Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Dec 22, 149(3), 303 - 9 A strain of Escherichia coli which gives rise to mutations in a large number of ribosomal proteins; Dabbs ER et al.; A strain of E . coli K12 has been isolated which gives rise to mutations in a large number of ribosomal proteins . Mutant VT, which was derived from A19, shows a novel type of streptomycin dependence and has an altered ribosomal protein S8 . Streptomycin-independent isolated from mutant VT contain a great variety of changed proteins on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels . 120 revertants screened in this way have changes in thirteen 30S proteins and fifteen 50S proteins . Several mutants were found in which additional proteins are present on the ribosome . Further, there is one instance of a ribosomal protein (L1) being absent, and one of apparent doubling of a ribosomal protein (L7/12) . The unique properties of mutant VT probably are the result of the altered S8. Orv Hetil, 1976 Dec 5, 117(49), 2987 - 91 {Acute ulcerative colitis with spontaneous regression . A new side effect of contraceptives?}; Laszlo S et al.; PIP: The authors have studied 4 young women taking oral contraceptives and suffering from atypic acute ulcerative inflammations of the colon, with acute cases of fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain . Weight losses were recorded . Rectal examinations, colonoscopies and double contrast radiographies did not explain the etiology of the disease . Several medications such as Chlorocid, Tetran, Salazopyrin, Rheopyrin, Streptomycin and Oradexon were administered without any effect . Antibiotics did not help reduce the temperature . Consequently all medications, oral contraceptives included, were discontinued except for a mild sedative . The result was an instantaneous reduction of all symptoms . kSubsequent examinations revealed a total regression of the colitis . Although this has yet to be proved, there is a possibility that these cases of ulcerative colitis were a side effect of the oral contraceptives . J Exp Zool, 1976 Dec, 198(3), 393 - 402 Effect of streptomycin on the structure and function of the photoreceptor apparatus of Euglena gracilis; Ferrara R et al.; The progressive modification of the photoreceptor apparatus, induced by addition of streptomycin (SM) to cultures of dark-bleached Euglena, is correlated with the change of the photomotor response . One of the effects of drug-treatment is the reduction of carotenoid synthesis; the total carotenoid content decreases from 0.20 to 0.01 pg/cell after seven weeks of treatment . The parallel progressive reduction of the stigma vesicles and their carotenoid content is observed by electron microscopy . Micrographs and microscopic fluorescence observations do not indicate alterations of the paraflagellar body (PFB) . During the SM-treatment the initial positive phototactic response decreases until it disappears after five weeks . The loss of the absorbing properties of the stigma prevents the cell from orienting itself towards the light . The probability that the cell orients seems to depend on the light modulation amplitude and the light/dark ratio on the PFB due to the shading device . After seven weeks of SM-treatment we observe a cell movement away from the illuminated zone . The mechanism of this escape is discussed. Mutat Res, 1976 Dec, 41(2-3), 217 - 24 The mutagenic activity of hydroxyurea in Chlamydomonas reinhardi; Adams M et al.; Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, increases the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants in liquid cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi after 45 h incubation . After more prolonged incubation in hydroxyurea medium the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants declines . This may be due to the slower growth rate of streptomycin resistant mutants compared to wild type cells in hydroxyurea containing medium . Studies on solid medium show that both the rate of forward mutation to streptomycin resistance and reverse mutation to nicotinamide independence are increased several fold by growth on hydroxyurea. Lancet, 1976 Nov 20, 2(7995), 1102 - 4 Short-course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis . A controlled trial by the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association; A five-year assessment of controlled trials of in-patient and out-patient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy . Studies in Masan and Pusan et al.; In two centres in Korea 350 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random: in Masan to in-patient rest in bed (IP) for six months followed by out-patient treatment or to ambulatory out-patient treatment (OP) from the start; in Pusan to out-patient treatment with a plaster-of-Paris jacket (J) for nine months or to ambulatory treatment without any support (No J) . All patients recieved chemotherapy with PAS with isoniazid for eighteen months, either supplemented with streptomycin for the first three months (SPH) or without this supplement (PH), by random allocation . The main analysis of this report concerns 299 patients (eighty-three IP, eighty-three OP, sixty-three J, seventy No J; 143 SPH, 156 PH) . Pre-treatment factors were similar in both centres except that the patients in Pusan had, on average, less extensive lesions although in a greater proportion the disease was radiographically active . One patient (J/SPH) died with active spinal disease and three (all No J/SPH) with paraplegia . A fifth patient (IP/PH) who died from cardio respiratory failure also had pulmonary tuberculosis . Twenty-three patients required operation and/or additional chemotherapy for the spinal lesion . A sinus or clinically evident abscess was either present initially or developed during treatment in 41 per cent of patients . Residual lesions persisted in ten patients (four IP, two OP, one J, three No J; six SPH, four PH) at five years . Thirty-two patients had paraparesis on admission or developing later . Complete resolution occurred in twenty on the allocated regimen and in eight after operation or additional chemotherapy or both . Of the remaining four atients, all of whom had operation and additional chemotherapy, three died and one still had paraparesis at five years . Of 295 patients assessed at five years 89 per cent had a favourable status . The proportions of the patients responding favourably were similar in the IP (91 per cent) and OP (89 per cent) series, in the J (90 per cent) and No J (84 per cent) series and in the SPH (86 per cent) and PH (92 per cent) series. Mutat Res, 1976 Nov, 37(2-3), 173 - 8 Effects of a short heat pulse on phenomena related to DNA repair in ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli; Johnson RC; Mutational synergism between heat and UV light in Escherichia coli was examined for evidence supporting various possible synergistic mechanisms . UV and heat lethality were only additive or slightly synergistic after 30 sec at 50 degrees C . The order of treatment did not affect the mutational synergism . Synergism is not peculiar to induction of mutation from streptomycin sensitivity to resistance . Neither DNA breakage nor alteration of post-replication repair rates was seen after a 5 min 50 degrees C heat pulse . Synergism was observed with temperatures as low as 43 degrees C . A strain deficient in excision repair but not post-replication repair exhibited mutational synergism, suggesting that synergism may involve the differential heat alteration of the error-prone post-replication repair process. Mutat Res, 1976 Nov, 37(2-3), 221 - 8 Methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of synchronized Chlamydomonas; Hawks BG et al.; Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) mutagenesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at different stages of the synchronous cell-cycle revealed the following results . (1) Induction of phenotypically distinct Mendelian (nuclear), str-50 and non-Mendelian (chloroplast) str-500P, streptomycin resistant mutants was relatively high during the first portion of the cell-cycle when chloroplast DNA replication is known to occur . (2) A second and more pronounced interval of enhanced Mendelian, str-50 mutant induction was observed near the middle of the cell-cycle when the initial stages of nuclear DNA replication occur . Induction of non-Mendelian, str-500P mutants was inconsistent during this period . (3) The incidence of mutants from a second phenotypically distinct class of non-Mendelian streptomycin-resistant mutants (str-500D) was not increased over control levels at any stage of the cell-cycle examined . It is concluded that MMS, like N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), may not be the most suitable general mutagen for this alga because its enhanced mutagenesis of cells in the nuclear S phase could result in multiple closely linked mutations. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Oct, 114(4), 699 - 704 High-dose ethambutol: its role in intermittent chemotherapy . A six-year study; Albert RK et al.; The outcome of 81 patients receiving supervised ambulatory treatment with twice-weekly isoniazid and ethambutol is reported . The patients were divided into 2 groups, one of which received its entire outpatient treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol, the other receiving isoniazid and ethambutol after initial treatment with isoniazid and streptomycin . In both groups, there was a 100 per cent favorable response at completion of therapy and no relapes detected among those patients followed after treatment . We compared our results with other studies of intermittent-supervised therapy and concluded that twice-weekly isoniazid and ethambutol given up to 18 months after an adequate phase of daily treatment is a highly effective and well-tolerated regimen. J Bacteriol, 1976 Oct, 128(1), 394 - 400 Characterization of SmSu plasmids by restriction endonuclease cleavage and compatibility testing; Grinter NJ et al.; Twelve plasmids carrying genes for streptomycin and sulfonamide resistance were studied for the number and distribution of sites on the plasmid moleucles susceptible to cleavage by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI . Ten of the twelve were found to have a single cut site, one plasmid (R678) had three such sites, and plasmid PB165, which was isolated as three supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid species with molecular weights 7.4 x 10(6), 14.7 x 10(6), and 21.4 x 10(6) was reduced to a single (linear) species of molecular weight 7.6 x 10(6) after cutting with EcoRI . We conclude that PB165 forms oligomers in Escherichia coli and that the number of copies of these per chromosome is more consistant and that the number of copies of these per chromosome is more consistent with a negative than a positive control mechanism for plasmid replication . Compatibility testing of a positive control mechanism for plasmid replication . Compatibility testing of these plasmids showed they all belong to the same incompatibility group, which we designate IncQ, suggesting that they may have come from a common ancestor. Biofizika, 1976 Sep-Oct, 21(5), 937 - 8 {Chemoluminescence of preserved bone tissue}; Delevskii IuP et al.; The luminescence of bone tissue was studied during its treatment at preservation . It was found that vacuum drying as well as bone saturation with ascorbic acid and some antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin) depressed the luminescence emission . Combined influence of these factors was found to be more difficult than for each one separately . The greatest deterioration of chemoluminescence intensity was observed during additional treatment with antimetabolite. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 873 - 8 {Transformation as a method for increasing the activity of lucerne nodule bacteria}; Zaretskaia AN; Transformation of lucerne nodule bacteria was tried as a method for increasing their activity . About 100 strains resistant to 1000 units/ml of streptomycin have been obtained by transformation; 34 strains were tested for the activity of nitrogen fixation in conditions of a microvegetative experiment according to the scheme: strain-donor, strain-recipient, transformed strains . The activity varied within a wide range: +/-30--40% cf . the activity of the parent strains . The transformed strains were passaged through plants and those with a still higher activity were selected . This evidence confirms the conception of Natman concerning genetic compatibility of plants and nodule bacteria when those bacterial forms whose genome corresponds to the plant genome are selected by the macrosymbiont. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1976 Sep, 82(9), 1144 - 5 {Independent integration of genes controlling the invasive properties and streptomycin resistance of enteropathogenic escherichiae 0124}; Aleksin LM et al.; Recombinations which lost their invasive properties were obtained by crossing E . coli K12Hfr AB313 with entropathogenic escherichia belonging to serological group 0124 . The loss of invasive properties by these recombinations was not connected with the acquisition of genes controlling the streptomycin resistance. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Sep, 114(3), 471 - 5 Controlled clinical trial of four 6-month regimens of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis . Second report . Second East African/British Medical Research Council Study. {Experiences in high frequency audiometry and possible applications (author's transl)} Dieroff HG. Observations on the ultrasonic perception of noise-impaired persons gave rise to use the high frequency audiometry described by Fletcher for the early recognition of noise-induced damages . Using commercial equipment we found that the earpiece was not adapted to high frequency conditions . The adaptation problem and ways of modification are described in detail . After having improved the coupling features reproducible hearing curves were obtained . Examinations were carried out on workers, whose noise exposure exceeded the critical intensity by only a few dB . The following 3 categories of impairment were found: 1 . Normal hearing between 125 and 8,000 Hz as well as in the high frequency region . 2 . Unsignificant noise-induced impairments between 125 and 8,000 Hz; no high frequency hearing . 3 . Acoustic hearing; no high frequency hearing . The results are discussed . It is supposed that high frequency hearing losses due to noise and chemical noxious exposure (streptomycin) are valuable in diagnostics and prognostics . Accordingly persons are to be assessed as noise sensitive, when there is no more high frequency hearing before practising noise work. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Aug 18, 442(2), 251 - 62 Specific inhibition of the termination process of protein synthesis by negamycin; Uehara Y et al.; The effect of negamycin and its derivatives on protein synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system was determined . (1) Unlike tetracycline and streptomycin, negamycin did not inhibit codon-specific binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes . (2) The miscoding activity of the genamycin family compounds was not parallel with the activity inhibiting the termination reaction . (3) Although negamycin strongly inhibited the overall termination reaction, it inhibited only slightly the two substeps involved; the formation of releasing factor 1 - U-A-{3H}G - ribosome complex and the peptidyl-transferase action (release of formylmethionine from the initiation complex by puromycin) . (4) The termination reaction performed with ribosomes from either streptomycin- or kanamycin-resistant E . coli cells was sensitive to negamycin . These results indicate that the inhbitory effect of negamycin on the termination reaction is specific to negamycin and distinct from that of tetracycline and streptomycin. Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Aug 10, 147(1), 67 - 9 Phenotypic instability in a tif-1 mutant of Escherichia coli . II . Recessiveness of the tif-1 mutation; Hayes W; Merodiploids of the type tif-1/F'tif+, constructed in E . coli K12 strain T44(lambda), show that the tif-1 mutation is recessive with respect to induction of phage lambda and thermolability . An additional manifestation of tif-1 expression is increased tolerance to low levels of streptomycin (SM) and chloramphenicol (CM) and this, too, is abolished in the merodiploids. Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Aug 10, 147(1), 59 - 65 Phenotypic instability in a tif-1 Mutant of Escherichia coli . I . Impairment in ribosomal function; Ehrati-Elizur E et al.; The mutant T44(lambda) of Escherichia coli K12, grown in the presence of adenine, develops an increased tolerance to streptomycin . In cultures grown on streptomycin, the ts character (tif) may temporarily be suppressed but, on further transfer, both the temperature-sensitive phenotype and streptomycin tolerance disappear . In a cell-free system, the relative efficiency of translation of MS2 and poly U messenger RNAs was, respectively, 75 and 50% lower in extracts from cultures grown at 37 degrees with adenine than in extracts from 30 degrees cultures . Similar results were obtained when adenine was added in vitro to an extract from a culture grown at 37 degrees in the absence of adenine, using MS2 RNA as messenger . Moreover, the 37 degrees extracts showed a much lower misincorporation of isoleucine into polyphenylalanine in the poly U system . In addition, the Mg++ concentration required for optimal translational acitvity was higher for the 37 degrees than for the 30 degrees extracts . Extracts from a culture grown in L medium at 37 degrees or from a tif-/F'tif+ merodiploid grown at 37 degrees with adenine behaved similarly to that from the 30 degrees culture when poly U was used as messenger RNA . It is suggested that the tif+ gene product may play a regulatory role in ribosomal function and the pleiotropic nature of the tif-1 mutation could be due to impairment of translational activity augmented by elevated temperature or by adenine. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Aug 2, 442(1), 88 - 97 New types of streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli; Lacoste L et al.; Mutagenesis of Escherichia coli K12 cells with ethyl methanesulfonate and selection of streptomycin-resistant mutants after a long delay for phenotypic expression allowed us to isolate new types of streptomycin-resistant ribosomes . Misreading patterns of the ribosomes in the presence of streptomycin revealed that most of the streptomycin-resistant mutants isolated under these conditions differed from the four classical types of streptomycin-resistant mutants studied and characterized by Strigini, P . and Gorini, L . (1970) J . Mol . Biol . 47, 517-530. Arch Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 109(1-2), 95 - 9 Functional 70S hybrid ribosomes from blue-green algae and bacteria; Gray JE et al.; Hybrid 70S ribosomes were produced by combing Anacystis nidulans and Escherichia coli 30S and 50S subunits . Both the A . nidulans 30SE . coli 50S and E . coli 30S- A . nidulans 50S hybrids were functional in synthesizing protein when tested in a standard in vitro amino acid incorporating system . Both 70S hybrids were inhibited by streptomycin but the degree of inhibition was dependent upon the source of the 30S subunit . The ability to form functional 70S ribosomes from subunits of blue-green algae and bacteria is further evidence of the procaryotic nature of blue-greens and of the functional homology of the two protein synthesizing systems. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1976 Jul-Aug, 12(4), 485 - 90 {Certain aspects of transformation of 21-acetate of the Reichstein substance "S" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis}; Bukhar MI et al.; The transformation of acetate from the Reichstein substance "S" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis was studied upon a single and fractional addition of the substrate . The effect of streptomycin sulphate, Tween-80, ethanol (steroid solvent) and steroid solution on the respiratory activity of the culture was investigated upon a single and fractional addition of the steroid . During transformation the respiratory activity of the culture decreased--by the end of the process (18-20 hours) it fell 2-2.5-fold upon a single addition of the steroid (1 g/l) and by 20% upon a fractional addition of the steroid (2 g/l) . In the latter case the respiratory activity dropped step-by-step if the concentration of the steroid was 1.4-1.6 g/l; simultaneously the transformation activity declined. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jul, 21(7), 650 - 4 {Experimental and clinical study test of capreomycin}; Kozlova NV et al.; Data on the experimental and clinical study of capreomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis are presented . It was shown that capreomycin had low activity with respect to the sensitive strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv in vitro and the respective infection caused by it in mice . The activity of capreomycin in vitro with respect to streptomycin resistant strains was the same as that with respect to the sensitive strains, while in vivo it increased 3 times . Capreomycin showed a tendency to decreasing its activity with respect to strains highely resistant to canamycin only in vitro . The effect of capreomycin on tuberculosis infection caused by strains resistant to different concentrations of canamycin was the same as that on tuberculosis infection caused by sensitive strains . Cross resistance between florimycin (viomycin) and capreomycin was shown . Clinical trails of capreomycin revealed its moderate therapeutic efficiency, relatively low toxicity and an allergenizing effect on the host . Transient ventibulopatia without pronounced signs of ototoxic action was observed . The nephrotoxic effect was moderate and transient . It was observed predominantly at the peak of the allergic reactions to the antitubercle drugs . The data obtained during the study allow recommendation of capreomycin use in clinics as reserve drug when the causative agent is not resistant to florimycin . The drug should be used under regular control of the blood picture, electrolyte metabolism, state of the kidneys, auditory and vestibular apparatus. Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Jun 15, 145(3), 317 - 26 The influence of mutations upon the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits in Escherichia coli cells; Dmitriev AD et al.; The influence of mutations in structural genes of beta and beta subunits of RNA polymerase upon the synthesis of these subunits in E . coli cells have been investigated . An amber-mutation ts22 in the beta subunit gene decreases the intracellular concentration of this subunit and the rate of its synthesis . At the same time the concentration and the rate of beta subunit synthesis is increased . These suggest the compensatory activation of the RNA polymerase operon that takes place under the conditions of shortage of one of the subunits . Reversions as well as more effective suppression of ts22 amber mutation, achieved by streptomycin addition, substitution of su2 by sul, or by specific mutations, result in a rise of beta and drop of beta subunit concentration and synthesis in ts22 mutant . TsX missense-mutation in the beta subunit gene alters the properties of the enzyme increasing, at the same time, the concentration and the rate of synthesis of both beta and beta subunits, particularly at a nonpermissive temperature . This points to an inversely proportional relationship between the rate of synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits and the total intracellular activity of the enzyme . Extra subunits are rapidly degraded in ts22 and tsX mutants . The whole complex of our data and those of others suggest that the regulation of the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits is accomplished by interaction of a negative and a positive mechanisms of regulation which include not only activators and repressors but the enzyme itself as well. Tubercle, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 137 - 44 The treatment of tuberculosis of the female genital tract with streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid; Sutherland AM; An analysis has been made of the results of treatment of 206 patients with tuberculosis of the female genital tract, using a combination of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid for 18 months or two years . There was no follow-up in 21 cases . One hundred and sixty-six patients (90 per cent of those traced) were judged to be cured after an average period of six years from the end of treatment . In 19 cases (10 per cent) drug treatment failed and operation was employed . The results of surgical treatment under cover of a modified course of the same drug combination were satisfactory . There were no deaths and no major complications . Apart from the low incidence of successful pregnancy, the symptomatic results following drug treatment were generally good. Tubercle, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 123 - 30 Study of adverse reactions to a once-weekly regimen of streptomycin plus a slow-release preparation of isoniazid in high dosage for six months; Santha T et al.; A once-weekly regimen of streptomycin (1 g) plus a slow-release preparation of isoniazid (matrix isoniazid) in high dosage, namely 50 mg/kg body-weight for rapid inactivators of isoniazid and 35 mg/kg for slow inactivators, was prescribed for 6 months to 64 tuberculous patients (27 rapid, 37 slow) . The regimen was tolerated by most the of the patients . However, 4 rapid and 3 slow inactivators had a modification of the regimen, mainly for giddiness . There were no cases of peripheral neuropathy . No adverse effects on haemopoiesis or hepatic or renal functions were observed in any of the patients . It is concluded that it is feasible to administer matrix isoniazid in dosages considerably higher than ordinary isoniazid, in once-weekly chemotherapy. Tubercle, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 81 - 95 Adverse reactions to short-course regimens containing streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin in Hong Kong. {Annual review of serotypes of E . coli isolated from various lesions in poultry and their sensitivity to drugs in vitro (author's transl)} Goren E. 550 Strains of E . coli, isolated from poultry, were typed . In addition, their sensitivity to various drugs was tested . A wide variety of serotypes was found to be present . Approximately 50% of the isolated strains of E . coli were found to be resistant to the tetracyclines, streptomycin and sulphafurazole . Chloramphenicol, neomycin and furazolidone usually were effective. Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 434 - 41 {Relationship between nephrotixic effect of gentamicin and streptomycin and their blood levels in laboratory animals}; Solov'ev VN et al.; A principle of studying the nephrotoxic properties of drugs under conditions of maintaining their constant levels in the blood and dynamic registration of the nitrogen levels in the urea followed by histological examination of the kidney is proposed . Correlation between the levels of gentamicin and streptomycin in the cat blood during 4-hour infusion and the level of the nephrotoxic effect was found, gentamicin being much more toxic than streptomycin. Vopr Pitan, 1976 May-Jun, (1), 59 - 60 {Effect of culinary treatment on residual quantities of streptomycin and oxytetracycline in meat and chicken by-products}; Shakarian GA et al.; The effect of different methods of culinary treatment on the residual amounts of streptomycin and oxytetracycline in the meat and edible viscera (liver, muscle stomach) of egg-layer hens and in the eggs was clarified . Under the effect of heat treatment (cooking, frying, autoclaving) the amount of streptomycin and oxytetracycline in the meat and edible viscera of chicken was found to gradually decrease by comparison with the initial one, with oxytetracycline declining more intensively . In the chicken meat oxytetracycline becomes completely disintegrated after 2 hours of cooking, while amounts of streptomycin in the chicken liver are also much greater than those of oxytetracycline, whereas in the muscle stomach after 2-hour long cooking, in cooked and fried eggs, where oxytetracycline becomes fully disintegrated, certain amounts of streptomycin still continue to be present. Mol Biol (Mosk), 1976 May-Jun, 10(2), 690 - 703 {Synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits in Escherichia coli mutants}; Dmitrnev AD et al.; The influence of mutations in structural genes of beta- and beta'-subunits of RNA polymerase upon the synthesis of these subunits in E . coli cells have been investigated . An amber-mutation ts22 in the beta-subunit gene decreases the intracellular concentration of this subunit and the rate of its synthesis . At the same time the concentration and the rate of beta'-subunit synthesis is increased . These facts suggest the compensating activation of the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits that takes place under the conditions of deficiency in one of the subunits . Reversions, as well as more effective suppression of ts22 amber-mutation achieved by streptomycin addition or substitution of su2 by sul result in a rise in the concentration and the rate of beta-subunit formation . This is accompanied by a drop in the concentration and the role of beta'-subunit synthesis . tsX missense motation in the beta'-subunit gene alters the properties of the enzyme increasing at the same time the concentration and the rate of synthesis of both subunits, particularly at nonpermissive temperature . This points to an inversely proportional relationship between the rate of synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits and total intracellular activity of the enzyme . Extra subunits are rapidly degraded in ts22 and tsX mutants. Clin Orthop, 1976 May, (116), 2 - 7 The classic . Streptomycin in tuberculous bone and joint lesions with mixed infection and sinuses; Bosworth DM et al.; At the present time, streptomycin represents a tremendous advance in the treatment of patients with these lesions . Streptomycin undoubtedly will be improved upon and superseded by some other agent in the future, giving us better control of this disease and possibly enabling us to eradicate it . In closed lesions streptomycin, in dosages of 90 grams in a period of 90 days, has failed to arrest the tuberculous process permanently . Failure of treatment with streptomycin suggests strongly the presence of a sequestrum, a thick-walled abscess, or inadequate surgery . Healing seems to be related to the duration of administration of streptomycin and not to the total dosage . In patients having sinuses, streptomycin should be continued after healing for a period at least half as long as the healing period itself . Surgical ankylosis, or resection of non-weight-bearing joints, is apparently as necessary now as it ever has been, but is much safer and more effective . Indeed, at times surgical attack is made possible only by the use of streptomycin. Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 456 - 9 {New method of diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity of the delayed type--the scarificaiton-film test}; Borodin IuP et al.; An original method for diagnosis of drug allergy, i.e . a scarification-film test (SFT) in 2 variants has been worked out for the first itme on the basis of examination of 241 persons and is recommended for use . 10 mm parallel scarifications with intervals of 3-4 mm between them were made on the epidermis of the antibrachial flexor and the following agents were applied to them: 1) a film-forming aerosol composition with medicines (tetracycline)--the 1st variant of SFT . (2) powder or solutions of medicines (antibiotics, sulfanylamides, vitamins, etc.) covered with a film-forming ocmposition without any medicine--the 2nd variant of SFT, 3) film-forming aerosol composition without any medicine-control of both variants out of 46 patients with professional dermatosis and in 10 (7.8 per cent) out of 127 practically healthy persons with latent sensitization (workers of pharmaceutical factories) being in contact with tetracycline . Hypersensitivity of the delay type to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, sulfanylamides and other medicines was found in 54 79.4 per cent) out of 68 patients with drug allergy of professional and non-professional etiology . The method was shown to be highly sensitive, handy, simple and safe, which provided its recommendation for the use in wide clinical practice for diagnosis of drug allergy of the retarded type which developed because of drug use or professional contact. J Lab Clin Med, 1976 May, 87(5), 792 - 803 Bacterial interference as a factor in renal infection; Miller TE et al.; These experiments have investigated the role of bacterial interference as a determinant in the epidemiology of renal infection . Two unrelated strains of Escherichia coli, E . coli 08 and 075, isolated from cases of clinical pyelonephritis were used . Although both strains had identical morphology on conventional media they could be differentiated using genetically stable markers for streptomycin resistance and arabinose utilization . When the 2 strains of E . coli were introduced into the kidney simultaneously by direct inoculation mixed infections were readily established . On the other hand, although both strains of E . coli were equally invasive as individual pathogens, pyelonephritis, when induced using a retrograde challenge with a mixed culture of the same organisms was almost invariably caused by the 08 strain alone . Further experiments showed that bacterial interference occurred within the kidney and determined the pattern of infection . When unilateral renal infections were established with E . coli 08 and the animals subsequently challenged with E . coli 075, it was found that E . coli 075 infection never occurred in kidneys infected with E . coli 08 but infection was established in the contralateral kidney . The experiments have shown that mixed renal infection with E . coli are uncommon even when both pathogens are equally nephropathogenic and are introduced simultaneously into the bladder. Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Mar 22, 144(2), 127 - 30 Deletions of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli merodiploids heterozygous for resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin; Andresson OS et al.; In a merodiploid strain of Escherichia coli heterozygous for the ribosomal protein genes spc and str, deletions were observed preventing the expression of either gene but permitting the expression of the other . This suggests that the spc and str genes are in separate transcriptional units. Tubercle, 1976 Mar, 57(1), 45 - 8 A comparative study of daily and twice-weekly continuation regimens of tuberculosis chemotherapy, including a comparison of two durations of sanatorium treatment; Chemotherapy of tuberculosis; Drug treatment of tuberculosis is reviewed . Factors influencing the choice of antituberculosis agents and antituberculosis regimens are discussed . The advantages of two regimens are emphasized--isoniazid and ethambutol, and isoniazid and rifampin . Short-term and intermittent therapy, and retreatment of previous infections, are discussed . The toxicity of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin and streptomycin is summarized . Other topics are the use of second-line drugs (aminosalicylic acid, pyrazinamide, cycloserine and ethionamide), hospitalization of tuberculosis patients, chemoprophylaxis, follow-up of patients with isoniazid prophylaxis, and the use of corticosteroids. J Bacteriol, 1976 Mar, 125(3), 800 - 10 Transposition of a deoxyribonucleic acid sequence encoding trimethoprim and streptomycin resistances from R483 to other replicons; Barth PT et al.; R483, a plasmid of the Ialpha incompatibility group, contained a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence encoding resistance to trimethoprim (TpR) and streptomycin (SmR) that could be transposed to other replicons, i.e., to the Escherichia coli chromosome and to related and unrelated plasmids . Each transposition resulted in the acquisition by the recipient replicon of a segment of DNA of about 9 X 10(6) daltons, both resistance genes, but never the colicin Ia or pilus genes of R483 . Transposition took place at a single chromosomal site between dnaA and ilv and did not suppress the DnaA phenotype, in contrast to integration of the whole R483 plasmid . The chromosome, having received the transposition, could secondarily act as a transposition donor to another plasmid . Such a plasmid was indistinguishable from one having received a direct transposition from R483 . TpR SmR transposition was very site specific and did not require a functional recA+ gene . We postulate that the TpR SmR segment of R483 is a transposon (TnC) with specific boundary sequences. Tubercle, 1976 Mar, 57(1), 71 - 3 Initial resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Northern Nigeria; Fawcett IW et al.; Of 61 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis form patients in northernn Nigeria denying any previous treatment for tuberculosis 7 (11.5 per cent) yielded resistant cultures . Four (6.6 per cent) were resistant to isoniazid, 2 (3.3 per cent) to PAS (1 also to thiacetazone), and 1 (1.6 per cent) to streptomycin . No mycobacteria other than M . tuberculosis were isolated from these patients . These results suggest that the level of initial drug resistance in northernn Nigeria may be lower than that found in other African countries. Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Feb 27, 144(1), 59 - 62 Cooperative control of translational fidelity by ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli . III . A ram mutation in the structural gene for protein S5 (rpx E); Cabezon T et al.; The effect on translational fidelity of a particular mutation in the gene coding for protein S5(rpxE) has been investigated . This mutation has the opposite effect of a restrictive strA mutation; in vivo, it relieves the restriction imposed by strA on the suppression of T4 nonsense mutants and results in hypersensitivity to streptomycin; in vitro, the presence of the altered S5 protein in 30S ribosomes results in increased intrinsic misreading . It is concluded that this mutation, ramC319, acts as a ribosomal ambiguity mutation similar to certain mutations of protein S4 (ramA). Biochem J, 1976 Feb 15, 154(2), 379 - 85 Nature of the facilitated messenger ribonucleic acid transport from isolated nuclei; Yannarell A et al.; Cytoplasmic macromolecules were previously identified which regulate both qualitatively and quantitatively the release of messenger-like RNA from isolated nuclei . These macromolecules are now shown to be denatured at 45-50 degrees C and their synthesis is sensitive to pactamycin or cycloheximide . The putative regulatory proteins are essentially quantitatively precipitated with high specificity from the cytosol by streptomycin at a concentration 10-fold higher than that used to precipitate RNA . The nuclear concentration-dependence of RNA transport from successive samples of nuclei strongly suggests that the regulatory factors are recycled . Quantitative changes in the sequences transported at various dilutions of the cytosol suggest that not all the different classes of the putative regulatory macromolecules are present in an effective concentration at any one dilution. J Bacteriol, 1976 Feb, 125(2), 545 - 55 Properties of adenyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli; Kumar S; Several spontaneous cya and crp mutants of Escherichia coli have been selected as clones simultaneously resistant to phage lambda and nalidixic acid and characterized . Both cya and crp mutants have been found to grow as cocci with increased doubling times . They have increased resistance to some mutagens (methylmethanesulfonate, ultraviolet light, gamma rays), antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ampicillin), phages (lambda, T6), sublethal heat and hypotonic shock, and decreased resistance to neutral detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate), a protein synthesis inhibitor (streptomycin), and a respiratory inhibitor (sodium azide) . The nature of changes in cell parameters indicate fundamental alterations in the envelope structure of the cya and crp mutant cells . The new cya and crp mutants have been found to be multiply carbohydrate negative and nonmotile in conformity with similar previously isolated mutants . Studies of revertants and phi80 cya+ and phi80 cya transductants indicated that the pleiotropic phenotype is related to a single mutational event at the cya or the crp locus in the mutants. J Protozool, 1976 Feb, 23(1), 167 - 76 Hydrolytic enzymes of Euglena gracilis: characterization and activity as a function of culture age and carbon deprivation; Baker WB et al.; Optimal assay conditions are described for 8 hydrolases of Euglena gracilis var . bacillaris, SM-L1 (streptomycin-bleached) strain, 7 of which have an acid pH-optimum . Acid-phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, b-fucosidase, cathepsin D, RNase, DNase, and an esterase are active in cell homogenates . Amylase has very low activity, and beta-glucuronidase, arylsulfatase, beta, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, alpha-fucosidase, and alpha- and beta-mannosidase are inactive. J Lab Clin Med, 1976 Feb, 87(2), 299 - 319 Peptide-binding macromolecules in the blood of seriously ill or mentally retarded patients; Goodfriend TL et al.; This report describes macromolecules that bind (des-aspartic acid1)-angiotensin II, the des aspartic acid1 derivative of angiotensin I, and several biologically active and inactive analogues of these polypeptides . The macromolecules were found in the plasma of approximately 2 per cent of ambulatory adults and hospitalized children and 32 per cent of the patients at two institutions for the mentally retarded . The binding properties of these macromolecules were studied by incubating with peptides labeled with 125iodine, and separating bound from free labeled peptide using small gel filtration columns . The peptide-binding macromolecules from several patients were compared . They showed very similar specificity for a group of arginyl peptides of the des-aspartyl1-angiotensin sequence . The plasma binders differed from one another in their optimum pH and their mobility in electrophoretic fields . Those with more acid pH optima displayed more rapid electrophoretic mobility . The binders fell into two classes based on apparent molecular weight, approximately 140,000 and 250,000 . Those with the higher apparent molecular weight contained a large proportion of binder that could be precipitated with antiserum to human IgA . Kinetic measurements showed that the plasma binders were somewhat heterogeneous with respect to affinity for (des-asp1)-angiotensin, with apparent association constants ranging from 10(7) to 10(8) M-1 . Binding activity was labile to heat, and to treatment with pepsin or trypsin . It was inhibited by calcium, protamine, streptomycin, and some other cationic compounds . The plasma peptide binder differed in specificity and molecular weight from soluble angiotensin-binding molecules extracted from tissues, and from properties expected of a receptor for angiotensin . These macromolecules may be useful reagents for measuring (des-asp1)-angiotensins . Their presence in plasma samples may interfere with angiotensin assays in some circumstances. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jan, 21(1), 6 - 10 {Actinomyces streptomycini mutant blocked in streptidine biosynthesis}; Anisova LN et al.; Mutant 170 not capable of forming streptidine and streptomycin was obtained using chemical mutagenes . This mutant can produce streptomycin only with suplementation of exogenous streptidine . Experiment with labeled C14-streptidine showed its specific incorporation in streptidine moiety of streptomycin molecule. J Trop Med Hyg, 1976 Jan, 79(1), 14 - 7 The value of ethambutol in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis; Girgis NI et al.; This is a prospective treatment study of 86 patients with tuberculous meningitis admitted to the Abbassia Fever Hospital Cairo, Egypt . The causative organism was cultured from the cerebro spinal fluidin 47 patients, was identified by Zeihl Nelson stain in five and in the remaining 34 patients the diagnosis was based on the clinical course and changes in the CSF chemistry and cell count . The data indicate that ethambutol can be used as a companion drug to INH and streptomycin in the treatment of the disease and that the mortality is directly dependent on the state of consciousness upon initiation of therapy. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jan, 125(1), 84 - 93 Coupling of rates of transcription, translation, and messenger ribonucleic acid degradation in streptomycin-dependent mutants of Escherichia coli; Gupta RS et al.; The growth rates of streptomycin-dependent mutants varied in proportion to the level of streptomycin supplied; growth also varied characteristically from one dependent strain to another at a given streptomycin concentration . When cells growing at different rates (over a threefold range) were treated with rifampin, direct proportionality was observed for three parameters: (i) the rates of shutoff of transcription of total ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomal RNA, as measured by pulse labeling at later times; (ii) the translation time for molecules of beta-galactosidase; and (iii) the rate of chemical degradation of messenger RNA . In contrast, the rate of functional inactivation of both total and beta-galactosidase messenger RNA was about the same at all growth rates . None of the variations of growth or other parameters were observed in an otherwise isogenic streptomycin-resistant strain treated with streptomycin . Since the mutational change in strd mutants and the site of action of streptomycin are in the 30S ribosomal subunits, it is suggested that the rate of ribosome function is set by the dependent lesion (and the level of streptomycin) . One possibility is that the other correlated effects are mechanistically "coupled" to ribosome function, but the apparent coupling could also be an indirect result of differential effects of streptomycin on variables such as ribosomal miscoding and nucleotide pool size . However, since the rate of functional inactivation of messenger RNA is constant even when the RNA is broken down two- to fourfold more slowly, translation yield tends to be proportional to the growth rate of the dependent strains. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jan, 125(1), 382 - 4 Increased loss of duplicated genes in streptomycin-resistant (strA) mutants of Escherichia coli k-12; Simonian MH et al.; The recombination-dependent loss of a duplicated portion of the Escherichia coli chromosome is five- to tenfold greater in strains containing streptomycin resistance (strA) mutations than in the strA+ parental strain . Streptomycin (500 mug/ml) partially reverses the increase . These results suggest an interaction between strA mutations and recombination. Proc Aust Assoc Neurol, 1976, 13, 73 - 81 Some aspects of tuberculous meningitis in Surabaya; Chandra B; Eighty tuberculous meningitis patients who were seen in the neurological clinics in Surabaya between the January 1971 and January 1975 were asked to cooperate in a double blind clinical trial . One group was given isoniazid, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the other group was given isioniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and a protease . The outcome after the treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol was significantly better than that with isoniazed, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid . The clinical and laboratory symptoms and signs are reviewed in detail. Chemotherapy, 1976, 22(6), 353 - 61 Influence of immunosuppression on the action of antimycobacterial drugs in experimental tuberculosis . I . Effects of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin on the survival of tuberculous mice immunosuppressed by azathioprine (Imuran); Trnka L et al.; The influence of the host immunosuppression on antimycobacterial effects of isoniazid, rifampicin or streptomycin was studied on animal models . Differences in survival rates of mice influenced or uninfluenced by azathioprine (Imuran) and exposed to six applications of antituberculous drugs (given once a day in the monotherapy) were statistically evaluated . The dose-dependent antimycobacterial effects of rifampicin or isoniazid were not significantly altered by the immunosuppression of the host . In contrary to that definite dose-dependent effect of streptomycin, observed in azathioprine-uninfluenced mice, cannot be confirmed in immunosuppressed mice in which no effect of streptomycin on the survival of tuberculous mice could be estimated. Cytobios, 1976, 17(67-68), 151 - 8 Isolation, growth and nitrogen fixation of a gas vacuole-less mutant of the blue-green alga Anabaena aphanizomenoides; Das B et al.; Mutants with loss of gas vacuoles (GVL-) were isolated from a clonal population of the gas vacuole containing (GVL+) blue-green alga Anabaena aphanizomenoides with a spontaneous mutation frequency of 1.7 x 10(-3) in nitrogen-free media . Growth and nitrogen fixation of the mutant were slow when compared to the GVL+ parent . Both the parent and mutant filaments tolerated 0.02 microgram/ml of streptomycin, and higher concentrations were lethal . The reversion of the mutant towards the parent did not occur. Dev Biol Stand, 1976, 33, 113 - 7 Standardization of Escherichia coli oral vaccines; Felsenfeld O; The proof of the efficacy of a vaccine can be rendered only by field trials . Nevertheless, a number of in vitro and in vivo tests has to be employed before large-scale testing can be carried out . This particularly holds true about vaccines used to prevent intestinal infections, which were the center of our interest . Seven strains, four of them causing diarrhea in man, and three in animals, have been investigated as potential oral immunizing agents . The strains were made apathogenic by heating, or developing streptomycin-dependence, or by chemical agents . The efficacy of the vaccines was tested by feeding vervet monkeys with them, by determining their potency in the ligated rabbit and rat intestinal loop, by determining coproantibody formation and by estimating the circulating anti-enterotoxin as well as precipitating and bacteriolytic antibodies . Enterotoxin developed by human pathogens differed in its action from that of animalpathogenic strains . According to the penetrating ability of the strains, there was a difference between the circulating antibody evoking capability . Therefore in fundamental assay of the vaccines, the dose-response, the length of the administration of the immunizing agents, and their dosage had to be investigated before and after challenge with homologous and heterologous E . coli strains . It is suggested that coproantibody determination together with monitoring circulating antibodies after vaccination and after challenge be used to standardize these vaccines. Mutat Res, 1976 Jan, 34(1), 43 - 54 Intracellular distribution of 8-14C-puromycin aminonucleoside in ultraviolet irradiated Escherichia coli; Sideropoulos AS; The uptake of 8-14C-puromycin aminonucleoside (8-14C-PAN) was studied in ultraviolet (UV) irradiated strains of E . coli B/r hcr+ and hcr- . The cells took up only 0.1-0.3% of the 8-14C-PAN present in the medium when grown in minimal (M9) containing 8-14C-PAN . When ethylenedinitrilotetra-acetic acid (EDTA) treated E . coli cells are placed in a medium containing 8-14C-PAN, the total concentration of 8-14C-PAN in the cells reaches 43-54% of the medium within 30 min of incubation . Almost all 8-14C-PAN can be dialyzed from cells exposed in the absence of an energy source, but cells metabolizing in M9 medium during exposure can retain up to 30% of their internal concentration . Bacteria grown in the presence of 8-14C-PAN, accumulated the radioactive material intracellularly in three forms, namely, unbound, reversibly bound (dialyzable) and irreversibly bound to the protein (nondialyzable) . Approx . 70-77% of the irreversibly bound radioactive material linked with the protein fraction was released by treatment with a protease . Addition of PAN into the post-irradiation medium of EDTA-treated hcr+ cells, increased UV induced mutation rates . Antimutagenic purine ribosides decreased the final level of 8-14C-PAN accumulated by the cells . Decreases in 8-14C-PAN uptake in the presence of antimutagens correspond to reductions in the rate of mutation to streptomycin resistance induced by UV light . Therefore, protein bound PAN appears to be the relevant component in the enhancement of UV induced mutation by this drug. Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(8), 23 - 7 {Studies of the etiology of cystopyelitis in hybrid swine}; Vachev B et al.; Studies were carried out on the etiology, clinical picture, morphologic changes, and methods of prophylaxis of the cystopyelitis in hybrid pigs . It was established that in the cases studied the etiologic part is most probably played by Escherichia coli having pronounced virulence for albino mice . Clinically the disease was manifested with hematuria--the cardinal diagnostic symptom; histologically there were nephritis, pyelonephritis, and strong edemas on the wall of the bladder . When hematuria appeared the affected pigs died (at the rate of 100 per cent) as a result of acute anemia . Prophylactic measures have been especially successful with the use of streptomycin to which the isolated coli strains proved sensitive. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Dec 30, 143(1), 43 - 52 Genetic position and amino acid replacements of several mutations in ribosomal protein S5 from Escherichia coli; Piepersberg W et al.; The relative genetic position of the following four mutations of ribosomal protein S5 has been determined: spc-13, a mutation to spectinomycin resistance; stri N421 and strid1023, mutations suppressing dependence on streptomycin and sup0-1, a mutation suppressing partially the temperature-sensitive phenotype of an alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutation . The transduction experiments performed indicate that the spc-13 site is located in the S5 cistron proximal to the strA locus, that sup0-1 maps proximal to the aroE gene and that the striN421 and strid1023 loci are located between these two mutational sites . Proteinchemical analysis of the amino acid replacement in protein S5 of strain N421 (carrying the striN421 allele) has shown that an arginine residue is replaced by leucine which results in the appearance of a trypsin intensitive bond between the tryptic peptides T2 and T16 . The same alteration has been previously found by Itoh and Wittmann (1973) in the S5 protein of strain d1023 . Determination of the alteration of ribosomal protein S5 of strain 0-1 (sup0-1 allele) revealed that the C-terminal tryptic peptide is altered . It differs from that of the wild-type protein by the lack of five amino acids and the appearance of a C-terminal glycine residue instead of a lysine residue . This change can be explained by the deletion of eleven nucleotides in the S5 cistron of strain 0-1 . The recent determination of the primary structure of ribosomal protein S5 (Wittmann-Liebold and Greuer, 1975) allows the ordering of the S5 alterations employed: The order is spc-13-strid1023 (striN421)-sup0-1 with the spc-13 amino acid replacement being located at the NH2-terminal portion of the S5 sequence and the alteration of strain 0-1 at the COOH-terminal end . The proteinchemical results are therefore in full agreement with the genetic data and unambiguously allow the conclusion that the S5 cistron is transcribed counterclock-wise on the Escherichia coli chromosome. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Dec 9, 141(4), 331 - 41 Analysis of ribosomal proteins in streptomycin resistant and dependent mutants isolated from streptomycin independent Escherichia coli strains; Wittmann HG et al.; Mutants resistant to (Str-R) or dependent on streptomycin (Str-D) were isolated from several streptomycin independent (Str-I) strains of Escherichia coli . From 90 of these mutants ribosomes were isolated and the ribosomal proteins analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The results which are summarized in Tables 1-4 led to the following conclusions: a) The phenotype (Str-R) or Str-D) of the mutants isolated from the Str-I strains strongly depends on the parental strain . b) No other ribosomal proteins than S4, S5 and S12 seem to be altered by mutations leading to dependence on, independence from or resistance to streptomycin . c) The S4 proteins of the analyzed mutants belong to three groups . The ratio between the groups depends more on the origin of the mutants than on their phenotype . d)Eight new types of altered S4 proteins were detected . It is very likely that many, if not all, of the altered S4 proteins originated by frame shift mutations . e) Some of the mutants differ from the wild type by alterations in three ribosomal proteins (S4, S5 and S12) . The alteration in one protein, S4, apparently compensates for that in another protein, S5, in such a way that the original phenotype is expressed . These mutants are therefore an excellent tool for studies at the molecular level on the interaction of ribosomal components within the particle. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Dec, 30(6), 988 - 93 Chemical alteration of carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus and mutants; Lee TC et al.; The effects of diphenylamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, streptomycin, AMO-1618, and beta-ionone on the carotene composition of a wild-type and three mutant strains of Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been examined . Diphenylamine increased the phytoene and phytofluene concentrations of all strains while reducing the levels of the color carotenes . Dimethyl sulfoxide reduced the concentration of both cyclic and acyclic carotenes, whereas AMO-1618 increased the levels of all carotenes in all the strains . The wild type and mutants responded differently to the presence of streptomycin and beta-ionone . The possible mode of action of the above agents on carotenoid biosynthesis is discussed. J Pediatr, 1975 Dec, 87(6 Pt 1), 983 - 6 Evaluation of rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children; Visudhiphan P et al.; Of the 20 patients given rifampicin and isoniazid, 19 survived and one died . Twelve patients recovered from the disease without any significant neurologic defect . Seven patients had moderate to severe handicaps which included hemiparesis in four, hydrocephalus in two,mental retardation in three, and blindness in one . There was no hearing deficit . The average hospital stay in this group was 3-1/2 weeks . Among the 13 patients given streptomycin, PAS, and isoniazid, four are dead . Only three patients recovered with a completely good condition . The remainder had either single or multiple neurologic defects . The moderate degree of nerve deafness was also observed in two patients. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Dec 1, 141(3), 207 - 11 Localized mutagenesis of the aroE-strA section of the Escherichia coli chromosome coding for ribosomal proteins; Berger I et al.; In order to obtain E . coli strains altered in ribosomal proteins the following isolation technique was used: Phage P1 grown in a streptomycin resistant E . coli strain, was mutagenized by hydroxylamine or nitrous acid, and was used to transduce into a strain auxotrophic for aroE . Transductants with streptomycin resistance and aroE prototrophy were selected and tested for their growth at various temperatures (20 degrees, 30 degrees and 42 degrees) and their response to different antibiotics . Ribosomes from seventeen transductants with an altered response to temperature or antibiotics were isolated . They were tested for alterations in their ribosomal subunit profiles by sucrose centrifugation and for altered ribosomal proteins by two dimensional gel electrophoresis . Two strains showed accumulation of 50S ribosomal precursors and three strains had an altered 50S protein L18 . This protein belongs to the 5S RNA-protein complex having GTPase and ATPase activity. Strahlentherapie, 1975 Dec, 150(6), 597 - 602 Cytogenetics analysis of meiotic chromosomes of irradiated mice and their progeny after treatment with streptomycin and dihydrodeoxystreptomycin; Savkovie N et al.; The purpose of this investigation is to find out whether streptomycin and the related compound dihydrodeoxystreptomycin have any mutagenic effect and whether they both are capable of recovering X-ray induced chromosomal translocations in mouse spermatogonia of directly treated animals and their progeny of the first generation . The cytological findings show the absence of any mutagenic effect in animals nonirradiated and treated with streptomycin and dihydrodeoxystreptomycin . The frequency of chromosomal translocation after total irradiation was 9,07%; in animals treated with streptomycin following irradiation 5.13%, and in those irradiated and treated with dihyrodeoxystreptomycin, 3.70% . Male offsprings, originated from parents treated only with antibiotics show no chromosomal translocations . However, offsprings originated from irradiated and treated parents gave birth to the male offspring with chromosomal translocations. J Clin Pathol, 1975 Nov, 28(11), 910 - 4 Laboratory procedures for the isolation of chlamydia trachomatis from the human genital tract; Reeve P et al.; The technique of isolating Chlamydia trachomatis from the human gential tract by centrifuging clinical specimens on to cell monolayers with subsequent incubation has been improved and simplified . Gentamicin in the media was found to be superior to streptomycin in reducing bacterial contamination of specimens . The infectivity of chlamydial suspensions of laboratory cultured material was significantly reduced by storage at +4 degrees C for more than 48 hours, and by immediate freezing to -70 degrees C . When compared with immediate processing of the specimens, freezing to -70 degrees C was found to reduce the isolation rate of C.trachomatis from men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) by approximately 20% . McCoy cells pretreated with idoxuridine were compared with irradiated McCoy cells for the isolation of C . trachomatis from clinical specimens . There was no significant difference in sensitivity between the two systems, but the former is considerably simpler . The effect of the centrifugal force used for inoculating specimens on to the cell monolayers on the isolation rate of C . trachomatis was studied in groups of men with NGU . Maximal isolation rates were obtained with forces of about 3000 G, which were not significantly raised by further increasing the force used . It is suggested that the isolation of C . trachomatis from the genital tract is now well within the capacity of any laboratory equipped with simple cell culture facilities. Infect Immun, 1975 Nov, 12(5), 999 - 1005 Murine model for study of cell-mediated immunity: protection against death from fully virulent Francisella tularensis infection; Eigelsbach HT et al.; To assess cell-mediated immunity in terms of host protection, an experimental model was developed in which passively transferred spleen cells from immunized AKR/J mice enabled nonimmume syngeneic recipients to survive an otherwise fatal infection with fully virulent Francisella tularensis . Donor immunization was achieved by administering live attenuted tularemia vaccine and, subsequently, the virulent streptomycin-sensitive SCHU S4 strain of F . tularensis . At selected intervals after immunization, donor spleen cells were transferred to streptomycin-treated recipients challenged subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 25 to 50 minimal lethal doses of virulent streptomycin-resistant F . tularensis SCHU S5 . The protection afforded by immune spleen cells was maximal (essentially 100%) 12 days after the SCHU S4 secondary immunization. Mutat Res, 1975 Nov, 30(2), 163 - 76 The effect of streptomycin resistance, caffeine and acriflavine on ultraviolet light-induced reversion to tryptophan independence in strains of Escherichia coli B/r; Barfknecht TR et al.; When the excision proficient strain E . coli WP2 Hcr+ trp- was grown to stationary phase by glucose starvation in M-9 minimal medium before UV -irradiation, the ability of nutrient broth enrichment of minimal medium to enhance trp- leads to Trp+ reversion was greatly reduced . Less than 50% of the Trp+ revertants were found to be ochre suppressors . However, in the WWP2 Hcr- strain, 75-86% of the tested revertants were ochre suppressors . This indicates that, under the cultural conditions employed, many potential suppressor mutations were removed by excision repair in the presence of broth enrichment . Broth enhancement of reversion also occurred in the Hcr- strain, which indicates that a less error-prone mode of recombination repair functions under minimal growth conditions . An Hcr+ strr derivative of WP2 Hcr+ was more resistant than its strs parent to the lethal effect of UV light and showed a lower UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency . The percentage of Trp+ revertants that were due to ochre suppressors was markedly reduced in the strr strain . The Hcr- strr strain also had a lower UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency than its strs parent . The excision repair inhibitor caffeine had little effect at lower UV doses on increasing Trp+ reversion in both Hcr+ strains . Acriflavine, however, was effective at lower UV doses in enhancing reversiin of the Hcr+ strains and the degree of enhancement increased with the dose . Acriflavine appeared to specifically enhance the number of ochre suppressing Trp+ revertants . In both Hcr- strains (strs and strr) caffeine (500 mug/ml) had no effect on survival but reduced the UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency acting as an antimutagen . In contrast, acriflavine (2 mug/ml) decreased survival and increased the Trp+ reversion frequency of the Hcr- strains . The data on spontaneous Trp+ reversion frequencies show that the Hcr+ strs strain had a higher spontaneous reversion frequency than the Hcr- strs strain on all plating media . Further, caffeine was shown to reduce spontaneous Trp+ reversion in both Hcr+ and Hcr- strains while acriflavine increased the spontaneous reversion frequencies of both strains. Antibiotiki, 1975 Nov, 20(11), 978 - 82 {Characteristics of the interaction of the A-factor with mutant 1439 of Act . streptomycini in the biosynthesis of streptomycin}; Kornitskaia EIa et al.; Some peculiar properties of A-factor using by mutant 1439 of Act . streptomycini were studied . It was found that A-factor was most intensively used for biosynthesis of streptomycin when it was added during inoculation . When A-factor was added to a I- or 2-day culture it was required in 10 times higher amounts and its high non-specific adsorption by the mycelium was observed . Interaction of A-factor with the mycelium providing restoration of the biosynthetic process was very rapid on a short-term contat of the I-day culture with A-factor . Transformations occurring under the effect of A-factor and leading to formation of streptomycin took place mainly inside the cells . Changes in the life cycle induced by A-factor developed under different conditions as compared to those promoting streptomycin biosynthesis. Arch Gynakol, 1975 Oct 30, 218(4), 261 - 8 Gynaecological tuberculosis, past, present and future; Sutherland AM; Until the introduction of the anti-tuberculosis drugs about 25 years ago, the treatment of tuberculosis of the female genital tract was generally unsatisfactory although many different forms of therapy were employed . Surgery was associated with a high incidence of post-operative complications, particularly of fistula, and an appreciable mortality rate . The position improved greatly after the introduction of the anti-tuberculosis drugs . Several drug programmes were employed by the writer, the best results being obtained with a combination of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid for at least 18 months . Where drug treatment had failed, or where pelvic masses developed, surgery under drug cover was employed . No serious complications and no fatalities occurred in these patients . The question of possible transmission through sexual intercourse of male genitourinary tuberculosis is being investigated . A new drug programme is now being employed, the drugs used being streptomycin, ethambutol and isoniazid. Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1975 Oct 30, 211(1), 35 - 41 {Inner-ear of monkeys under the influence of streptomycin-sulfate (author's transl)}; Lange G; Eight monkeys were treated with 65 X 150 mg/kg Streptomycine-Sulfate per day given intramuscularly . Their vestibular reactions were investigated several times during and after (up to 7 1/2 months) the medication . Using nystagmography, a decrease of excitability could be realized as long as the drug was given . After the stop of the injections the excitability returned, mostly even up to the normal level . The most reliable vestibular reactions were the vestibular threshold, respectively duration and frequency of the postrotatory nystagmus . Additional medicaiton of Ozothin had some influence on the toxicity of Streptomycine towards the auditory system, but no effect at all regarding the vestibular reactions. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Oct 15, 58(2), 603 - 10 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins from streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi; Brugger M et al.; Ribosomal proteins from three mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi were analysed and compared by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis . One mutant was streptomycin-sensitive the other two were streptomycin-resistant, one with a Mendelian the other with a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance . In the 30-S subunits of chloroplast ribosomes approximately 25 proteins are found and in the 50-S subunits 34 proteins . The 40-S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes contain about 31 proteins and the 60-S subunits 44 proteins . The molecular weights of most proteins in all subunits are in the range of 10 000 to 35 000 . However, the 60-S subunits contain in addition a protein of molecular weight 50 000 and the 30-S subunits show 6-7 bands of molecular weights from 50 000 to 83 000 . The proteins of the cytoplasmic 80-S ribosomes or of their subunits from all three mutants are electrophoretically identical . The proteins of the 70-S organellar ribosomes and both of their subunits show distinct differences between the three strains . Our results indicate that organellar ribosomal proteins are in part controlled by nuclear DNA and in part by organellar DNA. Antibiotiki, 1975 Oct, 20(10), 871 - 6 {Effect of the phosphorus concentration on novobiocin formation by the producer Act . spheroides}; Gracheva IV et al.; According to the literature data biosynthesis of novobiocin by Act . spheroides unlike other antibiotics does not practically depend on the phosphorus levels in the medium . In the present paper it is shown that production of novobiocin in natural media is sensitive to the concentration of mineral phosphorus in the medium . The optimal concentration of phosphorus for biosynthesis of novobiocin is almost within the same ranges as that for biosynthesis of streptomycin, tetracyclines and oleandomycin. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Sep 29, 140(2), 91 - 100 Effect of different mutations in ribosomal protein S5 of Escherichia coli on translational fidelity; Piepersberg W et al.; The effect of three different types of mutations in ribosomal protein S5 of Escherichia coli on translational fidelity has been studied . Two of them, namely that conferring resistance to spectinomycin and that selected for partial suppression of a temperature-sensitive analyl-tRNA synthetase mutation, do not exhibit ribosomal ambiguity in the in vivo and in vitro test system employed . In contrast, mutations in ribosomal protein S5 selected for suppression of streptomycin dependence mutations are able to derestrict the restriction of translational ambiguity imposed by str A mutations, though to different degrees depending on the type of mutation . Mutants in which streptomycin dependence is suppressed by an alteration in protein S5 are more restrictive than mutants resistant to streptomycin . Again, the extent of restriction depends on the type of the str Ad allele . In conclusion: mutations in ribosomal protein S5 can act as ram mutations like mutations in protein S4 . The part of the S5 polypeptide involved in control of translational fidelity is different from regions altered in spectinomycin resistant strains and in the alanyl-tRNA synthetase suppressor mutant. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Sep 15, 140(1), 61 - 8 Proteinchemical studies on ribosomal proteins S4 and S12 from ram (ribosomal ambiguity) mutants of Escherichia coli; van Acken U; Proteins S4 and S12 were isolated from ribosomes of three mutants of Escherichia coli in which dependence on streptomycin caused by alteration in protein S12 is suppressed by an altered protein S4 . Proteinchemical studies on the mutant proteins gave the following results: Proteins S12 from all three mutants differ from S12 of the wild type by the replacement of proline to leucine in peptide T15 . In all mutant S4 proteins a replacement og glutamine to leucine at amino acid position 53 was found . In addition to this replacement at position 53 a glutamic acid residue at position 199 near the C-terminus was deleted in one of the three mutants . However, this deletion is not necessary for the ability of the mutant S4 protein to suppress dependence on streptomycin . The results support the hypothesis that ram mutants and "revertants" from streptomycin dependence to independence belong to the same class although they were isolated by different selection procedures. J Bacteriol, 1975 Sep, 123(3), 1068 - 75 Role of pyrimidine dimer excision in loss of potential streptomycin resistance mutations of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli on phosphate-buffered agar; Sideropoulos AS et al.; The frequency of ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutations to streptomycin resistance dropped rapidly when starved Escherichia coli strains WP-2 B/r and B/r T- were incubated on phosphate-buffered agar (PBA), but was reduced only slightly in a WP-2 hcr- mutant . During postirradiation, incubation viability remained approximately constant . Cells given an optimal recovery treatment with photo-reactivating light showed no further recovery if subsequently incubated on PBA . At least 70% of the mutations induced to streptomycin resistance by UV could be repaired . The loss of potential streptomycin-resistant mutants was markedly reduced in strain B/r T- when 5 mug of acriflavin or 700 mug of caffeine per ml was added to PBA . The excision of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers from E . coli tb/r T- was investigated . Dimer excision progressed more slowly when the cells were incubated on PBA containing acriflavin or caffeine . There was no congruity between the kinetics of dimer excision and the kinetics of mutant loss . Our results indicate that removal of potential streptomycin-resistant mutants is considerably faster than the excision of pyrimidine dimers. Genetics, 1975 Sep, 81(1), 21 - 31 Evidence of tandem duplication of genes in a merodiploid region of Pneumococcal mutants resistant to sulfonamide; Kashmiri SV et al.; A Pneumococcal mutant, sulr-c, resistant to sulfonamides, and three transformants bearing associated d or d+ resistance markers have earlier been reported to be unstable and show distinct patterns and frequencies of segregating stable progeny lacking the c marker . Each of the four strains showed a characteristic dosage of the genes involved in the merodiploidy . Complementary strands of DNA's from these stable and unstable strains were resolved and homoduplex and heteroduplex hybrids made from the separated DNA strands were used as donors in genetic transformations . Activities of a normal marker (streptomycin resistance) and those involved in the heterozygosity (c, d and d+) were quantitatively measured . From those heteroduplexes made up of opposite strands derived from a heterozygote and a stable strain, the normal marker is transferred efficiently, but the heterozygous markers are not . On the other hand, if both strands of a heteroduplex are derived from different heterozygotic strains, all markers can be transferred with usual efficiency to a stable recipient strain . The lowered efficiency in the former type of heteroduplex is attributed to an inhomology resulting from a tandem duplication in the merodiploid strains, and a postulated DNA repair process stimulated by it while in the form of the donor duplex . The inhomology probably includes (a) a microheterogeneity between the c site and the wild type locus, and (b) a more extensive incompatibility attributable to an extra segment of genome in a tandem duplication covering the c and d sites . The first of these inhomologies produces a lowered efficiency of transfer from all configurations of the particular d allele associated with the mutant c marker, and therefore accounts for the characteristic transfer patterns even from the native merodiploid DNA's. Antibiotiki, 1975 Aug, 20(8), 709 - 14 {Comparative study of the relationship between the blood concentration of gentamicin and streptomycin and their muscle-relaxing activity}; Firsov AA et al.; A mathematical model of relation between the miorelaxant effect value of aminocyclitol antibiotics and their blood levels is proposed . The kinetics of the reduction of the neuromuscle transmission damaged under the action of the drugs was studied in detail in acute experiments with cats treated with gentamycin or streptomycin administered intravenously . The changes in the effect value in time were satisfactorily described by the logistic function . Parallel determination of the blood levels of the antibiotics in the animals provided construction of an adequate model of their pharmacokinetics . Tabulation of the corresponding biexponential equations and logistic functions for the same time intervals during reduction of the neuromuscle transmission provided necessary information for plotting the "effect: concentration" curves . Comparison of the drug levels at which the effect of inhibition of the neuromuscle transmission was equal to 50% of the maximum one, revealed a statistically reliable difference in the miorelaxant activity of gentamycin and streptomycin . A high miorelaxant activity of gentamycin in comparison to streptomycin was also shown on comparison of the average "effect: concentration" curves plotted on the basis of tabulation of the general equations presenting a combination of the logistic and biexponential equations. Antibiotiki, 1975 Aug, 20(8), 692 - 5 {Rapid method for determining the stability of streptomycin sulfate powders}; Kartseva VD et al.; A method applicable for beforehand determination of streptomycin sulfate powder stability by the colour of its solutions is described . It is shown that the results of such a determination satisfactorily coincided with the results of indirect determination of the solution colour after prolonged storage of the powders at room temperature. HNO, 1975 Aug, 23(8), 253 - 4 {The local treatment of ozaena with streptomycin and novocaine (author's transl)}; Jakabfi I et al.; The essence of this treatment is the injection of a mixture of 250 mgm of streptomycin (5 ml) and novocaine 1% (5 ml) on alternate days . The 10 ml mixture was injected into the conchae and submucosally into the septum on either side . Cure generally required a total of 2--3 gm of streptomycin over 15--20 days . Review of 25 cases treated over the past 15 years showed that 44% became symptom free and "good" results occurred in another 40% . In 16% treatment proved ineffective . Rehabilation was manifest by relief of subjective symptoms and disappearance of crusting and foetor . Atrophy remained irreversible. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 21(8), 1151 - 9 Genetic recombination in a chloramphenicol-producing strain of Streptomyces species 3022a; Francis MM et al.; Mutation with ultraviolet light and chemical mutagens yielded strains with auxotrophic and streptomycin-resistance markers . These were used to show the existence of genetic recombination in Streptomyces species 3022a and to construct a linkage map for 17 marker loci. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1975 Aug, 46(8), 1017 - 22 Effect of labyrinthectomy on the dynamic vestibulo-ocular counterrol reflex in the rhesus monkey; Smiles KA et al.; Timeline records of eyeball counterrotation to constant speed rotations about the line of sight were examined in the Rhesus monkey via a linear transformer measurement system using a contact lens . Normal monkeys exhibited a decrease in the amplitude ratio of eye-to-chair motion and an increasing phase lag between eye and chair as the frequency of the motion platform increased . Bilateral labyrinthectomy or prolonged dosage with streptomycin was found to nearly abolish the counterroll reflex . Unilateral damage to the vestibular system resulted in a decrease in the amplitude ratio of the eye-to-chair motion by approximately 50% 1 month after surgery. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Jul 10, 138(4), 315 - 21 Non-enzymatic translocation in ribosomes from streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli; Asatryan LS et al.; The capablity of ribosomes of four types of streptomycin-resistant mutants (A1, A2, A40 and A60) for non-enzymatic (EF-G--GTP-independent) translocation was tested . It was found that an A40 type mutation (amino acid replacement in position 87 of the protein S12 polypeptide chain) leads to activation of the capablity of the ribosome to perform spontaneous non-enzymatic translocation, while type A1, A2 and A60 mutations (amino acid replacements in position 42 of protein S12) does not give such an effect . Thus, it is shown that non-enzymatic translocation can be activated not only by the earlier described damage of the protein S12 by para-chloromercuribenzoate or by the complete removal of protein S12, but also by a definate mutational alteration of the protein . Preliminary data are also reported on the possibility of activating non-enzymatic translocation by combinations of mutational alterations of the ribosomal proteins other than protein S12 but interdepending with it (such as S4 and S5). J Biol Chem, 1975 Jul 10, 250(13), 5208 - 14 Lysophospholipase of Escherichia coli; Doi O et al.; A lysophospholipase from Escherichia coli cells was purified about 1,500-fold to near homogeneity by extraction with Tris-HCl buffer, streptomycin treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, column chromatographies on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite-cellulose, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The final preparation had a molecular weight of 39,500 plus or minus 500 . The enzyme hydrolyzes 1-acylglycerylphosphorylethanolamine, 2-acylglycerylphosphorylethanoiamine, and 1-acylglycerylphosphorylglycerol, but does not attack diacylphospholipids with long chain fatty acids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol . The enzyme does not show any esterase activity against p-nitrophenyl acetate or palmitate . Although it does not hydrolyze triacylglycerol or diacylglycerol, it hydrolyzes 1-acylglycerol at almost the same rate as 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylethanolamine . Results indicated that the acyl-hydrolyzing activities toward monoacyl-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol belong to the same enzyme . In general, acidic and nonionic detergents inhibited the reaction . This lysophospholipase preparation hydrolyzes the monomolecular and micellar forms of lysophospholipids as well as of monoacylglycerol . The monomolecular and micellar forms of Triton X-100 both inhibited the hydrolyses of lysophospholipids and monoacylglycerol. Clin Orthop, 1975 Jul-Aug, (110), 154 - 6 Tuberculosis of the hip . Treatment with closed irrigation and suction using streptomycin; De Velasco Polo G et al.; In 51 children with tuberculosis of the hip, overall end results were better, and the range of motion was improved when irrigation-suction with Streptomycin was included in the regimen of surgical management. Antibiotiki, 1975 Jun, 20(6), 549 - 55 {Effect of streptomycin on the hearing function}; Eivazov AA; One of the main problems of the modern medicines within the last 10-15 years has been so-called drug disease . Toxic effect of the aminoglucoside antibiotics and streptomycin on the vestibular and auditory analysers is one of frequent and severe complications of their use . According to the author's observations treatment of 200 patients with streptomycin resulted in affection of their hearing in 40 to 80 cases . The ototoxicity was confirmed by audiograms, while the level of clinical signs and subjective complains did not always coincided with the audiograms . Audiometry should be performed at the beginning of the treatment and before the repeated courses of streptomycin therapy, and later it should be repeated during the treatment course every 10-15 days . Under the experimental conditions low doses of streptomycin used at early stages induced fine damages in the sensor cells of the cochlea which could be detected only histochemically. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 88(2), 307 - 16 Specialized transduction of kanamycin resistance in a Providence strain; Coetzee JN; Properties of a transducing system with a phage able to transduce a kanamycin-resistance marker of the T compatibility group plasmid R394 at a frequency of 2 times 10(-2)/plaque-forming unit adsorbed are described . The phage was detected in Providence strain P29 transduced to kanamycin resistance by Providence phage PL25 grown on this strain harbouring the R factor . Four P29 transductants, specially selected at the lowest multiplicities of infection of the high frequency transducing (HFT) phage, were defective lysogens . They plated PL25 with an efficiency of I and only one liberated low-titre phage spontaneously or on u.v . induction . The defect in maturation function could be corrected by introduction of a wild PL25 prophage . The transducing phage was serologically frequency was increased by the simultaneous presence of homologous non-transducing phage . Transductants did not transfer the kanamycin-resistance marker by conjugation, and produced kanamycin-sensitive segregants at a moderate rate . These segregants could be transduced to kanamycin resistance by the HFT phage . Irradiation of HFT lysates by u.v . produced an exponential fall in transduction frequency . It was concluded that the defective phage transduced by lysogenization . Kanamycin-resistant transductants could themselves be transduced by streptomycin resistance by PL25 reared on a streptomycin-resistant mutant . Lysogenic transductants produced by the HFT phage did not always liberate HFT phage on u.v . induction . Possible explantations are considered. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1975 Jun, 29(3), 335 - 48 {Immuno-prevention of coli infections in swine using live vaccine . 1 . Use in coli infections during the 1st days of life}; Schimmel D et al.; Live vaccine prepared from streptomycin-dependent mutants of E . coli was well tolerated in various doses and at various times of administration, for there were no adverse reactions . There was no evidence of reversion to a virulent form . Efficacy was closely related to frequency of application of the vaccine . Vaccination must be performed as early as possible to immunize against infection during the first few days of life . It was possible to confer protection against the diarrhoea that occurs at 3-4 weeks of age . The use of an oral vaccine under intensive husbandry systems was shown to be safe . When the piglets were kept in cages, the vaccine could be administered in the existing mixing tanks for water supply, without the need for special equipment . Oral immunization of pigs already infected or already ill did not aggravate the existing infection, whether the animals were housed individually or in pens . Because of the dilution effect of the mixing tank and water supply pipes, the dose of vaccine, given on ten successive days, should be calculated at 10(9) organisms of the E . coli mutant per animal . This should supply a number close to the desired bacterial count of 10(10) organisms per animal daily . Immunization significantly reduced the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases during the first three weeks of age in piglets. J Bacteriol, 1975 Jun, 122(3), 1103 - 8 Suppression of spectinomycin resistance in a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12; Berg PE et al.; A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated which exhibits partial suppression of spectinomycin resistance . The site of mutation is in the streptomycin (strA) region and is closely linked to the spcA gene . However, this gene, which we propose to call mod, is phenotypically distinguishable from both the neomycin-kanamycin (nek) and the ribosomal ambiguity gene (ram) . The relative gene order is mod spcA strA . In a cell-free protein synthesizing system, altered ribosomes appear to be responsible for the suppression of spectinomycin resistance caused by mod. Antibiotiki, 1975 May, 20(5), 404 - 9 {Isolation of new species of the genus Actinomadura on selective media with streptomycin and bruneomycin}; Preobrazhenskaia TP et al.; In the screening programme using selective media with streptomycin (25, 50 and 100 gamma/ml) and bruneomycin (0.5, 1 and 2 gamma/ml) 3 unusual actinomycetous cultures forming short, rarely long chains of straight, hook-like or spiral spores with 1 or rarely 2 turns were isolated . The study of the cell wall composition of the isolates showed that the walls contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and a sugar madurose . On the basis of the morphological structure and the cell wall composition the isolates were classified as belonging to Actinomadura . Comparison of the cultures with the Actinomadura species described in the literature showed that the isolates were new species of the genera, i . e . Am . coerulea sp . nov., Am . cremea sp . nov . and Am . salmonea sp . nov. Scand J Haematol, 1975 May, 14(4), 280 - 5 A circulating factor V inhibitor: possible side effect of treatment with streptomycin; Stenbjerg S et al.; A potent inhibitor of factor V was discovered in a middle aged woman shortly after streptomycin therapy . The patient suffered from severe bleeding over a period of 10 days and the inhibitor was demonstrable for 6 weeks . By use of specific antisera the anticoagulant was found to be of an IgG nature . In agar electrophoresis the inhibitor mowed with the immunoglobulin fraction and was separable from factor V activity in the pathological plasma although no factor V activity was demonstrable in untreated patient plasma . It is suggested that this method should be used to distinguish between cases of inhibitors in patients with congenital factor V deficiency and cases of transient inhibitors in patients with normal factor V production. Br J Vener Dis, 1975 Apr, 51(2), 99 - 103 Comparison of oral ampicillin and doxycycline in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea; Enfors W et al.; An account is given of a computer-processed 1-year study comprising 1,124 patients (625 males and 499 females) with uncomplicated gonorrhoea . Alternate patients were treated with either two oral doses of 1 g . ampicillin 5 hours apart, or 0.3 g . doxycycline in a single oral dose . Ampicillin remained as efficacious as in 1968 to 1970, in both males and females, in whom the failure rates were 1.1 and 1 per cent . respectively . After doxycycline the failure rate was 8.1 per cent . in males, 5.7 per cent . in females, and 7.1 per cent . overall . Ampicillin was significantly better than doxycycline in the treatment of men (P less than 0.001) as well as of women (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01) . 89.7 per cent . (29/29) of the relapses in doxycycline-treated patients occurred in those harbouring strains sensitive to tetracycline . Sensitivity to doxycycline followed the pattern of tetracycline sensitivity . Thus sensitivity tests with these antibiotics provided no practical aid to therapy . The high incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients treated with doxycycline (12 per cent.) makes it inadvisable to increase the dose; instead, multiple doses are necessary to obtain satisfactory results . There were very few adverse reactions to ampicillin; a rash occurred in only three patients (0.5 per cent.) . In the group treated with doxycycline, 31.5 per cent . of the patients infected by streptomycin-resistant strains relapsed compared with only 1.8 per cent . of patients infected by streptomycin-sensitive strains . This difference is highly significant (P less than 0.001) . Thus the sensitivity of gonococcal strains to streptomycin in vitro may serve as a valuable guide to the likely outcome of treatment with tetracyclines. Arch Microbiol, 1975 Mar 12, 103(1), 89 - 90 Ribosomal proteins in plastids of a Mendelian and a nonmendelian streptomycin-resistant mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii determined by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis; Spiess H et al.; The pattern of ribosomal proteins in plastids of a nonmendelian streptomycin resistant mutant does not differ from that of wildtype cells when compared by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis . The protein pattern of a mendelian resistance mutant is changes, however . Since the resistance in this mendelian mutant is probably caused by a change in the ribosomal proteins, the resistance in the nonmendelian mutant must be considered as a change of the ribosomal RNA. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Mar 10, 383(2), 215 - 26 Cell division in Agmenellium quadruplicatum: evidence for the negative control by a protein; Olson GJ et al.; A high temperature conditional snake mutant, strain D1, of Agmenellum quadruplicatum was isolated which immediately stopped dividing following a shift to 41 degrees C following treatment with nitrosoguanidine . This mutant was stimulated to divide at 41 degrees C by the addition of inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis: rifampicin, streptomycin, puromycin and chloramphenicol . Each of these inhibitors exhibited a discrete concentration optimum . The optimal concentration of chloramphenicol for cell division corresponded to the minimal concentrations necessary for the rapid inhibition of protein synthesis . The ability of chloramphenicol and other inhibitors to induce cell division in filaments decayed rapidly upon shifting to 30 degrees C . These results are interpreted as evidence for a protein acting as a negative regulator late in the cell cycle . At 41 degrees C, DNA was found distributed as a continuous zone throughout the length of the filaments . The addition of inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis resulted in a rapid condensation of this nuclear material into multiple discrete nuclear regions suggesting that the negative control may be at the level of nuclear compartmentalization. Audiology, 1975 Mar-Apr, 14(2), 173 - 6 Ototoxicity with children caused by streptomycin; Prazic M et al.; In the hospital for pulmonary tuberculosis in children, a group of 975 children treated with streptomycin sulphate was audiologically examined and in 36% of children ototoxic lesions were defined . From these, in 24% the damage affected only the vestibular labyrinth, in 8% both the vestibular labyrinth and the organ of Corti and in 4% the organ of Corti alone. Immunology, 1975 Mar, 28(3), 391 - 400 Release of 14C label and complement killing of Escherichia coli; Wilson BM et al.; When Escherichia coli labelled with 14C were killed by complement, characteristic 14C compounds were released even when complete cell disintegration was prevented or delayed by removal of lysozyme . Treatment with heated serum only resulted in the loss of small molecular weight compounds . Separation of the products was made easier if whole serum was replaced by a salt-precipitated fraction which contained no albumin or lysozyme but retained antibody and complement . Fractionation of the bacterial products on Sephadex G-200 showed two radioactive peaks containing lipids and proteins of which a preliminary examination was made . The release of these compounds was related to complement action, since they were not found when bacteria were killed by streptomycin or ultra-violet light in the absence of complement . Nor were they found when resistant bacteria were treated with complement and survived . The possible modes of action of complement on bacterial cell walls are discussed. Pediatrics, 1975 Mar, 55(3), 416 - 21 Brucellosis in childhood; Street L Jr et al.; Brucellosis has always been an unusual disease in children and, concomitant with the control of the disease in domestic animals, reports have become sparse . The pediatrician, therefore, may not be aware of the protean clinical manifestations of childhood brucellosis . In 1973, nine cases occurred during a three-month period in El Paso, Texas . All cases were marked by spiking fevers and lethargy of four days to four weeks in duration . Tender hepatomegaly or splenomegaly was striking in seven patients . Other characteristics included epistaxis, arthralgia, myalgia, and weight loss . Leukopenia and leukemoid reaction were found in five patients . All of the patients tested had elevated liver enzymes . Febrile agglutinins were invaluable in screening for an early clue to diagnosis . When Brucella abortus antigen agglutinated serum from patients with a positive screen in dilutions greater than 1:320, a presumptive diagnosis of brucellosis was made . Brucella was isolated from the blood or bone marrow in seven patients and the time of incubation proved crucial for successful recovery . Bacterial blood cultures are usually discarded at ten days of age, as were cultures from the only two patients from whom the organism was not recovered . All of the cultures incubated for 12 to 15 days grew B . melitensis, an unusual causative species in the United States . However, several patients admitted eating cheese from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, made from unpasteurized goat's milk, the presumed source of the infection . Within one to three days, all patients responded dramatically to antibiotics; tetracycline was given orally for 21 days and streptomycin intramuscularly for 14 days . Pediatricians caring for patients in areas where consumption of unpasteurized milk products is likely would do well to consider brucellosis in a child with obscure fever or toxic hepatosplenomegaly. J Invest Dermatol, 1975 Mar, 64(3), 158 - 64 Sensitization potentials and immunologic specificities of neomycins; Chung CW et al.; The use of sensitization indices for expressing allergenic skin reactions in guinea pigs is described . The method is convenient for comparing allergens and cross-reacting substances and permits the use of both irritating and nonirritating challenge concentrations of allergens . It also permits determination of both optimal reading time and challenge concentrations for each experiment . By this technique commercial neomycin complex, neamine (neomycin A), neomycin B, neomycin C, and streptomycin were found to be allergenic in guinea pigs via intradermal (id) and foot-pad (fp) immunizations . The immunizing emulsion consisted of an allergen and an adjuvant containing Mycobacterium butyricum (MB) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Ra) . The adjuvant MB was as effective as Ra by the id route, but inferior to Ra by the fp route . The cross-reactivity of neomycin C was generally greater than neomycin B in guinea pigs sensitized to neamine, neomycin B, neomycin C, or streptomycin . In guinea pigs sensitized to neomycin complex by repeated immunizations, neomycins A, B, and C were effective elicitors of skin reactions, whereas the N-acetylated derivatives of the components failed to cause reactions . This finding is interpreted to mean that the amino groups of the aminoglycosides are the coupling sites to host proteins in the processes of sensitization and elicitation of skin reactions in vivo. Farmakol Toksikol, 1975 Mar-Apr, 38(2), 222 - 4 {Experimental study of 2d order tuberculostatic preparations in Mycobacterium bovis resistance to isoniazid or streptomycin (based on the data from a morphological study)}; Golyshevskaia VI et al.; A comparative study on the therapeutic value of the II line drugs (ethoxide, prothionamide, cycloserin) and bacteriostatics (ethambutol anf rifampicin), with their action upon experimental tuberculosis produced by streptomycin- or isoniazid-resistant mycobacteria of the bovine type, was carried out . This showed rifampicin and ethambutol to be mose effective . Ethoxide and prothionamide proved more efficient when acting upon isoniazid-resistant strains . Cycloserin turned out to be virtually inactive with regard to both streptomycin- and isoniazid-resistant mycobacteria. Ann Clin Res, 1975 Feb, 7(1), 47 - 9 Complete respiratory paralysis caused by a large dose of streptomycin and its treatment with calcium chloride; Levanen J et al.; Several cases have been reported, in which a rather large dose of streptomycin given intraperitoneally at operation has produced respiratory paralysis . In these cases the treatment has usually consisted of respirator ventilation and administration of atropine and neostigmine . In animal experiments, in which a cessation of breathing has been produced, calcium salts have produced quick recovery . The authors present a case, in which appendicetomy was performed on a 10-year-old girl for a perforated appendix at the end of which, an overdose of intraperitoneal streptomycin was given, followed 10 minutes later by complete cessation of breathing . The patient had to be intubated again and put into a respirator . Neostigmine and atropine were used without noticeable effect . One and a half hours after the breathing had stopped 0.6 g calcium chloride was given intravenously and the girl recovered immediately and completely. Mutat Res, 1975 Feb, 27(2), 181 - 9 Mutagenic properties of cis-plantinum(II)diammino-dichloride in Escherichia coli; Beck DJ et al.; cis-Platinum (II)diamminodichloride (PDD), an anti-tumor agent, induced auxotrophic mutations in Escherichia coli, some of which were reverted to prototrophy by exposure to PDD, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-mitrosoguanidine (NTG), but not ICR derivatives . Similarly, various 2-AT-, NTG-, and ultraviolet light-induced auxotrophs were reverted to prototrophy by PDD . Some PDD-induced auxotrophs carried nonsense mutations and others could be phenotypically suppressed growth with streptomycin . Although these findings suggest that PDD promotes base substitutions, this mutagen may also cause base subtractions because (like NTG) it induced, at reduced frequency, reversion to prototrophy of certain ICR-induced auxotrophs . Isomeric trans-platinum (II)diamminodichloride, which lacks anti-tumor activity, was an ineffective mutagen . Near-optimal conditions for PDD-induced mutagenesis entailed prolonged cultivation with low levels of mutagen where the frequency of forward mutation to auxotrophy was 10-3 and that of a selected trp isolate to prototrophy was 10-2. Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Feb, 20(02), 91 - 9 {Suitability of the streptomycin furazolidone combination in the treatment of diarrhea in newborn calves}; Bartos J et al.; In the treatment of diarrhoea in new-born calves in 14 herds, the clinical effectiveness of the combination of streptomycin (1,000,000 i . u.) with furazolidone (0.2 g) was compared with that of streptomycin (1,000,000 i . u.) alone and furazolidone (0.2 g) alone in the peroral application to 710 calves twice daily . The use of the combination resulted in the recovery of 97.1% of 244 calves, the use of streptomycin alone healed 99.2% of 236 calves, and the application of furazolidone healed 97.4% of 230 calves . However, these results are not statistically significant . Taking into account the costs of treatment as well as the losses due to mortality, the treatment with streptomycin alone was more economical than the use of the comdone . The furazolidone therapy was more advantageous than the use of the combination only when evaluated from the viewpoint of the purchase price of calves. Lancet, 1975 Jan 18, 1(7899), 119 - 24 Short-course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis . A controlled trial by the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association; Evaluation of the method of testing on spermatozoa of the local irritant effect of streptomycin; This report presents an attempt to adapt the method of study of the cytotoxic effect of streptomycin (SM) for evaluation of its local irritant properties . The cytotoxic effect of streptomycin was treated on bull spermatoza according to Dumitrescu (1) . Ten series of SM produced by Tarchomin Pharmaceutical Producers, and international standard streptomycin (Is -- SM) were used in the experiments . The effect of the mentioned substances was checked in isotonic solutions (in 5% glucose containing 0.82, 2.46, 7.38 mg SM base in 1 ml at pH 4.5--4.8) . Is -- SM did not show any spermicidal effect, on the contrary, it significantly prolonged the life-span of spermatozoa . The checked series showed statistically significant spermicidal activity . The cytotoxic effect of SM is proportional to its concentration, and varies in particular series . The studied series can be divided into those of strong, moderate, and weak spermicidal activity . The comparison of these results with those of simultaneous clinical and histopathological studies indicates no correlation between the local irritating effect observed in humans, and the cytotoxic influence determined in the test with spermatozoa . The method of study of SM on spermatozoa is unsuitable for evaluation of the local irritating activity of this substance. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 180 - 6 Failure of transformation in leptospira with two genetic markers of streptomycin resistance and the ability to grow in a synthetic medium; Takashima I et al.; Transformability of Leptospira was investigated with the two genetic markers, streptomycin (SM) resistance and the ability to grow in SHENBERG's synthetic medium . DNA was extracted from the two mutants of L . icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura, which were SM-resistant and able to grow in SHENBERG's medium . Recipients were 5 strains of L . icterohaemorrhagiae and 1 strain of L . copenhageni . Studies taking careful consideration of the growth phase of the recipient cells, transformation medium, and incubation temperature did not produce the appearance of transformant . Transformation of L . kremastos with SM resistance also showed a negative result. J Bacteriol, 1975 Jan, 121(1), 128 - 36 Genetic recombination in Nocardia mediterranei; Schupp T et al.; A system of genetic recombination in Nocardia mediterranei ATCC 13685 is described . This strain produces a mixture of several rifamycin antibiotics . Using haploid recombinant selection and analysis procedures similar to those applied to Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), 14 auxotrophic markers and 1 streptomycin resistance marker were located on a circular linkage map . The linkage map of N . mediterranei seems to be similar to that of S . coelicolor A3(2). Urologe A, 1975 Jan, 14(1), 13 - 4 {Injection therapy of the prostate in prostatic tuberculosis}; Krafft W et al.; Oral therapy of prostatic tuberculosis so far has only been able to achieve conversion in one-fifth of the cases . Since 1970 we have practiced the transcutaneous injection of the prostate and have achieved conversion in all cases within a short time . Injection of 1 g Streptomycin and 0.1 g INH twice a week over a period of four to five weeks was carried out in 90 patients . Complications contraindicating the treatment was not seen . The transcutaneous injection treatment of the prostate is indicated in all patients where cavernous changes in the prostate have been demonstrated by urethrography. Mol Gen Genet, 1975, 137(2), 125 - 9 Expression of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli; Cabezon T et al.; Streptomycin or spectinomycin treatment of an E . coli strain, carrying the strR and spcR alleles on the chromosome and the wild-type (sensitive) alleles on the episome, selects for inactivation of the relevant sensitive allele . After Mu induced mutagenesis, in the absence of selection against extended deletions upon the episome, a large proportion of stro mutants are also spco, and vice versa . However, when markers flanking the strA and spcA gene cluster are simultaneously selected, effectively eliminating long deletions, the majority of stro mutants continue to express the spcs allele, and vice versa . Insofar as inactivation after Mu treatment is due to prophage insertion within or proximal to the genes in question, this result indicates that the genes strA and spcA are not parts of a single operon . In virtue of the high frequency of extended deletions observed in the absence of suitable counter-selection, we must place a word of caution upon the use of phage Mu-1 as a means of isolating polar mutations