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Error-Prone Polymerase, DNA Polymerase IV, Is Responsible for Transient Hypermutation during Adaptive Mutation in Escherichia coli. Joshua D. Tompkins, 2003.The frequencies of nonselected mutations among adaptive Lac+ revertants of Escherichia coli strains with and without the error-prone DNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) were compared . This frequency was more than sevenfold lower in the Pol IV-defective strain than in the wild-type strain . Thus, the mutations that occur during hypermutation are due to Pol IV . Genetic Variability within Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Genospecies Established by PCR-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis of the rrfA-rrlB Intergenic Spacer in Ixodes ricinus Ticks from the Czech Republic. Markéta Derdáková, 2003.In Europe the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex is represented by five distinct genospecies: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia valaisiana, and Borrelia lusitaniae. These taxonomic entities are known to differ in their specific associations with vertebrate hosts and to provoke distinct clinical manifestations in human patients . However, exceptions to these rules have often been observed, indicating that strains belonging to a single genospecies may be more heterogeneous than expected . It is, therefore, important to develop alternative identification tools which are able to distinguish Borrelia strains not only at the specific level but also at the intraspecific level . DNA from a sample of 370 Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the Czech Republic was analyzed by PCR for the presence of a  230-bp fragment of the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer of Borrelia spp . A total of 20.5% of the ticks were found to be positive . The infecting genospecies were identified by analyzing the amplified products by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method with restriction enzyme MseI and by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis . The two methods were compared, and PCR-SSCP analysis appeared to be a valuable tool for rapid identification of spirochetes at the intraspecific level, particularly when large samples are examined . Furthermore, by using PCR-SSCP analysis we identified a previously unknown Borrelia genotype, genotype I-77, which would have gone unnoticed if RFLP analysis alone had been used .
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