Rev Med Univ Navarra, 1982 Mar, 26(1), 47 - 9 {Enteritis caused by Campylobacter fetus in Navarre}; Dorronsoro I et al.; C . fetus ss jejuni was demonstrated in stool samples from 17 patients, among 605 studied, using the selective media of Skirrow . 13 of them were children, 11 two years' old or younger, and 4 were adult patients . The frequency of isolation of C . fetus ss jejuni in stool cultures has been greater than the isolation of Y . enterocolitica serotype 3, S . sonnei and E . coli, and has been only superated by the isolation of microorganisms belonging to the generus Salmonella. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 43(3), 615 - 8 Improved growth medium for Campylobacter species; Mehlman IJ et al.; Campylobacter species were grown in a base containing proteose peptone no . 3, yeast extract, K2HPO4, (NH4)2SO4, NA2SO3, soluble starch, and agar . Concentrations and sources of organic nitrogen and growth factors were critical, and the optimal pH range was 7.0 to 7.5 . Cultures tolerated 0.7% NaCl in addition to the salt present in the organic constituents and were sensitive to surface-active agents at concentrations recommended for enrichment of other gram-negative bacteria . Cultures were maintained on the proposed medium for 1 year with transfer every 2 weeks. Ann Intern Med, 1982 Mar, 96(3), 292 - 6 Campylobacter enteritis associated with contaminated water; Vogt RL et al.; Approximately 3000 people in Bennington, Vermont, 19% of the population, had a diarrheal illness during the first and second weeks of June 1978 . Persons affected reported abdominal cramps (86%), diarrhea (82%), malaise (73%), and headache (47%) . The mean duration of illness was 4.6 days . The illness was associated with drinking unboiled water from the town water system . Investigation showed that the entire water system was probably contaminated and the source of contamination was the main unfiltered water source . Bolles Brook . Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni was cultured from 15 of 42 rectal swabs obtained from persons who had been ill, but not from swabs obtained from 23 persons who served as controls . No environmental samples of water and no specimens from wild or domestic animals were positive for Campylobacter . This appears to be the first waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with C . fetus subspecies jejuni. Am J Med Technol, 1982 Mar, 48(3), 197 - 9 Primary isolation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni; Richardson NJ et al.; Primary isolation of Campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni following selective filtration can be achieved equally well on a Columbia agar supplemented with sheep blood (5%), horse blood (5-10%), or heat-treated horse blood (chocolate agar) . Larger, but not more, colonies were formed at 42C . However, the higher temperature inhibits C . fetus ss . Intestinalis . Reduced oxygen tension (5%) was advantageous for cultures on media supplemented with sheep blood . All other media tested did equally well as long as the atmosphere was enriched with 5-10% CO2. Arch Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 131(2), 132 - 9 Electron transport-linked proton translocation at nitrite reduction in Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus; de Vries W et al.; Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus contains a membrane-bound nitrite reductase which catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia . Formate and L-lactate are used as hydrogen donors . Cells of C . sputorum grown with nitrate or nitrite contain cytochromes of the b- and c-type and a carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome c . In addition, a special membrane-bound carbon monoxide-binding pigment is found . Nitrite reduction with formate or L-lactate as a hydrogen donor is strongly inhibited by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) . Nitrite reduction by bacterial suspensions with lactate as a hydrogen donor is strongly inhibited by carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) whereas nitrite reduction with formate as a hydrogen donor is not inhibited at all . Leads to H+/O values and leads to H+/NO-2 values were measured with ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), formate (in the absence and presence of carbonic anhydrase) and L-lactate as a hydrogen donor . The results are summarized in a scheme for electron transport from formate or lactate to oxygen or nitrite which shows a periplasmic orientation of formate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase and a cytoplasmic orientation of lactate dehydrogenase and oxygen reduction, and which shows proton translocation with a leads to H+/2e value of 2.0 . The leads to H+/O and leads to H+/NO-2 values predicted by this scheme are in good agreement with the experimental values. Nouv Presse Med, 1982 Feb 20, 11(8), 593 - 5 {Hepatitis caused by Campylobacter coli (author's transl)}; Ampelas M et al.; Campylobacter coli is known to cause ulcerous enterocolitis, but hepatitis has not yet been reported . A 50-year-old woman without history of liver disease was admitted with diarrhoea, fever, poor general condition, subicterus and enlarged liver . Campylobacter coli was grown in haemoculture, and a specific antibiotic treatment resulted in complete cure . The results of haemoculture, the necrosis and polymorphonuclear infiltrates found in liver biopsies, the return to normal of biochemical tests and liver size under antibiotic therapy and the absence of any other cause of acute or chronic liver disease are strong arguments in favour of the hepatitis being caused by Campylobacter coli in this patient. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Feb, 21(2), 347 - 8 Susceptibility of Shigella species to erythromycin; Greenberg RN et al.; Two of the most common causes of inflammatory enteritis are Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni and Shigella species . No single antimicrobial agent is recommended for treatment of both diseases . Erythromycin is used to treat C . fetus subsp . jejuni infections but has not been studied in shigellosis . For this reason, we determined the susceptibility of 22 strains of Shigella to erythromycin and found that Shigella species are susceptible to concentrations of erythromycin which are obtainable in stool. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1982 Feb, 21(2), 118 - 9 Campylobacter enteritis presenting with convulsions; Solomon NH et al.; A 14-month old boy presented to the hospital having had a convulsion . Initial work-up was essentially negative except for the presence of a temperature of 40 C . On the second hospital day, the patient began to have diarrhea and Campylobacter jejuni was isolated . This case illustrates that Campylobacter infection may be associated with febrile convulsions, and that these may precede the diarrheal phase of the illness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Feb, 21(2), 274 - 7 Susceptibility testing of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni, using broth microdilution panels; Buck GE et al.; Twenty-five isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni were tested by broth microdilution panels (Sensititre; GIBCO Diagnostics, Chagrin Falls, Ohio) and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were compared with the corresponding MICs obtained by the standard agar dilution technique . Microdilution panels designed for testing gram-positive organisms were used so that erythromycin, the antibiotic of choice for this organism, could be included . The correlation with agar dilution was relatively poor when Mueller-Hinton broth was used; the MICs that were within one twofold dilution of the corresponding agar dilution MIC ranged from 15% with tetracycline to 75% with ampicillin . The overall agreement for all antibiotics tested was 48% . The correlation improved significantly, however, to an overall agreement of 87% when Wilkins-Chalgren broth was substituted in the broth microdilution procedure . Our results indicate that the broth microdilution test is an accurate method for testing this organism, provided than an appropriate medium is used. Vet Rec, 1982 Jan 30, 110(5), 104 - 6 Campylobacter in healthy slaughter pigs: a possible source of infection for man; Sticht-Groh V; Campylobacter were isolated from 103 of 173 (59 per cent) specimens of healthy slaughter pig faeces, washed intestines and water samples collected from a slaughterhouse and butcher's shop in West Germany . As most cases of human campylobacter enteritis are caused by Campylobacter jejuni, an attempt was made to find this organism among the isolates . Twenty-five out of the 103 strains (24 per cent) were identified as C jejuni . C jejuni was also isolated from salted water samples after overnight bowel storage in the butcher's shop, indicating that the customary salt preparation of the intestines did not eliminate all organisms present. J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jan, 15(1), 137 - 40 Hippurate hydrolysis by and triphenyltetrazolium tolerance of Campylobacter fetus; Luechtefeld NW et al.; A rapid test of hippurate hydrolysis and a test of tolerance to triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) were studied in 315 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni to determine their usefulness for biotyping this organism and for distinguishing it from C . fetus subsp . intestinalis . Of the 315 strains tested, 84% hydrolyzed hippurate and 97% were resistant to TTC . Ability to hydrolyze hippurate was seen in 99% of 155 human isolates, 75% of 60 avian isolates, 100% of 41 cattle and dog isolates, 84% of 31 zoo mammal isolates, and none of 28 hog isolates . Resistance to 400 micrograms of TTC per ml was seen in 97% of the human isolates, 95% of the avian isolates, and 100% of the mammalian isolates (other than human) . In no case did any of the 315 isolates of C . fetus subsp . jejuni show both lack of ability to hydrolyze hippurate and sensitivity to TTC . In contrast, all 18 strains of C . fetus subsp . intestinalis failed to hydrolyze hippurate and were sensitive to TTC . These two tests may be useful to distinguish between C . fetus subsp . jejuni and subsp . intestinalis and also to biotype strains of C . fetus subsp . jejuni. Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(4), 69 - 74 {Localization of Campylobacter foetus in genital organs of cows and its sensitivity to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents}; Stoianov T et al.; Studies were carried out on the uterus of a total of 454 cows (slaughterhouse material) for the presence of Campylobacteria . In 23 of the cases (5 per cent) such bacteria were found in different parts of the sexual apparatus: 9--in the cervix, 7--in the uterine horn, 5--in the ovary, and 2--in the oviduct . By their biochemical behaviour 14 strains were typed and affiliated to Campylobacter foetus veneralis (type I), and 2--to Campylobacter intestinalis (type II) . In order to reduce the admixing side microflora the purification of the strains was carried out with chloralhydrate, brilliant green, and sodium azide (of which brilliant green only gave a positive effect) . Besides, glutathione was used to stimulate the growth of Campylobacteria . Tested was also the sensitivity to 15 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics . Most active with regard to the strains proved kanamycin . The necessity is stated of working out an antibiogram for each single newly isolated and typed Campylobacterium strain. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1982, 29(3), 213 - 5 Campylobacter jejuni contamination of slaughtered chickens; Marjai E et al.; Gut samples from 50 nonselected slaughtered chickens were obtained in two poultry processing plants and cultured for Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella . Positive results were obtained in 84% and 4%, respectively . Viable C . jejuni and Salmonella were detected in every phase of processing, even during packaging for commercial purposes . Of surface samples taken from 118 slaughtered chickens prepared for delivery to consumers, 88 were contaminated by C . jejuni and 17 by Salmonella. Scand J Infect Dis, 1982, 14(3), 201 - 5 Five cases of Campylobacter jejuni/coli bacteremia; Walder M et al.; During a 3-year period (1977-1979) 5 cases of Campylobacter jejuni/coli (CJC) bacteremia were observed in the south of Sweden . Four of the 5 patients had diarrhoea and 3 of 4 patients tested showed a serological response to a homologous strain . This accumulation of bacteremia cases may be explained from the short duration between the onset of high fever (less than 38.5 degrees C) and obtaining blood cultures, and the use of blind subcultures in the laboratory procedures. Infection, 1982, 10 Suppl 2, S67 - 9 Campylobacter Enteritis; Butzler JP; Campylobacter jejuni (previously called "related vibrio") has recently become recognized as an important cause of acute diarrhoeal disease in many countries . As with other intestinal pathogens, the clinical picture of C . jejuni infection varies from symptomless excretion to severe disease . The incubation period averages two to five days . Fever, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea are the usual symptoms of campylobacter enteritis . Although it is normally a self-limiting disease, complications such as cholecystitis, peritonitis, septicaemia and meningitis occasionally arise . The small intestine is thought to be the main site of infection, but the colon is also regularly involved . The disease might be more accurately described as an enterocolitis . Campylobacters, like salmonellae and yersiniae, are thought to be pathogenic by virtue of their invasive ability . Chemotherapy is usually effective . Erythromycin is commonly used for patients ill enough to require specific treatment . Although the infection can be transmitted from person to person, it is mainly a zoonosis with many possible routes of infection . Poultry is a potential source of infection, dogs may also transmit the disease and there have been major outbreaks of campylobacter enteritis from the consumption of untreated or inadequately treated milk and water . Further epidemiological work is hampered by the lack of suitable typing techniques. Infection, 1982, 10 Suppl 2, S64 - 6 {Campylobacteriosis in humans caused by subspecies intestinalis and fetus . Six new diseases (author's transl)}; Ullmann U et al.; The subspecies intestinalis and fetus of Campylobacter fetus are opportunistic pathogens in humans . So far, some 200 types of disease due to these pathogens have been reported from all over the world, and six new diseases are briefly described in this paper . The most frequent disease is sepsis, followed by meningitis . While ticarcillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline are the antibiotics which show activity against these species, a large degree of resistance is seen against cephalothin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and cefotaxime . There is a moderate degree of sensitivity to gentamicin . The epidemiology of the disease is not clear, and about twice as many men are affected as women . Subspecies intestinalis was isolated in 95% of all diseases . Antibodies to Campylobacter fetus were detected in 3.9% of the population. Scand J Infect Dis, 1982, 14(1), 35 - 8 Campylobacter enteritis: a study of clinical features and rectal mucosal changes; McKendrick MW et al.; Campylobacter jejuni is now recognised as a common cause of acute enteritis in Britain . A prospective study of 16 patients with campylobacter infection has been performed . Characteristic clinical features include an abrupt onset of symptoms and severe abdominal pain and blood with the diarrhoea . The rectal mucosa was abnormal in all 15 patients examined during acute illness but had returned to normal at follow up. Scand J Infect Dis, 1982, 14(1), 27 - 33 Epidemiology of campylobacter enteritis; Walder M; Campylobacter jejuni/coli (CJC) was isolated from 386 patients (6.9%) of 5571 with a history of acute diarrhoea between December 1977 and June 1980 . In the same study population Salmonella was found in 4.1%, Shigella in 1.7% and Yersinia enterocolitica in 2.1% . Only 5 (0.25%) of 2000 health controls had CJC in their stools . 53% of the patients had acquired their infection in Sweden . The peak incidence for CJC was from July to September . More than 50% of the patients were between 16-35 years . Within 1 month of the acute enteritis 80% had negative stool cultures for CJC . In general, campylobacter enteritis is not a severe disease and only 11% were admitted to hospital . The most common signs were high fever in 35%, frequent watery diarrhoea in 37%, colics or abdominal pains in 84%, and fresh blood in stools in 12% . Antibiotic treatment was given in 13% and was erythromycin in 56% and doxycycline in 26% of these patients . If chemotherapy was given and the strain was sensitive, no relapse occurred within 2 weeks of the treatment . The antibiograms for 435 strains showed that the aminoglycosides, erythromycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid were the most effective drugs . This study implies that CJC is a common cause of bacterial diarrhoea also in patients with domestic enteritis. Am Fam Physician, 1982 Jan, 25(1), 133 - 6 Campylobacter Gastroenteritis; Snydman DR; Campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni has recently been recognized as a very common cause of gastroenteritis . Symptoms of Campylobacter gastroenteritis include fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, myalgia and headache . Bloody diarrhea occurs in about 50 percent of patients . This organism is now being isolated more frequently than Salmonella or Shigella in cases of diarrhea . Acute colitis mimicking Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis on proctoscopic examination and on barium enema x-ray has been described . The drug of choice for therapy is erythromycin. Res Vet Sci, 1982 Jan, 32(1), 89 - 94 Presence of serum agglutinins to Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis in pigs; Lawson GH et al.; Pigs affected with intestinal adenomatosis had agglutinating antibodies to Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis . The titres obtained varied, depending on the strain used as antigen and appeared to rise with the age of the affected animal . Examination of sera from experimental animals showed that pigs between 30 and 77 days old rarely had antibody, even when they had been exposed to infection . Evidence is also presented indicating that the serological response is specific and that in a limited examination of sera derived from pigs at slaughter almost all animals had high levels of antibody. J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jan, 15(1), 41 - 2 Evaluation of the CampyPak II gas generator system for isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni; Buck GE et al.; The CampyPak II (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) method for isolating Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni was evaluated with clinical specimens by comparison with an evacuation replacement procedure . Of 757 specimens, 26 (3.4%) were positive for C . fetus subsp . jejuni . All 26 were recovered by both systems . No difference was found in the time necessary for isolation, except with one isolate that required 3 days for isolation with CampyPak II and 2 days with the established procedure . Although the average colony size was slightly smaller for colonies incubated in the CampyPak II system (P less than 0.02 by a paired t test), this is probably of no practical consequence . In terms of technical performance, therefore, the CampyPak II system appears to be an excellent alternative method for establishing microaerophilic conditions necessary for isolating C . fetus subsp . jejuni . The only difference between the two systems was the cost of using the CampyPak II envelopes . Excluding the initial equipment costs, CampyPak II envelopes cost approximately $0.74 per specimen, whereas the standard Torbal jar technique cost about $0.10 per specimen. J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jan, 15(1), 12 - 5 Enrichment medium and control system for isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni from stools; Chan FT et al.; Enrichment culture with a semisolid medium increased by 6% the isolation rate of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni . The semisolid enrichment medium was also used successfully as a transport medium for Campylobacter isolates . A blood agar plate streaked with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and a laboratory strain of Campylobacter was a good control system for the microaerophilic atmosphere . Good growth of all three organisms indicated satisfactory conditions for culturing Campylobacter. Nord Vet Med, 1981 Dec, 33(12), 539 - 43 {The occurrence of campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni and Salmonella bacteria in some wild birds (author's transl)}; Rosef O; An investigation was carried out into the occurrence of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni and Salmonella species in some wild birds . A total of 129 birds was examined, consisting of 71 pigeons, 54 seagulls, three crows and one raven . Campylobacter bacteria were isolated from 32 birds (24.8%), of which three were pigeons, 27 seagulls and two were crows . Of the 27 Campylobacter strains isolated from seagulls, four had the biochemical characteristics of the NARTC biotype described by Skirrow and Benjamin, seven were grouped as Campylobacter coli biotype and 16 as the biotype of Campylobacter jejuni . All the strains isolated from crows and pigeons had the biochemical characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni biotypes . Salmonella bacteria were isolated from the intestinal contents of two of the 54 seagulls (3.7%), and were identified serologically as Salmonella indiana and Salmonella typhimurium . One seagull was found to be a carrier of both Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium . A correlation could not be demonstrated between the occurrence of Salmonella bacteria and Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni. Nord Vet Med, 1981 Dec, 33(12), 335 - 8 {Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni as a surface contaminant of fresh and chilled pig carcasses (author's transl)}; Rosef O; An investigation was carried out into the occurrence of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni on the surfaces of fresh and chilled pig carcasses . Swabs were taken of the water in the scald-tank, from cut surfaces, and from cut surfaces of carcasses that had been stored at 5 degrees C for 4 days . A total of 310 swabs was investigated, of which 10 were from the scald-tank, 100 from livers, 100 from cut surfaces, and 100 from cut surfaces of carcasses stored at refrigeration temperature . A specific enrichment process was employed for isolation of the bacteria . Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni was isolated from 43% of the liver swabs, from 56% of those from the cut surfaces, and from 32% of swabs from the cut surfaces of carcasses stored at refrigeration temperature . Campylobacter bacteria were not, however, isolated from the scald-tank . The high level of contamination found in this investigation is considered to create a possible source of Campylobacter infection for animal and Man. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Dec, 87(3), 421 - 5 The occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in fresh food and survival under different conditions; Svedhem A et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was an almost regular finding in chickens and in minced meat from pigs and cattle sold in ordinary food stores . The bacteria survived on the food at 4 degrees C for one week and frozen at -20 degrees C for three months . None of the strains tested survived heat treatment at 60 degrees C for longer than 15 min . C . jejuni is apparently a frequent guest in most kitchens . Correct food handling and heat treatment to at least 60 degrees C for 15 min should be enough to prevent infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Dec, 20(6), 850 - 1 In vitro susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni to N-formimidoyl thienamycin, rosaramicin, cefoperazone, and other antimicrobial agents; Ahonkhai VI et al.; The activities of 11 antimicrobial agents against 36 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni were studied by a broth microdilution method . All strains were susceptible to 7 of the 11 antimicrobial agents . Of the newer agents tested N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787) and rosaramicin had very good activity, whereas cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone had poorer activity. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Dec, 42(12), 2146 - 8 Plasma alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in pregnant cows exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus; Baetz AL et al.; Bovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined in maternal plasma, using radioimmunoassay in an attempt to detect and monitor fetal distress in pregnant cows . Plasma from pregnant cows in the 4th to 5th month of the gestation which had been exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus was used . Plasma AFP concentrations were determined at intervals from before the cows were exposed until they had aborted or calved . The plasma AFP concentration of the exposed pregnant cattle remained at 6.5 +/- 5.0 mg/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition, when the value increased to 25.0 +/- 8.0 ng/ml . This pattern was similar for cattle exposed to each of the infective agents . Unlike in persons, rats, or monkeys, fetal-maternal transfer of AFP seems to be minimal in cows even with inflammation or necrosis of the placentome, Thus, changes in AFP concentrations in bovine plasma cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for fetal distress or fetal death. Aust Vet J, 1981 Nov, 57(11), 511 - 2 Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry carcases; Smeltzer TI; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 94% of chicken carcase rinses collected in a Queensland poultry abattoir . Direct plating resulted in the isolation of the organism from 84% of the rinses . A further 10% were found to contain C . jejuni by a procedure of selective enrichment and membrane filtration . Counts of C . jejuni on the carcases ranged from 0 to 1.1 x 10(5) organisms per carcase. Am J Med Sci, 1981 Nov-Dec, 282(3), 125 - 30 Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni: experience in a large Chicago medical center; Goodman LJ et al.; From January 1979 through December 1979, 2069 stool specimens received by our laboratory for enteric culturing were additionally examined for the presence of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni . The study population included inpatients, outpatients and hospital food handlers . Patients were included regardless of symptoms . Enteric pathogens were identified as follows: Salmonella, 27 isolates; Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni, 26 isolates; and Shigella, 11 isolates . Twenty-five of 26 patients with stool cultures positive for Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni had an acute diarrheal illness . Diarrhea, fever and chills were the most common symptoms . In most patients the disease was self-limited, requiring only supportive therapy . A seasonal variation was noted, with 14 of the 26 patients presenting between July and September. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Nov, 14(5), 585 - 6 Effect of moisture content of the medium on colony morphology of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni; Buck GE et al.; Reduction in the moisture content of the medium produced a profound effect on the colony morphology of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni . Fresh medium produced flat, grayfish, spreading colonies with an irregular shape and variety appearance . Plates that were incubated at 30 degrees C for 48 h produced round, convex, butyrous colonies with an entire edge . Plates incubated at 30 degrees C for 24 h before inoculation produced colonies of an intermediate nature; they were round and raised, but not convex, and slightly water or mucoid in nature . This marked effect produced by moisture content of the medium was reproducible and may account for the variation in colonies observed by other investigators. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1981 Nov, 250(4), 554 - 6 Seroepidemiological studies with Campylobacter fetus; Ullmann U; 324 sera from unselected male and 581 sera from female patients as well as 268 sera from prostitutes were studied for antibodies against Campylobacter fetus using the complement fixation test . Antigen was Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis . 3.9% of the sera showed low but relevant antibody titers . Statistically significant differences don't exist between the three population investigated . Serological cross reactions could not be observed using Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli O119 and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Antigenic relationship however was observed with the subspecies jejuni and fetus. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1981 Nov, 30(6), 1281 - 90 Viruses and bacteria in pediatric diarrhea in Thailand: a study of multiple antibiotic-resistant enteric pathogens; Leksomboon U et al.; Children with diarrhea admitted to a rehydration ward of a children's hospital in Bangkok were investigated to determine the prevalence of enteric pathogens, the extent of children's previous antibiotic therapy, and the frequency of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance among infecting bacteria . Rotavirus (36%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (18%), Shigella (9%), Salmonella (6%), Campylobacter jejuni/coli (4%), and Vibrio cholerae (2%) infections were among 105 children with diarrhea . Antibiotics were detected in 29% of urines collected from children on admission . All Shigella, 83% of enterotoxigenic E . coli, and 40% of Salmonella were resistant to more than one antibiotic . Sixty-two percent of 24 antibiotic-resistant enteric pathogens transferred R factors to E . coli K12 by conjugation . Four of four multiresistant E . coli that produced heat-labile and heat-stable toxin transferred resistance and the ability to produce heat-labile toxin . An analysis of plasmids by agarose gel electrophoresis indicated enterotoxigenicity and antibiotic resistance were associated with separate plasmids in transconjugants from these six matings . Antibiotics are used frequently in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea in Bangkok, which has undoubtedly contributed to the high frequency of plasmid-mediated resistance among enteric pathogens. J Infect Dis, 1981 Nov, 144(5), 442 - 8 Travelers' diarrhea in panamanian tourists in Mexico; Ryder RW et al.; To determine whether residents of developing countries are unlikely to acquire travelers' diarrhea, 64 Panamanians of widely divergent socioeconomic strata were studied during a 15-day tour through Mexico . Twenty-three (36%) tourists experienced 27 episodes of travelers' diarrhea that were caused by seven different pathogens . The most commonly identified etiologic agents were rotavirus (26%), Norwalk virus (15%), and Campylobacter fetus (11%), whereas enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was not frequently associated with travelers' diarrhea . Acquisition of travelers' diarrhea was correlated directly with high socioeconomic status . Varying levels of immunity to enteropathogens that are endemic in Panama may explain the different isolation rates of pathogens. Med J Aust, 1981 Oct 3, 2(7), 337 - 8 Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from blood cultures; Tilse MH et al.; Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus, previously known as Campylobacter fetus subsp . intestinalis, was isolated from two blood cultures taken from a 45-year-old man admitted with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of lymphocytic lymphoma . Campylobacters are not common blood culture isolated but can be a cause of bacteraemia and septicaemia especially in the compromised host . The isolation and identification of Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus by standard blood culture techniques is described and a literature review of 112 cases of campylobacter bacteraemia is presented. Can J Comp Med, 1981 Oct, 45(4), 377 - 83 Campylobacter jejuni colitis in gnotobiotic dogs; Prescott JF et al.; Campylobacter jejuni of human and canine origin was inoculated orally into six gnotobiotically reared Beagle puppies and reactions were compared with two controls . Inoculated dogs developed transient lassitude, inappetence, mild diarrhea and tenesmus during the period 36-72 hours after inoculation . Pairs of dogs killed 43 hours, and five and seven days after inoculation had lesions limited to typhlitis and colitis . Congestion of colonic mucosa, associated loss of goblet cells, attenuation and exfoliation of surface epithelium with microerosions, hypertrophy of glands and neutrophil infiltration of lamina propria were seen during the acute phase . Less severe surface and inflammatory lesions were evident at five and seven days, with hyperplasia of the proliferative compartment in mucosal glands . Campylobacter established at over 10(10) organisms per gram of colonic content but did not invade the mucosa . It was concluded that the gnotobiotic dog may be a suitable model for investigation of the pathogenesis of Campylobacter colitis. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1981 Oct, 129(10), 581 - 4 {Campylobacter-enteritis in children (author's transl)}; Hollander R; During 1980 out of 3,680 stool specimens of children aged up to 6 years with diarrhea routinely screened for enteropathogenic bacteria, 72 cases of Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni infection were found . They were more common during the summer months, in children aged less than 4 years, and in boys rather than in girls (2, 9:1) . The most common symptoms were watery, mucus, and haemorrhagic diarrhea, fever, vomiting and abdominal pain . All strains exhibited nearly identical sensitivity patterns for the chemotherapeutics tested. Infect Immun, 1981 Oct, 34(1), 250 - 5 Experimental Campylobacter diarrhea in chickens; Ruiz-Palacios GM et al.; An animal model for Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni enteritis was developed in 3-day-old chickens . Diarrhea was induced in 88% (22 of 25) of chickens inoculated with 9 X 10(7) bacteria given orally . The mean incubation time was 45 h (range, 24 to 72 h) . Considerable weight loss was observed in the experimental group compared with the control group . Ninety bacteria was the minimal infective dose capable of inducing diarrhea in 90% of the chickens . Overall mortality was 32% (8 of 25) . Light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy of the gastrointestinal tract of serially sacrificed chickens were performed in control and experimental groups . A moderate infiltration of mononuclear cells was observed in ileum and cecum in the experimental group, with no disruption of intestinal mucosa . By immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, campylobacter was located within the epithelial cells and phagocytosed to a greater degree by mononuclear cells of the lamina propria. Am J Dis Child, 1981 Oct, 135(10), 900 - 2 Campylobacter gastroenteritis in neonates; Anders BJ et al.; Campylobacter fetus enteritis is thought to be an unusual infection in the newborn . We describe eight term neonates with gastroenteritis caused by C fetus subspecies jejuni who were seen during a two-year period . Symptoms of bloody diarrhea (7/8) and irritability (6/8) began between 2 and 11 days of age . None of the infants was seriously ill; only one infant was febrile . None of the seven infants who had blood cultures drawn had bacteremia with C fetus, and none of the infants had complications . The infants were treated with antimicrobial agents and recovered rapidly . Five mothers had Campylobacter cultured from the stool or vagina . The cases were not related epidemiologically . We concluded that Campylobacter gastroenteritis in the newborn clinically resembles Campylobacter gastroenteritis in older children and adults, except that it is generally an afebrile illness . The bacterium most likely is acquired from the mother during or shortly after delivery. Sex Transm Dis, 1981 Oct-Dec, 8(4 suppl), 330 - 2 Hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases in gay men and in lesbians; William DC; The prevalence of most sexually transmitted diseases is disproportionately increased in gay men and paradoxically decreased in lesbian women . The spectrum of diseases seen in gay men include a variety of enteric infections including hepatitis A, shigellosis, salmonellosis, Campylobacter enteritis, amebiasis, giardiasis, and enterobiasis as well as the more common sexually transmitted diseases . Hepatitis B is endemic in gay male populations . The patterns of sexual behavior are the major factors contributing to this unique epidemiology and pathology . Increased sexual activity explained by the unrestrained cultural expectation of maleness, the functional overlap during sex between the genital-urinary and gastrointestinal systems, and anonymous sexual activity are all significant epidemiologic components. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Oct, 87(2), 163 - 70 Serological studies in two outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni infection; Jones DM et al.; Two outbreaks of campylobacter enteritis in residential student populations are described . In the first outbreak, 34 of 240 students in one hall of residence became ill over the course of 4 or 5 days . A single serotype of C . jejuni was isolated from sample of faeces . Sera collected demonstrated that the students had little pre-existing antibody and antibody responses were demonstrated in those who were infected . About 30% of students with serological evidence for infection with C . jejuni did not have gastro-intestinal symptoms . In the second outbreak, 77 of 300 agricultural students developed symptoms over a period of 3 weeks . Unpasteurized milk was the source of infection . Two serotypes of C . jejuni were isolated from faeces . Antibody responses were detected to both these serotypes and to another serotype, suggesting the presence of at least 3 serotypes in the milk . Bactericidal antibody consistent with recent infection was found in all students with symptoms and in 63% of students in the absence of symptoms, indicating the possible development of immunity . The high prevalence of antibody in these students was correlated with the habitual consumption of unpasteurized milk. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Oct, 87(2), 155 - 62 Campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk; Jones PH et al.; A large outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk is described . The outbreak had an abrupt onset, and lasted for about 3 weeks; it involved mainly school children in the 2-4 and 5-7 year old age groups . During this period it was established from epidemiological and microbiological data that some 2500 children were infected . The source of the epidemic was almost certainly contaminated milk, although bacteriological proof could not be obtained . Biotyping of isolates was of considerable epidemiological value and showed the involvement of two distinct strains, one of which was dominant . Epidemiological evidence of limited person to person transmission of the infection was obtained; febrile convulsions as a prodromal sign of the illness was recognized for the first time . Strains of Campylobacter jejuni, and samples of patients' serum collected during this outbreak have enabled subsequent studies to be initiated on the serotyping of the responsible organism, on the serological response of patients infected with the organism, and on experimental infection of the bovine udder which demonstrated its potential as a source of C . jejuni in raw milk . A careful search of the literature suggests that this is the largest documented outbreak of campylobacter enteritis. Klin Padiatr, 1981 Sep, 193(5), 352 - 4 {Infantile Campylobacter enteritis (author's transl)}; Bosch C et al.; 9 children with campylobacter enteritis aging from 3 days to 4 years were seen over a 8-month period . In 2 cases prompt recovery was achieved by erythromycin therapy . In the remaining 7 cases, the course was most often very mild, and symptomatic therapy was sufficient . Epidemiologically, the incidence of campylobacter enteritis is comparable to that of salmonella enteritis . Obviously, birds and poultry, but also dogs, cats, sheep and other domestic and farm animals are important sources of infection . Spread among human beings has also been made probable . The most frequent clinical features are fever, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea . Complications are most often associated with subspecies intestinalis whereas infections with subspecies jejuni almost exclusively cause enteritis . C . fetus is usually sensitive to erythromycin, tetracycline and aminoglycosides . The advantage of antibiotic therapy, however, has not yet been established. Infect Immun, 1981 Sep, 33(3), 884 - 92 Intestinal colonization of neonatal animals by Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni; Field LH et al.; Neonatal mice (2.3 to 2.8 g) were inoculated intragastrically with different human isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni . At weekly intervals thereafter, mice were sacrificed and dilution plate counts were performed on segments of the gastrointestinal tract . Mice were uniformly colonized by some strains for 2 weeks, whereas other strains were being cleared at that time . One strain (BO216) persisted in some mice for 3 weeks . The greatest number of organisms (10(7)) was recovered from the cecum and large intestine . The small intestine had from 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units . Colonization of the stomach was not found consistently . One strain killed 13% of the infected mice . Deaths occurred between 1 and 5 days postinfection . Two other strains killed a smaller percentage of challenged animals, and two additional strains killed none . Retarded weight gain was noticed in some, but not all, of the infected mice . The intestines of neonatal rats and rabbits were colonized much the same as those of mice, whereas hamsters were resistant to colonization . Preweanling mice, up to about 6.5 to 7.0 g, could be colonized with C . fetus subsp . jejuni after intragastric challenge, but weanling mice of larger weight (9.8 g) and young adult mice (18.3 g) could not . Scanning electron photomicrographs of the lower ileum showed campylobacters in and below the dried mucous gel that lines the intestines . The use of this model for additional studies is discussed. Vet Res Commun, 1981 Sep, 5(1), 13 - 9 Campylobacter enteritis in dogs and cats: a 'new' zoonosis; Skirrow MB; The subject is introduced by a brief historical resume and account of campylobacter enterocolitis in man . Published figures on the prevalence of campylobacters in normal dogs and cats show a wide range . It is highest (49% dogs, 45% cats) in immature animals, particularly strays or those living in kennels, and lowest (less than 1.6% dogs and cats) in adult animals living in households . Several studies have shown no significant difference between the prevalence in normal animals and those suffering from diarrhoea, but two surveys did show such a difference . It seems that while most animals are unaffected by infection with campylobacters, a few suffer an illness like that seen in man . Longitudinal studies to determine incidence--as opposed to prevalence--of infection are required . A small proportion of human infections are acquired from dogs . These are usually puppies that are themselves suffering from diarrhoea . Only four infections associated with cats (all kittens with diarrhoea) have been reported . Contact is invariably close and the victims are often small children . The application of simple hygienic measures should prevent such infections. Am J Med, 1981 Sep, 71(3), 395 - 406 The etiology of anorectal infections in homosexual men; Quinn TC et al.; The infectious etiology of symptomatic anorectal disease was studied in 52 homosexual men who did not have gonococci on initial Gram stain of anorectal exudate . Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was isolated from the anal canal or rectum in 15 of the 52 (29 percent) men and characteristically caused severe anorectal pain and focal ulcerations visible on sigmoidoscopy . Despite negative initial Gram stains, seven men (14 percent) had anorectal gonococcal infection . Six (12 percent) had syphilis, including two with dark-field positive anal lesions . Four were infected with enteric pathogens, including Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica or Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni . Chlamydia trachomatis (LGV 2 strain) was isolated from one patient with severe granulomatous proctitis . One or more etiologic pathogens were identified in 28 (67 percent) of 42 men who had anorectal leukocytic exudate and in two of 10 who did not (p = 0.01) . A review of the prominent features of different etiologic forms of anorectal infection in homosexuals is presented. J Clin Pathol, 1981 Sep, 34(9), 1052 - 6 Yersinia enterocolitica: its isolation by cold enrichment from patients and healthy subjects; Van Noyen R et al.; Routine culture and cold enrichment were compared in a prospective study on the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from patients with intestinal disease . Healthy controls were examined with the cold enrichment method only . Y enterocolitica was isolated from 5.9% of 1635 patient stools, 3.4% of 206 appendices, and 4.0% of 555 control stools . Serotypes 0:3 and 0:9 were eight times more prevalent in patients than in controls . Other serotypes were twice as prevalent in controls than in patients . Cold enrichment did not significantly increase the recovery of serotypes 0:3 and 0:9 in acute enteritis, but it was responsible for all isolates of the other serotypes . Evidence is presented that the other serotypes are not pathogenic . In patient stools, Y enterocolitica was demonstrated less frequently than Salmonella (9.1%), and more often than Campylobacter jejuni (1.8%) and Shigella (0.1%). Vet Rec, 1981 Aug 8, 109(6), 112 - 5 A re-examination of the role of Campylobacter fetus subspecies coli in enteric disease of the pig; Taylor DJ et al.; Campylobacter fetus subspecies coli was isolated from the small intestines of 17 piglets less than six weeks of age submitted for diagnosis . Sixteen of these animals had enteritis and in five of them no other probable bacterial cause of the enteric lesions was identified . Changes including congestion of the small intestinal mucosa, reduction in the height of the villi, thickening of the terminal ileum and histological evidence for inflammatory change in the small intestine were seen at post mortem examination . C f subsp coli was also isolated from the large intestinal mucosa of all the infected pits . In a further study, the organism was recovered from the colonic mucosa of 10 weaned animals treated for experimental swine dysentery . Two of these animals which had had a persistent mucoid diarrhoea were found to have large intestinal lesions resembling those of mild swine dysentery . No spirochaetes could be demonstrated in or isolated from the lesions seen in these two animals or from the other eight . The possibility that C f subsp coli may be a cause of enteritis in unweaned piglets and produce changes primarily in the small intestine is discussed . Evidence that C f subsp coli may cause large intestinal lesions in weaned pigs under certain circumstances is also discussed. Ann Rheum Dis, 1981 Aug, 40(4), 414 - 5 Reiter's syndrome in association with enteritis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni; Ponka A et al.; An 18-year-old girl with Reiter's syndrome after febrile diarrhoea was found to be infected with Campylobacter fetus spp . jejuni . Excretion of campylobacter into stools was stopped by erythromycin therapy, but active polyarthritis lasted for 6 months . The patient was positive for HLA B27. Scand J Dent Res, 1981 Aug, 89(4), 307 - 12 Ultrasonic dispersion of pure cultures of plaque bacteria and plaque; Olsen I et al.; This study compared the sonic sensitivity of 12 Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria commonly encountered in plaque associated with periodontal diseases . Pure bacterial cultures were grown to standard turbidity, diluted in 1/4 strength prereduced anaerobically sterilized Ringer's solution, and aliquots dispersed for 0-180 s, using an MSE sonic oscillator at 6 micron under 80% N2, 10% H2 and 10% CO2 . Viable recoveries were determined on anaerobically cultured trypticase soy 5% blood agar plates . Breakage of T . denticola was assessed by electron microscopy . Gram-positive organisms tolerated sonication better than Gram-negative . A . viscous was more resistant than Strep sanguis . Gram-negative bacteria could be divided into groups according to their sensitivity . Eikenella corrodens was most resistant, followed by F . nucleatum B asaccharolyticus, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, A actinomycetemcomitans, a strain (2097) of Group IV Bacteroides, and B melaninogenicus ss intermedius resisted sonication better than "corroding' Bacteroides and oral Campylobacter . T . denticola, Selenomonas sputigena and Wolinella were most sensitive with viable counts which declined after sonication for 5-10 s . Recoveries from plaque taken from five patients with periodontal diseases increased with sonication time, reaching higher values for suprangingival than for subgingival samples. Vet Med (Praha), 1981 Aug, 26(8), 469 - 79 {Microbial population of the preputial sac in young bulls}; Mazurova J et al.; The microbial population of the praeputial sac was studied in a group of ten young bulls housed in one section of the rearing farm in the age period from 2 to 14 months when they were transferred to A . I . stations . As to currently occurring microflora, Proteus sp . and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated most frequently . The remaining micro-organisms isolated during the study included E . coli, non-haemolytic and viridizing streptococci, Staphylococcus epidermidis, micrococci, aerobic sporulating bacteria, saprophytic corynebacteria snd gamma-negative non-fermenting rods . Campylobacter foetus subsp . foetus was not detected and the same applies to the other species of this genus (Campylobacter sp.) . When the bullocks were transferred to the rearing farm, the mycoplasms were no longer isolated from the praeputial mucous membrane . Mycoplasms were determined in all the studied animals after six months' stay in group . The isolated strains were identified as M . bovigenitalium by the epiimmunofluorescence method. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 14(1), 26 - 31 Relative frequency of Clostridium difficile in patients with diarrheal disease; Gilligan PH et al.; We have studied 161 patients with diarrheal disease to determine the frequency with which Clostridium difficile occurs in such patients . C . difficile or its toxin or both were detected in stools from 19 patients (11.9%), 17 of whom had previously received antimicrobial agents . Enteric pathogens other than C . difficile were recovered less frequently, with Salmonella sp., Giardia lamblia, and Campylobacter fetus being recovered from 4.1, 2.5, and 1.3%, respectively, of the patients studied . These data suggest that C . difficile may be frequently encountered in specimens obtained from patients with diarrhea who receive antibiotics and may play a role in diarrheal disease in such patients. Mayo Clin Proc, 1981 Jul, 56(7), 414 - 23 Diarrhea due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni . A clinical review of 63 cases; Drake AA et al.; Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni was isolated fom the feces of 63 (3.2%) of the 1,953 patients who had stools cultured at the Mayo Clinic in 1979 . In contrast, Salmonella and Shigella combined were isolated from 31 (1.6%) patients . Two patients had double infections with Salmonella species and C . fetus subsp jejuni . Three patients had no diarrhea at the time of stool culture . One patient, who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia, had both blood and stool cultures positive for C . fetus subsp jejuni . There was a seasonal incidence that peaked in July when 7.8% of all patients who had stools cultured had C . fetus subsp jejuni isolated . Thirteen cases occurred in children 5 years of age and younger and 29 cases occurred between the ages of 15 and 30 years . Clinical features often included a prodrome of malaise, which preceded the onset of abdominal cramps, diarrhea, anorexia, fever, nausea, and vomiting . Grossly bloody diarrhea occurred in 33 patients, and massive intestinal bleeding occurred in 1 patient as a late complication after diarrhea had resolved . Transient splenomegaly was attributed to C . fetus subsp jejuni on one occasion . Proctoscopic findings may be similar to those seen in inflammatory bowel disease or pseudomembranous colitis . Three patients were referred to this institution with newly diagnosed chronic ulcerative colitis, and one patient was referred with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease . C . fetus subsp jejuni was isolated from their stools, and the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease was subsequently dropped . A selected review of cases illustrates the variety of gastrointestinal manifestations seen with this organism. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 42(1), 32 - 4 Enteropathogenic bacteria in frozen chicken; Norberg P; Eighty-two samples of frozen chicken from retail stores were examined for the presence of Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, and salmonellae . Aerobic plate counts and numbers of coliform bacteria at 37 degrees C were determined . Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni was found in 22% of the samples, Y . enterocolitica was found in 24.5% and Salmonella typhimurium was found in one sample (1.2%) . The isolated strains of Y . enterocolitica belonged to serotypes 4, 5b, 6, and 8 . Aerobic plate counts and numbers of coliform bacteria at 37 degrees C were not found to be noticeably higher in samples containing pathogens than in pathogen-free samples . This investigation showed that chicken does contain other pathogenic bacteria than salmonellae . Campylobacter and Y . enterocolitica were isolated in much higher frequencies than Salmonella. An Esp Pediatr, 1981 Jun, 14(6), 431 - 5 {Campylobacter gastroenteritis in infants (author's transl)}; del Castillo Martin F et al.; Fourteen children with Campylobacter gastroenteritis have been observed during a 4-month period; age ranged from one to 24 months . Clinical and epidemiological aspects and therapy of our patients are compared with previous references . Authors intend to draw attention to this kind of infection, few cases of which have been notified up to 1977, but from this date on, number of published cases is increasing. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1981 Jun, 3(2), 147 - 51 Campylobacter enterocolitis; Mensh RS et al.; We report four patients with bloody diarrhea and colitis from Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni . Two patients had dogs with Campylobacter fetus in their stools . All patients responded rapidly and completely to erythromycin therapy . Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni is now a relatively common cause of enterocolitis, more common than salmonella or shigella . When the organism causes short-lived water diarrhea, a definitive diagnosis is not necessary . In a patient with bloody diarrhea and acute colitis, the clinician should pursue Campylobacter fetus as a potential offender, recognizing that acute colitis from Campylobacter fetus is clinically and and pathologically indistinguishable from any other acute colitis. Br J Surg . 1981 Jun;68(6):383. Acute pancreatitis associated with campylobacter infection; Gallagher P et al.; We report a case of acute pancreatitis associated with campylobacter infection . The patient presented with clinical symptoms and signs which suggested acute appendicitis . However, she was found to have acute pancreatitis with an acute campylobacter infection . Recent reports have shown that campylobacter is pathogenic in the biliary tract, and we suggest that it may also be responsible for some cases of acute pancreatitis in the absence of biliary disease. J Infect Dis, 1981 Jun, 143(6), 767 - 71 Travelers' diarrhea among American Peace Corps volunteers in rural Thailand; Echeverria P et al.; Diarrheal disease was studied prospectively in 35 Peace Corps volunteers during their first five weeks in rural Thailand . Twenty (57%) developed the syndrome of travelers' diarrhea . Recognized bacterial enteric pathogens were isolated from stools during 47% of 39 episodes of travelers' diarrhea . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated during 26% and Shigella during 13% of the episodes . Of the 20 volunteers, 50% had bacteriologic and/or serologic evidence of infection with enterotoxigenic E . coli . Sixty-one percent of isolates of enterotoxigenic E . coli and 92% of isolates of Shigella were resistant to doxycycline . Other enteric pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella, rotavirus, Norwalk agent, and Entamoeba histolytica, were associated with episodes of travelers' diarrhea . Aeromonas hydrophila, isolated from 31% of 39 episodes of travelers' diarrhea, was of unknown pathogenic importance . Thus, episodes of travelers' diarrhea in Thailand were associated with a variety of organisms, among which antibiotic-resistant bacterial enteropathogens were common. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Jun, 86(3), 343 - 51 Experimental infection of Rhesus monkeys with a human strain of Campylobacter jejuni; Fitzgeorge RB et al.; Young Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were infected orally with a human strain of Campylobacter jejuni . The disease induced was mild, with inappetence and diarrhoea of short duration, but prolonged intermittent excretion of the bacteria in the faeces occurred . Bacteraemia was generally present for 2--3 days and later the organisms localized in the liver and gall bladder . Recovered animals, when challenged with the same strain, showed no clinical symptoms, no bacteraemia, and excreted the organisms in the faeces for only 3 days. An Esp Pediatr, 1981 Jun, 14(6), 427 - 30 {Campylobacter neonatal enteritis (author's transl)}; Omenaca F et al.; Authors communicate four cases of bloody diarrhea in neonates, with Campylobacter fetus jejuni in the stools . In one case, the same bacteria was isolated from the mother and, in another case, existed possibility of a cross-infection . The mildness of the evolution is marked, specially in those cases in which maternal feeding was continued . Some diagnostic and epidemiological aspects, concerning the neonatal period, are commented. Med J Aust, 1981 May 30, 1(11), 585 - 6 Midtrimester abortion associated with septicaemia caused by Campylobacter jejuni; Gilbert GL et al.; PIP: This case report of a 23-year-old woman who suffered a midtrimester missed abortion during an acute febrile illness shows the possible systemic effects of infection with Campylobacter jejuni . This "vibrio" was found in blood samples; products of conception were found intact; and evacuation of the uterus led to complete resolution of the infection . Histological examination of the placenta showed that as the infected site, rather than an ascending infection in the maternal genital tract . Pregnancy seems to be a predisposing factor in the occurrence of systemic campylobacter infection . Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1981 May 30, 111(22), 773 - 8 {Differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis}; Halter F; The confusion arising from the misnomer "ulcerative colitis" when used to characterize idiopathic hemorrhagic proctocolitis is emphasized, and an attempt is made in this postgraduate lecture to classify inflammatory bowel disease by subdivision into hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic forms . The limits of such didactic simplifications are stressed and special attention is focused on little-known conditions such as " diversion colitis" and Campylobacter colitis. Sem Hop, 1981 May 8-15, 57(17-18), 851 - 5 {Campylobacter enteritis . Review of a systematic research in a children's hospital (author's transl)}; Megraud F et al.; C jejuni was newly found as one of the first enteric pathogen . Its frequency in France was not often studied . The publishers report the results of a bacteriologic and clinic study during a six month period, in a children's hospital . C . jejuni was found 53 times . Those results set it at the second place after Salmonella . In a review of 37 patients, symptomatology shows the same characters already described . Epidemiology is not yet well known. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 May, 19(5), 831 - 5 Transmissible plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni; Taylor DE et al.; Tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni was shown to be plasmid mediated . Intra- and interspecies transfers to C . fetus subsp . fetus were demonstrated . The frequency of transfer was increased by approximately 100-fold on a solid surface by using a plate- or filter-mating procedure, as compared with a liquid-mating method . Results of experiments in which cell-free filtrates were used to replace the donor strain in mating experiments tend to rule out bacteriophage-mediated transduction in the transfer of tetracycline resistance . The plasmid-transfer frequency was not affected when deoxyribonuclease was added to the agar used in the mating experiments, indicating that transformation was not involved . Four transmissible plasmids from different tetracycline-resistant strains of C . jejuni each had a molecular weight of 38 x 10(6) . Transfer of these plasmids to Escherichia coli was not demonstrated. Gut, 1981 May, 22(5), 388 - 92 Aetiology of acute diarrhoea in adults; Jewkes J et al.; We have studied 73 adults with acute diarrhoea and identified a micro-organism or toxin likely to be the cause in 58% . In addition to routinely cultured bacteria, Campylobacter coli/jejuni and Clostridium difficile were important pathogens in the community . Patients who developed diarrhoea after antibiotic use had a distinctive clinical syndrome and comprised the third largest group of cases . Clinical, epidemiological, and histological features in an additional group with negative cultures and no antibiotic history suggest that an additional bacterial pathogen remains to be identified as a cause of acute diarrhoea in adults. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1981 May, 29(5), 305 - 14 {Campylobacter jejuni in human pathology . II . -- Laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological features (author's transl)}; Megraud F et al.; C . jejuni is a newly recognized enteropathogenic bacteria . We expose different aspects of the direct and indirect diagnosis . The reservoirs of Campylobacter are reviewed . An epidemiologic scheme is proposed . The pathogenic mechanism are discussed. Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 May, 34(5), 711 - 8 {Clinical evaluation of cefotiam therapy in children (author's transl)}; Meguro H et al.; Cefotiam (CTM) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in children . Twenty-six patients were treated with 40 to 200 mg/kg per day of CTM by intravenous administrations . The diagnosis of the patients were acute pharyngitis (2), acute bronchitis (1), pneumonia (4), empyema (2), urinary tract infection (2), typhoid fever (1), acute enterocolitis (2), partially-treated purulent meningitis (1), and suspected septicemia in neuroblastoma (1); and the remaining ten patients were considered to have nonbacterial infections . The pathogens recovered were Streptococcus pyogenes (1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Haemophilus influenzae (4), Escherichia coli (1), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1), Salmonella typhi (1), and Campylobacter jejuni (1) . All but two patients of bacterial infections were cured after the CTM therapy, and the rate of efficacy was 87.5% . Diarrhea (3), urticaria (1), transient elevation of GOT and GPT (1), and transient eosinophilia (3) were found to be associated with the CTM therapy . However, no severe adverse reactions were encountered . Half life of the serum CTM level was 0.93 +/- 0.13 hours, and excretion into the urine was rapid . CSF concentration obtained 1 hour after an intravenous injection of 21 mg/kg of CTM in a case with inflamed meninges was 1.5 mcg/ml, and the CSF/serum ratio was 9.0% . From these data, CTM appears to be a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1981 Apr 25, 282(6273), 1374 - 6 Milk-borne campylobacter infection; Robinson DA et al.; The common factor in 13 recent outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis was the consumption of unpasteurised or incompletely pasteurised milk . C jejuni is a common commensal in the alimentary tract of milking cows, but it is not clear how the milk becomes contaminated with the organism . Pasteurisation will readily eliminate the organism from milk . In England and Wales 3% of milk retailed is still unpasteurised, and in the light of these findings it is suggested that only pasteurised milk should be sold to the public. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Apr, 19(4), 593 - 7 Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni with special reference to resistance patterns of Canadian isolates; Karmali MA et al.; Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Camphylobacter jejuni showed that erythromycin, clindamycin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin were the most active compounds, inhibiting 90% of the isolates at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml or less . The frequency of high-level erythromycin resistance was 1% . Erythromycin-resistant isolates showed cross-resistance to clindamycin . All strains were inhibited by chloramphenicol at less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml . About 20% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline at 4 micrograms/ml . All strains were highly resistant to novobiocin, bacitracin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim and resistant to rifampin . The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of metronidazole ranged from less than or equal to 0.5 to 128 micrograms/ml . The susceptibility of strains to sulfamethoxazole and polymyxin B sulfate was markedly influenced by inoculum size . The MICs of polymyxin B sulfate were significantly higher at 42 than 36 degrees C . All strains were inhibited by nalidixic acid at 32 micrograms/ml . In the penicillin group, ampicillin was the most active compound, inhibiting only about three-quarters of the strains at 8 micrograms/ml . The cephalosporins as a group showed only moderate to poor activity, the most active cephalosporin being cefotaxime, which inhibited about 90% of the strains at 8 micrograms/ml . The use of antibiotics in selective media is discussed. Nouv Presse Med, 1981 Mar 28, 10(14), 1139 - 41 {Acute diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni in children (author's transl)}; Poisson D et al.; A systematic search for Campylobacter jejuni in stool cultures from children with acute diarrhoea showed within two months that the organism was present in 3 out of 17 children . Apart from diarrhoea, the symptoms were different in each case: one child had febrile dysentery, another exhibited symptoms resembling appendicitis and the third one had chronic diarrhoea with denutrition . The condition regressed spontaneously in two cases and after erythromycin treatment in one . Phase-contrast microscope examination of fresh stools may rapidly point to the diagnosis . Routine search for Campylobacter jejuni should yield information on the incidence and epidemiology of these infections in France. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1981 Mar, 70(2), 261 - 3 Perinatal Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni enteritis; Vesikari T et al.; A 2-day-old breast-fed male infant developed mucoid and blood diarrhoea, and Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni was isolated from the stools but not from the blood . The probable source of transmission was his mother in whom symptoms of Campylobacter jejuni-associated illness began one day earlier . Both showed IgM, IgG and IgA antibody responses to autologous and reciprocal strains of Campylobacter jejuni as studied by ELISA. Postgrad Med, 1981 Mar, 69(3), 59 - 68 Erythromycin . New indications and toxicities; Blagg NA et al.; Although erythromycin was introduced into clinical medicine more than 28 years ago, the indications for its use continue to expand . This antibiotic has emerged as appropriate therapy for Legionnaires' disease, chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus species, enteritis and colitis produced by Campylobacter fetus, and soft tissue and pleuropulmonary anaerobic infections in which Bacteroides fragilis plays no role . In combination with an aminoglycoside, erythromycin has proven to be effective for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective colon surgery . Additional therapeutic indications continue to be explored . The renewed interest in erythromycin has resulted in a closer examination of its potential for toxicity . New untoward events attributed to erythromycin administration have been described . This antibiotic has produced both reversible hearing loss and pseudomembranous colitis . Erythromycin also possesses the ability to inhibit the degradation of theophylline. S Afr Med J, 1981 Feb 14, 59(7), 217 - 8 Campylobacter enteritis in Johannesburg; Mauff AC et al.; In order to establish a reasonable protocol for a diagnostic laboratory we conducted a survey during which we confined the routine culture of stool samples for Campylobacter fetus to two groups--all infants under 2 years of age, and older children and adults with obviously diarrhoeic stools . Camp . fetus was isolated from 100 of 2323 stool specimens (4,3%) . This is within the 3 - 8% isolation rates previously reported from surveys in which all specimens were cultured . Camp . fetus isolates represented 16,9% of all bacterial pathogens isolated, and Black infants showed a significantly greater isolation rate than White infants . We feel that culture for Camp . fetus is an essential part of any routine bacteriological investigation of diarrhoea . A partially selective culture policy for Camp . fetus will result in a recovery rate at least equal to that of Salmonella and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Ann Rheum Dis, 1981 Feb, 40(1), 64 - 5 Reactive arthritis associated with campylobacter enteritis; Gumpel JM et al.; Campylobacter enteritis is a known aetiological factor in reactive arthritis . We surveyed patients in the Harrow Health District known to have had campylobacter enteritis for manifestations of arthritis . Acute attacks of arthritis occurred in 8 of 33 adults admitted with enteritis . None were identified in patients under 16 or in those diagnosed in the community. South Med J, 1981 Feb, 74(2), 157 - 61 Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni: isolation from patients with gastroenteritis; Lambe DW Jr et al.; Within a seven-month period, Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni was isolated in East Tennessee from 18 patients with gastroenteritis; 83% of these patients had bloody diarrhea . Absence of other enteric organisms such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia implicated C fetus ssp jejuni as the causative agent . A fourfold increase in titer by tube agglutination from four of eight patients studied supported the pathogenicity of this organism . Treatment with erythromycin alleviated gastroenteritis symptoms within 24 to 48 hours, with concurrent disappearance of the organism from the feces . An isolation rate of 8% in our patients indicates that C fetus ssp jejuni is more common as a cause of human diarrhea than Salmonella or Shigella . The severity of the C fetus ssp jejuni gastroenteritis poses a possible reclassification from diarrhea or gastroenteritis to acute dysentery syndrome. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Feb, 13(2), 326 - 30 Comparison of selective media for primary isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni; Patton CM et al.; Three selective media, Skirrow, Butzler, and a modification of Butzler medium, were compared for the primary isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni . This organism was isolated from 87 of 347 specimens (72 from 240 dogs rectal swabs and 15 from 107 cats rectal swabs) . The positive rate for dogs (30%) was twice as high as that for cats (14%) . Skirrow and Butzler media were comparable in their isolation of C . fetus subsp . jejuni . A significantly higher rate of positive results was obtained with modified Butzler medium . The best combination of two media was that of modified Butzler and Skirrow media, which detected 98% of the isolates obtained . The percentage of Campylobacter-positive specimens was increased by 9% by holding primary isolation plates 72 h. South Med J . 1981 Jan;74(1):83. Laboratory-acquired Campylobacter enteritis; Oates JD et al.; A case of gastroenteritis occurred in a laboratory worker 2 1/2 days after exposure in the laboratory to a culture of Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni . Spontaneous recovery was complete after 1 1/2 weeks. Scan Electron Microsc, 1981, 4, 125 - 31 Campylobacter fetus ss . Jejuni, a newly recognized enteric pathogen: morphology and intestinal colonization; Merrell BR et al.; Campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni has recently been recognized as a frequent enteric pathogen of man . Although long known as a significant pathogen of domestic animals, little is known regarding mechanisms of colonization and pathogenesis . In an effort to study the colonization and morphology of this organism, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine ilea and colons from mice in which a human isolate of C . fetus ss . jejuni had been inoculated . When inoculated into the ileum of the mice, a transient colonization was observed by 24 hours and had disappeared by 48 hours . Colonization of the colon first appeared at 48 hours and persisted at least three weeks . When inoculated directly into the colon, colonization appeared within 24 hours in the colon and persisted at least 16 days . Severe colonic necrosis and mucosal degeneration were observed in colons only in those mice which were inoculated via the colon . In the infected colons, the C . fetus ss . jejuni organisms were enmeshed in a fibrous network which may play a role in the attachment of bacteria to the mucosal surface . Differences between the morphology of C . fetus ss . jejuni in the mouse model and that found in pure culture were observed and may represent distinct tissue and culture phases of growth. Acta Chir Scand, 1981, 147(8), 663 - 6 Campylobacter enteritis mimicking acute abdominal emergency; Ponka A et al.; Among 81 hospitalized patients with enteritis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni, abdominal pain was found to be an outstanding symptom, being observed in half the patients on admission . In 16 patients pain was the main reason for admission and in 5 prompted laparotomy . In 4 cases appendicitis was suspected, but in only 2 was slight inflammation seen; in 1 of these, however, the inflammation could not be verified by microscopic examination . One patient was operated on because of intestinal occlusion, presumably due to Campylobacter enteritis . In 10 further cases a surgeon was consulted because the abdominal pains were at first suspected to be due to cholecystitis, pancreatitis or other abdominal emergencies . Thus, acute phase of Campylobacter infection may mimick acute abdominal emergency . The diagnosis is sometimes hampered by the late onset of diarrhoea or even by its total absence, as well as by the usual presence of abdominal tenderness and severe abdominal pains. Infection, 1981, 9(6), 279 - 82 Clinical and serological studies in patients with Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni infection: II . Serological findings; Kosunen TU et al.; The serological responses of 53 patients with Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni enteritis were determined with formalinized, boiled and autoclaved antigen suspensions of four reference strains and the autologous isolate . Agglutinin titres of 400 or greater were found against both formalinized and boiled reference antigens in 64% of the patients . Using boiled reference antigens five seropositive patients were found who had not been detected with the formalinized reference antigens, and vice versa . Autoclaved antigens were less useful . The use of paired sera permitted the demonstration of a serological response in some additional patients, although their maximal titre did not exceed 200 . The total number of patients with serological responses to reference antigens was thus 48 (91%) . The use of autologous antigens detected only one further patient. Infection, 1981, 9(6), 274 - 8 Clinical and serological studies in patients with Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni infection: I . Clinical findings; Pitkanen T et al.; Stool samples from 775 patients with diarrhoea referred to a hospital over an 18-month period were cultured for Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni, and in 55 patients (7.1%), infections were identified . In addition, one asymptomatic patient had a positive stool sample and serological evidence of a current infection . The patients were aged between 11 and 76 years, the majority being in the age group 15 to 39 years . The symptoms included diarrhoea (in almost 100%), fever (in 80%) and abdominal tenderness (in 35%) . Almost half the patients vomited . The total leucocyte count was usually normal, but half the patients showed increased numbers of juvenile neutrophils . Eosinopenia and high serum C-reactive protein were frequently seen in the acute phase of the illness . Complications included haematemesis, pancreatic affection, carditis, reactive arthritis, urticaria, and transient malabsorption in one patient who had had a previous Billroth II operation . Invasive disease was occasionally suggested by clinical manifestations of extensive mesenteric lymphadenitis, septicaemia and focal bone necrosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981, 75(5), 641 - 4 Campylobacter enteritis in The Gambia; Billingham JD; In a three-month survey in The Gambia, campylobacters were isolated from 14.3% of 287 patients suffering from diarrhoea and from 4.2% of 383 patients and controls without diarrhoea . The equivalent figures for shigellas were 6.3% and 2.1%, and for salmonella 7.0% and 2.6% respectively . 53 (93%) of the 57 campylobacters were isolated from children less than five years old; none were isolated from indigenous adults (greater than 15 years old) . By using two selective media in parallel (Butzler's medium and Skirrow's medium), it was found that the number of isolations was increased by one third over that obtained with either medium alone . It is concluded that in The Gambia the transmission of campylobacters is of high intensity, with most infections occurring in young children, in whom these organisms are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981, 75(3), 359 - 61 Gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Chowdhury MN et al.; During one year, 1452 specimens of faeces from patients with diarrhoea were investigated for Campylobacter jejuni . This organism was isolated from nine specimens only (0.6%) . None was isolated from 160 control subjects who did not have diarrhoea . Though the number of isolates is small, diarrhoea due to C . jejuni was found to be more common in males; the ratio of males to females was 7:2 . Out of the nine patients, only four were Saudis . This indicates that Campylobacter gastroenteritis exists in this part of the world . Its incidence was, however, much lower than gastroenteritis due to other bacterial pathogens which constituted 7% . The source of infection was possibly chickens, both live and dressed . Most of the latter are imported. Gastrointest Radiol, 1981, 6(3), 227 - 9 Campylobacter colitis: a common infectious form of acute colitis; Kollitz JP et al.; A case of acute ulcerating colitis due to Campylobacter fetus is presented . The radiographic and endoscopic findings are indistinguishable from those of idiopathic acute ulcerative colitis . The clinical and bacteriological data relating to Campylobacter are discussed. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981, 249(2), 242 - 6 {Examination of the antibacterial action of metronidazole against vibrios and Campylobacter (author's transl)}; Fuzi M; The in vitro antibacterial activity of metronidazole was tested against 70 strains of aerobic vibrios (V . cholerae biotype cholerae, V . cholerae biotype eltor, NAG-vibrios, V . parahaemolyticus, v . alginolyticus) and 30 strains of microaerophilic Campylobacter (C . fetus subsp . fetus, C . fetus subsp . intestinalis and C . fetus subsp . jejuni) . All strains of aerobic vibrios proved to be resistant (MIC 100 micrograms/ml) in contrast to campylobacter strains which were sensitive (MIC 1-4 micrograms/ml) to the drug . The findings confirm that metronidazole can be considered to be a selective inhibitor of anaerobic microorganisms, but its action is not restricted to obligate anaerobes. Scand J Rheumatol, 1981, 10(2), 77 - 80 Arthritis associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis; Kosunen TU et al.; Among 342 patients with infection due to Campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni, 8 cases (2.3%) of arthritis were found . Three patients had monoarthritis and 5 oligoor polyarthritis . The arthritis began 4 days - 4 weeks after the onset of diarrhoea; this interval and the synovial fluid findings suggest that the arthritis was reactive . The histocompatibility antigen HLA-B 27 was identified in 5 of the 7 patients tested. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Jan, 42(1), 164 - 5 Carriage of Campylobacter jejuni in healthy and diarrheic animals; Prescott JF et al.; Feces from normal and diarrheic animals were cultured for Campylobacter jejuni . A clear difference could not be detected in carriage between normal and diarrheic cattle, horses, pigs, and dogs . Too few diarrheic goats, sheep, and rabbits were sampled for conclusions to be made . Carriage rates (%) detected in normal animals were as follows: ducks 88.3, chickens 23.8, sheep 13.6, rabbits 11.3, goats 2.7, cattle 2.5, and dogs 0.5 . The organism was not isolated from horses and mink . Carriage rates varied within a species between animals from different sources. Acta Med Scand, 1981, 209(3), 239 - 40 Pancreas affection in association with enteritis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni; Ponka A et al.; A woman with pancreas affection during diarrhoea due to Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni is presented . The patient recovered within 8 days without specific treatment . In addition, 5 other cases with pancreas affection associated with Campylobacter infection are cited. J Int Med Res, 1981, 9(1), 40 - 3 A study of Campylobacter enteritis; Jones A et al.; During the years 1978 and 1979, 432 separate outbreaks of gastro-enteritis were reported to this department by the employees of this company . All these outbreaks were fully screened, and it was seen that nineteen employees had gastro-enteritis caused by Campylobacter organisms . Investigation of these employees revealed significant findings with regard to the possible human source of the organism, and leads us to conclude that the organism can be spread by human-to-human contact, and must be treated as a food poisoning organism with subsequent exclusion of food handlers from work during the period of carriage of the organism . The study also demonstrated that the illness suffered by the affected employees was severe in nature and lasted approximately 1 to 10 days . It took on average between 17 and 19 days during 1979 for clearance to occur in the specimens of the affected employees . Thus, if food handlers are excluded from work when affected, this is a considerable period of absence from work, with considerable cost to industry and the community. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 26, 104 - 9 A clinical double-blind study on the effect of prophylactically administered single dose tinidazole on the occurrence of endometritis after first trimester legal abortion; Westrom L et al.; In a clinical double-blind study, 212 women were administered either a placebo or 2 g of tinidazole 8-15 h before being subjected to a first trimester legal abortion using vacuum aspiration . After the operation, the rectal temperature was recorded twice daily for 5 days . Screening for gonorrhoea was performed before the operation . A total of 27 women (12.7%) had febrile reactions with rectal temperatures greater than 38.0 degrees C after the operation . In 13 women with, and 2 women without a febrile reaction, endometrial specimens were obtained using a protected technique at the time of the febrile reaction . The specimens were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, yeast, fungi, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas . Specific culture methods for the detection of gonococci, group B streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter foetus were employed . In 8 of the 13 women with a febrile reaction and in one of the 2 women without such a reaction all cultures were sterile . M . hominis was recovered from the uterine contents of 2 women who had febrile reactions . In 4 of the women bacteria and fungi belonging to the endogenous vaginal flora were isolated from the endometrial specimen . In 5 women, who did not consult because of the elevated temperature, the febrile reactions were transient and self-limiting without treatment . No differences were observed between the women administered tinidazole and those given a placebo with respect to the rate of febrile postoperative reactions and isolation of micro-organisms from the intra-uterine specimens. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Jan, 42(1), 22 - 4 Prepartum changes of plasma concentrations of prostaglandin F and 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin metabolites in pregnant animals exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi or Campylobacter fetus; Baetz AL et al.; Pregnant cows at 4- to 5-months' of gestation were exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi or Campylobacter fetus . Plasma prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin metabolite (PGM) concentrations were determined at intervals from before exposure until abortion or parturition . The plasma PGF concentration of pregnant infected cattle remained at 0.02 +/- 0.04 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition when it increased 5-fold to 0.11 +/- 0.12 ng/ml . The plasma PGM concentration of these cattle remained at 0.10 +/- 0.07 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition when it increased over 10-fold to 1.36 +/- 0.60 ng/ml . This change in PGF and PGM was similar to that of cattle exposed to each of the infective agents and to that of normal cows at parturition . Thus, changes in PGF and PGM concentrations in bovine plasma cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to determine fetal distress or fetal death for these infections. Sem Hop, 1980 Dec 18-25, 56(47-68), 2039 - 40 {A case report of septicaemia due to Campylobacter fetus variety intestinalis on a cancerous patient (author's transl)}; Colloc ML et al.; The authors report a case of Campylobacter fetus septicaemia from a cancerous patient . The bacterium was isolated from three blood cultures . The infection characteristics are briefly discussed. Gut, 1980 Dec, 21(12), 1035 - 40 Porcine intestinal adenomatosis: epithelial dysplasia and infiltration; Roberts L et al.; Occasionally in cases of porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA) epithelial dysplasia is seen with infiltration of the epithelium into underlying tissues and spread, via the lymphatics, to drainage lymph nodes . The intracellular bacterium Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis, associated with PIA, can be demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the metastases . This dysplasia and infiltration appears to be related to surface damage and inflammation. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Dec, 12(6), 744 - 7 Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni from Bangladeshi children; Blaser MJ et al.; To determine the prevalence of infection with Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni in Bangladesh, culture surveys were conducted among three populations . In Dacca, Campylobacter was isolated from 5.2% of 97 individuals with clinical dysentery and from 12.3% of 204 patients with only diarrhea . This difference may have resulted from a greater representation of young children in the second group . Campylobacter was isolated from 17.7% of the 141 healthy village children aged 1 to 5.5 years and from 38.8% of the 1-year-old children . More infected children (48%) had a history of recent diarrheal illness than did a group of matched controls (20%; P = 0.016) . These findings suggest that campylobacter infection is common for Bangladeshi children . However, this organism may not cause diarrheal illness in all instances in which it is isolated. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Dec, 18(6), 948 - 51 Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus to eight cephalosporins with special reference to species differentiation; Karmali MA et al.; Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that Campylobacter jejuni was significantly more resistant than Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus (intestinalis) to cephalosporin C, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole . No species differences in susceptibility were noted with cephalexin, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin . Rapid species differentiation on the basis of an antibiogram could be achieved with the disk diffusion method . C jejuni failed to produce a zone of inhibition around a 30-microgram cephalothin disk but produced a significant zone around a 30-microgram nalidixic acid disk . C . fetus subsp . fetus (intestinalis) produced exactly the reverse pattern. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Dec, 12(6), 732 - 7 Passive hemagglutination technique for serotyping Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni on the basis of soluble heat-stable antigens; Penner JL et al.; Antigenic materials were extracted from Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni strains by heating bacterial suspensions in saline at 100 degrees C and by exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid . The antigens were heat stable at 100 degrees C, capable of sensitizing sheep erythrocytes for agglutination in antisera, and able to elicit production of specific antibody in rabbits; they occurred with different immunological specificities in 23 strains . Antisera against the 23 strains could be used for discriminating among isolates of the species when the passive hemagglutination technique was used for serotyping . Three serotypes were more common than others among a collection of human isolates. Arch Dis Child, 1980 Dec, 55(12), 923 - 8 Summer diarrhoea in African infants and children; Robins-Browne RM et al.; Of 70 black South African infants and children with acute summer diarrhoea, 30 (43%) were infected with enteropathogenic serogroups of Escherichia coli (EPEC), 13 (19%) with enterotoxigenic Gram-negative bacilli, 12 (17%) with Salmonella sp., 6 (9%) with Shigella sp., and 3 (4%) with rotaviruses . 13 (19%) patients were infected simultaneously with more than one enteropathogen, and no pathogen was detected in 22 (31%) . In addition, 6 (15%) of 41 unselected patients were excreting Campylobacter fetus . Of 30 age-matched controls drawn from the same population, 5 (17%) were infected with EPEC serotypes, and 1 each with Salmonella sp . and rotavirus . This study stresses the polymicrobial nature of paediatric diarrhoea in a developing community and shows the continued importance of EPEC in this setting. J Bacteriol, 1980 Dec, 144(3), 917 - 22 Respiratory systems and cytochromes in Campylobacter fetus subsp . intestinalis; Harvey S et al.; Cell suspensions of Campylobacter fetus subsp . intestinalis grown microaerophilically in complex media consumed oxygen in the presence of formate, succinate, and DL-lactate, and membranes had the corresponding dehydrogenase activities . The cells and membranes also had ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity which was cyanide sensitive . The fumarate reductase activity in the membranes was inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, and this enzyme was probably responsible for the succinate dehydrogenase activity . Cytochrome c was predominant in the membranes, and a major proportion of this pigment exhibited a carbon monoxide-binding spectrum . Approximately 60% of the total membrane cytochrome c, measured with dithionite as the reductant, was also reduced by ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine . A similar proportion of the membrane cytochrome c was reduced by succinate under anaerobic conditions, whereas formate reduced more than 90% of the total cytochrome under these conditions . 2-Heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide inhibited reduction of cytochrome c with succinate, and the reduced spectrum of cytochrome b became evident . The inhibitor delayed reduction of cytochrome c with formate, but the final level of reduction was unaffected . We conclude that the respiratory chain includes low- and high-potential forms of cytochromes c and b; the carbon monoxide-binding form of cytochrome c might function as a terminal oxidase. Vet Rec, 1980 Nov 15, 107(20), 459 - 64 Production of diarrhoea and dysentery in experimental calves by feeding pure cultures of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni; Al-Mashat RR et al.; Pure cultures of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni of bovine origin were used to inoculate three ruminating calves in each of two experiments and three milk-fed calves in another . Inoculated animals all developed clinical signs which included fewer (to 41 degrees C), diarrhoea and sporadic dysentery within one to three days of inoculation . Diarrhoeic faeces were dark, mucoid, of uniform consistency and were passed for six to 15 days . The eight control animals did not develop this syndrome . C f subspecies jejuni was isolated from the faeces of all nine inoculated animals and from the faeces of two control animals in one experiment . The animals were killed 10 to 16 days following inoculation and found to have thickening of the wall of the ileum, varying degrees of inflammation of the jejunal and ileal mucosa, dark, mucoid ileal contents and enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes . Stunted villi, dilated crypts, some of which were filled with inflammatory cells, dilated capillaries and mononuclear cell infiltration were seen in affected small intestinal mucosa . C f subsp jejuni was isolated from the ileum, caecum and colon of all the inoculated animals and less frequently from the jejunum, gall bladder and abomasum . Antibody to the inocular strain of C f subsp jejuni was demonstrated at titres of at least 1:640 in the serum of all inoculated animals and was absent from all the control sera . The probability that C f subsp jejuni caused the syndrome produced was discussed. South Med J, 1980 Nov, 73(11), 1540 - 2 Hypocomplementemia and Campylobacter fetus infection; Arroyo JC et al.; A middle-aged alcoholic man had low C3 levels during two consecutive episodes of bacteremia with Campylobacter fetus, with a return of C3 levels to normal during the interbacteremic period . Total complement levels remained below normal throughout the patient's illness, whereas C4 and C3 activator values were in the normal or supranormal range . A rise and fall in hemagglutinating antibody titers, documenting an immune response, coupled with reasonable antimicrobial therapy were not sufficient to prevent the development of chronic infection . It is suggested that complement may play an important role in the pathogenesis of C fetus infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1980 Nov, 104(11), 571 - 4 Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis . A clinicopathologic study; Colgan T et al.; Sixteen patients with diarrhea due to Campylobacter jejuni seen within a one-year period at a general hospital were studied to review the clinical and pathological features of this illness . Campylobacter jejuni causes an acute diarrheal illness often associated with fever, delayed-onset hematochezia, and severe abdominal pain . Roentgenographically, one may see colonic and ileal ulceration . Sigmoidoscopically, the rectal appearance is similar to that from acute idiopathic ulcerative colitis, while rectal biopsy specimens show preservation of glandular architecture and a range of focal inflammatory changes . These changes are most severe in patients with a history of frank blood in stool, provided the specimens are taken within the first week of illness . No correlation between stool frequency, abdominal pain, or fever and the severity of proctitis in rectal biopsy specimens can be drawn, which suggests that the pathogenic determinants for thesse clinical manifestations may not be in the rectum, but higher in the colon or in the small intestine. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Nov, 41(11), 1767 - 8 Plasma progesterone concentration in the bovine before abortion or parturition in pregnant animals exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus; Baetz AL et al.; Pregnant cows in the 4th and 5th month of the gestation were exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus . Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined at intervals from before the cows were exposed until they had aborted or calved . The plasma progesterone concentration of the exposed pregnant cattle remained at 3.95 +/- 2.0 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition, when it decreased to below 1.00 ng/ml . This pattern was similar for cattle exposed to each of the infective agents . Thus, changes in progesterone concentrations in bovine plasma cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for fetal distress or fetal death. Am J Ophthalmol, 1980 Oct, 90(4), 572 - 3 Ocular inflammation in Reiter's syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis; Saari KM et al.; An 18-year-old woman developed acute polyarthritis one week and bilateral, acute, mucopurulent conjunctivitis and sterile pyuria two weeks after onset of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis . The conjunctivitis resolved spontaneously in one week and the arthritis in two months . The patient had HLA-B27 antigen . Campylobacter organisms may lead to Reiter's syndrome in a patient with HLA-B27 antigen. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 12(4), 538 - 40 Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni as a cause of gastroenteritis in Jakarta, Indonesia; Ringertz S et al.; Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni was isolated from the feces of 15 out of 144 (10%) children (0 to 9 years old) and 4 out of 251 (2%) adults with gastroenteritis and was found together with another enteric pathogen in 2 of the children and in all 4 adults . It was isolated from 2 out of 7 (28%) children and 3 out of 160 (2%) adults with suspected typhoid fever . The bacterium was recovered from 3 out of 4 orphanage children with diarrhea and from 1 without symptoms and was isolated from only 1 child in a control group of 221 persons. Gastroenterology, 1980 Oct, 79(4), 742 - 5 Campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni: a cause of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Michalak DM et al.; A patient is described with Campylobacter enteritis complicated by massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding from multiple mucosal ulcers in the terminal ileum and at the ileocecal valve . Repeated stool cultures and antibiotic therapy may be indicated in certain patients to diminish the morbidity arising from what may seem to be mild disease . In patients who suffer bleeding complications, arteriography before surgery is necessary to demonstrate an otherwise grossly indefinable source of bleeding. Med J Aust, 1980 Sep 6, 2(5), 268 - 71 Campylobacter: common cause of enteritis in an infectious diseases hospital; Williams GV et al.; Eleven patients were referred to the infectious diseases wards of the Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, between August and December, 1979, with acute infectious diarrhoea acquired within Australia . Nine of the 11 had infection with Campylobacter species as the sole pathogens . In contrast, a variety of pathogens was isolated from the stools of 13 patients referred to the hospital with enteritis acquired during overseas travel, including three Shigella species, but only one Campylobacter species . The patients with campylobacter enteritis suffered fever, abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea, often with some blood . Complications of campylobacter enteritis included colitis, severe abdominal pain, renal failure, severe muscle cramps, headache with meningism, myalgias and arthralgias . Campylobacter enteritis resolved with cessation of solid food intake, together with intravenous or oral fluid therapy . Some patients were treated with erythromycin, with prompt improvement, though a role for antibiotic therapy has not yet been established. J Infect Dis, 1980 Sep, 142(3), 353 - 9 Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni: a common cause of diarrhea in Sweden; Svedhem A et al.; Stool samples from approximately 2,550 patients with gastrointestinal infections were cultured for bacterial pathogens between January 1978 and September 1979, and 277 campylobacter (10.9%), 183 salmonella, 89 shigella, and 17 yersinia infections were identified . Campylobacter was found in all age groups, with the majority in the age group of 20-34 years . Most cases of campylobacter diarrhea were isolated during summer or late fall . After five weeks, 90% of the patients had no Campylobacter in their stools . The incubation time was estimated to be one to six days . Campylobacter gastroenteritis, even more common than salmonella gastroenteritis, was in general not regarded as a serious disease, despite the fact that most patients had marked symptoms . Almost all patients recovered without antibiotic treatment, although in some cases the disease was long-lasting, and 50 of the 277 patients required hospitalization . Thus, Campylobacter must be considered in the diagnosis of patients with diarrhea. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 127(2), 137 - 43 Oxygen consumption by Campylobacter sputorum subspecies Bubulus with formate as substrate; Niekus HG et al.; The kinetics of oxygen utilization by the microaerophile Campylobacter sputorium subspecies bubulus was studied . With formate as substrate two enzyme systems were found to be responsible for electron transfer between formate and oxygen . In the case of lactate oxidation one enzyme system could account for the activity measured . One of the formate-oxidizing systems possessed a high affinity for oxygen {Km(O2) = approx . 4 microM O2} . From inhibitor studies it was concluded that a respiratory chain was involved in its activity . Respiration by this system must be responsible for proton translocation and electron transport-linked phosphorylation at formate oxidation . The other enzyme system had an extremely low affinity for oxygen {Km (O2) = approx . 1 mM O2} . It was tentatively identified as the H2O2-producing formate oxidase previously found in C . sputorum . The H2O2 production by this enzyme is implicated in an explantation of the microaerophilic nature of C . sputorum . Sensitivity of formate dehydrogenase to H2O2 was demonstrated . The influence of the formate concentration on aerobic formate oxidation was determined . The pH- and temperature dependencies of oxygen uptake with formate as substrate were examined at air-saturation and at a low dissolved oxygen tension. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Sep 1, 105(17), 724 - 6 {Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni in chickens (author's transl)}; Goren E et al.; A bacteriological examination of 239 chickens coming from 89 commerical flocks yielded a high incidence of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni isolations . From 30.1% of the birds or 41.6% of the flocks this micro-organism was isolated from 28.6% of the jejunal contents and 11.2% of the bile samples respectively . In contrast this agent could not be isolated from the skin or peritoneal cavity of 750 carcasses of broilers (13 flocks) before of after freezing in . No correlation could be found between the isolation of Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni and the diagnosed disease condition of the birds examined. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 12(3), 479 - 80 Enriched brucella medium for storage and transport of cultures of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni; Wang WL et al.; A semisolid brucella medium with 10% sheep blood was used for storage and transport of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni and subsp . intestinalis and kept isolated alive about 3 weeks or longer at 25 degrees C or when sent through the regular mail. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 12(3), 406 - 8 Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni from migratory waterfowl; Luechtefeld NA et al.; Since the sources from which humans acquire Campylobacter enteritis are only partially known, we studied the frequency of carriage of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni in migratory waterfowl . Cecal contents of various species of wild ducks were cultured on selective media that contained antibiotics to inhibit normal flora . Thirty-five percent of the 445 ducks cultured harbored C . fetus subsp . jejuni . Migratory waterfowl are yet another reservoir for this enteric pathogen and may be of public health importance for humans in the contamination of water or when used as food. J Clin Pathol, 1980 Aug, 33(8), 767 - 9 Serological response to Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection; Jones DM et al.; The antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection was investigated in 59 patients involved in two outbreaks of milk-borne infection and in sporadic infections in the community . Agglutinins and complement-fixing (CF) antibodies were detected in nearly all these patients . Agglutinins were present in 25% of normal sera at low titres (not greater than 1/160) but CF antibody titres of 1/4 or 1/8 were present in only 2.0% . The agglutination reactions in convalescent sera were best developed with the homologous or an antigenically similar strain whereas the CF test, with sonicated organisms as antigen, was less strain-specific and was more suitable as a routine test . Antibody was present seven to 10 days after the onset of symptoms. J Clin Pathol, 1980 Aug, 33(8), 762 - 6 Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni/coli; Abbott JD et al.; Antisera were prepared from strains of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from patients in six outbreaks of enteritis . Bactericidal antibodies, and agglutinating antibodies to heat-labile and heat-stable antigens, were demonstrated . These reactions were used to type a number of strains isolated from patients in each outbreak, and to distinguish 'epidemic' from 'non-epidemic' strains. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 26(8), 881 - 6 Isolation of a nitrogen-fixing Campylobacter species from the roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel; McClung CR et al.; A microaerophilic nitrogen-fixing bacterium was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel growing in a Nova Scotian salt marsh . It is a small curved rod and is motile with a single polar flagellum . Metabolism is respiratory . Organic and amino acids, but not carbohydrates, serve as carbon and energy sources . The guanine + cy