Microb Pathog, 1989 Jun, 6(6), 445 - 54 The antibody response to salmonellae in mice and humans studied by immunoblots and ELISA; Brown A et al.; The antibody response to salmonellae in mice and humans was studied by immunoblots and ELISA . Sera from mice infected with attenuated salmonellae (including an aroA live vaccine strain) recognized up to 45 different bands on immunoblots at the height of the response, including lipoprotein, OmpA protein, porins, a putative heat-shock protein and flagella . Adsorption of antisera with intact or sonicated smooth or rough salmonellae prior to immunoblotting showed that antibodies were directed against exposed, masked and intracellular antigens . Sera from H-2 congenic B10 mice which vary in their ability to clear salmonellae from the reticuloendothelial system (RES) showed a progressive increase in the intensity of the antibody response, which persisted longer in animals which failed to clear bacteria from the RES . The LPS response was much stronger in susceptible mice . Sera from 18 confirmed cases of human typhoid recognized similar antigens to mouse typhoid sera, with individual variations; there was no correlation between the immunoblot pattern and the titres of other serological tests for typhoid fever. Vrach Delo, 1989 May, (5), 66 - 8 {Changes of the liver and bile ducts in patients with acute intestinal diseases}; Maslov VP; Patients with acute intestinal infections, in particular, salmonellosis showed in 1/3 during the acute period an insignificant increase of bilirubin and alaninaminotransferase . During early reconvalescence the majority of patients revealed functional changes of the biliary tract, mainly, in the form of hypotensive-hypokinetic type of dyskinesia. Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1989 May-Jun, (3), 73 - 7 {The gray rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a carrier of infectious causative agents in Siberia and the Far East}; Ol'iakova NV et al.; Literary data and antiplague institutions' reports demonstrate that Norway rats carry over 24 nosological forms and groups of infectious diseases: plague, tularemia, pseudotuberculosis, intestinal yersiniosis, salmonellosis, erysipeloid, listeriosis, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, brucellosis, dysentery, paratuberculosis, hemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis, Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Q fever, tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, tick-borne rickettsiosis and rickettsial pox, murine typhus, tsutsugamushi disease and toxoplasmosis. J Heart Transplant, 1989 May-Jun, 8(3), 262 - 3 Salmonellal empyema in a heart transplant recipient; Bieber E et al.; We report Salmonellal empyema in a heart transplant recipient . The patient required decortication and prolonged antibiotic therapy for cure. Ann Ig, 1989 May-Aug, 1(3-4), 539 - 50 {Infective diseases in the urban districts of Cagliari in 1980-1985}; Contu P et al.; The purpose of this paper is to study the incidence of 8 infectious diseases (viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, chickenpox, whooping cough, measles, parotitis, rubella) in the 13 districts of the city of Cagliari . The 13 districts are different for demography, population density, socio-economic status . We studied the cases notified and we calculated the age-specific incidence rates of the whole city for the years 1980-1985 . We also calculated the crude incidence rate for each district . In order to get over the problem of the different age structures of the districts populations we used the indirect method of standardization and we applied the age-specific rates of the city (standard rates) to the district population to determine the number of cases expected in each age group of the district population . The ratio of the total observed cases to the total expected cases is the Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) . The confidence interval of SIR (95%) is given by SIR +/- 196 *square root of d/(sigma Pi Mi) where d = cases in district population; Pi = population in age group i in district population; Mi = rate in age group i in standard population . The incidence of viral hepatitis is higher between 20 and 29 years and then it declines very fast (--84% in ten years) . The age distribution of tuberculosis is bimodal having the first peak between 20 and 29 years and the second one in the oldest age group . The incidence of salmonellosis, chickenpox, whooping cough, measles, parotitis and rubella declines with increasing age . The incidence of viral hepatitis in the districts 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and in Monserrato (outlying village) is higher than the incidence in the whole city; the confidence intervals, that are not too high, are suggestive for the precision of the estimate . As far as tuberculosis is concerned we can recognize a high incidence in the districts 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, in Elmas and in Monserrato (outlying villages), but the confidence intervals are very large . The incidence of salmonellosis is high in the districts 6 and 9 and in the outlying villages . Goals for future research include the role of correlation studies to test hypotheses about the association between socio-economic status and infectious diseases. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1989 Apr 5, 119(13-14), 430 - 3 {Epidemiologic study of 2 S . typhimurium outbreaks using plasmid fingerprints}; Baumgartner A et al.; An outbreak of salmonellosis in an old people's home is reported . The infectious agent, S . typhi-murium, was isolated not only from several inmates but also from sick cows of the farm belonging to the home, in animal feed, from employees of the local butcher's shop, and finally in sludge from the local sewage plant . Plasmid analysis provided evidence of a common origin for the isolated S . typhi-murium strains . The incriminated strains harboured, together with two low-molecular-weight plasmids, a plasmid of approximately 50 Mdal, which was also demonstrated in some other S . typhi-murium strains isolated from clinical cases in the area around St . Gallen. Klin Med (Mosk), 1989 Apr, 67(4), 64 - 7 {Thermographic semeiotics of food poisoning and its differential diagnosis}; Andreichin MA et al.; A thermographic study has revealed zones of hyperthermia in the epigastrium and other abdominal regions in 91.4 per cent of the patients with food poisoning . The temperature gradient in the epigastrium depended on the degree of severity of the disease (in mild course--0.60 +/- 0.11 degrees C, in moderately severe and severe course--1.15 +/- 0.09 degrees C) . In salmonellosis a zone of hyperthermia was also found in the right iliac region . Clinical recovery in most cases preceded temperature normalization on the abdomen . In patients with acute dysentery the hyperthermic zone was constantly revealed in the left iliac region, in acute appendicitis in the right iliac region, in acute cholecystitis in the right hypochondrium, in acute pancreatitis in the epigastrium or in the hypochondrium with a clearly defined upper border . Thermography contributed to the differential diagnosis of food poisoning and the above diseases. Postgrad Med, 1989 Mar, 85(4), 169 - 72, 175-6 Third-generation cephalosporins . A plea to save them for specific infections; Czachor JS et al.; Third-generation cephalosporins are indicated for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, resistant salmonellosis, and infections in the febrile leukopenic host . The practicing physician must weigh the expanding role of these agents against their limitations . Some potential problems include bleeding (confined to the use of moxalactam {Moxam} or cefoperazone {Cefobid}), a reaction like that to disulfiram (Antabuse) when combined with alcohol (also confined to the use of moxalactam or cefoperazone), and superinfection . A prolonged course of treatment entails significant expense . Further evaluation and clinical experience is necessary before use of third-generation cephalosporins for some of the newer indications (eg, late stages of Lyme disease, neurosyphilis) becomes routine medical practice. Rev Med Chil, 1989 Mar, 117(3), 251 - 7 {Subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus: serological markers of prognostic value}; Hurtado C et al.; Three stages in the course of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been recognized: asymptomatic, AIDS related complex (AIDS-RC) and clinical AIDS . In contrast to asymptomatic patients, subjects with clinical AIDS show HIV antigens in serum and a disappearance of antibodies against the main viral core (anti-P24) . In 31 subjects infected with HIV we measured serum HIV antigens and anti-P24 antibodies (ELISA) . Twelve were asymptomatic, 7 had AIDS-RC and 12 were patients with clinical AIDS . HIV antigens were positive in 9 of 11 AIDS cases but only in 1 AIDS-RC and 1 asymptomatic patient . Anti-P24 were present in only 3 AIDS cases and in the majority of asymptomatic and AIDS-RC cases . The only asymptomatic patient with HIV antigen positive and anti-P24 negative serum developed polyarthritis, fever and salmonellosis 3 years later . One patient with AIDS-RC and similar serologic findings remains stable and all patients with clinical AIDS have died . Determination of these serum markers may be helpful in establishing a prognosis in HIV infected patients. Aust Vet J, 1989 Feb, 66(2), 33 - 8 Causes of death in sheep exported live by sea; Richards RB et al.; Post-mortem examinations were conducted on 950 dead and terminally ill sheep during assembly for export and during transport by sea from Fremantle, Western Australia to various Middle East ports . Causes of death were grouped into 5 major categories; inanition (deaths associated with reduced feed intake, including hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia), salmonellosis (enteric and septicaemic), trauma, diseases associated with excessive feed intake (lactic acidosis and enterotoxaemia) and miscellaneous diseases (mostly of farm origin) . During assembly the causes of death were salmonellosis 53.4%, miscellaneous diseases 23.8%, trauma 12.6%, inanition 10.2%, acidosis 3.9%, enterotoxaemia 3.4% and no diagnosis was made in 3.4% . During shipping the causes of death in defined populations of sheep in 5 voyages were; inanition 43.4%, salmonellosis 20.2%, trauma 10.6%, miscellaneous diseases 5.9%, enterotoxaemia 1.0% and no diagnosis was made in 19.0% . The range of mortality rates per 10,000 sheep at risk for the first 11 days at sea in 5 voyages were inanition 52.6 to 76.7, salmonellosis 7.8 to 109.8, trauma 2.1 to 17.1, miscellaneous diseases 5.9 to 17.1 and enterotoxaemia nil to 10.3. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1988 Sep, (9), 41 - 4 {Latent persistence of specific antigens of the causative agent in the composition of circulating immune complexes in typhoid fever}; Belaia OF et al.; This study revealed the presence of O-antigen of group D salmonellae and Vi-antigen in circulating immune complexes in patients with typhoid fever, bacteriologically confirmed (56 +/- 5.6% and 65 +/- 5.4% of cases, respectively) and not confirmed (15.5 +/- 5% and 39 +/- 7% of cases, respectively), in patients with diarrhea of nontyphoid etiology in the presence of negative results of the coagglutination test and in healthy persons . The level and dynamics of circulating immune complexes were established with respect to the antigens contained in these complexes . Altogether O- and Vi-antigens were detected in circulating immune complexes, respectively, in 92%, 96% and 94% of cases on weeks 1, 2 and 3 from the beginning of the disease, and in all cases on weeks 4 and 5, the antigens being determined together and separately . Thus, the latent persistence of S . typhi antigens as part of circulating immune complexes in the blood serum was established . The determination of such persistence is of great pathogenetic and diagnostic importance, which also applies to the early period of the disease . The use of such specific and sensitive method as the coagglutination test for this purpose accelerates and facilitates the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1988 Aug, (8), 108 - 11 {Characteristics of the immunologic response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae as a polyclonal lymphocyte activator}; Lisin VV et al.; M . pneumoniae, used as mitogen, was shown to initiate the synthesis of antibodies to salmonellae in the culture of lymphocytes obtained from healthy donors as actively as lectins and Staphylococcus aureus protein A . In these experiments IgG antibodies were mainly synthesized . The serological study of a group of persons (333 subjects) for 2.5 years revealed that seroconversion to M . pneumoniae and simultaneously to viruses occurred in 78% of cases . In more than a half of the cases a rise in the titers of antibodies to M . pneumoniae and simultaneously to salmonellae was found to occur with no cases of salmonellosis being registered . The results of this study make it possible to come to the conclusion that M . pneumoniae is a polyclonal activator of antibody-producing cells in vitro and, probably, in vivo. Med Trop (Mars), 1988 Jul-Sep, 48(3), 237 - 41 {Study of the sensitivity of non-typhoid salmonellae isolated at Sfax (Tunisia)}; Ben Hamed S et al.; From 1982 to 1986, 122 strains of non-typhoid Salmonellae were isolated at the University Hospital of Sfax (Tunisia) . Both tests: serotype classification and sensitivity have demonstrated that the most frequent serotypes: S . wien and S . typhimurium have the highest degree of multiresistance . Ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol are the most affected while cefotaxime, amikacin and colistin are still saved . Facing these facts, the authors insist on the seriousness of the excessive use of antibiotherapy which leads to the selection of such strains. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1988 Jun, 186(3), 278 - 88 {The tenacity of bacteria in the airborne state . VI . Tenacity of airborne S . senftenberg}; Dinter PS et al.; The tenacity of airborne S . senftenberg 0:19 (heat resistant reference type W 775) was tested at different climatic conditions (21-40 degrees C and 15-85% relative humidity) . The investigations were performed simultaneously in a static and a rotating aerosol chamber . The measured viability of the the germs was expressed as death rate beta biol and half life time t/2 . The tenacity of the Salmonellae was highest at 85% humidity and 22 degrees C (optimum greater than 6 h t/2) . Increasing temperature diminished the tenacity (minimum 6 min t/2 at 40 degrees C and 85% relative humidity) . Low humidity also reduced the viability (maximum 53.7 min t/2 at 15% relative humidity and 28 degrees C . The results showed the same trend in the static and the rotating aerosol chamber . Therefore at standardized investigation modus a comparability of the measured values may be allowed . Because the airborne tenacity of the Salmonellae could be ascertained, the airborne route of transmission and infection has to be included into the epidemiology of the Salmonellae. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1988 Mar, (3), 82 - 5 {Effect of phosphaden and unithiol on the cyclase system of the small intestine mucosa in rabbits in experimental salmonellosis}; Balabanova MV et al.; The study was made on 59 chinchilla rabbits . S . typhimurium 1847 live culture was introduced into the lumen of an isolated loop of the thin intestine . The activity of adenylate cyclase (AC), guanylate cyclase (GC), the levels of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate (cGMP), the activity of cAMP- and cGMP-phosphodiesterases were determined in the mucous membrane of the ligated part of the intestine . Considerable fluid accumulation in the loop, activation of AC and cGMP-phosphodiesterase, a rise in the level of cAMP and a drop in the level of cGMP in the mucosa of the ligated part of the intestine were registered . In one group of the animals phosphadene and in the other group unitiol were introduced into the infected intestinal loop; as a result, a decrease in the accumulation of fluid in the loop, on the average, by 40% and a tendency to an increase in the level of cAMP and a drop in the level of cGMP in the mucous membrane of the ligated part of the intestine were observed . Changes in the level of cGMP play, seemingly, a more important role in the development of diarrhea in salmonellosis. Epidemiol Infect, 1988 Feb, 100(1), 43 - 9 The vertical transmission of salmonellas and formic acid treatment of chicken feed . A possible strategy for control; Humphrey TJ et al.; The treatment of feed given to laying hens with 0.5% formic acid reduced significantly the isolation rate of salmonellas and was associated with a reduction in the incidence of infection in newly hatched chicks . These improvements were not sustained until slaughter, however, as growing birds acquired salmonellas, probably from feed which was not acid treated . The data indicate that formic acid treatment of chicken food could have important benefits for the public health. Epidemiol Infect, 1988 Feb, 100(1), 35 - 42 Costing of a hospital-based outbreak of poultry-borne salmonellosis; Yule BF et al.; Poultry-borne salmonellosis is the most common form of foodborne infection in Scotland for which the vehicle can be identified, yet little is known about the costs imposed on society by this disease, or the costs of preventing it . The present study identifies and values the costs of a hospital based outbreak of poultry-borne salmonellosis . Account is taken of costs falling on individuals, the health services and society as a whole . Depending on assumptions made about the value of 'intangibles', the cost of the outbreak is estimated to be between pounds 200,000 and pounds 900,000. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1988, 22(4), 284 - 95 {A clinical trial with ampicillin and sulbactam in various infections}; Kanra G et al.; Eighty four patients with various infections were treated with parenteral ampicillin and sulbactam . Twenty seven patients had meningitis five septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, two systemic salmonellosis, nine intrathoracic infections, five of which were complicated with pleural empyema; thirty patients had infection of the deep tissues of the neck, and the remaining eleven had soft tissue infection in different localizations . The clinical and microbiological results were interpreted together and the overall rate of success in treatment with ampicillin and sulbactam was found to be 98.8%. Ter Arkh, 1988, 60(11), 66 - 9 {Colitic variant of the gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis}; Vengerov IuIa et al.; Of 3327 hospitalized patients with salmonellosis, a clinical picture of isolated distal colitis was noted in 142 (4.3%) . Acute dysentery was diagnosed in them before the results of bacteriological stool examination were ready . In this variant of salmonellosis S . enteritidis and S . haifa were detected twice as more frequently than in the other variants . As compared to dysentery, the colitic variant of salmonellosis was characterized by more marked intoxication syndrome whereas stomach pains were less spasmodic, less frequently localized in the sigmoid colon; important symptoms for differential diagnosis like tenesmus, false rectal tenesmus, pains and spasms of the sigmoid colon were less frequently noted . Therefore this type of salmonellosis should be included in the clinical classification of salmonellosis of adults on the basis of an obvious clinical picture. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1987 Dec, (12), 78 - 81 {Cellular immunity factors in salmonellosis and food toxinfections}; Pak SG et al.; A complex immunological examination of 68 salmonellosis patients and 227 patients with alimentary toxinfections of unknown etiology has been made in the process of their treatment by rehydration therapy . At the acute period of the disease, irrespective of its nosologic form, cellular immunity has been suppressed . Cell-mediated immunity factors have been shown to depend on the severity of the disease. Infection, 1987 Nov-Dec, 15(6), 447 - 9 Immunologic findings in patients with an atypical course of an infection with non-typhoid salmonellae; Barnert J et al.; We investigated the state of humoral and cellular immunity of 16 patients (eight women, eight men, aged 16 to 80 years), who had suffered from extraintestinal manifestations of infections with enteritis salmonellae . Four patients were examined during the acute state of the disease, the others one to three years thereafter . These patients were in good clinical condition . In all cases we could exclude an antibody deficiency syndrome . In the peripheral blood of 11 patients, we found a diminished number of T-helper lymphocytes, mostly together with a decrease in total T lymphocytes . Because the microbicidal activity of macrophages may be impaired by a general or localized decrease in T-helper cells, we suggest that the phagocytized enteritis salmonellae survive in this way and cause the atypical course of the infection in these patients. Vet Q, 1987 Oct, 9(4), 371 - 4 Integrated microbiological safety assurance and monitoring of food and drinking water . Professor Kampelmacher's contribution to postgraduate education in The Netherlands from the point of view of Veterinary Public Health; Mossel DA; The history of academic education in food microbiology and hygiene in the Netherlands has largely been written by Prof . Kampelmacher . The first contribution in this field dates from 1961, and suggested a new approach to teaching Veterinary Public Health . His later research led to the conclusion that intervention would be the only way to control the food-transmitted diseases originating from slaughter animals and poultry, particularly Salmonellosis . This intervention should take place at the beginning of the contamination cycle . In the 1970's, surveys showed that feed decontamination would no longer efficiently control the endemicity of Salmonellosis . The contamination cycles had become autonomous . Consequently, emphasis on terminal decontamination of food products was necessary . Besides his activities in teaching and research, Prof . Kampelmacher masterminded a modern view of the responsibilities of academic scientists . Moreover, he strongly promoted an interdisciplinary approach to scientific consultation and advice . In this respect, he has unfortunately not been successful in introducing radiation of dangerously contaminated food, having met strong opposition from various quarters . His efforts in multidisciplinary training and research programmes resulted in, among other things, fruitful cooperation between the Agricultural University at Wageningen and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Utrecht University. Vet Q, 1987 Oct, 9(4), 309 - 20 The human health implication of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds; DuPont HL et al.; Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs . The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae . Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis . Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed . It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora . A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established . Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic information of animal origin importantly contributes to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance . In the meantime, it does not appear that the use of drugs as feed additives, while allowing their unrestricted use for therapy in both animals and persons, would favorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance of salmonellosis in human populations. J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 Oct, 63(4), 299 - 304 Some modification to the media for rapid automated detection of salmonellas by conductance measurement; Gibson DM; A selenite medium for the automated detection of salmonellas by conductance measurements has been modified to eliminate the negative results given by some dulcitol-negative strains . The dulcitol is replaced with mannitol and pre-enrichment is best done in buffered peptone water containing mannitol and dimethylsulphoxide . It is suggested that both versions of the selenite medium be used initially. J Immunol, 1987 Aug 15, 139(4), 1253 - 9 C3b generation is affected by the structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide in lipopolysaccharide from salmonellae; Jimenez-Lucho VE et al.; Salmonellae differing in the O-antigen side chain of their lipopolysaccharide were previously shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement to different extents . We now examine the generation of the major cleavage fragment of the complement component C3 (C3b) on these bacteria in a system that contains the purified components C3, B, D, and P but lacks the regulatory proteins H and I . The deposition of C3b in this system reproduces the same pattern obtained earlier with the use of whole serum, with the expected differences among the strains bearing different O-antigen . However, two distinct mechanisms for these differences in C3b generation became apparent . The intermediate activating strain showed 3 to 4 times less initial deposition of C3b than the other two strains . In contrast, the least activating strain showed adequate initial deposition but poor amplification, as shown by 2 to 3.4 lower amplification indexes as compared with those on the other two strains . Binding studies with factor B showed that decreased C3 convertase formation was responsible for the low amplification on this strain . Only 25% of the C3b bound to its surface was able to bind factor B with a high affinity, in comparison with 90% on the other two strains . No differences were found for the binding of factor H among the strains . These studies identify the molecular mechanisms by which these bacteria avoid complement activation. Epidemiol Infect, 1987 Aug, 99(1), 127 - 36 An evaluation of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay test for the rapid detection of salmonellae in food and environmental samples; Harford JP; A total of 91 food and environmental samples were examined for the presence of salmonellae using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay kit (EIA) and a conventional culture technique . A 78% agreement was obtained, but reexamination of culture-negative, EIA-positive samples gave agreement of 86% . The problem of comparing EIA and culture results is discussed . A partially selective pre-enrichment broth was tested in 37 samples and gave better EIA ratios . Artificially contaminated cooked foods gave 100% agreement. Aust Vet J, 1987 Jun, 64(6), 183 - 7 Revised post-mortem inspection procedures for cattle and pigs slaughtered at Australian abattoirs; McMahon J et al.; Revised procedures for the post-mortem inspection of cattle and pigs at Australian abattoirs were developed as minimum national requirements . Comparative trials of current and revised procedures were conducted at 3 and 4 Australian abattoirs for pigs and cattle respectively . Residual pathological changes after inspection and removal of lesions from heads, carcases or viscera were recorded by an evaluation team with the data used to determine relative effectiveness . For cattle, there was no significant difference between current and revised procedures . Although it had been proposed to eliminate routine incision of cervical lymph nodes for pigs, it was found necessary to retain this procedure . The data also revealed a significant variation in detection of pathology between abattoirs for both species . Parasitic conditions accounted for the greatest proportion of undetected lesions in both species for both current and revised procedures . These comprised mainly fascioliasis in cattle and ascariasis in pigs . The former was associated with the study being conducted in eastern Australia . Chronic interstitial nephritis was also a common undetected lesion, reinforcing the need for intensified inspection of kidneys . However, such residual pathology was considered to be of only limited significance to human health . The revised procedures and findings are discussed in the context of animal and human health and of the importance of the meat industry to Australian exports . Some attention has been given to specific conditions likely to be affected by the proposals including tuberculosis, bovine cysticercosis, fascioliasis, porcine arthritis and salmonellosis . The role of meat inspection in monitoring for specific diseases is discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1987 Jun, 103(6), 747 - 9 {Morphofunctional characteristics of the regulatory systems of the large intestine in salmonellosis}; Zufarov KA et al.; Morphofunctional alterations occurring in the colon wall indicate complex interactions of the morphological structures participating in the regulation of the intestinal function in salmonellosis . In the early period (24 hours) of maximum decrease in the mediator activity in the nerve structures the number of enterochromaffin cells and the granulation index increased, while in the period of maximum tension of nerve elements (7 days) a decrease in the enterochromaffin cells and granulation index was noted . At later periods (21 days) a relative morphofunctional stabilization of the mucous components and the intramural ganglia has been revealed. Rev Infect Dis, 1987 May-Jun, 9(3), 447 - 60 Use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds: implications for human health; DuPont HL et al.; The inclusion of subtherapeutic doses of antimicrobial agents in animal feed is credited for having contributed to lower costs of meat, milk, and eggs . The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, a phenomenon that in turn may contribute to the human reservoir of coliforms and salmonellae resistant to antimicrobial agents . Farm workers may transiently acquire resistant intestinal flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis . Although irrefutable evidence of the growth-promoting properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30-40 years ago, additional studies--with a focus on mechanisms of the effect--are presently needed . It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on the intestinal flora . A national program of surveillance of antimicrobial administration (in both subtherapeutic and therapeutic doses) to food-producing animals should be established . Molecular epidemiologic research efforts must be undertaken to determine whether genetic information of animal origin contributes significantly to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance . In the meantime, it does not appear that the banning of drugs as feed additives, with concomitant unrestricted use of these agents for the treatment of both animals and people, would favorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance and salmonellosis in human populations. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1987 Apr, 21(2), 103 - 9 {Distribution and typing in salmonellosis in children 1978-1983}; Kilic Z et al.; 329 infants with salmonellosis were evaluated in Pediatric and Microbiology Department of Anadolu University Teaching and Training Hospital . It was established 127 (38.6%) S . typhimurium, 42 (12.8%) S . typhosa and 6 (1.8%) S . paratyphi A and B in our series . Besides these serotypes, 154 (46.8%) patients could not be typed . S . typhimurium was importantly noticed than other types (p less than 0.001) and this feature makes the distribution of typing of salmonellosis in children as characteristic . This infection was encountered especially between December (8.5%), it made peak in January (20.3%) and April (9.73%) period . Then, between April-December, this infections was established quite lower (p less than 0.001) . This distribution is specific for Eskisehir district, and it was gradually decreased year by year (p less than 0.05). Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1987 Apr, 184(1), 42 - 9 Stability of two forms of Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium; Mavrommati C et al.; It has been shown previously (18) that the sensitivity of Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV medium) prepared with tryptone Difco (RV-tryptone) in isolating salmonellae and its specificity in inhibiting competing organisms remains unchanged when the medium is held in a refrigerator for 6 to 7 months . In the present study it was found that the RV-tryptone medium held in the refrigerator for 13 to 15 months looses its specificity to a marked extent . Therefore it is prudent not to use RV-tryptone after storage of 7 months . On the other hand, it was observed that RV medium made with soya peptone (Oxoid L 44) (RV-soya) retains its sensitivity and specificity, and is therefore usable, when held in the refrigerator for 7 to 9 months and even when held at room temperature for 13 to 15 months. Arch Intern Med, 1987 Mar, 147(3), 561 - 4 Systemic salmonellosis in patients with disseminated histoplasmosis . Case for 'macrophage blockade' caused by Histoplasma capsulatum; Wheat LJ et al.; Five patients are described with disseminated histoplasmosis and systemic salmonellosis . Four of these patients were also immunocompromised because of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in two patients and renal transplantation in another two patients . Histologic studies in two patients showed histiocytes that were heavily laden with Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-phase organisms . We postulate that diffuse parasitization of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) by Histoplasma organisms may cause "RES blockade," which then predisposes to systemic salmonellosis, as reported in certain other infections and in sickle cell anemia. Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(1), 80 - 7 {Microbial contamination of the air in the commercial production of poultry meat}; Baikov BD et al.; Microbiologic studies were carried out on industrial premises for the raising of broiler birds on deep litter over a flooring area of 2000 m2 at mechanical ventilation of negative pressure . The microbial count was established through culturing in meat-and-peptone agar regarding the presence of coli bacteria, microscopic fungi, hemolytic cocci and Salmonellae in the air . Studies were also performed to establish the contamination of the atmospheric air at a distance of 10 m surrounding the premises, of the litter as well as of the feed and the soil in immediate proximity to the buildings . It was found that as a result of raising the 'biologic loading' of the ecotope by 60 per cent the microbial contamination of the air in the industrial buildings rose . The basic sources of contamination were the deep litter, the atmospheric air introduced by the ventilation system, the soil, and the feed. Ter Arkh, 1987, 59(2), 129 - 32 {Water-electrolyte balance and plasma corticosteroid level in patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis}; Pak SG et al.; Altogether 57 patients with alimentary toxoinfections of obscure etiology and 39 patients with the gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis of average gravity were examined . Two methods were employed: rehydration and incorporation of indomethacin in the therapeutic scheme . The time course of the studied indices in the patients with salmonellosis was similar to dynamic changes in the patients with alimentary toxoinfections . The incorporation of indomethacin in the therapeutic scheme brought the indices of water-electrolyte metabolism and corticosteroid secretion more rapidly to normal. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 1987 Jan, 17(1), 209 - 18 Zoonoses acquired from pet birds; Grimes JE; The diagnosis, treatment, pathology, and epidemiology of psittacosis, the principal zoonotic disease contractible from birds, in human beings and in birds is discussed at length . Salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, and allergic alveolitis are also considered . Several bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic organisms are mentioned as potential zoonoses. Ter Arkh, 1987, 59(7), 57 - 61 {Indices of body nonspecific reactivity in salmonellosis patients}; Nagoev BS et al.; A study of the functional-metabolic activity of neutrophilic leukocytes was performed in 54 patients with salmonellosis using cytochemical and luminescent-cytofluorimetric methods . The time course of disease revealed regular changes of the most important components of the leukocytic microbicidal system and indices of the NBT test activity depending on a stage, degree of severity, clinical type and type of applied therapy . Profound quantitative and qualitative shifts of the intraleukocytic components of the microbicidal system and indices of the NBT test of neutrophilic granulocytes in the time course of salmonellosis characterized the state of nonspecific body resistance. Dis Colon Rectum, 1986 Dec, 29(12), 789 - 92 Toxic megacolon . An analysis of 70 cases; Heppell J et al.; The clinical features and outcome of 70 patients treated for toxic megacolon between 1970 and 1984 in five university-affiliated hospitals were determined . There were 35 women and 35 men with a mean age of 39 +/- 0.2 years . Toxic megacolon occurred at the initial episode of colitis in 43 patients (61 percent) . Only five patients had a specific colitis: salmonellosis, two; ischemic, two; and pseudomembranous, one . Of the 65 remaining patients with nonspecific colitis, six had to be operated on without delay because of peritonitis . In the remaining 59 patients, toxic megacolon was cured with intensive medical management in nine (15 percent), improved temporarily in 14 (24 percent), and remained unchanged in 36 (61 percent) . The postoperative mortality rate was 11 percent for all patients (6/56), 4 percent for patients without perforation (2/50) compared with 27 percent for patients with perforation (4/15) . None of the patients who underwent surgery within five days of medical treatment died . When toxic megacolon was complicated by hemorrhage (nine patients) or peritonitis (eight patients), the mortality rate increased to 33 percent and 27 percent, respectively . A one-stage proctocolectomy was performed in 19 patients (32 percent) . Of 32 patients in whom the rectum was retained, successful restoration of continuity was possible in only seven (22 percent) within 12 months after surgery . In well-selected patients, a plea is made for rectal preservation to offer an alternative to permanent ileostomy. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1986 Dec, 183(2-3), 274 - 303 {Hygienic problems of keeping pets in the Federal Republic of Germany}; Frank W; Pet animals i.e . vertebrates from fish to mammals are often suspected to transmit germs of various systematic position (viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites) to human beings . A critical analysis shows that only a very limited number of such organisms can be transmitted from animals to man . Zooanthroponoses with pet animal origin is a very rare phenomenon . Bacteria like salmonellae which were incriminated to be the cause of about 250,000 infections of man per year, particularly of children, in the USA in the early 70th have really no importance in the Federal Republic of Germany . The statistical dates published every year by the "Statistisches Bundesamt" show clearly that only about 1 case in a year can be traced backwards to reptiles in spite of about 50,000 registered cases of human salmonellosis per year . If we compare the number of about 1 million of reptiles in captivity the incidence is very low . Similar relations exist for other germs, too . As an example the choriomeningitis of golden hamsters is often mentioned . In newspapers and other popular publications this infection is said to be extremely dangerous for children but in reality only a few cases were registered years ago . Nowadays precautions in the breeding farms etc . make it very unlikely that such virus transmissions have any practical importance . This situation is comparable with mycosis caused by fungi like Trichophyton which have their origin in certain mammals . Also psittacosis--in form r times not infrequently the cause of sickness and death in man--nowadays is only found sporadically in man, in spite of about the same number of cases in parakeets and other birds . The terrible risk of the disease can be prevented since tetracycline therapy is a successful treatment . It can be stated that zooanthroponoses which have their origin in pet animals is a very rare manifestation, but often misinterpretations are given either ignoring the knowledge of a certain infection or fishing for publicity! One of such examples is toxoplasmosis . About 15 years after the discovery of the life cycle of the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii and the experimentally proven fact that oocysts can be produced only in cats, and therefore transmission to humans is only possible with these stages other animals like rabbits or guinea pigs are still incriminated as the cause of human infections . Apart from the discussed problems and the possibility of transmission of infectious agents from animals to man we must also take into consideration the positive psychological aspects of animal keeping for the hobbyist, and particularly for children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Nov, (11), 54 - 6 {Epidemiological monitoring in salmonellosis}; Rakitin PA et al.; The use of a model DZ-26 computer for the current analysis of salmonellosis and for processing laboratory data is analyzed. Am J Prev Med, 1986 Nov-Dec, 2(6), 345 - 50 A controlled trial of disease surveillance strategies; Thacker SB et al.; Active surveillance techniques using routine telephone contacts with providers improved the reporting of measles, rubella, salmonellosis, and hepatitis by a factor of 4.6 among private physicians in Monroe County, New York, and increased reporting for these target diseases from all sources by 51 percent . The timeliness of reporting was not improved by active surveillance . Reporting patterns varied by disease and source of report, suggesting the desirability of various approaches to surveillance based on local resources and priorities . Although reporting rates were higher for diseases among persons from census tracts of low socioeconomic status, physicians providing care to persons living in low-income areas responded no differently to active reporting than did those providing care to patients from middle- and high-income areas. Avian Dis, 1986 Oct-Dec, 30(4), 740 - 50 Survey of the pathologic findings in a large production colony of pigeons, with special reference to pseudomembranous stomatitis and nephritis; Klumpp SA et al.; Pathologic evaluations of pigeons dying between September 1984 and August 1985 are reported for a production colony of 1200-1800 White Carneau and Show Racer pigeons ranging in age from hatchlings to 12 years . Infectious diseases were the common causes of death in pigeons younger than 1 year; salmonellosis and nephritis were the common causes in pigeons 1-3 years old; and neoplasia and reproductive organ disorders were the common causes in pigeons older than 3 years . Monthly mortality was 2-4% in pigeons fed a cholesterol-containing diet and 0.9% in those fed noncholesterol-containing pellet diets . The increased deaths in the cholesterol-fed birds were attributed primarily to end-stage renal disease and atherosclerosis with secondary complications . The most frequently observed clinical entity in pigeons younger than 6 months was pseudomembrane formation on the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, termed pseudomembranous stomatitis . The definitive etiologic factor was not determined . Although all affected pigeons had similar gross lesions, the cases fell into one of three subsets, suggestive of bacterial, fungal, or viral etiologies . Chronic nephritis occurring as end-stage renal disease was more severe in pigeons fed a cholesterol-containing diet. Equine Vet J, 1986 Jul, 18(4), 264 - 70 Incidence, diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications in colic cases; Hunt JM et al.; A survey of 259 surgical colic cases revealed that over 50 per cent of fatalities occurred in the postoperative period . Postoperative ileus and circulatory/endotoxaemic shock accounted for 70 per cent of these deaths . Other less important complications were salmonellosis, long bone fracture, adhesions, haemorrhage, laminitis, wound infection and ischaemic muscle damage . Close monitoring of postoperative progress is necessary to enable early diagnosis and treatment . Recent developments in understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxic shock and ileus may lead to more successful treatment regimes . The possibilities include the use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti-endotoxin hyperimmune serum and dopamine antagonists. J Wildl Dis, 1986 Jul, 22(3), 375 - 80 Morbidity and mortality of free-living and captive echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Shaw), in Australia; McOrist S et al.; Between 1976 and 1985 necropsies were conducted on 55 free-living and 18 captive echidnas originating from several localities in Victoria, Australia . Injuries arising from motor vehicle accidents were the most common cause of death (24 of 55; 47%) . An additional nine live echidnas were presented for clinical examination for dog or fox wounds (eight), or wire snare wounds (one) . Incidental infestations with ticks (Aponomma concolor) on the skin or in the ear canal (eight of 82; 10%), and infections with intestinal cestodes (Linstowia echidnae) (nine of 73; 12%) and intestinal coccidia (three of 73; 4%) were found . Intestinal trichostrongyloidosis (four of 55; 7%), purulent bronchopneumonia (three of 55; 5%) and septicemia (three of 55; 5%) were the major disease syndromes seen in free-living echidnas . Other conditions seen were a non-specific enteritis, toxoplasmosis and bacterial granulomata . The latter lesion and the bronchopneumonia may have arisen from soil bacteria entering the body during digging and feeding activities . The echidna's ability to resist these infections may be lowered due to its low normal body temperature, and periods of torpor . Several young echidnas suffered starvation or gastric dilatation soon after capture, due to the rejection or fermentation of food offered . Captive echidnas suffered from acute salmonellosis (six of 18; 33%), toxoplasmosis (two of 18; 11%) and exposure (two of 18; 11%). Int J Zoonoses, 1986 Jun, 13(2), 71 - 5 Salmonellosis in the marine environment . A review and commentary; Minette HP; Marine cetaceans (whales and dolphins), pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), reptiles (turtles and crocodyles), fish and shellfish, and fish-eating birds have been found to harbor salmonellae . In some of these animals, clinical salmonellosis has been demonstrated, but in many cases, the isolated salmonellae may have been an opportunistic pathogen with the illness or death of the host due to other causes . On the basis of the few reports in the literature, marine reptiles (turtles and crocodyles), fish, and shellfish appear to be passive carriers of salmonellae and demonstrate no clinical disease . All of these animals constitute a potential source of salmonellosis in man and his domestic animals . The role of wild and domestic terrestrial animals and fresh water aquatic animals in the transmission of salmonellosis to man has been recognized for many years . The situation with regard to the marine (saltwater) animals has never been adequately investigated or reported . In the past, much reliance has been placed on the ability of saline waters to inhibit or destroy human pathogens, including the salmonellae . Whether this effect is chemical, physical or biological has been studied since the late nineteenth century, and the investigators have found a number of factors affecting both the inhibition and stimulation of growth of salmonellae in saline waters . Salmonellae have been isolated from or found to survive in seawater with salinities as high as 3.5 percent . Marine animals in many parts of the world have been found harboring salmonellae. Angew Parasitol, 1986 May, 27(2), 123 - 30 {Diptera infestation of the carcasses of Arion rufus (Gastropoda) and its possible hygienic significance}; Kuhlhorn F; Salmonellas of different serotypes and eggs of the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides L . and Trichuris trichiura L . were discovered in excrements, on the body surface and also on dead bodies on the gastropod Arion rufus L., which is partly coprophagous . Dipterans visiting such substrate may become--probably at most indirectly--vectors of these parasites and may be injurious to the health of men and domestic animals . By traps with carcasses of Arion as baits 178 species of Dipterans of 29 families were caught, among them species known as vectors and nearly all families in which species of vector function are stated . Investigation of foodstuffs and fodder revealed the occurrence of 144 of the 178 species of Dipterans stated on carcasses of Arion, mostly visitors on foodstuffs . Many of them may have vector function due to their chains of infestation . Informations are given on the spectrum of infection with salmonellae-serotypes and species of helminths stated on Arion and on the importance of Dipterans in the destruction of small carcasses . The results suggest the necessity of complementary investigations on the occurrence of further parasites on carcasses of gastropods. Vopr Med Khim, 1986 May-Jun, 32(3), 45 - 8 {Propolis as an inhibitor of free radical lipid oxidation in salmonellosis}; Okonenko LB; Lipid peroxidation was activated in salmonellosis . Content of hydroperoxides and malonic dialdehyde was increased in mice liver tissue . At the same time, the activity of antioxidative enzymes was altered . Continuous administration of propolis stabilized lipid peroxidation, thus suggesting that the substance could be used as a drug in medicine. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Mar, (3), 48 - 53 {Evaluation of the possibility of using genetic and microbiological research methods for resolving current problems in the epidemiology of salmonellosis}; Rabsch V et al.; S . typhimurium strains isolated in 14 regions of the USSR have, parallel with considerable similarity in their biological characteristics, a number of essential differences . These differences become manifest in the determination of the plasmid spectra of the above organisms . The transfer of R-plasmid PLE518 F1 me fin+ with a molecular weight of 96 Md to strains, sensitive to the action of typing bacteriophages, renders these strains resistant to the lytic action of a number of phages, which leads to the conversion of their phage type . In some cases it may deteriorate the validity of the method of phage typing, used for epidemiological purposes. Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(8), 78 - 82 {Microbial contamination of the air in the housing of laying hens}; Baikov BD et al.; Studied were buildings of one and the same design, sizing 92/12/3.5 m . Building A of mechanical ventilation through negative pressure housed 9,000 layers of the White Leghorn breed, and building B of ventilation with equated pressure, providing the same debit per kg biomass, housed 20,000 layers . The air in the buildings, in the close surrounding as well as the feed and soil were investigated with regard to the total counts of organisms as cultured in meat and peptone agar and with regard to the individual counts of coli bacteria, microscopic fungi and hemolytic cocci, and Salmonellae . It was found that the microbial contamination of air on the productional premises and of atmospheric air closely surrounding the buildings, was higher in building A . There were differences in the microflora of the air at the level of the individual stories in building B . The differences in the microbial contamination of air between the two buildings was the result of reconstructions concerning the ventilation system as well as of making it more effective. Microbiol Immunol, 1986, 30(12), 1299 - 306 Role of thymus-derived lymphocytes in acquired immunity to salmonellosis in mice; Chander R et al.; The relative role of thymus-derived (T-) lymphocytes and bone marrow-derived (B-) cells in acquired immunity to salmonellosis was examined in mice . The results demonstrate that the protective capacity of the donor immunized mice could be passively transferred to the recipient mice by spleen cells but not with peritoneal exudate cells or sera . A high cell number of spleen cells (2 X 10(8)/mouse) were required before passive transfer of immunity could be obtained . Of the T-lymphocytes and B-cell populations of spleen cells, T-cells from immune mice were effective in conferring protection to the recipient mice. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1986, 49, 124 - 8 Consequences on emergence of resistant bacteria from the use of antibacterials in animal husbandry; Little TW et al.; Concern over the appearance of resistant bacteria in domestic animals and birds led in Great Britain to the establishment of a Government Committee of Enquiry on the use of antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine known as the Swan Committee . This Committee made a number of recommendations about surveillance and control of diseases of animals communicable to man which included the establishment of a system of data collection . These recommendations were incorporated in a legal statute, the Zoonoses Order of 1975 . Data on the incidence of salmonellosis and of antibiotic resistance in Great Britain are presented in this paper together with a consideration of the epidemiology of salmonellosis and its control. Annu Rev Med, 1986, 37, 271 - 81 Infections of the gastrointestinal tract in the immunocompromised patient; Bodey GP et al.; Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to a variety of serious gastrointestinal infections . Among the most common or most severe are Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, herpes simplex, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and Salmonellosis . Some of these infections are difficult or impossible to treat successfully . The correct diagnosis often can only be established if it is first suspected and the appropriate studies are performed. J Immunogenet, 1985 Dec, 12(6), 309 - 19 Potentialities of immunocompetent cells in high and low antibody-producing lines of mice obtained by selective breedings for responsiveness to flagellar or somatic antigens of Salmonellae; Ferreira V et al.; The genetic modifications of immunocompetent cell functions were investigated in high (H) and low (L) antibody responder lines of mice obtained by selective breeding for responsiveness to flagellar and somatic antigens of Salmonellae (Selection III and Selection IV, respectively) . Several lines of evidence converge to demonstrate that the differences in antibody responses between the H and L lines of the two selections are not due to the modification of antigen handling by macrophages . This contrasts with previous observations that macrophages play a major role in interline differences in Selections I and II . The choice of antibody titres after secondary challenge as the phenotypic character in Selections III and IV may explain why the regulatory role of macrophages was minimized, compared with Selections I and II which were carried out for primary responses to heterologous erythrocytes . In Selections III and IV, H mouse lymphocytes were more efficient than L mouse lymphocytes in restoring immunoresponsiveness to irradiated hosts . In contrast, allogeneic skin grafts were rejected at a similar rate in L as well as in H mice of the two Selections and in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to T cell mitogens were also equivalent in the four lines. J Infect Dis, 1985 Nov, 152(5), 1044 - 9 Relapse following cessation of antibiotic therapy for mouse typhoid in resistant and susceptible mice infected with salmonellae of differing virulence; Maskell DJ et al.; Relapse after cessation of ampicillin therapy in inbred mice infected with salmonellae was studied . The incidence of relapse was influenced by the following . (A) The mouse strain, with gentically susceptible animals more likely to relapse than genetically resistant animals; a possible role for the Ity gene was observed . (B) The virulence of the infecting organism, with a more virulent strain causing relapse in both resistant and susceptible mice, a less virulent strain causing relapse in neither resistant nor susceptible mice, and an intermediate strain causing relapse in susceptible mice but not in resistant mice . (C) The duration of antibiotic therapy, with prolonged treatment preventing relapse seen after short-term therapy . In all cases, ampicillin failed to clear the infection, and the mice remained carriers. J Infect Dis, 1985 Nov, 152(5), 1050 - 6 Natural resistance to salmonellae in mice: control by genes within the major histocompatibility complex; Hormaeche CE et al.; Determinations of 50% lethal dose (LD50) values in H-2 congenic B10 lines showed that late-emerging resistance (postimmune response phase) to salmonellae of intermediate virulence was less in H-2b and H-2d than in H-2a, H-2k, and H-2f mice . Association of resistance to H-2 was confirmed by backcross analysis, and LD50 determinations on H-2 recombinant haplotype strains showed that resistance maps to the I-E subregion . Bacterial growth curves in liver and spleen showed that susceptible mice carried bacteria for longer in the reticuloendothelial system than did resistant mice and that susceptible mice showed greater splenomegaly . Association of resistance and susceptibility to H-2 was not different when sister transductant salmonellae expressing somatic antigens O4 and O9 were used . Thus a gene(s) within the major histocompatibility complex controls natural resistance to salmonellae in mice by influencing the ability to clear bacteria from the reticuloendothelial system in the later phase of the infection, and the immunodominant O antigen cannot be solely involved. J Wildl Dis, 1985 Oct, 21(4), 386 - 90 Diseases diagnosed in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) of the southeastern United States; Davidson WR et al.; Diagnostic findings are presented on 139 sick or dead wild turkeys examined during the period 1972 through 1984 . Turkeys originated from eight southeastern states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia) and included 31 turkeys categorized as capture-related mortalities and 108 turkeys categorized as natural mortalities . Frequent diagnoses (greater than or equal to 10% of case accessions) in the natural mortality group were trauma, avian pox, and histomoniasis . Less frequent diagnoses (less than or equal to 4% of case accessions) included malnutrition/environmental stress syndrome, coligranuloma-like condition, crop impaction, bumblefoot, organophosphate toxicosis, infectious sinusitis, a lympho-proliferative disease, salmonellosis, aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis, crop trichomoniasis, and melorheostosis. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 337 - 44 An evaluation of commercially available dehydrated Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium for the isolation of salmonellae from poultry; Fricker CR et al.; A total of 745 samples of chicken giblets was cultured to determine the relative efficiency of a commercially available Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV-Oxoid) . Experiments to determine the optimum inoculation ratio showed that 1:100 was superior to the other ratios tested . Comparison of RV-Oxoid with standard RV and RV-medium prepared using soya peptone (RV-soya) showed that after 24 h RV-soya was significantly better than RV-Oxoid (P less than 0.05), although there was no significant difference between standard RV and RV-Oxoid . Furthermore, when the duration of incubation was extended to 48 h there was no significant difference between the three media (P greater than 0.25) . We conclude that RV-Oxoid is a satisfactory product for the isolation of salmonellae from poultry, providing that it is inoculated at a ratio of 1:100 and is incubated for 48 h . Its use can therefore be recommended to laboratories who wish to use a dehydrated medium. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 50(4), 887 - 93 Occurrence, growth, and suppression of salmonellae in composted sewage sludge; Hussong D et al.; Composted sewage sludge may be used to improve soil quality, but there remains some doubt concerning the microbiological safety of the product . Sewage sludge composts from 30 municipalities were sampled, and four samples (12%) contained salmonellae (two contained fewer than 0.3/g, and the other two had 21/g and 1.7 X 10(4)/g) . All 30 composts were inoculated with salmonellae; the populations decreased at a specific death rate of about 0.15 h-1 over 24 h at 36 degrees C . In irradiation-sterilized composts inoculated with salmonellae, the salmonellae grew at a rate of 0.65 doublings per h for over 24 h . Growth and death rates were found to be moisture and flora associated . The growth or death rates for antibiotic-resistant salmonellae were not different from those of nonresistant strains . It was concluded that the active indigenous flora of compost establishes a homeostatic barrier to colonization by salmonellae, and in the absence of competing flora, reinoculated salmonellae may grow to potentially hazardous densities . The active microflora of moist composts eliminated contaminating salmonellae (10(5)/g) after 6 weeks. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 22(3), 361 - 5 Immobilization of microorganisms for detection by solid-phase immunoassays; Ibrahim GF et al.; Several cultures of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were successfully immobilized with titanous hydroxide . The immobilization efficiency for the microorganisms investigated in saline and broth media ranged from 80.2 to 99.9% . The immobilization of salmonellae was effective over a wide pH range . The presence of buffers, particularly phosphate buffer, drastically reduced the immobilization rate . However, buffers may be added to immunoassay systems after immobilization of microorganisms . The immobilization process involved only one step, i.e., shaking 100 microliter of culture with 50 microliter of titanous hydroxide suspension in polystyrene tubes for only 10 min . The immobilized cells were so tenaciously bound that vigorous agitation for 24 h did not result in cell dissociation . The nonspecific binding of 125I-labeled antibody from rabbits and 125I-labeled protein A by titanous hydroxide was inhibited in the presence of 2% gelatin and amounted to only 5.6 and 3.9%, respectively . We conclude that this immobilization procedure is a potentially powerful tool which could be utilized in solid-phase immunoassays concerned with the diagnosis of microorganisms. J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Aug, 59(2), 205 - 6 A note on the use of Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (R10/RV) for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage and sewage sludges; Watson DC; The use of a modified Rappaport broth for the selective enrichment of salmonellas in sewage sludge is described . Comparative trials were carried out using Muller Kauffman--Tetrathionate (MKT) broth and Rappaport-Vassiliadis (R10/RV) medium for selective enrichment . Results have indicated that R10/RV broth is more selective and is to be preferred for routine monitoring. Avian Dis, 1985 Jul-Sep, 29(3), 798 - 811 Enteric viruses in diarrheic turkey poults; Saif LJ et al.; Thirty-three intestinal samples from 10-to-21-day-old diarrheic turkey poults were examined for the presence of enteric viruses by electron microscopy . Samples originated from 32 flocks in six commercial operations located in six states . Mortality in these flocks ranged from 3 to 15%, and birds from recovered flocks varied greatly in size . Rotavirus-like agents (RVLA) were the most common viruses associated with diarrhea outbreaks in the flocks examined, occurring in five out of six operations . Other viruses detected either singly or in combination, in order of prevalence, were astroviruses, reoviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses . With the exception of RVLA and rotaviruses, the other viruses were identified solely on the basis of morphology . Salmonellae were isolated from only one of the intestinal samples . By electron microscopy, RVLA were morphologically indistinguishable from rotaviruses, occurring as both 55-nm single-shelled and 70-nm double-shelled particles . However, immune electron microscopy was useful for antigenic differentiation of these two viruses . Turkey rotaviruses reacted with antisera to porcine and bovine rotaviruses, whereas turkey RVLA did not . Neither turkey rotaviruses nor RVLA reacted with antisera to porcine para-rotavirus or an antigenically distinct bovine rotavirus (bovine rotavirus-like agent) . Similarly, convalescent anti-turkey RVLA serum (from recovered specific-pathogen-free poults) reacted with homologous virus but did not react with mammalian or avian rotaviruses or reoviruses . Further, RVLA were found to possess RNA electrophoretic migration patterns unlike those of conventional rotaviruses or reoviruses . This trait was used as an additional means of differentiating these viruses. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1985 Jul 1, 187(1), 60 - 3 Clinicopathologic findings resembling hypoadrenocorticism in dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease; DiBartola SP et al.; Nine dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease had clinical and laboratory findings resembling hypoadrenocorticism . The dogs had histories of anorexia, weakness or lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss . Hypothermia, dehydration, and emaciation also were detected on physical examination . Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and abnormally low Na/K ratios were found on laboratory evaluation, but results of ACTH-response tests were not compatible with hypoadrenocorticism . The primary diagnoses were trichuriasis and salmonellosis in 2 dogs, trichuriasis in 5 dogs, and perforated duodenal ulcer in 2 dogs . Most dogs responded to medical or surgical treatment of their primary gastrointestinal disease, and the original electrolyte abnormalities resolved . These findings emphasize the importance of the ACTH-response test in the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with clinicopathologic findings similar to those of hypoadrenocorticism. Vet Rec, 1985 Jun 8, 116(23), 610 - 7 Pheasant rearing: associated husbandry and disease problems; Swarbrick O; Pheasants are semi-wild and difficult to handle, especially in large numbers . At least seven million birds are now reared annually during a relatively short season, frequently for shoots where the owners have little or no knowledge of animal husbandry . The nutritional requirements are not accurately known . Hatchability and hygiene problems result from dirty eggs, inadequate egg storage and poor egg handling . Husbandry deficiencies contribute to major losses which include failure of feed and water intake especially during the first few days of life, cannibalism and feather loss with subsequent mortality in the release pens from exposure, and disease . All these may cause welfare problems to which more attention should be given . The younger keepers are becoming better trained and more aware of the requirements for effective intensive poultry keeping . Major infections are those associated with galliform birds in general, but especially important are colibacillosis and salmonellosis, coccidiosis together with hexamitiasis and histomoniasis, syngamiasis and adenoviruses causing marble spleen disease . A major difficulty is ensuring adequate intake of prophylactic and therapeutic medication for all the birds in a flock. Vet Rec, 1985 Feb 2, 116(5), 126 - 7 Paraphimosis in seven debilitated horses; Simmons HA et al.; This paper reports seven cases of penile paraphimosis which occurred in both entire and castrated horses in association with general debility . Two cases were discharged after treatment while still suffering from partial paralysis; one was discharged at the owner's request with complete paralysis; three were destroyed and one died during treatment . Identified causes of debility were malnutrition, severe parasitism, glucose malabsorption and salmonellosis. Basic Life Sci, 1985, 34, 185 - 219 Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of certain pesticides used in Pakistan; Sandhu SS et al.; The mutagenicity of fifteen insecticides, five fungicides, four herbicides, and an acaricide commonly used in Pakistan was evaluated by employing thirteen short-term bioassays . The genetic endpoints used included point or gene mutation, primary DNA damage, and chromosomal effects . Initially, all pesticides were tested in a "core" battery of four in vitro bioassays . A carefully selected group among these chemicals was retested in higher level test systems to confirm the results obtained in the initial phase . Of the pesticides tested, only a small portion consistently displayed mutagenicity across test systems . The Saccharomyces cerevisiae bioassays detected mutagenicity for the largest number of pesticides . The Salmonellaces typhimurium strain, TA100, was able to detect genetic activity in all of the pesticides that produced positive results in this bioassay . The cytogenetic effects observed from the Vicia faba root assay were consistent with those obtained in mammalian cells in culture . All pesticides which displayed mutagenicity were not carcinogenic in animal bioassays but, in general, mutagenicity in a battery of short-term bioassays was a reliable indicator of the carcinogenic potential in animals . A simple test battery is proposed for evaluating the genetic potential of agricultural pesticides. Ter Arkh, 1985, 57(2), 9 - 11 {Role of gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with acute intestinal infections}; Iushchuk ND et al.; Examination of 85 patients with acute intestinal infections (food toxoinfections of medium gravity) of non-established etiology, salmonellosis and acute dysentery) has revealed a significant increase in gastrin concentration in blood plasma both in the acute period and convalescence . The highest increase in blood plasma gastrin concentration was recorded during convalescence, particularly in patients with acute dysentery . Based on the data obtained, the conclusion is made about the involvement of gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal disorders and formation of the adaptation syndrome in acute intestinal infections. Nord Vet Med, 1985 Jan-Feb, 37(1), 42 - 7 Bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denmark . 2 . Cryptosporidia associated with neonatal calf diarrhea; Krogh HV et al.; In recent years cryptosporidia have often been identified in diarrheic calves of under one month old, either as the sole pathogenic agent or in combination with other diarrhea-causing infectious agents . In 203 cases of bovine cryptosporidiosis, recorded over a period of two years, cryptosporidia were present in such great numbers that they would seem to be of causal significance . The calves were from three days to five weeks old . In 111 cases (55%) a monoinfection with cryptosporidia occurred, while in the rest of the cases mixed infections with other agents associated with calf diarrhea were demonstrated, especially rotavirus (61 cases) and coronavirus (32 cases); in addition, mixed infections with ETEC (four cases), septicaemic E . coli (two cases), salmonellosis (11 cases), and BVD and coccidiosis (one case each) were seen . In 87 (10%) of 849 4-21-day-old dead calves a massive occurrence of cryptosporidia was demonstrated . Extreme emaciation was noted in 36 of 122 autopsied calves . Most of these calves were more than 14 days old, and mono-infection with cryptosporidia was demonstrated in two thirds of them . In younger calves, more acute cases of cryptosporidiosis were commoner, often in connection with concomitant infections with rota- or coronavirus. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1985, 111, 17 - 23 Infective gastroenteritis and its relationship to reduced gastric acidity; Cook GC; Hypochlorhydria by compromising the defence mechanisms of the upper gastrointestinal tract predisposes to intestinal bacterial and parasitic infections . Achlorhydria predisposes to anaerobic colonization of the small intestine; colonization is far greater than in normal subjects even with partial neutralization of their gastric acidity after a meal . The best evidence for increased incidence of specific bacterial infection in the presence of achlorhydria relates to the nontyphoid salmonelloses . There is also strongly suggestive evidence in cholera . Among parasitic infections, the most impressive evidence relates to giardiasis and strongyloidiasis . In some instances, the infections themselves may also cause hypochlorhydria . Longitudinal studies are required . Whether patients receiving H2-receptor antagonists are unduly vulnerable to gastrointestinal infections is unclear . The importance of hypochlorhydria in 'Third World' populations, in whom gastrointestinal infections are extremely common, especially in infancy, is, at present, also impossible to evaluate. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1985, 78(2), 264 - 70 {Sampling of urban waste waters in Tananarive . Physical, bacteriological and virological analysis}; Lautier F et al.; After collecting some waters of Tananarive and surroundings in 1975, 1976, 1977, we researched at once enteroviruses, salmonellas and pseudomonas . The results indicated the presence of these agents, often concomitant, in the water samples . An epidemiological study of these microorganisms in waters and some diseases at the same time would be interesting.. . We hope these researches will begin again soon between Strasbourg and Tananarive. Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(2), 3 - 10 {Pathology in hybrid pig breeding due to mixed infections}; Vachev B et al.; A total of 7,500 samples from 5 swine breeding complexes with 200,000 hybrid Camborough pigs were studied morphologically and bacteriologically . The raising technologies used on all complexes were of industrial type or semi-industrial and extensive . A description is given of the simultaneous participation of the following nosologic units: colibacteriosis, responsible for 13 to 14 per cent of the total mortality rate in newborn pigs; bronchopneumonia--causing 6 to 39 per cent losses in the other age groups; and dysentery with salmonellosis--inflicting 5 to 9 per cent losses . Underlined is the great advantage of the industrial technologies of animal raising as against the conventional ones in the prevention of these diseases in hybrid pig breeding . Tested were effective programmes for the prophylaxis associated with the individual nosologic units . More essential were the following: active immunoprophylaxis with live attenuated vaccines against colibacteriosis and salmonellosis; elimination of the alimentary stress factor in dysentery; disinfections of premises by gassing with a mixture of ammonium nitrate and chlorinated lime in a 1:2 ratio . However, all measures proved effective when the principle of "all in, all out' was observed which is essential part of the Camborough industrial raising technologies. Vet Q, 1985 Jan, 7(1), 60 - 5 Paramyxovirus disease in racing pigeons . Clinical aspects and immunization . A report from the Netherlands; Lumeij JT et al.; Since 1981 a highly contagious viral disease causing high morbidity and low mortality in racing pigeons has spread over Europe . The virus belongs to the avian paramyxovirus sero group I . Clinical signs include watery droppings, polydypsia and neurologic signs in a high proportion of infected animals . Definitive diagnosis can be made by virus isolation in cell cultures or chicken embryos, and virus identification by haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests . The HI test, using sera from suspected animals, is a useful clinical tool to confirm the diagnosis . The most important differential diagnosis is salmonellosis . Good immunity against this disease can be acquired by subcutaneous vaccination with an inactivated oil adjuvant poultry NDV-vaccine . For the benefit of pigeon racing a plea is made for compulsory vaccination in countries in which the disease is endemic. Arkh Patol, 1985, 47(7), 63 - 6 {Primary immunodeficiency state in a child with the pulmonary hypertension syndrome}; Boikova NV; A girl aged 2 years and 10 months repeatedly suffered viral (thrice) and bacterial (colitis, salmonellosis, pneumonia 6 times) infections . At an age of 2 years primary pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed . Diagnostic catheterization was performed to exclude a congenital heart disease . The death occurred during the catheterization . An increase of beta-lymphocytes and plasma cells, a reduction of the T-lymphocyte zone were detected in the immunocompetent system during postmortem histological examination . The pathology diagnosis: primary immunodeficiency with a predominant suppression of cell-mediated immunity; hyperplasia of the lymph nodes with their plasmacytization; pneumosclerosis of all lobes of both lungs (a syndrome of primary pulmonary hypertension clinically); hypertrophy of the muscles of both atria and right ventricle, dilation of the heart cavities; acute heart insufficiency. Ter Arkh, 1985, 57(5), 122 - 7 {Indicators of cardiohemodynamics and components of the kinin system of blood plasma in patients with salmonellosis treated by various methods}; Pak SG et al.; Seventy patients with salmonellosis of moderate severity were examined for cardiohemodynamics and plasma kininogenesis over time depending on the treatment . It was found that indomethacin applied in a complex of treatment measures had a beneficial effect on cardiovascular and kinin system functions in the stage of early convalescence. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Nov, 48(5), 1026 - 30 Modified agar medium for detecting environmental salmonellae by the most-probable-number method; Hussong D et al.; Salmonellae in the environment remain a potential source of disease . Low numbers of salmonellae have been detected and enumerated from environmental samples by most-probable-number methods which require careful colony selection from a plated agar medium . A modified xylose lysine brilliant green medium was prepared to control the loss of selectivity caused by heating the brilliant green component . Added agar reduced colony spreading . The medium contained 47 g of xylose lysine agar base per liter; the agar content was adjusted to 2%, autoclaved, cooled to 50 degrees C, and then amended just before pouring to include H2S indicator and 7 ppm (7 ml of 1:1,000 brilliant green per liter) of unheated brilliant green dye . H2S-positive salmonellae were easily detected from sewage sludge compost to the exclusion of most other gram-negative bacteria . As a result, fewer non-salmonellae were picked for further most-probable-number analysis, greatly reducing the work load associated with the most-probable-number method . Direct plating was possible for enumerating salmonellae in laboratory composts containing ca . 10(3) or more salmonellae. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 48(4), 855 - 6 Survival and growth characteristics of Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis; Doyle MP et al.; Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef was more sensitive to heat than salmonellae, but survived for 9 months at -20 degrees C with little change in number . The organisms grew well in Trypticase soy broth (BBL Microbiology Systems) between 30 and 42 degrees C, with 37 degrees C being optimal for growth . E . coli O157:H7 grew poorly in the temperature range (44 to 45.5 degrees C) generally used for recovery of E . coli from foods. An Acad Bras Cienc, 1984 Sep, 56(3), 319 - 22 Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance and colicinogeny among Salmonellae in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Vinhas SA et al.; A set of 25 multiple drug-resistant strains selected from Salmonellae isolated from sewage in Rio de Janeiro contained S . typhimurium (60%) and S . agona (20%) as the most frequent serotypes . There was resistance to ampicillin (Ap), 92%; chloramphenicol (Cm), 76%; gentamicin (Gm), 84%; kanamycin (Km), 84%; streptomycin (Sm), 96%; tetracycline (Tc), 76%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SuTp), 84% and nalidixic acid (Na), 52% . The most frequent resistance patterns observed were Ap Cm Gm Km Sm Tc SuTp Na and Ap Cm Gm Km Sm Tc SuTp . Two strains, bearing the streptomycin, tetracycline double-resistance pattern were colicinogenic, producing type Ib colicin . The col+ character was cotransferable with the double-resistance; all these markers were associated with the presence of a single 60 Mdal plasmid. Equine Vet J, 1984 Sep, 16(5), 439 - 41 Ulcerative colitis and protein losing enteropathy associated with intestinal salmonellosis and histoplasmosis in a horse; Goetz TE et al.; Ulcerative colitis, protein losing enteropathy and intestinal histoplasmosis-salmonellosis were diagnosed in a six-year-old Quarterhorse stallion . For six months before examination, the horse experienced a slow continual loss of weight . During the 17 day period of hospitalisation the horse developed progressive generalised oedema . On the 12th day of hospitalisation a severe profuse watery diarrhoea began; the horse was killed five days later. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Sep, (9), 50 - 4 {Ultrastructure of the unbalanced growth forms of Salmonellae obtained by the action of various factors}; Kats LN et al.; The unbalanced growth forms (UGF), also known as heteromorphous or pleomorphous forms, of salmonellae were obtained under the action of penicillin, homologous antiserum in combination with complement and lysozyme, as well as ultraviolet radiation . The effect of these factors was studied after their momentaneous action and in successive passages . The viability of UGF was determined in terms of colony-forming units . The appearance of UGF was induced by penicillin, a complex of immune substances and ultraviolet radiation, yet the action of two latter factors irreparably damaged most of the cells . The formation of UGF, showing stability in prolonged passages and capable of transformation into L-forms, occurred only under the influence of penicillin . Elementary bodies appeared in UGF, both capable and incapable of transformation into L-forms after successive passages . In the viable part of the UGF population obtained under the action of all the above factors damages in the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and, partly, in the cytoplasmic membrane, as well as disturbances in the process of cell division, linked with these cell elements, were observed. J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Aug, 93(1), 51 - 8 A comparison of the original Rappaport medium (R medium) and the Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV medium) in the isolation of salmonellae from meat products; Vassiliadis P et al.; The Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium (RV medium) in 10 ml quantities (RV/43 degrees C, 10 ml) inoculated with 0.1 ml of pre-enrichment medium (P medium) was found more efficient in the isolation of salmonellae from 409 pre-enriched samples (mainly meat products), than the original Rappaport medium incubated at 43 degrees C (R/43 degrees C) and the RV medium in 5 ml quantities (RV/43 degrees C, 5 ml) inoculated with 0.01 ml of P medium (P less than 0.001, in both instances) . Therefore, the inoculum from pre-enriched foods should not be less than 0.1 ml in 10 ml of RV medium . The RV/43 degrees, 10 ml was also better (P less than 0.01) in detecting samples containing salmonellas than the original Rappaport medium incubated at 37 degrees C (R/37 degrees C, 10 ml) and the modification R25 of R medium incubated at 37 degrees C . The R25 modification was used in 10 ml quantities (R25/37 degrees C, 10 ml) inoculated with 0.1 ml of P medium and in 5 ml quantities (R25/37 degrees, 5 ml) inoculated with 0.01 ml of P medium . The last two R25 procedures were of the same efficiency in isolating salmonellas from meat products. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Jun, (6), 98 - 101 {Effect of insulin and isoproterenol on macrophage phagocytic activity}; Zhilina IL et al.; To reveal the influence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on the completion of the phagocytosis of salmonellae, the influence of insulin and isoproterenol on the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice infected with S . typhimurium strains differing in virulence was studied in vitro . The study showed that isoproterenol, while increasing the intracellular content of cAMP, suppressed the bactericidal properties of macrophages with respect to salmonellae, whereas insulin decreased the level of cAMP in the cells and thus facilitated more rapid and complete digestion of ingested bacteria irrespective of their virulence. Vet Med (Praha), 1984 May, 29(5), 287 - 91 {Salmonellosis in breeds of pigs with latent infections and in salmonellosis foci}; Simko S; The occurrence of salmonellae in pigs in Slovakia is described for the period from 1971 to 1980 . On the whole, 1430 strains (11 serological types) of salmonellae were isolated in stocks with latent infections . The proportions of the serological types were as follows: S . agona 0.69%, S . anatum 0.14%, S . arizona 0.07%, S . bareilly 0.14%, S . decatur 0.07%, S . enteritidis 1.12%, S . give 0.28%, S . heidelberg 0.07%, S . choleraesuis 93.71%, S . panama 0.07% and S . typhimurium 2.45% . In 1315 salmonellosis foci 1333 strains (six serological types) of salmonellae were isolated . The proportions of the serological types were as follows: S . agona 0.37%, S . anatum 0.07%, S . bareilly 0.22%, S . enteritidis 1.20%, S . choleraesuis 90.59% and S . typhimurium 5.30% . The annual pattern of the occurrence of the most frequent serological types is described. J Appl Bacteriol, 1984 Apr, 56(2), 305 - 9 A comparison of isolation procedures for salmonellas from polluted water using two forms of Rappaport's medium; Fricker CR; The efficiency of Rappaport's broth ( RB10 ) and Rappaport's broth containing novobiocin ( NRB10 ) were compared for the isolation of salmonellas from polluted water, both as direct enrichment media and after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water . Ninety samples were examined and 41 were found to contain salmonellas by at least one of the procedures used . Direct inoculation of the sample into RB10 resulted in the recovery of salmonellas from only 29.3% of the samples found to be positive . The use of NRB10 as a direct enrichment medium increased the percentage recovery to 78.0% of the total positive samples . Pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water allowed the recovery of salmonellas from a total of 41 samples whereas direct enrichment recovered them from only 32 . No significant difference was demonstrated in the efficiencies of RB10 and NRB10 in recovering salmonellas after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water . Three selective agars were used: no significant difference in their ability to recover salmonellae was demonstrated. Am J Surg, 1984 Mar, 147(3), 360 - 6 Causes of cholestasis in Thailand . A study of 276 consecutive patients; Juttijudata P et al.; The causes of cholestasis in 276 patients with a total of 296 lesions were studied . Extrahepatic cholestasis was found in 58.4 percent of the patients, and 41.6 percent had intrahepatic cholestasis . Malignant disease was found in 34.8 percent of the patients (extrahepatic cholestasis in 20 and intrahepatic cholestasis in 70) . Cholangiocarcinoma, especially the hilar intrahepatic type, seems to be the most prevalent in the medical literature . It is possible that the combination of opisthorchiasis and carcinogenic agents, such as nitrosamines, induce a precancerous stage at the hilar area . Some unknown factors, may be the immune system in immune surveillance that act as a catalyst leading to malignant transformation . Acute calculous cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and intrahepatic stones are more common in Thailand than in the western countries, and their causes have been discussed herein . The composition of stones is also different; pigment stones are found more often in Thailand . These differences between the western and oriental types of biliary calculi are significant in regard to diagnostic approach and management, and morbidity and mortality . In Thailand, Opisthorchiasis viverrini has significant influence in the development of several cholestatic diseases, such as hilar intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, biliary calculi, opisthorchiatic intrahepatic cysts, and aggregated dead opisthorchiatic worms blocking the biliary system . In tropical countries, infectious diseases such as virus B hepatitis; severe systemic infectious diseases such as salmonellosis; and amebiasis and tuberculosis were also important causes of intrahepatic cholestasis . In the category of congenital anomalies, the prevalence of choledochal cysts was higher than in the United States . The prevalence of other forms of congenital anomalies of the biliary system is unknown, but may be similar to the prevalence of choledochal cysts. Vet Med (Praha), 1984 Mar, 29(3), 133 - 6 {Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from an aborted bovine fetus}; Travnicek M et al.; One strain of Chl . psittaci was isolated from two aborted foetuses of two cows coming from the same locality . Tissue from the lungs of the aborted foetuses was used for the isolation tests; after sample preparation this tissue was inoculated into the yolk sacs of chick embryos . It was found on the basis of serological examination (RVK) that both aborting cows had positive levels of antibodies against the Chl . psittaci antigen at a serum dilution ratio of 1 : 64 . The serological examination for brucellosis (BAB) and coxiellosis was negative . The bacteriological examination (aerobic and anaerobic cultivation, salmonellae, mycoplasms and moulds) also gave negative results. Vet Med (Praha), 1984 Feb, 29(2), 113 - 9 {Incidence of salmonellae in domestic fowl in Slovakia from 1971 to 1980}; Simko S; In flocks with latent infections, 2724 strains of salmonellae (19 serotypes) were isolated from the birds . The following species were represented as follows: S . gallinarum-pullorum (65.08%), S . typhimurium (9.10%), S . bareilly (6.90%), S . enteritidis (2.38%) and S . agona (1.98%) . In the foci of salmonelloses 893 strains of salmonellae (19 serotypes) were isolated . The highest representation was found in the S . gallinarum-pullorum (54.20%), S . typhimurium (24.53%), S . bareilly (7.72%), S . choleraesuis (2.29%), S . enteritidis (1.68%), S . infantis (1.54%) and S . anatum (1.23%) . Post-mortem examination resulted in recording 15 887 strains of salmonellae (41 serotypes) . The following were represented by the largest proportions: S . gallinarum-pullorum (26.62%), S . typhimurium (25.20%), S . bareilly (18.93%), S . infantis (7.20%), S . enteritidis (4.62%), S . agona (3.51%), S . choleraesuis (3.17%), S . anatum (2.19%), S . lille (1.54%) and S . bredeney (1.16%). Antibiotiki, 1984 Feb, 29(2), 112 - 6 {Significance of the antibiotic resistance of the causative agents of salmonellosis in its epidemiology and the procedure for controlling the infection}; Blokhina IN et al.; Antibiotic resistance of a wide set of strains (1501) of different serovars (69) was studied and the nature of the resistance was determined . Virulent bacteriophages designed with regard to the biological properties of the isolates were considered as possible agents for the control of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms . It was shown that multiple resistance to antibacterial drugs was mainly characteristic of the serovar of S . typhimurium . In Gorky and its region, strains carrying R plasmids determining the resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol with a molecular weight of 58-64 Md predominated . The antibiotic-resistant strains were dangerous from the epidemiological point of view . The use of the bacteriophages is advisable for the treatment of patients, sanation of bacterial carriers or decontamination of disease sources and prophylactic phaging with regard to the epidemiological indications for preventing group diseases. Ter Arkh, 1984, 56(9), 124 - 7 {Effect of indomethacin on the daily catecholamine excretion and on the rheographic and capillaroscopic indices of salmonellosis patients}; Pak SG et al.; A total of 127 patients with salmonellosis were studied for the effect of the disease severity on the central and peripheral hemodynamics, and catecholamine excretion . Introduction of indomethacin into a complex of treatment measures resulted in a more rapid recovery of the parameters of the central and peripheral hemodynamics and made catecholamine excretion return to normal. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1983 Nov, 16(4), 283 - 90 Isolation, serotyping and drug resistance of salmonellae in scouring pigs in Taiwan; Hsu FS et al.; The incidence of salmonellae in scouring pigs (from 6 to 16 weeks of age) in Taiwan was investigated by means of rectal swab survey and a study of necropsy pigs . The rectal swab survey revealed salmonellae in 62 (9.5%) of 655 scouring feeder pigs . Salmonellae isolates belonged to 10 different serotypes . Of these, S . typhimurium was the serotype most frequently isolated (41.5%) and the second one was S . panama (10.8) . Of 69 samples of internal organs from the feeder pigs died of scouring and septicemia examined, 33 (47.8%) yielded salmonellae which belonged to 6 different serotypes . Of these, S . choleraesuis was the most common serotype (42.4%) and S . typhimurium appeared to be the second (36.4%) . However, salmonellae were not isolated from the rectal swabs of suckling pigs and the sows nursing those baby pigs . Of 98 salmonellae isolates examined for drug susceptibility, 94 (95.5%) were resistant to two or more drugs, and 50 (53.2%) were resistant to more than five drugs . The percentage of isolates (all serotypes) resistant to the individual drugs was as follows: 95.9% to sulfathiazole (1.0 mg), 89.8% to tetracycline (30 ug), 76.5% to streptomycin (10 ug), 56.1% to kanamycin (30 ug), 53.1% to chloramphenicol (30 ug), and 45.9% to ampicillin (10 ug) . However, all of the salmonellae isolates were sensitive to colistin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid . Results pertaining to the resistance of S . typhimurium and other serotypes to the six individual drugs are given separately. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Nov, (11), 47 - 52 {Enterotoxic properties of salmonellae and their neurotoxins}; Kamzolkina NB et al.; Most of live S . typhimurium cultures are capable of intraintestinal proliferation and possess enterotoxic activity . The capacity of S . typhimurium strains for producing enterotoxins is not connected with their origin . The parenteral immunization of rabbits with corpuscular vaccines prepared from S . typhimurium induced changes in the sensitivity of different sections of the small intestine of the animals to the enterotoxic action of live homologous cultures . Neurotoxin isolated from S . typhi was found to possess enterotoxic activity. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1983 Aug 27, 287(6392), 591 - 3 Control of zoonoses in Britain: past, present, and future; Bell JC et al.; In the past zoonoses that caused serious human illness also caused serious loss of animal production, but there is growing awareness of the public health problems arising from infections that cause little or no such loss . Much can be learnt from the history of the control of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis . In both cases there was reluctance to accept that animals were the principal cause of infection, and the earliest attempts at control failed because measures were taken only against clinical cases of the disease . The essential features in control of both infections were: official recognition of a problem, willingness of governments to allocate resources, and cooperation between the medical and veterinary professions . Salmonellosis is the most important zoonotic infection in Britain today, though several Orders have reduced the reservoir of infection in food animals . It is suggested that a national team of doctors should be set up to investigate and control zoonoses, that this team should be answerable to a central agency, and that it should build up close working relationships with the nominated officers of the veterinary profession. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 17 - 23 A cost benefit study of milk-borne salmonellosis; Cohen DR et al.; An estimate of the benefits which would result from a ban on the sale of non-pasteurized milk in Scotland has been assessed by costing a recent outbreak of milk-borne salmonellosis in the Grampian Region . The cost of such a ban would not exceed the benefits under any but the most severe assumptions about the values attached to intangible benefits. Infect Immun, 1983 Aug, 41(2), 563 - 9 Complement activation by polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide: an important virulence determinant of salmonellae; Liang-Takasaki CJ et al.; Salmonellae with differences only in the O-antigenic polysaccharide of their lipopolysaccharide were previously shown to differentially activate complement via the alternative pathway, causing them to be ingested at different rates by the mouse macrophage-like cell line J774 . We now show that this mechanism could explain the different virulence of these strains in vivo . Mouse peritoneal macrophages (thioglycolate induced) ingest these salmonellae at rates that are inversely proportional to the known virulence of the organisms and virtually identical to the rates observed with J774 . As with J774, complement is required for this differential uptake, since serum was required and heating (56 degrees C for 30 min) or zymosan treatment of the serum destroyed activity . The known receptor for nonreducing terminal mannose-, fucose-, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose-containing glyco-proteins did not participate, since uptake was not inhibited by high concentrations of mannan . When clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream of mice was measured, the least virulent organism was cleared very much faster than the most virulent organism, in confirmation of earlier data . When complement in the mice was destroyed by pretreatment with cobra venom factor, the clearance of the least virulent strain was greatly reduced, whereas the very slow clearance of the most virulent strain was unaffected . These data strongly support the hypothesis that when bacteria have polysaccharide in lipopolysaccharide that activates complement efficiently, the bacteria will be phagocytosed, whereas if the polysaccharide activates complement poorly, the bacteria escape ingestion and may cause disease. Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jul 1, 133(3), 685 - 8 Aberrant migration of lipopolysaccharide in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; Hitchcock PJ; Purified lipopolysaccharides of salmonellae strains were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Pre-electrophoresis of polyacrylamide gels had no apparent effect on one-dimensional silver-stained lipopolysaccharide profiles . However, without pre-electrophoresis, two-dimensional and three-dimensional patterns contained numerous bands with varied migration patterns compared to those in the one-dimension gels . The lipopolysaccharide was altered within the polyacrylamide gel during electrophoresis . Pre-electrophoresis of gels eliminated aberrant migration patterns. Int J Zoonoses, 1983 Jun, 10(1), 33 - 9 Canine diseases of public health significance in Nigeria; Okoh AE; A review of diseases of dogs of public health significance in Nigeria is given based essentially on recent findings . The objective is to collate and inform the public of some Zoonotic diseases which have been reported in owned and stray dog populations in Nigeria so as to encourage better methods of pet health care delivery and control in the country . Rabies, Q fever, Toxoplasmosis, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, Coccidiodomycosis, Ring worm and Helmithzoonotic parasites associated with Ancylostomiasis, Echinococcosis, Toxocariasis and Cestodiasis are among diseases transmissible from dogs to man in Nigeria. J Immunol, 1983 Apr, 130(4), 1867 - 70 Salmonellae activate complement differentially via the alternative pathway depending on the structure of their lipopolysaccharide O-antigen; Liang-Takasaki CJ et al.; Differences in the O-antigen polysaccharide structure of lipopolysaccharide were previously shown to affect the rate of phagocytosis of Salmonellae strains by the murine macrophage-like cell line J774 . Phagocytosis required a serum factor(s) that is labile to heat (56 degrees C for 30 min) and to zymosan treatment, which indirectly suggested the participation of C . We now show, using guinea pig serum, that these bacteria activate C3 at different rates, and this activation is proportional to the later rate of phagocytosis . Activation is predominantly via the alternative pathway, because C4 is not consumed and the reaction proceeds equally well in the serum of C4-deficient guinea pigs . Because the extent of activation of C3 and the subsequent rate of phagocytosis are inversely proportional to virulence, we propose that virulence of a strain may be influenced by the ability of the polysaccharide structure of its lipopolysaccharide to activate the alternative pathway of C, destining it for subsequent phagocytosis. Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 285 - 97 Immunomicrobiological monitoring of orovaccinal therapy in acute intestinal infections; Corridori S et al.; A double blind study in 42 patients (treated and controls) affected by acute uncomplicated salmonellosis was performed . The treatment consisted of an oral inactivated tetravaccine at the dose of 1 ampoule twice a day for 15 consecutive days . Microbiological and serological techniques (determination of intestinal secretory IgA by means of immunofluorescence, titration of copro and serum antibodies, quali-quantitative coprocultures) have shown that the administration of oral vaccine improved both the clinical and the immunomicrobiological picture in treated patients. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Nov, 253(2), 183 - 96 {A comparison of methods for the enrichment of Salmonellae from human feces}; Muller HE; 154 samples of faeces contaminated with salmonellae belonging to 21 species were investigated each in 23 enrichment broths for compare the efficiency . The best results were obtained with selenite cystine broth (no . 5) followed by Rappaport broth (no . 17) and tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth - TBG - (no . 12); see also Fig . 1-4 and Tables 3 and 4 . S . typhi is recovered the best by selenite broths . Rappaport broth seems to be the optimal enrichment broth for the most salmonellae with exception of S . typhi, S . bovismorbificans, and some other species . Preuss's modification of tetrathionate enrichment broth was significantly more efficient than Muller-Kauffmann's tetrathionate . Brilliant green bile broths are not very selective . Its efficiency is comparable with unselective broths without any inhibiting substances . The unspecific broths show a little enrichment effect during short incubation times . Therefore, they are used for preenrichment . However, incubation during 24 h is recommended for optimal recovery in selective enrichment broths, i.e . Rappaport, selenite, and tetrathionate media . The selenite broth should be used unconditionally for detecting salmonellae in human faeces . It should be combined additionally with Rappaport or tetrathionate broth in the modification of Preuss but not of Muller-Kauffmann. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1982 Oct 15, 58(19), 1266 - 70 {Identification by phage, biochemistry and serology of Salmonellae isolated in the province of Aquila and their resistance to antibiotics}; Ceddia T et al.; From 1036 coprocolture, coming from hospital subjects and non hospital subjects in the municipality of L'Aquila, are been isolated 18 stocks of Salmonellae through research with phage 0-1, biochemist and serologique . The phage 0-1, confirming the present data in literature, hasn't shown activity towards 2 stocks . The active antibiotics, according to Kirby-Bauer, have resulted to be the Cloramfenicola and the Gentamicina; the Tetracicline haven't resulted active. Antibiotiki, 1982 Aug, 27(8), 595 - 8 {Experimental study of the antibiotic activity of cefuroxime}; Bil'ko IP et al.; The antimicrobial spectrum of cefuroxime, an antibiotic of the cephalosporin family was studied in vitro with respect to 11 species (16 strains) of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and in vivo on albino mice with experimental salmonellosis or pneumococcal infections . The bacteria were either test cultures or isolates from patients . The studies showed that cefuroxime had a wide antibacterial spectrum in vitro . It inhibited the growth of Staph . aureus, Str . pneumoniae, E . coli, Salm . typhimurium, Kl . pneumoniae, Bac . subtilis and had no effect on Ps . aeruginosa, Pr . vulgaris, M . tuberculosis and M . fortuitum . Cefuroxime had also a high bacteriostatic effect with respect to the experimental pneumococcal infection and a lower bacteriostatic effect with respect to the experimental salmonellosis infection. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jul-Dec, 75(7-12), 369 - 76 {Epidemiology of the spread of salmonellosis in the region of Bari}; Stano G; Three researches undertaken in Bari, with the aim of clarifying the epidemiological circles that determine the typhoid and paratyphoid endemia as well as the so-called salmonellosis minor, are reported here . The results obtained confirm the important role that eating shellfishes plays in spreading of typhoid cases in a sea-town like Bari . Furthermore, data obtained showed that the importing mechanism of infected animals, and then the slaughter-houses and the butcheries , are accounting for spreading of exotic Salmonellae in our country. Avian Dis, 1982 Jul-Sep, 26(3), 566 - 75 Gastrointestinal colonization by salmonellae and pathogenic Escherichia coli in monoxenic and holoxenic chicks and poults; Snoeyenbos GH et al.; Chicks monocolonized by either salmonellae or pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli had persistent and undiminished colonization of all levels of the gastrointestinal tract and frequently had bacteremia during test periods ranging to 35 days . Poults monocolonized by salmonellae or Arizona hinshawii 7:"1,7,8 developed a similar pattern of colonization . Conventionally reared chicks and poults had rather variable colonization by these pathogens, and it was most persistent in the ceca . Groups treated with a native protective microflora were infrequently colonized . Differences in colonization are explainable by lack of competing bacteria in the monocolonized group and by various degrees of protection provided by microflora colonizing the other groups. J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Jun, 88(3), 403 - 11 Isolations of salmonellas from human, food and environmental sources in the Manchester area: 1976-1980; Barrell RA; A retrospective survey was carried out for isolations of salmonellas from humans, foods and sewer swabs from food-handling premises for the period 1976-80 . The predominant serotypes isolated from humans were S . typhimurium, S . hadar, S . virchow and S . agona . Salmonellas were found in less than 1% of cooked pork and poultry products and were not detected in cooked beef or lamb . The isolation rates for cooked offal and cooked open pet foods were 2.1% and 19.7% respectively . Isolation rates for uncooked meats ranged from 5% for beef to 36% for poultry . Most of the uncooked meats were sausages in which the predominant serotypes were S . derby, S . typhimurium, S . heidelberg and S . panama . An attempt was made to investigate the relationship between serotypes isolated from humans and from sausages and sewer swabs . S . typhimurium and S . bredeney were predominant in humans, sausages and sewer swabs whilst S . derby, S . panama and S . give were predominant only in sausages and sewer swabs. J Immunogenet, 1982 Jun, 9(3), 191 - 205 Genetic parameters of the polygenic regulation of antibody responsiveness to flagellar and somatic antigens of salmonellae; Sant'Anna OA et al.; Selective breedings of mice were carried out for quantitative antibody responsiveness to flagellar Ag., f (Selection III) or somatic Ag., s (Selection IV) of two non cross-reacting Salmonellae (Salm . tm., Salm . or.) alternated for immunization of consecutive generations . At the selection limit, these selections produced homozygous high (H) and low (L) responder lines for the character investigated: peak agglutinin response to optimal secondary immunization . The responsiveness to both f and s Ags . is submitted to polygenic regulation . The heritability (h2) realized during the selective breeding was 0.37 +/- 0.07 for the response to fAg . and 0.40 +/- 0.1 for the response to s Ag . The respective part of genetic and environmental variance in F2 hybrids was 64% and 36% in selection III and 61% and 39% in selection IV . In the two selections, the dominance variance is negligible (less than 1%), therefore the genetic variance is essentially additive . The additive variance calculated as the heritable fraction of the F2 hybrid variance is somewhat lower, the reason for this difference is discussed . The quantitative antibody response to f Ag . in selection III is controlled by about seven independent loci . The antibody response to s Ag . in selection IV is controlled by about four independent loci . A possible association of relevant genes with the H-2 locus was investigated . In selection III, no significant participation if H-2 linked genes, in the regulation of responses to f and s Ags . of Salm . tm and Salm . or . could be demonstrated . In selection IV a partial contribution of H-2 linked genes was observed concerning responsiveness to both f and s Ags . of Salm . tm . but not Salm . or . Ags . The H-2 effect accounts for 25% of the total interline difference. Equine Vet J, 1982 Apr, 14(2), 106 - 10 The concept of osmolality: its use in the evaluation of "dehydration" in the horse; Brownlow MA et al.; Osmolality is an indication of the osmotic pressure of plasma and depends on the amount of solute and solvent (water) present . The mean (+sd) plasma osmolality of 100 clinically normal animals was 282 (+6) mOsm/kg using lithium heparin as anticoagulant . The equation, osmolality=1.86 (sodium + potassium) +glucose +blood urea nitrogen + 9, was found to predict only crudely plasma osmolality . The plasma sodium: osmolality ratio was 0.49 . Water and electrolyte disorders are classified into 3 types based on the measurement of electrolytes and osmolality: (1) Hypertonic dehydration (true dehydration desiccation), osmolality greater than 300 mOsm/kg, associated with water deprivation, some gastrointestinal emergencies and some types of diarrhoea; (2) hypotonic dehydration (acute desalting water loss), osmolalities less than 260 mOsm/kg, associated with acute diarrhoea, particularly salmonellosis; (3) isotonic dehydration (normal electrolyte and osmolality levels), in horses losing electrolytes and water in almost equal proportions . The importance of these observations and their significance in rational clinical management are discussed. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr, 1982, 36(4), 289 - 96 Complicat