Microflora

J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134(5), 486 - 9
Quantitative alterations in the genital microflora of female rats in relation to the estrous cycle; Larsen B et al.; The virgin female laboratory rat has been studied as a model of the ecosystem represented by the vaginal mucosa and its bacterial flora . Gram-stained vaginal smears abtained from rats having normal estrous cycles showed cyclic variation in the number of bacteria present . Viable plate counts of material obtained by vaginal lavage demonstrated daily changes in the density of the bacterial population of the vagina in relation to the estrous cycle . Bacterial counts observed during the estrus phase of the cycle in individual rats were 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than viable counts observed during the metestrus or diestrus phases of the cycle . These studies represent the first reported demonstration that physiologic changes occurring during the estrous cycle control the size of the bacterial population of the vagina.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Nov-Dec, 45(6), 1110 - 3
{Effect of water expenditure in small rivers on the number of microorganisms}; Reshetkova NB; The effect of runoff of mountain rivers discharging into the Baikal Lake on the number of microflora was studied in the conditions of water reservoirs subjected to industrial activity . The number of microorganisms was found to depend on the river runoff during high waters whose intensity was influenced by industrial activity within the reservoir area.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Nov, 22(11), 1628 - 33
Suitability of membrane-filter techniques to study the ultrastructure of Fusarium solani in soil; Van Eck WH; The suitability of two types of membrane filters for scanning and transmission electron-microscopical examination of chlamydospores formed from macroconidia of Fusarium solani from soil was tested . An improved method to incubate propagules in soil and to collect them free from soil particles for electron-microscopical observations is described . Best results were obtained if macroconidia were incubated in soil between two Nucleopore membrane filters . Both chlamydospore morphology and lysis, however, were affected to some extent in comparison with that on single membranes . This is probably due to a selective effect on the microflora colonizing the chlamydospores.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Nov, 21(11), 988 - 92
{Microflora and its antibiotic sensitivity in chronic pharyngitis treated by cryotherapy}; Bakanova DIa et al.; Antibiotic sensitivity of the pharynx mucosa microflora in patients with chronic pharyngitis subjected to cryotherapy was studied . Examination of 36 patients showed that cryotherapy at a temperature of -1950 markedly decreased the number of the grown colonies, their qualitative characteristics being changed . In 10 days both the quantitative and the qualitative characteristics of the flora completely reduced . The cryotherapy did not change the virulence of the flora and its sensitivity to antibiotics.

CRC Crit Rev Microbiol, 1976 Nov, 5(1), 1 - 38
Herbicides and soil microorganisms; Greaves MP et al.; The production and usage of herbicides have increased dramatically in recent years . Consequently there is growing concern about the effects of these chemicals on the environment, particularly the possible long-term effects on soil fertility which may result from disturbance of the soil microflora . This review considers the recent developments in the study of the interactions between herbicides and microorganisms, and discusses the problems of evaluating the results of such studies with a view to determining or predicting possible short-term or long-term effects which may be of practical significance.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1976 Sep 1, 31(17), 679 - 84
{Intestinal microbial flora and resorption}; Knoke M et al.; An abundant microbial growth in the small intestine is called "overgrowth syndrome" . The dysbiosis existing hereby is to be characterized by the prevailing of certain sorts of germs . A series of typical symptoms is explained by the metabolic activity of microorganisms, in which case disturbances of absorption are uppermost . Morphological and histochemical changes of the intestinal mucous membrane as well as disturbances of the bile acid metabolism and the absorption of carbohydrates, fats and vitamin B12 are explained . Finally the author deals with the microflora in conditions of malabsorption.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 22(9), 1328 - 35
Respiration rates for determining the effects of urea on the soil-surface organic horizon of a black spruce stand; Roberge MR; The respiration rates of microflora of layers of soil-surface organic horizon of a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stand have been studied manometrically under controlled conditions of moisture, temperature, and aeration in the presence of urea and other nitrogen and mineral amendments . L.F., and F2 samples from field plots fertilized with 448 kg N/ha as urea in 1961 had still in 1971 greater respiration rates than similar samples from unfertilized field plots . In lab tests, addition of urea (112, 280, and 448 kg N/ha or 875, 2187, and 3500 ppm N) stimulated the endogenous respiration of each layer . The stimulation was greater when 2187 ppm N was applied and when moisture and temperature of the layers were maintained at 60% water-holding capacity and 20 degrees C during the 42-day incubation period . Addition of Mg, Ca, and K to urea-fertilized layers increased respiration while P and S decreased it . Addition of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 impaired the endogenous respiration . The endogenous respiration and moisture, temperature, and fertilizer effects decreased in the order L,F1, and F2 layers.

Br J Surg, 1976 Sep, 63(9), 721 - 5
The microflora of the obstructed bowel; Sykes PA et al.; A study of the alterations of intestinal microflora that occur in acute small and large bowel obstruction is presented . The results are discussed in relation to the duration of obstruction, the site of obstruction, the recovery following relief of obstruction and the septic complications which profoundly affect the prognosis of these common surgical emergencies.

Br J Nutr, 1976 Sep, 36(2), 265 - 72
The role of the gut microflora in the utilization of dietary urea by the chick; Okumura J et al.; 1 . In a preliminary experiment, growth of conventional chicks given a basal diet containing adequate amounts of all the essential but none of the non-essential amino acids was improved by supplements of 10-3 g urea or 50-4 g glutamic acid/kg diet or both . 2 . In the main study the effects of supplementing the basal diet with 20-6 g urea/kg were compared in groups of sixteen germ-free and conventional chicks . 3 . The germ-free chicks did not benefit from the urea supplement whereas the conventional birds showed improved food conversion efficiency and significantly better growth . 4 . In both environments nitrogen retention ((mg N intake-mg N excreted)divideg food intake) was higher in the birds given urea, but N utilization ((mg N intake-mg N excreted)dividemg N intake) was reduced . This reduction was greater in the germ-free birds . 5 . There was a small increase in plasma ammonia concentration in the germ-free birds given urea but a significantly greater increase in the corresponding conventional group . 6 . Plasma uric acid concentrations were variable in both groups, and much lower than the normal range . They followed a similar pattern to the plasma ammonia values . 7 . More insoluble N was excreted by the conventional chicks given urea than by the corresponding germ-free group, or by either group given the basal diet . 8 . It was concluded that the gut micro-organisms are responsible for the growth-promoting effect of urea, presumably through release of ammonia by bacterial ureas (EC 3.5.1.5) and its consequent incorporation into amino acids.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 22(9), 1364 - 7
{Phosphorus requirements of bacteria metabolizing hydrocarbons in the sea}; Petit J et al.; The artificial stimulation of biological purification of sea-pollutant hydrocarbons requires phosphorus supply . The concentrations, corresponding to the optimal bacterial growth, depend, in particular on ionic strength . They range between 2 and 8 X 10(-4) M for waters in which the salinity is close to the mean salinity of an oceanic environment and between 1.5 and 3 X 10(-3) M when these waters receive a significant supply of freshwater or when salinity is naturally weak . Inhibition of bacterial development has been observed either with a microflora, or with pure strains for concentrations higher than the upper limits of concentrations so defined.

Cancer Res, 1976 Aug, 36(8), 2874 - 6
Colon carcinogenesis in germ-free rats with intrarectal 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and subcutaneous azoxymethane; Reddy BS et al.; The effect of intestinal microflora on colon carcinogenesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane was studied, with the use of germ-free and conventional female Fischer rats . At 7 weeks of age, germ-free and conventional rats were treated with 20 weekly intrarectal 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg per kg body weight per week) or subcutaneous azoxymethane (10 mg per kg body weight per week) doses and were autopsied 15 weeks later . Tumors were induced in the small intestine and colon of germ-free and conventional rats treated with intrarectal 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; the number of rats with colon tumors and the multiplicity of tumors were decreased in germ-free rats, compared with conventional animals . Azoxymethane given subcutaneously increased the incidence and multiplicity of colon tumors in germ-free rats, compared with conventional controls . It is concluded that the intestinal microflora alter the carcinogenic and/or cocarcinogenic effect of different compounds in the large intestine.

Dent Clin North Am, 1976 Jul, 20(3), 473 - 89
Nutritional determinants of the ecology of the oral flora; Morhart RE et al.; Consideration of nutritional factors as determinants of oral microbial ecology leads to the conclusion that endogenous factors play a dominant role . It is the interactions between specific microorganisms and nutritional and other factors provided by the host that selectively determine the kinds of microorganisms which willinitially reside in the oral cavity and the sites which they will colonize . The persistence of these original "colonists" in their respective ecologic niches will depend in part on the accessibility of endogenous nutrients variously provided by saliva, tissue exudates, crevicular fluids, or degenerating host cells . It will also depend on their response to and interaction with microorganisms which immigrate to that site subsequently . The microbial ecology of a given site is therefore rarely uncomplicated, the notable exception occurring at the most microscopic level where one may encounter microcolonies of individual species within more heterogenous populations of microorganisms . The extent of this heterogeneity quantitatively and qualitatively is a reflection of the degree to which the interactions between the resident flora and the new arrivals, plus the local environmental changes which they both generate, serve to promote or to discourage the survival and growth of the individual species . This element of heterogeneity in a dynamic system with its inherent potential for variation makes it possible for relatively minor changes in local environmental conditions to result in significant differences in the microflora between one site and another even though they may be in close proximity to each other . Once this concept is appreciated it becomes easy to understand how disease processes such as dental caries may affect specific areas of a tooth while nearby areas are unaffected . The effects of exogenous nutrients on the ecology of the oral microbiota, nevertheless cannot be ignored . The diet may modulate such endogenous factors as the salivary secretions and the local resistance of the gingival tissues to infections . Although at our present state of knowledge the direct influence of dietary proteins and fats on the oral microbiota is thought to be of relatively minor consequence, dietary carbohydrates are of major ecological significance . Dietary sugars provide readily available substrates for the oral microorganisms, most of which depend on carbohydrates for energy sources . The metabolism of dietary sucrose by S . sanguis and S . mutans with the productions of acids and intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides has specific influence on the microbial composition, metabolic activities, and mass of coronal plaque . The ready availability of dietary carbohydrates undoubtedly influences the microflora of other parts of the oral cavity as well, eic species or indirectly through the interactions of other organisms with them...

Res Vet Sci, 1976 Jul, 21(1), 69 - 75
Observations on the effects of weaning in the young pig . Clinical and histopathological studies of intestinal function and morphology; Kenworthy R; A study of the effects of abrupt weaning on the very young pig showed that the samll intestine undergoes an acute inflammatory response and a reduction in plasma cell population by weaning day +7 or +8, in the absence of severe scours and abnormal proliferation by intestinal coliform bacteria . It is suggested that these changes may be common progenitors of nutritional and bacterial scours, and that they are due in part to increased metabolic activity of the "normal" microflora.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 717 - 23
{Microbiological characteristics of the lakes in the Yaroslavl region}; Lapteva NA et al.; The paper presents data concerning the activity of microflora in water and ooze deposits of lakes of the Yaroslavl Region . Microbiological processes in water depend mainly on the rate of production or organic substance at the account of phytoplankton photosynthesis, which varies from 0.18 to 6.3 gC/m2 . Destruction of organic substance in water of most lakes exceeded production . Production of bacterial biomass was within limits of 0.2--5.8 gC/m2/day and lower, as a rule, than production of phytoplankton . The number of bacteria in different lakes varied from 1.7 to 35 X 10(6) per 1 ml . Heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide was rather high and reached 34 mcgC/litre/day, its ratio to biomass being ca . 6.8% . The total number of bacteria in ooze deposits of lakes varied from 0.6 to 2.7 X 10(9) g/m2 . Aerobic destruction varied from 0.03 to 0.78 gC/m2.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1976 Jun, 54(3), 336 - 46
The effects of selenium on the metabolism of methionine in sheep; Hidiroglou M et al.; Two groups of sheep fed a diet of hay known to produce nutritional muscular dystrophy, one group of which received selenium supplementation, were used to study the effects of selenium on the metabolism of administered L-(35S) methionine by rumen microflora . Rumen bacterial proteins of the Se supplemented sheep contained significantly higher levels of radiosulfur than the bacterial protein of the non-supplemented sheep . Of hte L-(35S) methionine present in the rumen liquor samples from Se-supplemented sheep 2 h after administration, 13.3% of the amino acid, which was measured as methionine sulfone, was found in the microbial proteins . A large proportion of the administered labeled methionine was resynthesized as cyst(e)ine which may account in part for that determined as cysteic acid in rumen bacterial and plasma proteins . The observed low levels of radiosulfur found in rumen microflora from selenium deficient wethers, indicates that the presence of selenium profoundly affects the rate of methionine metabolism and the distribution of methionine in rumen bacterial and protozoal proteins . In another experiment, the effect of selenium on the metabolism of L-(Me-3H) methionine was studied . The selenium status of the sheep had no significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on the distribution of 35S radioactivity in the blood plasma and tissues.

Vet Med (Praha), 1976 May, 21(5), 309 - 18
{Results of bacteriological and cytological studies of uterine lavages in cows from herds with fertility disorders}; Selinger P et al.; A cytological and bacteriological examination of uterine lavages of 264 cows from herds with fertility disorders (without convincing pathological findings) helped to determine the clinical diagnosis in a more exact way . In 41.67% of the cases, mucosal metritis was cytologically proved . Bacterial contamination of the urerine medium was observed in 83.71% of the cases . The result of bacteriological examinations of uterine lavage and cervical smear brought about various findings in 77.27% of the cases . The bacteriological contamination rate of the uterine medium without metritis was highest in the follicular phase . Both the cows suffering from metritis and in cows without any changes due to metritis, common, conditionally pathogenic microflora was found (with the exception of several cases) the etiocausal effect of which on the metritis origin and decreased fertility could not be, in general and for certain, proved.

Br J Dermatol, 1976 May, 94(5), 551 - 5
Ultrasonic methods for sampling human skin micro-organisms; Stringer MF et al.; Methods of sampling the microflora of human skin by means of a generator of ultrasonic impulses were compared with the standard washing method in which the skin surface is rubbed manually . The ultrasonic method, at a power setting of 50 W or more, gave essentially similar results to those obtained by the standard method but removed fewer corneocytes.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 31(4), 605 - 8
Continuously variable amplitude contrast microscopy for the detection and study of microorganisms in soil; Casida LE Jr; A new type of phase microscope was used to detect and observe the microflora in soil and to differentiate cells and spores from soil debris . This microscope provides a continuous variation in the amplitude ratios between undeviated and deviated beams of light, and the microbial cells, spores, and debris in soil change in appearance to a differing degree in response to the changes in amplitude ratio.

Infect Immun, 1976 Apr, 13(4), 1193 - 8
Influence of the indigenous gastrointestinal microbial flora on duodenal Mg2+ -dependent and (Na+ + K+) -stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities in mice; Yolton DP et al.; Mg-dependent and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) activities were assayed in butanol extracts of duodenal tissue from germ-free, specific-pathogen-free, and ex-germfree mice associated with an indigenous microflora from specific-pathogen-free mice . In the germfree mice the levels of both ATPase activities were significantly higher than the levels in specific-pathogen-free mice . By contrast, the ex-germfree animals colonized by an entire indigenous microflora, the values fell to levels close to those for specific-pathogen-free animals . (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase was not inhibited by ouabain in extracts from any of the three kinds of mice . These findings show that the indigenous microbial flora influences the intestinal ATPase activity of mice and, because of the connection between (Na+ + K+-stimulate ATPase and active transpoort, undoubtedly affects the process of absorption in the intestinal tract.

Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Apr, 26(2 Pt l), 166 - 70
Investigations on the function of the rat forestomach; Kunstyr I et al.; The functions of the rat forestomach and upper digestive tract were studied . The pH values, alpha-amylase activity, quantitative estimates of microorganisms, and emptying rates were higher in the forestomach than in the glandular stomach . Rats with surgically removed forestomachs lived without complications for more than 1 yr . Their alimentary hyperglycemia was higher and shorter than in controls . The significance of rich microflora present in the conventional forestomach is not known, although in this function between man and ruminants were discussed.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Apr, 59(4), 601 - 6
Influence of viable yogurt microflora on digestion of lactose by the rat; Goodenough ER et al.; Laboratory rats were fed experimental diets including yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, and simulated yogurt with sucrose or lactose for 7 days followed by a single experimental meal of yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, or simulated yogurt . Assays of blood galactose demonstrated that animals fed natural yogurt containing the viable culture microflora were able to absorb galactose more efficiently . Intestinal lactase activity of yogurt-fed animals was greater than in animals fed other experimental diets including pasteurized yogurt . Gastrointestinal survival of culture organisms was demonstrated in vivo up to 3 h after feeding, and thus, the viable cells resulted in more efficient hydrolysis which favored lactose digestion in natural yogurt.

Arch Dermatol, 1976 Mar, 112(3), 333 - 8
Role of microorganisms in dandruff; Leyden JJ et al.; The role of microorganisms in dandruff was studied, by suppressing individually and then collectively the three major components of the scalp microflora . The effect on dandruff was assessed subjectively by clinical grading and objectively by the corneocyte count . No effect on dandruff was demonstrated when scalp organisms were suppressed . In the second group of experiments, dandruff was suppressed by selenium sulfide shampooling and the effect of continued suppression of Pityrosporum with topically applied amphotericin was measured . According to our criteria, dandruff returned to pretreatment levels, despite continued suppression of Pityrosporum . The studies demonstrate that the increased number of scalp microorganisms found in dandruff occurs as a secondary event to increased nutrients and that scalp organisms play no primary role in the pathogenesis of dandruff.

Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol, 1976 Feb 11, 20(1), 71 - 6
Changes in size, DNA content, and nuclear ploidy of rat liver produced by the environmental microflora; Hermann RS et al.; Effects of the environment microflora on rat liver were studied in the present investigation . Rats born under sterile conditions were bred either in a germfree or in a "SPF" environment . At 12 weeks of age the liver of the SPF rats was larger by 20% and contained more DNA than germfree rat liver . Volume analysis, by means of a particle counter, of isolated nuclei suggested that the increase of DNA was due to an increase of hepatic nuclear ploidy . The findings show that infections may influence liver size and ploidy . They indicate that the state of infection should be controlled in animal studies which concern the regulation of liver growth and ploidy or which use liver weight and DNA as reference standards.

Arkh Patol, 1976, 38(3), 77 - 85
{The gnotobiologic approach to the study of the body's non-specific resistance to infection}; Podoprigora GI; A new methodological approach to the study of the organism resistance to infection with the use of experimental animals with controlled microflora (germfree and other categories of gnotobiotic animals) is considered . Characteristics of the state of natural resistance of germfree animals, revealing considerable defects of cellular and humoral protection mechanisms, are given . Findings of experimental studies into inflammation, phagocytosis and other reactions of nonspecific resistance in gnotobiotic animals, disclosing complex mechanisms of formation of these reactions under the influence of microflora, are presented . The etiological and pathogenetic role of the microbial factor in the development of infectious diseases and in the formation of mechanisms of protective reactions at various levels of integration of the organism are discussed . Conclusions concerning prospects of the gnotobiological approach in investigating the role of the microbic factor in pathology are set forth.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1976, 20(4), 427 - 36
The density of microflora in the oral and pharyngeal cavities; Pavlik I et al.; A method for quantitative assessment of the microbial density on the mucous membranes in the oral and pharyngeal cavities is described . The results of the assessment are in agreement with the theoretical assumption based on the existence of a natural electrostatic filter . The highest density of microbes is on the tonsils where the positive pole of the filter is situated, so that a synergism between the defensive immunological role of the tonsils and the bioelectric potential pattern is obvious . The microbial densities in the oral cavity are more or less interdependent whereas the findings on the pharynx rear wall are isolated being probably perturbed by repeated swallowing.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1976, 30(5-6), 793 - 804
{Formation of nitrites from nitrates in the digestive tract}; Fritsch P et al.; The authors performed in vitro incubations of gastrointestinal mucosae and contents in the rat, under anaerobiosis, in the presence of nitrates . Nitrate disappearance and nitrite appearance amounts were measured in the different incubation media . From these works it follows that a certain quantity of nitrates are actually reduced to nitrites specifically by the ileo-caecal microflora of rats and perhaps, to a lower degree, by the action of a nitrate-reductase which may occur in the digestive mucosae . Moreover, the authors carried out in situ perfusions into the small intestine of rats, by adding nitrates to the perfusion liquid at a concentration of 400 mg per litre . It was thus demonstrated that the nitrate-absorbing kinetics is very rapid but those nitrates do not gather in the blood; besides, the presence of nitrites in the perfusion medium indicates a possible nitrate reduction in the intestinal gut.

Arkh Patol, 1976, 38(6), 27 - 33
{Mechanisms of intestinal bacterial toxemia in severe burns}; Vtiurin BV et al.; Electron-microscopy investigations of the small intestine mucosa in white rats with deep thermal burns of 18-20% of the body surface showed that already in early periods following the trauma grave thermal burns caused structural desorganization of the enterocytic barrier and invasion of the intestinal microflora . Damages of the wall of capillaries of the small intestine mucosa, being in themselves manifestations of generalized lesion of the histo-hematic barriers in burns, contributed to further invasion of microflora and its vital activity products into the blood . During the investigation a morphological picture of the phenomenon of endotoxinemia and bacteriemia developed already in the early periods of the burn trauma was established.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(4), 378 - 91
{Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soilborne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil . I . Model trials with Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (author's transl)}; Naumann K et al.; 1 . In glass-house trials the influence of residues of clover, grass, and mixtures (1:1) of them added to natural and partially sterilized loam soil upon the parasitic activity of Rhizoctonia solani and the soil micro-organisms and their activity was analyzed . 2 . Burying of plant residues (1%) increased the content of organic substance in soil for 8 weeks and longer . 3 . The soil reaction (pH) was not noteworthy affected by application of clover or grass residues . 4 . However, the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were increased, especially by adding clover dried . In natural soil, the maximum of stimulation was reached later than in soil sterilized . Adding of grass and roots of grass enlarged the spectrum of fungi observed in the soil amended . Roots of grass stimulated the cellulose-decomposing organisms remarkably . 5 . The activity of dehydrogenase (AD) was influenced in different manner: in natural soil fresh clover, grass, mixtures of them, and clover dried increased, and fresh roots of clover, grass, and mixtures of them diminished AD; in soil sterilized the most variants stimulated this activity . 6 . All plants residues increased the cellulolytic activity of soil for a long time, but in sterilized soil this effect reached its maximum earlier than in natural soil amended and did not last so long, too . 7 . The possible explanations for the inhibition of parasitic activity of Rhizoctonia solani caused by burying plant residues are discussed.

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(5), 70 - 7
{Inhibitory action of the residues of some new disinfecting agents on the microflora of Bulgarian milk}; Slavchev G; Studied were the amounts of residues of disinfection solutions such as antigerm 0.3 per cent, bradophen 0.2 per cent, abosanit 0.35 per cent, trosilin 0.5 per cent, and oxania 2 per cent which could produce inhibitory effects of the microflora of the Bulgarian sour milk . It was established that the presence of more than 25 ml/1 of a given disinfection solution in the milk of the above-mentioned ones at the concentrations cited (with the exception of trosilin) exert a strong inhibitory action on milk microflora and the enzyme processes . As a result no curdling sets in . The use of Bac . stearothermophilus as a test organism can detect but the presence of 150 mg/1 antigerm in the milk.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jan, (1), 40 - 4
{Microflora of the intestine and biliary tracts in patients with viral hepatitis}; Nemirovskaia TI et al.; The authors present the results of studying the microflora if the intestine and of the biliary tracts in patients with viral hepatitis; dysbacteriosis was revealed in 53% of the cases . This percentage proved to decrease with clinical recovery . Bile proved to be often contaminated with microbes -- 77% of the samples; this was particularly true in cases with cholestatic variant of the disease and in cases of moderate severity . The fact of prolonged habitation of the microorganisms in the bile system is of importance -- 68% of the patients still had microbial flora in the gall bladder and the biliary tracts by the time of discharge from the hospital.

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(9), 59 - 64
{Properties of the contagious ecthyma virus used for vaccine production}; Kalaidzhiiski A; Experiments were carried out to establish the effect of some antibiotics and merthiolate on the vaccinal Phylaxia strain of ecthyma contagiosa . Besides, followed up was the effect of these antibiotics on concomitant microflora that had multipled in the virus suspension . Trials were also made to titrate the vaccinal strain on lambs through scarification . Titration was carried out by the method of Schmidt . Virus dilutions of 10-1 were applied following scarification on the the thighs and fore limbs of two lams . A scarified site was also left without application to check up the effect . Each treatment needed two lambs . It was found that the antibiotics nistatin, kanamycin, oxacillin, tetraolean, oleandomycin, oxitetracyclin and chloramphenicol did not lower the activity of the vaccinal virus Phylaxia . The antibiotics tested at the respective concentrations had no sterilizing effect on the crust media regard to the concomitant bacteria . It is pointed out that the method of virus treatment can be employed to determine the biologic potential of productional batches of ecthyma contagiosa vaccine.

Nahrung, 1976, 20(2), 133 - 9
{Porcine pepsin on some chemical and microbiological indices of cheeses produced with its participation}; Ovcinnikov AD et al.; The authors report data about the contents of non-protein nitrogen, bound and soluble nitrogen, free amino acids, monocarbonyl compounds and volatile fatty acids as well as about the sum of dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of carbonyl compounds and about the microflora . The greatest differences between experimental and control cheeses (produced with rennin) in the contents of the above-mentioned constituents were observed within the first 30 days . On day 60 of experimentation, these differences had smoothed down . It is concluded that a I:I mixture of porcine pepsin and rennin may be used for the production of small medium hard cheeses without impairing their quality of nutritive value.

Laryngoscope, 1976 Jan, 86(1), 58 - 63
Recurrent adenotonsillitis: a new concept; Sprinkle PM et al.; An update of original data is presented . These data continue to confirm the physiological effect of adenotonsillectomy on the abnormal oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal microflora of children with recurrent adenotonsillitis . A new concept suggesting a bacterial-viral etiology of recurrent adenotonsillitis is presented . The advantages of such a concept are reviewed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(7), 632 - 43
Studies on the phyllosphere microflora of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl); Sadasivam KV et al.; Studies on the phyllosphere microflora of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) revealed that incidence of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes is indipendent of the variety, but dependent on the age . The bacteria and fungi increased with increasing age of the leaf and were more on mature leaves, whereas no such difference was noticed in the occurrence of actinomycetes . The large majority of the isolates, that were Gram-negative bacteria, was also amino acid-requiring . The chromogenic types occurred in greater abundance . The phyllosphere mycoflora consisted mainly of species of Asperigullus, Penicillium, Mucor, Curvularia, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Fusarium, Hormicium, and Pullularia, at first three being predominant . There was no correlation between HCN content of leaves and microorganisms in the phyllosphere, Regarding the interrelationship between different groups of microorganisms in the phyllosphere, a positive correlation between fungi and actinomycetes and bacteria and actinomycetes in two (M . 4 and H . 105/44) varieties and a negative correlation for fungi and actinomycetes in one (H . 12/49) were obtained . The effect of leaf exudate and leaf, root, and tuber extracts on the germination of the conidia of three saprobic fungi, viz., Curvalaria sp., Alternaria sp., and Helminthosporium sp . was tested . While the leaf exudate and tuber extracts slightly stimulated the germination of the conidia of the fungi, the leaf extract exerted a selective inhibitory effect on the germination of the conidia of Curvalaria sp., but not on the conidia of Helminthosporium sp . and Alternaria sp.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1976, 170(2), 389 - 94
{Influence of lead on the microflora of the soil}; Foully B; In the soil, bacteria are not inhibited by lead . In vitro great sensibility of bacteria and resistance phenomena of gram plus bacteria are showed . Lead is attracted by clay-humic complexes and becomes unavailable for microorganisms.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1976, 170(2), 368 - 74
{Influence of microflora on the metabolism of L-threonine at the level of the rat digestive tract}; Combe E et al.; Intestinal tissues are found to incorporate L threonine 14CU at faster rate in the absence of microflora . Most of the radioactivity of the digestive contents occurs in the TCA soluble compounds, except in the coecum and large intestine of the conventional rats where the microflora synthetized its own proteins from the labelled digestive material . Free threonine is the main labelled soluble compound in the conventional rats digestive contents . In the other hand, in the germfree rats digestive contents, radioactivity of the other compounds is found in higher concentration than free threonine.

Acta Anat (Basel), 1976, 94(3), 449 - 56
Histochemistry of the duodenal glands of the cat and horse; Oduor-Okelo D; The duodenal glands of cat and horse were studied using PAS, Alcian blue, dialysed iron, aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue and high iron diamine stains . It was found that the duodenal glands of the horse reacted positively to Alcian blue, dialysed iron stains and also took the Alcian blue stain in the combined aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue and high iron diamine-Alcian blue stains . Those of the cat gave negative results . These results suggest the presence of acidic groups in the mucosubstances secreted by the horse's duodenal glands . A suggestion is put forward on the strength of the high iron diamine-Alcian blue combined stains that the acidity is due to the presence of carboxyl groups . It is suggested that the acidity may be significant in either cellulose metabolism or the digestion of the bacterial microflora from the stomach of herbivores.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(7), 644 - 60
{Comparison in vitro between farm-yard manure and liquid manure (author's transl)}; de Leval J; Spreading of liquid manure in a grassland ecosystem, stable since a long time when treated with farm-yard manure, brings out a great unbalance in the soil . In comparison of farm-yard manure, the liquid manure involves -- a decrease of C and N in the soil, -- a deterioration of the soil structure, -- a dangerous change in the CEC for K+ and Na+, -- an excessive stimulation of the microflora . In brief, through its composition the liquid manure involves a hyperactivity of the microglora . This heterotropic microflora is particularly mineralizing and breaks down the organic matter . The result is a temporary increase in fertility . But this stimulation of the soil life disbalances the eco-system in which -- the pool of organic matter decreases without replacement, -- the content in Ca++ and Mg++ decreases to the benefit of K+ and Na+.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Dec 31, 57(3), 171 - 6
Microflora of stored grain in international trade; Wallace HA et al.; Although the temperature of grain in the holds of ships arriving in Japan from Argintina, Australia, Canada, China and USA during 1966-67 varied with the grain, country of origin, and season, it was likely to be determined by the temperature of the grain when it was loaded into the ships . Dockage level varied among bulks of the same type of grain, but the mean dockage in any one crop was always larger when originating from the USA than from other countries . Generally the viability of the grain was good, but when it was reduced, interaction of variety and time seemed to be the principal cause . Field fungi - non-pathogenic Alternaria, and the pathogenic Helminthosporium and Fusarium species - tended to die out, during transport, thus reducing the hazards of new pathogenic strains being distributed across international boundaries . The non-pathogenic field fungi, Cladosporium and Phaeoramularia, were persistent . Although common in grain shipments from all countries, species of Aspergillus and Penicillium varied quantitatively with the different grains . In this respect, more Aspergillus spp . were found in grains originating in the USA and Australia than those originating in Canada . The primary contamination by storage fungi appeared to be at the source, at or after harvest and in storage prior to export.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1975 Dec, 45(6), 439 - 56
Experimental induction of colonic carcinomas in rats . Analysis of factors influencing upon the incidence; Kanazawa K et al.; A method to make a diverted segment of the colon keeping direct continuity to the main colonic lumen was introduced to study carcinogenesis in the colon of rats . This method was proved to be useful for analyzing several factors influencing upon cancerization in the colonic mucous membrane . Macroscopical colonic neoplasia were induced in nearly 80% of rats treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine introduced into the colonic lumen through the diverted segment . Neoplastic lesion of the mucous membrane developed mainly in the colonic segments which were in direct contact with intestinal content . The importance of intestinal content and colonic microflora was discussed and reviewed . One epithelial cell line was established from one intraperitoneal metastatic deposit of a huge colonic carcinoma induced by the carcinogen . This cell line has been maintained in tissue culture . The liver was susceptible to the carcinogen, and multiple cystic lesions were observed after intracolonic administration of the chemical.

Surg Clin North Am, 1975 Dec, 55(6), 1367 - 72
Septic complications following gastric surgery: relationship to the endogenous gastric microflora; Nichols RL et al.; The microflora of the stomach is derived from both the ingestion of food and saliva and the reflux of proximal intestinal contents through the pylorus . Normally, this microflora is inhibited by gastric acid and normal gastric motility . In disease states, however, such as bleeding or obstructing duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or carcinoma, the level of gastric acid is reduced or the gastric motility is altered . Thus, endogenous microflora persists and often becomes the source of postoperative wound infections following gastric resection.

Br J Pharmacol, 1975 Dec, 55(4), 497 - 501
Furazolidone-pethidine interaction in rabbits; Eltayeb IB et al.; 1 The intravenous injection of pethidine in rabbits pretreated with furazolidone administered orally but not systemically resulted in severe interaction and fatal hyperpyrexia . 2 Treatment with rho-chlorophenylalanine, chloropromazine of cyproheptadine protected the rabbits against the furazolidone-pethidine interaction, while alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine was ineffective . 3 5-Hydroxytryptophan produced a fatal hyperpyrexia in furazolidone pretreated rabbits . 4 Pretreatment of rabbits with 1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(rho-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) accelerated and enhanced the furazolidone-pethidine interaction, while oxytetracycline pretreatment completely prevented the interaction . 5 It is concluded that furazolidone-pethidine interaction might depend mainly on potentiation of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the CNS and that the transformation of furazolidone into an active monoamine oxidase inhibitor metabolite might occur mainly in the gut microflora in the gut lumen.

Arch Dis Child, 1975 Nov, 50(11), 837 - 43
Duodenal bile acids in infancy; Challacombe DN et al.; Duodenal bile acids have been estimated in three age groups in infancy from birth to 7 months, and age-related changes have been shown . The lowest concentrations of duodenal bile acids occurred in the youngest infants, and increasing concentrations were found with increasing age . Taurine conjugated bile acids predominated in early infancy, while in older infants bile acids were mainly conjugated with glycine . The probable presence of taurolithocholic acid in the duodenal bil of 2 newborns before the establishment of a gastrointestinal microflora remains to be confirmed, but could result either from transplacental passage of secondary bile acids or from endogenous synthesis by the fetal liver.

Br J Nutr, 1975 Nov, 34(3), 469 - 92
Some observations on the possible nutritional significance of vitamin B12-and folate-binding proteins in milk . Absorption of {58Co}cyanocobalamin by suckling piglets; Ford JE et al.; 1 . A study was made of absorption of {58Co}cyanocobalamin in suckling piglets . Cyanocobalamin given at birth and at 7 d of age was efficiently absorbed from the intestine and retained within the body, mostly in the liver . A 10 mug test dose was absorbed no less efficiently than 2-5 mug, despite the virtual absence of intrinsic factor in the gut . In piglets given a 10 mug test dose at different ages between 2-5 and 56 d, there was a marked decrease in the efficiency of retention between about 7 and 21 d of age . 2 . Vitamin B12-binding capacity in the gastric muscosa increased with age, from 40 ng at birth to about 2000 ng at 14 d and 7000 ng at 35 d . This binder-protein was largely endogenous, whereas much of the unsaturated binder-protein in intestinal mucosa was apparently derived from milk . 3 . The chyme in the stomach and small intestine contained unsaturated binder-protein, partly endogenous and partly deriving from milk, which prevented uptake of added {G-3H}-cyanocobalamin into the 'solids' phase of the intestinal contents . The intestinal chyme contained large numbers (log10 7-0--9-1/ml) of bacteria, some of which were isolated and shown to take up cyanocobalamin or folic acid or both . 4 . The finings are discussed in relation to the concept that for some days or wekks after the cessation of transport of inact protein across the neonatal gut epithelium ('closure'), protein-bound vitamins may continue to be taken up into the epithelial cells and there released for transport into the circulation . It is concluded that unsaturated vitamin-binders may strongly influence the ecology of the intestinal microflora.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1975 Nov, 30(11), 741 - 4
{Tetracyclin and caries}; Harndt R; The influence of tetracyclines embedded in hard substances on caries predisposition of the teeth is tested in Syrian hamsters . Caries predisposition in the teeth that mineralized under tetracycline influence is by 67% smaller than in the teeth of the animals of the control group . This phenomenon can neither be explained by a permanent change in the microflora of the oral cavity nor by a local effect of the antibiotic resulting from dissolving processes when it is released . The reduction in caries predisposition can only be due to a change in the mineral structure of the enamel that developed under the influence of tetracycline.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 21(11), 1855 - 65
Effects of zinc-smelter emissions on forest soil microflora; Jordan MJ et al.; Within 2 km of a zinc (Zn) smelter in Palmerton, Pennsylvania, near the Lehigh Water Gap, up to 13.5% Zn by weight has been measured in the O2 horizon of the soil, and up to 8% Zn in the A1 horizon . The total numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi (measured by dilution plate counts) were greatly reduced in the most severely Zn-contaminated soils compared with control soils . The reduction of microbial populations may be a partial cause of the decreased rate of litter decomposition at Lehigh Gap . Growth of most bacteria from control sites was reduced by 100 to 200 muM Zn, most actinomycetes by 100 muM Zn, and most fungi by 100 to 1000 muM Zn in thin-Pablum extract agar (TPab) . All the tested actinomycetes and non-spore-forming bacteria isolated from Zn-contaminated Lehigh Gap soils were Zn-tolerant, growing normally in media containing 600-2000 muM Zn . Most fungi, regardless of source, were capable of at least 50% of normal growth at 700 muM Zn . Zinc-tolerant bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were readily isolated from low-Zn soils, suggesting that selection for Zn tolerance may proceed rapidly . Acidophilic Mortierella species have been selectively eliminated near the smelter, apparently because of elevated soil pH . Peryronellaea glomerata (Corda) Goidanich and Coniothyrium spp . were found only in the high-Zn soils.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Oct-Nov, 126(3), 405 - 8
Assay of nitrogenase activity in intact plant systems; Jain MK et al.; Nitrogenase activity was assayed in intact system of Cichorium intybus, a non-leguminous commercially cultivated crop, Dahlia pinnata and Helianthus annus, and Taraxacum officinale, a common weed plant . The assay was made in fabricated cylinders which could accomodate pot with plants . In such kind of assay along with rhizosphere microflora, the nitrogen fixed by phyllosphere nitrogen fixing microflora could also be accounted, which otherwise was difficult to be accounted for.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Oct, 30(4), 609 - 15
Effect of microflora on the free amino acid distribution in various regions of the mouse gastrointestinal tract; Whitt DD et al.; The distribution of free amino acids in the contents of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, upper small intestine, lower small intestine, cecum, upper colon and lower colon) was studied in germfree and conventionalized mice . Particular emphasis was placed on the conversion of tryptophan to indole as a probe for studying intermicrobial interactions and microbe-host interactions in vivo . Great differences were observed in the free amino acid content of the various regions of the digestive tract in each type of mouse and also in any one region between germfree and conventionalized mice . As would be expected, there were fewer differences in amino acid distribution between the types of mice in both regions of the small intestine . This correlates with a much lower population of microorganisms in these regions . The changes in free amino acid content and distribution produced by microflora are great enough to serve as a good probe for studying the interactions of a limited number of species of microbes in gnotobiotic animals and assign possible specific functions to each species.

J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 1975 Oct, (23), 139 - 42
Control of microflora in stallion semen with a semen extender; Burns SJ et al.; Sterile equipment was used to collect ten ejaculates from each of ten normal stallions and quantitative and qualitative bacterial counts were made within 15 min after collection . The mean bacterial population in undiluted semen was found to be 573,000 +/- 374,000 organisms/ml . The bacterial content of semen diluted with two parts sterile physiological saline, or with two parts of a cream-gelatin extender, was measured within 15 min after collection and again after 2 hr at 25 degrees C . The number of bacteria was slightly increased in the saline after 2 hr, but 1 93% and 99% reduction occurred in the extended semen within 15 min and after 2 hr at room temperature.

Inhaled Part, 1975 Sep, 4 Pt 2, 519 - 29
Immunological studies of experimental coalworkers' pneumoconiosis; Burrell R et al.; A comparative immunological and microbiological study of experimental coalworkers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) was made in rats and mice subjected to long-term exposures of coal-mine dust aerosols . Such aerosols were realistically prepared at a concentration equal to the maximal level of respirable dust permitted by Federal standards and animals were exposed for lengths of time equal to human work contact . Among the factors studied were the production of IgA and lung reactive antibody, lung microflora and changes in pulmonary clearance . Additional experiments were concerned with the effects of passively administered lung antibody on the pulmonary clearance . It was found that both species responded immunologically in a similar manner to humans with CWP in that IgA levels were significantly elevated and lung reactive antibodies were stimulated . Coal-mine dust inhalation had little effect on the pulmonary inactivation of inhaled bacteria, but the concomitant occurrence of passively administered lung reactive antibody seemed to enhance the inactivation.

Vopr Pitan, 1975 Sep-Oct, (5), 80 - 3
{Hygienic study of a proteolytic preparation obtained from Actinomyces}; Kuzechkin ZN et al.; An enzymatic preparation rimoprotelin, obtained from Actinomyces rumosus was studied . The results of a microbiological control analysis showed the preparation to contain admixtures of oxytetracycline in an amoun of 950 Un/g . In a 9-months long test with albino rats the enzymatic preparation produced substantial interferences in the composition to the intestinal microflora and increased the incidence of bacterial cultures resistent to oxytetracycline . Morphological changes in the organs and tissues of the test animals, which were, apparently, conditioned by the presence of the antibiotic admixture in the preparation were revealed . This point to the need of a thorough purification of this enzymatic preparation from the oxytetracycline admixture and makes its use as a food additive in its original form imposssible.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Aug, 20(8), 744 - 8
{State of certain indices of natural, nonspecific immunity in workers engaged in the manufacture of neomycin and monomycin}; Baru RV et al.; Women occupied at various stages of neomycin and monomycin production were examined immunologically . The examination revealed insignificant changes in the phagocytic activity of the blood neutrophils, however no relation between the changes level and the level of contact with the antibiotics was observed . Changes in composition of the microflora in the deep skin layers in direction of an increase in the number of pathogenic microbes and a decrease in the bactericidal function of the skin were found in the women occupied at the final stages of the technological process, i.e . drying, packing and control.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Jul 30, 56(1), 15 - 20
{Microflora of the atmosphere in the city of Trujillo (Peru) . III . Genera isolated during the year 1971}; Requejo H; There were 1762 fungi isolated from the atmosphere of Trujillo city (Peru) during the year 1971 . These isolants belonged to 23 genera of fungi . The most frequently isolated were: Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Stemphylium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus and Tilachlidium . Nine genera are reported for first time from the air of the city (Tilachlidium, Cephalosporium, Mucor, Aureobasidium, Hormiscium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Paecilomyces and Fisidium) . Six genera may be alergenic for asthmatic patients of Trujillo city.

J Dent Res, 1975 Jul-Aug, 54(4), 740 - 50
Effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on human oral microflora; Brown LR et al.; A longitudinal study was performed to assess the effects of radiation-induced xerostomia on the human oral microflora . Pronounced microbial population shifts were found in each of five intraoral sites tested . Cariogenic microorganisms gained prominence at the expense of noncariogenic microorganisms in concert with the saliva shutdown . These changes occurred before the onset of clinical caries irrespective of whether or not a topical fluoride gel was used as a caries preventive.

Equine Vet J, 1975 Jul, 7(3), 120 - 30
Recent research into the nutrition of the horse; Frape DL; The majority of recent experiments in equine nutrition relates to the metabolism of protein, non-protein nitrogen, carbohydrate, calcium and phosphorus . An understanding of the significance of the nitrogen cycle is emerging in which there is a two-way movement of compounds across the wall of the G.I . tract . Some quantitative estimates of the role of microflora in this process have been made for comparison with similar processes in ruminants . However, the pathway by which the microflora contributes to the nitrogen economy and the extent to which this occurs is not established in the horse . It is well established that both glucose and volatile fatty acids are common substrates in tissue metabolism; but in contrast to evidence in the ruminant the ratio of starch to fibre in the diet does not affect the efficiency fo fibre digestibility . This, and similar observations, are explicable in terms of the anatomy of the G.I . tract of the horse . There is a scarcity of information on the secretion of digestive enzymes by the horse and on the relationship between intestinal function and certain digestive upsets . Furthermore, there is an urgent need for accurate clinical evidence for the significance of calcium and phosphorus nutrition to the development of leg abnormalities in horses . The irrelevance, for diagnosing purposes, of estimates of serum Ca and P is concluded, especially where no other relevant information is available . Haematological procedures, of diagnostic value in this respect, are available for use at least in controlled clinical conditions.

Xenobiotica, 1975 Jul, 5(7), 407 - 11
An incubation flask to study metabolism of foreign compounds by intestinal microflora; Allan RJ et al.; 1 . The design and procedure for use of an all-glass incubation flask which facilitates the production and maintenance of an anaerobic environment suitable for the study of drug metabolism by intestinal microflora is described . 2 . Evaluation was based on monitoring available oxygen with an oxygen electrode . 3 . Removal of air by the combination of replacement with hydrogen, a room temperature catalyst and a fluching technique, produced low oxygen levels comparable to vacuum systems without the need for adverse pressure changes.

Cell Tissue Res, 1975 Jun 13, 159(3), 399 - 412
Studies on the fine structure of the cuticle of Porcellidium, crustacea copepoda; Gharagozlou-van Ginneken ID et al.; Two species of Porcellidium have been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy: P . viride from Banyuls-sur-mer, Mediterranian Sea and P . fimbriatum from Roscoff, English Channel . Both species live on green Algae of the genus Ulva . We confirmed previous descriptions of the cuticular ultrastructure in the main groups of Copepods . Four new characteristics however were shown to occur in the backcuticle of Porcellidium: 1 . The presence of a system of highly differentiated external microvilli showing electron dense basal portions and less electron dense tips, from which thin filaments project towards a large population of Bacteria associated with the Copepod . 2 . The surface of the cuticle resembles a lunar landscape with craters . The sheet of microvilli closely follows the contour of the cuticle . 3 . The presence of branched cytoplasmic canals with swollen extremities (beneath the epicuticle) extending from the epidermal cells . 4 . Systems of vesicles lying between the bases of the microvilli and the expansions (ampullae) at the tip of the cytoplasmic canals . The association of Bacteria with the cuticle is constant and many of these are apparently undergoing cytolysis; The system of microvilli and of cytoplasmic canals are apparently related to the presence of the bacterial microflora.

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1975 Jun, 14(2), 133 - 44
{The microbial flora in the digestive tract of the monogastric and its effect on the nutritional metabolism of the host}; Ducluzeau R et al.; The purpose of the present article is to give a survey of present knowledge of the ecological relationships between the various bacterial populations composing the microflora of the digestive tract of the host animal . Analysis of the relationships can be made with the aid of recent techniques: utilization of axenic animals (germ-free) and of gnotoxenic animals inoculated with known bacterial populations; perfecting of bacteriological techniques for the quantitative differential analysis of the various bacterial populations in the digestive tract, especially in the case of strictly anaerobic species . Some characteristics of the equilibrium between the various bacterial populations in the different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract have been described as well as some of the mechanisms which regulate this equilibrium . These mechanisms either imply interactions between bacteria or the action of the host animal and the environment on the microflora . Lastly, various examples concerning the action of the microflora in the digestive tract on the nutritional physiology of the host animal are given; action on the anatomy of the digestive tract and on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Apr, (4), 85 - 9
{Local shwartzman phenomenon in animals with a complete absence and a reduction of the normal microflora}; Gorskaia EM et al.; Macro- and microscopic changes were studied in case of reproduction of the local Schwartzmann phenomenon in animals with various extent of bioisolation . It was revealed that the Schwartzmann phenomenon was positive in the usual animals and negative in the germ-free guinea pigs and in the animals with reduced enteric microbial flora given sterile diet . In the absence of microscopic changes in the germ-free animals there was revealed in their skin a neutrophilic-mononuclear infiltration of the derma, dilatation of the vessels, thrombosis of individual vessels . Apart from the same changes in guinea pigs with a reduced microbial flora, there were found focal extravasation and thrombosis of a somewhat greater number of vessels . There was no marked thromboses of small branches of the vessels, extensive hemorrhages or necroses which usually accompanied positive Schwartzmann phenomenon.

Nord Vet Med, 1975 Apr, 27(4), 229 - 35
{The effect of flame treatment on microflora and storage quality of chicken carcasses (author's transl)}; Nordal J et al.; In the present investigation the effect of flame treatment on the microflora, storage time and organoleptic quality of chickens carcasses has been studied . The flame treatment had an immediate decimating effect on the surface microflora . This positive effect was observed throughout the storage period on chicken carcasses flame treated after exvisceration . The total bacterial count in this group was significantly lower both initially and in the end of the storage period compared to the bacterial counts in non treated chickens and chickens flame treated after exvisceration (F = 7.62, respectively, 7.67; df = 16) . However, by organoleptic testing at the end of the storage period no significant difference could be observed between the groups.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 21(4), 565 - 70
Effects of potassium azide on soil microbial populations and soil enzymatic activities; Kelley WD et al.; Preplant applications of potassium azide (KN3) to pine nursery beds were evaluated for effect on the soil microflora and on soil enzyme activity where either plastic-sealing or water-sealing techniques were used . Two weeks after incorporation of azide (0-224 kg/hs), soil samplings revealed reduced populations of bacteria and fungi and a corresponding decline in invertase and amylase activities . These effects were proportionate to the amount of azide used and were more pronounced in plastic-sealed plots . Phosphatase activity was little affected . Five weeks after azide application, bacterial populations were higher in treated plots than in controls . Greater numbers of bacteria were recorded from plastic-sealed plots and highest populations coincided with plots receiving the highest rates of azide, regardless of the sealing technique . Fungal populations at this sampling were generally less in treated plots than in the controls, but were higher under plastic seal . At this time, changes in invertase and amylase activities did not correspond to increased microbial numbers . Sixteen weeks after applications of KN3, bacterial populations in treated plots did not differ significantly from controls, but remained higher in plastic-sealed than water-sealed plots . Fungal populations under plastic seal had changed little and remained significantly lower in treated water-sealed plots than in controls . The earlier recorded reduction in invertase and amylase activities was still evident at the final sampling;

Lab Anim, 1975 Apr, 9(2), 99 - 104
The microbiological and parasitological colonisation of specified-pathogen-free mice maintained in a conventional animal house; Taylor RJ et al.; 2 groups of 44 specified-pathogen-free (SPF) mice, caged in groups of 4, were housed at weaning either in isolation in a building housing conventionally-reared animals, or in contact with those animals . 4 mice from each group were examined for microbiological flora and 4 for parasites at intervals for up to 90 days after transfer . Proscribed bacteria were isolated from the "in contact' group after 42 days and endoparasites were observed by 16 days and thereafter . No proscribed bacteria were isolated from the other group, although some endoparasites were observed by 16 days . Proscribed bacteria were shown to be present in the conventionally-reared animals at weaning and ecto- and endoparasites by day 16 and thereafter . It is suggested that it may be possible to maintain SPF animals outside a SPF Unit for short periods of time, and that with great care the animals remain free of proscribed microflora.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 325 - 9
{Use of gamma-irradiation of soil for analyzing the state of microbial coeneses}; Shcherbakova TA et al.; Increasing doses of gamma-irradiation eliminate some physiological and ecologo-trophical groups from microbial cenoses in soil . Soil fungi are least resistant to the action of gamma-irradiation (do not grow on agarized soil (AS) at a dose of 0.5 Mrad) . Actinomycetes are more resistant (do not grow on AS at a dose of 0.75 Mrad) . Bacteria are most resistant to irradiation . Asporogenous bacteria do not grow on agarized soil at a dose of 1.25 Mrad . Sporogenous bacteria survive at higher doses (1.75 Mrad) . The method of gamma-irradiation permits to accomplish differential analysis of ecological groups of soil microflora and experimental synthesis of microbial associations . The effect of gamma-irradiation on soil enzymes is weak compared with autoclaving . gamma-Irradiated soils may serve as a substrate for model experiments during analysis of microbial associations.

Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Mar, 20(3), 147 - 52
{Effect of long-term freezing preservation on the level of bacterial contamination of the sperm}; Mazurova J et al.; Fourty-five ejaculates of breeding bulls were examined at a breeding station in order to study the contamination level of sperm after ejaculation, after thinning, after finished equilibration, after freezing, and after three months after placement in liquid nitrogen at -- 196 degrees C . The amount of germs in sperm was found to increase rapidly in the course of examination and thinning at laboratory temperature . The average number of 4,149 germs increased to 9,729 . During equilibration the number of germs dropped to 3,670, after freezing it decreased to 2,442, and after three months of storage in liquid nitrogen the contamination level was 901 germs . All values were converted to the volume of the insemination dose of 0.2 ml . Incubation at 37 degrees C lasted 48 hours . All differences were statistically significant . The freezing of thinned sperm significantly reduced the level of microflora.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 321 - 4
{Microflora of underground waters in oil and gas fields of Mangyshlak}; Munbaeva OT et al.; The distribution of various physiological bacterial groups with respect to the geological profile and area was studied in underground waters of the gas and oil bearing complexes of Mangyshlak . Metamorphism of the environment in the complexes, in the direction of flow of underground waters, from the oxidative to the reductive medium, is correlated with changes in the composition of the prevailing and accompanying bacterial groups for each of the zones.

Am J Physiol, 1975 Feb, 228(2), 526 - 9
Oxidative energy metabolism in germ-free and conventional rat liver mitochondria; Sewell DL et al.; The ADP:O ratios and State 3 (ADP-stimulated) and State 4 (controlled) rates of succinate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, isocitrate, glutamate, pyruvate + malate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) oxidation were examined in liver mitochondria from germ-free and conventional rats of both Lobund Wistar (100-day-old) and Fisher (120-day-old) strains . The State 3 respiration rates of isolated mitochondria from germ-free and conventional rats were comparable except for the rate of succinate oxidation in the Wistar rats, which was significantly lower (approx . 10%) . The State 4 respiration rates were generally lower in mitochondria isolated from germ-free Fisher rats (approx . 8%) and significantly lower (approx . 18%) in germ-free Wistar rats . The ADP:O ratios were similar in germ-free and conventional rats . Serum thyroxine concentrations indicated delayed maturation of thyroid function in young germ-free rats, but adult animals had concentrations similar to those found in conventional rats . The results indicate that, although absence of a microflora results in a 20-30% reduction in metabolic rate, the germ-free state has little influence on the functional respiration or oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated from the liver of the adult rat.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(9), 21 - 7
{Pathomorphological changes in a disease in swine caused by feeding bacterial-contaminated 1-lysine}; Dzhurov A; Studied were the lesions in the parenchymal organs and the hormonal glands in 20 pigs spontaneously died as a result of feeding with 1-lysine that had been contaminated with bacteria . The gross changes consisted of the enlargement and dark red coloration of the liver, gastroenteritis, hyperemia and hemorrhages in the kidneys and heart, oedema of the lungs and the wall of the gall bladder . Histologically, in the acute cases the liver showed hyperemia, pericapillary oedema, and granular dystrophia; in the subacute cases there were toxic dystrophy with the activation of the reticulo-endothelial system and subserous oedema in the gall bladder . The kidneys presented hyperemia, hemorrhages, and decreased volume of the glomeruloses in the subacute course of the disease . In terms of their function the heart, lungs, and kidneys displayed hemodynamic disturbances, and in the thyroid there were histologically changes characteristic of a follicular collapse . It is believed that the morphologic changes in the viscera investigated were due not to the intake of lysine itself, but to the effect of toxins produced by the concomitant microflora and the toxic amins (metabolites of the amino acids).

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(7), 49 - 54
{Quantitative changes in the uterine microflora during the puerperal period and conception in cows}; Radoslavov V; A total of 32 cows equal in terms of breed, annual milk productivity, feeding and tending regime were examined to determine the clearance of the uterine microflora during the puerperal period and establish the correlation between the conception rate and the bacterial clearance . The studies were carried out on the day of calving and on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th day after that . It was found that in cows manifesting certain troubles during the puerperal period the bacterial count in the uterine discharges was 75.3% higher as early as the very first day following calving, and regardless of the drop after the ninth day, by the fifteenth day it was 64 per cent higher than in animals showing normal puerperium . In 40.8 per cent of the cows the discharge afterbirth on the day of calving showed no microorganisms . The rise of the microbial count was noted after the first day . It reached its maximum values by the 9 - 10th day after calving, after which it showed a dropping trend . The conception rate of cows with a normal puerperium at first service was 58.1 percent.

Acta Microbiol Pol B, 1975, 7(4), 231 - 6
Degradation of urea by bacteria and algae in mass algal cultures; Chrost RJ et al.; Studies were conducted to determine the role of bacteria and algae in the degradation of urea in industrial waste waters . The microflora accompanying algae in continuous cultures on waste waters from the nitrogen fertilizers industry was found to include bacteria capable of intensive degradation of urea . Urea hydrolyzing bacteria are with time eliminated from the algal culture . This elimination can be attributed to algal metabolites which inhibit the development of sensitive bacteria . The Chlorella vulgaris strain used in the treatment of wast waters from the nitrogen fertilizers industry did not hydrolyse urea.

Proc R Soc Edinb {Nat Environ}, 1975, 75(1-2), 137 - 44
A preliminary investigation of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary; Herbert RA; Two features of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary are considered . First the effect of salinity on the size and species composition of the resident microflora at various sites within the estuary . The second part is concerned with data obtained from laboratory experiments designed to study the effects of subjecting marine and freshwater bacteria, isolated from the Tay, to salt stress.

Digestion, 1975, 13(4), 232 - 40
The colon: Absorptive, seccretory and metabolic functions; Cummings JG; The role which the human colon fulfils in digestion and metabolism remains largely undocumented . Its capacity to conserve water and electrolytes is well known although how this is controlled is uncertain . In the animal kingdom, calcium and magnesium absorption from the colon are improtant as are absorption and synthesis of vitamins . The abundant microflora of the human colon gives it unique properties . Dietary residue is metabolised forming short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane; whilst 20% of urea synthesised in man is broken down in the colon to ammonia, which is reabsorbed, and carbonic acid . The microflora also degrades a wide variety of organic compounds including food additives, drugs, bile salts, and cholesterol which may be relevant to the development of colon cancer . Regional differences in colonic function also exist making interpretation of data from this relatively inaccessible organ more difficult.

Environ Qual Saf, 1975, 4, 117 - 27
Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in soils with special reference to unaerobic soil conditions; Tomizawa C; Organophosphorus pesticides are generally transformed by the reactions including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, dehydrochlorination, dealkylation, methylation, isomerization, and conjugate formation . Although the degradation process of pesticides in soils is complicated, main factors may be soil constituents, soil microflora, and chemical structures of pesticides . Chemical structures are especially important for soil metabolism of organophosphorus pesticides, because the priority of the reactions mentioned above is decided . Although organophosphorus pesticides are generally hydrolyzable, the order of hydrolysis varies with chemical structures . It might be said that the slower the hydrolysis rate of the molecule, the more the possibility to be attacked by reactions other than hydrolysis . In such cases, oxidation and reduction are primarily important for the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides . Flooded soils in paddy fields give a favourable environment for the reduction of organophosphorus pesticides having labile substituents such as nitro groups . The threshold of reduction in-flooded soil is expressed as redox potential . Eh, the Eh of paddy soil fluctuates to a great extent, depending on seasons and soil types, especially organic matter content . The result of laboratory experiments with fenthion, disulfoton, Kitazin P (0,0-diisopropyl S-benzyl phosphorothiolate), edifenphos (0-ethyl S,S-diphenyl phosphorodithiolate) and amiprophos (0-ethyl 0-(2-nitro-p-tolyl) N-isopropyl phosphoramidothionate) suggested the participation of several factors mentioned above in the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides.

Ann Rech Vet, 1975, 6(2), 219 - 26
{Toxinogenic moulds of silage . III . -- Patulin and byssochlamic acid production by Byssochlamys nivea Westling on a laboratory silage model (author's transl)}; Escoula L; Growth of Byssochlamys nivea in anaerobiosis and in pure culture on sterilized standing forage, or in ecological conditions very similar to ensilaging, is accompanied by the production of patulin and byssochlamic acid . In pure culture and in anaerobiosis (Trial E.ana), Byssochlamys nivea produces 42.5 p.p.m . of patulin on day 40 of storage and 34.25 p.p.m . of byssochlamic acid on day 82 . In competition with other moulds (Trial E.ster.) or in presence of the complex microflora of silages (Trial E.f.), Byssochlamys nivea toxin production is irregular and less than found in Trial E.ana . A maximum of patulin is obtained on day 45 and day 82 of culture, respectively . Irregularity of the curves may express random competition between various micro-organisms or fixation of patulin on sulfhydryl radicals . Production kinetics of the two mycotoxins indicate that silage pollution risks will be high after three months of storage.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 147 - 50
{Reaction of soil microflora to propanide treatment}; Oleinikov RR et al.; Propanide, a herbicide, is hydrolyzed in the soil into 3,4-dichloroaniline and propionic acid . The amount of microorganisms resistant to propanide and 3,4-dichloroaniline increases when the herbicide is added to the soil, and then decreases when these compounds disappear from the soil.

Pathology, 1975 Jan, 7(1), 35 - 44
Small intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B(12) in iron-deficient rats; Yeomans ND et al.; Rats were rendered iron deficient by a combination of diet and bleeding to study its effects on vitamin B(12) absorption . Small intestinal loops were isolated in vivo and the absorption of -57Co-vitamin B(12) bound to a known quantity of intrinsic factor was measured . Iron deficiency resulted in the impairment of both uptake and transport of B(12) . This malabsorption was corrected within 5 days by parenteral iron repletion . The findings were not due to a non-specific effect of anaemia since no correlation existed between haemoglobin levels and B(12) absorption in rats anaemic as a result of acute blood loss . No evidence was found for an altered small-intestinal microflora, bacterial counts being similar in iron-deficient and control rats . It is concluded that iron deficiency in the rat results in impaired absorption of B(12) by the small intestine, probably as a result of some defect produced in the enterocyte.

Surg Annu, 1975, 7, 279 - 93
Role of the endogenous gastrointestinal microflora in postoperative wound sepsis; Nichols RL et al.; Most infections following gastrointestinal surgery are caused by the escape of endogenous microorganisms at the time of operation . A thorough understanding of the gastrointestinal microflora in health and disease is essential to the intelligent treatment of postoperative septic complications . The oral flora found under certain circumstances in the proximal gastrointestinal tract is usually penicillin sensitive . Both aerobic and anaerobic resident microflora of the distal ileum and colon are penicillin resistant; therefore, other antibiotic agents must be prescribed for successful treatment of sepsis following resection of these organs.

Aviat Space Environ Med, 1975 Jan, 46(1), 30 - 2
Microbiological sampling of the spacecraft atmosphere during a simulated skylab mission; Brockett RM et al.; A skylab Air Sampler (SAS) has been developed for the use during Skylab missions . The SAS was used in the Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT) to gather baseline data which could be directly compared to data obtained during actual Skylab missions . The results obtained in the SMEAT gave no evidence of consistent change in either concentration or types of microorganisms in the SMEAT atmosphere over the 56-d test . Microorganisms found included some potential pathogens but were largely normal human microflora . Few typical soil microorganisms were found . These findings are related to commonly anticipated effects of long-term spaceflights on environmental microflora and to other closed environment studies.

Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl, 1975, 63(3), 257 - 61
{Microbiological characteristics in rats given cariogenic diet following the application of fluoride containing toothpastes}; Morosowa VL et al.; The paper deals with experimental research work carried out on Wistar rats, regarding the effect of fluoride tooth-pastes in varying compounds on microflora in the oral cavity . The findings show that the most favourable effect on the microbial situation in the Cavum oris is exerted by fluoride tooth-pastes prepared on a calcium-free basis.

Infection, 1975, 3(4), 202 - 8
Infection in immunodepressed patients . The approach to diagnosis and treatment; Nauta EH et al.; Infection is an important cause of death in patients receiving cytostatic drugs or with any other impairment of host resistance . Such infections are frequently due to opportunist micro-organisms usually belonging to the endogenous flora of the patient . It is often difficult to obtain an exact diagnosis of the cause and localization of the infection . The problems associated with the prevention of infection are manifold . Exogenous infections can be prevented by proper isolation and a sterile diet . Endogenous infections can only be prevented by eradication of the patient's endogeous flora, so-called decontamination . Special attention should be given to treatment of foci of chronic infection and of the carrier state of certain microorganisms . However, the prophylactic use of antibiotics should be avoided . The curative use of antibiotics should be based on the most probable micro-organism . We consider the inventory of the patient's microflora, repeated weekly, of great help in the choice of antibiotics in cases of septicaemia of unknown aetiology . The initial therapy usually consists of a broad-spectrum combination of antibiotics, which should be bactericidal . When the causative bacteria have been isolated and the sensitivity is known, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the narrowest spectrum possible.

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