Clin Plast Surg, 1979 Oct, 6(4), 493 - 503 Infection in the surgical patient: an imbalance in the normal equilibrium; Robson MC; Infection in the surgical patient, like infection elsewhere in the body, is a manifestation of a disturbed host-bacteria equilibrium in favor of the bacteria . It results when bacteria indigenous to that patient achieve dominance over the factors of host resistance . This is reflected by a quantitative increase in the bacterial presence . To be able rationally to prevent and manage such infection requires understanding of how each prophylactic or therapeutic maneuver will work to reestablish the normal equilibrium in the specific situation in which the surgeon finds his patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Oct, 48(4), 298 - 308 Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias; Roberts AM et al.; In a series of sixteen patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-one patients with atypical facial neuralgia, it was found that the painful phenomena associated with both disorders were, in nearly all instances, closely related to the presence of maxillary or mandibular bone cavities at previous tooth extraction sites . Standard oral surgical procedures for curettage of the cavities, together with administration of antibiotics, were employed in the successful treatment of both the trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, with complete pain remissions for periods varying from 2 months (for most recently treated cases) up to 9 years . The observations and results of this study suggest that dental and oral disorders may play a role in the genesis of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Oct, 76(10), 5124 - 8 Triplet states in photosystem I of spinach chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles; Frank HA et al.; We report light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance triplet spectra from samples of chloroplasts or digitonin photosystem I particles that depend upon the dark redox state of the bound acceptors of photosystem I . If the reaction centers are prepared in the redox state P-700 A X- FdB-FdA-, then upon illumination at 11K we observe a polarized chlorophyll triplet species which we interpret as arising from radical pair recombination between P-700+ and A- . This chlorophyll triplet is apparently the analog of the PR state of photosynthetic bacteria {Parson, W.W . & Cogdell, R.J . (1975) Biochim . Biophys . Acta 416, 105-149} . If the reaction centers are prepared in the dark redox state P-700 A X FdB-FdA-, then upon illumination at 11K we observe a different triplet species of uncertain origin, possibly pheophytin or carotenoid . This species is closely associated with the photosystem I reaction center and it traps excitation when P-700 is oxidized. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 1979 Oct, 57(5), 847 - 59 Morphological, histochemical and X-ray microanalytical examination of deposits on soft contact lenses in extended wearing; Dreyer V et al.; The deposits on 29 contact lenses of various water content from 20 wearers were analysed by the methods given in the title . Six lenses were used as bandage lenses, the remaining for optical correction . The age of the patients varied from 7 to 56 years, two-thirds being under 45 years . Wearing time had been from 1 week to 1 year, with an average of 13 weeks . The results obtained by the methods applied showed that calcium was present in just over two-thirds of the cases (20/29), other elements being infrequent . Mucopolysaccharides were found in just under two-thirds (18/29) . Chlorine was present in one-fifth of the cases . No significant amounts of lipid were detected . Fungi were found in three cases (3/29) . Bacteria were also found in these cases, but never without fungi . Evaluation of the methods applied showed that the methods of choice were macroscopical examination and scanning microscopy in combination with X-ray microanalysis, in a few cases combined with histochemistry . None of the methods applied is sufficient for protein analysis. J Med Chem, 1979 Oct, 22(10), 1247 - 57 Folate antagonists . 15 . 2,3-Diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)quinazoline and related 2,4-diamino-6-{(phenyl and naphthyl)sulfinyl and sulfonyl}quinazolines, a potent new class of antimetabolites with phenomenal antimalarial activity; Elslager EF et al.; Oxidation of an array of 2,4-diamino-6-(arylthio)quinazolines provided the corresponding arylsulfinyl and arylsulfonyl analogues . A variety of these nonclassical analogues of methotrexate exhibited suppressive antimalarial activity superior to that of the parent thioquinazolines against drug-sensitive lines of Plasmodium berghei in mice and P . gallinaceum in chicks, and several displayed potent prophylactic activity against P . gallinaceum . The sulfinyl- and sulfonylquinazolines also retained antimalarial effects against chloroquine-, cycloguanil-, and DDS-resistant lines of P . berghei in mice and against chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of P . falciparum in owl monkeys . Coadministration of one of the most active of these compounds, 2,4-diamino-6-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-quinazoline (35), with sulfadiazine to monkeys infected with P . falciparum of P . vivax led to greatly enhanced activity and prevented the development of quinazoline resistance. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1979 Sep 11, 68(37), 1172 - 82 {Siphonaptera/fleas (author's transl)}; Mumcuoglu Y et al.; Fleas are small, reddish-brown, wingless insects with a laterally compressed body and a pronounced third pair of legs adapted to leaping . Of the 100 species found in Middle Europe, hardly a dozen are of medical importance, they concern mainly people in contact with domestic animals . The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, and the bird flea . Ceratophyllus gallinae, are the most important human-pathogenic species in our region . A flea bite shows first as a haemorrhagic punctum, accompanied by itching, and leads to an erythema with or without central wheal . After 12--24 hours a papule appears which persists up to 2 weeks . Linimentum zinci with 10% Neocid alleviates the itching and prevents further infestation . The fleas are destroyed in their hiding places and on their animal host by applying Toxical-, Neocid- or Noflo-powder . The tropical sand flea, Tunga penetrans, is a permanent ectoparasite of man . It is seen in people returning from the tropics . Fleas may, even in our region, be vectors of bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and intestinal parasites. Respir Care, 1979 Oct, 24(10), 921 - 7 A survey of fungal flora in respiratory therapy equipment; Hyde EA et al.; This survey, designed to detect the presence of fungi in respiratory therapy equipment by using a modification of the method of Nazemi et al, indicated significant numbers of fungi in 6 of 30 respiratory therapy devices used in the home, while none of 138 devices used in the hospital showed significant numbers of fungi . Species of fungi detected in large numbers were all yeasts and yeast-like organisms . Additionally, 50% of home devices were found to be moderately to heavily contaminated with either bacteria or fungi, or both, while only 3.6% of the hospital equipment achieved similar levels of contamination (P less than or equal to 0.005), and in these cases, bacteria were the primary contaminants . It was concluded that fungi merited consideration as potential contaminants of respiratory therapy equipment, and that home care respirators presented significantly greater changes for possibly hazardous contamination than did hospital-maintained equipment. Science, 1979 Sep 7, 205(4410), 964 - 71 Comparative biochemistry and drug design for infectious disease; Cohen SS; In the past two decades, biochemistry and molecular biology have demonstrated the existence of potentially exploitable biochemical differences between etiologic agents of disease and their hosts . Known differences between organism and host with respect to metabolism and polymer structure point to the detailed characterization of key proteins as the focus for the development of potential inhibitors . In the last decade, the methodology of the isolation, characterization, and inactivation of proteins and enzymes has been advanced . The present scientific and technological base suggests that new efforts toward the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents for infections caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and higher eukaryotes should exploit the known differences in proteins or other specific biopolymers serving crucial structural or metabolic roles in the economy of the parasite. N Engl J Med, 1979 Sep 6, 301(10), 519 - 22 Lack of evidence for cancer due to use of metronidazole; Beard CM et al.; Experimental studies have shown that metronidazole is carcinogenic in rodents and mutagenic in bacteria . In 771 women given metronidazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis, more cancers developed than had been expected after exclusion of carcinoma of one uterine cervix (observed, 24 cases; expected on the basis of the Connecticut Tumor Registry, 21.7; expected on the basis of the Third National Cancer Survey, 18.4) . However, the excess was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) . The observed and expected numbers of breast-cancer cases were the same, but four lung-cancer cases were observed, whereas 0.6 would have been expected . This finding is confounded by the fact that all four lung cancers developed in women who were smokers . Overall, we observed no appreciable increase in cases of cancer. Immunobiology, 1979 Sep, 156(3), 309 - 18 Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of mistletoe extract; Bloksma N et al.; The adjuvanticity of the mistletoe preparation Iscador was investigated . The cellular response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was augmented after intracutaneous immunization with antigen and different doses of Iscador . Iscador did not change the cellular response to 2 x 10(7) intraperitoneally administered SRBC . The IgM plaque forming cell response was accelerated and followed by an augmentation of the IgG and IgA plaque forming cell response . Evidence is presented that the immunogenic and inflammatory capacities of Iscador contribute to its adjuvant activity . Both micro-organisms and soluble, filter-adherent constituents in Iscador possess adjuvant activity . The relation between the immunostimulating properties of Iscador and its anti-tumour activity is discussed. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 991 - 4 Differentiation of rapidly growing mycobacteria with trimethoprim (Tmp); Laszlo A et al.; Inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis, M . vaccae, and M . diernhoferi by Trimethoprim (Tmp) in both liquid and solid media is described . Other mycobacteria were not inhibited by the same concentrations . The selective inhibition of the above strains, particularly M . smegmatis, by Tmp could be used for differentiation of these species from other fast-growing acid-fast bacteria. J Pathol, 1979 Sep, 129(1), 31 - 6 Oesophageal neoplasia in male Wistar rats due to parenteral di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN): a combined histopathological, histochemical and electron microscopic study; Levison DA et al.; Intraperitoneal di(2-hydroxypropyl)-Nitrosamine (DHPN) caused a high incidence of oesophageal squamous carcinoma in male Wistar rats, particularly in rats killed 11 or more months after the start of injections . No control rats (injected intraperitoneally with saline) developed an oesophageal neoplasms . Histopathologically, the tumours were moderately well differentiated . Histochemical studies showed minor increases in mucin staining and mast cell population and a marked increase in bacteria in tumour-bearing oesophaguses . Electron microscopy showed the tumours to be similar to, but to differ in some respects from squamous carcinomas at other sites in humans . The possible implications of this work for human disease are twofold . It could provide a model for further study of aspects of oesophageal carcinoma and it serves to remind us that all potential oesophageal carcinogens need not act during swallowing. Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(646), 553 - 5 Quality of specimens and sputum culture results: a retrospective study; Rahman M; A retrospective study of laboratory reports of sputums examined in the first 3 months of 1977 and of 1978 showed some interesting findings, which were similar in these 2 years . Analysis of the findings demonstrated that information from a proportion of sputum cultures were not helpful to the clinicians . Probable causes of such unhelpful results and some ways to overcome these problems were discussed, along with reviews of relevant literature . A conclusion drawn at the end of the discussion was that, under present circumstances, it was not expected that sputum cultures would produce totally reliable aetiological agents, unless attempts were made to obtain a better quality of specimen, e.g . those obtained by transtracheal or bronchoscopic aspirations. Orig Life, 1979 Sep, 9(4), 313 - 27 Archean photoautotrophy: some alternatives and limits; Knoll AH; From the Archean geological record, one can infer that photoautotrophy evolved early in earth history; however the nature of this photosynthesis -- whether it was predominately or cyanobacterial -- is less clearly understood . General agreement tht the earth's atmosphere did not become oxygen rich before the Early Proterozoic era places constraints on theories concerning more ancient biotas . Accommodating this limitation in various ways, different workers have hypothesized (1) that blue-green algae frist evolved in the Early Proterozoic; (2) that oxygen producing proto-cyanobacteria existed in the Archean, but had no biochemical mechanism for coping with ambient O2; and (3) that true cyanobacteria flourished in the Archean, but did not oxygenate the atmosphere because of high rates of oxygen consumption caused, in part, by the emanation of reduced gases from widespread Archean volcanoes . Inversion of hypothesis three leads to another, as yet unexplored, alternative . It is possible that physiologically modern blue-green algae existed in Archean times, but had low productivity . Increased rates of primary production in the Early Proterozoic era resulted in the atmospheric transition documented in strata of this age . An answer to the question of why productivity should have changed from the Archean to the Proterozoic may lie in the differing tectonic frameworks of the two areas . The earliest evidence of widespread, stable, shallow marine platforms is found in Lower Proterozoic sedimentary sequnces . In such environments, productivity was, and is high . In contrast, Archean shallow water environments are often characterized by rapid rates of clastic and pyroclastic influx -- conditions that reduce rates of benthonic primary production . This hypothesis suggests that the temporal correlation of major shifts in tectonic mode and atmospheric composition may not be fortuitous . It also suggests that sedimentary environments may have constituted a significant limit to the abundance and diversity of early life. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1979 Sep, 120(3), 613 - 8 Defective oxidative metabolic responses in vitro of alveolar macrophages in chronic granulomatous disease; Hoidal JR et al.; After stimulation with bacteria, alveolar macrophages (AM) from uninfected normal subjects or persons with pneumonia approximately doubled their rates of O2 consumption, superoxide anion generation, and glucose (1(-14)C) oxidation . In contrast, bacteria-stimulated AM from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) failed to consume more O2, make superoxide anion, or oxidize glucose . In addition, AM from the patient with CGD did not respond to stimulation by a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, which increased the metabolic activities of AM from control subjects . The appearance, esterase and Gomori acid phosphatase staining, phagocytic ability, unstimulated O2 consumption, and response to methylene blue of AM from the CGD patient were normal . The results extend the biochemical defect in patients with CGD beyond abnormalities in their circulating neutrophils and monocytes, to their tissue-associated lung macrophages . The results also indicate that AM from patients with CGD may have an additional abnormality in metabolism, which is a lack of enhanced mitochondrial respiration during phagocytosis . The studies also document the selective action of phorbol myristate acetate, which stimulated the metabolic activities of normal AM, but not of those from the patient with CGD. Am J Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep, 88(3 Pt 2), 560 - 4 Sodium hydroxide sterilzation of intraocular lenses; Galin MA et al.; Intraocular lenses of polymethylmethacrylate contaminated with various inocula of bacteria, spores, and fungi were sterilized by modifications of the Ridley method using sodium hydroxide . Positive cultures were obtained from iris-supported lenses contaminated with concentrations of approximately 1 x 10(6) organisms per milliliter after one hour in 10% NaOH . No positive cultures were obtained when lenses remained in 10% NaOH for three hours, a time corresponding to a 1 x 10(-6) probability of surviving organism . The NaOH method, when appropriately used, is an effective sterilization process for intraocular lenses. Clin Pharmacokinet, 1979 Sep-Oct, 4(5), 368 - 79 Biliary excretion of drugs in man; Rollins DE et al.; Biliary excretion is an important route for the elimination of some drugs and drug metabolites in man . The factors which determine elimination via the biliary tract include characteristics of the drug such as chemical structure, polarity and molecular size as well as characteristics of the liver such as specific active transport sites within the liver cell membranes . A drug excreted in bile may be reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or a drug conjugate may be hydrolysed by gut bacteria, liberating original drug which can be returned to the general circulation . Enterohepatic circulation may prolong the pharmacological effect of certain drugs and drug metabolites, but the quantitative importance of this in man appears to be less than in animals . Biliary elimination may play a role in the interindividual differences in drug response observed in healthy subjects and in patients with certain diseases . Cholestatic disease states, in which normal bile flow is reduced, will influence drug elimination by this route resulting in increased risk of drug toxicity . Bile may serve as an alternate route of elimination in renal failure, but this has not been determined in man . Lack of reliable information regarding the biliary excretion of drugs in man is partly due to the relative inaccessibility of the human biliary tract . Most studies of drug excretion in human bile have been performed in post-surgical patients with T-tube drainage . This method of bile collection is not ideal because bile flow and composition are often severely altered during the period of study, not all bile is collected and enterohepatic circulation is partially interrupted . Recent advances in the methods of collection of bile may improve future studies of drug excretion in human bile. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Sep, (9), 79 - 83 {Effectiveness of oral immunization of white mice with a complex S . typhimurium antigen}; Elkina SI et al.; The protective properties of hydroxylamine preparation obtained from a virulent strain of S . typhimurium were studied in experiments with natural infection after a single oral immunization . The new data obtained in these experiments suggest that the treatment of bacteria with hydroxylamine allows to produce the preparation which, when administered orally, has the immunizing dose only 20 times as great as its immunizing dose for subcutaneous administration . The action of gastric juice on hydroxylamine preparation, as well as the duration and specificity of immunity induced by the oral administration of this preparation were studied . The oral administration of some adjuvants was found to make it possible to considerably decrease the effective dose of the vaccine. J Pediatr, 1979 Sep, 95(3), 385 - 8 Brain abscess and cystic fibrosis; Fischer EG et al.; Brain abscess has only recently been considered a complication of cystic fibrosis . Three patients are reported here and a fourth cited from the literature . All of our patients were young adults with advanced pulmonary disease . The bacteria involved were mouth organisms and were found in the sputum culture in only one of the patients . Resistance was present to previously given antibiotics . As patients with cystic fibrosis survive into adulthood, the risk of developing a brain abscess appears to increase. Clin Chem, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1531 - 46 Analytical luminescence: its potential in the clinical laboratory; Whitehead TP et al.; The various types of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions are described . Applications of luminescence in the analysis of substancs of clinical interest are surveyed . The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for luminescent assays are discussed. Biofizika, 1979 Sep-Oct, 24(5), 843 - 8 {Polarization of photosynthetic membranes and reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 1760-1 in an external electrical field}; Borisevich GP et al.; Electric fields as high as 10(5) V/cm cause polarization of chromatophores and reaction centre films prepared from photosynthesizing bacteria . Photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids in particular, the absorption spectra of which are changed in response to electric fields, may serve as an intrinsic indicator of the development of a polarized state . Polarization occurs due to changes in orientation and spacial position of different charge groups and particles . The field-induced polarized state can be fixed up by exposure to low temperature (-120 degrees C) . While heating the system relaxes to the initial state and this can be seen as a current in an electric circuit . The effects of hydration, chemical modification or heat treatment on current indicate the involvement of macromolecule components in the formation of a polarized state, In light-adapted samples the polarization effect is markedly greater and this can indicate that conformational changes occur during the primary photoact . It is supposed that polarization might be implicated in the stabilization of separated charges and in the storage of energy. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Sep 1, 175(5), 460 - 2 Polioencephalomalacia in range cattle; Dickie CW et al.; Polioencephalomalacia developed in 27 of 225 cattle grazing on 486 hectares of dry, short, grama grass pasture . Chemicals in drinking water, toxin from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria, and documented poisonous plants were considered as etiologic agents . Attempts to reproduce the disease by injecting mice and dosing sheep with broth filtrate from nitrate-utilizing ruminal bacteria were not successful . Mushrooms collected from the pasture and fed to a cow did not reproduce the disease. Acta Trop, 1979 Sep, 36(3), 215 - 22 The endosymbionts of Glossina morsitans and G . palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties; Wink M; Pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin A, but not by cyanide . The symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides . It was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of G . morsitans and G . palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates . A high attraction between cells and symbionts was observed in these systems; about 10% of all bacteroids were incorporatedby the cells but they were lysed and digested within 48 h. Biofizika, 1979 Sep-Oct, 24(5), 879 - 84 {Effect of cell metabolism on the rate of medium addition during pH stabilized cultivation}; Minkevich IG et al.; The rate of base or acid addition to the culture broth for maintenance of the present pH-value is a quantity reflecting the metabolic activity of the cell population . This quantity is proportional to the biomass growth rate with the proportionality coefficient depending on the cell consumption of ionized substrates from the environment, cell biomass, electric charge, and content of ionized metabolic products in the medium . The equation for this relationship has been found and the effect of the above, factors on the titration rate has been calculated . This rate may be used to obtain rapidly the quantitative information on the growth of the cell population. Nature, 1979 Aug 30, 280(5725), 815 - 9 Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the major protein of hepatitis B virus surface antigen; Valenzuela P et al.; DNA extracted from hepatitis B virus Dane particles has been cloned in bacteria using a plasmid vector . A full-length clone has been examined by restriction endonuclease analysis, and the nucleotide sequence of an 892-base pair fragment from cloned hepatitis B viral DNA encoding the surface antigen gene is reported . The amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA indicates that the surface antigens is a protein consisting of 226 amino acids and with a molecular weight of 25,398 . The portion of the gene coding for this protein apparently contains no intervening sequences. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Aug 28, 579(2), 269 - 78 The redox properties and heme environment of cytochrome c-551.5 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans; Fiechtner MD et al.; The environment of the three heme groups in cytochrome c-551.5 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans was investigated by the technique of solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy . The hemeoctapeptide from cytochrome c plus added imidazole was used as a model compound for the fully exposed chromophore . The average heme exposure in both the ferric and ferrous cytochromes c-551.5 was found to be considerably greater than that previously observed for the monoheme mitochondrial cytochrome c and Prosthecochloris cytochrome c-555 . Differences in the average heme exposure for ferric and ferrous cytochromes c-551.5 suggested that a change in oxidation state is accompanied by a change in conformation . A spectrophotometric redox titration of the protein yielded a sigmoidal plot of the potential versus the logarithm of the ratio of oxidized to reduced heme . The resolved plot indicated that two hemes were characterized by a E'o of -177 mV and the third E'o of -102 mV . Each of the resolved steps had an n value of 1 indicating that cytochrome c-551.5 transfers electrons singly. J Biol Chem, 1979 Aug 10, 254(15), 7047 - 54 Intracellular protein degradation in Neurospora crassa; Martegani E et al.; In exponentially growing cultures of Neurospora crassa, the basal rate of protein degradation increases as the constant of the rate of growth decreases, so that in slow growing cells (mu = 0.13) the rate of protein degradation is about 25% of the rate of protein accumulation . During glucose starvation and shift-down transition of growth, the rate of protein degradation is greatly enhanced, and a moderate reduction (about 30%) of the ATP level is observed . Treatment of glucose-starved cells with 2-deoxyglucose reduces the ATP content by 70% and blocks protein degradation . The addition of cycloheximide, given at the onset of glucose starvation, prevents the enhancement of protein degradation; instead cycloheximide is without effect if added when proteolysis has already started . At a supraoptimal temperature (42 degrees C) the basal rate of protein degradation is not stimulated, contrary to the behavior observed in bacteria . Guanosine nucleotides, which appear to have a regulatory role for protein degradation in bacteria, are not found in N . crassa. Nature, 1979 Aug 9, 280(5722), 455 - 61 Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II; May RM et al.; In the first part of this two-part article (Nature 280, 361--367), mathematical models of directly transmitted microparasitic infections were developed, taking explicit account of the dynamics of the host population . The discussion is now extended to both microparasites (viruses, bacteria and protozoa) and macroparasites (helminths and arthropods), transmitted either directly or indirectly via one or more intermediate hosts . Consideration is given to the relation between the ecology and evolution of the transmission processes and the overall dynamics, and to the mechanisms that can produce cyclic patterns, or multiple stable states, in the levels of infection in the host population. Arch Dermatol, 1979 Aug, 115(8), 963 - 5 Flushing syndrome due to mahimahi (scombroid fish) poisoning; Kim R; Scombroid fish poisoning, one of the most common adverse reactions to fish, is also probably one of the most common causes of a flushing syndrome . The reaction usually involves fishes of the Scombridae family but, in Hawaii, the reaction is most often due to mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus) . Onset of the reaction is usually abrupt and commonly associated with a prominent flush resembling a sunburn . Headache, tachye to a toxin with histamine-like properties, which is formed because improper refrigeration enables endogenous bacteria to decarboxylate histidine normally present in dark-meat fishes . Symptoms are usually promptly relieved by parenteral antihistamine therapy. Blood Cells, 1979 Aug, 5(3), 479 - 97 Lymphocyte recirculation and the gut: the cellular basis of humoral immunity in the intestine; Hall J; During the last 15 years evidence has accumulated which shows that the B immunoblasts generated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in response to antigenic stimuli from the intestinal tract are discharged into the intestinal lymph . The lymph stream carries them to the blood but most of them soon extravasate in the gut (and some other mucosae) and develop into plasma cells which synthesise secretory immunoglobulins . In sheep, there is some evidence that these cells may be derived initially from a sub-set of small lymphocytes which circulate preferentially through the GALT, but the situation in rodents is less clear . However, in most species it is becoming clear that although some of the antibodies produced by the sub-mucosal plasma cells are secreted directly into the lumen of the gut many find their way, via the lymph, into the blood and, if in the form of polymeric IgA, they are rapidly and actively transported by the hepatocytes into the bile and thus gain direct access to the duodenum in concert with the entry of freshly ingested food and bacteria. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 25(8), 943 - 6 {Electron microscopic study of forest soil}; Kilbertus G et al.; Scanning electron microscopy was used to evidence the aggregated structure of a forest soil as well as the presence of fungal hyphae external to soil aggregates . The supernatant of soil suspension in water mainly contained isolated bacteria, while ultrathin sections of aggregates frequently revealed groups of bacteria surrounded by a sheath of mucilage with adhering clay minerals on the outside . These results confirm the existence of two particular biotopes in the soil studied: one is located inside aggregates, and the other, in the inter-aggregate spaces. J Cell Physiol, 1979 Aug, 100(2), 351 - 64 Inhibition by glucocorticoids and choleragen of the conditional growth of poorly adherent mononuclear phagocytes of newborn hamster liver and lung (hormonal control of macrophage growth); Nozawa RT et al.; Conditions for in vitro growth of mononuclear phagocytes from newborn hamster liver and lung were studied . In the primary cultures of liver and lung, round cells outgrew and frequently floated off into the culture medium . They were separated from fibroblast-like cells adherent to plastic by collecting the medium . The round cells were identified as mononuclear phagocytes on the criteria of phagocytic capacity of heat-killed bacteria and IgG-coated erythrocytes, fine cell structure and cytochemistry . The phagocytes that had not been activated previously proliferated for about ten generations in F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum depending on a growth factor produced by hamster brain, liver or lung cells . Without the factor, the cells quickly cytolysed . Mononuclear phagocytes from blood had the same characteristics of growth and cytochemistry, but had fewer IgG receptors at the cell surface than similar cells from the liver and lung . The effects of a variety of chemical compounds on the growth of the liver and lung cells were studied . Insulin stimulated their growth by 20-30%, but was not replaceable for the growth factor . Glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, inhibited the growth of the phagocytes at the physiological concentrations: 3 x 10(-9) M and 2 x 10(-8) M for 50% inhibition, respectively . Indomethacin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory reagent, at 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M gave no effect . Choleragen that increases the intracellular cyclic AMP level, inhibited the growth at a concentration as low as 5 pg/ml . These data suggest that the growth of mononuclear phagocytes is controlled not only by a growth factor produced by other cells but also by glucocorticoids. Biomed Mass Spectrom, 1979 Aug, 6(8), 356 - 8 Thermolysis chemical ionization of a complex polar lipid; Hilker DR et al.; Vaporization of a ornithine-containing polar lipid from Thiobacillus thiooxidans has been accomplished by thermolysis in a chemical ionization source . The thermolysis has been shown to be more extensive than previously thought . It occurs in at least two steps, the first being dehydration of the ornithine to produce a substituted piperidone . This fragment undergoes a facile elimination to produce two neutral lipid components: a long chain fatty acid and piperidone-containing fatty amide . The results demonstrate the utility of chemical ionization for developing an understanding of a thermolysis process. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Aug 1, 134(7), 784 - 8 The relationship between prematurely ruptured membranes and fetal immunoglobulin production; Cederqvist LL et al.; Cord blood and maternal sera were studied in a series of 227 cases of prematurely ruptured membranes (PRM) with respect to: (1) fetal immunoglobulin (lg) synthesis associated with PRM, (2) the interrelationship between different lg classes during infection, and (3) the relationship between lg values and the duration of PRM prior to the onset of labor . A preliminary report from this laboratory, which indicated that a humorla fetal immune response occurred in some but not all cases of PRM, and that significant increases in either IgA or IgM could be found, was confirmed . There was both clinical and immunologic evidence of one peak of infection one to 12 hours after onset of PRM and another after 72 hours after onset of PRM, suggesting that some patients were infected before the clinical onset of PRM symptomatology . Increased IgA and/or IgM was found in 16.3% of infants with clinical evidence of infection . This was comparable to the 18.5% of patients with PRM who had elevated IgA and/or IgM without clinical evidence of infection . Further, there was no correlation between the severity of infection and the presence of lg elevation . Based on the data in the present series, lg determination in cord blood cannot be used to distinguish cases of PRM with and without fetal infection. Gastroenterology, 1979 Aug, 77(2), 231 - 4 Hyperammonemic coma after hepatectomy in germ-free rats; Schalm SW et al.; Current theories on the pathogenesis of hepatic coma indicate that intestinal bacteria produce cerebral toxins, such as ammonia, mercaptans, and short-chain fatty acids . To test the hypothesis that elimination of anaerobic and aerobic intestinal bacteria retards the onset and alters the biochemical profile of acute hepatic coma, we determined the onset of coma and the ammonia concentration in blood and cecal contents in 7 germ-free and 10 normal dehepatized rats . Ammonia levels were also determined in a further group of 7 germ-free and 12 normal rats 24 hr after hepatic vascular exclusion was accomplished . Onset of coma for germ-free rats (x: 34 hr) was identical to that of normal rats (x: 36 hr) . Arterial ammonia was equally elevated in germ-free rats (x: 834 mumol/liter) and in normal rats (x: 854 mumol/liter), although the ammonia concentration in the cecal contents was significantly lower in germ-free rats (x: 1762 mumol/liter) than in normal rats (x: 5572 mumol/liter) . In germ-free animals, portal venous blood contained more ammonia than arterial blood (x A-V difference: -87 mumol/liter), indicating nonbacterial intestinal ammonia release . We conclude that intestinal bacteria toxins are of minor importance in the mechanism of acute hepatic coma of the liverless rat and that presumably bacterial toxins, such as ammonia, can be products of nonbacterial metabolism . Since hyperammonemia could be considered an important determinant of coma in our model, prevention of hyperammonemia in functionally anhepatic animals should be the next objective in unraveling the pathogenesis of acute hepatic coma. Hautarzt, 1979 Aug, 30(8), 434 - 6 {New fluorescence microscopic technic for the identification of Trichomonas vaginalis}; Grossgebauer K et al.; A new fluorescent dye for the identification of trichomonas vaginalis is described . Specimens under investigation were mixed with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (Dapi) and examined using white light and UV-light . The combined use of the two techniques allows to recognize the mobile non fluorescing and the dead intensive yellow fluorescing trichomonads . Devitalized epithelial cells, bacteria and leucocytes in contrast to living trichomonas are stained yellow in a few minutes . This is of diagnostic help. J Clin Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 6(4), 197 - 209 The effect of metronidazole on the development of plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog; Heijl L et al.; The present investigation was performed in order to assess if the administration of metronidazole changed the composition of developing plaque in dogs, which at the start of the study were free from signs of gingivitis . Five beagle dogs were used . Throughout the observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation . A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate . Gingival biopsies were sampled and the tissue examined by a point counting procedure . The composition of the subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark-field microscopy . The bacteria were characterized into the following types: coccoid cells, straight rods, filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods and spirochetes . Following the baseline examination the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque . A careful tooth cleaning program was maintained in the left jaw quadrants . Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and biopsies sampled in the right jaws after 7, 14 and 28 days of no tooth cleaning . On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated . A baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which the tooth cleaning program also in this part of the dentition was terminated . During the subsequent 28-day period each animal was given a dosage of 20 mg metronidazole/kilogram bodyweight/day . Clinical examinations and biopsies were repeated after 7, 14 and 28 days . The results demonstrated that metronidazole administered via the systemic route during a 28-day period can effectively decrease plaque and gingivitis development in dogs . The bacterial flora from subgingival sites of healthy gingiva was dominated by coccoid cells and straight rods . During the phase of developing gingivitis the percentage of coccoid cells and rods tended to decrease, while motile rods and spirochetes increased . During the 28 days of metronidazole treatment the subgingival plaque flora maintained its "healthy" composition, i.e . a gradual influx of motile rods and spirochetes was prevented. J Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 50(8), 406 - 15 Calculus attachment . Review of the literature and new findings; Canis MF et al.; This study was undertaken in order to provide current information relative to the modes of calculus attachment to tooth surfaces . A total of 63 freshly extracted teeth were fixed, sectioned, and conventionally prepared for light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopic examination . Previously reported histologic findings of cuticular attachment, mechanical locking into undercuts, and direct attachment of calculus matrix to the tooth surface were affirmed . The claim of bacterial penetration as a mode of attachment has been rejected . Ultrastructural evidence of cuticular attachment has been presented for the first time via a series of scanning electron micrographs . The most frequently encountered method of attachment was found to be the apparent melding of calculus matrix to the surface of cementum . In many instances, these two substances were virtually indistinguishable. J Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 50(8), 397 - 405 Formation of salivary coating and dental plaque on two different supporting materials . An electron microscopic study; Berthold P; The formation of salivary coating (SC) and dental plaque on top of Vestopal W and enamel inlays was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy . No clear morphological differences were found between SC and dental plaque formed on either material . A thin continuous SC was formed on the supporting material in all volunteers within 30 minutes' oral exposure . The SC appeared smooth and contained numerous protruding small round bodies (40-200 nm in size), the numbers of which increased with increasing time . Bacterial colonization of the SC started between 6 and 12 hours' oral exposure . After 24 hours' oral exposure, bacterial colonies were confluenting and partly obscuring the subjacent SC . No evidence was obtained in this study contraindicating the use of Vestopal W as supporting material for experimental plaque studies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Aug, 48(2), 160 - 8 Comparison of Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies in young permanent teeth in monkeys; Armstrong RL et al.; This study compared Dycal and formocresol pulpotomies on young healthy permanent teeth with respect to continued dentinogenesis and root end development . Pulpotomy was performed on a total of forty permanent teeth with incompletely developed roots in three young stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa) . Twenty teeth were treated with Dycal and twenty with formocresol . At the end of the experimental periods the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared and sectioned en bloc for histologic examination . The interval between treatment and death ranged between 7 and 797 days . Before each experimental procedure a Procion vital dye was administered as a marking agent for continued root development . Twelve of twenty teeth treated with Dycal and seventeen of twenty teeth treated with formocresol were judged to be successful as evidenced by continued root development, absence of periapical pathoses, and the presence of noninflamed or only mildly inflamed pulps . Brown and Brenn staining showed bacteria within the pulps of the teeth that failed . All but one of the teeth in this study showed evidence of continued root development as confirmed by Procion labeling. Ann Intern Med, 1979 Aug, 91(2), 173 - 8 Safety of changing intravenous delivery systems at longer than 24-hour intervals; Band JD et al.; Routinely changing the intravenous delivery system (fluid containers and administration set) every 24 h is widely practiced in American hospitals to reduce the risk of septicemia caused by contaminated infusate . We did a prospective clinical study to ascertain whether changing at longer intervals could be justified . At the conclusion of infusion therapy through one system, both the cannula and an aliquot of remaining fluid were cultured quantitatively . Of 790 infusions, contaminated infusate was detected in one (0.39%) of 258 discontinued and sampled after 1 to 24 h of continuous use, three (0.84%) of 259 after 25 to 48 h, and one (0.58%) of 173 after 49 to 71 h; none of these five contaminated systems produced septicemia . However, five cannula-related septicemias were identified during the study, none associated with concordant contamination of infusate . Routinely replacing the delivery system every 48 h seems to be justified and could result in considerable savings to hospitals . Infection of the cannula wound and contamination of infusate seem to be unrelated. S Afr Med J, 1979 Jul 28, 56(4), 149 - 54 In defence of ancient bloodletting; Brain P; The ancients used bloodletting extensively in infectious and other diseases . When recent work on iron and bacterial infection is taken into account, it is possible to argue that bloodletting, which reduced plasma iron and transferrin saturation, might have been of value in increasing resistance to infection by bacteria or plasmodia . Galen's bloodletting methods are summarized, and their probable effect on plasma iron is considered . The ancient physicans who had no specific remedies for infection whatsoever, may well have been justified in making responsible use of bloodletting, both for the treatment and for the prophylaxis of infectious disease. J Microsc, 1979 Jul, 116(2), 227 - 42 The preservation of surface-associated micro-organisms prepared for scanning electron microscopy; Garland CD et al.; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become a popular means of studying micro-organisms which associate with surfaces . However, as yet no detailed examination has been made of the influence of specimen preparation on the number of organisms finally seen on the SEM screen . In this investigation critical assessment is made of the influence of a wide range or preparative factors on the preservation of filamentous bacteria associated with the epithelial surfaces of rat intestine . Organisms were quantitated using a rigorous counting method (transect line analysis); statistical testing of these counts enabled the comparison of different preparative factors . The composition of the fixative was found to significantly influence the number of organisms preserved; of the fifteen fixatives studied, Karnovsky's fixative with ruthenium red best preserved surface-associated organisms . The influence of other factors on the number and appearance of preserved organisms was also examined . These factors included the washing of specimens prior to fixation, the storage of fixed specimens, and the handling and storage of critical point dried specimens . The results are discussed with reference to the optimal methods for preparing specimens for SEM. Lab Anim, 1979 Jul, 13(3), 253 - 6 Evaluation of room cleaning procedures in a laboratory animal facility; Shields RP et al.; Animal room cleaning procedures were developed that could be used routinely and economically in this animal facility . Bacterial samples from the floors of rooms housing rabbits, rats and mice provided a useful way to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures, and to determine the in-use effectiveness of disinfectant solutions. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jul-Aug, 1(4), 592 - 9 Maxwell Finland lecture: the influenza viruses and the human respiratory tract; Stuart-Harris CH; This paper has reviewed evidence concerning the changes brought about in the structure and function of the lower airways by influenza virus infections . Disposal of inhaled bacteria is believed to be hindered by the mechanical damage to the epithelium of the respiratory tract caused by the virus infection, and phagocytosis is inhibited as well . Alteration in the ventilation, particularly of the peripheral small airways, which has been found in previously healthy persons during and after influenza, may add to the obstruction of the airways in those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema during influenza and may be important in the genesis of these disorders . The immunological defense of the respiratory tract against the influenza viruses has been discussed briefly with reference to the best available means of enhancing this defense, particularly in individuals with chronic pulmonary disease. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 627 - 32 {Method for assaying methane monooxygenase activity by measuring methane uptake in the reaction vessel}; Sadkov AI et al.; The reaction vessel has been designed to measure methane monooxygenase activity . An elastic membrane has been built into one of the walls of the vessel to take liquid samples, avoiding formation of the gaseous phase in the reaction volume . The methane content in the samples is measured in a gas-liquid chromatograph with a flame ionization detector in two ways: 1 . by direct measurement of methane in the liquid sample, and 2 . by measurement of methane in the gaseous phase after methane diffusion from the liquid sample into the gaseous space of another vessel . The method is simple, sensitive (with a lower limit of 0.1 nMole CH4), and well reproducible . This method permits measurement of the oxidation kinetics of methane and other gaseous hydrocarbons both by intact cells and cell-free preparations of methane oxidizing bacteria. Res Vet Sci, 1979 Jul, 27(1), 15 - 21 Adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica to swine nasal epithelial cells and its possible role in virulence; Yokomizo Y et al.; Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I organisms adhered well to swine nasal epithelial cells cultured in vitro, while phase III variants exhibited feeble adherence to the same cells . Similarly, firm attachment of phase I organisms and poor adhesion of phase III organisms to nasal epithelium were demonstrated in experimentally infected piglets . Electron microscopic observations of nasal mucosa infected with phase I organisms showed preferential adherence to the cilia of nasal epithelial cells; the association of bacteria and cilia appeared to be mediated by fuzzy or string-like surface appendages which extended out from the bacterial cell wall . The ability to attach to epithelial cells was significantly reduced by heating the bacteria at 100 degrees C for 1 h or by pretreatment with 1 per cent formalin . Trypsin digestion treatment did not greatly reduce the adherence . Rabbit antisera to living or formalinised phase I organisms markedly impaired the attachment of the bacteria . However, antisera to heated phase I organisms or living phase III organisms did not show inhibitory effects . These data indicate that the heat labile surface component which is specific to phase I organisms may function in the adherence of the bacteria to swine nasal epithelium. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1979 Jul, 127(7), 461 - 3 {Oral immunization of newborn infants against pertussis}; Wiegl B et al.; A group of 148 newborn babies was subdivided into four groups . Subsequent to after oral application of killed pertussis bacteria (1-3 times; control) all developed agglutinating resp . precipitating antibodies . There was a clear relation between the given quantity of Oral Pertussis Vaccine and the antibody titer . The problem has been discussed, whether it will be possible to get a protection of newborn children against whooping cough within the first weeks of life and, simultaneously, to avoid side effects. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Jul-Aug, 48(4), 675 - 80 {Structural changes in Mycobacterium rubrum cells under the influence of chloroethylamine}; Poglazova MN et al.; Chloroethylamine was used to differentiate the membranous structures of bacterial cells whose physiological role becomes more pronounced under the action of this substance . The following changes were found: in the synthesis of the cell wall as a result of modifications in the structure of mesosomes which control the correct orientation of growth and cell division; in the nucleoid and nucleoidosomes; in the analogues of mitochondria characterizing the level of energy metabolism and in the analogues of the endoplasmic reticulum accompanied with changes in the synthesis of metabolites and reserve substances in the cells . Changes in the structure and ultrastructure of the bacteria under the action of irradiation and the radiomimetic substance chloroethylamine are analyzed. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 86(1), 87 - 95 A determination of H2O2 release by the treatment of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes with myristate; Kakinuma K et al.; Free H2O2 released from human blood leukocytes during phagocytosis into the extracellular medium was highly reactive with the ferric form of HRP, forming an enzyme-substrate complex which was identical to HRP-H2O2 compound II . The formation of HRP-H2O2 compound II was employed for assaying the rates of H2O2 release by leukocytes upon addition of bacteria or myristate . The treatment of normal human blood leukocytes with myristate resulted in a marked stimulation of H2O2 release compared to phagocytizing cells . The activity of H2O2 release in response to myristate was found to be deficient in the leukocytes of two patients with chronic granulomatous disease . This assay method with myristate supplementation is so sensitive and specific that it should be useful for the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. Arch Surg, 1979 Jul, 114(7), 826 - 30 Airflow effects in surgery; Laufman H; Accumulated evidence of the last decade has emphasized the multifaceted nature of wound infection control . Clean air is definitely one of the facets in the complex, but its place in the hierachy of precautions against wound infection has not been established, nor has the method of achieving acceptably clean air been universally agreed on . The surgical team and the patient are the prime sources of contamination during an operation, as evidenced by the good matches between bacteria of infected wounds and those of the team or the patient and by the poor matches between bacteria of infected wounds and airborne bacteria . Therefore, special air-handling systems, despite their ability to lower ambient bioparticulate counts, cannot be credited with being a highly relevant factor in the reduction of wound infection rates. Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 Jul, 32(7), 1423 - 27 Protein deficiency: its effects on body temperature in health and disease states; Hoffman-Goetz L et al.; Little is known about the effects of protein malnutrition on the ability to regulate body temperature during health and disease . To investigate this area, we placed young rabbits on a low-protein diet and recorded their body temperatures . There were no differences between the protein-deprived and control animals concerning their abilities to maintain constant body temperatures during exposure to low (5 C, 10 C) and thermoneutral ambient temperature (20 C) . In a warm ambient temperature (30 C) the protein-deprived animals were actually better able to maintain a lower body temperature . Injections with heat killed bacteria led to little or no fever in the protein-deprived group . However, intravenous injections of endogenous pyrogen, a protein mediator of fever, resulted in fevers virtually identical to that attained in control animals . These data indicate that the attenuated febrile response to bacterial injection during protein deprivation may be due to a diminished production of endogenous pyrogen, and not to some alteration in the central nervous system sensitivity to pyrogens. Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 Jul-Aug, 6(4), 395 - 405 Progress in space biology; Imshenetskii AA; Over the past two decades there has arisen a new branch of biology--space biology . This short review is devoted to a discussion of its achievements . It considers the results of research in the area of gravitation biology, and an account is made of studies in those areas of radiobiology which have relevance to the study of the cosmos . There is a brief summary of the results of the search for the upper and lower limits of the biosphere, and information is presented regarding the measures employed to maintain planetary quarantine . A great deal of attention has been given to the search for extraterrestrial life, one of the most important of problems . The results obtained with the aid of the American Viking probes on Mars are given special attention . The review presents experimental data based both upon data obtained in experiments on biological specimens during space flights of satellites and space vehicles, and also upon the results of laboratory research. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 10(1), 114 - 5 Rapid isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood; Dorn GL et al.; The laboratory isolation of Legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood, using the lysis-centrifugation technique, is described . Time to pure culture isolate was 3 to 4 days. Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 39 - 47 Immunological behavior after mycobacterial infection in selected lines of mice with high or low antibody responses; Lagrange PH et al.; Resistance and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in the Biozzi high and low lines of mice which were genetically selected for their responses to heterologous erythrocytes have been found to be related to the innate ability of nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organisms during the first two weeks after infection and to their ability to mount specific and nonspecific immune responses . High antibody-producer mice were more capable of expressing cell-mediated immune parameters than low antibody-producer mice . A direct relationship was observed between the ability of bacteria (BCG vaccine) to multiply inside the reticuloendothelial system and the development of cell-mediated immunity, as measured by the delayed local reaction at the injection site, the lymphoproliferative response in the draining nodes, the tuberculin delayed-type hypersensitivity, the acquired resistance, and the adjuvant effect after BCG inoculation . In high line mice, apart from the inability of their macrophages to inhibit the early growth of bacteria, their lymphocytes in spleen and thymus were more capable of being stimulated in vitro by varying concentrations of living BCG . The data presented in this report are compatible with the hypothesis that a group of genes segregated in each line during the selective breeding controls the innate microbicidal activity. J Periodontol, 1979 Jul, 50(7), 345 - 9 Hand instrumentation versus ultrasonics in the removal of endotoxins from root surfaces; Nishimine D et al.; In this study, the average net total endotoxin in the solubilized extracts from each sample were healthy teeth, 1.46 ng/ml; periodontally diseased teeth, 169.5 ng/ml; ultrasonically scaled teeth, 16.8 ng/ml; root planed teeth, 2.09 ng/ml . The material that was extracted and assayed was not conclusively proven to be endotoxin, but recent studies suggest it was . Meticulous root planing as performed in this study produced values similar to those for unerupted periodontally healthy teeth . Ultrasonic scaling resulted in endotoxin values approximately eight times greater. Br J Oral Surg, 1979 Jul, 17(1), 62 - 70 Metronidazole in the prevention of 'dry socket'; Rood JP et al.; Prophylactic metronidazole was found to be an effective means of preventing 'dry socket' after routine dental extractions . The oral anaerobic bacterial may be implicated therefore in the development of the disorder . It has been confirmed in this study that 'dry socket' occurs following three per cent of routine dental extractions and almost exclusively in the mandible . The causes of the condition are probably numerous and may even vary from patient to patient, but the control of infection by anerobic organisms may be important in its prevention or early resolution . The prophylactic administration of metronidazole (Flagyl) has been shown to be a simple and effective method of prevention which would suggest the implication of anaerobic organisms in 'dry socket' . The drug appears to be free from side effects when a dosage of 200 mgs eight hourly for three days is given. Cell, 1979 Jul, 17(3), 645 - 59 Loss of integrated viral DNA sequences in polyomatransformed cells is associated with an active viral A function; Basilico C et al.; Rat cells transformed by polyoma virus contain, in addition to integrated viral DNA, a small number of nonintegrated viral DNA molecules . The free viral DNA originates from the integrated form through a spontaneous induction of viral DNA replication in a minority of the cell population . Its presence is under the control of the viral A locus . To determine whether the induction of free viral DNA replication was accompanied by a loss of integrated viral DNA molecules in a phenomenon similar to the "curing" of lysogenic bacteria, we selected for revertants arising in the transformed rat populations and determined whether these cells had lost integrated viral genomes . We further investigated whether the viral A function was necessary for "curing" by determining the frequency of cured cells in populations of rat cells transformed by the ts-a mutant of polyoma virus following propagation at the permissive or nonpermissive temperature . A large proportion of the revertants isolated were negative or weakly positive when assayed by immunofluorescence for polyoma T antigen and were unable to produce infectious virus upon fusion with permissive mouse cells . The T antigen-negative, virus rescue-negative clones can be retransformed by superinfection and appear to have lost a considerable proportion of integrated viral DNA sequences . Restriction enzyme analysis of the integrated viral DNA sequences shows that the parental transformed lines contain tandem repeats of integrated viral molecules, and that this tandem arrangement is generally lost in the cured derivatives . While cells transformed by wild-type virus undergo "curing" with about the same frequency at 33 degrees or 39 degrees C, cells transformed by the ts-a mutant contain a much higher frequency of cured cells after propagation at 33 degrees than at 39 degrees C . Our results indicate that in polyoma-transformed rat cells, loss of integrated viral DNA can occur at a rather high rate, producing (at least in some cases) cells which have reverted partially or completely to a normal phenotype . Loss of integrated viral DNA is never total and appears to involve an excision event . The polyoma A function (large T antigen) is necessary for such excision to occur . In the absence of a functional A gene product, the association of the viral DNA with the host DNA appears to be very stable. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Jul-Aug, 48(4), 672 - 4 {Ultrafine structure of Lpp-1 cyanophage-infected Plectonema boryanum cells}; Peshkov MA et al.; The interaction of the cyanophage Lpp-1 with the trychomous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum was studied . The stage of formation and maturation of phage particles was found to be preceded with the production of the DNA-phage pool similar in its morphology with that in trychomous bacteria of the order Caryophanales . Phagolysis of Pl . boryanum cells infected with the phage involved, apart from typical changes in the cytoplast, some distortion in the structure of young, unfinished partitions. Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 11 - 5 Interaction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with alveolar macrophages: viability of adherent and ingested mycoplasmas; Erb P et al.; Guinea pig peritoneal or alveolar macrophages were inoculated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells . Extracellular mycoplasms were killed by complement treatment, and the effect of macrophage action on the number of the remaining viable mycoplasmas was observed . The complement killing was to some extent inhibited by the presence of the macrophages, but the mechanism of this protection remains unknown . Opsonized mycoplasmas were ingested, and approximately 98% were killed within 4 h . The killing rate was somewhat lower than comparable data for bacteria, but lack of cell wall and high lipid content of the membrane apparently do not cause a significant delay in intracellular destruction. Acta Neurol Belg, 1979 Jul-Aug, 79(4), 305 - 13 Cerebral manifestations of Whipple's disease; De Jonghe P et al.; A case of Whipple's disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been retrospectively diagnosed . At the age of 50 and after six years of recurrent bouts of pyrexia, anorexia and loss of weight, a man developed a subacute encephalitis . Two episodes of acute loss of vision were followed by changes in mental status, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and oculo-facio-cervical myorhythmias which remained present until death, one year later . Combined light- and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated: No . 1 the presence in the CNS of nodules containing large amounts of Sieracki cells; No . 2 the existence of bacteria in various stages of degeneration in macrophages or in the neuropile . A review of CNS complications in Whipple's disease is made. Acta Neurol Belg, 1979 Jul-Aug, 79(4), 305 - 13 Cerebral manifestations of Whipple's disease; De Jonghe P et al.; A case of Whipple's disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been retrospectively diagnosed . At the age of 50 and after six years of recurrent bouts of pyrexia, anorexia and loss of weight, a man developed a subacute encephalitis . Two episodes of acute loss of vision were followed by changes in mental status, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia and oculo-facio-cervical myorhythmias which remained present until death, one year later . Combined light- and electron microscopic studies have demonstrated: 1 . the presence in the CNS of nodules containing large amounts of Sieracki cells; 2 . the existence of bacteria in various stages of degeneration in macrophages or in the neuropile . A review of CNS complications in Whipple's disease is made. Dig Dis Sci, 1979 Jul, 24(7), 560 - 4 Rod-shaped organism in the liver of a patient with Whipple's disease; Viteri AL et al.; Histological review of a liver biopsy from a patient with known Whipple's disease revealed a prominence of Kupffer cells containing PAS-positive granules . Electron microscopy revealed rod-shaped organisms in the Kupffer cells but the presence of these structures were not associated with overt liver injury . This is thought to be the first reported demonstration of these bacillary bodies in this location. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 612 - 7 {Comparative evaluation of methods for isolating total protein from the biomass of Spirulina platensis}; Al'bitskaia ON et al.; The methods of extracting total protein from the biomass of Spirulina platensis are discussed . The results of studying different procedures of cell wall disruption, soluble protein extraction and precipitation are presented . The best results can be obtained using mechanical disintegration of Spirulina cells for 20 min (at a temperature not higher than 25 degrees C), soluble protein extraction with 0.4% NaOH, and its subsequent precipitation at the isoelectric point with 5% HCl. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 78 - 83 Effect of SO2 and bisulfite on heterotrophic activity in an acid soil; Grant IF et al.; Glucose oxidation was inhibited in a forest soil (pH 4.01) previously exposed by 1.0 microliter of SO2 per liter, the extent of inhibition and the decline in pH being directly related to the length of exposure . The phase of rapid CO2 evolution in protein hydrolysate-amended soil previously treated with 5.0 microliter of SO2 per liter for 24 h or 1.0 microliter/liter for 48 h was delayed, but the degradation of the amino acid mixture then proceeded rapidly . Bacterial numbers in soil incubated for 48 h with 1.0 microliter of SO2 per liter were reduced, but the bacteria grew rapidly if glucose or an amino acid mixture was added after the exposure period . Low levels of bisulfite inhibited amino acid decomposition in soil at pH 3.89, but the effect was less pronounced in soil at pH 4.01 . Comparable levels of sulfate were not toxic to carbon mineralization . Approximately 1.0 microgram of bisulfite S and about 20 microgram of sulfate S per g of soil appeared when the soil was treated with 1.0 microliter of SO2 per liter for 48 h . Bisulfite added to the soil disappeared readily . The possible ecological significance of the findings is discussed. Arch Dermatol Res, 1979 Jun 25, 265(2), 153 - 64 {Daily bath and its effect on the normal human skin flora quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)}; Hartmann AA; The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearm, under a daily repeated bath during 21 days, using two marketable bath-supplements, was investigated in 24 volunteers for its quantitative and qualitative aspects . The combined scrubbing-washing-method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution . After the daily baths, using Wilcoxon-test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganizations and in the number of the single groups of bacteria were found in the areas investigated by intermittent samplings of the skin flora . In the analysis of the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora, however, changes were obvious in 4 volunteers . There were no clinical changes of the skin surface in any of the volunteers. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Jun 23, 109(25), 938 - 42 {Fever and liver cirrhosis}; Bretholz A; Occurrence of fever in a patient with liver cirrhosis should suggest the following: 1 . Endotoxemia . Endotoxins are normally present in portal blood; in hepatic cirrhosis they are insufficiently cleared by the liver and their presence can be demonstrated in the systemic circulation by the "limulus test" . Fever is one of the many consequences ascribed to the presence of endotoxins in the blood . 2 . Infections . Cirrhosis and alcoholism (which often accompanies it) impair host defenses against bacteria and other organisms . Thus, infections are actually more frequent in hepatic cirrhosis as is shown by the example of bacterial endocarditis . Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis must be searched for carefully when ascites is present . 3 . Alcoholic hepatitis . This diagnosis is established histologically . The usual symptoms, occurring with variable incidence, include anorexia, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, fever and jaundice in the presence of hepatomegaly, leukocytosis and an elevated SGOT . Differential diagnosis from obstructive jaundice and a severe prognosis without alcohol abstinence make early diagnosis mandatory . Its evolution in cirrhosis can be astonishingly rapid . In the absence of hepatic encephalopathy, corticosteroids do not appear to be recommended . 4 . Hepatoma. Biochem J, 1979 Jun 15, 180(3), 587 - 96 The assay and partial characterization of macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity in rat small intestine; Young E et al.; Homogenates of rat small intestine can depolymerize macromolecular rat skin heparin (RS heparin) to products similar in size to commercial heparin {Horner (1972) Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U.S.A . 69, 3469--3473} . This activity is attributed to an enzyme provisionally named 'macromolecular heparin depolymerase' . An assay for macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity in rat small intestine has been developed, based on the action of the enzyme on 35S-labelled macromolecular RS heparin . The depolymerized products are separated into two peaks by gel chromatography through columns of Bio-Gel A-15m . The amount of label in the second peak, expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity, is the index of enzyme activity . The pH optimum was found to be 6.0 and the temperature optimum 45 degrees C . The enzyme was shown to be most stable in 50mM-Tris/maleate buffer containing 1 mM-EDTA . Macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity measured as a function of time and substrate concentration produced curves typical of an enzymic reaction . Evidence was obtained demonstrating that the activity did not originate from bacteria in the intestine . Macromolecular heparin depolymerase activity was increased by dilution and storage at 7 degrees C for 24 h . This suggests that homogenates of rat small intestine contain an unstable inhibitor of the enzyme. J Mol Evol, 1979 Jun 8, 13(1), 73 - 83 Squalenes, phytanes and other isoprenoids as major neutral lipids of methanogenic and thermoacidophilic "archaebacteria"; Tornabene TG et al.; The neutral lipids of nine species of methanogenic bacteria including five methanobacilli, two methanococci, a methanospirillum, one methanosarcina as well as two thermoacidophilic bacteria, Thermoplasma and Sulfolobus, were analyzed . The major components were C30, C25 and/or C20 acylic isoprenoid hydrocarbons with a continuous range of hydroisoprenoid homologues . The range of acyclic isoprenoids detected were from C14 to C30 . Apart from Methanosarcina barkeri, squalene and/or hydrosqualene derivetives were the predominant components in all species studied . The components of Methanosarcina barkeri were a family of C25 homologues . The distribution of the neutral lipid components and their specific variations in relative intensities emphasized the differences between the test organisms while the generic nature of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons demonstrated similarities between the diverse bacteria . The neutral lipid compositions from these bacteria, many of which exist in environmental conditions like those described for the various evolutionary stages of the archean ecology, resemble the isoprenoid distribution isolated from ancient sediments and petroleum . Therefore, these finding may have major implications to biological and biogeochemical evolution. Nuklearmedizin, 1979 Jun, 18(3), 147 - 50 Studies of gallium accumulation in inflammatory lesions . IV . Kinetics of accumulation and role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the distribution of gallium in experimental inflammatory exudates; Camargo EE et al.; The kinetics of 67Ga accumulation in experimental inflammatory exudates were studied . In six rabbits with S . aureus induced abscesses, serial samples of exudate and blood were obtained at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hrs after intravenous injection of 67Ga . The accumulation of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate was slow with an accumulation half-time of 5.5 hrs . The concentration of 67Ga in the abscesses approached that of blood 48 hrs after injection . Analysis of the distribution of 67Ga in the inflammatory exudate revealed that the portion of 67Ga in the cellular fraction (1,600 xg pellet) correlated best with the number of non-viable polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (r = 0.81) . Its correlation with total number of PMN and bacteria was r = 0.69 and r = 0.35, respectively . Autoradiographic studies confirmed that the majority of 67Ga in the cellular fraction of the exudate was associated with non-viable PMN's. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 25(6), 693 - 7 Isolation of Azospirullum from diverse geographic regions; Tyler ME et al.; We have isolated Azospirillum (Spirullum lipoferum) from roots of grasses of several genera collected from a number of tropical and subtropical-temperate locations . Pure cultures were obtained from a small percentage of samples; no higher percentage was secured from tropical than from other grasses . Acetylene reduction and distinctive growth in N-free soft agar deeps were inadequate to identify this genus, although helpful in initial screening . Fluorescent antibody tests with antiserum against characterized strains were helpful . There is some evidence that this genus of bacteria may be favored in the rhizoplane. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Jun, 40(6), 770 - 3 Comparative lethal effects on mice of ruminal fluid from cattle fed hay or grain; Nagaraja TG et al.; Strained ruminal fluid from cattle fed hay or grain was lethal to mice when injected intraperitoneally, but the fluid from grain-fed cattle was approximately 3.7 times more toxic than that from hay-fed cattle . The lethal factor(s) was not resistant to heat, was nondialyzable, was retained on Seitz and membrane filters, and was associated with the bacterial fraction of ruminal fluid . We concluded that death of the mice resulted from infection produced by facultative bacteria normally in ruminal fluid . Ruminal fluid from grain-fed cattle contained a greater number of facultative bacteria than did that from hay-fed cattle. Br J Surg, 1979 Jun, 66(6), 404 - 5 Haemorrhagic cholecystitis; Shah VR et al.; Two cases of haemobilia due to haemorrhagic cholecystitis are presented; only 28 other cases have been described . As there are so many more dramatic causes and treatment for haemobilia it is important for the surgeon to recognize that a common operation will suffice for this rare condition . In both cases bacteria were grown from the bile and it is to be hoped that bile culture will be recorded more commonly in future in cases of this interesting condition. Br J Pharmacol, 1979 Jun, 66(2), 161 - 3 Mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by hydrocortisone in rat leucocytes; Di Rosa M et al.; Hydrocortisone (10 microgram/ml) greatly inhibits the prostaglandin release by rat peritoneal leucocytes phagocytosing killed bacteria . The inhibition, which occurs after an initial latency of 30 min, is completely reversed by either actinomycin D (0.5 microgram/ml) or cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) . Since these antibiotics are known inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and protein synthesis respectively, it appears that the mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by hydrocortisone in rat leucocytes involves stimulation of transcription and induction of protein synthesis. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 984 - 9 Flagellar hook and basal complex of Caulobacter crescentus; Johnson RC et al.; Intact bacterial flagella possessing a membrane-free hook and basal complex were purified from Caulobacter crescentus CB15, as well as from mutants which synthesize incomplete flagella . The basal body consisted of five rings mounted on a rod . Two rings were in the hook-proximal upper set, and three rings (two narrow and one wide) were in the lower set . The diameters of the two upper rings differed, being 32 and 21 nm, respectively . The lower rings were all approximately 21 nm in diameter, although they varied significantly in width . During the normal course of the C . crescentus cell cycle, the polar flagellum with hook and rod was shed into the culture medium without the basal rings . Similarly, hooks with attached rods were shed from nonflagellate mutants, and these structures also lacked the basal rings . The hook structure was purified from nonflagellated mutants and found to be composed of a 70,000-molecular-weight protein component. Arch Dermatol, 1979 Jun, 115(6), 725 - 7 Vasculitis associated with intestinal bypass surgery; Goldman JA et al.; We report two cases in which necrotizing vasculitis with tenosynovitis arthralgia/arthritis syndrome developed after intestinal bypass surgery . Each of these patients had jejunoileostomies, and the excluded segment was placed in an ileal-colonic anastomosis . We speculate that since the attachment of the excluded segment to the large intestine predisposes it to increased bowel overgrowth of bacteria, these bacteria or their debris may have served as antigens for circulating immune complexes, which were detected in both patients by one or more techniques . Patients who have had an end-to-side anastomosis may be less predisposed to the more severe vasculitis syndrome because there is less likelihood of bacterial overgrowth in the bypassed intestinal segment. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Jun 1, 134(3), 250 - 5 Human polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis in pregnancy . Development of inhibition during gestation and recovery in the postpartum period; Persellin RH et al.; The phagocytosis of S . aureus by normal human PMN leukocytes was inhibited by pregnancy serum . Control sera from normal adult nulliparous women, from men, and from cord blood all functioned normally in support of phagocytosis . However, particle ingestion was reduced significantly (p less than 0.001) when leukocytes were in 15% pregnancy serum obtained at term . To determine at what stage in pregnancy the inhibition of phagocytosis could first be detected, sera were obtained from multiple pregnant donors and pooled according to week of gestation . Significantly fewer bacteria were ingested in each of the serum pools obtained after week 16 of pregnancy and the inhibitory effect persisted through gestation . Following delivery, less inhibition was detected as early as 2 days post partum . Phagocytosis assays were performed in six matched maternal and cord serum pairs . Five of the six maternal sera showed inhibition of phagocytosis; one pregnancy and all cord sera functioned normally in support of bacterial ingestion by normal granulocytes . Since neutrophils are essential to the development of rheumatoid arthritis and certian other inflammatory disorders, the subsidence of these diseases during gestation and their exacerbation post partum could be related, at least in part, to the inhibitory effects of pregnancy serum on leukocyte functions. Aust Dent J, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 153 - 8 Biological methods of dental caries prevention . A review; Rogers AH; A number of measures by which tooth resistance could be increased or by which potentially cariogenic bacteria could be eliminated or their deleterious effects minimized are discussed . Many of them have proved valuable at the individual patient level but cannot be applied as a public health measure. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 37(6), 1239 - 42 Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from nonepidemic-related aquatic habitats; Fliermans CB et al.; Continuous centrifugation of large volumes of water from natural southeastern lakes allowed quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescent staining . Positive samples were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, and the L . pneumophila were isolated and identified by their morphological, cultural, physiological, and serological characteristics. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Jun, 87B(3), 205 - 9 Gas chromatographic characterization of porcine and human strains belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex; Larsson L et al.; Trifluoroacetylated whole-cell methanolysates of 23 strains designated as belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by biochemical, growth chromogenicity and chicken pathogenicity tests, were analysed by gas chromatography . Twenty of the strains were isolated from pigs and the remainder from human beings . Serological typing showed that 13 of the porcine strains, but none of the human strains, belonged to M . avium . The remaining strains, except one which showed autoagglutination, did not react with antisera to M . avium (serotypes 1-3), thus suggesting that they belonged to M . intracellulare . Five different, highly reproducible chromatographic patterns, the main peaks of which were considered as representing bacterial carbohydrates and fatty acids, could be distinguished by visual examination and by cluster analysis . The chromatographic results could not be correlated with those obtained from serotyping of the strains studied . Mycobacteria recovered from different organs of one and the same pig gave virtually identical chromatograms . The strains isolated from three human beings had a chromatographic pattern which was identical with one of those produced by the porcine strains . The present investigation indicates that the gas chromatographic analytic technique used differentiates bacteria within the M . avium-intracellulare complex, without assigning the organisms to species. J Biol Buccale, 1979 Jun, 7(2), 157 - 68 {Study of an oral protozoan Trichomonas tenax using scanning and transmission electron microscopy}; Ribaux CL; The study with scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Trichomonas tenax gave morphological information on this protozoon . The oval-shaped cell body showed at the anterior pole four free flagella and a trailing flagellum which had an undulating membrane . The axostyle which consisted of microtubules and produced the cellular rigidity emerged at the posterior pole . An ovoid nucleus and a well-developed Golgi apparatus were located at the anterior pole . At the latter, a pelta consisting of horizontal microtubulus surrounding the kinetoplats from which started the flagella was also found . No mitochondria were observed: they were replaced by chromatin granules or hydrogenosomes . Numerous vacuoles and developing vesicles were found in the cytoplasm . Phagocytized bacteria were in an advanced stage of lysis . Others seemed intact showing even division phases. Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ, 1979 Jun, 26(2), 181 - 4 Biological activity of secretory IgA--comparison of agglutinating specificity with SIgA and Ca++-dependent agglutinin--; Sato N et al.; Ca++-dependent bacterial agglutinin was isolated from the human parotid saliva by gel filtration of Sepharose 2B . The agglutinin appeared in the void volume fractions . Treatment of this agglutinin with EDTA resulted in the loss of its ability to agglutinate the bacteria . Standardized solutions of the agglutinin were tested for the agglutinating activity against 18 strains of oral indigenous bacteria . It was found that the agglutinin exhibited varying degrees of activity to all the test strains and the activity was generally higher than that of secretory IgA . It was also found that the receptor sites of the Ca++-dependent agglutinin for Str . sanguis and Str . mitis were identical whereas SIgA contained a number of available binding sites, for different bacterial species. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Jun, 47(6), 545 - 54 Response of periapical pathosis to endodontic treatment in monkeys; Malooley J Jr et al.; Response of induced periapical lesions in monkeys to a conventional endodontic technique was investigated at varying periods ranging from 15 to 365 days after treatment . The findings indicate that response to treatment is influenced by the extent of the root canal filling, the time lapse between treatment and death, and the presence or absence of bacteria in the apical portion of the canal. J Prosthet Dent, 1979 Jun, 41(6), 644 - 9 A variation of the endosseous blade-vent implant; Plekavich EJ; This study demonstrates that it is possible to use a section of tooth root to achieve a connective tissue barrier to oral epithelium and oral bacteria . It appears that the reattachment gained is very susceptible to periodontal disease and that small amounts of plaque may be more than the attached tissue can tolerate. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1979 Jun, 34(6), 473 - 6 {Effect of calciumhydroxide and its modified forms}; Knappwost A et al.; As diffusion experiments show, the singular physicochemical properties which give calcium hydroxide a special place in dentistry only apply to water-containing pastes . With organic hardeners, setting preparations based on "calcium hydroxide" do not have this property and cannot replace water-containing pastes of calcium hydroxide . Partial carbonation of Ca (OH)2 by absorption of CO2 from air does not lead to any lowering of pH of the Ca(OH)2 paste . The pH of the calcium hydroxide determined potentiometrically at 20 degrees C was 13.0. Minerva Med, 1979 May 26, 70(25), 1803 - 12 {Pharmacokinetics of a new aminoglycoside: kanendomycin}; Di Nola F et al.; The pharmacokinetics of kanendomycin, a new aminoglycoside derived from kanamycin, has been assessed in 15 volunteers after i.m . administration of 100 and 300 mg and i.v . administration of 100 mg . Analysis of the tricompartmental model adopted for the pharmacokinetic study showed that kanendomycin half-life is similar and perhaps superior to that of gentamycin . The antibiotic's bioavailability is of the order of 70-80% of the dose used. Vet Rec, 1979 May 26, 104(21), 478 - 80 Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from cattle slaughtered in Pakistan; Niaz N et al.; Specimens of lung, liver and mesenteric lymph node from cows and buffaloes slaughtered in the Lahore area were cultured to investigate the type of mycobacteria involved in bovine tuberculosis . Employing the concentration method, 56 out of 530 cattle were found to be culture positive for acid-fast bacteria, 48 being Mycobacterium bovis and eight atypical mycobacteria . No M tuberculosis or M avium was isolated . Most of the isolated M bovis strains were found to be highly virulent for rabbits. Biochem J, 1979 May 15, 180(2), 423 - 6 Lower rates of protein degradation in developing rat brain; Dahl JL et al.; Protein-degradation rates in developing rat brain were estimated from the decay in total radioactivity in proteins labelled by a single intraperitoneal injection of NaH14CO3 to 5-day-old animals . In contrast with previous reports, our results indicate that degradation rates are lower in developing than in adult brain and suggest that in brain, as has been observed in liver, adrenal gland, muscle, cultured mammalian cells and bacteria, reduced rates of protein degradation contribute to the increase in protein content under conditions of rapid growth. Lancet, 1979 May 5, 1(8123), 964 - 6 A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread . Association with a viral agent; Morens DM et al.; In December, 1976, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a resort camp in Colorado . Data obtained by questionnaire from 760 persons indicated that 418 (55%) had had gastroenteritis at the camp or within a week of leaving it, with peak onset within a two-day period . Symptoms included vomiting (81%), diarrhoea (65%), and fever (49%); median duration of illness was twenty-four hours . The attack-rate increased with consumption of water or ice-containing beverages . The camp water supply was found to be inadequately chlorinated and contaminated by a leaking septic tank . Although routine laboratory tests did not reveal bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, immune electron microscopy detected virus-like particles in two of five diarrhoeal stool filtrates . Oral administration of one of these bacteria-free filtrates to two volunteers induced a gastrointestinal illness similar to that observed in the camp visitors. Eur J Biochem, 1979 May 2, 96(1), 205 - 12 Properties of the methane mono-oxygenase from extracts of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and evidence for its similarity to the enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath); Stirling DI et al.; 1 . The methane mono-oxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was soluble . The only suitable electron donor was NAD(P)H, neither sodium L-ascorbate nor electrons derived from the oxidation of methanol could substitute for NAD(P)H . Evidence is presented for the existence of an NAD+-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase . 2 . Mono-oxygenase activity was not inhibited by a range of potential inhibitors including potassium cyanide, amytal, carbon monoxide or various metal-chelating agents, although 8-hydroxyquinoline and ethyne were effective in this respect . 3 . Although the enzyme preparations were unstable on storage, the crude extract could be resolved into two components by ion-exchange chromatography . Activity could be restored to one of the components on addition of purified components from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) . 4 . Cross-reactivity of mono-oxygenase components and other similarities between the enzymes from M . trichosporium and M . capsulatus are discussed . The properties of the M . trichosporium methane mono-oxygenase reported here are contrasted with the properties of the same enzyme reported by others. Ital J Biochem, 1979 May-Jun, 28(3), 183 - 93 Phospholipid composition of photosynthetic membranes of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata; Casadio R et al.; The phospholipids and the fatty acids present in membranes of cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, grown photosynthetically in anaerobiosis, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The three phospholipids detected, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, contained about 80% of a single monounsaturated C18 fatty acid, cis-vaccenic acid . These membranes offer therefore a naturally occurring model system endowed with an extremely simplified phospholipid complement . The data indicate moreover that the biosynthetic pathway of unsaturated fatty acids present in these facultative aerobic bacteria proceeds only via the 3-hydroxydecanoyl acyl carrier protein dehydratase (E.C . 4.2.1.60). J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 May, 32(5), 442 - 5 Structure of nanaomycin E, a new nanaomycin; Kasai M et al.; A new component, nanaomycin E, has been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rosa var, notoensis, which had been found to produce nanaomycins A, B, C and D . Nanaomycin E was an epoxy derivative of nanaomycin A and was converted into nanaomycin A and 4a-epi-nanaomycin B by treatment with sodium hydrosulfite in an acidic aqueous solution . 4a-epi-Nanaomycin B was quantiatively converted into nanaomycin A under alkaline conditions. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 May, 9(5), 635 - 6 Fasle-positive macroscopic appearance of blood cultures in sorbitol-containing hypertonic medium; Welch DF et al.; Inability to rely on macroscopic examination as an aid in identifying positive blood cultures was encountered when a hypertonic medium containing sorbitol was tested in a comparative study with an isotonic blood culture medium. Mol Biol (Mosk), 1979 May-Jun, 13(3), 582 - 94 {Molecular mechanism of self-assembly of aggregated bacteriochlorophyll c}; Bystrova MI et al.; The intermolecular interaction of bacteriochlorophyll c and its pheophytin was studied in nonpolar solvents and solid films with the aid of absorption and infra-red (in the region of 1800--1600 and 3800--3000 cm-1) spectra . The influence of water removing and its addition on these spectra has been investigated . Besides the effect of pyridine treatment and pigment concentration were examined . The self-assemblage of all types of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregated forms absorbing in the range 680--745 nm is due to the formation of intermolecular bonds in which keto groups of cyclopentanone rings take part . Keto groups form coordinate bonds with the central magnesium atom (keto-C = O...Mg) . Hydroxyl groups interact coordinately with magnesium and simultaneously form hydrogen bonds with pyrrol nitrogen . In contrast to chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a, water molecules in the case of bacteriochlorophyll c do not participate in the intermolecular bond formation in the course of long-wave aggregated forms production . The thermostability of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates and their rather high stability to desaggregating agents is related to the mentioned peculiarities of their structure . Bacteriopheophytin c in any state (solution or solid film) is not capable to form intermolecular bonds by its carbonyl groups and long-wave aggregates . The specific features of the assemblage of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates modelling antenna of the green photosynthetic bacteria are discussed. J Med Chem, 1979 May, 22(5), 572 - 5 Biomolecules bearing the S- or SeAsMe2 function: amino acid and steroid derivatives; Banks CH et al.; A series of molecules of the type GXAsMe2 have been synthesized in which X is S or Se and G is a moiety such as an amino acid, a di- or tripeptide, or a lipid . The compounds have been characterized by NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis . Cysteine was found to react directly with dimethylarsinic acid to yield cystine and S-dimethylarsinocysteine (1) . This reaction occurs also with other biomolecules containing thiol groups and raises serious questions concerning the use of cacodylate buffers in the study of enzyme kinetics and in sample preparation for electron microscopy . In the presence of dimethylchloroarsine and diethylamine, homocysteine thiolactone reacts to form both the dipeptide and the S-AsMe2 bond . Results of carcinostatic, bacteriostatic, and fungicidal testing of these compounds are reported . A hypothesis is advanced to explain the observed carcinostatic action of the dimethylarsino group. Infect Immun, 1979 May, 24(2), 427 - 33 Abortion in laboratory animals induced by Moraxella bovis; Norman JO et al.; Pregnant mice, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits responded to injections of Moraxella bovis strain EPP-63(300) with abortion, death, embryo resorption, and production of small litters . The nature of response appeared to depend primarily on the number of viable cells injected and to some extent on the species of animal and stage of pregnancy . Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 3 X 10(5) viable cells induced 100% abortion and no deaths . Embryo resorption and smaller litters were induced with injection of lower doses of M . bovis . None of the rats used in this study aborted; however, resorption rates were higher in rats than mice . Bacteria-free filtrates prepared from aqueous extracts of blood agar on which M . bovis had been grown induced abortion in mice and guinea pigs, at a rate similar to that caused by viable cells . The lyophilized filtrate could be diluted to produce 100% abortion with no death of injected mice . Abortion-inducing, nonlethal doses of M . bovis and lyophilized filtrates appeared to have no effect on nonpregnant female or male mice. Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 May-Jun, 6(3), 332 - 8 An evaluation of the genetic danger of pesticides; Kas'yanenko AG et al.; Literature and personal data are presented concerning the genetic effect of 160 pesticides . Methods and test objects used to detect genetically active pesticides are analyzed . A scheme is proposed for screening pesticides with mutagenic effect at all levels of the organization of life . In connection with the pervasive influence of pesticides on the biosphere, the necessity of detailed study of the genetic effects of pesticides on a series of test systems is stressed. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 May, 112(1), 185 - 9 Studies on the interaction of Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium lepraemurium with mouse polymorphonuclear leucocytes; Smith CC et al.; When polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) elicited in mice were infected with Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium lepraemurium, phagosome-lysosome fusion occurred with both species . This contrasts with the situation in macrophages where phagosome-lysosome fusion is inhibited by M . microti but not M . lepraemurium . No evidence was found for killing of M . microti or M . lepraemurium when the bacteria were isolated from PMN and their viability tested in cell-free medium or macrophages. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979 May, 62(3), 695 - 9 Development of culture vessel for sterility testing of bandages and other medical devices; Quagliaro DA et al.; A cylindrical glass culture vessel equipped with a vented nylon closure was developed and evaluated for sterility testing . The sterility testing cylinder (STC), made in 2 sizes, accommodates 250 or 400 mL culture broth . A tight-fitting, skirted nylon cap protects the upper part of the cylinder, and a membrane filter in a recessed opening allows venting during autoclaving and ensures sterility during removal and replacement of the cap . The configuration of the vessel in terms of the opening size and ratio of the horizontal to vertical cross section provides depths desirable for testing many shapes of medical devices, including elongated and narrow ones, without excessive waste of medium . They are easy to charge with medium, and to autoclave, store, inoculate, and observe for growth. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1979 May, 26(2), 327 - 44 Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: implications for an infectious disease; Kliegman RM; There is a broad spectrum of presentations and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis . Because it may have several different causes, ncerotizing enterocolitis may be a syndrome rather than a specific disease . The triad of formula feeding, intestinal ischemia, and bacterial growth may be part of the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis . Bacteria are of central importance for the production of pneumatosis, a prerequisite of which is formula feeding . Bacteria may also contribute to the intestinal injury seen after ischemia . However, the disease in the low risk patient seen during an epidemic associated with a single organism is probably caused by a primary gastrointestinal infection . On the other hand, in the stressed newborn infant with mucosal injury the presence of the appropriate bacteria may be all that is needed to initiate the chain of events leading to necrotizing enterocolitis . Figure 2 illustrates the importance of bacteria in all the causes proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis . Whether bacteria are primary or secondary agents, necrotizing enterocolitis should always be approached therapeutically as an infectious disease. Nurse Pract, 1979 May-Jun, 4(3), 20 - 4 Guidelines for supervised wound care by emergency nurse practitioners; Buchanan L et al.; Nearly 10 million patients with traumatic lacerations are treated annually in Emergency Departments in the United States . Since these wounds do not usually pose a threat to the patient's life, they assume a lower level of priority than emergent conditions . Consequently, treatment of patients with lacerations is often delayed until the emergent patient is resuscitated . In the event that wound care is inadvertently delayed, bacteria may proliferate to levels that result in infection . In selected patients, supervised wound care by an emergency nurse practitioner (ENP) can safely eliminate this delay in treatment . During their graduate training in the University of Virginia Nursing School, the ENPs are instructed to treat traumatic wounds with physician supervision . The criteria for patient selection and care are outlined in comprehensive guidelines reported herein . The bases for these treatment guidelines were clinical and experimental studies conducted at our medical center which examined the influence of various therapeutic decisions on the ultimate fate of the wound. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1979 May, 19(2), 123 - 5 A simple operation for postcoital urethrotrigonitis in women; Blackledge D; Definitive treatment of postcoital urethrotrigonitis, or "honeymoon cystitis", as it is commonly called, has only been paid serious attention since 1967 . It has been suggested (O'Donnell, 1959) that the introduction of bacteria into the urethra is more likely when the urethra assumes a relatively hypospadiac position during coitus . This is commonly associated with incomplete rupture of the hymen . Division of the anterior bridge of the hymen on either side of the external urethral meatus appears to be as effective as more complicated procedures in preventing ascending infection associated with coitus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 May, 47(5), 395 - 400 Mandibular odontogenic infection with serious complications; Stone A et al.; Orbital cellulitis usually begins as an infection of the paranasal sinuses . While a small percentage of cases are of dental origin, these usually involve the maxillary teeth . In the case reported here orbital cellulitis originated from an infection in the mandible and spread through the pananasal sinuses, deep facial circulation, and orbital tissues, resulting in unilateral blindness . Principles of management and possible pathways for the spread of the infection are discussed. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 May-Jun, 1(3), 401 - 12 Pertussis toxin: the cause of the harmful effects and prolonged immunity of whooping cough . A hypothesis; Pittman M; The nature of the pathogenesis and of the prolonged immunity of whooping cough has not been clearly defined . The literature of Bordetella pertussis indicated that only the antigen that induces histamine sensitization, lymphocytosis, and other biological reactions in mice is the cause of the harmful effects and prolonged immunity of whooping cough . This antigen has the general characteristics of bacterial protein exotoxins that cause the harmful effects of infectious diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus . It is proposed that this antigen, which is histamine-sensitizing, lymphocyte-leukocyte-promoting, and islets-activating (HSF-LPF-IAP), be designated pertussis toxin . Agglutinogen, hemagglutinin, and heat-labile (at 56 C) and heat-stable (at 100 C) toxins are no doubt interrelated with the immunologic and/or toxic reactions of whooping cough . It appears that the first defense against the disease is the antibody that prevents adhesion of the bacteria to the cilia of the respiratory epithelium and that the second defense is the antitoxin against pertussis toxin (HSF-LPF-IAP). Arch Dis Child, 1979 May, 54(5), 339 - 46 A year's experience of the rotavirus syndrome and its association with respiratory illness; Lewis HM et al.; In a hospital study rotavirus was identified in 51% of 152 children with diarrhoea . These patients showed a clinical pattern that was distinct from patients in whom the diarrhoea was associated with bacteria, other viruses, or no pathogens . A respiratory illness was described in 66% of rotavirus patients and usually preceded the gastrointestinal symptoms . Vomiting lasted between one and 3 days and was curtailed by substituting the normal diet with clear fluids . Watery diarrhoes continued for 4 or 5 days, even when rehydration was by the intravenous rather than the oral route . Prolonged diarrhoea was rare . Most children infected with rotavirus were under 2 years of age, but dehydration was most severe in infants aged between 12 and 18 months . A clinician can thus recognise the rotavirus syndrome and expect spontaneous recovery if adequate rehydration is maintained for a critical few days. Infect Immun, 1979 May, 24(2), 346 - 51 Evaluation of a ribosomal vaccine against pertussis; Field LH et al.; A crude ribosomal vaccine derived from Bordetella pertussis administered to ICR and N:NIH (SW) strains of mice protected them effectively against a standardized intracranial challenge . The dose of vaccine that protected half the mice was less for N:NIH (SW) than for ICR mice and compared favorably with a killed reference vaccine . Ribosomes prepared from bacteria ground with washed sea sand were more immunogenic than those obtained by rupture with alumina or with a Braun homogenizer . The protective effect of the crude ribosomes was not an innate part of the organelle but was due to a substance or substances that could be removed from them by a 1 M NH4Cl wash . The material in the wash was highly immunogenic and retained both the histamine-sensitizing and leukocytosis-promoting properties . It lost much of the dermonecrotic activity and was poorly pyrogenic in rabbits . The most potent pyrogen was present in the washed ribosomes, which apparently, retained the endotoxic components of the cell wall . The best vaccines permitted acceptable weight gain in the immunized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 May, 76(5), 2153 - 7 Corticotropin and beta-endorphin: construction and analysis of recombinant DNA complementary to mRNA for the common precursor; Roberts JL et al.; A cDNA fragment synthesized from mouse mRNA (ACTH/LPH mRNA) that codes for the precursor polypeptide containing corticotropin (ACTH), beta-lipotropin (LPH), and several other peptides has been cloned in bacteria . The mRNA was enriched for ACTH/LPH mRNA translational activity (to about 75%) prior to cDNA synthesis . It appears to contain about 1200 bases, of which approximately 450 bases are not translated . The cloned DNA fragment is complementary to the region of the mRNA coding for the protein fragment beta-LPH-(44--90); this contains all of the amino acids of {Met}-enkephalin (residues 61--65 of beta-LPH), most of the amino acids of beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and all but the carboxy-terminal amino acid of beta-endorphin . Based on assignment of the amino acid sequence of mouse beta-LPH from the nucelic acid sequence, it appears that there is extensive homology of mouse beta-LPH with human and porcine beta-LPH . The data also establish the linkage between beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin as a Lys-Arg sequence . It is hoped that this cloned DNA can be used as a probe to study the expression and structure of the ACTH/LPH gene. J Lab Clin Med, 1979 May, 93(5), 857 - 66 Influence of cationic local anesthetics on the metabolism and ultrastructure of human alveolar macrophages; Hoidal JR et al.; The concentrations of cationic local anesthetics present in effluents from subsegmental bronchoscopic lavage were determined . Subsequently, the effect of these agents on lavaged human AM was evaluated in vitro . The results indicate that concentrations of LDC that may alter human AM function are present in effluents during routine subsegmental bronchopulmonary lavage . LDC and TRC in a dose-dependent fashion rapidly inhibited oxygen consumption and superoxide anion (O-2.) release by unstimulated human AM or AM stimulated by bacteria or the membrane-active chemical PMA . Concentrations of 2 mM TRC or 16 mM LDC reduced O2 consumption and O-2 . release by unstimulated AM by more than 70% and blocked the usual spurt in O2 uptake and O-2 . release observed for stimulated AM . This inhibition was not due to cytotoxicity, since washing n a balanced salt solution restored the metabolic function of treated AM . TRC or LDC also had effects on the morphology of washed human AM, causing rounding of the cell surface (scanning electron microscopy) . In summary, the findings show that anesthetic agents routinely present in lavage effluents have the capacity to alter the function and structure of human AM . Although the effect must be considered in the design and interpretation of studies using AM obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage, the cationic anesthetics may also prove to be valuable agents for evaluating cell membrane-related events of human AM. Arch Toxicol, 1979 Apr 23, 42(1), 1 - 18 The chemical and biochemical reactivity of dichlorvos; Wright AS et al.; The chemical structure, reactivity and metabolic fate of the insecticide dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) are discussed in relation to the possible genotoxicity of this and other methyl phosphate triesters . Recent attempts to demonstrate the methylation of DNA following exposure of bacteria and animals to dichlorvos are reviewed . On the basis of comparative data relating mutagenesis to methylation reactions, it seems entirely appropriate to conclude that the mutagenicity of dichlorvos to bacteria is due solely to methylation of the bacterial DNA under the conditions of these tests . However, the methylation of mammalian DNA could not be demonstrated under realistic exposure conditions (when the alkylating mutagen methyl methanesulphonate afforded clearly measurable methylation) . The failure to detect methylation by dichlorvos in vivo is attributed to the operation of highly efficient enzyme-catalysed biotransformations which rely largely on the phosphorylating reactivity of dichlorvos . The biotransformation pathways, characterised mostly in the rat, appear to be common also to pig, mouse, hamster, and