfaces . A total of 63 freshly extracted teeth were fixed, sectioned, and conventionally prepared for light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopic examination . Previously reported histologic findings of cuticular attachment, mechanical locking into undercuts, and direct attachment of calculus matrix to the tooth surface were affirmed . The claim of bacterial penetration as a mode of attachment has been rejected . Ultrastructural evidence of cuticular attachment has been presented for the first time via a series of scanning electron micrographs . The most frequently encountered method of attachment was found to be the apparent melding of calculus matrix to the surface of cementum . In many instances, these two substances were virtually indistinguishable.

J Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 50(8), 397 - 405
Formation of salivary coating and dental plaque on two different supporting materials . An electron microscopic study; Berthold P; The formation of salivary coating (SC) and dental plaque on top of Vestopal W and enamel inlays was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy . No clear morphological differences were found between SC and dental plaque formed on either material . A thin continuous SC was formed on the supporting material in all volunteers within 30 minutes' oral exposure . The SC appeared smooth and contained numerous protruding small round bodies (40-200 nm in size), the numbers of which increased with increasing time . Bacterial colonization of the SC started between 6 and 12 hours' oral exposure . After 24 hours' oral exposure, bacterial colonies were confluenting and partly obscuring the subjacent SC . No evidence was obtained in this study contraindicating the use of Vestopal W as supporting material for experimental plaque studies.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Aug, 48(2), 160 - 8
Comparison of Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies in young permanent teeth in monkeys; Armstrong RL et al.; This study compared Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies on young healthy permanent teeth with respect to continued dentinogenesis and root end development . Pulpotomy was performed on a total of forty permanent teeth with incompletely developed roots in three young stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa) . Twenty teeth were treated with Dycal and twenty with formocresol . At the end of the experimental periods the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared and sectioned en bloc for histologic examination . The interval between treatment and death ranged between 7 and 797 days . Before each experimental procedure a Procion vital dye was administered as a marking agent for continued root development . Twelve of twenty teeth treated with Dycal and seventeen of twenty teeth treated with formocresol were judged to be successful as evidenced by continued root development, absence of periapical pathoses, and the presence of noninflamed or only mildly inflamed pulps . Brown and Brenn staining showed bacteria within the pulps of the teeth that failed . All but one of the teeth in this study showed evidence of continued root development as confirmed by Procion labeling.

Ann Intern Med, 1979 Aug, 91(2), 173 - 8
Safety of changing intravenous delivery systems at longer than 24-hour intervals; Band JD et al.; Routinely changing the intravenous delivery system (fluid containers and administration set) every 24 h is widely practiced in American hospitals to reduce the risk of septicemia caused by contaminated infusate . We did a prospective clinical study to ascertain whether changing at longer intervals could be justified . At the conclusion of infusion therapy through one system, both the cannula and an aliquot of remaining fluid were cultured quantitatively . Of 790 infusions, contaminated infusate was detected in one (0.39%) of 258 discontinued and sampled after 1 to 24 h of continuous use, three (0.84%) of 259 after 25 to 48 h, and one (0.58%) of 173 after 49 to 71 h; none of these five contaminated systems produced septicemia . However, five cannula-related septicemias were identified during the study, none associated with concordant contamination of infusate . Routinely replacing the delivery system every 48 h seems to be justified and could result in considerable savings to hospitals . Infection of the cannula wound and contamination of infusate seem to be unrelated.

S Afr Med J, 1979 Jul 28, 56(4), 149 - 54
In defence of ancient bloodletting; Brain P; The ancients used bloodletting extensively in infectious and other diseases . When recent work on iron and bacterial infection is taken into account, it is possible to argue that bloodletting, which reduced plasma iron and transferrin saturation, might have been of value in increasing resistance to infection by bacteria or plasmodia . Galen's bloodletting methods are summarized, and their probable effect on plasma iron is considered . The ancient physicans who had no specific remedies for infection whatsoever, may well have been justified in making responsible use of bloodletting, both for the treatment and for the prophylaxis of infectious disease.

J Microsc, 1979 Jul, 116(2), 227 - 42
The preservation of surface-associated micro-organisms prepared for scanning electron microscopy; Garland CD et al.; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become a popular means of studying micro-organisms which associate with surfaces . However, as yet no detailed examination has been made of the influence of specimen preparation on the number of organisms finally seen on the SEM screen . In this investigation critical assessment is made of the influence of a wide range or preparative factors on the preservation of filamentous bacteria associated with the epithelial surfaces of rat intestine . Organisms were quantitated using a rigorous counting method (transect line analysis); statistical testing of these counts enabled the comparison of different preparative factors . The composition of the fixative was found to significantly influence the number of organisms preserved; of the fifteen fixatives studied, Karnovsky's fixative with ruthenium red best preserved surface-associated organisms . The influence of other factors on the number and appearance of preserved organisms was also examined . These factors included the washing of specimens prior to fixation, the storage of fixed specimens, and the handling and storage of critical point dried specimens . The results are discussed with reference to the optimal methods for preparing specimens for SEM.

Lab Anim, 1979 Jul, 13(3), 253 - 6
Evaluation of room cleaning procedures in a laboratory animal facility; Shields RP et al.; Animal room cleaning procedures were developed that could be used routinely and economically in this animal facility . Bacterial samples from the floors of rooms housing rabbits, rats and mice provided a useful way to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures, and to determine the in-use effectiveness of disinfectant solutions.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jul-Aug, 1(4), 592 - 9
Maxwell Finland lecture: the influenza viruses and the human respiratory tract; Stuart-Harris CH; This paper has reviewed evidence concerning the changes brought about in the structure and function of the lower airways by influenza virus infections . Disposal of inhaled bacteria is believed to be hindered by the mechanical damage to the epithelium of the respiratory tract caused by the virus infection, and phagocytosis is inhibited as well . Alteration in the ventilation, particularly of the peripheral small airways, which has been found in previously healthy persons during and after influenza, may add to the obstruction of the airways in those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema during influenza and may be important in the genesis of these disorders . The immunological defense of the respiratory tract against the influenza viruses has been discussed briefly with reference to the best available means of enhancing this defense, particularly in individuals with chronic pulmonary disease.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 627 - 32
{Method for assaying methane monooxygenase activity by measuring methane uptake in the reaction vessel}; Sadkov AI et al.; The reaction vessel has been designed to measure methane monooxygenase activity . An elastic membrane has been built into one of the walls of the vessel to take liquid samples, avoiding formation of the gaseous phase in the reaction volume . The methane content in the samples is measured in a gas-liquid chromatograph with a flame ionization detector in two ways: 1 . by direct measurement of methane in the liquid sample, and 2 . by measurement of methane in the gaseous phase after methane diffusion from the liquid sample into the gaseous space of another vessel . The method is simple, sensitive (with a lower limit of 0.1 nMole CH4), and well reproducible . This method permits measurement of the oxidation kinetics of methane and other gaseous hydrocarbons both by intact cells and cell-free preparations of methane oxidizing bacteria.

Res Vet Sci, 1979 Jul, 27(1), 15 - 21
Adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica to swine nasal epithelial cells and its possible role in virulence; Yokomizo Y et al.; Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I organisms adhered well to swine nasal epithelial cells cultured in vitro, while phase III variants exhibited feeble adherence to the same cells . Similarly, firm attachment of phase I organisms and poor adhesion of phase III organisms to nasal epithelium were demonstrated in experimentally infected piglets . Electron microscopic observations of nasal mucosa infected with phase I organisms showed preferential adherence to the cilia of nasal epithelial cells; the association of bacteria and cilia appeared to be mediated by fuzzy or string-like surface appendages which extended out from the bacterial cell wall . The ability to attach to epithelial cells was significantly reduced by heating the bacteria at 100 degrees C for 1 h or by pretreatment with 1 per cent formalin . Trypsin digestion treatment did not greatly reduce the adherence . Rabbit antisera to living or formalinised phase I organisms markedly impaired the attachment of the bacteria . However, antisera to heated phase I organisms or living phase III organisms did not show inhibitory effects . These data indicate that the heat labile surface component which is specific to phase I organisms may function in the adherence of the bacteria to swine nasal epithelium.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1979 Jul, 127(7), 461 - 3
{Oral immunization of newborn infants against pertussis}; Wiegl B et al.; A group of 148 newborn babies was subdivided into four groups . Subsequent to after oral application of killed pertussis bacteria (1-3 times; control) all developed agglutinating resp . precipitating antibodies . There was a clear relation between the given quantity of Oral Pertussis Vaccine and the antibody titer . The problem has been discussed, whether it will be possible to get a protection of newborn children against whooping cough within the first weeks of life and, simultaneously, to avoid side effects.

Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Jul-Aug, 48(4), 675 - 80
{Structural changes in Mycobacterium rubrum cells under the influence of chloroethylamine}; Poglazova MN et al.; Chloroethylamine was used to differentiate the membranous structures of bacterial cells whose physiological role becomes more pronounced under the action of this substance . The following changes were found: in the synthesis of the cell wall as a result of modifications in the structure of mesosomes which control the correct orientation of growth and cell division; in the nucleoid and nucleoidosomes; in the analogues of mitochondria characterizing the level of energy metabolism and in the analogues of the endoplasmic reticulum accompanied with changes in the synthesis of metabolites and reserve substances in the cells . Changes in the structure and ultrastructure of the bacteria under the action of irradiation and the radiomimetic substance chloroethylamine are analyzed.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 86(1), 87 - 95
A determination of H2O2 release by the treatment of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes with myristate; Kakinuma K et al.; Free H2O2 released from human blood leukocytes during phagocytosis into the extracellular medium was highly reactive with the ferric form of HRP, forming an enzyme-substrate complex which was identical to HRP-H2O2 compound II . The formation of HRP-H2O2 compound II was employed for assaying the rates of H2O2 release by leukocytes upon addition of bacteria or myristate . The treatment of normal human blood leukocytes with myristate resulted in a marked stimulation of H2O2 release compared to phagocytizing cells . The activity of H2O2 release in response to myristate was found to be deficient in the leukocytes of two patients with chronic granulomatous disease . This assay method with myristate supplementation is so sensitive and specific that it should be useful for the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.

Arch Surg, 1979 Jul, 114(7), 826 - 30
Airflow effects in surgery; Laufman H; Accumulated evidence of the last decade has emphasized the multifaceted nature of wound infection control . Clean air is definitely one of the facets in the complex, but its place in the hierachy of precautions against wound infection has not been established, nor has the method of achieving acceptably clean air been universally agreed on . The surgical team and the patient are the prime sources of contamination during an operation, as evidenced by the good matches between bacteria of infected wounds and those of the team or the patient and by the poor matches between bacteria of infected wounds and airborne bacteria . Therefore, special air-handling systems, despite their ability to lower ambient bioparticulate counts, cannot be credited with being a highly relevant factor in the reduction of wound infection rates.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 Jul, 32(7), 1423 - 27
Protein deficiency: its effects on body temperature in health and disease states; Hoffman-Goetz L et al.; Little is known about the effects of protein malnutrition on the ability to regulate body temperature during health and disease . To investigate this area, we placed young rabbits on a low-protein diet and recorded their body temperatures . There were no differences between the protein-deprived and control animals concerning their abilities to maintain constant body temperatures during exposure to low (5 C, 10 C) and thermoneutral ambient temperature (20 C) . In a warm ambient temperature (30 C) the protein-deprived animals were actually better able to maintain a lower body temperature . Injections with heat killed bacteria led to little or no fever in the protein-deprived group . However, intravenous injections of endogenous pyrogen, a protein mediator of fever, resulted in fevers virtually identical to that attained in control animals . These data indicate that the attenuated febrile response to bacterial injection during protein deprivation may be due to a diminished production of endogenous pyrogen, and not to some alteration in the central nervous system sensitivity to pyrogens.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 Jul-Aug, 6(4), 395 - 405
Progress in space biology; Imshenetskii AA; Over the past two decades there has arisen a new branch of biology--space biology . This short review is devoted to a discussion of its achievements . It considers the results of research in the area of gravitation biology, and an account is made of studies in those areas of radiobiology which have relevance to the study of the cosmos . There is a brief summary of the results of the search for the upper and lower limits of the biosphere, and information is presented regarding the measures employed to maintain planetary quarantine . A great deal of attention has been given to the search for extraterrestrial life, one of the most important of problems . The results obtained with the aid of the American Viking probes on Mars are given special attention . The review presents experimental data based both upon data obtained in experiments on biological specimens during space flights of satellites and space vehicles, and also upon the results of laboratory research.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 10(1), 114 - 5
Rapid isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood; Dorn GL et al.; The laboratory isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood, using the lysis-centrifugation technique, is described . Time to pure culture isolate was 3 to 4 days.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 39 - 47
Immunological behavior after mycobacterial infection in selected lines of mice with high or low antibody responses; Lagrange PH et al.; Resistance and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in the Biozzi high and low lines of mice which were genetically selected for their responses to heterologous erythrocytes have been found to be related to the innate ability of nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organisms during the first two weeks after infection and to their ability to mount specific and nonspecific immune responses . High antibody-producer mice were more capable of expressing cell-mediated immune parameters than low antibody-producer mice . A direct relationship was observed between the ability of bacteria (BCG vaccine) to multiply inside the reticuloendothelial system and the development of cell-mediated immunity, as measured by the delayed local reaction at the injection site, the lymphoproliferative response in the draining nodes, the tuberculin delayed-type hypersensitivity, the acquired resistance, and the adjuvant effect after BCG inoculation . In high line mice, apart from the inability of their macrophages to inhibit the early growth of bacteria, their lymphocytes in spleen and thymus were more capable of being stimulated in vitro by varying concentrations of living BCG . The data presented in this report are compatible with the hypothesis that a group of genes segregated in each line during the selective breeding controls the innate microbicidal activity.

J Periodontol, 1979 Jul, 50(7), 345 - 9
Hand instrumentation versus ultrasonics in the removal of endotoxins from root surfaces; Nishimine D et al.; In this study, the average net total endotoxin in the solubilized extracts from each sample were healthy teeth, 1.46 ng/ml; periodontally diseased teeth, 169.5 ng/ml; ultrasonically scaled teeth, 16.8 ng/ml; root planed teeth, 2.09 ng/ml . The material that was extracted and assayed was not conclusively proven to be endotoxin, but recent studies suggest it was . Meticulous root planing as performed in this study produced values similar to those for unerupted periodontally healthy teeth . Ultrasonic scaling resulted in endotoxin values approximately eight times greater.

Br J Oral Surg, 1979 Jul, 17(1), 62 - 70
Metronidazole in the prevention of 'dry socket'; Rood JP et al.; Prophylactic metronidazole was found to be an effective means of preventing 'dry socket' after routine dental extractions . The oral anaerobic bacterial may be implicated therefore in the development of the disorder . It has been confirmed in this study that 'dry socket' occurs following three per cent of routine dental extractions and almost exclusively in the mandible . The causes of the condition are probably numerous and may even vary from patient to patient, but the control of infection by anerobic organisms may be important in its prevention or early resolution . The prophylactic administration of metronidazole (Flagyl) has been shown to be a simple and effective method of prevention which would suggest the implication of anaerobic organisms in 'dry socket' . The drug appears to be free from side effects when a dosage of 200 mgs eight hourly for three days is given.

Cell, 1979 Jul, 17(3), 645 - 59
Loss of integrated viral DNA sequences in polyomatransformed cells is associated with an active viral A function; Basilico C et al.; Rat cells transformed by polyoma virus contain, in addition to integrated viral DNA, a small number of nonintegrated viral DNA molecules . The free viral DNA originates from the integrated form through a spontaneous induction of viral DNA replication in a minority of the cell population . Its presence is under the control of the viral A locus . To determine whether the induction of free viral DNA replication was accompanied by a loss of integrated viral DNA molecules in a phenomenon similar to the "curing" of lysogenic bacteria, we selected for revertants arising in the transformed rat populations and determined whether these cells had lost integrated viral genomes . We further investigated whether the viral A function was necessary for "curing" by determining the frequency of cured cells in populations of rat cells transformed by the ts-a mutant of polyoma virus following propagation at the permissive or nonpermissive temperature . A large proportion of the revertants isolated were negative or weakly positive when assayed by immunofluorescence for polyoma T antigen and were unable to produce infectious virus upon fusion with permissive mouse cells . The T antigen-negative, virus rescue-negative clones can be retransformed by superinfection and appear to have lost a considerable proportion of integrated viral DNA sequences . Restriction enzyme analysis of the integrated viral DNA sequences shows that the parental transformed lines contain tandem repeats of integrated viral molecules, and that this tandem arrangement is generally lost in the cured derivatives . While cells transformed by wild-type virus undergo "curing" with about the same frequency at 33 degrees or 39 degrees C, cells transformed by the ts-a mutant contain a much higher frequency of cured cells after propagation at 33 degrees than at 39 degrees C . Our results indicate that in polyoma-transformed rat cells, loss of integrated viral DNA can occur at a rather high rate, producing (at least in some cases) cells which have reverted partially or completely to a normal phenotype . Loss of integrated viral DNA is never total and appears to involve an excision event . The polyoma A function (large T antigen) is necessary for such excision to occur . In the absence of a functional A gene product, the association of the viral DNA with the host DNA appears to be very stable.

Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Jul-Aug, 48(4), 672 - 4
{Ultrafine structure of Lpp-1 cyanophage-infected Plectonema boryanum cells}; Peshkov MA et al.; The interaction of the cyanophage Lpp-1 with the trychomous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum was studied . The stage of formation and maturation of phage particles was found to be preceded with the production of the DNA-phage pool similar in its morphology with that in trychomous bacteria of the order Caryophanales . Phagolysis of Pl . boryanum cells infected with the phage involved, apart from typical changes in the cytoplast, some distortion in the structure of young, unfinished partitions.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 11 - 5
Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with alveolar macrophages: viability of adherent and ingested mycoplasmas; Erb P et al.; Guinea pig peritoneal or alveolar macrophages were inoculated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells . Extracellular mycoplasms were killed by complement treatment, and the effect of macrophage action on the number of the remaining viable mycoplasmas was observed . The complement killing was to some extent inhibited by the presence of the macrophages, but the mechanism of this protection remains unknown . Opsonized mycoplasmas were ingested, and approximately 98% were killed within 4 h . The killing rate was somewhat lower than comparable data for bacteria, but lack of cell wall and high lipid content of the membrane apparently do not cause a significant delay in intracellular destruction.

Acta Neurol Belg, 1979 Jul-Aug, 79(4), 305 - 13
Cerebral manifestations of Whipple's disease; De Jonghe P et al.; A case of Whipple's disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been retrospectively diagnosed . At the age of 50 and after six years of recurrent bouts of pyrexia, anorexia and loss of weight, a man developed a subacute encephalitis . Two episodes of acute loss of vision were followed by changes in mental status, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and oculo-facio-cervical myorhythmias which remained present until death, one year later . Combined light- and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated: No . 1 the presence in the CNS of nodules containing large amounts of Sieracki cells; No . 2 the existence of bacteria in various stages of degeneration in macrophages or in the neuropile . A review of CNS complications in Whipple's disease is made.

Acta Neurol Belg, 1979 Jul-Aug, 79(4), 305 - 13
Cerebral manifestations of Whipple's disease; De Jonghe P et al.; A case of Whipple's disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been retrospectively diagnosed . At the age of 50 and after six years of recurrent bouts of pyrexia, anorexia and loss of weight, a man developed a subacute encephalitis . Two episodes of acute loss of vision were followed by changes in mental status, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and oculo-facio-cervical myorhythmias which remained present until death, one year later . Combined light- and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated: 1 . the presence in the CNS of nodules containing large amounts of Sieracki cells; 2 . the existence of bacteria in various stages of degeneration in macrophages or in the neuropile . A review of CNS complications in Whipple's disease is made.

Dig Dis Sci, 1979 Jul, 24(7), 560 - 4
Rod-shaped organism in the liver of a patient with Whipple's disease; Viteri AL et al.; Histological review of a liver biopsy from a patient with known Whipple's disease revealed a prominence of Kupffer cells containing PAS-positive granules . Electron microscopy revealed rod-shaped organisms in the Kupffer cells but the presence of these structures were not associated with overt liver injury . This is thought to be the first reported demonstration of these bacillary bodies in this location.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 612 - 7
{Comparative evaluation of methods for isolating total protein from the biomass of Spirulina platensis}; Al'bitskaia ON et al.; The methods of extracting total protein from the biomass of Spirulina platensis are discussed . The results of studying different procedures of cell wall disruption, soluble protein extraction and precipitation are presented . The best results can be obtained using mechanical disintegration of Spirulina cells for 20 min (at a temperature not higher than 25 degrees C), soluble protein extraction with 0.4% NaOH, and its subsequent precipitation at the isoelectric point with 5% HCl.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 78 - 83
Effect of SO2 and bisulfite on heterotrophic activity in an acid soil; Grant IF et al.; Glucose oxidation was inhibited in a forest soil (pH 4.01) previously exposed by 1.0 microliter of SO2 per liter, the extent of inhibition and the decline in pH being directly related to the length of exposure . The phase of rapid CO2 evolution in protein hydrolysate-amended soil previously treated with 5.0 microliter of SO2 per liter for 24 h or 1.0 microliter/liter for 48 h was delayed, but the degradation of the amino acid mixture then proceeded rapidly . Bacterial numbers in soil incubated for 48 h with 1.0 microliter of SO2 per liter were reduced, but the bacteria grew rapidly if glucose or an amino acid mixture was added after the exposure period . Low levels of bisulfite inhibited amino acid decomposition in soil at pH 3.89, but the effect was less pronounced in soil at pH 4.01 . Comparable levels of sulfate were not toxic to carbon mineralization . Approximately 1.0 microgram of bisulfite S and about 20 microgram of sulfate S per g of soil appeared when the soil was treated with 1.0 microliter of SO2 per liter for 48 h . Bisulfite added to the soil disappeared readily . The possible ecological significance of the findings is discussed.

Arch Dermatol Res, 1979 Jun 25, 265(2), 153 - 64
{Daily bath and its effect on the normal human skin flora quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)}; Hartmann AA; The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearm, under a daily repeated bath during 21 days, using two marketable bath-supplements, was investigated in 24 volunteers for its quantitative and qualitative aspects . The combined scrubbing-washing-method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution . After the daily baths, using Wilcoxon-test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganizations and in the number of the single groups of bacteria were found in the areas investigated by intermittent samplings of the skin flora . In the analysis of the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora, however, changes were obvious in 4 volunteers . There were no clinical changes of the skin surface in any of the volunteers.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Jun 23, 109(25), 938 - 42
{Fever and liver cirrhosis}; Bretholz A; Occurrence of fever in a patient with liver cirrhosis should suggest the following: 1 . Endotoxemia . Endotoxins are normally present in portal blood; in hepatic cirrhosis they are insufficiently cleared by the liver and their presence can be demonstrated in the systemic circulation by the "limulus test" . Fever is one of the many consequences ascribed to the presence of endotoxins in the blood . 2 . Infections . Cirrhosis and alcoholism (which often accompanies it) impair host defenses against bacteria and other organisms . Thus, infections are actually more frequent in hepatic cirrhosis as is shown by the example of bacterial endocarditis . Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis must be searched for carefully when ascites is present . 3 . Alcoholic hepatitis . This diagnosis is established histologically . The usual symptoms, occurring with variable incidence, include anorexia, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, fever and jaundice in the presence of hepatomegaly, leukocytosis and an elevated SGOT . Differential diagnosis from obstructive jaundice and a severe prognosis without alcohol abstinence make early diagnosis mandatory . Its evolution in cirrhosis can be astonishingly rapid . In the absence of hepatic encephalopathy, corticosteroids do not appear to be recommended . 4 . Hepatoma.

Biochem J, 1979 Jun 15, 180(3), 587 - 96
The assay and partial characterization of macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity in rat small intestine; Young E et al.; Homogenates of rat small intestine can depolymerize macromolecular rat skin heparin (RS heparin) to products similar in size to commercial heparin {Horner (1972) Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U.S.A . 69, 3469--3473} . This activity is attributed to an enzyme provisionally named 'macromolecular heparin depolymerase' . An assay for macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity in rat small intestine has been developed, based on the action of the enzyme on 35S-labelled macromolecular RS heparin . The depolymerized products are separated into two peaks by gel chromatography through columns of Bio-Gel A-15m . The amount of label in the second peak, expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity, is the index of enzyme activity . The pH optimum was found to be 6.0 and the temperature optimum 45 degrees C . The enzyme was shown to be most stable in 50mM-Tris/maleate buffer containing 1 mM-EDTA . Macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity measured as a function of time and substrate concentration produced curves typical of an enzymic reaction . Evidence was obtained demonstrating that the activity did not originate from bacteria in the intestine . Macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity was increased by dilution and storage at 7 degrees C for 24 h . This suggests that homogenates of rat small intestine contain an unstable inhibitor of the enzyme.

J Mol Evol, 1979 Jun 8, 13(1), 73 - 83
Squalenes, phytanes and other isoprenoids as major neutral lipids of methanogenic and thermoacidophilic "archaebacteria"; Tornabene TG et al.; The neutral lipids of nine species of methanogenic bacteria including five methanobacilli, two methanococci, a methanospirillum, one methanosarcina as well as two thermoacidophilic bacteria, Thermoplasma and Sulfolobus, were analyzed . The major components were C30, C25 and/or C20 acylic isoprenoid hydrocarbons with a continuous range of hydroisoprenoid homologues . The range of acyclic isoprenoids detected were from C14 to C30 . Apart from Methanosarcina barkeri, squalene and/or hydrosqualene derivetives were the predominant components in all species studied . The components of Methanosarcina barkeri were a family of C25 homologues . The distribution of the neutral lipid components and their specific variations in relative intensities emphasized the differences between the test organisms while the generic nature of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons demonstrated similarities between the diverse bacteria . The neutral lipid compositions from these bacteria, many of which exist in environmental conditions like those described for the various evolutionary stages of the archean ecology, resemble the isoprenoid distribution isolated from ancient sediments and petroleum . Therefore, these finding may have major implications to biological and biogeochemical evolution.

Nuklearmedizin, 1979 Jun, 18(3), 147 - 50
Studies of gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions . IV . Kinetics of accumulation and role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the distribution of gallium in experimental inflammatory exudates; Camargo EE et al.; The kinetics of 67Ga accumulation in experimental inflammatory exudates were studied . In six rabbits with S . aureus induced abscesses, serial samples of exudate and blood were obtained at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hrs after intravenous injection of 67Ga . The accumulation of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate was slow with an accumulation half-time of 5.5 hrs . The concentration of 67Ga in the abscesses approached that of blood 48 hrs after injection . Analysis of the distribution of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate revealed that the portion of 67Ga in the cellular fraction (1,600 xg pellet) correlated best with the number of non-viable polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (r = 0.81) . Its correlation with total number of PMN and bacteria was r = 0.69 and r = 0.35, respectively . Autoradiographic studies confirmed that the majority of 67Ga in the cellular fraction of the exudate was associated with non-viable PMN's.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 25(6), 693 - 7
Isolation of Azospirullum from diverse geographic regions; Tyler ME et al.; We have isolated Azospirillum (Spirullum lipoferum) from roots of grasses of several genera collected from a number of tropical and subtropical-temperate locations . Pure cultures were obtained from a small percentage of samples; no higher percentage was secured from tropical than from other grasses . Acetylene reduction and distinctive growth in N-free soft agar deeps were inadequate to identify this genus, although helpful in initial screening . Fluorescent antibody tests with antiserum against characterized strains were helpful . There is some evidence that this genus of bacteria may be favored in the rhizoplane.

Am J Vet Res, 1979 Jun, 40(6), 770 - 3
Comparative lethal effects on mice of ruminal fluid from cattle fed hay or grain; Nagaraja TG et al.; Strained ruminal fluid from cattle fed hay or grain was lethal to mice when injected intraperitoneally, but the fluid from grain-fed cattle was approximately 3.7 times more toxic than that from hay-fed cattle . The lethal factor(s) was not resistant to heat, was nondialyzable, was retained on Seitz and membrane filters, and was associated with the bacterial fraction of ruminal fluid . We concluded that death of the mice resulted from infection produced by facultative bacteria normally in ruminal fluid . Ruminal fluid from grain-fed cattle contained a greater number of facultative bacteria than did that from hay-fed cattle.

Br J Surg, 1979 Jun, 66(6), 404 - 5
Haemorrhagic cholecystitis; Shah VR et al.; Two cases of haemobilia due to haemorrhagic cholecystitis are presented; only 28 other cases have been described . As there are so many more dramatic causes and treatment for haemobilia it is important for the surgeon to recognize that a common operation will suffice for this rare condition . In both cases bacteria were grown from the bile and it is to be hoped that bile culture will be recorded more commonly in future in cases of this interesting condition.

Br J Pharmacol, 1979 Jun, 66(2), 161 - 3
Mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by hydrocortisone in rat leucocytes; Di Rosa M et al.; Hydrocortisone (10 microgram/ml) greatly inhibits the prostaglandin release by rat peritoneal leucocytes phagocytosing killed bacteria . The inhibition, which occurs after an initial latency of 30 min, is completely reversed by either actinomycin D (0.5 microgram/ml) or cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) . Since these antibiotics are known inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and protein synthesis respectively, it appears that the mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by hydrocortisone in rat leucocytes involves stimulation of transcription and induction of protein synthesis.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 984 - 9
Flagellar hook and basal complex of Caulobacter crescentus; Johnson RC et al.; Intact bacterial flagella possessing a membrane-free hook and basal complex were purified from Caulobacter crescentus CB15, as well as from mutants which synthesize incomplete flagella . The basal body consisted of five rings mounted on a rod . Two rings were in the hook-proximal upper set, and three rings (two narrow and one wide) were in the lower set . The diameters of the two upper rings differed, being 32 and 21 nm, respectively . The lower rings were all approximately 21 nm in diameter, although they varied significantly in width . During the normal course of the C . crescentus cell cycle, the polar flagellum with hook and rod was shed into the culture medium without the basal rings . Similarly, hooks with attached rods were shed from nonflagellate mutants, and these structures also lacked the basal rings . The hook structure was purified from nonflagellated mutants and found to be composed of a 70,000-molecular-weight protein component.

Arch Dermatol, 1979 Jun, 115(6), 725 - 7
Vasculitis associated with intestinal bypass surgery; Goldman JA et al.; We report two cases in which necrotizing vasculitis with tenosynovitis arthralgia/arthritis syndrome developed after intestinal bypass surgery . Each of these patients had jejunoileostomies, and the excluded segment was placed in an ileal-colonic anastomosis . We speculate that since the attachment of the excluded segment to the large intestine predisposes it to increased bowel overgrowth of bacteria, these bacteria or their debris may have served as antigens for circulating immune complexes, which were detected in both patients by one or more techniques . Patients who have had an end-to-side anastomosis may be less predisposed to the more severe vasculitis syndrome because there is less likelihood of bacterial overgrowth in the bypassed intestinal segment.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Jun 1, 134(3), 250 - 5
Human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis in pregnancy . Development of inhibition during gestation and recovery in the postpartum period; Persellin RH et al.; The phagocytosis of S . aureus by normal human PMN leukocytes was inhibited by pregnancy serum . Control sera from normal adult nulliparous women, from men, and from cord blood all functioned normally in support of phagocytosis . However, particle ingestion was reduced significantly (p less than 0.001) when leukocytes were in 15% pregnancy serum obtained at term . To determine at what stage in pregnancy the inhibition of phagocytosis could first be detected, sera were obtained from multiple pregnant donors and pooled according to week of gestation . Significantly fewer bacteria were ingested in each of the serum pools obtained after week 16 of pregnancy and the inhibitory effect persisted through gestation . Following delivery, less inhibition was detected as early as 2 days post partum . Phagocytosis assays were performed in six matched maternal and cord serum pairs . Five of the six maternal sera showed inhibition of phagocytosis; one pregnancy and all cord sera functioned normally in support of bacterial ingestion by normal granulocytes . Since neutrophils are essential to the development of rheumatoid arthritis and certian other inflammatory disorders, the subsidence of these diseases during gestation and their exacerbation post partum could be related, at least in part, to the inhibitory effects of pregnancy serum on leukocyte functions.

Aust Dent J, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 153 - 8
Biological methods of dental caries prevention . A review; Rogers AH; A number of measures by which tooth resistance could be increased or by which potentially cariogenic bacteria could be eliminated or their deleterious effects minimized are discussed . Many of them have proved valuable at the individual patient level but cannot be applied as a public health measure.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 37(6), 1239 - 42
Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from nonepidemic-related aquatic habitats; Fliermans CB et al.; Continuous centrifugation of large volumes of water from natural southeastern lakes allowed quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescent staining . Positive samples were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, and the L . pneumophila were isolated and identified by their morphological, cultural, physiological, and serological characteristics.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Jun, 87B(3), 205 - 9
Gas chromatographic characterization of porcine and human strains belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex; Larsson L et al.; Trifluoroacetylated whole-cell methanolysates of 23 strains designated as belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by biochemical, growth chromogenicity and chicken pathogenicity tests, were analysed by gas chromatography . Twenty of the strains were isolated from pigs and the remainder from human beings . Serological typing showed that 13 of the porcine strains, but none of the human strains, belonged to M . avium . The remaining strains, except one which showed autoagglutination, did not react with antisera to M . avium (serotypes 1-3), thus suggesting that they belonged to M . intracellulare . Five different, highly reproducible chromatographic patterns, the main peaks of which were considered as representing bacterial carbohydrates and fatty acids, could be distinguished by visual examination and by cluster analysis . The chromatographic results could not be correlated with those obtained from serotyping of the strains studied . Mycobacteria recovered from different organs of one and the same pig gave virtually identical chromatograms . The strains isolated from three human beings had a chromatographic pattern which was identical with one of those produced by the porcine strains . The present investigation indicates that the gas chromatographic analytic technique used differentiates bacteria within the M . avium-intracellulare complex, without assigning the organisms to species.

J Biol Buccale, 1979 Jun, 7(2), 157 - 68
{Study of an oral protozoan Trichomonas tenax using scanning and transmission electron microscopy}; Ribaux CL; The study with scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Trichomonas tenax gave morphological information on this protozoon . The oval-shaped cell body showed at the anterior pole four free flagella and a trailing flagellum which had an undulating membrane . The axostyle which consisted of microtubules and produced the cellular rigidity emerged at the posterior pole . An ovoid nucleus and a well-developed Golgi apparatus were located at the anterior pole . At the latter, a pelta consisting of horizontal microtubulus surrounding the kinetoplats from which started the flagella was also found . No mitochondria were observed: they were replaced by chromatin granules or hydrogenosomes . Numerous vacuoles and developing vesicles were found in the cytoplasm . Phagocytized bacteria were in an advanced stage of lysis . Others seemed intact showing even division phases.

Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ, 1979 Jun, 26(2), 181 - 4
Biological activity of secretory IgA--comparison of agglutinating specificity with SIgA and Ca++-dependent agglutinin--; Sato N et al.; Ca++-dependent bacterial agglutinin was isolated from the human parotid saliva by gel filtration of Sepharose 2B . The agglutinin appeared in the void volume fractions . Treatment of this agglutinin with EDTA resulted in the loss of its ability to agglutinate the bacteria . Standardized solutions of the agglutinin were tested for the agglutinating activity against 18 strains of oral indigenous bacteria . It was found that the agglutinin exhibited varying degrees of activity to all the test strains and the activity was generally higher than that of secretory IgA . It was also found that the receptor sites of the Ca++-dependent agglutinin for Str . sanguis and Str . mitis were identical whereas SIgA contained a number of available binding sites, for different bacterial species.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Jun, 47(6), 545 - 54
Response of periapical pathosis to endodontic treatment in monkeys; Malooley J Jr et al.; Response of induced periapical lesions in monkeys to a conventional endodontic technique was investigated at varying periods ranging from 15 to 365 days after treatment . The findings indicate that response to treatment is influenced by the extent of the root canal filling, the time lapse between treatment and death, and the presence or absence of bacteria in the apical portion of the canal.

J Prosthet Dent, 1979 Jun, 41(6), 644 - 9
A variation of the endosseous blade-vent implant; Plekavich EJ; This study demonstrates that it is possible to use a section of tooth root to achieve a connective tissue barrier to oral epithelium and oral bacteria . It appears that the reattachment gained is very susceptible to periodontal disease and that small amounts of plaque may be more than the attached tissue can tolerate.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1979 Jun, 34(6), 473 - 6
{Effect of calciumhydroxide and its modified forms}; Knappwost A et al.; As diffusion experiments show, the singular physicochemical properties which give calcium hydroxide a special place in dentistry only apply to water-containing pastes . With organic hardeners, setting preparations based on "calcium hydroxide" do not have this property and cannot replace water-containing pastes of calcium hydroxide . Partial carbonation of Ca (OH)2 by absorption of CO2 from air does not lead to any lowering of pH of the Ca(OH)2 paste . The pH of the calcium hydroxide determined potentiometrically at 20 degrees C was 13.0.

Minerva Med, 1979 May 26, 70(25), 1803 - 12
{Pharmacokinetics of a new aminoglycoside: kanendomycin}; Di Nola F et al.; The pharmacokinetics of kanendomycin, a new aminoglycoside derived from kanamycin, has been assessed in 15 volunteers after i.m . administration of 100 and 300 mg and i.v . administration of 100 mg . Analysis of the tricompartmental model adopted for the pharmacokinetic study showed that kanendomycin half-life is similar and perhaps superior to that of gentamycin . The antibiotic's bioavailability is of the order of 70-80% of the dose used.

Vet Rec, 1979 May 26, 104(21), 478 - 80
Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from cattle slaughtered in Pakistan; Niaz N et al.; Specimens of lung, liver and mesenteric lymph node from cows and buffaloes slaughtered in the Lahore area were cultured to investigate the type of mycobacteria involved in bovine tuberculosis . Employing the concentration method, 56 out of 530 cattle were found to be culture positive for acid-fast bacteria, 48 being Mycobacterium bovis and eight atypical mycobacteria . No M tuberculosis or M avium was isolated . Most of the isolated M bovis strains were found to be highly virulent for rabbits.

Biochem J, 1979 May 15, 180(2), 423 - 6
Lower rates of protein degradation in developing rat brain; Dahl JL et al.; Protein-degradation rates in developing rat brain were estimated from the decay in total radioactivity in proteins labelled by a single intraperitoneal injection of NaH14CO3 to 5-day-old animals . In contrast with previous reports, our results indicate that degradation rates are lower in developing than in adult brain and suggest that in brain, as has been observed in liver, adrenal gland, muscle, cultured mammalian cells and bacteria, reduced rates of protein degradation contribute to the increase in protein content under conditions of rapid growth.

Lancet, 1979 May 5, 1(8123), 964 - 6
A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread . Association with a viral agent; Morens DM et al.; In December, 1976, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a resort camp in Colorado . Data obtained by questionnaire from 760 persons indicated that 418 (55%) had had gastroenteritis at the camp or within a week of leaving it, with peak onset within a two-day period . Symptoms included vomiting (81%), diarrhoea (65%), and fever (49%); median duration of illness was twenty-four hours . The attack-rate increased with consumption of water or ice-containing beverages . The camp water supply was found to be inadequately chlorinated and contaminated by a leaking septic tank . Although routine laboratory tests did not reveal bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, immune electron microscopy detected virus-like particles in two of five diarrhoeal stool filtrates . Oral administration of one of these bacteria-free filtrates to two volunteers induced a gastrointestinal illness similar to that observed in the camp visitors.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 May 2, 96(1), 205 - 12
Properties of the methane mono-oxygenase from extracts of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and evidence for its similarity to the enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath); Stirling DI et al.; 1 . The methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was soluble . The only suitable electron donor was NAD(P)H, neither sodium L-ascorbate nor electrons derived from the oxidation of methanol could substitute for NAD(P)H . Evidence is presented for the existence of an NAD+-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase . 2 . Mono-oxygenase activity was not inhibited by a range of potential inhibitors including potassium cyanide, amytal, carbon monoxide or various metal-chelating agents, although 8-hydroxyquinoline and ethyne were effective in this respect . 3 . Although the enzyme preparations were unstable on storage, the crude extract could be resolved into two components by ion-exchange chromatography . Activity could be restored to one of the components on addition of purified components from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) . 4 . Cross-reactivity of mono-oxygenase components and other similarities between the enzymes from M . trichosporium and M . capsulatus are discussed . The properties of the M . trichosporium methane mono-oxygenase reported here are contrasted with the properties of the same enzyme reported by others.

Ital J Biochem, 1979 May-Jun, 28(3), 183 - 93
Phospholipid composition of photosynthetic membranes of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata; Casadio R et al.; The phospholipids and the fatty acids present in membranes of cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, grown photosynthetically in anaerobiosis, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The three phospholipids detected, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, contained about 80% of a single monounsaturated C18 fatty acid, cis-vaccenic acid . These membranes offer therefore a naturally occurring model system endowed with an extremely simplified phospholipid complement . The data indicate moreover that the biosynthetic pathway of unsaturated fatty acids present in these facultative aerobic bacteria proceeds only via the 3-hydroxydecanoyl acyl carrier protein dehydratase (E.C . 4.2.1.60).

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 May, 32(5), 442 - 5
Structure of nanaomycin E, a new nanaomycin; Kasai M et al.; A new component, nanaomycin E, has been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rosa var, notoensis, which had been found to produce nanaomycins A, B, C and D . Nanaomycin E was an epoxy derivative of nanaomycin A and was converted into nanaomycin A and 4a-epi-nanaomycin B by treatment with sodium hydrosulfite in an acidic aqueous solution . 4a-epi-Nanaomycin B was quantiatively converted into nanaomycin A under alkaline conditions.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 May, 9(5), 635 - 6
Fasle-positive macroscopic appearance of blood cultures in sorbitol-containing hypertonic medium; Welch DF et al.; Inability to rely on macroscopic examination as an aid in identifying positive blood cultures was encountered when a hypertonic medium containing sorbitol was tested in a comparative study with an isotonic blood culture medium.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1979 May-Jun, 13(3), 582 - 94
{Molecular mechanism of self-assembly of aggregated bacteriochlorophyll c}; Bystrova MI et al.; The intermolecular interaction of bacteriochlorophyll c and its pheophytin was studied in nonpolar solvents and solid films with the aid of absorption and infra-red (in the region of 1800--1600 and 3800--3000 cm-1) spectra . The influence of water removing and its addition on these spectra has been investigated . Besides the effect of pyridine treatment and pigment concentration were examined . The self-assemblage of all types of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregated forms absorbing in the range 680--745 nm is due to the formation of intermolecular bonds in which keto groups of cyclopentanone rings take part . Keto groups form coordinate bonds with the central magnesium atom (keto-C = O...Mg) . Hydroxyl groups interact coordinately with magnesium and simultaneously form hydrogen bonds with pyrrol nitrogen . In contrast to chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a, water molecules in the case of bacteriochlorophyll c do not participate in the intermolecular bond formation in the course of long-wave aggregated forms production . The thermostability of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates and their rather high stability to desaggregating agents is related to the mentioned peculiarities of their structure . Bacteriopheophytin c in any state (solution or solid film) is not capable to form intermolecular bonds by its carbonyl groups and long-wave aggregates . The specific features of the assemblage of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates modelling antenna of the green photosynthetic bacteria are discussed.

J Med Chem, 1979 May, 22(5), 572 - 5
Biomolecules bearing the S- or SeAsMe2 function: amino acid and steroid derivatives; Banks CH et al.; A series of molecules of the type GXAsMe2 have been synthesized in which X is S or Se and G is a moiety such as an amino acid, a di- or tripeptide, or a lipid . The compounds have been characterized by NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis . Cysteine was found to react directly with dimethylarsinic acid to yield cystine and S-dimethylarsinocysteine (1) . This reaction occurs also with other biomolecules containing thiol groups and raises serious questions concerning the use of cacodylate buffers in the study of enzyme kinetics and in sample preparation for electron microscopy . In the presence of dimethylchloroarsine and diethylamine, homocysteine thiolactone reacts to form both the dipeptide and the S-AsMe2 bond . Results of carcinostatic, bacteriostatic, and fungicidal testing of these compounds are reported . A hypothesis is advanced to explain the observed carcinostatic action of the dimethylarsino group.

Infect Immun, 1979 May, 24(2), 427 - 33
Abortion in laboratory animals induced by Moraxella bovis; Norman JO et al.; Pregnant mice, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits responded to injections of Moraxella bovis strain EPP-63(300) with abortion, death, embryo resorption, and production of small litters . The nature of response appeared to depend primarily on the number of viable cells injected and to some extent on the species of animal and stage of pregnancy . Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 3 X 10(5) viable cells induced 100% abortion and no deaths . Embryo resorption and smaller litters were induced with injection of lower doses of M . bovis . None of the rats used in this study aborted; however, resorption rates were higher in rats than mice . Bacteria-free filtrates prepared from aqueous extracts of blood agar on which M . bovis had been grown induced abortion in mice and guinea pigs, at a rate similar to that caused by viable cells . The lyophilized filtrate could be diluted to produce 100% abortion with no death of injected mice . Abortion-inducing, nonlethal doses of M . bovis and lyophilized filtrates appeared to have no effect on nonpregnant female or male mice.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 May-Jun, 6(3), 332 - 8
An evaluation of the genetic danger of pesticides; Kas'yanenko AG et al.; Literature and personal data are presented concerning the genetic effect of 160 pesticides . Methods and test objects used to detect genetically active pesticides are analyzed . A scheme is proposed for screening pesticides with mutagenic effect at all levels of the organization of life . In connection with the pervasive influence of pesticides on the biosphere, the necessity of detailed study of the genetic effects of pesticides on a series of test systems is stressed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 May, 112(1), 185 - 9
Studies on the interaction of Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium lepraemurium with mouse polymorphonuclear leucocytes; Smith CC et al.; When polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) elicited in mice were infected with Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium lepraemurium, phagosome-lysosome fusion occurred with both species . This contrasts with the situation in macrophages where phagosome-lysosome fusion is inhibited by M . microti but not M . lepraemurium . No evidence was found for killing of M . microti or M . lepraemurium when the bacteria were isolated from PMN and their viability tested in cell-free medium or macrophages.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979 May, 62(3), 695 - 9
Development of culture vessel for sterility testing of bandages and other medical devices; Quagliaro DA et al.; A cylindrical glass culture vessel equipped with a vented nylon closure was developed and evaluated for sterility testing . The sterility testing cylinder (STC), made in 2 sizes, accommodates 250 or 400 mL culture broth . A tight-fitting, skirted nylon cap protects the upper part of the cylinder, and a membrane filter in a recessed opening allows venting during autoclaving and ensures sterility during removal and replacement of the cap . The configuration of the vessel in terms of the opening size and ratio of the horizontal to vertical cross section provides depths desirable for testing many shapes of medical devices, including elongated and narrow ones, without excessive waste of medium . They are easy to charge with medium, and to autoclave, store, inoculate, and observe for growth.

Pediatr Clin North Am, 1979 May, 26(2), 327 - 44
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: implications for an infectious disease; Kliegman RM; There is a broad spectrum of presentations and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis . Because it may have several different causes, ncerotizing enterocolitis may be a syndrome rather than a specific disease . The triad of formula feeding, intestinal ischemia, and bacterial growth may be part of the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis . Bacteria are of central importance for the production of pneumatosis, a prerequisite of which is formula feeding . Bacteria may also contribute to the intestinal injury seen after ischemia . However, the disease in the low risk patient seen during an epidemic associated with a single organism is probably caused by a primary gastrointestinal infection . On the other hand, in the stressed newborn infant with mucosal injury the presence of the appropriate bacteria may be all that is needed to initiate the chain of events leading to necrotizing enterocolitis . Figure 2 illustrates the importance of bacteria in all the causes proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis . Whether bacteria are primary or secondary agents, necrotizing enterocolitis should always be approached therapeutically as an infectious disease.

Nurse Pract, 1979 May-Jun, 4(3), 20 - 4
Guidelines for supervised wound care by emergency nurse practitioners; Buchanan L et al.; Nearly 10 million patients with traumatic lacerations are treated annually in Emergency Departments in the United States . Since these wounds do not usually pose a threat to the patient's life, they assume a lower level of priority than emergent conditions . Consequently, treatment of patients with lacerations is often delayed until the emergent patient is resuscitated . In the event that wound care is inadvertently delayed, bacteria may proliferate to levels that result in infection . In selected patients, supervised wound care by an emergency nurse practitioner (ENP) can safely eliminate this delay in treatment . During their graduate training in the University of Virginia Nursing School, the ENPs are instructed to treat traumatic wounds with physician supervision . The criteria for patient selection and care are outlined in comprehensive guidelines reported herein . The bases for these treatment guidelines were clinical and experimental studies conducted at our medical center which examined the influence of various therapeutic decisions on the ultimate fate of the wound.

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1979 May, 19(2), 123 - 5
A simple operation for postcoital urethrotrigonitis in women; Blackledge D; Definitive treatment of postcoital urethrotrigonitis, or "honeymoon cystitis", as it is commonly called, has only been paid serious attention since 1967 . It has been suggested (O'Donnell, 1959) that the introduction of bacteria into the urethra is more likely when the urethra assumes a relatively hypospadiac position during coitus . This is commonly associated with incomplete rupture of the hymen . Division of the anterior bridge of the hymen on either side of the external urethral meatus appears to be as effective as more complicated procedures in preventing ascending infection associated with coitus.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 May, 47(5), 395 - 400
Mandibular odontogenic infection with serious complications; Stone A et al.; Orbital cellulitis usually begins as an infection of the paranasal sinuses . While a small percentage of cases are of dental origin, these usually involve the maxillary teeth . In the case reported here orbital cellulitis originated from an infection in the mandible and spread through the pananasal sinuses, deep facial circulation, and orbital tissues, resulting in unilateral blindness . Principles of management and possible pathways for the spread of the infection are discussed.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 May-Jun, 1(3), 401 - 12
Pertussis toxin: the cause of the harmful effects and prolonged immunity of whooping cough . A hypothesis; Pittman M; The nature of the pathogenesis and of the prolonged immunity of whooping cough has not been clearly defined . The literature of Bordetella pertussis indicated that only the antigen that induces histamine sensitization, lymphocytosis, and other biological reactions in mice is the cause of the harmful effects and prolonged immunity of whooping cough . This antigen has the general characteristics of bacterial protein exotoxins that cause the harmful effects of infectious diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus . It is proposed that this antigen, which is histamine-sensitizing, lymphocyte-leukocyte-promoting, and islets-activating (HSF-LPF-IAP), be designated pertussis toxin . Agglutinogen, hemagglutinin, and heat-labile (at 56 C) and heat-stable (at 100 C) toxins are no doubt interrelated with the immunologic and/or toxic reactions of whooping cough . It appears that the first defense against the disease is the antibody that prevents adhesion of the bacteria to the cilia of the respiratory epithelium and that the second defense is the antitoxin against pertussis toxin (HSF-LPF-IAP).

Arch Dis Child, 1979 May, 54(5), 339 - 46
A year's experience of the rotavirus syndrome and its association with respiratory illness; Lewis HM et al.; In a hospital study rotavirus was identified in 51% of 152 children with diarrhoea . These patients showed a clinical pattern that was distinct from patients in whom the diarrhoea was associated with bacteria, other viruses, or no pathogens . A respiratory illness was described in 66% of rotavirus patients and usually preceded the gastrointestinal symptoms . Vomiting lasted between one and 3 days and was curtailed by substituting the normal diet with clear fluids . Watery diarrhoes continued for 4 or 5 days, even when rehydration was by the intravenous rather than the oral route . Prolonged diarrhoea was rare . Most children infected with rotavirus were under 2 years of age, but dehydration was most severe in infants aged between 12 and 18 months . A clinician can thus recognise the rotavirus syndrome and expect spontaneous recovery if adequate rehydration is maintained for a critical few days.

Infect Immun, 1979 May, 24(2), 346 - 51
Evaluation of a ribosomal vaccine against pertussis; Field LH et al.; A crude ribosomal vaccine derived from Bordetella pertussis administered to ICR and N:NIH (SW) strains of mice protected them effectively against a standardized intracranial challenge . The dose of vaccine that protected half the mice was less for N:NIH (SW) than for ICR mice and compared favorably with a killed reference vaccine . Ribosomes prepared from bacteria ground with washed sea sand were more immunogenic than those obtained by rupture with alumina or with a Braun homogenizer . The protective effect of the crude ribosomes was not an innate part of the organelle but was due to a substance or substances that could be removed from them by a 1 M NH4Cl wash . The material in the wash was highly immunogenic and retained both the histamine-sensitizing and leukocytosis-promoting properties . It lost much of the dermonecrotic activity and was poorly pyrogenic in rabbits . The most potent pyrogen was present in the washed ribosomes, which apparently, retained the endotoxic components of the cell wall . The best vaccines permitted acceptable weight gain in the immunized mice.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 May, 76(5), 2153 - 7
Corticotropin and beta-endorphin: construction and analysis of recombinant DNA complementary to mRNA for the common precursor; Roberts JL et al.; A cDNA fragment synthesized from mouse mRNA (ACTH/LPH mRNA) that codes for the precursor polypeptide containing corticotropin (ACTH), beta-lipotropin (LPH), and several other peptides has been cloned in bacteria . The mRNA was enriched for ACTH/LPH mRNA translational activity (to about 75%) prior to cDNA synthesis . It appears to contain about 1200 bases, of which approximately 450 bases are not translated . The cloned DNA fragment is complementary to the region of the mRNA coding for the protein fragment beta-LPH-(44--90); this contains all of the amino acids of {Met}-enkephalin (residues 61--65 of beta-LPH), most of the amino acids of beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and all but the carboxy-terminal amino acid of beta-endorphin . Based on assignment of the amino acid sequence of mouse beta-LPH from the nucelic acid sequence, it appears that there is extensive homology of mouse beta-LPH with human and porcine beta-LPH . The data also establish the linkage between beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin as a Lys-Arg sequence . It is hoped that this cloned DNA can be used as a probe to study the expression and structure of the ACTH/LPH gene.

J Lab Clin Med, 1979 May, 93(5), 857 - 66
Influence of cationic local anesthetics on the metabolism and ultrastructure of human alveolar macrophages; Hoidal JR et al.; The concentrations of cationic local anesthetics present in effluents from subsegmental bronchoscopic lavage were determined . Subsequently, the effect of these agents on lavaged human AM was evaluated in vitro . The results indicate that concentrations of LDC that may alter human AM function are present in effluents during routine subsegmental bronchopulmonary lavage . LDC and TRC in a dose-dependent fashion rapidly inhibited oxygen consumption and superoxide anion (O-2.) release by unstimulated human AM or AM stimulated by bacteria or the membrane-active chemical PMA . Concentrations of 2 mM TRC or 16 mM LDC reduced O2 consumption and O-2 . release by unstimulated AM by more than 70% and blocked the usual spurt in O2 uptake and O-2 . release observed for stimulated AM . This inhibition was not due to cytotoxicity, since washing n a balanced salt solution restored the metabolic function of treated AM . TRC or LDC also had effects on the morphology of washed human AM, causing rounding of the cell surface (scanning electron microscopy) . In summary, the findings show that anesthetic agents routinely present in lavage effluents have the capacity to alter the function and structure of human AM . Although the effect must be considered in the design and interpretation of studies using AM obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage, the cationic anesthetics may also prove to be valuable agents for evaluating cell membrane-related events of human AM.

Arch Toxicol, 1979 Apr 23, 42(1), 1 - 18
The chemical and biochemical reactivity of dichlorvos; Wright AS et al.; The chemical structure, reactivity and metabolic fate of the insecticide dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) are discussed in relation to the possible genotoxicity of this and other methyl phosphate triesters . Recent attempts to demonstrate the methylation of DNA following exposure of bacteria and animals to dichlorvos are reviewed . On the basis of comparative data relating mutagenesis to methylation reactions, it seems entirely appropriate to conclude that the mutagenicity of dichlorvos to bacteria is due solely to methylation of the bacterial DNA under the conditions of these tests . However, the methylation of mammalian DNA could not be demonstrated under realistic exposure conditions (when the alkylating mutagen methyl methanesulphonate afforded clearly measurable methylation) . The failure to detect methylation by dichlorvos in vivo is attributed to the operation of highly efficient enzyme-catalysed biotransformations which rely largely on the phosphorylating reactivity of dichlorvos . The biotransformation pathways, characterised mostly in the rat, appear to be common also to pig, mouse, hamster, and man.

Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1979 Apr 11, 204(1155), 235 - 50
'Cells' and 'organisms' as a habitat for DNA; Richmond MH; Although the bulk of the hereditary information in bacteria is organized as a single chromosome, it has been known for some years now that bacteria may also carry pieces of self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA . These units are known as plasmids . Sometimes such plasmids carry the information necessary to give rise to mature bacterial viruses under appropriate conditions, but in other cases they specify the production of enzymes and other proteins which alter the bacterial phenotype . Plasmids are often inessential for survival of bacteria, although they may widen the range of environmental conditions under which they flourish . Thus plasmids may be thought of as adventitious additions to the genetic content of bacterial cells . Recently it has become clear that furthur organizational units of DNA are to be found in bacterial cells . These units are called insertion sequences and transposons . Unlike plasmids and the chromosome, however, these DNA units do not carry enough genetic information to specify their own independent replication: they must rely on plasmids or the chromosome for that purpose . Nevertheless they behave in many respects as independent functional units . Although it is possible to think of the chromosome, plasmids and transposons/insertion sequences as three distinct hierarchies of bacterial DNA, genes may move from one hierarchy to another; and such transitions have important implications for the evolution of bacterial populations . Moreover, their study in bacteria may throw much light on the type of DNA interactions occurring in higher cells.

Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1979 Apr 11, 204(1155), 189 - 98
Possible evolutionary significance of spirochaetes; Margulis L et al.; Large symbiotic spirochaetes of the family Pillotaceae (e.g . pillotinas) are found in dry wood and subterranean termites (Hollande & Garagozlou 1967) . These morphologically distinctive spirochaetes comprise several genera . Some of them contain microtubules within their protoplasmic cylinders . They demonstrate a variety of relations with their termite and protist hosts . Some are free-living within the lumen of the intestine, some tend to be associated with filamentous and other bacteria, some are found regularly coursing between the numerous undulipodia ( = eukaryotic flagella, cilia, and other (9 + 2) organelles of motility) of hypermastigotes and polymastigotes . Still other smaller termite spirochaetes are regularly attached to protists via specialized attachment sites . Some even form motility symbiosis with their host protists . The analogy between the behaviour of host-associated spirochaetes and the possible steps in the origin of the undulipodia and mitotic system of eukaryotes is discussed briefly.

Med Clin (Barc), 1979 Apr 10, 72(7), 306 - 10
{Bile acids . I . Nature, physiology, and functions (author's transl)}; Frison JC et al.; Bile acids play a fundamental role in the degradation and absorption of intestinal lipids . The primary ones are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid which are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and conjugate with taurine and glycine amino acids . The secondary bile acids are derived from the primary ones by the enzyme action of intestinal bacteria through a process of deconjugation and dehydroxylation . Their detergent property is based on the molecular configuration of these compounds, which present a hydrophilic and a hydrotion of these compounds, which present a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic surface . The different enzymes in the liver cells that intervene in the process of synthesis of bile acids are now known . A basic element in their physiology is the enterohepatic circulation, enabling the organism to take maximum advantage of these compounds . The dynamics of the cycle are maintained and regulated by the system of uptake and secretion of the cells, cholecystokinin, intestinal peristalsis, active transport across the ileal membrane, and by portal venous flow . Much of our knowledge about the biogenesis and functions of the bile acids has been acquired quite recently . Research over the past three decades has contributed to a great advance in our understanding of their physiology.

Lancet, 1979 Apr 7, 1(8119), 750 - 1
Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from blood; Edelstein PH et al.; Legionella pneumophila has been isolated, with an in-vitro method, from the blood of a patient with fatal legionnaires' disease.

J Cell Biol, 1979 Apr, 81(1), 123 - 36
Generation of asymmetry during development . Segregation of type-specific proteins in Caulobacter; Agabian N et al.; An essential event in developmental processes is the introduction of asymmetry into an otherwise undifferentiated cell population . Cell division in Caulobacter is asymmetric; the progeny cells are structurally different and follow different sequences of development, thus providing a useful model system for the study of differentiation . Because the progeny cells are different from one another, there must be a segregation of morphogenetic and informational components at some time in the cell cycle . We have examined the pattern of specific protein segregation between Caulobacter stalked and swarmer daughter cells, with the rationale that such a progeny analysis would identify both structurally and developmentally important proteins . To complement the study, we have also examined the pattern of protein synthesis during synchronous growth and in various cellular fractions . We show here, for the first time, that the association of proteins with a specific cell type may result not only from their periodicity of synthesis, but also from their pattern of distribution at the time of cell division . Several membrane-associated and soluble proteins are segregated asymmetrically between progeny stalked and swarmer cells . The data further show that a subclass of soluble proteins becomes associated with the membrane of the progeny stalked cells . Therefore, although the principal differentiated cell types possess different synthetic capabilities and characteristic proteins, the asymmetry between progeny stalked and swarmer cells is generated primarily by the preferential association of specific soluble proteins with the membrane of only one daughter cell . The majority of the proteins which exhibit this segregation behavior are synthesized during the entire cell cycle and exhibit relatively long, functional messenger RNA half-lives.

Immun Infekt, 1979 Apr, 7(2), 52 - 6
{Cefoxitin and cefuroxim concentrations after intravenous administration in sputum of patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)}; Zimmermann I et al.; On 24 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis the Cefuroxim and Cefoxitin concentrations in the sputum were investigated during 11 days after intravenous injections . The concentrations of Cefuroxim were above the minimal concentrations necessary to block growing of bacteria . Cefoxitin showed lower concentrations . Different pharmacokinetics for both of the test substances may be responsible for the different results.

Immun Infekt, 1979 Apr, 7(2), 40 - 5
{The mycoplasma-pneumonia . A model for the study of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases (author's transl)}; Brunner H; The known mechanisms of pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae are discussed . In addition, evidence is provided for the participation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of M . pneumoniae disease . In a working hypothesis the stimulation of a protective and/or a reactive immune response is postulated, depending on the predisposition of the host, the infecting dose, the frequency of contact and the virulence of the organisms . Because well studied animal models are available, the Mycoplasma-Pneumonia is well suited to investigate the pathogenesis of infections caused by bacteria and the defense of the host.

Isr J Med Sci, 1979 Apr, 15(4), 301 - 4
Patterns of gastrointestinal neoplasms in Israel; Modan B; Review of the incidence of gastrointestinal neoplasms in Israel reveals that gastric and colorectal cancers present a major problem in the country . Diet has been postulated as a possible etiologic factor on the basis of a) an indirect correlation between disease incidence and the consumption of various food constituents, b) animal experimentation, and c) case-control dietary studies . Studies conducted in Israel point to high starch consumption as a risk factor in gastric cancer and low fiber intake as a risk factor in colon cancer . Mechanisms by which fiber may exert its protective effect include shortening of intestinal transit time, bulkier stool, lowered absorption of potential carcinogens, reduction of the conversion of bile salts to potentially carcinogenic sterols, interference with the cholesterol pool and a lower ratio of anaerobic:aerobic bacteria in the intestinal flora . The potential effect of excessive starch consumption is unclear, although it may facilitate the formation of nitrosamines.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1979 Apr, 148(4), 571 - 5
The effects of a minidose of heparin on peritonitis in rats; O'Leary JP et al.; Sprague-Dawley rats with peritonitis treated with either a subcutaneous or intraperitoneal minidose of heparin show a significant increase in survival time when compared with controls . In the treatment groups, adhesions and abscesses were less severe and localized to the area of gangrenous bowel . Heparin also significantly reduced the incidence of recovery of viable bacteria from the blood and peritoneal cavity . These findings may be related to a decreased deposition of fibrinogen within the abdomen or to the early mobilization of fibrin.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Apr, 97(4), 730 - 4
The morphology of human conjunctival mucus; Adams AD; Normal human conjuctival mucus was examined by permeable membrane filter (Millipore) surface biopsy and instillation of India ink . It exists in solution in the tear film, as clusters of granules, as granular sheets, and as strands, the latter often arranged as a network . This mucus network entraps exfoliated epithelial cells, miscellaneous surface debris, carbon particles (from the India ink) and bacteria, and stains positively for lipid . Blinking causes both collapse of this mucus network into a single strand and movement of this strand to the medial canthus, where it compacts and is pushed onto the skin surface . There it dries and either falls off or is removed by rubbing . It is suggested that the formation and collapse of this mucus network represents a system for removing exfoliated surface cells and debris, infection and foreign particles, and lipid-contaminated mucus from the surface of the normal eye.

Ann Intern Med, 1979 Apr, 90(4), 496 - 9
Pathology of Legionnaires' disease; Carrington CB; The acute lesion in Legionnaires' disease pneumonia is an acute fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia in which the alveoli are filled with many neutrophils and macrophages and abundant fibrin . There is only slight necrosis . Although characteristic, the lesion is not specific for this agent . However, the association with this lesion of myriad small pleomorphic rods, which stain well with Dieterle's silver-impregnation method but poorly or not at all with Gram-type stains, is uncommon except in Legionnaires' disease pneumonia . Final diagnosis requires isolation of the organism or immunofluorescent studies of the tissue, sera or both . The full spectrum of the pneumonia is not known, but organization has been reported once . No definite anatomic correlate for the extrathoracic manifestations of Legionnaires' disease has been identified nor has the organism been found at extrathoracic sites.

Am J Med Technol, 1979 Apr, 45(4), 297 - 301
Granulocyte transfusion therapy: state of the art; Gallicchio VS; Previously, granulocyte transfusion therapy was impractical due to insufficient yields obtained from normal donors . With the advent of such technical advances as continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) and filtration leukapheresis (FL), the procurement of sufficient amounts of normal donor neutrophils becomes feasible . These techniques have allowed normal granulocytic cells to be infused into patients with a wide variety of granulocytopenic disorders related to infections which, without therapy, could prove fatal . In conditions in which normal granulopoiesis has become insufficient or when used to assist antibiotics in their fight against infection, granulocyte transfusion has been shown to be of definite clinical value.

Vet Rec, 1979 Mar 24, 104(12), 260 - 2
A passive haemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism; Fernie DS et al.; A passive haemagglutination test (PHT) which has been developed for the detection of antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO) in serum is described . Samples from each of 30 mares with metritis were positive with titres in the range 256 to 4096 . Samples from each of 239 clinically normal mares and 30 colts and fillies believed not to have been exposed to CEMO were negative with titres of less than 256, the majority of samples (97 per cent) showing a titre of 32 or less.

Vet Rec, 1979 Mar 17, 104(11), 228 - 31
Aspects of genital infection and swabbing techniques in the mare; Allen WE et al.; The three groups of bacteria that cause endometritis in the mare are reviewed . The different methods of swabbing are assessed and the criteria which should be observed when developing a swabbing technique listed . The choice of speculum and swabs available are described.

JAMA, 1979 Mar 16, 241(11), 1132 - 3
Leukemia in workers exposed to ethylene oxide; Hogstedt C et al.; Ethylene oxide, a gaseous sterilant extensively used within health care facilities, is known to be a mutagen in bacteria and in human lymphocytes . The Environmental Protection Agency as well as the National Institue of Occupational Safety and Health have recently stipulated certain conditions for the use of ethylene oxide despite the lack of case reports or epidemiologic studies concerning carcinogenicity . We report three cases of leukemia that occurred between 1972 and 1977 in a relatively small group of Swedish workers exposed to ethylene oxide . According to national statistics, 0.2 cases of leukemia would have been expected . The time-weighted average ethylene oxide concentration was 20+/-10 ppm.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Mar 15, 545(3), 424 - 8
Isolation of Desulfuromonas acetoxidans cytochrome c-551.5 from the mixed culture 'Chloropseudomonas ethylica'; Fiechtner MD et al.; The mixed culture 'Chloropseudomonas ethylica' strain 2K has been grown on a medium which enhanced the yield of cytochrome c-551.5 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans . The cytochrome was purified to homogeneity and an isoelectric point of 8.40 was determined . A determination of the amide content indicated that the cytochrome contains two more amides than previously reported.

Head Neck Surg, 1979 Mar-Apr, 1(4), 301 - 12
Radiation therapy of the oral cavity: sequelae and management, part 1; Beumer J 3rd et al.; This is the first article in a two-part series dealing with the effects and manifestations in the oral cavity of radiation therapy of head and neck tumors . In this section, oral mucous membranes, taste buds, edema and trismus, diet, salivary glands, bone, periodontium, teeth, and composition of oral flora are discussed . Dental management of the dentulous patient is then approached; criteria for preradiation extraction are delineated . In the next issue of Head & Neck Surgery, the final article in this series will discuss preradiation and postradiation extractions and will elaborate on the dental management (fluoride treatments, follow-up, and restorative care) of the dentulous patient . Dental management of the edentulous patient will also be presented.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1979 Mar-May, 5(2-3), 203 - 6
Promotion of liver tumors by steroid hormones; Desser-Wiest L; PIP: There now appears to be a good correlation between long-term steroid treatment and the incidence of liver tumors . Certain changes in the liver cells after steroid treatment have been observed and are of the same nature as changes in livers with cirrhosis or viral hepatitis . These 2 diseases are known to have a high liver tumor incidence rate . Some steroids are known to be active as cocarcinogenic substances during the growth of liver tumors induced by different carcinogens . Many indices indicate that steroid hormones induce or promote tumors, but the mechanism of action remains unknown . Goldfarb (1976) proposed that these steroids may be lowgrade carcinogens or that they may be converted into carcinogenic compounds through partial degradation by intestinal bacteria or by drug metabolizing systems in hepatocytes . A different model is proposed to clarify the mechanism of steroid action and its relation to the induction of liver tumors . The physiological rate of cell renewal in the lives of adult rats is constant . At any time 1% of the liver cells are in the DNA synthesis phase and 0.001% are in mitosis . During pregnancy or after removal or destruction of liver cells, the rate of cell proliferation increases greatly . The intensity of cell proliferation in the liver of rats depends on the concentration of biologically active corticosterone in the blood . After total adrenalectomy of adult male rats, the corticosterone level in the serum declines in the 1st and 2nd postoperative days from 5 mcg/100 ml of serum to an undetectable amount . The inhibitory effect of the corticosteroids on DNA synthesis in liver cells "in vitro" is well known . It is assumed that corticosterone is an inhibitor of cell proliferation in the liver and that reduction or elimination of corticosterone results in cell proliferation in the liver . Elimination of corticosterone cannot be effected by adrenalectomy in male rats . Theoretically it is shown that the stimulation by progesterone results in inactivation of corticosterone . No significant differences are observed between the corticosterone concentrations in control and pregnant rats, but there is a significant increase of progesterone . The injection of progesterone stimulates mitoses in the liver with the number of mitoses being dependent on the amount and the number of injections of this hormone .

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 37(3), 399 - 401
Spoilage association of chicken skin; Daud HB et al.; The bacterial succession on the skin of broiler chicken carcasses stored at 2 degrees C was traced, and the ability of representative isolates to produce off-odors was determined by using sterile leg and breast muscle sections . Off-odors were identified by olfactory and chemical means . The inability of peptone-iron agar to detect sulfide-producing strains was noted.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1979 Mar, 10(3), 389 - 92
A modification of the dialytrode for simultaneous CNS recording and chemical stimulation; Cornish KG et al.; Currently, chemical stimulation of the brain is done either with a single cannula that is inserted at the time the drug is delivered or with two cannulae that permit perfusion of the area of interest . The dialytrode is a push-pull cannula consisting of two concentric tubes, a porous membrane covering the tip of the tubing and a platinum wire loop that extends around the membrane and is used for EEG recordings . Studies with the dialytrode indicate that while the membrane is relatively impermeable to bacteria, molecules the size of neurotransmitters pass easily through the membrane . Therefore, the dailytrode is well suited for chronic chemical stimulation studies.

Nord Vet Med, 1979 Mar, 31(3), 114 - 21
{Factors affecting cell counts in milk from individual cows (author's transl)}; Syrstad O et al.; The number of somatic cells was determined in samples from approx . 700 cows in 70 herds, altogether 2570 samples . The average cell count was 250 thousands per ml with range from 7 thousands to 5 mill . The data were analysed with respect to effect of age of the cow, stage of lactation, and test day yield . The analyses showed that the cell count was strongly affected by age and yield . The effect of yield is removed by multiplying the recorded cell count by milk yield (cell count in thousands per ml times milk yield in kg congruent to total cell count in mill.) . The cell count increases approximately linearly by increasing age of the cow up to 9--10 years, when it is about five times as large as for two-year-old cows . This increase is partly caused by a higher frequency of infection in older cows, but there was a distinct trend in the same direction even for cows which were noninfected when the sample was collected . After elimination of the effect of yield there was a slight drop in the cell count by advancing lactation.

J Lab Clin Med, 1979 Mar, 93(3), 472 - 9
Monocyte functional and metabolic activity in malignant and inflammatory diseases; Kitahara M et al.; Macrophages or monocytes produce CL upon exposure to ingestible particles such as opsonized zymosan or bacteria . In previous studies, we have demonstrated that activated macrophages from mice produce significantly more CL than do normal macrophages . In the present study, we have utilized the CL assay as well as 14C-1-glucose utilization to assess monocyte metabolic activity in a variety of malignant, infectious, and inflammatory diseases . Monocyte peak CL was significantly increased above control values (20.9 +/- 0.5 (S.E.) X 10(3) cpm) in 25 patients with lymphoma (26.7 +/- 1.5 x 10(3)) . Markedly increased CL was also seen in inflammatory processes such as bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis (32.2 +/- 2.7 x 10(3)) . In contrast, monocytes from patients with solid tumors, including carcinomas of breast and gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, had peak CL values (22.4 +/- 1.6 x 10(3) which were not significantly different from controls . When studied by determining 14C-1-glucose utilization, hexose monophosphate shunt activity paralleled CL values . Monocyte metabolic activation appears therefore to accompany ongoing infectious or granulomatous processes and may also be present in certain malignancies associated with reticuloendothelial stimulation.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Mar, 85(3), 633 - 9
Properties of unprimed poly(A)-poly(U) synthesis by Caulobacter crescentus RNA polymerase; Ikehara K et al.; Some properties of unprimed poly(A)-poly(U) synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Caulobacter crescentus were examined . The reaction required ATP and UTP as substrates and manganese as a divalent cation . Rifampicin completely inhibited the reaction at a concentration of 1 micron/ml, and the enzyme catalyzed the polymer synthesis well regardless of the presence of GTP, CTP or both . The chain length of the poly(A)-poly(U) synthesized was about one hundred base pairs, as estimated from a sedimentation velocity and the molar ratio of {3H}AMP to {gamma-32P}ATP incorporated into the poly(A)-poly(U) . The reaction was dependent on the square of the enzyme concentration and the enzyme dimers formed complexes with poly(A)-poly(U) during the reaction.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Mar, 97(3), 470 - 2
Evaluation of soft contact lens disinfection in the home environment; Pitts RE et al.; Recent reports of bacterial corneal ulcers in cosmetic soft contact lens wearers prompted an evaluation of one possible source of contamination, inadequate home disinfection of the lenses . Twenty-nine patients were asked to come for an early morning examination . They were told not to wear their lenses so their usual home disinfection procedure could be observed . On arrival, extensive bacterial and fungal cultures were taken of the solution in the previously unopened cases . Ten of the 29 patients (34.5%) had contaminated cases . Some patients did not follow the manufacturer's disinfection guidelines . The current disinfection procedure has repeatedly proven adequate in the laboratory . However, the practical fact is that a substantial percentage (34.5% in this study) of soft lens wearers are inadequately disinfecting their lenses . This serves as a possible source of contamination leading to bacterial corneal ulcers.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1979 Mar, 174(3), 333 - 41
{Retinal detachment surgery: Incidence and causes of silicone sponge implant rejection}; Hanselmayer H et al.; In 51 patients with retinal detachments silicone sponge implants have been applicated . In 9 of these cases (17,6%) the implants had to be removed 3 weeks to 16 months postoperatively because of inflammatory reactions . The influence of these complications on the healing of the retinal detachment is considered as relatively unimportant . In light- and electron-microscopic examinations we could establish that the reactions are mainly caused by infections (which primarily spread within the caves of the sponge implants) . Chronic infections caused by so-called apathogenic bacteria are more frequent than acute infections by so-called pathogenic micro-organisms . A foreign body reaction could be proved only in one case, in which the sponge was loosened and displaced . Defence reactions against the foreign body material probably develop only if mechanical irritation of the tissue is caused by the sponge material.

Plast Reconstr Surg, 1979 Mar, 63(3), 323 - 32
Why do skin grafts fail?
Teh BT.
Fibrin is shown to be the agent responsible for the adherence of biological dressings and of autografts to wounds . Its presence is associated with graft success, and its absence with graft failure . The results suggest that the deposition of fibrin provides the basis for the anti-bacterial actions of biological dressings and for the sterilization of the wound under adherent autografts . The total number of bacteria per gram of tissue in the wound, though important, is not critical to the result of skin grafting . The mechanism by which different organisms cause grafts to fail is by the production of plasmin and proteolytic enzymes which dissolve the important fibrin scaffold--thus ensuring their own survival . Thus, it is the levels of these (and the numbers of organisms efficient in producing them) which cause success or failure of applied skin grafts.

Stomatol DDR, 1979 Mar, 29(3), 244 - 51
{Apicoectomy}; Muller W; Apicectomy is a supplement to conservative therapy in those cases in which the latter fails to achieve bacteria-proof obturation . Indications for it are presented . The technique of the procedure, which has widely been standardized in the last years, is appreciated in detail . Hints at the evaluation of the results of treatment are given.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Mar, 47(3), 267 - 74
Wound healing following curettement of bifurcation abscesses of human primary molars; Meyer FW et al.; Forty-five abscessed human mandibular primary molars with bifurcation radiolucency were subjected to a two-stage formocresol treatment of the pulp chamber . On the first appointment, an elliptical patch of buccal mucosa was removed . Bony defects varied from 2 mm . to more than 4 mm . in diameter . Periapical radiographs were used to record changes in bone development . Punch biopsy specimens were taken from the bifurcation area of some subjects from 2 weeks up to a year after surgical curettement . Biopsied tissue was studied by electron and light microscopy to examine wound healing of the bifurcation, revealing an early proliferation of fibroblasts with extracellular collagen fibers . Some of the fibroblasts exhibited an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum, scattered free ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles which are normally observed in healthy fibroblasts . Histologic and clinical evaluation support the treatment tested for retention of previously abscessed primary molars.

J Lab Clin Med, 1979 Mar, 93(3), 506 - 14
Effects of a chemotactic factor, N-formylmethionyl peptide, on adherence, superoxide anion generation, phagocytosis, and microtubule assembly of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Boxer LA et al.; FMLP promoted microtubule assembly in PMNs at concentrations which were chemotactic for the cells . At higher concentrations than those required for chemotaxis, FMLP enhanced the adherence of PMNs to nylon glass fibers . With colchicine, PMN adherence was inhibited, but upon exposure to FMLP, PMN adherence could be restored . The effect of FMLP on PMN adherence was transitory and was no longer evident by 5 min . At concentrations similar to those employed in the adherence studies . FMLP induced the cells to briefly generate O-2, since ferricytochrome C reduction was no longer evident by 5 min . Pretreatment of the PMNs with cytochalasin B enhanced the release of O-2 by PMNs exposed to FMLP . On the other hand, there was no effect of FMLP on phagocytosis of C3-coated particles . These results suggest that FMLP induces responsive cells to develop a hyperadherent plasma membrane which is largely independent on microtubule control . Since oligopeptides similar of AMLP are formed in bacteria, it is likely that the action of N-formylated peptides is important in regulating the inflammatory response.

J Dent Res, 1979 Mar, 58(3), 1127 - 23
Serum proteins and secretory component in human carious dentin; Okamura K et al.; By the use of the peroxidase-labeled antibody method, significant localization of IgG, IgA, albumin and transferrin was demonstrated in the deep lesion of 20 carious teeth, where the secretory component was absent . These serum proteins formed a distinct zone, surrounding the overlying, shallow lesion infected with bacteria.

Biken J, 1979 Mar, 22(1), 1 - 10
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-inhibitory factor of Bordetella pertussis . II . Localization in the outer membrane; Imagawa T et al.; The outer and inner membranes and cytoplasm of spheroplasts of a strain of phase I B . pertussis were fractionated by density gradient centrifugation . The high density vesicles of the outer membranes isolated had the "Pili" characteristic of the bacteria and the same antigenicty as the bacterial surface . Activities for inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were also almost exclusively localized in this outer membrane fraction . The histamine-sensitizing activity was more dispersed, but its specific activity was also highest in the outer membrane fraction . These results suggest that molecules carrying these activities, which are probably different entities together with the tissue-adhesive pili, form a virulence complex on the surface of phase I organisms of B . pertussis.

Clin Sci (Lond), 1979 Feb, 56(2), 121 - 31
Structural and functional alterations in the mucosa of self-filling intestinal blind loops in rats; Menge H et al.; 1 . Self-filling blind loops of jejunum were constructed in three groups of rats; in the first, blind loops were created without further manipulation; in the second the bile was diverted permanently into the lower ileum below the blind loop, whereas in a third neomycin was added to the drinking water throughout the experiment . Two weeks after the creation of the blind loops, they were used for structural and functional studies . 2 . Morphometric and microdissection techniques demonstrated that the surface area of the individual villi of the mucosa of 'ordinary' blind loops had increased fourfold in comparison with corresponding control jejunum, whereas the increase was only twofold in rats with bile diversion or in the series treated with neomycin . There were proportional increases in crypt length and mitotoic activity of the crypts in all three series, which suggest that the alterations in the mucosa were due to hyperplasia in both villus and crypt compartments . 3 . Sucrase, succinate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterase activities, determined biochemically or histochemically, were reduced in the mucosae of all blind loops, though the changes were most pronounced in the 'ordinary' blind loops . The accumulation of L-phenylalanine by mucosal slices in vitro was depressed, although the decrease was less marked in the series treated with neomycin . 4 . These results suggest that both bacteria and deconjugated bile acids play a role in the development of the hyperplastic changes of the blind-loop mucosa, but that another factor might also be involved: as a possible candidate, stasis of the intestinal contents was considered . 5 . To test this hypothesis, loops of rat colon were transposed into the jejunum . Above the transposed loop, the jejunal mucosa developed hyperplasia of both villus and crypt compartments, with a reduction in its ability to accumulate L-phenylalanine . It is argued that these changes, probably caused by stasis of the intestinal contents, are triggered off by the dilatation of the gut, which may also be implicated in the mucosal alterations in blind loops.

Ann Intern Med, 1979 Feb, 90(2), 230 - 42
Factitious fever and self-induced infection: a report of 32 cases and review of the literature; Aduan RP et al.; We review in detail the syndromes of factitious fever and self-induced infection, with discussion of 32 cases studied at the National Institutes of Health and the extensive English language literature . In addition, we describe the nature of the underlying psychiatric illnesses and present guidelines for the diagnosis and management of these patients.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Feb, 32(2), 238 - 40
{Clinical study of CS-1170 in children (author's transl)}; Nagamatsu K et al.; CS-1170 was administered to 9 cases of the pediatric field . The clinical effect was good in 6 cases, fair in 2, and poor in one . The doses ranged from 80 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, and an intravenous injection of 300 mg/kg was given in only one case . In the poor case, continuous instillation of 100 mg/kg was given . In the 2 fair cases, the patients with septicemia received 80 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively . There was no improvement in clinical findings, but the bacteria alone disappeared . As side effects, vasalgia due to intravenous injection was observed in 2 cases, but it disappared by the intravenous injection of 500 mg dissolved in 10 ml . No case showed eruption, diarrhea, or acidophilia . GOT or GPT increased in no case either.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 37(2), 303 - 9
Oxidation of methane in the absence of oxygen in lake water samples; Panganiban AT Jr et al.; Methane was oxidized to carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen by water samples from Lake Mendota, Madison, Wis . The anaerobic oxidation of methane did not result in the assimilation of carbon from methane into material precipitable by cold 10% trichloracetic acid . Only samples taken at the suface of the sediment of Lake Mendota were capable of catalyzine the anaerobic oxidation of methane . The rate of methane oxidation in the presence of oxygen was highest in samples taken from near the thermocline . Of the radioactive methane oxidized, 30 to 60% was assimilated into material precipitable by cold 10% trichloroacetic acid during aerobic incubation of the samples . These data support the conclusion that two distinct groups of methane-oxidizing organisms occur in stratifield lakes . Enrichments with acetate and methane as the sole sources of carbon and energy and sulfate as the electron acceptor resulted in the growth of bacteria that oxidize methane . Sulfate, acetate, and methane were all required for growth of enrichments . Acetate was not oxidized to carbon dioxide but was assimilated by cells . Methane was not assimilated but was oxidized to carbon dioxide in the absence of air.

Dig Dis Sci, 1979 Feb, 24(2), 136 - 44
Analysis of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis; Bar-Meir S et al.; In order to determine the composition of "normal" ascitic fluid, the results of analysis of the first paracentesis on 347 consecutive cirrhotic patients with ascites at the West Haven Veterans Administration Hospital between 1955 and 1976 were examined . The ascites was considered "normal" in 259 patients . Bacterial peritonitis was present in 51, malignant ascites in 18, pancreatitic ascites in 15, and ascites of other types in 4 patients . Normal ascites is sterile, usually clear, and contains 281 +/- 25 leukocytes/mm3 (mean +/- SEM), 27 +/- 2% of which are polymorphonuclear . In spontaneous bacterial peritonitis the fluid is usually cloudy, contains 6084 +/- 858 white blood cells/mm3, 77 +/- 4% of which were PMN and culture is positive for a single bacterial species, usually enteric in origin . Malignant and pancreatitis ascites are sterile, often cloudy, and contain an average of 696 +/- 273 and 1821 +/- 833 leukocytes/mm3, respectively, about half of which are polymorphonuclear . Amylase activity is increased in pancreatitic ascites, but not in other types of ascites . Stained smears of sediment for bacteria are often positive in bacterial peritonitis, but not in the other categories . Neither the specific gravity, protein concentration, nor glucose level is useful in the differential diagnosis of ascites . Based on the critical number of leukocytes alone, (500/mm3), one can accurately differentiate infected from uninfected fluid in over 90% of ascitic patients.

Mutat Res, 1979 Feb, 59(2), 273 - 83
Development of a liquid-holding technique for the study of DNA-repair in human diploid fibroblasts; Simons JW; Liquid-holding conditions can be obtained for human diploid skin fibroblasts by keeping confluent cultures stationary over periods of 7 days or longer by means of conditioned medium . Under this condition recovery of radiation damage induced by ultraviolet light or X-rays is observed as an increase in cloning efficiency . The amount of recovery when expressed in a dose-modifying-factor appears higher than in bacteria and yeast . The repair-deficient human cell strains XP25Ro and XP7Be (xeroderma pigmentosum from complementation groups A and D respectively) exhibit less but still discernible recovery after UV-irradiation and the same was observed for AT5Bi (ataxia telangiectasia) after X-irradiation . Experiments on mutation induction indicated that the repair which takes place during liquid holding of UV-irradiated XP7Be cells reduces the mutant frequency considerably while after liquid holding of UV-irradiated wild-type cells the same or lower mutant frequencies were found for the lower exposures and the same or higher mutant frequencies for the higher exposures.

J Clin Periodontol, 1979 Feb, 6(1), 3 - 14
Periodontal dressing materials; Watts TL et al.; A detailed review of periodontal dressings is presented, covering physical, chemical and biological aspects . Areas requiring further research are outlined, particularly in the physico-chemical sphere; and some contra-indications to particular substances are described . It is concluded that there is a definite place for dressings, but that more knowledge is required before optimal properties can be developed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 9(2), 294 - 6
Compact anaerobic glove box for hospitals and research laboratories; Dickman MD et al.; An anaerobic glove box designed for moderate-sized hospitals or research laboratories is described . The compact vinyl and metal enclosure becomes anaerobic rapidly after inflation, requires no vacuum pump, and provides incubator space equivalent to 15 standard anaerobic jars.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Feb, 62(2), 429 - 36
In vivo antitumor activity of various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice; Lagrange PH et al.; Relationships among various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and nonspecific resistance to Lewis lung tumor were studied in syngeneic and semisyngeneic mice . Only the tuberculin type of DTH obviated a virulent inoculum of 10(6) tumor cells . The Jones-Mote type of DTH, even modified by cyclophosphamide pretreatment, produced a significant local inflammatory reaction which was unable to destroy tumor cells . The antitumor effect of the tuberculin type was observed in BCG-or in Corynbacterium parvum-immune mice and also in sheep red blood cell-immunized mice, but only after the modulating effect of BCG . The antitumor activity of the DTH reaction was anatomically restricted and time related, and it required local persistence of specific antigen . A minimal number of bacteria, 1 times 10(6) living or heat-killed BCG organisms, were equally able to eradicate 10(5) tumor cells in BCG-immune mice . Biphasic effects on tumor growth were observed when systemic specific inflammatory reactions were elicited in BCG-immune mice . However, tumor-specific immunity was never observed, inasmuch as BCG-immune mice surviving injection of a mixture of BCG and tumor cells did not resist a second tumor cell challenge.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 25(2), 192 - 200
Properties of malate dehydrogenase isolated from Methanospirillum hungatii; Sprott GD et al.; A NADH-linked oxygen-tolerant malate dehydrogenase was purified 270-fold from cell extracts of Methanospirillum hungatii . Inhibitors of the enzyme included ADP, alpha-ketoglutarate, and excess NADH . Inhibition patterns for ADP were competitive with respect to NADH and non-competitive with respect to oxalacetate . Inhibition by alpha-ketoglutarate was non-competitive with oxalacetate as variable substrate and uncompetitive with respect to NADH . alpha-Ketoglutarate is surmised to function as an end-product inhibitor of the enzyme in reactions converting oxalacetate to alpha-ketoglutarate . No enzyme activity was detected in the direction of malate conversion to oxalacetate, in keeping with a strictly biosynthetic function of the enzyme . An analysis of variance of intial rate data fit to sequential and ping-pong equations showed that a sequential mechanism was perferred . The malate dehydrogenase of M . hungatii resembles those of many other bacteria and eucaryotic cells respect to molecular weight (61,700) and reaction mechanism, but may be regulated differently.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jan 16, 169(1), 113 - 6
Construction in vitro of "phage-plasmid" chimerae: a new tool to analyse the mechanism of plasmid maintenance; Couturier M et al.; In this paper, we report the construction in vitro of chimerae between lambdoid replacement vectors (Murray et al., 1977) and the miniF Apr plasmid: pSC138 (Timmis et al., 1975) . lambdaF recombinants were shown to be chimerae between the lambda and the F replicons . By genetical tests, we have demonstrated that both lambda and F replication mechanisms are functional: the lambdaF recombinant behaves as a non defective plaque forming phage on lambda sensitive bacteria and establishes itself as a stable plasmid on recA F- homoimmune bacteria . In the extra-chromosomal state, the lambdaF recombinant apparently retains the controlled autonomous replication and the FI incompatibility characteristics of the F plasmid . The potential experimental uses of these phages are discussed.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jan 10, 168(2), 141 - 51
Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants auxotrophic for 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate; Little JG et al.; Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic for deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) were isolated and characterized . Two distinct classes of auxotrophs were obtained . One class had a simple requirement for dTMP and was analogous to thymine-requiring bacteria . The second class required dTMP, adenine, histidine and methionine and this complex nutritional phenotype was due to defects in folate metabolism . The dTMP-dependent growth of respiratory-competent grande auxotrophs was found to be markedly affected by media composition and carbon source . In the absence of dTMP thymineless death occurred in both mutant classes.

Vet Rec, 1979 Jan 6, 104(1), 4 - 8
Diagnostic aspects of cerebrocortical necrosis; Edwin EE et al.; Specimens from cattle and sheep suspected of having cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) were studied . Rumenal contents were examined for thiaminase-producing bacteria . Thiaminase activity was assessed in rumenal contents . The thiamine concentration of liver, brain and heart was determined and erythrocyte transketolase assessed . Diagnosis in each case, whether positive or negative for CCN, was decided by histopathological examination . There was a substantial agreement between the biochemical findings and the histological diagnosis indicating that a provisional diagnosis may be made on clinical and biochemical data alone . The findings are discussed in relation to other diseases which have the same neuropathological features . Attempts to isolate thiaminase-producing bacteria, which may be implicated in the aetiology of CCN, were inconclusive.

Gut, 1979 Jan, 20(1), 16 - 21
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in Iran; Namdaran F et al.; Nineteen cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis all affecting adults and all involving the small intestine have been collected in two centres of Iran (Shiraz and Tehran) over a 20 year period, the pathological findings being divided into three groups: pure submucosal, combined submucosal and subserosal, and pure subserosal cysts . Experimental PCI was produced in cadavers using high pressure oxygen insuflation of the lungs, thus lending support to the theory that it has a mechanical origin . Other theories of aetiology include tumour, nutritional deficiencies, gas-forming organisms, alveolar rupture, and acid-base disturbance . In most of the cases presented high intraluminal pressure produced by obstruction appeared to force intraluminal gas through a breach in the mucosa into either the lymphatics or perivascular tissue to produce PCI . It is concluded that the aetiology in the vast majority of adult cases is mechanical in nature and that bacteria seem to play very little part, unlike their role in the PCI of infants.

Fed Proc, 1979 Jan, 38(1), 30 - 4
Phylogeny of fever; Kluger MJ; Vertebrates from fishes through mammals develop fevers in response to infection with various species of bacteria . In all vertebrates studied, these fevers were reduced by administering drugs known for their antipyretic properties in mammals . Based on the many similarities in the febrile response among the various vertebrate classes, it appears likely that fever is a primitive immunological response that has had a long phylogenetic history . The widespread occurrence of fever, an energetically expensive phenomenon, is further support for the hypothesis that fever is adaptive (beneficial to the infected host).

West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res, 1979, 5(1), 37 - 44
Medical treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries . Part II: Other venereal diseases; Osoba AO; Although gonorrhoea and syphilis are the better known of the sexually transmitted diseases, attention has been drawn to the other sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites . Although statistics are not available in most developing countries, herpes genitalis has been suggested as commoner than syphilis as a cause of genital ulceration while non-specific urethritis is commoner than gonorrhoea as a cause of urethritis . The incidence, clinical features and diagnostic procedures of syphilis, herpes genitalis, non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum and trichomoniasis have been briefly discussed . The management of these conditions in developing countries have been outlined.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(2), 181 - 5
{Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology? Part 4: On the reversibility of biologic/synthetic polymere systems (author's transl)}; Patschorke J; In further research on pseudophototropic behaviour in cellular membranes of halobacteria the reversibility of vinylmethylethermaleic anhydride-copolymeres with biological liquids is tested and the basic principles of different colour generating reactions are studied.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(1), 22 - 6
{Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology? Part 3: The pseudophototropic behaviour of the cell membrane of halobacteria (author's transl)}; Patschorke J; The behaviour of coloured membrane portions of "halobacteria" is studied with respect to spectral response and reversibility . The results are in good correlation with colour generating effects of pseudophototropic reactions . The disclosed and dicussed systems are in the range from purely synthetic to purely biological.

Poumon Coeur, 1979, 35(6), 367 - 73
{Local weather-condition and behaviour of anthropogenous aerosols : two examples (author's transl)}; Serpolay R; It is today accepted that the developing and propagating of epidemic diseases of the airways are sometimes related to some weather conditions and that, in this context, the complex aerosols such as fogs and smogs can play an important part in carrying viruses and bacteria . This communication intends to demonstrate two examples of how weather conditions can and must help to interprete the observations and measurements done on particles of atmospheric aerosols which are more or less derived from human activity . One of the examples is related to the study of variations of numerical concentrations of particles in an atmosphere under-saturated with respect to water . The other example is related to the development and extension of a phenomenon favouring the fog formation from a localized industrial source.

Cytobios, 1979, 26(103-104), 203 - 19
Comparative levels of lysozyme activity in larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella after particulate and soluble materials injection; Jarosz J et al.; Using an assay system for lysozyme activity determination in which haemolymph was compared in activity to known standards, the quantitative shifts in the lysozyme activity level of larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella, after particulate and soluble materials injection, were compared . The level of this activity in all injected larvae was higher fro that of pupae, but the immune response of pupae was more effective in all treatments when compared with activity in the non-injected controls . Furthermore, there was a significant higher level of lysozyme activity in pupae subjected to mechanical immunizing agents, except inversed pupae in which alternation in activity was not significantly different from activity in the corresponding nonexposed insects . Although the exact role of lysozyme in insect immunity is still uncertain, it is possible that this lysosomal enzyme may degrade the cell wall of susceptible parasites prior to being phagocytosed, and thereby act as a nonspecific inducible humoral defence molecule.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1979, 31, 669 - 74
Transport of diphtheria toxin A fragment across the plasma membrane; Pappenheimer AM Jr; The 60,000-dalton diphtheria toxin molecule is synthesized and released from the bacteria as a single polypeptide chain which may be subdivided into three functional regions of approximately equal length . There is an enzymically active 21,150-dalton A fragment extending from the N-terminal glycine residue to the first of the two disulfide bridges . This hydrophilic, negatively charged polypeptide must cross the plasma membrane of the target cell and reach the cytoplasm in order to inactivate EF-2 by ADP-ribosylation and thereby block protein synthesis . There is a C-terminal postiviely charged polypeptide sequence of 10,000--20,000 daltons which interacts with specific receptors present on the membranes of sensitive cells and which includes the second cystine disulfide . Between these two hydrophilic regions there is an hydrophobic zone which, when "unmasked," is capable of binding about 44 molecules of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and readily becomes inserted into membrane vesicles . It is suggested that the entry process involves an initial reversible interaction with membrane receptors, followed by an irreversible process in which the C-terminal region is released by a proteolytic cleavage, thus permitting the hydrophobic portion of the molecule to enter the lipid bilayer and form a channel through which the A fragment is drawn in an extended form to reach the cytoplasm.

Zentralbl Chir, 1979, 104(19), 1288 - 91
{Wound infections in orthopaedic surgery (author's transl)}; Kluge K; From 1967 to 1977 we analysed the healing of wounds from orthopaedic surgery . We directed our special attention to the results of the year 1977, as a result of efforts toward permanent hygienic education of the staff and personnel . We observed disturbed wound healing in 5,7% and manifest wound infections in 1,4% . The spectrum of pathogens consisted of 50% grampositive and gramnegative bacteria respectively.

Med Pediatr Oncol, 1979, 7(1), 77 - 81
Histoplasmosis mimicking childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma; Brodeur GM et al.; Cell surface markers are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoid diseases . We present a case of pulmonary histoplasmosis with a pleural effusion . The differential diagnosis included non-Hodgkin lymphoma because the pleural fluid cells were cytologically identical to convoluted lymphoblasts; the cells also formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C, suggesting that they were malignant thymus-derived lymphoblasts . Since cultures of pleural fluid were negative for bacteria and fungi, the correct diagnosis of histoplasmosis was made only after conventional histology identified Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in pleural nodules . Thus, until we have a better understanding of the significance of cell surface markers, we should continue to rely on conventional histology for the diagnosis of lymphomas.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 71(1-6), 73 - 84
{Epidemiological aspects relating to the determination of fosfomycin sensitivity: results of a study on 300 strains isolated in a hospital milieu in Turin}; Vanini GC et al.; The AA . evaluated the sensitivity to Fosfomycin and to other commonly used antibiotics of 105 bacterial strains isolated from hospital environment and 195 from pathological materials . They also studied the problem of bacterial resistence to Fosfomycin considering the frequency of "inner colonies" and of bacterial cross-resistance to other antibiotics.

Dermatologica, 1979, 159(Suppl 1), 60 - 9
{Soil as a reservoir of opportunistic mycostic agents}; Pereiro-Miguens M; We studied the soil as a reservoir of vegetable detritus, keratinous materials of birds, terrestrial animals and micro-organisms . In the last group we can mention the bacteria and fungi . We classified the opportunistic fungi in three groups: (1) parasites of plants or growing on the vegetable detritus; (2) geophylic dermatophytes; (3) pathogenic fungi that in some cases behave like opportunistic ones . In each group we studied the opportunistic fungi of the soil, their relations with it chemical and physical composition, the mycoflora and the role of animal habitats.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(1), 19 - 24
Nitrogen fixers in the rhizosphere of certain desert plants; Hamdi Y et al.; Six species of common desert range plants; Achillea sp., Aristida plumosa, Artemisia herba-alba, Haloxylon articulatum, and Heliotropium ramosissimum were colleted from Western Desert in Iraq . Counts of Azotobacter spp . and total bacteria were estimated in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils . Biomass and total nitrogen content of the plants were determined . The R/N ratio (ratio between rhizosphere to non-rhizosphere) for Azotobacter sp . ranged between 1 to 19.5 with an average of 4.96 . The number of Azotobacter in the rhizosphere ranged between 6.8 X 10(3) to 47 X 10(3) cells/g, while in the non-rhizosphere it ranged from 2 X 10(3) to 21 X 10(3) . Aristida plumosa harboured the highest number, i.e., 47 X 10(3) cells/g, while Artemisia herba-alba showed the least, i.e., 6.8 X 10(3) cells/g . Total counts of bacteria in the rhizosphere ranged between 17.2 X 10(6) and 97 X 10(6) cells/g, that of the non-rhizosphere between 1.5 X 10(6) and 18 X 10(6) cells/g . The R/N ratio ranged between 2.03 X 22.5 with an average of 7.28 . An appreciable gain of dry weight and total nitrogen was observed . Between 13 and 152 g with an average of 78.9 g dry weight and between 347 and 6684.0 mg with an average of 2452.0 mg nitrogen per plant were found . The possible contribution of Azotobacter to the nitrogen economy of the plants is discussed and further suggested.

J Nat Prod, 1979 Jan-Feb, 42(1), 103 - 11
Ultraviolet-mediated cytotoxic activity of phenylheptatriyne from Bidens pilosa L; Wat CK et al.; The tropical weed Bidens pilosa L . (Asteraceae) contains a number of polyacetylenes which are phototoxic to bacteria, fungi, and human fibroblast cells in the presence of sunlight, artificial sources of long-wave ultraviolet light, or cool-white fluorescent light . The principle photoactive compound in the leaf, phenylheptatriyne, is present in the cuticle as well as in the underlying cells . Experiments with calf thymus DNA indicate that, unlike photoactive furanocoumarins, phenylheptatriyne does not form interstrand cross linkages with DNA in ultraviolet light.

Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jan-Feb, 39(1), 17 - 25
{Histo-pathological features of African mycetomas (author's transl)}; Discamps G et al.; From a review of 94 original cases of mycetoma, a description of the most important histo-pathological features of these tumors is given . The microscopic diagnosis of mycetoma is easy and so is generally the identification of the responsible agent, either a bacteria or a fungus . In every case and specially in atypic ones a mycological study is necessary to ascertain the aetiological diagnosis.

Chemotherapy, 1979, 25(2), 77 - 82
A comparison of the in vitro activities of sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine combinations with trimethoprim; Kuipers JS; The sensitivity of 125 strains of 13 species or genera of bacteria to sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadiazine (SDZ), trimethoprim (TMP), SMZ + TMP and SDZ + TMP was determined by means of trays . A comparison of all combinations of the different concentrations used shows that SMZ + TMP is in 1 case and SDZ + TMP in 4 cases more effective against the 13 species or genera tested than the other combinations . SMZ and SDZ were equally effective in synergistic action (as shown by the FIC indices) against the various kinds of bacteria.

Biochimie, 1979, 61(1), 45 - 50
Is a metabolic control for the doubling of the macromolecule synthesizing machinery possible; Danchin A; The usual models for cell multiplication only involve macromolecular events and ignore the influence of metabolism . The conjecture presented here shows how metabolism could be involved . Separate pathways might cooperate for the synthesis of a small molecule, acting as positive control of several macromolecular syntheses, including stable RNA synthesis . A detailed analysis of the available data showing an influence of metabolites on macromolecular syntheses suggests that two main pathways might cooperate, one involving serine and folic acid metabolism and the second involving threonine and the branched chain aminoacids . Experiments are suggested to challenge the conjecture.

Hum Pathol, 1979 Jan, 10(1), 96 - 9
An ultrastructural demonstration of the agent of Legionnaires' disease in the human lung; White HJ et al.; The authors have provided ultrastructural demonstration from human material of a small rod shaped organism that represents the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease . The organisms are found mainly in intracytoplasmic vacuoles of alveolar cells . They have a thin outer cell wall and a more delicate plasma membrane . On the basis of morphology, arguments are presented to classify these unusual organisms as rickettsia-like.

Nord Vet Med, 1979 Jan, 31(1), 14 - 9
{Fluorimetric determination of ampicillin in calf serum (author's transl)}; Luthman J et al.; The serum concentrations of ampicillin was determined in calves after oral and parenteral administration . Ampicillin was analyzed by a fluorimetric method which was found simple and reliable . When ampicillin at a dose of 12 mg/kg was given in a milk replacer, the serum concentrations was too low to be effective even against all ampicillin sensitive bacteria . This method of treatment may be used only in the treatment of enteritis, as it is reported in the literature that high ampicillin concentrations occur in the intestinal content and the intestinal mucosa . After intramuscular injection of recommended doses (4-10 mg/kg), high serum concentrations was reached soon after the injection . The drug is, however, excreted rapidly and treatment should be repeated at shorter intervals than usually is recommended.

Can J Ophthalmol, 1979 Jan, 14(1), 17 - 20
Lacrimal sac calculi; Herzig S et al.; Analysis of dacryoliths removed at operation showed that most consisted of calcium . One consisted of ammonium and could be directly related to the presence of bacteria . Tear samples obtained from 14 patients with dacryoliths were compared with seven normal patients with regard to calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid concentrations, tear to serum calcium ratios, and calcium-phosphate products . There was no significant difference between the two groups and thus no evidence that dacryoliths from because of abnormal tear electrolytes . We believe that dacryolith formation results from chronic obstruction and inflammation of the sac causing a build up of various electrolytes, particularly calcium . The preoperative dacryocystograms showed either a filling defect or apparent displacement of the lacrimal sac.

Am J Med, 1979 Jan, 66(1), 110 - 20
Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients . Prospective study of 80 cases; Singer C et al.; Over a two year period, we studied prospectively 80 cases of diffuse pneumonia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center . In 72 per cent of these, the patient had leukemia or lymphoma . Diagnostic procedures consisted of extensive serologic testing for antibody to known respiratory pathogens, including the agent of Legionnaire's disease, and culturing of biopsy specimens for bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas and fungi . Of 44 cases in which open lung biopsy was performed, a specific cause was found in 61.4 per cent: Pneumocystis carinii in 38.6 per cent, other infections in 9.1 per cent and tumor involvement in 13.7 per cent . There were nonspecific pulmonary changes in 38.6 per cent . Of the 56 cases in which biopsy, autopsy or both were performed, a specific diagnosis was made in 69.7 per cent: P . carinii infection in 37.5 per cent and other infections in 12.5 per cent . In cases in which neither biopsy nor autopsy was performed, a specific infection was diagnosed in 33 per cent; no specific diagnosis was made in the remainder . One patient in the entire group had a significant antibody titer for Legionnaire's disease . Although diagnostic in some cases, extensive serologic testing proved relatively unfruitful . Pneumocystosis was the most frequent diagnosis in this study . The cause of some cases remained obscure, even after lung biopsy.

J Dairy Sci, 1979 Jan, 62(1), 135 - 53
Leukocytes--second line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens; Paape MJ et al.; In mammals, neutrophile polymorphonuclear leukocytes constitute one of the essential body defenses against disease . In a large mammal, such as the dairy cow, billions of neutrophils are mobilized to fight infection . For example, over 50 million neutrophils per milliliter milk are commonly in a mammary quarter inflicted with clinical mastitis . However, in spite of these numerous leukocytes, pathogenic organisms remain viable . Recent evidence indicates that bacteria are not eliminated from a diseased quarter because the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophils is reduced in the mammary gland . The morphology and physiology of the leukocyte is examined in this review in an attempt to explain why the phagocytic capacity of the neutrophil is reduced in the mammary gland of the bovine.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1979, 37(2), 65 - 72
Replica study of plaque formation on human tooth surfaces; Lie T et al.; Plaque formation on buccal tooth surfaces was studied by replica technique, consisting of impressions using low viscosity silicone impression materials and positive models produced in epoxy resins . Bacterial accumulation occurred near the cemento-enamel junction in 6-hr specimens, and subsequently expanded in a coronal direction . This development took place partly by extensions of single layers of bacteria, and partly by a pattern where the colonization was mostly restricted to vertical enamel cracks . Plaque accumulations were also frequently located in abrasion grooves and surface pits in the enamel, and prolific plaque areas were consistently surrounded by a monolayer of bacterial cells . Globular and hemispheric structures which occurred, especially on root surfaces immediately after cleaning, were probably artefacts caused by air bubbles or remaining moisture . In separate series of experiments it was demonstrated that improved reproduction of details from the plaque could be achieved by repeating the replicating procedure . The findings indicate that plaque formation starts by adsorption and proliferation of individual bacteria on tooth surfaces, and not by adsorption of aggregates of cells . Special attention should be directed against the problem of artefacts and moisture in replica studies of dental plaque.

Zentralbl Gynakol, 1979, 101(3), 158 - 66
{Effect of indications and pre-existing conditions on the result of McDonald's cervix-closure surgery}; Avar Z et al.; Authors have performed the McDonald cerclage operation on 172 gravidae because of cervical incompetence . From these pregnancies 80.2 per cent of the infants have survived over the sixth day . While with operations performed on the basis of extended indications for surgery an effect of 56.5 per cent was achieved, it was in cases of classical ones 92.8 per cent . Two complicated cases are reported caused by blastospores or bacteria respectively, isolated also in the vaginal secretion which have ascended into the uterine cavity . Both cases resulted in fetal death and in a septic condition of the mother . It is emphasized that the normal vaginal bioflora is essential condition for the cervical suture.

J Histochem Cytochem, 1979 Jan, 27(1), 567 - 72
Quantitative cytology of the positive region in flow sorted vaginal smears; Goerttler K et al.; Fifty-one gynecologic specimens were collected from three women's hospitals and mailed in a prefixed status to our laboratory . The specimens were classified into a negative, a suspicious, a postradiation, and a positive group . After single cell dispersion the samples were stained for DNA and protein, analyzed, and sorted in the dual laser equipped Heidelberg flow analyzer sorter (HEIFAS) . Particles with elevated DNA values (beyond 3.5 ploidy) and with intermediate protein values were sorted as the positive fraction directly on microscopic slides . After restaining according to Papanicolaou, they were re-evaluated cytologically and identified as tumor cells, dysplastic cells and false alarms . The latter consist of doublets and aggregates of more than two cells, binucleated cells, sperm aggregates and epithelial cells contaminated with bacteria . The different groups showed significant differences regarding the total rate of aggregates to single cells . In general, false alarms were very frequent in the positive region and impeded the statistical classification of the sample . The reduction of false alarms is a prerequisite for prescreening with flow instrumentation.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 9(1), 56 - 9
Improved laboratory efficiency and diagnostic accuracy with new double-lumen-protected swab for for endometrial specimens; Pezzlo MT et al.; Intrauterine specimens were obtained from 22 patients with endometritis and 24 control patients following cesarean section by using both a new protected swab and a standard anaerobic swab . The protected swab improved the value of the direct smear and Gram stain, resulted in fewer false-positive cultures, better defined endometrial flora in patients with endometritis, and permitted major savings in laboratory personnel time and materials.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1979 Jan, 72(1), 9 - 16
{Possibilities of using hemoperfusion in the treatment of chronic kidney insufficiency}; Falkenhagen D et al.; A survey of the administration possibilities of the activated charcoal haemoperfusion in the treatment of the chronic renal insufficiency is given . Various coating methods for activated charcoal as well as important adsorption abilities of the activated charcoal for uraemia-specific metabolites are described in detail . Then comes a classification of the haemoperfusion in the treatment of ureamia . The result is that at present the use of haemoperfusion with activated charcoal in the therapy of uraemia may be regarded only as a supplementary therapy of the haemodialysis and the haemofiltration, respectively.

Immunol Rev, 1979, 44, 13 - 41
Do natural killer cells engage in regulated reactions against self to ensure homeostasis?
Cudkowicz G, Hochman PS.
Host reactivities not requiring immunization in the mouse, especially natural resistance of irradiated animals to accept grafts of normal or malignant hemopoietic cells, were compared with NK activity against the YAC-1 lymphoma . The effects of several independent variables known to influence natural resistance in vivo had a similar effect on the NK system . Figure 12 lists an impressive array of shared properties and positive correlations . In contrast, the distinctions were few and minor . Many of the positive correlations were of particular significance since the experimental variables either have opposing or no effects on conventional induced immunity . The multiplicity and pervasiveness of these correlations suggest that the cellular mechanisms underlying natural reactivities are similar or common . Cytotoxic effectors mediating natural resistance to normal cells, tumors, and cells infected with intracellular pathogens may be distinct in terms of target selectivity, yet belong to a single cell lineage subject to common regulatory influences for differentiation and function . Regulation of reactivity via suppressor cells was studied in the NK system only . The spleens of mice selected for low levels of NK activity (resulting from young age, irradiation, and treatment with the macrophage-active agents l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate) contained cells capable of inhibiting the lytic function of NK effectors taken from untreated adult donors . All the suppressor cells studied were thymus-independent, as judged by their occurrence in spleens of genetically athymic mice; the suppressive function was resistant to 2000 rads of gamma-rays administered in vitro and was not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex, without exception . However, two major classes of suppressors were identified: (a) macrophagelike cells inducible by l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate, and (b) nonadherent cells found in spleens of untreated infants and of irradiated adult mice . It is proposed that the suppression of NK cytolysis demonstrated in vitro was a manifestation of regulatory mechanisms modulating the level of NK activity in vivo . Macrophagelike cells that are induced, activated, or inactivated by bacteria, viruses, hormones, and other agents may act as regulators of differentiation, maturation, and function of cells belonging to the NK lineage . Nonadherent cells could be either a distinct class of suppressors or immature NK cells capable of binding but not lysing target cells . In the latter case, regulation would be achieved via competitive binding of targets by pre-NK cells presumably in dynamic equilibrium with functional (i.e . matured) NK effectors.

Comput Programs Biomed, 1979 Jan, 9(1), 95 - 102
Evaluating the performance of a computer-based consultant; Yu VL et al.; The performance of a computer-based clinical consultation system is evaluated . The program, called MYCIN, is designed to function as an aid for infectious disease diagnosis and therapy selection, with an initial emphasis on bacteremias . The evaluation methodology is discussed, as well as the difficulties encountered in attempting to evaluate clinical judgments . Specialists in infectious diseases judged MYCIN's final therapy recommedation, and intermediate conclusions about the significance of the infection and identity of infecting organisms . The evaluation techniques described may be useful in assessing the performance of other clinical decision aids . Results of the evaluation show that the program's therapy recommedations meet Stanford experts' standards of acceptable practice 90.9% of the time (table 2), with some variation noted both among individual experts and between Stanford experts and others (tables 1, 2).

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1979 Jan, 68(1), 137 - 44
Interactions of nutrition, infection and immune response . Immunocompetence in nutritional deficiency, methodological considerations and intervention strategies; Chandra RK; Clinical and epidemiologic data point to a causal interrelationship between nutritional deficiency and infectious illness . Both are major contributors to childhood morbidity and mortality, particularly in underprivileged population groups . Energy-protein undernutrition and deficiencies of iron, folates and pyridoxine, depress a variety of immunity functions . Delayed hypersensitivity and number of T lymphocytes are consistently reduced . In small-for-gestation low birth weight infants, cell-mediated immunity may remain depressed for several years . B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin levels and antibody responses are generally normal, but secretory IgA-antibody is reduced . Serum complement components are low and there is evidence of in vivo consumption of complement C 3 . Neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi is intact but the next step of intracellular killing is impaired . There are changes also in the production of lysozyme and interferon . Infection per se results in nutrient losses, either actual or by sequestration, and produces immunosuppression . The correction of postnatal nutritional deficits and/or infection is associated with reversal of immunological functions to normal . The interplay of nutrition, immunity and infection, and its biological implications are described.

J Oral Surg, 1979 Jan, 37(1), 42 - 6
Review of factors contributing to dry socket through enhanced fibrinolysis; Catellani JE; Use of oral contraceptives and trauma during extraction are substantiated factors that contribute to dry socket . They appear to act by enhancing fibrinolytic activity in the alveolar bone followed by lysis of the clot . The influence of bacteria and antibiotics on the development and prevention of dry socket remains unclear . No convincing evidence can be found that factors such as age, sex, or nutritional status affect the incidence of dry socket.

Acta Chir Iugosl, 1979, 26(1), 85 - 92
{Spontaneous evacuation of a traumatic retroperitoneal hematoma through the colon}; Radl B et al.; Retroperitneal hemorrhage following blunt trauma of the abdomen is an ever more frequent problem confronting the surgeon in everyday practice . This paper presents an interesting and exceptionally rare case concerning a patient with a blunt injury of the abdomen which resulted in the rupture of the retroperitoneal portion of the colon between the descendens and sigmoid . A resultant retroperitoneal hematoma was palpable as an elastic mass . Contamination with bacteria lead to infection of the hematoma with the subsequent formation of an abscess . Later this abscess spontaneously evacuated itself through the rupture in the colon which was verified with irigography . As a late consequence of this abscess drainage, the colon became constricted . This process as of yet has not caused any difficulties in passage but nonthe-less surgery was indicated which the patient refused . The authors believe that the retroperitoneal hematoma caused by blunt injury of the abdomen is one of the most difficult diagnostic problems because this anatomical region is inaccessible and lesions within its confines are difficult to detect.

Vet Pathol, 1979 Jan, 16(1), 41 - 8
Pathology of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy in pigs; Love DN et al.; Examination of the small intestine of pigs with proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy showed changes consistent with defects in vascular permeability . Early in the disease there were many eosinophils and distension of lacteals and intercellular spaces with proteinaceous material . Later the predominant features were red blood cells and exudate in tissue spaces . This was most severe and extensive at the tips of villi which were covered by a cast of cells and fibrinous exudate . Adenomatous intestinal mucosal cells contained organisms that were free within the apical cytoplasm and were morphologically identical with those seen in the related disease, porcine intestinal adenomatosis . Also these bacteria were seen free in the subepithelial mucosal area, in blood vessels and within membrane-bound vesicles in phagocytic cells in the mucosa and its blood vessels . Mast cells were prominent in some areas as were thrombosed vessels.

Rev Belge Med Dent, 1979, 34(4), 351 - 84
{Root canal filling materials (electron scanning microscope comparison of root canal adaptation to 3 endodontic filling products)}; Tollens H; The main characteristics required of a good endodontic fillingsmaterial are its perfectly hermetic sealing of the root canal, the eventual secondary canals, and the dentine canals, against bacteria . 48 root canals, sealed respectively with A H 26, Endomethazone and N 2, have been checked by means of the Scanning Electron Microscope in order to discover to what extent these products conform to the qualifications mentioned . 842 photographs have been taken . The results of the investigation are discussed judging from some photographs chosen at random.

Acta Chir Scand Suppl, 1979, 489, 185 - 98
Experimental soft tissue wounds caused by standard military rifles; Albreht M et al.; Soft tissue wounds were caused by penetration of a bullet through both thighs in 42 pigs, fired from N48, M70, M16A1 and FAL rifles at 50 meter range . Four comparable groups of wounds, consisting mainly of injured muscle, were examined . Primary debridement was carried out 5-6 hours following wounding, multiple muscle biopsies up to 40 mm sidewise of permanent wound channel were taken for HE and histochemistry . Primary contamination was traced using marker aerobic bacteria . Bullet velocities at impact and exit were measured and transfer of energy to liver tissue calculated when feasible . The condition of the bullet after exit was precised . The surgical estimation of tissue injury, the mass of excised tissue and microsections have served to evaluate the extent of tissue injury . For 22.5 cm mean channel length the most injury was caused by the FAL, followed by M16, M70 and M48 rifles in declining order . Local effects are ascribed to bullet tumbling, break-up and energy transfer of corresponding missiles . Correlation of surgical and pathology methods is discussed.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1979, (2), 333 - 7
Fatty liver induced by high doses of rifampicin in the rat: possible relation with an inhibition of RNA polymerases in eukariotic cells; Piriou A et al.; The steatogenic effect on the liver of Rifampicin, a potent inhibitor of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in bacteria, was investigated in male and female rats which received either 200 mg or 400 mg of Rifampicin/kg/24 h for 8 days . The determination of total lipids (TL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipids (PL) showed a significant increase of TL, TG and TC in the liver at a dose of 400 mg . There was better reproducibility in the male whose blood TG and PL were significantly decreased . These results showed that fatty liver can be induced by very high doses of Rifampicin in rats . A blockage of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) biosynthesis and/or secretion can be expected . As a potent steatogenic toxin, alpha-amanitin, is a strong inhibitor of RNA polymerase II in eukariotic cells, a relationship between the RNA polymerase inhibition induced by both of substances and a subsequent inhibition of the biosynthesis of the protein moiety of lipoproteins can be considered . Nevertheless Rifampicin is at present not considered as an inhibitor in eukariotic cells and it will be of great interest to test such a possibility with the high doses used in these experiments, in further work.

Swed Dent J, 1979, 3(2), 33 - 8
Reaction of the human dental pulp to silver amalgam restorations . The effect of enclosing amalgam of initially high plasticity in intermediate depth or deep cavities; Moller B; From earlier studies using amalgam of known physical and sealing properties it was concluded that the initially high mercury content was the main reason for pulpal changes and that clinical leakage had been less important . The purpose of the present investigation was to study how a possible sealing insufficiency may contribute to the pulpal changes beneath restorations of silver amalgam . The influence of bacteria at the tooth/filling interface upon pulpal changes was also studied . The material consisted of 21 contralateral pairs of premolars . Intermediate depth cavities were prepared in 13 pairs and deep cavities in 8 pairs . All cavities were filled with silver amalgam by the wet technique . The restoration in one tooth of each pair was sealed off by glued metal foil protected by a cemented orthodontic band . After 1 week the teeth were extracted and examined histologically . In the pulp of teeth with restorations exposed to the oral environment, the frequency of dilated capillaries and inflammatory cells in the odontoblast - cell-rich zone boundary, associated with the dentinal tubules involved in the cavity preparation, was insignificantly higher statistically than in those with seal-off restorations . A few scattered bacteria were found on the cavity wall in some cases . It was concluded that, in the short run, the pulp reaction was influenced by sealing insufficiency, which may develop during the experimental period as a result of external factors such as tooth deformation and/or changes in temperature . No influence from bacteria on the cavity wall could be established.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1979 Jan, 34(1), 45 - 9
{Contribution to the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic recurring parotitis}; Donath K et al.; Chronic, recurrent parotitis was classified as a disease of the salivary glands of bacterial and inflammatory origin . Forty biopsy specimens of the parotoid gland taken from patients with chronic, recurrent parotitis were examined via light and electron microscopy; virus or bacteria could not be identified . The pathomorphologic findings with chronic, recurrent parotitis correspond basically with those of an experimental ligature of the ganglia . The pathogenesis was discussed . The results of the investigation indicated that, in terms of the pathogenesis, chronic, recurrent parotitis represents a special form of electrolytic and/or obstructive sialadenitis.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Jan, 47(1), 83 - 6
An analysis of the sensitivity of non-rereduced PRS medium in endodontic therapy; Zielke DR et al.; A total of 244 paired samples were obtained from sixty-one root canal systems at four specific stages of endodontic treatment . Half the samples were placed in a commonly used endodontic medium and incubated aerobically . The remaining samples were placed in PRS medium and incubated in an anaerobic environment . The rereduction procedure, used to remove oxygen entering the PRS medium at the time of insertion of the sample, was not employed . A statistical analysis of the results indicates that the non-rereduced PRS medium is not as sensitive as rereduced PRS and offers no significant advantages over trypticase soy broth with 0.1 percent agar.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(6), 480 - 8
{Influence of straw manuring on the biological activity of a lessivé chernozem (author's transl)}; Heisig W et al.; In a long-term experiment, the influence of straw manuring in spring and autumn on the biological activity of a lessive chernozem soil was examined . The quantity of carbon dioxide, evolved by the plots during May and June, showed an increase in soil respiration by straw manuring . Increasing amounts of nitrogen, given together with straw, had no significant influence on the quantity of carbon dioxide evolved . The base respiration, however, showed increasing rates proportional to increasing amounts of nitrogen . The variants manured with straw in autumn were superior to those manured in spring . For covering the efficiency of soil respiration, the field method applied noes not seem suitable . With high N-supply (200 kg/ka), the relative respiration rates show good stability of the organic substance, present in soil . This stability is higher with straw manuring in spring than in autumn . Straw supply in autumn influences the yield more favourably . Direct relation between the quantity of carbon dioxide evolved and yield cannot be inferred.

Acta Biol Med Ger, 1979, 38(2-3), 143 - 52
A thermodynamic-kinetic analysis of the cytochrome P-450 heme pocket; Lange R et al.; Spin state changes in the iron center of cytochrome P-450 during the catalytic cycle suggest alterations in the heme environment that insure proper substrate binding, an increase in redox potential, the formation of an active Fe-O complex, and the attack on the substrate . We used the spin state changes of the iron following physico-chemical perturbations, as an intrinsic probe of discrete changes around the heme, or of larger ones in the protein conformation . These environmental perturbations included temperature, solvent, substrate, and ionic environment . Aqueous and hydro-organic buffers provide complementary data and interpretations; the mixed solvent accommodates temperatures suitable for direct reaction rate measurements and amplified low to high spin transition . The results suggest that the group determining the heme spin state is influenced by the electrostatic potential created by several negative charges near the heme; the modulation of the spin state by various factors reflects the modulation of the electrostatic potential and of the internal paH value . Conformational changes of the whole protein are also indicated by the large entropy terms and their variation with experimental conditions.

Arkh Patol, 1979, 41(5), 74 - 80
{Lysosomal-cation test and the prospects of its use in pathomorphological and laboratory diagnostic practice}; Pigarevskii VE; A cytochemical lysosome-cation test is proposed as suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories . The test is based on the detection of cationic protein and determinations of the fate of phagocytized and extracellular bacteria in inflammation foci . A method for simultaneous cytochemical detection of myeloperoxidase and cationic proteins in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes was developed . Using this method, a previously unknown variety of lysosomal granules devoid of peroxidase was detected in neutrophilic promyelocytes . The lysosomal cation test was shown to be useful for improved morphological diagnosis of leukemias, for the determination of the fate of phagocytized and non-phagocytized bacteria in inflammation foci, and of the level of nonspecific and infection resistance of the host.

Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol, 1979, 49, 223 - 80
Mitochondrial ATPase; Penefsky HS; Considerable progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the phosphorylating apparatus in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria . It has become clear that the structure and the function of the ATP synthesizing apparatus in these widely divergent organisms is similar if not virtually identical . The subunit composition of F1, its molecular architecture, the location and function of substrate binding sites, as well as putative control sites, understanding of the component parts of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex, and the role of these components in the function of the complex all are under active investigation in many laboratories . The developing information and the new insights provided have begun to permit experimental approaches, at the molecular level, to the mode of action of the ATPase in electron-transport-coupled ATP synthesis.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1979, 173(2), 201 - 12
{Increase of non-specific resistance to infection by synthetic adjuvants}; Parant M et al.; MDP and some other synthetic glycopeptides which are endowed with adjuvant properties are also able to increase non-specific resistance of mice to bacterial infections . They are effective by various routes including the oral route, and this protective activity can be demonstrated in animals having a poor immune status.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(5), 373 - 80
A study of the rate of carbon dioxide output during mineralization of some organic materials in soil; Antoun GG et al.; Soil respiration (CO2-evolution) was measured at different intervals during mineralization of organic materials in an Egyptian clay-loam soil . The rate of CO2 output was found to decline by time, and a linear negative correlation was found between the logarithm of time and the logarithm of the rate of CO2 output . Applying the linear regression equation it was possible to describe this relationship mathematically . A significant positive correlation was also found between the rate of CO2 output and the total plate count of bacteria and the ATP content of the soil.

Scan Electron Microsc, 1979, (3), 793 - 9
Scanning electron microscopy of infective endocarditis; Wright JP et al.; As part of a study of the development of infective endocarditis in ncarcotic addicts, we sought to establish the feasibility of using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to view the surface characteristics of human heart valves obtained at autopsy . Normal and infected heart valves from humans and animals were obtained at autopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for SEM . Parallel samples from immediately adjacent regions were processed for light microscopy . Active and healed endocarditis were readily recognizable by SEM, and the observations correlated well with those made by light microscopy . The advantage of SEM in the study of endocarditis is that it provides significant information about damage to the endocardial surface across the entire valve . The relative proportions of fibrin, platelets, leukocytes, exposed stromal connective tissue and bacteria on the surface of a lesion can easily be analysed . SEM may prove particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of the early lesions of infective endocarditis on previously "undamaged" valves.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(1), 108 - 9
A method for the preparation of solidified colloidal sulphur media; Tuovinen OH; The chemical reaction between tetrathionate and sulphide produces colloidal sulphur and thiosulphate . This reaction can be employed to prepare agar media containing thiosulphate and finely divided colloidal sulphur particles.

J Exp Med, 1979 Jan 1, 149(1), 216 - 27
Differentiated B lymphocytes . Potential to express particular antibody variable and constant regions depends on site of lymphoid tissue and antigen load; Gearhart PJ et al.; B cells have the potential to respond to an antigen by producing antibodies with a variety of variable and constant regions . We have quantitatively analyzed B-cell potential at the single cell level to determine the effect of lymphoid tissue site and antigen load on the expression of variable and constant regions . Concerning variable region expression, although the total frequency of B-cell precursors for phosphorylcholine is similar between nonimmune spleen and gut-associated Peyer's patch tissues, the proportion of cells producing non-TEPC 15 idiotypes is greater from Peyer's patch than from spleen . Oral immunization with phosphorylcholine-containing Ascaris suum increased the frequency of non-TEPC 15 B cells . Thus variation in the proportion of cells bearing different variable regions may be related to the distinct antigenic environment of cells in Peyer's patches compared to that of cells in spleen . Regarding constant region expression, although B cells from both spleen and Peyer's patches generate clones producing IgM, IgGl, and IgA singly and in all combinations, cells from Peyer's patches generate more clones secreting only IgA than cells from spleen . B cells specific for phosphorylcholine and inulin, which are found on intestinal bacteria, produce more IgA-only clones than B cells specific for the dinitrophenyl determinant . This striking correlation between IgA expression and variable region specificity for antigen implies that environmental antigens have expanded certain B cells in Peyer's patches which then have the ability to generate progeny that express only IgA . Evidence supporting the secondary nature of precursors for IgA-only clones is obtained by their ability to produce this isotype after stimulation with histoincompatible T cells . The role of gut antigens may be to clonally expand IgA precursors and perhaps to stimulate the proliferation of less differentiated cells within the unique microenvironment of the Peyer's patches, allowing them to differentiate to IgA precursors.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 256 - 63
Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid); Balch WE et al.; The specificity of the growth requirement of Methanobacterium ruminantium strain M1 for a new coenzyme, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (HS--CoM), was examined . A variety of derivatives, analogs, and potential biosynthetic precursors of coenzyme M were tested; only a restricted range of thioether, thioester, and thiocarbonate derivatives of the cofactor were found to replace the HS--CoM requirement . Bromoethanesulfonic acid (BrCH2CH2SO3-), a halogenated analog of HS--CoM, potently inhibited the growth response . No coenzyme was detectable in a wide range of nonmethanogenic eucaryotic tissues and procaryotic organisms . However, all methanogens available in pure culture exhibited high levels of coenzyme M which ranged from 0.3 to 16 nmol/mg of dry weight.

Haematol Blood Transfus, 1979, 23, 7 - 24
Cellular and virological studies directed to the pathogenesis of the human myelogenous leukemias; Gallo RC; 1 . Work over the past years and especially results of the past few years indicate that type-C viral or viral related genetic information exists in humans . 2 . We do not know how this information entered humans or whether it causes disease, but it is of interest that the probes from the viruses used to detect this information are from the very same viruses which we find can affect growth and differentiation of some human hematopoietic cells . 3 . The status of actual virus isolates from humans, though encouraging because of similarities of isolates from five different laboratories, remain very perplexing and so far have not been especially informative to human leukemogenesis . 4 . In the near future we hope to clone in bacteria the viral related sequences detected in human DNA in order to more precisely determine their chemical and biological properties . The HL-60 system may also afford an opportunity to purify receptors for CSF . When CSF and other, perhaps more important, regulatory factors are purified, we would like to determine if they bind differently to leukemic and normal cells.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1979, 28(1), 79 - 84
Study on dissimilatory reduction of sulphates; Domka F et al.; A new strain of sulphate reducing bacteria was isolated from swampy forest soil . After 120 h reduction, sulphate conversion attained 100%, the molar ratio of the consumed lactate and reduced sulphate amounted to 2:1 . This confirms the reduction mechanism proposed by Senez (1951).

J Histochem Cytochem, 1979 Jan, 27(1), 14 - 8
Sedimentation velocity separation: a preparation method for cervical samples; Otto K et al.; A preparation procedure, aiming at monolayer deposition of cervical exfoliative material on glass slides for high resolution prescreening has been developed . The main features of this procedure are centrifugal deposition after suspension and sedimentation of samples over isopycnic medium of 1.026 density . Fractioning of the separation column after centrifugation at 50 X g yields two preparations with leukocytes, bacteria and cellular debris predominantly located on the first slide and epithelial cells on the second one . The degree of spatial cellular isolation as well as the amount of diagnostically relevant cells per slide seem to fit the requirements of automated high resolution analysis.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979, 45(3), 423 - 35
Pyrite oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans with special reference to the sulphur moiety of the mineral; Arkesteyn GJ; Available cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were found to be contaminated with bacteria very similar to Thiobacillus acidophilus . The experiments described were performed with a homogeneous culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans . Pyrite (FeS2) was oxidized by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans grown on iron (Fe2+), elemental sulphur (S0) or FeS2 . Evidence for the direct utilization of the sulphur moiety of pyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was derived from the following observations: a . Known inhibitors of Fe2+ and S0 oxidation, NaN3 and NEM, respectively, partially abolished FeS2 oxidation . b . A b-type cytochrome was detectable in FeS2- and S0-grown cells but not in Fe2+-grown cells . c . FeS2 and S0 reduced b-type cytochromes in whole cells grown on S0 . d . CO2 fixation at pH 4.0 per mole of oxygen consumed was the highest with S0, lowest with Fe2+ and medium with FeS2 as substrate . e . Bacterial Fe2+ oxidation was found to be negligible at pH 5.0 whereas both FeS2 and S0 oxidation was still appreciable above this pH . f . Separation of pyrite and bacteria by means of a dialysis bag caused a pronounced drop of the oxidation rate which was similar to the reduction of pyrite oxidation by NEM; indirect oxidation of the sulphur moiety by Fe3+ was not affected by separation of pyrite and bacteria . Bacterial oxidation and utilization of the sulphur moiety of pyrite were relatively more important with increasing pH.

Ann Anesthesiol Fr, 1979, 20(6-7), 595 - 602
{Infectious enterocolitis in intensive care patients fed by nasogastric tube}; Pottecher B et al.; Infectious enterocolitis sometimes spreads through intensive care units, the origin being contamination by "drips" . A 9 month study concerning patients fed by nasogastric "drip" revealed 70 p . 100 of cases of severe diarrhea . Stool cultures confirmed the infectious origin of this diarrhea in 66 p . 100 cases . Virtually all of the suspect drip containers and fluids contained the organisms found in the stool culture, with a concentration of 10(6)-10(9) per ml/foodstuff . Enquiry revealed that contamination of these drips occurred above all in the kitchen at the time of preparation (poorly washed material, personnel often unaware of elementary hygiene) . The great vulnerability of such intensive care patients predisposes them to infection of this type and the limit of danger for them is as low as 10(4) organisms per ml/foodstuff . Solutions concerning hygiene in preparation were tried with success (drips then containing only 50-100 organisms per ml/foodstuff.

Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1978 Dec 15, 54(23), 2362 - 7
{5-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from C.acidophila . 2 . Identification and characterization of reaction products}; Carteni-Farina M et al.; Evidences for a phosphorolitic cleavage of 5'-MTA by a specific enzyme from C . acidophila are reported . Methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine have been identified as reaction products, by several analytical procedures.

Lab Anim Sci, 1978 Dec, 28(6), 723 - 7
An outbreak of cecal mucosal hyperplasia in hamsters; Barthold SW et al.; Cecal mucosal hyperplasia associated with diarrhea, runting, and high mortality in suckling and weanling hamsters occurred as a natural disease outbreak in a production colony . Young hamsters were runted, and their perineal hair was stained and matted with liquid feces . Their ceca were thickened, contracted, congested, and had scant luminal content . There were severe hyperplasia of cecal crypts, accompanied by increased mitotic activity, inflammation, and focal mucosal erosion . A variety of bacteria was isolated, but none was considered pathogenic . No relationship of cecal hyperplasia to transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters was found . Hyperimmune serum from hamsters with transmissible ileal hyperplasia did not react by immunofluorescence against hyperplastic cecal mucosa . Electron microscopy did not reveal a caustive agent . Transmission attempts have been unsuccessful . Cecal mucosal hyperplasia is apparently a newly discovered disease entity in hamsters with the clinical sign of diarrhea.

J Gen Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 109(2), 215 - 23
Physicochemical and biological properties of mycobacteriocin M12 produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 25855; Takeya K et al.; A mycobacteriocin (M12) produced by Mycobacterium smegmatic ATCC 25855 was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G100 chromatography . Production of M12 was maximal when bacteria were harvested after 3 d cultivation in liquid medium and disrupted by sonication . The molecular weight of M12, estimated by Sephadex G100 chromatograpy, was about 85000 . M12 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes but resistant to DNAase and RNAase, and was relatively stable to heat treatment, sonication, ultraviolet irradiation and pH over the range 4 to 8 . When sensitive bacteria were exposed to the mycobacteriocin, the number of viable cells began to decrease after about 6 h incubation . The killing curve of M12 thus appeared to be a multiple-hit curve . Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mycobacteriocin induced morphological changes in the cells; these were partial loss of ribosomes, enlargement of lipoidal inclusion bodies and thickening of the cell envelope . The activity spectrum of M12 was restricted to the genus Mycobacterium.

Urology, 1978 Dec, 12(6), 713 - 6
Malacoplakia of epididymis; Guccion JG et al.; Malacoplakia localized to the epididymis is described . Ultrastructural study revealed the presence of bacterial bodies in phagolysosomes of malacoplakic macrophages . The possible role of the phagocytosed bacteria in the pathogenesis of malacoplakia is briefly discussed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 36(6), 959 - 61
New monitoring system for proteolysis in soil as influenced by selected herbicidal applications; Cullimore DR et al.; Proteolysis in soil (Regina heavy clay) was monitored by the gelatinolytic etching of developed color film emulsion, using a film immersion-slide carrier technique . Etching followed a sigmoid curve to completion . A total of 11 herbicides were tested for their potential influence on this proteolytic function . Eight caused some inhibition, and two were stimulative at 200 microliter of applied herbicide per liter . Eptam was found to stimulate at low concentrations and inhibit at higher concentrations (greater than 1,000 microliter of applied Eptam per liter).

J Pediatr Surg, 1978 Dec, 13(6D), 587 - 90
Protective effect of residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy; Goldthorn JF et al.; Studies in animals and clinical experience in man have demonstrated that splenectomy leads to increased susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria . Splenic tissue has an excellent ability to regenerate, even when implanted into subcutaneous tissue or the abdominal cavity . These implants, however, do not protect against bacterial challenge despite the fact that a number of other functions can be restored . We therefore studied the ability of residual splenic tissue to protect against challenge following subtotal splenectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats . Subtotal splenectomy was performed on 48 animals in which approximately 75% of the spleen was removed and left with a branch of its normal blood supply; 48 animals underwent total splenectomy and 48 had sham operations . Six months after surgery the groups were challenged intravenously with type 25 pneumococci to determine the LD50 for each group . Animals that had undergone subtotal splenectomy were more resistant to pneumococcal challenge than were asplenic animals, but they were not as resistant as normal animals . In addition, there was marked delay in death in the animals with subtotal splenectomy as compared with asplenic animals . Thus residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy appears to confer some degree of protection against pneumococcal challenge.

J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Dec, 81(3), 471 - 9
The dimensions of skin fragments dispersed into the air during activity; Mackintosh CA et al.; There was a 1000-fold difference between the highest and the lowest mean rate of dispersal of bacteria-carrying particles during exercise among a group of three male and three female subjects . Differences in the numbers of skin fragments dispersed and in the proportion of these carrying bacteria were almost equally responsible for this . Since there is little difference between individuals in the rate of skin replacement the differences in the rates of dispersal of skin fragments during exercise must reflect large variations in the amount of skin surface removed in other ways . The skin fragments dispersed had a wide size range extending below 5 micrometer for the minimum projected diameter (MPD) . The median MPD was about 20 micrometer with 7-10% less than 10 micrometer . Many of the particles could therefore pass freely through tightly woven fabrics with pores up to 10-15 micrometer which might seem to be impenetrable to whole corneocytes, typically larger than 30 X 40 micrometer in the hydrated state.

J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Dec, 81(3), 453 - 69
The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery . II . Dispersal of skin organisms in a test chamber; Lidwell OM et al.; The effectiveness of a representative range of fabrics in restricting dispersal through them of dry skin-borne bacteria has been examined . The fabrics were tested made up into trousers which were worn by volunteers during standardized exercise in a test chamber operated within a unidirectional flow clean-air room . Under these conditions, with careful attention to sealing at ankles and waist, it was possible to estimate penetration as low as 0.3% . Penetrations as low as 1% were observed with some synthetic fabrics . These had a relatively high surface resistivity and developed significant electrostatic charges . When the observed values for penetration were compared with the results of a series of measurements and tests made on the fabrics it was clear that the correlation between these values and the other results was in every case very close for all the five woven cotton or cotton terylene fabrics but that no measurement or test was capable or predicting the behaviour of all the other materials in dispersal experiments . The inherent variability of dispersal experiments seems to be very great . With a standard deviation of the approximately log-normal distribution of the experimental values as high as about 2 times the mean, it is necessary to carry out as many as 20 replicate experiments in order to differentiate with certainty between garments with a two-fold difference in penetration.

J Cell Physiol, 1978 Dec, 97(3 Pt 1), 305 - 13
Detection of in vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) in mouse bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood; MacVittie TJ et al.; In vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) have been detected in bone marrow (BM) (317/10(5) cells), spleen (SPL) (81/10(5)), and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) (242/10(5)) of the mouse . These M-CFCs were similar to those previously detected in thymus (T) (30/10(6)) and lymph node (LN) (22/10(6)) tissue in several respects . BM- and SPL-derived M-CFC required PMUE to consistently initiate colony formation, whereas PBL-derived M-CFC formed colonies with stimulation by either PMUE or L-cell-conditioned medium . All colonies formed showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 13 to 18 days prior to initiating colony formation, a marked ability to survive in culture in the absence of PMUE, and markedly slow rates of appearance in culture once colony formation was initiated . The macrophage progeny were identified on the basis of morphology, glass adherence, the phagocytosis of agar, bacteria and SRBC, and the presence of receptors for IgG . These characteristics are also shared by those macrophage CFCs observed within stimulated peritoneal exudate, pleural effusion, and alveolar space . These M-CFCs are most likely members of a large, heterogeneous population of macrophage progenitor cells distributed throughout the hemato-lymphopoietic organs, serosal cavities and surfaces, and inflammatory and alveolar tissue sites . The degree of heterogeneity may be determined in part by the influence of tissue-specific microenvironment.

J Invest Dermatol, 1978 Dec, 71(6), 402 - 6
Chemokinetic and chemotactic factors in psoriasis scale extracts; Dahl MV et al.; Soluble solutions of psoriasis scale were prepared by extracting scales in 6 m urea and removing urea by dialysis . Extracts were tested for chemokinetic and chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells in vitro using the migration under agarose assay . Five of 6 extracts demonstrated significant chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and 4 or 6 were also chemotactic for mononuclear cells . All extracts augmented random migration of polymorphonuclear leukoyctes (chemokinesis) . Checkerboard epxeriments showed extracts were truly chemotactic as well as chemokinetic . The kinetics of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and mononuclear cell chemotaxis toward psoriasis scale extracts were similar to kinetics of chemotaxis toward a bacteria-derived chemotactic factor and zymosan-activated serum . Since zymosan-activated serum and purified C5a were not chemokinetic, psoriasis scale extract was more like a bacteria-culture supernate than these complement factors in augmenting random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Substances in psoriasis scale may be capable of influencing the inflammatory response.

Environ Health Perspect, 1978 Dec, 27, 261 - 73
Hazardous solid waste from agriculture; Loehr RC; Large quantities of food processing, crop, forestry, and animal solid wastes are generated in the United States each year . The major components of these wastes are biodegradable . However, they also contain components such as nitrogen, human and animal pathogens, medicinals, feed additives, salts, and certain metals, that under uncontrolled conditions can be detrimental to aquatic, plant, animal, or human life . The most common method of disposal of these wastes is application to the land . Thus the major pathways for transmission of hazards are from and through the soil . Use of these wastes as animal feed also can be a pathway . While at this time there are no crises associated with hazardous materials in agricultural solid wastes, the potential for problems should not be underestimated . Manpower and financial support should be provided to obtain more detailed information in this area, esepcially to better delineate transport and dispersal and to determine and evaluate risks.

Surg Clin North Am, 1978 Dec, 58(6), 1205 - 31
Closing the burn wound; MacMillan BG; With recent advances in supportive therapy and surgical care, closure of the burn wound now can be accomplished earlier and more effectively than previously . Only by keeping the patient in a state of positive nitrogen balance, immunologically competent, and in equilibrium with the bacteria colonizing the burn wound can early wound closure be carried out with a minimal number of postburn complications.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1978 Dec, 126(12), 702 - 8
{Non-leukemic disease of the central nervous system in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia . III . Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (author's transl)}; Terheggen HG et al.; Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) occurring during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be of leukemic or nonleukemic origin . Well known examples for CNS disease of nonleukemic origin are somnolence following prophylactic CNS irradiation, methotrexate-induced encephalopathy and acute infections caused by bacteria, viruses and toxoplasma gondii . Less known is the fact that also subacute CNS infections may occur in patients undergoing cytostatic therapy . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are examples of this category of disease . Up to now 11 well documented cases of SSPE were reported occurring during treatment of ALL . Main clinical features were disorders of behaviour, consciousness and speach, seizures, paresis and inappropriate secretion of ADH . Several authors were able to demonstrate a deficiency of cellular immunity in patients with SSPE . In some cases this deficiency was consistent with reduced reactivity of T-lymphocytes against measles antigen only . The presence of inhibiting factors may be responsible for this phenomenon . Other authors found a normal or increased function of cellular immunity in SSPE; In hamsters occurrence of SSPE is induced by the simultaneous injection of hamster-adapted SSPE virus and antihamster lymphocyte serum . We, therefore, conclude that also in humans SSPE appearing during treatment of ALL is due to immunosuppression.

Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 867 - 77
Lung response to congenitally athymic (nude), heterozygous, and Swiss Webster mice to aerogenic and intranasal infection by Nocardia asteroides; Beaman BL et al.; Congenitally athymic (nude, Nu/Nu), heterozygous (Nu/+), and Swiss Webster mice were exposed to virulent Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 inhaled from aerosols or administered intranasally . Clearance of the bacteria from the lungs was determined at 6 h and 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after infection . N . asteroides aspirated into the lungs from intranasal administration were killed less rapidly and induced more severe pulmonary infections than did comparable numbers of organisms inhaled from aerosols . Bacterial clearance and histological data indicated that nude mice were significantly more susceptible to nocardial infection than were heterozygous littermates or Swiss Webster mice . From these data we conclude that: (i) pulmonary defenses cope less well with intranasally administered N . asteroides than with aerosolized organisms, (ii) alveolar macrophages alone appear not to be an efficient barrier to nocardial infections, and (iii) T cells are important to pulmonary clearance and prevention of dissemination of N . asteroides from the lung.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1978 Dec, 61(6), 1393 - 6
Stimulation of tumor growth in mice by high doses of BCG; Kaledin VI et al.; The growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma in BCG-prevaccinated virgin female C57BL/6, CC57BR/M, and C3Hf mice was studied in relation to the number of living mycobacteria in the organism . When the number of mycobacteria was high, tumor growth was stimulated . After the bacteria were eliminated, tumor growth was inhibited . The effect of BCG was based, on the one hand, on the diversion of effector cells, presumably macrophages, responsible for tumor defense and, on the other hand, on the activation of the pool of these cells . The conclusions were reached that high doses of BCG may be dangerous in human cancer immunotherapy and that patients predisposed to neoplastic disease should be revaccinated with BCG.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1978 Dec, 46(6), 843 - 53
Allergies of the dental pulp; Adamkiewicz VW et al.; A review of publications relating to the allergies of the dental pulp is presented . The pulp--especially when inflamed--contains antigens, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE antibodies, mast cells, histamine, and possibly C3 . However, no antibody-mediated allergy (hypersensitivity) of the pulp has yet been demonstrated . On the other hand, two types of cell-mediated allergy--the graft-rejection reaction and contact hypersensitivity--have been reported, as well as autoimmunity.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978 Dec, 75(12), 6159 - 62
Argininosuccinic aciduria: assignment of the argininosuccinate lyase gene to the pter to q22 region of human chromosome 7 by bioautography; Naylor SL et al.; Argininosuccinic aciduria, an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle in humans, is associated with a deficiency of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL; L-argininosuccinate arginine-lyase, EC 4.3.2.1) . ASL activity was visualized on gels after electrophoresis by a new method, termed bioautography . Bioautography involves the use of mutant bacteria to visualize the location of mammalian enzymes after zone electrophoresis . By this technique, human ASL migrated to a position different from mouse ASL, while a survey of mouse strains, tissues, and tissue culture cell extracts demonstrated the same electrophoretic form and no genetic variants of mouse ASL . Identifying human ASL, by bioautography in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids has made it possible to regionally locate the ASL gene on human chromosome 7 . The human ASL phenotype segregated concordantly with the human enzyme beta-glucoronidase (GUS; beta-D-glucoronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) in cell hybrids, but showed discordant segregation with 32 other enzyme markers representing 23 linkage groups . The gene for GUS has been assigned to chromosome 7 in humans, and cosegregation (synteny) of ASL and GUS demonstrates the assignment of ASL to chromosome 7 . Regional location of ASL and GUS to the pter to q22 region of chromosome 7 was achieved in hybrids segregating a 7/9 translocation.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1978 Dec, 61(6), 1431 - 8
Cytologic appearance of cells dissociated from rat colon and their separation by isokinetic and isopyknic sedimentation in gradients of Ficol; Pretlow TP et al.; Several methods for obtaining colon epithelial cells in suspension were compared . The largest number of epithelial cells per gram of colon was obtained in suspension when the colon was dissociated with 0.1% Pronase . Fivefold more cells per gram of tissue were obtained from the proximal 5 cm of colon than from the terminal 5 cm of colon . Several well-defined types of cells were observed in low frequency . They have not been described previously in normal colon . Suspensions of cells from colons of F344 rats always contained copious mucoid gel that was partially eliminated by washing the cells three times in culture medium with 10% fetal calf serum . Velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium permitted the separation of epithelial cells from lymphocytes and red blood cells . Type 2 cells, believed to be a subpopulation of epithelial cells, were obtained in a maximum purity of 95.7 +/- 1.2% . The frequency of 8 other cell types and their purification, when possible, are presented . Epithelial cells were separated from most bacteria and could be cultured with antibiotics after separation in the density gradient.

Biken J, 1978 Dec, 21(4), 121 - 35
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-inhibitory factor of Bordetella pertussis . I . Extraction and partial purification of phagocytosis- and chemotaxis-inhibitory activities; Utsumi S et al.; A new factor that inhibited phagocytosis to opsonized targets and chemotaxis of PMN was extracted from B . pertussis cells, and named PMN-inhibitory factor (PIF) . Cells in phase I produced 10 times more PIF than those in phase III, and like other phase I-associated components--the hemagglutinin, the histamine-sensitizing factor and agglutinogens--PIF showed degenerative, phenotypic variation during in vitro culture of phase I bacteria . PIF was partially purified by four steps, including adsorption chromatography on Dansyl-aminononamethylene Sepharose . The resulting fraction was heterogeneous but showed little histamine-sensitizing and cytotoxic activities and was free from LPS, the hemagglutinin and a leukocyte agglutinin . The inherent resistance of B . pertussis cells, in either phase I or III, as demonstrated also in the present study, and PIF-mediated defiance against immunological defense mechanism may constitute a complex host-parasite relation in experimental infections with B . pertussis.

Can J Microbiol . 1978 Dec;24(12):1562.
{Production of vitamin B 12 by a blue-green alga}; Grieco E et al.; In this study, we have been able to demonstrate the production and liberation of vitamin B12 (up to 16.5 pg/ml after 31 days of growth) by a blue green alga . Anabaena flos-aquae, in non-axenic and axenic cultures . This finding has a relevant ecological significance since it shows that, like bacteria, blue green algae may play a role as producers of vitamin B12.

J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 8(6), 676 - 9
Rapid diagnosis of septic arthritis by quantitative analysis of joint fluid lactic acid with a monotest lactate kit; Brook I et al.; The Monotest Lactate Kit (MLT) was compared with gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for the rapid detection of septic arthritis . A total of 36 joint fluids were tested . Specimens were obtained from patients with septic arthritis (17 cases), inflammatory arthritis (18 cases), and degenerative arthritis (1 case) . Specimens from 15 patients with bacterial arthritis had lactate levels above 65 mg/dl (mean, 318 mg/dl with the GLC method and 378 mg/dl with the MLT method) . Three specimens from patients with gonococcal arthritis had levels that were not above 30 mg/dl (mean, 21 mg/dl with either the GLC or the MLT methods) . Patients with inflammatory or degenerative disease yielded levels lower than 65 mg/dl (mean, 48 mg/dl with the GLC method and 46 mg/dl with the MLT method) . Both methods proved to be equallly reliable in detecting septic arthritis, except for the gonococcal cases . Both methods are fast and easily adaptable to clinical laboratories; however, MLT was more definitive when quantitation was needed, required less fluid per speciment, and could be readily done at the bedside.

J Pediatr, 1978 Dec, 93(6), 927 - 30
Ventricular involvement in experimental Hemophilus influenzae meningitis; Daum RS et al.; We determined the frequency of ventricular involvement during Hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in ten bacteremic infant rhesus monkeys . Meningitis was defined as cerebrospinal fluid obtained from the lumbar subarachnoid space or cisterna magna containing bacteria and ten or more leukocytes per mm3 . HIB were cultured from 22 of 22 ventricular CSF samples . In 17 of 18 comparisons of bacterial density in ventricular and cisternal CSF, the values were within one log10: similarly, 5 of 8 quantitative ventricular-lumbar comparisons were within one log10 . This concordance was present at bacterial densities of 2 x 10(1) to 1 x 10(9) CFU/ml . When discordance was present, the ventricular CSF contained more bacteria . In 15 of 20 comparisons of leukocyte density in ventricular and cisternal CSF, the ventricular pleocytosis was lower (mean ventricular/cisternal ratio 0.08) . We conclude that infection of the lateral cerebral ventricle is a uniform feature of HIB meningitis in infant monkeys, but the cellular inflammatory component is less.

J Gen Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 109(2), 215 - 23
Physicochemical and biological properties of mycobacteriocin M12 produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 25855; Takeya K et al.; A mycobacteriocin (M12) produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 25855 wass partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G100 chromatography . Production of M12 was maximal when bacteria were harvested after 3 d cultivation in liquid medium and disrupted by sonication . The molecular weight of M12, estimated by Sephadex G100 chromatography, was about 85000 . M12 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes but resistant to DNAase and RNAase, and was relatively stable to heat treatment, sonication, ultraviolet irradiation and pH over the range 4 to 8 . When sensitive bacteria were exposed to the mycobacteriocin, the number of viable cells began to decrease after about 6 h incubation . The killing curve of M12 thus appeared to be a multiple-hit curve . Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mycobacteriocin induced morphological changes in the cells: these were partial loss of ribosomes, enlargement of lipoidal inclusion bodies and thickening of the cell envelope . The activity spectrum of M12 was restricted to the genus Mycobacterium.

J Cell Biol, 1978 Dec, 79(3), 657 - 62
Bacteriorhodopsin induces a light-scattering change in Halobacterium halobium; Wey CL et al.; When suspensions of Halobacterium halobium are exposed to bright light, the light-scattering properties of the bacteria change . This light-scattering response can produce a transmission decrease of about 1% throughout the red and near-infrared region . The action spectrum for the light-scattering response appropriately matches the absorption spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin . The response is eliminated by cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone, a proton ionophore, and by triphenylmethylphosphonium, a membrane permanent cation . A mild hypertonic shock induces a similar light-scattering change, suggesting that bright light causes the bacteria to shrink about 1% in volume, thereby producing the light-scattering response.

J Bacteriol, 1978 Dec, 136(3), 1027 - 36
Physiological role and membrane lipid modulation of the membrane-bound (Mg2+, na+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity in Acholeplasma laidlawii; Jinks DC et al.; The membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of Acholeplasma laidlawii B differs in many respects from the common (Mg2+, Ca2+)-ATPase activity of higher bacteria, most notably in that it is specifically activated by Mg2+ and strongly and specifically stimulated by Na+ (or Li+) . Various inhibitors diminish the ATPase activity with a concentration dependence which suggests that a single enzyme species is responsible for all of the observed ATP hydrolytic activity (both basal and Na+ stimulated) . The Km for ATP is influenced by temperature but not by membrane lipid fatty acid composition . Vmax is influenced by both of these factors, showing a break in Arrhenius plots which falls below the lipid phase transition midpoint but well above the lower boundary when a phase transition occurs within the temperature range studied . The apparent energy of activation for Vmax is strongly influenced by lipid fatty acid composition both above and below the break . When whole cells of A . laidlawii B are incubated in KCl or NaCl buffers, they rapidly swell and lyse if deprived of an energy source or treated with ATPase inhibitors at concentrations which significantly inhibit enzyme activity in isolated membranes, whereas in sucrose or MgSO4 buffers of equal osmolarity, the cells are stable under these conditions . These results suggest that the membrane ATPase of A . laidlawii B is intimately associated with the membrane lipids and that it functions as a monovalent cation pump which regulates intracellular osmolarity as the (Na+, K+)-ATPase does in eucaryotes.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Nov 10, 253(21), 7940 - 51
Adhesion of chicken hepatocytes to polyacrylamide gels derivatized with N-acetylglucosamine; Schnaar RL et al.; Complex carbohydrates on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells are thought to participate in a wide variety of cell-cell interactions . A model system has therefore been developed to study these processes . In the present experiments, the ability of chicken hepatocytes to recognize and adhere to sugars covalently linked to polyacrylamide gels was investigated . The gels were snythesized by two methods . Type I gels were prepared from a co-polymer of an active ester of acrylic acid (N-succinimidyl acrylate), acrylamide, and bisacrylamide . The "activated" polyacrylamide gel was then treated with the desired ligand containing an amino group, such as 6-aminohexyl O- or S-glycoside . Type II gels were formed by treating similar ligands with acryloyl chloride, followed by co-polymerization of the resulting N-substituted acrylamide with acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide . These polyacrylamide derivatives offer many advantages for studies with intact cells . They are not toxic to any cell type studied, can be cast in any desired shape, are transparent and stable over a wide range of pH values, and contain no cationic and low to negligible levels of anionic charge (charged groups can be introduced if desired), and the polyacrylamide matrix is stable to common biological agents such as bacteria and enzymes . In addition, type I gels can be synthesized using a broad range of molecules containing amino groups, such as glycopeptides, proteins, etc . The hepatocytes were prepared by collagenase perfusion of intact chicken livers . The rate and extent of adhesion of the cells to the derivatized gels was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase in these cells . This enzyme was also used to assay viability and cell "leakiness." At 37 degrees C, 70 to 100% of the cells adhered within 60 min to gels derivatized with N-acetylglucosamine, i.e . gels derivatized with 6-aminohexyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (or the corresponding thioglycoside) . By contrast, less than 5% of the cells adhered to polyacrylamide or to gels derivatized with 6-aminohexanol or the 6-aminohexyl glycosides of beta-D-glucose, beta-D-galactose, alpha-D-mannose, beta-D-maltose, beta-D-melibiose, beta-D-cellobiose, and (alpha or beta)-D-lactose . Kinetic studies with the chicken hepatocytes and N-acetylglucosamine gels showed that cell-gel binding was dependent upon Ca2+ and was decreased at low temperatures . Binding was inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine or by glycosides of this sugar, the most effective inhibitor being orosomucoid (alpha1-acid glycoprotein) pretreated with sialidase and beta-galactosidase . The cell surface receptor(s) involved in this interaction is not known, but may be related or identical to the chicken liver binding protein described by Lunney and Ashwell (Lunney, J., and Ashwell, G . (1976) Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U . S . A . 73, 341--343) . The present results suggest that this model system should prove useful in delineating cell surface interactions with carbohydrates.

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Nov-Dec, 47(6), 1097 - 1100
{Effect of nitragin on alfalfa yield in the chernozem-poor zone of northen Siberia}; Blinkov GN et al.; The presence of nitragin in soil on which lucerne was cultivated increased the yield of green biomass as well as the content in it of protein, essential amino acids, nitrogen-less extractive substances and ash, and decreased the content of cellulose . Nitragin increased the yield of green biomass by 44--51% in the absence of spontaneous nodule bacteria in soil and by 10--19% in their presence; the content of protein in the crop increased respectively 2.1--2.4 and 1.4--1.8 times . The most active strains of the lucerne nodule bacteria were 435a, 441a and a "local" one; the least active strain was 422a.

Clin Orthop, 1978 Nov-Dec, (137), 69 - 75
Hematogenous infection in total joint replacement; Ahlberg A et al.; Hematogenous infections may appear at any time after joint replacement operations . As distinguished from delayed infections where general symptoms of infection are absent, hematogenous infections cause malaise, chills and fever, usually of the septic type . Roentgenograms of the joint at an early stage of hematogenous infection do not show any sign of infection as these take time to develop . Nor is the scintigram positive at an early stage . The diagnosis is beyond doubt only when the same strain of bacteria is cultured from the joint, a primary focus and blood.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1978 Nov, 34(2), 199 - 205
Longitudinal effects of clinical therapy and the edentulous state on the transformation of lymphocytes from patients with severe periodontitis; Baker JJ et al.; Twenty dentulous subjects undergoing clinical therapy for severe periodontitis were used to determine the longitudinal effects of bacterial plaque reduction in vitro lymphocyte transformation . The therapy consisted of either complete extractions or partial extractions and periodontal surgery combined with rigorous oral hygiene . Prior to therapy lymphocytes from these subjects responded significantly to Streptolysin O (SLO) but were not transformed significantly by solubilized dental plaque . However, after therapy lymphocytes from these same subjects responded significantly to both solubilized dental plaque and SLO . This indicates that the severe periodontitis patients were specifically unresponsive to solubilized dental plaque prior to therapy . The mechanism of the unresponsiveness is not clear, but probably does not involve serum factors because supplementation of the lymphocyte cultures with pooled homologous plasma from individuals with gingivitis or moderate periodontitis (instead of the patient's autologous plasma) did not significantly change the mean lymphocyte responses to solubilized dental plaque . In addition, lymphocytes from eleven long-term (5--18 yr) edentulous subjects, who were free of oral inflammation, were significantly transformed by solubilized dental plaque . The latter lymphocyte responses and those of the treated periodontitis patients could be due either to the presence of low levels of oral bacteria in the edentulous mouth or to the lymphocyte transformation assay being a measure of previous antigen sensitization rather than current disease status . In either case, lymphocyte transformation to solubilized dental plaque is not a useful diagnostic tool in periodontitis, but should continue to be a valuable research tool for investigating pathological mechanisms in periodontitis.

Microsc Acta, 1978 Nov, 81(2), 147 - 53
Measurements of membrane potentials using the dye safranine; Akerman KE; A metachromatic shift in the spectrum of the cationic dye safranine occurs upon induction of electrical potentials across the mitochondrial membrane by adding respiratory substrate, ATP or a cation conductor valinomycin (when a potassium gradient exists across the membrane) to a mitochondrial suspension . The extent of spectral change correlates linearily to the membrane potential . During the spectral change safranine is taken up by the mitochondria and most of the dye can be recovered in the pellet after centrifugation . By measuring the spectral changes a fairly good estimate of membrane potentials in mitochondria and bacteria is obtained . This method is compared to other optical methods of studying membrane potentials and is possible applications in different systems in the future is discussed.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1978 Nov, 70(5), 821 - 5
Aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility tests with three tetracyclines . Reassessment of the "class concept" of disk testing; Barry AL et al.; Both aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility tests were performed with tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, using disk diffusion and agar dilution technics . The data were examined in order to reassess the concept of testing a single disk, representative of the tetracycline class of antimicrobics . All strains that were susceptible to a tetracycline disk were predictably susceptible to the tetracycline analogs . Some strains that gave zones in the resistant or intermediate range were susceptible or moderately susceptible to doxycycline and minocycline by agar dilution methods . However, disk tests with the more active analogs were often unproductive, since most tetracycline-resistant strains gave indeterminate results with doxycycline or minocycline disks . It was concluded that the "class concept" of disk testing is still appropriate and that tests with tetracycline disks predict susceptibility to the other tetracycline analogs reasonably well.

J Lab Clin Med, 1978 Nov, 92(5), 787 - 94
Comparison of the metabolism of alveolar macrophages from humans, rats, and rabbits: phorbol myristate acetate; Hoidal JR et al.; Metabolic activities of unstimulated or stimulated AMs from humans, rats, and rabbits were examined and compared in vitro . Rates of oxygen consumption, chemiluminescence, and glucose (1- or 6-14C) oxidation by unstimulated AMs from these three species increased following stimulation of the AMs by bacteria or PMA . Although the absolute metabolic responses of AMs from humans, rats, or wild rabbits were different, the metabolic activities from each species were nearly identical when compared on the basis of protein content of the cells . In contrast to the enhanced biochemical responses of AMs from humans, rats, or wild rabbits, stimulated AMs from certain commercially supplied rabbits failed to increase their metabolism . The failure of AMs from these rabbits to respond metabolically was probably due to an acquired abnormality resulting from their care and storage at the supplier . The defect was associated with the presence of large numbers of Bordetella bronchiseptica organisms in the lavage effluents from these commercially supplied rabbits . This abnormality in metabolism of AMs was reversed following prolonged residence of the rabbits in the laboratory, and the correction of the defect was accompanied by a disappearance of B . bronchiseptica from the lavage fluid . The results comprehensively compare and contrast the metabolism of AMs from humans and animals and emphasize the need to document the appropriateness of animal models before using them to predict biologic reactions of humans.

J Bacteriol, 1978 Nov, 136(2), 795 - 8
Isolation and characterization of Caulobacter crescentus flagellar hooks; Lagenaur C et al.; The basal hook structure of the flagellar organelle Caulobacter crescentus was isolated from release flagella . Hook preparations contained a single major proteins species of 73,000 molecular weight and proteins in smaller amounts that may be minor hook components . Hooks isolated from C . crescents CB13B1a and CB15 were immunologically cross-reactive.

Stomatol DDR, 1978 Nov, 28(11), 809 - 11
{Significance of microscopy preparations in periodontal diseases}; Kohler B et al.; A simple microscopic method for the quantitative determination of bacteria, leucocytes and epithelial cells was tested on 24 healthy subjects and 75 patients with the diagnosis of periodontal disease . It was found that the microscopic picture is on principle, in correlation with exact clinical data, suited for detecting periodontal disease.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1978 Nov, 31(11), 2058 - 65
Breast-feeding: main promoter of infant health; Mata L; Unique immunological factors in breast milk are responsible for the protection it affords infants against pathogenic agents . This protection is particularly effective against the infectious agents which invade or colonize the small and large intestine . Factors interfering with enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive bacteria, and with entero- and rotaviruses, have already been detected in colostrum and mature human milk . Moreover, the biochemical composition of human milk makes it the best infant food during the first 6 months of life, and with supplementation, for months thereafter . At the same time, optimal maternal-infant interactions are effected during breast-feeding which strengthen infant care in health, in illness and during convalescence . The low cost of breast-feeding when compared to other types of alimentation, coupled with its unparalleled nutritive, anti-infectious, and behavior stimulating properties makes it the main promoter of infant health . There remains a need for investigation of the factors that have brought about a reduction in breast-feeding throughout the world . New methodologies to increase the incidence of breast-feeding, particularly in the developing nations, are critical . The availability of such methodologies could facilitate delivery of other health interventions ideally delivered by the mother, the most important agent for improving the health of infants and children.

Acta Cytol, 1978 Nov-Dec, 22(6), 447 - 55
An electron microscopic investigation on the pathogenesis of human vaginal trichomoniasis; Garcia-Tamayo J et al.; The fine structure of Trichomonas vaginalis and its acid phosphatase activity in the vaginal medium was investigated with the aid of the electron microscope . The relationship among trichomonads, desquamated epithelial cells, macrophages and bacteria was examined with special attention directed towards their phagocytic behavior . Acid phosphatase activity was observed in the Golgi apparatus, phagolysosomes and in the chromatic granules of Trichomonas vaginalis . Macrophages and leukocytes also exhibited activity for acid phosphatase, particularly during phagocytosis . Phagocytosis and digestion of epithelial cells and bacteria by trichomonads was demonstrated . The study of trichomonads in the vaginal medium is considered to be an important approach towards the understanding of the pathogenesis of lesions induced by this parasite.

Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss, 1978 Nov, 34(4-6), 401 - 10
Genetic engineering; Mach B; The field of genetic engineering is reviewed with a special emphasis on in vitro DNA recombinant technology . The basic principles of the biochemistry of DNA splicing and of gene transfer are described . An important distinction is made between the insertion and cloning of genes derived from genomic DNA ("natural" genes) and of DNA synthetized in vitro ("synthetic" genes) . Cloning of genes synthetized from mRNA has provided the probes necessary for the identification of genomic clones, and recently it has made possible the synthesis of specific mammalian proteins in bacteria.

J Periodontol, 1978 Nov, 49(11), 576 - 9
A comparison of a periodontal dressing and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash after the internal bevelled flap procedure; Newman PS et al.; A group of 15 patients requiring comparable bilateral internal bevelled flap procedures took part in a study to compare the clinical results achieved when a dressing or chlorhexidine mouthwash was used during the first postoperative week . Initial preoperative conditions were comparable . At the end of the first postoperative week, significantly more plaque accumulated and the sulcus bleeding index was significantly higher on the dressing treated side . At 1 month and 3 months postoperatively the sulcus bleeding indices were below preoperative levels for both treated sides with no significant differences between the sides . A significant and comparable reduction in pocket depths occurred following the two postoperative treatments . Subjectively recorded pain scores demonstrated that more pain was experienced on the dressing treated side, particularly during the first 4 postoperative days . More patients preferred the mouthwash as a postoperative treatment.

JOGN Nurs, 1978 Nov-Dec, 7(6), 35 - 8
Comparison of the antiseptic effect of two Iodophor preparations on hand washing in a well-baby nursery; Amortegui AJ et al.; Two iodophor preparations, Betadine and Prepodyne, used as handwashing antiseptics in two well-baby nurseries, were compared . A total of 1,806 cultures were evaluated . They were taken a) from nurses' hands after washing with either of the products to determine the effectiveness in removing bacteria from the skin suface, b) from the babies' umbilicuses to assess the level of colonization of the infants' skin surfaces to which nurses were exposed during infant bathing, and c) from the nurses' hands immediately after completion of the babies' bathing routine . The results obtained indicated that the products are equally effective in eliminating bacteria in a routine handwashing procedure in similar circumstances . Both presented a comparable skin drying effect after repeated exposures and did not lead to any allergic reaction in the present trial.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1978 Nov, 126(11), 659 - 66
{alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency . Clinical and morphological aspects during childhood (author's transl)}; Osswald P et al.; In many cases so called neonatal hepatitis of unknown origin nowadays is recognized as a manifestation of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency . Out of 12 patients with Pi-type ZZ, 5 were diagnosed because of cholestatic jaundice, 2 because of hepato-splenomegaly in the first trimenon, and 3 by family examination . We believe that the affection may be due to a perinataly acquired cytomegalic inclusion disease in one case, in another to a congenital rubella infection . The latter child died at the age of one year because of an esophageal hemorrhage . Over a mean observation time of 3 years the other patients are doing well and show no signs of portal hypertension . The very different course of the hepatopathy is demonstrated . Common bacteria or toxins which do not usually lead to an illness may be realisation factors just as "classical" causes of hepatitis . Up to now it is not known how these factors influence the course of alpha-antitrypsin deficiency.

Fed Proc, 1978 Nov, 37(13), 2759 - 64
Oxygen metabolism and the microbicidal activity of macrophages; Johnston RB Jr; Like neutrophils, phagocytizing macrophages undergo a "respiratory burst" in which significant quantities of oxygen are drawn into the cell . The consumed oxygen is not used in oxidative phosphorylation but, rather, in the formation of superoxide anion (O2) and H2O2 . These oxygen metabolites and the products of their interaction, in particular hydroxyl radical (OH), have been implicated in the killing of ingested bacteria by neutrophils . Their role in macrophage microbicidal activity has not been fully defined . However, activated macrophages, which mediate increased resistance to infection in vivo, have a markedly increased capacity to generate O2 and H2O2 in vitro when stimulated by phagocytosis or surface perturbation . The enhanced capacity of activated macrophages to generate highly reactive oxygen metabolites during phagocytosis could contribute to the improved microbicidal and tumoricidal activity of these cells.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Nov-Dec, 129 B(4), 571 - 9
Immunogenic activity of a cell wall fraction extracted from Brucella abortus in guinea-pigs; Bosseray N et al.; A cell wall fraction (F8) extracted by boiling sodium dodecylsulfate at 4 % from Brucella abortus 99S was used with oil adjuvant to vaccinate groups of ten guinea-pigs, at doses equivalent to 1 X 10(9) and 1 X 10(10) bacteria, once or twice at 3 month intervals . H38 vaccine, a total cell vaccine from formalized B . melitensis 53 H38, was used as a reference, at doses 3 X 10(8) and 3 X 10(9) bacteria . These doses were chosen since they have about the same vaccinal activity in mice being respectively equal to 10 and 100 mice optimal dose (MOD) . One extra-group of guinea-pigs received two injections of 100 microgram of smooth-lipopolysaccharide (LPS-S) of B . melitensis 16M, in adjuvant . Control group received the adjuvant only . Guinea-pigs were challenged 3 months after the last vaccination with 5,000 colony-forming units of B . abortus 544, and autopsied 40 days later . The spleen and 8 lymph nodes were cultured: a guinea-pig is considered as protected if no Brucella was found in any sample . Protection afforded by the two vaccines is dose-dependent . H38 vaccine gives a better protection (infected 24 %) than F8 (46 %) since a higher dose is needed to obtain the same level of protection: i . e., 100 MOD of F8 is about equal to 10 MOD of H38 (35 and 37 % respectively) . Contrary to what was previously shown in mice, recall does not improve the immunity and LPS-S does not vaccinate at all.

Med Trop (Mars), 1978 Nov-Dec, 38(6), 651 - 7
{Biological control of vectors of human and tropical diseases . Present means and prospects (author's transl)}; Chauvet G; Biological control is "direct or indirect use of natural enemies of the injurious species to increase its mortality" (W.H.O., 1963) . The more and more frequent apparition of resistant insects populations, the fears as regards the environment, the increase cost of hydrocarbur products and also some technic and operational difficulties to stop transmission by the use of only insecticide pulverisation, impose this process . Nevertheless, practic use of natural enemies of vectors is yet unusual in spite of important research . (Identification problems, dynamic of species, insufficiency of ethology knowledge particulary of the host specificity, difficulties of application on the vectors which are the most usually widely scattered) . For control of insects of medical importance (mosquitoes, black flies, tse-tse flies) it has been used either pathogen agents such as virus bacteria, microsporida or parasit agents such as fungi, mermithid nematods or at last, predators, essentially larvivorus fish . Actually, no biological agent is able to take the place of chemical and physical "traditional" means . In case of mosquito control which is more advanced, the only biological mean which is operational is the use of larvivorus fish and specially Gambusia.

Vopr Virusol, 1978 Nov-Dec, (6), 707 - 9
{Comparative study of interferon production in mice with the graft versus host reaction}; Shcheglovitova ON et al.; Mice with graft versus host reaction (GVHR) show a decreased production of serum interferon and that produced by the bone marrow and spleen cells and blood leukocytes in vitro upon inoculation with Newcastle disease virus . Interferon induction with lipopolysaccharide of Flexner bacteria resulted in activation of production of serum interferon and that induced in spleen cell and blood leukocyte suspensions . Serum interferon production after administration of poly(I) . poly(C) was similar in mice with GVHR and controls.

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