Salmonellosis

J Food Prot, 2004 Dec, 67(12), 2671 - 4
Fate of salmonellae in orange and grapefruit concentrates during cold storage; Parish ME et al.; Orange and grapefruit concentrates at 42, 50, and 64 degreesBrix were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of acid-adapted salmonellae stored at 0, -5, -10, -15, or -20 degrees C and sampled for population survival up to 11 and 50 days for grapefruit and orange concentrates, respectively . Survivor curves were nonlinear and best fit by a three-parameter power equation: Y = a + bXc . Final log reductions ranged from 2.3 to 4.8 after 50 days in orange concentrate and 6.0 to 6.9 after 11 days in grapefruit concentrate . Storage times needed to achieve a 5-log population reduction among all treatments for grapefruit concentrate ranged from 1.0 to 5.8 days . Significant differences (P < or = 0.05) were observed among results for different temperatures within any single Brix level; however, storage times among Brix levels at any one temperature were not significantly (P < or = 0.05) different . Results indicate that cold storage of grapefruit concentrate is a viable treatment for achieving a 5-log reduction in salmonellae.

Pathol Oncol Res, 2004, 10(4), 234 - 6 Epub 2004 Dec 27.
Abscess of the spleen; Ulhaci N et al.; Abscess of the spleen is a very rare lesion . In this study, 4 cases of splenic abscess are presented and discussed along with the literature . The cases were between 16 and 55 years-old and two of them had hematologic malignancy . All of them had been operated on because of acute abdomen, and in two cases splenic rupture was present . Only in one of the cases was salmonellosis detected by microbiological methods . By histological examination, expansion and congestion in splenic sinusoids, and foci of abscess including wide areas of necrosis and inflammatory infiltration by neutrophils were seen in all cases . The most frequent cause of splenic abscess is septic embolism arising from bacterial endocarditis . There are also a few splenic abscess cases seen with malignancies . While splenic abscess is seen rarely, it has a high rate of mortality when it is diagnosed late.

Zhong Yao Cai, 2001 Nov, 24(11), 788 - 91
{The hygienic examination and quality research of Chinese crude drug scorpion}; Zhang G et al.; We selected the method of hygienic test to determinate the infection of colibacilli, salmonelli, mixed bacteria, mould fungus and yeasts on Chinese crude drug scorpion from 29 commerical samples in different storaged period, habitats and commerical standard . The results showed there were not colibacilli and salmonelli in all 29 samples, but infectious mixed bacteria rate is 100%, which is 2.1 times more than salty scorpion in 29 tested samples, and the infectious fungi rate is 72.4% . The fungi of salty scorpion is 15% more than fresh scorpion . The quantity of infected yeasts on salty scorpion is much more than scorpion . There are 4 species of fungi such as Alternaria neesex Wallroth, Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Nocarcia sp . and Tricophyton violaceum Sabouraud . Because of infectious pathogenic bacteria rate is so high, we suggest to increase the item of hygienic test to control the quality of crude drug scorpion and strengthen the administration of commerical drugs, so as to reduce the contaminative condition.

Transplant Proc, 2004 Sep, 36(7), 2145 - 7
Posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma: report from a single center; Huang JY et al.; Posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is not uncommon . This study investigated the clinical manifestations, impact of immunosuppression, and presence of HHV-8 antigen in our patients . METHODS: Among 568 renal transplant recipients, four developed KS . The physical findings, radiologic studies, immunosuppressive regimens, and the clinical outcomes were reviewed . In two patients, the expression of human herpes virus-8 was examined with polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization . RESULTS: The incidence of KS was 0.7% in our recipients . The intervals between the transplantation and the development of KS ranged from 2 months to 8.4 years . All KS patients had calcineurin inhibitor-based antirejection therapies . Peripheral lymphadenopathy was the initial manifestation in three of four patients; the fourth presented with violaceous papules over his lower legs . Besides lymphadenopathy, KS in one patient also involved internal visceral organs . One patient died at the time of diagnosis because of Salmonellosis; the other three experienced tumor regression after discontinuation of calcineurin inhibitors . HHV-8 expression was detected in two examined specimens . CONCLUSION: Lymph node involvement is the most common clinical presentation in our posttransplant KS patients . HHV-8 infection is associated with the development of KS . Early withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors produces a favorable outcome in posttransplant KS.

Przegl Epidemiol, 2004, 58(2), 313 - 23
{Infectious diseases among military personnel in the catchment area of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon hospital, from 1993 to 2000}; Buczynski A et al.; In the study the incidence of infectious diseases among military personnel of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and local civilian population is examined . Additionally, the authors investigate the potential risk factors, including environmental conditions, influencing the incidence of infectious diseases . Epidemiological analysis was conducted based on the medical records of patients treated in the Internal and Surgical Ward of the UNIFIL Hospital from 1993 to 2000 . The patients with infectious diseases accounted for 5.84 % of all patients hospitalized during the analyzed period . The most frequent infectious diseases treated during that time were salmonellosis and staphylococcal food poisoning.

Rev Esp Salud Publica, 2004 May-Jun, 78(3), 389 - 98
{Emerging zoonoses linked to pets in the autonomous community of Madrid: design of a method for setting public health priorities, Spain}; Garcia Nieto A et al.; BACKGROUND: The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases are a major concern in Public Health . The unique socio-demographic aspects of the Autonomous Community of Madrid make it necessary for a greater deal of attention to be paid to pet-transmitted zoonoses . This study is aimed as heightening the knowledge of the emerging and re-emerging pet-transmitted zoonoses and the design of a method for prioritizing the same . METHODS: Based on the diseases obtained from official sources, laboratories and a review of published studies, a quantification and weighting method designed by the working group and adapted to the specificity of this study was applied . RESULTS: Based on the analysis of 137 diseases, 24 met the admission requirements . The weighting method is provided in table form, including eleven scoring criteria, the criteria categories and the coefficients employed . Salmonellosis was the top-ranked disease, followed by Q Fever, Tularemia and Hantavirus Infection . CONCLUSIONS: A method for specifically evaluating emerging and re-emerging diseases was designed, affording the possibility of setting priorities in the Public Health planning field . This study provides a listing of 24 zoonoses ranked in order of importance, based on which new strategy-related lines must be set out for the research and/or control thereof.

Curr Opin Pediatr, 2004 Aug, 16(4), 450 - 60
Immunizations, neonatal jaundice, and animal-induced injuries; Morris SA et al.; PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Published studies during the past year about three topics important to the pediatric clinician-- immunizations, neonatal jaundice, and animal-induced injuries-are concisely reviewed . RECENT FINDINGS: Recent updates regarding vaccines including the questionable link with autism, implementation of universal influenza vaccination for young children, the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine against invasive disease, and new information on pertussis, varicella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, measles, and rotavirus vaccination are discussed . No association between measles/mumps/rubella vaccine or thimerosal-containing pertussis vaccine and autism is evident . Universal influenza vaccination for children 6 to 23 months of age will be recommended for the 2004-2005 flu season, and this implementation should reduce significant school absenteeism as well as complications seen last year including encephalopathy, seizures, respiratory failure, and pneumonia . Pneumococcal vaccine significantly reduces rates of invasive pneumococcal vaccine in healthy and HIV-infected children, although it does not appear to greatly affect otitis media rates . A reduction in post-vaccine febrile seizures appears to be present since the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccine . Multiple outbreaks in varicella have been reported since the introduction of the varicella vaccine, and a booster vaccination may be necessary in the future . Methods for detecting and preventing severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are reviewed, as well as anticipated recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics for the detection and management of hyperbilirubinemia . High bilirubin levels in preterm infants may result in hearing dysfunction and developmental impairment . The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended a higher level of monitoring for newborn jaundice and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in an effort to prevent kernicterus and sequelae from elevated bilirubin levels, including post-discharge follow-up appointment by day 3 to 5 of age . Dog bites in children with resultant post-traumatic stress disorder, rabies, and salmonellosis from pet reptiles in the home are also addressed . Clinicians need to be aware of the risk for rabies bites, need to recognize that dog bites in children appear to cause post-traumatic stress disorder in more than half of cases, and need to know how to educate patients on how to prevent salmonellosis from pet reptiles and amphibians . SUMMARY: Progress has been made in immunizations, especially immunization for influenza, pneumonia, and pertussis . It is recommended that monitoring for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia be more thorough to prevent the consequences of this condition . Rabies, post-traumatic stress disorder from dog bites, and salmonellosis associated with pet reptiles constitute an important area for patient education.

Euro Surveill . 2004 May 1;9(5) {Epub ahead of print}
Strengthening early warning function of surveillance in the Republic of Serbia: lessons learned after a year of implementation; Valenciano M et al.; The Republic of Serbia, with WHO support, has implemented an early warning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases, to complement the routine surveillance system which notifies individual confirmed cases . The results of its evaluation, conducted one year after implementation is presented here . ALERT relies on notification of 11 syndromes by primary care facilities . Data is analysed weekly at district level and transmitted to national epidemiologists . ALERT is perceived to be a simple and flexible tool . Acceptability is higher at national level than at district level . Some districts perceive ALERT as a parallel system poorly connected to control measures . Sensitivity of ALERT in detecting cases of meningitis is 93%, and 37% for cases of hepatitis . Retrospective analysis of ALERT data identified 9 outbreaks, 5 of which had been recognized by epidemiologists . ALERT was the timeliest system for detecting 4 outbreaks identified by both systems . ALERT was useful for triggering timely investigation and control of outbreaks of hantavirus and salmonellosis and for detecting the start of the influenza season . However, ALERT did not detect clusters of brucellosis and tularaemia targeted by the unexplained fever syndrome . This evaluation underlined the need for a global review of surveillance activities when implementing new components such as ALERT . While control measures based on notification of individual confirmed cases are well understood and implemented, the investigation and verification process that should result from an increase in ALERT syndromes is not fully understood . Field epidemiology training programmes, such as the EPIET programme, are best suited to bring about this change of perspective.

Cell Microbiol, 2004 Jul, 6(7), 599 - 607
Apoptosis paves the detour path for CD8 T cell activation against intracellular bacteria; Winau F et al.; Intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily infect macrophages . Within these host cells, the pathogens are confined to phagosomes and their antigens are secluded from the classical MHC I presentation pathway . Moreover, macrophages fail to express certain antigen presenting molecules like CD1 proteins . As a result of this intracellular lifestyle, the pathways for the induction of MHC I- and CD1-restricted CD8 T cells by such microorganisms remain elusive . Based on recent findings in tuberculosis and salmonellosis, we propose a new detour pathway for CD8 T cell activation against intracellular bacteria through apoptotic blebs from infected macrophages . Pathogen-derived antigens including proteins and lipids are delivered from infected cells to non-infected dendritic cells . Subsequently, these professional antigen presenting cells display microbial antigens through MHC I and CD1 to T cells . Thus, cross-priming mediated by apoptotic vesicles is not just a matter of antigen distribution, but an intrinsic immunological function due to the nature of phagosomally located intracellular bacteria . We consider infection-induced apoptosis the conditio sine qua non for antigen-specific CD8 T cell activation by phagosome-enclosed pathogens . This important new function of cell death in antibacterial immunity requires consideration for rational vaccine design.

Blood, 2004 Oct 1, 104(7), 2095 - 101 Epub 2004 Jun 03.
A novel form of complete IL-12/IL-23 receptor beta1 deficiency with cell surface-expressed nonfunctional receptors; Fieschi C et al.; Complete interleukin-12/interleukin-23 receptor beta1 (IL-12Rbeta1) deficiency is the most frequent known genetic etiology of the syndrome of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease . The patients described to date lack IL-12Rbeta1 at the surface of their natural killer (NK) and T cells due to IL12RB1 mutations, which either interrupt the open reading frame or disrupt protein folding . We describe a patient with a large in-frame deletion of 12165 nucleotides (nt) in IL12RB1, encompassing exons 8 to 13 and resulting in the surface expression of nonfunctional IL-12Rbeta1 . These 6 exons encode the proximal NH2-terminal half of the extracellular domain downstream from the cytokine-binding domain . Five of 6 monoclonal anti-IL-12Rbeta1 antibodies tested recognized the internally truncated chain on the cell surface . However, IL-12 and IL-23 did not bind normally to the patient's IL-12Rbeta1-containing respective heterodimeric receptors . As a result, signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 (STAT4) was not phosphorylated and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production was not induced in the patient's cells upon stimulation with even high doses of IL-12 or IL-23 . The functional defect was completely rescued by retrovirus-mediated IL-12Rbeta1 gene transfer . Thus, the detection of IL-12Rbeta1 on the cell surface does not exclude the possibility of complete IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency in patients with mycobacteriosis or salmonellosis . Paradoxically, the largest IL12RB1 mutation detected is associated with the cell surface expression of nonfunctional IL-12Rbeta1, defining a novel genetic form of IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency.

Rev Med Liege, 2004 Mar, 59(3), 145 - 8
{Infections and antibiotic prophylaxis in sickle cell disease}; Lepage P et al.; Bacterial infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young children with sickle cell disease . Susceptibility to infections is mainly observed in homozygous sickle cell disease . The incidence of bacteremias in children under 3 years of age is approximately 8 events/100 patient-years among homozygous subjects and approximately S events/100 patient-years among those with SC hemoglobinopathy . Pneumococci and Salmonellae are the most frequently isolated bacteria . Severe clinical manifestations include septicemia, meningitis, osteomyelitis and pneumonia . M . Pneumoniae and C . Pneumoniae infections may be severe and may induce acute chest syndrome . The high incidence and severity of bacterial infections in these children justify prevention efforts by antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccination . The efficacy of oral penicillin prophylaxis against pneumococcal infections has been well demonstrated and is now recommended from 3 months of age . The antipneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in young infants.

Biochemistry, 2004 May 11, 43(18), 5428 - 36
Domain structures and roles in bacteriophage HK97 capsid assembly and maturation; Benevides JM et al.; Head assembly in the double-stranded DNA coliphage HK97 involves initially the formation of the precursor shell Prohead I from approximately 420 copies of a 384-residue subunit . This is followed by proteolytic removal of residues 2-103 to create Prohead II, and then reorganization and expansion of the shell lattice and covalent cross-linking of subunits make Head II . Here, we report and structurally interpret solution Raman spectra of Prohead I, Prohead II, and Head II particles . The Raman signatures of Prohead I and Prohead II indicate a common alpha/beta fold for residues 104-385, and a strongly conserved tertiary structure . The Raman difference spectrum between Prohead I and Prohead II demonstrates that the N-terminal residues 2-103 (Delta-domain) form a predominantly alpha-helical fold devoid of beta-strand . The conformation of the Delta-domain in Prohead I thus resembles that of the previously characterized scaffolding proteins of Salmonellaphage P22 and Bacillus phage phi29 and suggests an analogous architectural role in mediating the assembly of a properly dimensioned precursor shell . The Prohead II --> Head II transition is accompanied by significant reordering of both the secondary and tertiary structures of 104-385, wherein a large increase occurs in the percentage of beta-strand (from 38 to 45%), and a marginal increase is observed in the percentage of alpha-helix (from 27 to 31%) . Both are at the expense of unordered chain segments . Residue environments affected by HK97 shell maturation include the unique cysteine (Cys 362) and numerous tyrosines and tryptophans . The tertiary structural reorganization is reminiscent of that observed for the procapsid --> capsid transformation of P22 . The Raman signatures of aqueous and crystalline Head II reveal no significant differences between the crystal and solution structures.

Eur Radiol . 2004 Jan 29; {Epub ahead of print}
Gastrointestinal infection in the immunocompromised (AIDS) patient; Reeders JW et al.; In the past two decades acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the most devastating illnesses in human history . As the epidemic continues to spread increasingly, AIDS patients are no longer confined to a few specialized AIDS hospitals and are now seen in general hospitals and clinics everywhere . Radiologists need to recognize the appearances, to understand how-safely-to care for patients with this disease, and to know enough about the illness to be able to counsel their patients . This article presents a review of current knowledge about the wide range of gastrointestinal hepatic, splenic, biliary, and retroperitoneal manifestations in AIDS, and how the role of modern medical imaging techniques and diagnosis and treatment can be applied . The imaging aspects (conventional double-contrast gastrointestinal studies, ultrasound, CT, and MR) of the diseases of the luminal gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, biliary tract, and retroperitoneum will be systematically discussed . Candidiasis, herpes, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, histoplasmosis, isosporiasis, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, unusual mycobacteria, and viral infections account for the majority of non-neoplastic disorders.

Emerg Infect Dis, 2003 Dec, 9(12), 1621 - 2
Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in typhoid fever case, Pakistan; Butt T et al.; We report a case of ciprofloxacin treatment failure in a typhoid fever patient at a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan . This case shows not only the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in typhoid salmonellae but also the inadequacy of the current laboratory guidelines for detection of this resistance.

Epidemiology, 2004 Jan, 15(1), 86 - 92
Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease?
D'Souza RM, Becker NG, Hall G, Moodie KB.
BACKGROUND: Foodborne illness is a significant public health issue in most countries, including Australia . We examined the association between temperature and salmonellosis notifications, and compared these associations for 5 Australian cities . METHODS: Log-linear models describing monthly salmonellosis notifications in terms of calendar time and monthly average temperatures were fitted over the period 1991 to 2001 for each city . We used a negative binomial chance model to accommodate overdispersion in the counts . RESULTS: The long-term trend showed an increase in salmonellosis notifications in each of the 5 cities . There was a positive association between monthly salmonellosis notifications and mean monthly temperature of the previous month in every city . Seasonal patterns in salmonellosis notifications were fully explained by changes in temperature . DISCUSSION: The strength of the association, the consistency across 5 cities, and a plausible biologic pathway suggest that higher ambient temperatures are a cause of higher salmonellosis notifications . The lag of 1 month suggests that temperature might be more influential earlier in the production process rather than at the food preparation stage . This knowledge can help to guide policy on food preparation and distribution . It also suggests a basis for an early warning system for increased risk from salmonellosis, and raises yet another possible health problem with global warming.

Eur J Immunol, 2003 Dec, 33(12), 3393 - 7
IL-12 receptor deficiency revisited: IL-23-mediated signaling is also impaired in human genetic IL-12 receptor beta1 deficiency; Hoeve MA et al.; IFN-gamma and IL-12 are crucial cytokines for cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens . We have previously shown that human IL-12Rbeta1-deficiency leads to impaired IL-12 responsiveness and unusual susceptibility to infections due to mycobacteria and salmonellae . IL-23 is a cytokine with functions that partially overlap with those of IL-12 . IL-23 consists of IL-12p40 and a novel p19 protein, and binds to a receptor complex comprising IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-23R . Thus, IL-12Rbeta1-deficiency may impair both IL-12- and IL-23 signaling, and both may contribute to the immunological phenotypes . To examine whether IL-12Rbeta1 is essential for IL-23 signaling in human T cells, we have studied IL-23 responsiveness of four IL-12Rbeta1-deficient individuals . Whereas IL-23 promoted IFN-gamma production by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in controls, IL-12Rbeta1-deficient T cells lacked IL-23-induced IFN-gamma secretion, but responded normally to IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 and IL-18 . We also show that induction of IFN-gamma production by IL-23 depends upon TCR-ligation and is enhanced by CD28-costimulation . Furthermore, IL-23 cooperates with IL-12 and IL-18 in promoting IFN-gamma production in controls, but not in patients . We conclude that IL-12Rbeta1-deficiency impairs IL-12- and IL-23-dependent signaling in human T cells . The syndrome caused by IL-12Rbeta1-deficiency thus needs to be reinterpreted as resulting from defective IL-12-as well as IL-23-mediated immunity.

Clin Infect Dis, 2003 Dec 1, 37(11), e167 - 9 Epub 2003 Nov 06.
Turtle-associated human salmonellosis; Stam F et al.; A patient who bred exotic turtles as a hobby presented with 2 episodes of severe diarrhea, the second of which was proven to be caused by turtle-associated salmonellosis that was contracted during treatment with a proton-pump inhibitor . The literature about reptile-associated salmonellosis is briefly reviewed.

Epidemiol Infect, 2003 Oct, 131(2), 809 - 13
The use of the case-crossover design in a continuous common source food-borne outbreak; Haegebaert S et al.; When applicable, case-crossover studies may be quicker and cheaper to complete than case-control studies . Because time is a major issue in outbreak investigations, we evaluated the interest of this design during a continuous common source food-borne outbreak of salmonellosis for which the vehicle (hamburgers) was also implicated by environmental and laboratory investigations . Seventeen of the 35 cases identified in the outbreak were included in the study according to the availability of menu records with detailed information on food consumed at each meal . Food exposures during a 3-day risk period before onset of illness were compared to those of a control time-interval of the same duration that preceded the risk period by two days . Seventy-seven per cent of the cases (13/17) had consumed hamburgers in the three days preceding onset of illness compared with 29% (5/17) during the control period (P = 0.04, odds ratio = 5, 95% CI: 1.1-46.9) . In this investigation the case-crossover design proved to be a useful and efficient alternative to the case-control approach . However, further evaluation of this design in outbreak investigation is needed.

Pol J Vet Sci, 2003, 6(3), 177 - 82
Prevalence of infectious diseases in ring-necked pheasant flocks in Poland; Wieliczko A et al.; The health status of ring-necked pheasants in view of the prevalence of infectious diseases was estimated in Polish pheasantries in the years 1997-2000 . Anatomicopathological, microbiological and serological examinations were carried out on birds derived from 26 pheasantries, including birds randomly selected from 18 flocks and sick or dead birds sent from 8 pheasantries . Antibodies specific to the following viruses were detected in serum blood samples: HE, AE, AP, REO, AI, Adeno group 1, MD, ND, as well as Mycoplasma gallisepticum specific antibodies . However, in none of the examined flocks was the presence of antibodies against reticuloendoteliosis virus found . Marble spleen disease and salmonellosis proved to be the most frequent cause of death during the growing period.

J Microbiol Methods, 2003 Oct, 55(1), 287 - 93
Isolation and concentration of Salmonellae with an immunoaffinity column; Brewster JD; A method for rapidly and selectively isolating Salmonellae from buffer solutions and concentrating the bacteria by a factor of approximately 500 was developed . Anti-Salmonellae antibody was covalently linked to 40 microm polyacrylamide beads to prepare a solid phase with affinity for the bacteria . The beads were packed into 1-mm diameter glass tubes to form a column 20 microl in volume . Buffer containing Salmonellae at concentrations ranging from 10(2) to 10(6)/ml was pumped through the column to trap and concentrate the bacteria . At a flow rate of 50 microl/min, more than 95% of the bacteria introduced to the column were captured, while at 800 microl/min capture dropped to 32% . Specificity was high, with no detectable capture of Escherichia coli at a concentration of 10(5)/ml . Capture of more than 90% of Salmonellae in a 5-ml sample was achieved in 40 min by re-circulating the sample through the column at a flow rate of 500 microl/.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 2003, 531, 279 - 94
Human deficiencies in type-1 cytokine receptors reveal the essential role of type-1 cytokines in immunity to intracellular bacteria; Ottenhoff TH et al.; Human genetic factors play an important role in determining the outcome of infections caused by intracellular pathogens, including mycobacteria and salmonellae (reviewed in 1) . The genetic elements involved and the mechanisms by which these control disease-susceptibility versus resistance, however, remain incompletely characterized . Recent studies on patients with idiopathic, severe infections due to poorly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae have revealed that many of these patients are unable to produce or respond to IFN-gamma . This inability results from causative, deleterious genetic mutations in either one of five different genes in the type-1 cytokine cascade, encoding IL-12p40, IL-12Rbeta1, IFN-gammaR1, IFN-gammaR2 or Stat-1 . The mutational events can lead to complete or partial deficiency, and are mostly autosomal recessive but can be dominant negative as well . The immunological, clinical and histopathological phenotypes resulting from the ten groups of genetic type-1 cytokine (receptor) deficiency distinguished thus far differ significantly . These findings are summarized, discussed and placed in a broader context in relation to protective immune mechanisms and disease susceptibility.

Clin Infect Dis, 2003 Jul 15, 37(2), 302 - 6 Epub 2003 Jul 07.
Clinical tuberculosis in 2 of 3 siblings with interleukin-12 receptor beta1 deficiency; Caragol I et al.; We describe 3 siblings with interleukin-12 receptor beta1 (IL-12Rbeta1) deficiency, a known genetic etiology of clinical disease caused by infection with poorly virulent mycobacteria, such as mycobacteria found in bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines and environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) . One child had disseminated tuberculosis, the second had extraintestinal salmonellosis and pulmonary tuberculosis, and the third remained asymptomatic . IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency should be considered as a diagnosis in patients with severe salmonellosis or tuberculosis, even if they do not have disease due to BCG or NTM.

Antibiot Khimioter, 2003, 48(1), 23 - 6
{Enhanced activity of rifampicin loaded with polybutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles in relation to intracellularly localized bacteria}; Skidan IN et al.; Association of rifampicin with polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles provided considerable enhancement of drug antibacterial activity . In vitro nanoparticle-loaded rifampicin was more active against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium avium, localized in isolated alveolar macrophages . Level of rifampicin in macrophages increased 2-3-fold after incubation with rifampicinloaded nanoparticles comparing to the free drug . High therapeutic efficacy of colloidal rifampicin was demonstrated in vivo . Use of nanoparticles provided 2-fold increase in rifampicin efficacy, comparing with the free drug at treatment of staphylococcus sepsis in mice . Single administration of nanoparticulate rifampicin in the dose 25 mg/kg resulted in 80% survival of mice with salmonellosis, while 50 mg/kg of free rifampicin could provide only 10% survival . It may be considered that high antibacterial efficacy of rifampicin bound to nanoparticles is due to its effective delivery to macrophages.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2001 Nov-Dec, (6 Suppl), 41 - 4
{Laboratory diagnostics of acute enteric infections under the conditions of the work of the specialized epidemic brigade during liquidation of the consequences of the emergency situations}; Onishchenko GG et al.; The scheme of the complex microbiological diagnostics of cholera, dysentery, salmonellosis and escherichiosis has been developed . The scheme includes the introduction of material taken from a patient with acute enteric infection into 1% peptone water (pH 8.0), followed by inoculation into Endo medium (pH 7.4-8.0) and the selection of colonies on MC-agar with the subsequent final identification of bacteria with the use of biochemical, serological and genetic methods of investigation . This scheme is proposed for use in bacteriological sections of specialized antiepidemic brigades working on the liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations when the epidemiological safety of the population is threatened.

20 Century Br Hist, 2003, 14(1), 1 - 23
Professional advantage and public health: British veterinarians and State Veterinary Services, 1865-1939; Hardy A; At the beginning of the twentieth century, municipal authorities in England and Wales, and in Scotland, began to develop systems of veterinary public health which encompassed both the welfare of animals and the safety of meat and milk intended for human consumption . This paper examines the motives behind veterinary attempts to extend the integration of human and animal health considerations within the public health framework in the inter-war period . In 1938 the Ministry of Agriculture implemented a national administrative structure for the management of animal diseases which absorbed the veterinary personnel of the municipal authorities, whose own veterinary public health activities largely fell into abeyance . As a result, the ideal of veterinary public health disappeared from British public health practice after 1939, and lost its force as a professional political cause . The mid-century disappearance of animal health from consideration in British public health programmes was one of a complex of historical strands which contributed to the late-twentieth-century emergence of public health crises over such animal-borne diseases as salmonellosis, Escherichia coli infection, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2002 Oct, 15(5), 507 - 12
Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations; Graham SM; PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review addresses recent developments that relate to the clinical management and prevention of childhood salmonellosis in developed and developing countries . RECENT FINDINGS: Invasive disease due to serovar Typhi as well as nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) is common in children younger than 5 years old in developing countries, and multidrug resistance is an increasingly difficult problem to manage . A new conjugate vaccine was found to be very effective in preventing typhoid fever in young Vietnamese children and was well tolerated, showing great promise for the future . Antibiotic use in the food animal industry is an important source of disease with multidrug resistant NTS strains in the developed world . Efforts for prevention are aimed at immunization of animals, control of antibiotic use in the food animal industry and careful monitoring of food-borne outbreaks . On the other hand, although the burden of NTS disease in children is far greater in developing countries, especially in tropical Africa, knowledge of even basic epidemiology is lacking . Importantly, it may be that, as spp . acquire increasing resistance, they also acquire increasing virulence that will lead to even greater morbidity and mortality . SUMMARY: Recent developments include a better knowledge of clinical aspects of invasive salmonellosis, an increasing response to the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance (including quinolones), and excellent results from the use of a recently developed conjugate vaccine for typhoid fever in children as young as 2 years old.

Euro Surveill, 1999 May, 4(5), 52 - 55
The Enter-net international surveillance network - how it works; Fisher IS; Enter-net is an international network for the surveillance of human gastrointestinal infections, which monitors salmonellosis and Vero cytotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157, including their antimicrobial resistance . When the network began it in

Eur J Immunol, 2003 Jan, 33(1), 59 - 69
Severe Mycobacterium bovis BCG infections in a large series of novel IL-12 receptor beta1 deficient patients and evidence for the existence of partial IL-12 receptor beta1 deficiency; Lichtenauer-Kaligis EG et al.; Cell mediated immunity plays a critical role in human host defence against intracellular bacteria . In patients with unusual, severe infections caused by poorly pathogenic species of mycobacteria and salmonellae, genetic deficiencies have been identified in key genes in the type-1 cytokine pathway, especially in IFNGR1 and IL12RB1 . Here, we analyzed 11 patients originating from Turkey and suffering from unusual Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin infections following vaccination, and found that most patients (n=8) are deficient in IL-12Rbeta1 expression and function . No defects were found in patients' IFN-gammaR or IL-18R . In addition, a first patient suffering from partial IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency is described . This patient presented with an intermediate cellular and immunological phenotype: a consistent, low response to IL-12 was found, which could be further augmented by IL-18 . Despite a lack of cell surface IL-12Rbeta1 expression, normal levels of intracellular IL-12Rbeta1 protein were detectable, which was not seen in the other, completely IL-12Rbeta1 deficient patients examined . Moreover, this patient had a relatively mild clinical phenotype and was the only individual with a single homozygous amino acid substitution in IL-12Rbeta1 (C198R) . Collectively, our findings indicate that idiopathic, unusually severe infections due to M . bovis BCG can be caused by complete as well as partial IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency.

J Parasitol, 2002 Dec, 88(6), 1262 - 3
Porcine enteritis associated with Eimeria spinosa Henry, 1931 infection; Lindsay DS et al.; Coccidia of the genus Eimeria are present in most pigs raised on dirt in the United States . They are generally considered nonpathogenic in weaned pigs . Oocysts of Eimeria spinosa Henry, 1931 were observed in tissue sections and intestinal contents of a weaned male pig that died suddenly on a farm in Iowa . Microscopically, necrotizing enteritis associated with many thick-walled coccidial oocysts was present in intestinal sections . Examination of intestinal contents demonstrated oocysts that were thick-walled and had small projections on the surface of the oocyst wall, characteristic of E . spinasa Henry, 1931 of swine . Twenty-live oocysts in intestinal contents measured 20.4 by 14.2 microm . No pathogenic bacteria were detected in the pig by culture methods, but lesions suggestive of salmonellosis were observed in some tissues . The specific cause of death was not determined; however, E . spinosa infection was considered to have contributed to the death of this pig . The results suggest that E . spinosa may be pathogenic for pigs.

Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 2002 Nov, 51(4), 148 - 51
{Incidence of S . typhimurium in the Czech Republic 1999-2001}; Sramova H et al.; The ratio of serovars of S . Typhimurium among notified cases of salmonelloses in 1999-2001 did not exceed 3% and so far has a slightly declining trend . On a long-term basis the highest morbidity rate caused by this agent is reported in the South Moravian region . The age distribution and specific morbidity is highest in 1-4-year-old children, the seasonal incidence is highest, in the summer months . The most frequently suspected vehicles are eggs, poultry and meat products, in 1999 for the first time as a vehicle a grilled piglet was reported, in a total of three epidemics . Epidemiological analysis of salmonelloses caused by S . Typhimurium revealed that in the CR individual characteristics do not differ from those caused by S . Enteritidis and that the epidemiological situation as regards this serovar is, so far quiescent.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2002 Sep-Oct, (5), 71 - 3
{Detection of tissue specific antigen-binding lymphocytes in patients with acute enteric infections}; Slavko EA et al.; A total of 88 patients with salmonellosis, acute dysentery, alimentary toxicoinfection, acute gastroenterocolitis were examined . The study was aimed at early determination of the involvement of organs and tissues into the inflammatory process and detection of antigen-binding lymphocytes with the use of erythrocytic immunoreagents prepared from tissue antigens of mucous membranes of small and large intestine, duodenum, stomach, gall bladder, as well as liver and pancreas . The study demonstrated that as early as on day 1-3 of the disease the development of the inflammatory process in different organs was accompanied by the appearance of the corresponding tissue specific (organ specific) antigen-binding lymphocytes in all patients . As a rule, patients with different acute enteric diseases significantly differed by the frequency and spectrum of the involvement of such organs and tissues into pathological process.

Eur J Nutr, 2002 Nov, 41 Suppl 1, I17 - 25
Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose . An update; Schumann C; The undigestable disaccharide lactulose has been in medical use for over 40 years, mainly in the treatment of portosystemic encephalopathy and of constipation . Pharmacodynamics of lactulose make it an efficacious and safe drug in these indications . But the reason for its numerous potential benefits are under research now . The major principle of action is the promotion of growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria in the gut which counteract detrimental species such as clostridia or salmonellae . This shows that prebiotic action, if used accordingly, can have medically significant effects . The mechanism of action, medical and prebiotic effects, veterinary uses, and technological properties of lactulose, e . g . in yoghurt production are reviewed.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 2002 Sep, 31(5), 495 - 9
{Typhoid fever and pregnancy}; Carles G et al.; Typhoid fever is rare in Europe, but well-recognized endemic disease in tropical zones . We report our findings in a series of 25 cases of typhoid fever during pregnancy observed in French Guiana and reviewed the literature on clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment . Salmonellea typhi causes septicemia of digestive origin that can cross the placenta resulting in chorioamniotitis . Maternal-fetal infection with S . typhi can lead to miscarriage, fetal death, neonatal infection, as well as diverse maternal complications . In order to avoid maternal complications and possible fetal transmission, treatment with ceftriaxone should be initiated as early as possible

Afr J Health Sci, 1994 Feb, 1(1), 30 - 36
Renal transplantation in a developing country: the Egyptian 17 year experience .
Barsoum RS, .
This article addresses some of the major epidemiological, clinical, financial and social issues related to the practice of renal transplantation in Egypt . It highlights the limited availability facing the tremendous need for this line of treatment . It provides an overview of the transplant activity in the country, with a brief description of the medical and surgical protocols generally adopted by most groups . As a representative sample, the results of treatment of the Cairo Kidney Centre are given, emphasizing the importance of local ecological factors in modifying the outcome, expressed as short and long term patient and graft survival . The effects of the high prevalence of 6 infective agents are described, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B and C viruses, salmonellosis, tuberculosis and schistosomiasis . Most of these agents are shown to influence the donor's selection while some may directly modify the graft outcome (CMV and salmonellosis), alter patient survival (CMV, hepatitis B) or necessitate changes in the surgical techniques or the doses of immunosuppressive drugs (schistosomiasis) . The financial burden currently imposed on the state budget by renal replacement therapy in general, and transplantation in particular, is discussed . The circumstances leading to accepting live unrelated donors, and the subsequent reflections on the society are discussed . The stand of the Egyptian medical community against paid organ donation, its enforcement and outcome of its application are described.

Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2002, 18, 289 - 314 Epub 2002 Apr 02.
Membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells; Mayer A; Membrane fusion is a fundamental biochemical reaction and the final step in all vesicular trafficking events . It is crucial for the transfer of proteins and lipids between different compartments and for exo- and endocytic traffic of signaling molecules and receptors . It leads to the reconstruction of organelles such as the Golgi or the nuclear envelope, which decay into fragments during mitosis . Hence, controlled membrane fusion reactions are indispensible for the compartmental organization of eukaryotic cells; for their communication with the environment via hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and receptors; and for the integration of cells into multicellular organisms . Intracellular pathogenic bacteria, such as Mycobacteria or Salmonellae, have developed means to control fusion reactions in their host cells . They persist in phagosomes whose fusion with lysosomes they actively suppress-a means to ensure survival inside host cells . The past decade has witnessed rapid progress in the elucidation of parts of the molecular machinery involved in these membrane fusion reactions . Whereas some elements of the fusion apparatus are remarkably similar in several compartments, there is an equally striking divergence of others . The purpose of this review is to highlight common features of different fusion reactions and the concepts that emerged from them but also to stress the differences and challenge parts of the current hypotheses . This review covers only the endoplasmic fusion reactions mentioned above, i.e., reactions initiated by contacts of membranes with their cytoplasmic faces . Ectoplasmic fusion events, which depend on an initial contact of the fusion partners via the membrane surfaces exposed to the surrounding medium are not discussed, nor are topics such as the entry of enveloped viruses, formation of syncytia, gamete fusion, or vesicle scission (a fusion reaction that leads to the fission of, e.g., transport vesicles).

Appl Environ Microbiol, 2002 Jul, 68(7), 3639 - 43
Evidence of association of salmonellae with tomato plants grown hydroponically in inoculated nutrient solution; Guo X et al.; The possibility of uptake of salmonellae by roots of hydroponically grown tomato plants was investigated . Within 1 day of exposure of plant roots to Hoagland nutrient solution containing 4.46 to 4.65 log(10) CFU of salmonellae/ml, the sizes of the pathogen populations were 3.01 CFU/g of hypocotyls and cotyledons and 3.40 log(10) CFU/g of stems for plants with intact root systems (control) and 2.55 log(10) CFU/g of hypocotyls and cotyledons for plants from which portions of the roots had been removed . A population of > or =3.38 log(10) CFU/g of hypocotyls-cotyledons, stems, and leaves of plants grown for 9 days was detected regardless of the root condition . Additional studies need to be done to unequivocally demonstrate that salmonellae can exist as endophytes in tomato plants grown under conditions that simulate commonly used agronomic practices.

Rev Sci Tech, 2002 Aug, 21(2), 265 - 76
Diseases of farmed crocodiles and ostriches; Huchzermeyer FW; Crocodiles and ostriches are very sensitive to stress, and the ideal conditions for intensive rearing have not yet been established . Consequently, mortality is often directly linked to conditions on the farm . Crocodile and caiman pox, adenoviral hepatitis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydiosis and coccidiosis are crocodile-specific infections with reservoirs in wild populations and adult wild-caught breeding stock . Other important conditions are salmonellosis, non-specific septicaemia, trichinellosis, the nutritional diseases osteomalacia, fat necrosis and gout, as well as winter sores . The only ostrich-specific transmissible disease is libyostrongylosis . Other important conditions are Newcastle disease, avian influenza, fading chick syndrome, tibiotarsal rotation and enteritis . No cases of coccidiosis in ostriches have ever been confirmed.

Euro Surveill, 2001 Feb, 6(2), 21 - 6
Minced beef and human salmonellosis: review of the investigation of three outbreaks in France; Haeghebaert S et al.; The synthesis of investigations of three salmonellosis outbreaks which occured in France between 1998 and 2000 confirms the role of the consumption of minced beef and highlights the importance of prevention measures.

Przegl Epidemiol, 2001, 55(1-2), 15 - 22
{Infectious diseases in Poland in 1999}; Magdzik W et al.; Improvement of epidemiological situation of infectious diseases was continued in Poland in 1999 . The end of epidemics of measles, pertussis, mumps, scarlatine, chickenpox, and rubella was observed . In comparison with the number of cases of infectious diseases registered in 1998, decrease in the number of notified cases of salmonellosis, dysentery, meningitis, encephalitis, and hepatitis type B and A as well as increase in the number of influenza cases and trichinosis was noticed . In 1999, compared with 1998, among all notified deaths percentage of deaths attributed to infectious diseases (0.80%) and infectious diseases death rate (7.71 per 100,000) were slightly higher as an effect of the influenza deaths increase.

Commun Dis Public Health, 2001 Jun, 4(2), 117 - 23
General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with fish and shellfish, England and Wales, 1992-1999; Gillespie IA et al.; Between 1992 and 1999 1425 foodborne general outbreaks of Infectious Intestinal Disease (IID) were reported to the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre . Of these, 148 (10%) were associated with the consumption of fish and shellfish . Three main aetiologies were identified . Outbreaks associated with fish (47%) occurred more frequently in the summer months, and were linked with Scombrotoxic fish poisoning caused by the consumption of tuna that was improperly stored . Outbreaks associated with molluscs (36%) were associated with the consumption of oysters contaminated with viral pathogens, particularly in February . Outbreaks associated with the consumption of crustaceans (11%) often involved eating prawns that contained either salmonellas or viral pathogens . The maintenance of microbial quality from prior to capture/harvesting until the moment of consumption, based on a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point style approach, is essential if gastrointestinal illness associated with such produce is to be avoided.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 2001 May, 13(3), 258 - 60
Comparison of GN Hajna and tetrathionate as initial enrichment for salmonellae recovery from swine lymph nodes and cecal contents collected at slaughter; Harvey RB et al.; An epidemiologic survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of salmonellae in swine from 5 farms of an integrated swine operation . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recovery efficiencies for salmonellae from swine lymph nodes and cecal contents when GN Hajna and tetrathionate were compared as initial enrichments . Salmonellae were isolated from 61% of 645 pigs at slaughter; 324 positive cultures were from lymph nodes, and 224 were from cecal contents . Frequently, pigs had salmonellae isolated from both the lymph nodes and cecal contents . Total isolations, regardless of source, were similar for GN Hajna (247) and tetrathionate (301) . There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the number of isolations from lymph nodes when GN Hajna enrichment was compared with tetrathionate enrichment (174 vs . 150) . However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) advantage of utilizing tetrathionate when compared with GN Hajna for isolations from cecal contents (151 vs . 73).

Spine, 2001 Jul 1, 26(13), E303 - 7
Contained rupture of the aneurysm of common iliac artery associated with pyogenic vertebral spondylitis; Doita M et al.; STUDY DESIGN: A case report . OBJECTIVES: To report and discuss a case of contained rupture of the aneurysm of common iliac artery associated with pyogenic vertebral spondylitis, so that investigators and practitioners may avoid the diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls associated with pyogenic vertebral spondylitis and aortic disease . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Pyogenic vertebral spondylitis is a rare disorder that may have serious consequences, including death, if it is not diagnosed promptly and treated effectively . The association of pyogenic vertebral spondylitis with infection of the aorta is a rare but potentially fatal condition that requires prompt diagnosis and aggressive surgical and medical therapy . To our knowledge, this is the first report of a contained rupture of the aneurysm of common iliac artery case associated with pyogenic vertebral spondylitis resulting from an infection with Bacteroides fragilis,although Salmonellae infections are commonly associated with vertebral osteomyelitis and lesions of the contiguous aorta . METHODS: A 60-year-old man with chronic lower back pain began to experience a severe pain and had increased difficulty in walking . An MRI scan showed an increased signal in the L4-L5 disc space and an abscess extending into the spinal canal . The presumptive diagnosis was infective spondylitis . While performing a CT-guided needle biopsy, an unexpected contained rupture of the aneurysm of common iliac artery was discovered . RESULTS: A wide resection of all infected tissue, including the right common iliac artery and bony lesions, was performed in combination with antimicrobial therapy . A cryopreserved aortic allograft was used to reconstruct the artery, and an iliac strut graft was used to fill the debrided vertebral cavity . The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful . CONCLUSION: The coexistence of pyogenic vertebral spondylitis and lesions of the aorta is rare, but may be lethal if not diagnosed promptly and treated effectively . Even if a patient's condition is stable and the hematocrit is normal, it is important to consider the possibility of a contained rupture of a mycotic abdominal aneurysm in all patients with vertebral osteomyelitis who have acute episodes of unusual severe back pain . CT is sometimes more beneficial than MRI in the identification and characterization of contained rupture of aneurysms.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 2001 Jun, 108(6), 264 - 6
{Megabacteria-associated proventriculitis in poultry in the state of Brandenburg, Germany}; Schulze C et al.; During the second half of the year 2000, we have diagnosed a megabacterial-associated proventriculitis in 13 laying hens and 4 cocks from 14 different flocks and one turkey . All birds were submitted for necropsy because of progressive runting, increased mortality and poor laying performance in the herds . Routine diagnostic workup included necropsy, histology, bacteriology, parasitology and virology . At necropsy, the proventricular of the birds were enlarged . The walls were thickened and the mucosa covered with cloudy, grey-white mucus . Petechial haemorrhages and ulcerations predominantly at the proventricular-ventricular junction and sloughing of the necrotic koilin layer of the ventriculus were inconsistently present . Megabacteria (approximately 40-50 by 2-4 microns, gram-positive to gram-labile, rod-shaped organisms) were present in large numbers in touch preparations of the proventricular mucosal surface . In some of the preparations, the megabacteria showed a branching pattern similar to fungal hyphae . By histopathology, all birds showed moderate to marked, diffuse lympho-plasmacytic proventriculitis . Heterophilic exudation was present in the terminal portion of the proventriculus, where the greatest numbers of the organism were found . Megabacteria were present in the mucus covering the mucosal surface and the lumina of the superficial proventricular crypts, occasionally invading the luminal epithelium . Megabacterial infection was in general associated with other diseases such as avian tuberculosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis, chlamydiosis and various other bacterial and parasitic infections . Only in one hen no other concurrent infectious organism was detected . The turkey had histomoniasis . Wild birds were regarded as probable source of infection, since all affected birds were kept under conditions allowing contact to wild birds and we have diagnosed megabacterial infections in wild-living green finches earlier.

J Clin Pharmacol, 2001 Jun, 41(6), 595 - 9
Role of veterinary medicine in public health: antibiotic use in food animals and humans and the effect on evolution of antibacterial resistance; Lathers CM; Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight against human disease . The veterinary public health scope includes the control and eradication of zoonoses, diseases that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man . These diseases pose a continuous hazard to the health and welfare of the public . More than 100 diseases are categorized as zoonoses, including salmonellosis . It is important to understand how antibiotics are used in humans and in food animals and how these uses affect the evolution of antibacterial resistance . Appropriate use of antibiotics for food animals will preserve the long-term efficacy of existing antibiotics, support animal health and welfare, and limit the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans . An understanding of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance allows development of preventive strategies to limit existing resistance and to avoid emergence of new strains of resistant bacteria . Risk assessments are being used by the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the U.S . Food and Drug Administration as regulatory tools to assess potential risk to humans resulting from antibiotic use in food-producing animals and to then develop microbial safety policies to protect the public health . The veterinary public health scope, in addition to the control and eradication of zoonoses, also includes the development and supervision of food hygiene practices, laboratory and research activities, and education of the public . Thus, it may be seen that there are many ways in which veterinary medicine plays a very important role in public health.

Pediatr Med Chir, 2000, 22(1), 35 - 7
{Predictive factors of etiology (bacterial or viral) in acute gastroenteritis in childhood}; Milocco C et al.; The aim of the study was to identify immediate clinical and/or laboratory findings able to differentiate bacterial from viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients . We studied 52 children, aged between 5 months and 12 years, consecutively admitted to hospital with acute diarrhoea lasting less than 5 days . All the patients were divided into 4 groups according to etiologic agent, subsequently demonstrated by culture: salmonellae (group A), rotavirus (group B); combined salmonellae and rotavirus (group C) and no pathogen (group D) . The contemporary presence of fever > 39 degrees C, number of daily liquid stools > 6, presence of bloody diarrhoea, positivity of C-reactive protein and hyponatremia (< 135 mEq/l) allowed to recognize the etiology (viral or bacterial) before results of culture (sensitivity was 71% and specificity was 97%) . In particular, hyponatremia resulted significantly lower in group A and C than in group B and D . We concluded that hyponatremia can be considered a marker for acute gastroenteritis caused by salmonellae.

Med Wieku Rozwoj, 2000, 4(3 Suppl 1), 127 - 9
{Food safety of animal products}; Kubinska T; Monitoring of safety of animal products depends on the Government budget . Control management of the animal products quality, according to The White Book of Food safety (Brussels 12/01/2000), includes: 1) regular monitoring of animal infectious diseases which can be directly or indirectly, transmitted by food products to humans (Directive 92/117 EC, 17/12/1992; including poultry salmonellosis 1/07/1999); 2) monitoring of chemical, biological, medicaments and contamination residues (Directive 96/23 EC, 24/04/1996).

AIDS Clin Care, 1997 Aug, 9(8), 62 - 3
Pursuing a diagnosis in a Caribbean man; Gulick RM; AIDS: A case study of an HIV-infected Caribbean male with extrapulmonary tuberculosis details his diagnosis, treatment regimens, and follow-up . His presenting symptoms included epigastric pain and fever . Endoscopy and gastric biopsy showed gastritis and helicobacter infection, which were treated symptomatically, and TMP-SMX was given for possible salmonellosis . Serologic tests for common opportunistic infections were negative . After all other expected conditions were ruled out, concurrent symptoms were diagnosed as extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and multi-drug treatment was successfully conducted . The problem of interactions between protease inhibitors and anti-tuberculosis drugs in treating HIV and tuberculosis concurrently is discussed . Three options are addressed: (1) discontinue (or delay starting) the protease inhibitor until at least 6 months of a standard rifampin-containing tuberculosis regimen is completed; (2) discontinue (or delay starting) the protease inhibitor until 2 months of a standard rifampin-containing regimen are completed; and (3) use of rifabutin rather than rifampin .

Lupus, 2001, 10(2), 87 - 92
Non-thyphoidal salmonellosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . A study of fifty patients and a review of the literature; Lim E et al.; The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical profile of lupus patients with non-typhoidal salmonellosis . A retrospective review of the clinical charts of lupus patients diagnosed with bacteriologically proven non-typhoidal salmonellosis over the last 20 y was undertaken, paying special attention to risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment outcome . Most episodes were bacteraemic without a localizing focus; and some patients were afebrile . They usually occurred in patients prone to opportunistic infections, and at times of increased immunosuppression given for lupus flares (especially nephritis) . However, salmonellosis also occurred in some patients presenting with lupus . The C-reactive protein level was found to be significantly higher during the infective episodes compared to episodes of non-infective febrile lupus flare . All isolates were sensitive to the usual first-line antibiotics and eminently treatable with 3 weeks of appropriate antibiotics without recurrence/persistence or significant morbidity/mortality, the exceptions being spinal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis involving deformed joints requiring surgical debridement and prolonged antibiotic therapy for eradication . Mortality occurred in the setting of septic shock from mixed-microbial sepsis and major organ failure from active lupus . There is a high association of non-epidemic, non-typhoidal salmonellosis with SLE, especially in patients with active disease on intensified immunosuppression . The C-reactive protein value may be helpful in distinguishing between fever from a pure lupus flare and one complicated by infection.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2000 Nov-Dec, (6), 58 - 61
{Use of loading doses of bifidumbacterin forte for treatment of patients with acute enteric infections}; Korviakova EP; The clinical observation of patients with acute enteric infections (AEI), treated with loading doses of Bifidumbacterin forte during the first 2 days of the disease, was carried out . The preparation was shown to produce a positive effect on the course of AEI: salmonellosis, alimentary toxicoinfections, acute, dysentery . The early decrease of the manifestations of intoxication, pain syndrome, diarrhea, as well as the acceleration of convalescence in comparison with standard treatment, were noted . The most essential dynamics was registered in salmonellosis patients . The analysis of clinical results allowed to recommend the use of loading doses of Bifidumbacterin forte, a probiotic with high colonization potential to normalize the microbiocenosis of the intestine in AEI.

Am J Infect Control, 2001 Feb, 29(1), 65 - 6
Nosocomial salmonellosis: implications for microbiologic processing of stools in hospitalized patients; Matlow A et al.; Many microbiology laboratories are rationalizing their services and are not culturing stool for bacterial and parasitic pathogens from patients hospitalized for more than 3 days . We report a sporadic case of nosocomial salmonellosis that highlights the need for ongoing communication among clinicians, infection control personnel, and laboratories to allow for modification of such a routine laboratory protocol should epidemiologic evidence warrant.

J Dairy Sci, 2000 Dec, 83(12), 2988 - 91
Controlling on-farm inventories of bulk-tank raw milk--an opportunity to protect public health; Reed BA et al.; Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point programs provide a systematic approach for the reduction of food safety problems through preventive measures . On-farm programs similar to Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, which target pathogen reduction and screening can provide assurance to processors and consumers that on-farm food safety is a high priority . Additional voluntary oversight of farm practices, including monitoring of and controlled access to raw milk supplies on the farm could further contribute to public food safety . Off-farm sales of raw milk directly to the public have resulted in foodborne outbreaks of multidrug resistant salmonellosis in California and Washington when raw milk was used for unlicensed cheese production . If dairy producers in those cases had voluntary programs in place to inventory, monitor, and control access to raw milk supplies, the outbreaks probably could have been prevented.

Gig Sanit, 2000 Sep-Oct, (5), 29 - 32
{Problems of nutrition and ensuring sanitary-epidemiological well-being in the Orlov region}; Zakharchenko GL et al.; Based on the data on hygienic monitoring of the actual food consumption in the population of the Oryol region and on the quality of foodstuffs, the authors developed hygienic recommendations whose introduction caused a great sociomedical effect: lower incidence of salmonellosis, dysentery, hepatitis virus A, and acute intestinal infections of unclear etiology.

South Med J, 2000 Sep, 93(9), 936 - 8
Hazardous hedgehogs; Rosen T; The African pygmy hedgehog has recently become a fashionable exotic pet in the United States, particularly in the South . As illustrated by the three cases reported, this mammalian insectivore can be a carrier of fungi that cause human dermatomycoses . The African pygmy hedgehog has also been associated with contact urticaria and human salmonellosis.

J Food Prot, 2000 Sep, 63(9), 1228 - 30
The microbiological profile of chilled and frozen chicken; Bailey JS et al.; To determine the effect of different refrigeration and freezer temperatures on the microbiological profile of chicken, 50 commercially processed broiler chickens were each split in half on the day of processing . Equal groups were held at 4, 0, -4, -12, and -18 degrees C (40, 32, 26, 10, and 0 degrees F), respectively for 7 days . One half of each group was then transferred to a 0 degrees F holding chamber for an additional 7 days . Carcass halves were rinse sampled with 100 ml of phosphate-buffered saline and the diluent sampled for mesophilic, psychrotropic, coliform, and salmonellae counts after the initial 7 days at different temperatures and after 7 additional days at -18 degrees C . Ten carcass halves were sampled on the day of processing to give baseline counts . Mesophilic bacteria counts/ml were about log 4.6 on day 0, increased by 2 log after 7 days on carcasses held at 4 degrees C, and were unchanged at all other storage temperatures . Psychrotropic counts/ml were about log 3.6 on day 0 and increased during the initial 7 days by about 3.9, 1.9, and 1.4 logs, respectively on carcasses held at 4, 0, and -4 degrees C and had less than 1 log increase at -12 and -18 degrees C . Coliform counts were about log 2.2/ml on day 0 and had declined to about log 1.5/ml or less by day 7 for all storage temperatures . Escherichia coli counts/ml were about log 2 on day 0 and were reduced about 1 log or more at other storage days . Salmonellae counts were about log 1.5 on salmonellae-positive carcasses and did not change appreciably at any storage temperature . No counts for any organism significantly changed after placement at -18 degrees C.

J Food Prot, 2000 Sep, 63(9), 1184 - 8
Coliform, Escherichia coli, and salmonellae concentrations in a multiple-tank, counterflow poultry scalder; Cason JA et al.; Scald water samples from a commercial broiler processing plant were tested for coliforms, Escherichia coli, and salmonellae to evaluate the numbers of suspended bacteria in a multiple-tank, counterflow scalder . Water samples were taken from each of three tanks on 8 different days after 6-week-old broilers had been processed for 8 h . Coliforms and E . coli were counted using Petrifilm, and the most probable number (MPN) of salmonellae was determined both in water samples and in rinses of defeathered carcasses that were removed from the processing line immediately after taking the water samples . Mean coliform concentrations in tanks 1, 2, and 3 (the last tank that carcasses pass through before being defeathered) were 3.4, 2.0, and 1.2 log10(CFU/ml), respectively . E . coli concentrations followed the same pattern with means of 3.2, 1.5, and 0.8 in tanks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with significant differences (P < 0.02) in the concentrations of both coliforms and E . coli between the tanks . Sixteen of 24 scald-water samples were positive for salmonellae with a geometric mean of 10.9 MPN/100 ml in the positive samples . Salmonellae were isolated from seven of eight water samples from both tanks 1 and 2, but in only two of eight water samples from tank 3, the last tank that carcasses pass through . It appears that most bacteria removed from carcasses during scalding are washed off during the early part of scalding.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 2000 Sep, 46(3), 457 - 9
Eradication of non-typhoid salmonellae in acute enteritis after therapy with ofloxacin for 5 or 10 days; Voltersvik P et al.; Eradication of non-typhoid salmonellae was evaluated in a randomized, double-blinded study of 49 patients with acute enteritis after therapy with ofloxacin 400 mg once daily for 5 or 10 days . Early eradication of salmonellae was found in 57% of patients in the 5 day therapy group and in 74% of patients in the 10 day therapy group . This difference was larger among severely ill patients . Together with our previous study of ofloxacin therapy for 3 days or placebo, this shows that early eradication of non-typhoid salmonellae increases with duration of ofloxacin therapy without an increase in persistence of salmonellae in stools or development of resistant strains.

Acta Trop, 2000 Jul 21, 76(1), 65 - 9
Current status of some zoonoses in Togo; Domingo AM; In Togo, livestock represent an important part of the national and subsistence economies . The most prevalent zoonoses documented in Toga are brucellosis, tuberculosis, cysticercosis and rabies . The status of other zoonoses such as toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and salmonellosis is not known . A national eradication programme has been instigated to reduce the transmission of rabies . Good relations exist between veterinary and health personnel in the field but this level of interaction is absent at district and national level . This has resulted in information not being transferred between the two disciplines and the lack of a national strategy for the eradication of zoonoses in Togo.

Commun Dis Public Health, 2000 Jun, 3(2), 111 - 4
Evolution of a laboratory based system for investigating outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease; Marshall B et al.; In 1995 Preston Public Health Laboratory introduced an incident logging system intended to improve the investigation of suspected outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease . A unique incident log (Ilog) number assigned and issued to the reporting individual and other interested parties when the laboratory is informed of a potential outbreak is used to identify all associated specimens submitted to the laboratory and is quoted in all communications about the incident . The results are reviewed formally each month . Between January 1995 and December 1998, 349 potential outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease were investigated, 325 of which were considered to be general outbreaks . Small round structured viruses were identified in 45% of these outbreaks, salmonellas in 8%, and no pathogens in 35% . Data from the national surveillance scheme for general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease included 104 general outbreaks in 1996 and 1997 for the entire North West region, but our laboratory alone reported 184 general outbreaks during that period . The Ilog system is a simple and effective means for reviewing data from outbreaks, and helps to coordinate their investigation.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1999 Nov-Dec, (6), 8 - 13
{A system for the automated chemotaxonomic determination of salmonellae and other pathogenic bacteria}; Bondarenko VM et al.; On the basis of the data of the gas-chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids of 208 bacterial strains, representatives of 16 different microbial genera, the algorithm of decision taking, necessary for the program provision of investigations, was worked out . In working out the algorithm the characteristics of 30 fatty acids were used, making it possible to classify bacteria with their genera and in some cases their species . The groups of fatty acids with the number of carbon atoms in their molecules ranging from 10 to 25, their melting temperatures and the dependence of relative characteristics of binding from the number of carbon atoms in the molecule of the acid, its chemical composition and the presence of double bonds were taken into consideration . To indicate salmonellae by their fatty acid profiles, a chromatographic system on the basis of a type Crystal 2000 M gas chromatograph is proposed . In addition, the complex method for the determination of bacteria, combining the determination of salmonellae by changes in the medium resistance (impedance) with the use of an electrochemical analyzer and the subsequent identification of the infective agent by its fatty acid profile in the common system of gas-chromatographic investigation, is proposed.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2000 Apr 14, 49(14), 297 - 9
Salmonellosis associated with chicks and ducklings--Michigan and Missouri, Spring 1999.
{Vertebral osteomyelitis with epidural abscess in a child with sickle cell disease}
Rivierez M, Heyman D, Bazin M.

Service de NeurochirurgieA case of paraplegia due to a thoracic epidural abscess in a 6-year-old black girl with sickle cell anemia is reported . MRI and CT scan showed abnormalities involving T6 vertebra which were consistent with osteomyelitis . A laminotomy, associated to antibiotic administration, permitted rapid neurological improvement . Although cultures were negative, the infection was probably due to salmonellae . Salmonellosis is a well-known complication in children with sickle cell disease but spinal localization is unusual . Its pathogenesis is unclear but immunological abnormalities associated to vascular obstructions by abnormal blood red cells have been advocated . The underlying etiology of vertebral abnormalities in these children is difficult to determine, but early diagnosis with modern investigations, as CT scan and MRI, is crucial to promptly begin therapy for osteomyelitis, minimizing the risk of spinal cord compression.

Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 2000 Mar, 16(1), 87 - 115, vi
Diagnosis of enteric disease in small ruminants; Van Metre DC et al.; Diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease in small ruminants requires integration of information obtained in the signalment, history, physical or necropsy examination, and ancillary diagnostic tests . The purpose of this article is to provide the practitioner with a review of the clinical features of several common gastrointestinal diseases of sheep and goats . Rumen acidosis, enterotoxemia, gastrointestinal parasitism, neonatal diarrhea, and salmonellosis are discussed, and where appropriate, reviews of the pathophysiology, prevention, and control of these diseases are cited for further reading.

C R Acad Sci III, 1999 Nov, 322(11), 959 - 66
New prospects for the development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . An overview; Girard M et al.; During the past few years, definite progress has been made in the field of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines . Initial attempts using envelope gp120 or gp140 from T-cell line-adapted (TCLA) HIV-1 strains to vaccinate chimpanzees showed that neutralizing antibody-based immune responses were protective against challenge with homologous TCLA virus strains or strains with low replicative capacity, but these neutralizing antibodies remained inactive when tested on primary HIV-1 isolates, casting doubts on the efficacy of gp120-based vaccines in the natural setting . Development of a live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine was undertaken in the macaque model using whole live SIV bearing multiple deletions in the nef, vpr and vpx genes . This vaccine provided remarkable protective efficacy against wild-type SIV challenge, but the deletion mutants remain pathogenic, notably in neonate monkeys . Study of the mechanisms of protection in the SIV model unravelled the importance of the T-cell responses, whether in the form of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing activity, or in that of antiviral factor secretion of cytokines, beta-chemokines and other unidentified antiviral factors by CD8+ T-cells . Induction of such a response is being sought at this time using various live recombinant virus vaccines, either poxvirus or alphavirus vectors or DNA vectors, which can be combined together or with a gp120/gp140 boost in various prime-boost combination strategies . New vectors include attenuated vaccinia virus NYVAC, modified vaccinia strain Ankara (MVA), Semliki Forest virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and Salmonellas . Recent DNA prime-poxvirus boost combination regimens have generated promising protection results against SIV or SIV/HIV (SHIV) challenge in macaque models . Emphasis is also put on the induction of a mucosal immune response, involving both a secretory IgA response and a mucosal CTL response which could constitute a 'first line of defence' in the vaccinated host . Finally, a totally novel vaccine approach based on the use of Tat or Tat and Rev antigens has been shown to induce efficient protection from challenge with pathogenic SIV or SHIV in vaccinated macaques . The only vaccine in phase 3 clinical trials in human volunteers is a gp120-based vaccine, AIDSVAX . A prime-boost combination of a recombinant canarypoxvirus and a subunit gp120 vaccine is in phase 2 . Emphasis has been put recently on the necessity of testing prototype vaccines in developing countries using immunogens derived from local virus strains . Trial sites have thus been identified in Kenya, Uganda, Thailand and South Africa where phase I trials have begun or are expected to start presently.

J Parasitol, 1999 Oct, 85(5), 965 - 8
Hepatic sarcocystosis in a horse; Davis CR et al.; Hepatic sarcocystosis was diagnosed in a horse in association with refractory bacterial osteomyelitis and plasma cell tumor of the maxilla and hepatic salmonellosis . Gross lesions included pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions, hepatomegaly, gastric ulceration, colonic edema, and proliferative tissues filling 2 maxillary dental alveoli . Histologically, liver was characterized by severe suppurative, necrotizing, periportal hepatitis, and severe periacinar necrosis . Hepatocytes frequently contained protozoal schizonts in various stages of development . In mature schizonts, merozoites were often arranged radially around a central residual body, consistent with asexual division by endopolygeny . Ultrastructural features of merozoites included an apical conoid and polar ring, anterior micronemes, central nuclei, and absence of rhoptries . These protozoa did not react to antisera raised against Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, or Hammondia hammondi . The microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics and immunoreactivity of this organism are consistent with a Sarcocystis sp . other than S . neurona . This is the first report of Sarcocystis-associated hepatitis in a horse . The life cycle of this organism and source of infection are unknown.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 1999 Nov, 62(11), 817 - 22
Fatal hemoptysis in dissecting aortic aneurysm and salmonellosis: a case report; Chung SL et al.; Hemoptysis is a rare manifestation of dissecting aortic aneurysm and aortobronchial fistula may occur when an aortic aneurysm is mycotic, atherosclerotic, traumatic or postoperative . Aortobronchial fistulas are generally fatal if not treated surgically . An aggressive diagnostic approach to patients with hemoptysis and prompt surgical intervention in those suspected of aortobronchial fistulas should result in additional survivors . Imaging studies, including chest radiography, chest computerized tomography, arteriography and bronchoscopy provide useful diagnostic information . However, challenges remain when we encounter this condition . Sometimes, the final exsanguinating hemorrhage is preceded by a distinct prodromal period of intermittent hemoptysis . This allows clinicians time to recognize such fistulas and perform emergency surgery . We present a patient with this condition to alert clinicians to this potentially deadly cause of hemoptysis.

Can Vet J, 1999 Oct, 40(10), 713 - 7
A descriptive study of the frequency and characteristics of proliferative enteropathy in swine in Ontario by analyzing routine animal health surveillance data; Wilson JB et al.; Routine surveillance data, collected on pathology submissions at the Animal Health Laboratory in Guelph between 1992 and 1997, were analyzed to determine demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics of cases of proliferative enteropathy and the frequency of this condition relative to other infectious enteric diseases in swine in Ontario . The most commonly reported disease was Escherichia coli enteritis (average cases/year = 70.0) . Among infectious enteropathies that occur typically in neonatal pigs, coccidiosis (28.4 cases/year) and rotaviral enteritis (5.6 cases/year) were reported . Among infectious enteropathies generally associated with diarrhea in weaner and grower/finisher pigs, the most frequently reported was proliferative enteropathy (27.6 cases/year), followed by swine dysentery (23.3 cases/year), transmissible gastroenteritis (19.6 cases/year), and salmonellosis (8.4 cases/year) . Diarrhea and bloody diarrhea were reported in 29% and 31%, respectively, of herds diagnosed with proliferative enteropathy . Important gross intestinal lesions included mucosal hypertrophy (62% of cases), hemorrhage (47%), and mucosal necrosis (34%) . Histologic intestinal lesions included epithelial hyperplasia (90% of cases), mucosal necrosis (59%), and inflammation (49%) . Our results suggest that proliferative enteropathy is a major infectious enteric disease in grower/finisher pigs in Ontario.

J Agric Food Chem, 1999 Apr, 47(4), 1346 - 9
Antimutagenic activity of isoflavones from soybean seeds (Glycine max merrill); Miyazawa M et al.; Two isoflavones, daidzein (1) and genistein (2), were isolated from soybean hypocotyls . Daidzein and genistein showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of the SOS response in Salmonellatyphimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 3-amino-1, 4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido{4,3b}indole (Trp-P-1), which requires liver metabolizing enzymes . Compound 1 suppressed 73% of the SOS-inducing activity at concentrations <0.74 micromol/mL, and the ID(50) value was 0.37 micromol/mL . Compound 2 suppressed 95% of the SOS-inducing activity at concentrations <0.74 micromol/mL, and the ID(50) value was 0.17 micromol/mL . Compounds 1 and 2 were also assayed with the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide) and activated Trp-P-1 . In addition to the antimutagenic activities of daidzein and genistein against Trp-P-1, frylfuramide and activated Trp-P-1 were assayed by an Ames test using S . typhimurium TA100.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1999 Aug, 106(8), 363 - 6
{Consequences for health policy on zoonosis control--national and international actions}; Kothmann G; A review is given on the current state of German and European legislation concerning the control of zoonotic diseases . In the past considerable success was achieved when eliminating or reducing zoonosis such as brucellosis or tuberculosis in Germany and in Europe . Today foodborne infections such as salmonellosis or EHEC are dominating . A series of seven different federal laws and their legal regulations are involved in zoonosis control in Germany . In Europe the Council Directive 92/117/EEC, amended by directive 97/22/EU represents a framework for all Member States which have to deliver yearly trend reports on the sources of infections from areas such as human medicine, veterinary medicine and feed production . The data reports are concentrating on salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis and trichinellosis . Some data are given on the incidence of human salmonellosis in the Member States . There are existing two European reference laboratories for zoonotic diseases and six national labs in Germany . The aim of the new strategy is to fight the infectious agents of zoonotic diseases on farm level already . The most urgent task is to amend and adapt the directive for zoonosis . The necessary actions are under way on European level.

Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk, 1999, (8), 39 - 43
{Liposomal immunoassay as a method for detecting microorganism antigens and their antibodies}; Iarkov SP et al.; The paper presents experimental data on the use of the liposomal immunoassay (LIA) with a fluorescence marker to detect lipopolysaccharide antigens (LPS-AG) of the causative agents of infectious diseases (S . typhimurium, S . typhi, F . tularensis) and antibodies to them in the model systems and human serum . The sensitivity of determination of specific antibodies to LPS-AG is shown to be 15-160 times as high as that of RPGA and the sensitivity of determination of LPS-AG is comparable to that of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay . The stability and storage of diagnostic immunoliposomal test systems are dealt with . It is shown that the liposomal diagnostic agents can be stable without losing their properties for years . Whether LIA is of diagnostic value in detecting salmonellosis in children in the clinical setting is discussed and the value of this assay is compared with that of other laboratory methods . The data on how LIA can be automated are presented . Its analytical advantages in using in laboratory diagnosis are discussed.

Eur Radiol, 1999, 9(6), 1078 - 87
Rare bone infections "excluding the spine"; Abd El Bagi ME et al.; Bone infections are usually due to haematogenous spread from distant infected organs . Spread of local sepsis or contamination of open wounds are less frequent routes of infection . The commonest cause of osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus . The term rare bone infections refers to diseases where only a few percent affect bone or diseases which are essentially rare; these include bacteria, fungi, parasites and non-specific conditions . Common examples are tuberculosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis, hydatidosis, madura, actinomycosis, aspergillosis and American fungal infections . Certain bone infections have become exceedingly rare, particularly atypical mycobacteria, viral embryopathies and spirochaetes . Rare bone infections are encountered in many parts of the world commonly in the tropics and in the U . S . Immunocompromise and ease of travel can lead to increased incidence . A high index of clinical suspicion is necessary for diagnosis . Specific laboratory diagnosis is not always possible . Radiographs, computed tomography, isotope studies and magnetic resonance are useful but may not make the diagnosis . Aspiration or biopsy is necessary . Rare bone infections may simulate non-infective bone lesions.

Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1999 Apr, 48(2), 52 - 9
{Evaluation of time trends in the weekly count of diseases}; Prochazka B et al.; In routine systems investigating the morbidity according to diagnosis it is very useful to analyse the development in time (for example the development of weekly reports) . This paper is concerned with the methodology of such analyses . In practice it appears that the number of cases depends on season . It stands to reason, that it is necessary to consider also long-term trends . In this paper two different approaches are discussed--the Box-Jenkins analysis, which describes the random error and the Method of Trend Decomposition which spread the number of cases into the systematic component (long term trend and seasonal effect) and random variability . The authors describe the method of smoothing the estimate of the time series by kernel estimate . In both approaches they use weekly reports from the whole Czech Republic of diagnoses viral hepatitis A, rubella and salmonellosis.

Bull World Health Organ, 1999, 77(4), 347 - 51
Food safety in the 21st century; Kaferstein F et al.; The global importance of food safety is not fully appreciated by many public health authorities despite a constant increase in the prevalence of foodborne illness . Numerous devastating outbreaks of salmonellosis, cholera, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections, hepatitis A and other diseases have occurred in both industrialized and developing countries . In addition, many of the re-emerging or newly recognized pathogens are foodborne or have the potential of being transmitted by food and/or drinking water . More foodborne pathogens can be expected because of changing production methods, processes, practices and habits . During the early 21st century, foodborne diseases can be expected to increase, especially in developing countries, in part because of environmental and demographic changes . These vary from climatic changes, changes in microbial and other ecological systems, to decreasing freshwater supplies . However, an even greater challenge to food safety will come from changes resulting directly in degradation of sanitation and the immediate human environment . These include the increased age of human populations, unplanned urbanization and migration and mass production of food due to population growth and changed food habits . Mass tourism and the huge international trade in food and feed is causing food and feedborne pathogens to spread transnationally . As new toxic agents are identified and new toxic effects recognized, the health and trade consequences of toxic chemicals in food will also have global implications . Meeting the huge challenge of food safety in the 21st century will require the application of new methods to identify, monitor and assess foodborne hazards . Both traditional and new technologies for assuring food safety should be improved and fully exploited . This needs to be done through legislative measures where suitable, but with much greater reliance on voluntary compliance and education of consumers and professional food handlers . This will be an important task for the primary health care system aiming at "health for all".

Prev Vet Med, 1999 Mar 29, 39(2), 93 - 110
Epidemiology and quality assurance: applications at farm level; Noordhuizen JP et al.; Animal production is relevant with respect to farm income and the position of the sector in the market, but also with respect to the quality and safety of products of animal origin, related to public health . Animal production is part of a chain of food production . Therefore, producers have to take consumer expectations and demands in the domains of animal health, welfare and environment into account . A different attitude for production has to be adopted; this attitude can be visualized in good farming practice, GFP, codes . Farmers who focused on quality in its broadest sense need a system supporting them in their management and control of quality risks . Generally speaking, there are three systems for that purpose: GFP, ISO and HACCP . When the hypothesis followed relates to animal health being a feature of quality, or else welfare and environmental issues, then animal health care can be executed following quality control principles . The HACCP concept is well suited for quality control at farm level, involving risk identification and risk management . The on-farm monitoring and surveillance system of critical control points in the animal production process is the most important tool in this procedure . Principles for HACCP application as well as certification fitness of HACCP are elaborated upon . They are illustrated by using salmonellosis in meat-pig farms as objective for an HACCP approach . It is further discussed that, in addition to animal health and quality, animal welfare and environmental issues could also be covered by an HACCP-like system in an integrated manner . Ultimately, the HACCP modules could end up in an overall ISO certification.

J Infect Dis, 1999 Mar, 179 Suppl 2, S326 - 30
How intracellular bacteria survive: surface modifications that promote resistance to host innate immune responses; Ernst RK et al.; Bacterial pathogens regulate the expression of virulence factors in response to environmental signals . In the case of salmonellae, many virulence factors are regulated via PhoP/PhoQ, a two-component signal transduction system that is repressed by magnesium and calcium in vitro . PhoP/PhoQ-activated genes promote intracellular survival within macrophages, whereas PhoP-repressed genes promote entrance into epithelial cells and macrophages by macropinocytosis and stimulate epithelial cell cytokine production . PhoP-activated genes include those that alter the cell envelope through structural alterations of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A, the bioactive component of lipopolysaccharide . PhoP-activated changes in the bacterial envelope likely promote intracellular survival by increasing resistance to host cationic antimicrobial peptides and decreasing host cell cytokine production.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1998, 43(6), 697 - 701
Salmonellosis: lessons drawn from a germ-free pig model; Trebichavsky I et al.; The germ-free pig model is shown to be useful for studying salmonellosis . The immune status of germ-free and infected gnotobiotic piglets is described . The regulatory role of cytokine is discussed and compared with our experimental findings.

J Vet Intern Med, 1999 Jan-Feb, 13(1), 36 - 9
Effect of passive transfer status and vaccination with Escherichia coli (J5) on mortality in comingled dairy calves; Tyler JW et al.; The effect of vaccination with a commercially available R-mutant coliform mastitis vaccine on the survival of comingled dairy calves on a farm with endemic salmonellosis was examined . A total of 864 calves were randomly assigned to either vaccine (n = 435) or control (n = 429) groups . Passive transfer status of each calf was determined using refractometer determination of serum total protein concentration . Logistic models were developed to determine the effects of vaccine group and passive transfer status on calf survival to 100 days of age . In a model in which serum protein concentration was treated as a categorical variable, increasing serum total protein concentrations were associated with decreased mortality until these concentrations exceeded 6.0 g/dL . Calves with serum protein concentrations > 6.0 g/dL had increased risk for mortality compared with calves with serum protein concentrations > 5.5 g/dL but < or = 6.0 g/dL . This increased risk for mortality was supported by the results of a logistic model in which serum protein concentration was treated as a continuous variable . The increased risks associated with high serum protein concentration probably reflect the effect of dehydration in calves with occult disease . Neither model demonstrated any significant association between vaccination status and survival to 100 days of age . Based on these results, the routine immunization of calves cannot be recommended as a strategy to prevent mortality on farms with endemic salmonellosis.

Przegl Epidemiol, 1998, 52(3), 269 - 74
{Outbreaks of foodborne diseases of bacterial etiology in Poland in 1990-1996}; Przybylska A; The domination of salmonellas of animal's source remains in Poland in 1990-1996 in outbreaks (from 84.4% to 95.8%), despite the decreasing of the yearly numbers of diseases caused by foodborne and waterborne infections and intoxications . Participation of the S . enteritidis among salmonellas of animal's source amounted from 92.6% to 97.8% . The most cases in the total number of diseases in outbreaks occurred after eating of the dishes made from eggs (from 41.8% to 54.9%) . Food prepared in private homes contributed to the occurrence of the outbreaks to the highest degree (from 61.1% to 74.3%) . The private homes were also the most frequent places of the consumption of those dishes . It results from the epidemiological data that raw materials (mainly eggs) coming from private farms contributed to the contamination of ready food to a high degree.

Br Med Bull, 1998, 54(2), 383 - 93
Acute bacterial infections and HIV disease; Gilks CF; Some acute bacterial infections, notably those caused by the pneumococcus and the non-typhi salmonellae, have not traditionally been considered as leading diseases in tropical medicine, despite their ubiquitous distribution and impact on health . The HIV/AIDS epidemic is forcing a re-evaluation of this position because of their importance in immunosuppressed adults, particularly where exposure is high and treatment relatively inadequate . The problem of acute bacterial disease in HIV/AIDS is outlined in industrialised countries and contrasted with the problem in tropical countries . Specific insights into HIV-related pneumococcal disease and non-typhi salmonellosis that have come from work in the tropics are then discussed . These infections need now to be recognised as an important element of tropical medicine.

J Food Prot, 1998 Nov, 61(11), 1446 - 53
Quantitative microbiological risk assessment: principles applied to determining the comparative risk of salmonellosis from chicken products; Brown MH et al.; Ensuring microbiological safety requires identification of realistic hazards and the means of controlling them . The risk assessment framework proposed by Codex Alimentarius allows the impact of raw materials and processes to be appreciated, and the output can be used for risk management and communication . Mathematical models allow numerical information to be processed by a computer and interpreted to give quantitative or comparative risk assessments . In this example, models have been put together according to the Codex . Alimentarius principles, providing a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of salmonellosis from frozen poultry products . This model-based QRA takes into account three types of information: occurrence and distribution of the agent, sensitivity of populations to infection (e.g., normal or susceptible), and the effect of cooking (in the factory or home) on concentration of the agent and hence risks of infection after product consumption . It only demonstrates the impact of a single-process step (heating) and the effect of changes in population sensitivity, raw material quality, and cooking regime on the final risk . The effects of growth and recontamination are not considered . To aid risk communication, the models have been visualized by means of displays and slider controls on a computer screen because effective communication is essential to encourage manufacturers and their product designers to assess the effect of changes in processing or materials on risk.

Epidemiol Infect, 1998 Oct, 121(2), 303 - 7
Multiple drug resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of non-typhi salmonellae in Turkey; Yildirmak T et al.; A total of 259 clinical isolates of nonrepetitive non-typhi salmonellae (NTS) were examined for antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid content . The antibiotics used were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AM), aztreonam (ATM), carbenicillin (CB), cefixime (CFM), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftriaxone (CRO), chloramphenicol (C), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GM), imipenem (IPM), ofloxacin (OFX), tetracycline (TE), trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole (SXT) . Multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains comprised 19.3% of the total isolates (50/259) and almost all were S . typhimurium (49/50) . Fifteen different patterns of resistance was observed, AM/CB/C/AMC/TE and AM/CB/C/AMC/SXT/GM/CTX/CRO/CAZ/CFM/ATM being the most frequent patterns . Twenty-eight out of 50 multiresistant isolates were found to contain at least one plasmid (mean five) and the size of the plasmids ranged between 1.7 and 158 kb . Plasmid profiles of multiresistant NTS strains were heterogenous as 21 different profiles were detected in a total of 28 plasmid-bearing isolates . No direct correlation was established between antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid profiles.

J Pak Med Assoc, 1998 Jun, 48(6), 168 - 70
Typhoid fevers: treatment with lomefloxacin; Hafiz S et al.; Typhoid group of fevers pose a major threat and are a cause of high morbidity and mortality in the tropical countries . Over the last decade there has been a steady increase in the development of multiresistant strains of Salmonellae all over the world . Multiresistance ranges between 5% to 86% . In a recent study in Pakistan multidrug resistance in Salmonellae has increased to over 39% . Hence alternative therapy is needed . Fluroquinolones are an effective alternative requiring a shorter course of treatment than conventional antimicrobial agents . Lomefloxacin because of its longer half life and convenient BD dose was used in a multicentre study to treat cases of typhoid group of fevers including cases due to multiresistant isolates . In order to overcome the challenge presented by the multiresistant salmoneallae, a dual purpose multicentre study was conducted in two stages . The first stage included a vitro study and the second in vivo study . Two hundred local salmonellae isolates were collected and their sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by standard methods . Two hundred and fourteen patients clinically suspected of suffering from typhoid groups of fevers were given Lomefloxacin 200 mg . BD for 14 days . Forty percent of Salmonellae isolates were found to be multiresistant while only 2% were found to be resistant to Fluroqunilones . The mean MIC 90 was found to be 0.06 mg/L Lomefloxacin was found to be effective in over 97% cases for treating typhoid group fevers including the ones due to multiresistant isolates . The side effects were found to be minimal and transient.

Cell, 1998 Oct 16, 95(2), 189 - 98
Lipid A acylation and bacterial resistance against vertebrate antimicrobial peptides; Guo L et al.; The Salmonellae PhoP-PhoQ virulence regulators induce resistance to host cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMP) after infection of vertebrate tissues, and Mg2+ or Ca2+ limitation . The PhoP-PhoQ activated gene, pagP, was identified as important to inducible CAMP resistance and increased acylation of lipid A, the major component of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane . pagP mutants demonstrated increased outer membrane permeability in response to CAMP, supporting the hypothesis that increased lipid A acylation is a CAMP resistance mechanism . Similarly, in response to Mg2+ limited growth, other enteric Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated increased lipid A acylation . Compounds that inhibit the ability to increase lipid A acylation may have utility as new antimicrobial agents.

Commun Dis Public Health, 1998 Sep, 1(3), 165 - 71
General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales: 1995 and 1996; Evans HS et al.; One thousand nine hundred and nineteen general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales were reported to the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC) between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 1996, compared with 1073 in the previous two years . A minimum data set was received for 1568 (82%) of the 1919 outbreaks . Over 40,000 people were affected and about 2% of those who were ill were admitted to hospital . Seventy-one deaths were reported . The duration of outbreaks varied between less than one day and 202 days (median six days) according to the pathogen . Small round structured virus (SRSV) (43%) and salmonellas (15%) were the most commonly reported pathogens . In almost a quarter of the outbreaks (24%) the aetiology was unknown . Over half the outbreaks (64%) were reported to be transmitted from person to person, most of which were due to SRSV and occurred in residential homes and hospitals . Twenty-two per cent of outbreaks were described as mainly foodborne, 51% of which were due to salmonellas . The number of outbreaks reported in each region ranged from 52 in Wales to 512 in Northern and Yorkshire.

Vet Res, 1998 Sep-Oct, 29(5), 385 - 407
{Pathogenic power of Salmonellae: virulence factors and study models}; Millemann Y; Salmonellae are potentially pathogenic for humans as well as for numerous animal species . They possess numerous virulence factors, which allow them to adapt to various environmental conditions and to host response at each step of the pathogenic process . Key-steps such as the invasion of epithelial cells or survival within macrophages have been extensively studied . These studies have led to the discovery of an original protein secretion system and have demonstrated the existence of pathogenicity islands . This considerable progress is due to the development of numerous in vitro and in vivo models and of new identification strategies for the implicated genes . Recently, many original and elegant strategies have been recently proposed.

Infect Immun, 1998 Oct, 66(10), 4767 - 76
Interleukin-12 is required for control of the growth of attenuated aromatic-compound-dependent salmonellae in BALB/c mice: role of gamma interferon and macrophage activation; Mastroeni P et al.; The attenuated S . typhimurium SL3261 (aroA) strain causes mild infections in BALB/c mice . We were able to exacerbate the disease by administering anti-interleukin-12 (IL-12) antibodies, resulting in bacterial counts in the spleens and livers of anti-IL-12-treated mice that were 10- to 100-fold higher than the ones normally observed in premortem mice; yet the animals showed only mild signs of illness . Nevertheless, they eventually died of a slow, progressive disease . Mice infected with salmonellae become hypersusceptible to endotoxin . We found that IL-12 neutralization prevented the death of infected mice following subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide . Granulomatous lesions developed in the spleens and livers of control animals, as opposed to a widespread infiltration of mononuclear cells seen in the organs of anti-IL-12-treated mice . In the latter (heavily infected), salmonellae were seen within mononuclear cells, indicating an impairment of the bactericidal or bacteriostatic ability of the phagocytes in the absence of biologically active IL-12 . Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) levels were reduced in the sera and tissue homogenates from anti-IL-12-treated mice compared to those in control animals . Furthermore, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis on spleen cells showed that IL-12 neutralization impaired the upregulation of I-Ad/I-Ed antigens on macrophages from infected mice . Inducible nitric oxide synthase and IFN-gamma mRNA production was down-regulated in anti-IL-12-treated mice, which also showed an increased production of IL-10 mRNA and a decrease in nitric oxide synthase activity in the tissues . Administration of recombinant IFN-gamma to anti-IL-12-treated mice was able to restore host resistance, granuloma formation, and expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in F4/80(+) and CD11b+ spleen cells.

Poult Sci, 1998 Aug, 77(8), 1159 - 65
Bacterial enteritides of poultry; Porter RE Jr; Enteric bacterial infections in poultry pose a threat to intestinal health and can contribute to poor feed efficiency and livability of a flock . A variety of enteric bacterial diseases are recognized in poultry . Three of these bacterial diseases, necrotic enteritis, ulcerative enteritis, and spirochetosis, primarily infect the intestine, whereas other bacterial diseases, such as salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycobacteriosis, erysipelas, and fowl cholera, affect a variety of organ systems in addition to the intestine . Diagnosis of bacterial enteritis requires monitoring of clinical signs in the flock and proper use of diagnostic methods such as necropsy, histopathology, bacteriology, and serology.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1998 May-Jun, (3), 27 - 31
{Characteristic epidemiologic features of nosocomial salmonellosis in therapeutic and prophylactic institutions for adults}; Akimkin VG; Nosocomial salmonellosis is at present a serious problem for many large therapeutic and prophylactic institutions . The specific features of the epidemic process of nosocomial salmonellosis and the organizational aspects of antiepidemic activities makes it possible to characterize the experience of observation on the chronic epidemic of this infection in one of hospitals . The clinico-epidemiological features of the chronic epidemic of nosocomial salmonellosis, described in this work, are shown and the main trends in the organization of antiepidemic measures are indicated.

J Food Prot, 1998 Jul, 61(7), 903 - 6
Reduction of microorganisms on citrus fruit surfaces during packinghouse processing; Pao S et al.; Citrus fruit surface microbial populations were evaluated following various packingline processes of seven Florida commercial packinghouses . At each packinghouse, six fruits (oranges or tangerines) were collected at each of four sampling points . The sampling was conducted in duplicate; thus, 336 fruit were evaluated during this survey . Average aerobic plate counts and yeast and mold counts on fruit surfaces before washing were about 4.0 log CFU/cm2 and 3.3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, and were reduced to 2.1 log CFU/cm2 and 1.3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, by packinghouse processing . Waxing alone reduced the average fruit surface aerobic plate counts and coliform counts from 3.7 log CFU/cm2 and 35.2 most probable number (MPN)/cm2, respectively, to 2.6 log CFU/cm2 and 1.4 MPN/cm2 . No Escherichia coli was recovered from fruit at the end of packinghouse processing, and no salmonellae were found on fruit during the entire processing . In an inoculation study to test the effect of packinghouse processes, test organism E . coli was applied to fruit to achieve a high level (4.8 log CFU/cm2) of contamination . The average E . coli count was reduced about 2.4 log cycles by washing and rinsing with potable water (40 psi, 25 degrees C) for about 30 s . The combination of washing and waxing significantly reduced the inoculated level of E . coli from 4.8 to 1.4 log CFU/cm2.

Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1998 Apr, 30(2), 167 - 72
Risk factors, nutritional status, and quality of life in HIV-infected patients with enteric salmonellosis; Tacconelli E et al.; AIMS: To define the potential risk factors, prognostic indicators, and quality of life of HIV-infected patients with enteric salmonellosis . METHODS: A five-year matched (1:2) case-control study was performed . Thirty cases and 60 matched controls were studied . RESULTS: Univariate analysis (p < 0.05) identified six risk factors for enteric salmonellosis: 1) increasing value of APACHE II score, 2) altered nutritional status, 3) previous antibiotic therapy, 4) ingestion of "risk" foods, 5) multiple (> or = 2) previous opportunistic infections, 6) stage C of HIV infection . Using the multivariate analysis, the most powerful predictors for developing an enteric salmonellosis were: increasing value of APACHE II score and altered nutritional status . The response to therapy was favourable in all episodes . Five (17%) patients suffered from one or more relapses . Multivariate analysis identified that a low number of circulating CD4+ (< 100/mm3) and a high APACHE II score (> 15) predict an increased risk of relapses . CONCLUSIONS: HIV-associated enteric salmonellosis occurs more frequently in patients with advanced stage of HIV infection and with impaired nutritional status . We stress the need for a prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment since the possible haematogenous spread and relapses appear reduced under early and prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1998, 157(1), 73 - 6
{Acute appendicitis in patients with salmonellosis and dysentery}; Borisov AE et al.; Results of 214 appendectomies in patients with acute intestinal diseases were analyzed . The clinical course and results of treatment of acute appendicitis against the background of salmonellosis and dysentery were discussed . It was shown that the theory of infectious nature of acute appendicitis is rightful and that valuable etiotropic therapy is necessary for prevention of chronicity of the intestinal infection.

Gesundheitswesen, 1998 Mar, 60(3), 166 - 9
{Discussion of prerequisites for food production by the public health office--section 18 of the Federal Epidemiology Regulation and Section 43 of the Infection Control Regulation (draft)}; Heudorf U; The Public Health office of the city of Frankfurt am Main processed from 1994 to 1995 to total of 13,434 applications for health certificates in accordance with section 18 of the Federal Epidemics law . In 78 applicants (= 0.56%) the certificate was refused or the applicants barred from exercising their profession because of positive findings in their faeces (usually salmonellae) . Other examining offices had also arrived at clearly less than 1% (0.3-0.6%) positive findings . These results support the projected change in the revision of the Federal Epidemics law (Law of Protection against Infections) providing for omission of the once-only performed examination of faeces, in favour, of an intensive and annually repeated training of personnel in matters of hygiene . Infection epidemiology data also show that hygiene in the processing of foods of animal origin is of prime importance for the incidence of infections caused by foods, the other important factor being the ways and means of keeping, breeding and producing the animals concerned.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1998, 43(1), 104 - 8
Postantibiotic effects of imipenem and enoxacin against S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis and the influence on their surface hydrophobicity; Majtanova L et al.; The influence of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) and the postantibiotic sub-MICs effect (PA SME) of imipenem and enoxacin on the surface hydrophobicity of S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis strains were studied by evaluating Congo red binding and the aggregation in molar solutions of ammonium sulfate (SAT) . A PAE was induced by 2x and 4 x MIC of antibiotics tested for 0.5 h . Suprainhibitory concentrations of imipenem against S . typhimurium induced a short PAE (0.3-0.6 h) compared to S . enteritidis (6.0-9.7 h) . Suprasubinhibitory concentrations of imipenem did not allow a regrowth of S . enteritidis . Similar results were also found for enoxacin . Evaluation of surface hydrophobic properties of the salmonellas after affecting both PAEs and PA SMEs has shown that imipenem at concentrations 4 x MIC and 4 x MIC + 0.3 x MIC partially influenced the hydrophobicity of S . typhimurium . S . enteritidis was more susceptible toward both antibiotics tested.

J Vet Intern Med, 1998 Mar-Apr, 12(2), 79 - 83
Use of serum protein concentration to predict mortality in mixed-source dairy replacement heifers; Tyler JW et al.; The relationship between serum protein concentration in the 1st week of life and survival to 16 weeks of age was examined in 3,479 Holstein replacement heifers over a period of 10 years on a farm with endemic salmonellosis . Thirty-four percent of calves studied had serum protein concentrations < 5.0 g/dL and 60.5% of calves had serum protein concentrations < 5.5 g/dL . Cumulative mortality was 7.9%, indicating that calves with marginal passive transfer status can be reared successfully under conditions of endemic salmonellosis . Optimal survival was observed in calves with serum protein concentrations > 5.5 g/dL . Calves with serum protein concentrations of 5.0-5.4 g/dL had only a slightly increased relative risk (RR) of mortality (RR = 1.3) compared to calves with serum protein concentrations > 5.5 g/dL . The highest RR was experienced by calves with serum protein concentrations < 4 g/dL (RR = 4.6) and 4.0-4.4 g/dL (RR = 3.1) . Calves with inadequate passive transfer (serum protein concentration < 5.0 g/dL), experienced increased mortality until at least 10 weeks of age, indicating that failure of passive transfer has an effect on calf health that extends into the juvenile period . Models in which serum protein concentration was treated with as a continuous variable or as a categorical variable failed to demonstrate any significant interaction between baseline mortality and the RR of mortality . This finding suggests that the RR derived in the present study should be applicable to farms with dramatically different baseline mortality rates.

Sante, 1997 Nov-Dec, 7(6), 417 - 22
{Large dams, health and nutrition in Africa: beyond the controversy}; Parent G et al.; The population in sub-Saharan Africa is growing faster than increases in food production, resulting in a net decrease in food production per capita . The Food and Agriculture Organization has stated that there is a "risk of widespread hunger" which could be prevented by "effective planning of water resources" . However, the potential effects of such schemes on the human population are often inadequately assessed and the effect of large dams on human health is not clear . The potential risk to human health of water resources was emphasized a few years ago but no effective preventive programs were implemented, probably because of inadequate availability of information and lack of awareness . The effects on health of "large" water resource projects are not uniform within a population . Decision-makers have tended to focus on the positive effects, to obtain support for their plans . These include: 1) improvement in the well-being of the population (safe water more readily available, new infrastructure, better access to health care) and 2) increases in the food supply (more vegetables and fish available due to irrigation) . Thus, there has been a logical expectation that more, better quality food will become available as a result of these schemes, whereas in fact, health and nutrition has often worsened, particularly in young children . Most of the diseases associated with water resource management are communicable, including diseases directly related to the presence of large quantities of water, such as: malaria, which increases in incidence immediately after the building of the dam, after which a new balance develops between the human population and the parasites, schistosomiasis, the disease which increases most in response to the building of dams, particularly in its most severe gastrointestinal form, diarrhea, as water is a major means of dissemination for many organisms, including those causing digestive tract infections and gastroenteritis (amebiasis, salmonellosis, cholera), due to poor sanitation, other parasitic infections, such as onchocerciasis and trypanosomiasis, which should be monitored as they may also threaten the population . Other communicable diseases may appear or increase in incidence with the influx of migrants to the irrigated area . Sexually-transmitted diseases and HIV infection are a particular problem . The large numbers of insects (mosquitoes, blackflies) may also have harmful effects on populations adapting to the new environment . These effects are related to each other and to the environmental changes . New types of food affect people's feeding habits and generate new sources of income . However, they may also lead to new and higher expenditure . There are also likely to be major socio-demographic changes associated with changes in reproductive behavior and women's activities . The location and nature of new homes and infrastructure (e.g . schools, health centers, roads) also contribute to the success or failure of the dam project . There are many constraints to be considered and a more comprehensive approach to the problem is required . Health and nutritional status may be used as simple indicators of the ability of the population to adapt to a new environment . This makes it possible to construct a causal model to identify the most effective and relevant areas of intervention . Health and nutrition issues are of vital importance and scientific findings should be used in decision-making processes for planning future large dam schemes.

Rev Sci Tech, 1997 Aug, 16(2), 605 - 8
Public health risks of the flesh of farmed crocodiles; Millan JM et al.; The farming of crocodiles in the Northern Territory of Australia is a rapidly growing industry . The saltwater crocodile produces a premium quality skin which is sought world-wide for the lucrative leather trade and manufacture of finished articles . Flesh is considered to be a by-product of skin production . Several procedures are used in abattoirs to prevent the risk of cross contamination of flesh . The public health risks linked to the production of crocodile flesh are described for the two main diseases of concern, namely: sparganosis and salmonellosis . The slaughter and hygienic processing procedures and local laboratory evidence indicate that the consumption of crocodile flesh produced in the Northern Territory carries a negligible public health risk.

Ter Arkh, 1997, 69(11), 18 - 21
{The clinical and experimental evaluation of the pharmacological efficacy of the new antidiarrheal preparation ftorazol}; Namitokov KhA et al.; A clinical trial of the new antidiarrheal drug of antisecretory action fluorasol was studied with patients with salmonellosis and food toxic infections . 65 patients had moderate and 53 severe symptoms . It was established that fluorasol was superior to basic rehydration therapy in relieving diarrheal syndrome irrespective of severity of acute intestinal infections . Clinical effects on intoxication were not registered . Antidiarrheal activity of fluorasol was confirmed on the model of experimental diarrhea on isolated loops of the rat small intestine . Liquid secretion into the lumen of small intestinal isolated loops in the presence of fluorasol substance fell twofold compared to control loops.

J Bacteriol, 1998 Feb, 180(4), 979 - 84
New flagellin-specifying genes in some Escherichia coli strains; Ratiner YA; Data for further development of the flagellar antigen genetics of the species Escherichia coli are reported . Two new flagellin genes named fllA and flmA were found in E . coli 781-55, E2987-73, and E223-69, the test strains for E . coli flagellar antigens H44, H55, and H54, respectively (collection of the International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre of the World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark) . Two alleles of fllA were identified that encode flagellar antigens H44 (fllA44) and H55 (fllA55), and the only flmA allele found (flmA54) encodes antigen H54 . The sites of their integration in the E . coli K-12 chromosome after P1-mediated transduction were approximately determined and found to be separate from each other and from the known regions of flagellar genes of E . coli and salmonellae . The region of flm54 was found to repress the expression of some alleles of the flagellin gene fliC . In addition, cryptic genes encoding antigens H4 and H38 were found in phenotypically monophasic test strains 781-55 and E2987-73, respectively.

Vet Microbiol, 1997 Dec, 59(1), 27 - 36
Serological diagnosis of chlamydial abortion in sheep and goats: comparison of the complement fixation test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing solubilised proteins as antigen; Donn A et al.; A new ELISA for antibodies against chlamydial abortion of ewes which uses detergent solubilised proteins (dsp) of Chlamydia psittaci as antigen (Anderson, I.E., Herring, A.J., Jones, G.E., Low, J.C., Greig, A., 1995 . Development and evaluation of an indirect ELISA to detect antibodies to abortion strains of Chlamydia psittaci in sheep sera . Vet . Microbiol., 43, pp . 1-12} was compared with the complement fixation test (CFT) in screening 1000 ovine and caprine sera obtained from selected flocks/herds ('flocks') and submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory . Fifteen of the 17 'flocks' had a history of abortion while the remaining two did not and were classified as 'negative flocks' . Infection with Chlamydia was confirmed during the study period in five 'flocks' using direct immunofluorescence and the modified Ziehl Neelsen stain on pathological material . The dspELISA and CFT identified 37 and 45 positive sera on 158 samples tested from these 'flocks' . Chlamydia antibodies were not detected in one of the two negative flocks, in two other flocks where the cause of abortion was undetermined and in three flocks in which the causes of abortion were diagnosed as Listeriosis and/or Salmonellosis . One of the 'negative flocks' yielded two positive reactors by CFT and five by dspELISA, suggesting infection with a cross-reactive subtype of C . pecorum . Of the five 'flocks' in which a definitive diagnosis from pathological material was not possible, four were positive by both serological tests, suggesting that the abortions were due to Chlamydia . The fifth flock, though negative by dspELISA and marginally positive in two samples by CFT, had experienced confirmed chlamydial abortions in previous lambing seasons, but culling and tetracycline treatment have prevented further abortions in the study period . Overall, the proportions of samples positive by CFT and dspELISA were similar (9.1% and 8.8%) . These studies confirmed the value of the dspELISA as a screening test for chlamydial abortion . Furthermore, the dspELISA compared to the CFT is easier to perform, does not require reagent titration at each testing and uses automated assessment of results.

J Infect, 1997 Nov, 35(3), 253 - 6
Plasma cytokines in paediatric typhoidal salmonellosis: correlation with clinical course and outcome; Bhutta ZA et al.; We evaluated the clinical profile, outcome and serial plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in 38 consecutive children (aged 6 months-14 years) admitted with culture-proven multidrug-resistant typhoid . All children received therapy for 14 days with either i.v . ceftriaxone or oral cefixime, with comparable outcome . Concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly elevated in over 50% of the cases and correlated with clinical severity of illness as quantitated by the typhoid morbidity score . Sequential measurements revealed a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations within 7 days of initiation of therapy (P<0.05) . While no clear relationship was seen with time-to-defervescence, the failure rate was significantly higher in children with baseline serum IL-6 values >400 pg/ml (P<0.05) . Our data suggest that plasma cytokine activity is frequently elevated in children with typhoidal salmonellosis, and IL-6 concentrations show a correlation with clinical severity and recovery from the illness.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1997 Feb, 199(5), 475 - 95
{Hygienic-bacteriologic evaluation of methods for production of dry poultry feces manure}; Schleiff G et al.; The application of procedures with dry faeces and the technologies of utilizing faeces for the production of fertilizers on the basis of these procedures are gaining importance, particularly in the confinement of laying hens . However, homogeneous criteria for the assessment of these procedures from a hygienic point of view are not yet available . Since salmonellae are the highest infection risk in layer faeces, freedom from salmonellae is the decisive criterion for epidemic-hygienic harmlessness . The indicators salmonellae and E . coli are recommended for assessing the composting of layer faeces . The product should be free of salmonellae and E . coli . Furthermore, the temperature of the product, the dry substance and the pH value should be registered since these parameters correlated with the potential indicators of hygiene . S . enteritidis had a particularly high tenacity in layer faeces . Fresh and dried faeces and layer faeces from battery management and faeces from intensive floor management were investigated and compared with bacteriological and physicochemical methods . The chemical and bacteriological findings were in good accordance with data from the literature . However, the frequent occurrence of salmonellae in the faeces of clinically healthy flocks is described for the first time . Salmonellae were isolated from 83.9% of the samples from battery management and from 1.9% of the samples from floor management . A total number of 15 salmonellae serovars, most frequently of S . enteritidis, occurred in cage management . The production of dry faeces by means of the aeration of the conveyor belt seems to be less favourable than the production of dry faeces in intensive floor management . Salmonellae and E . coli could not be cultured any more after the clamp composting of layer faeces from the conveyor belt under summer and winter conditions . Minimum conditions which led to the death of native salmonellae were a rise of the pH value of > 9.0 over days, with the temperature of the product in the compost heaps amounting to at least 18.4 degrees C . Test salmonellae could not be cultured from compost heaps of dry layer faeces from the 4th day onwards, native salmonellae from the 7th day onwards (summer) and the 25th day onwards (winter) and E . coli from the 88th day onwards . Layer faeces from conveyor belts must be composted before their utilization as fertilizers since they can contain high concentrations of native salmonellae even in healthy flocks of laying hens . According to the available results, it is sufficient to store the faeces at least 12 weeks outdoors . The resetting of clamps is not necessary . This period might be shorter in summer.

Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi, 1995 Jul-Dec, 99(3-4), 139 - 43
{The role of C-reactive protein (CRP) determination in the early diagnosis of infections with opportunistic microorganisms in HIV-infected children}; Diculencu D et al.; The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in sera of 71 HIV-seropositive children and of 71 apparently healthy children were determined by Mancini method . The results demonstrate that HIV-infection per se doesn't increase the concentration of CRP in serum . After this we wanted to determine the relationship between CRP and evolution of HIV-infection . For this we used a set of 8 children in different stages of HIV-infection . For each child we had at least 2 sera, used for diagnosis and CRP assay . Three children (one with AIDS {correction of SIDA} and 2 in intermediate stage) had elevated levels of CRP . The reason for these elevations were an acute salmonellosis, a febrile episode of unknown origin and for the last child, once a staphylococcal infection of the skin and once an acute bronchiolitis clinically but not microbiologically documented . In conclusion, HIV-infection per se doesn't induce increased levels of the CRP, in any stage; this protein could be used as a marker of bacterial, parasitic and cytomegalovirus infections.

Vopr Med Khim, 1997 Sep-Oct, 43(5), 390 - 401
{Development of new generation of vaccines based on structural conjugation of antigens and synthetic polymer immunomodulators}; Khaitov RM; The immunogenetic principle of creation of artificial antigens and vaccines possessing the abnormal immunogenecity and having capability to induce the high immune response in weakly reacting individuals have been suggested and proved by experiment . The vaccines of a new generation against the grippe pathogene, salmonellosis have been developed on the basis of this principle . In theory the methods of receiving allergovaccines for allergy disease therapy have been worked out and based.

An Med Interna, 1997 Nov, 14(11), 585 - 92
{Fever of unknown origin in internal medicine . The experience of Spanish authors over 20 years}; Ramos Rincon JM et al.; The diseases responsible of fever of unknown origin (FUO) have changed in the last years . With the object of study the etiologic spectrum and diagnostic attitude in the FUO in a national level in the last 25 years, we has revised 14 articles of FUO realized in Internal Medicine published from 1970 to 1995, without aids patients . We use MEDLINE and Indice Medico Espanol to search the publications about FUO . In 14 articles, 914 cases of FUO was evaluated, the infection was the principal cause (41.2%), followed by tumor (19.2%) and collagenoses/vasculitis (13.7%) . In the infection group, the disease more frequent was the tuberculosis (134/377) (35.5%) follow by brucellosis (15.6%) y abscesses (11.6%) . Half of malignancy group was due to lymphoma . Systemic lupus erythematous, polyarteritis nodosa and temporal arteritis were caused of FUO in 28.8%, 21.6% y 20% of collagenoses/vasculitis group . In the miscellaneous group emphasized granulomatous diseases (38.8%) (including sarcoidosis, idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis and chronic granulomatous disease) . The improve of diagnostic procedures has conditioned a change of spectrum of the diseases, with a decrease of infectious causes (as brucellosis or salmonellosis) and increase or neoplasia and collagenoses/vasculitis (except lupus).

Mol Microbiol, 1997 Oct, 26(1), 11 - 23
Availability of the fibre subunit CsgA and the nucleator protein CsgB during assembly of fibronectin-binding curli is limited by the intracellular concentration of the novel lipoprotein CsgG; Loferer H et al.; Curli, an adhesive surface fibre produced by Escherichia coli and salmonellae, was proposed on the basis of genetic evidence to follow a distinct assembly pathway involving an extracellular intermediate of the fibre subunit CsgA, the polymerization of which can be induced at the cell surface by a 'nucleator' protein (CsgB) . Here we show biochemically that CsgA is actively secreted to the extracellular milieu and that CsgB is surface located . We demonstrate that the putative curli assembly factor CsgG is an outer membrane-located lipoprotein . CsgG is highly resistant to protease digestion both in vivo and in vitro . During curli assembly, CsgG is required to maintain the stability of CsgA and CsgB . In line with this, it is possible to modulate the steady-state levels of CsgA and CsgB by varying intracellular levels of CsgG . This suggests that, in the absence of CsgG, CsgA and CsgB are proteolytically degraded . Moreover, curli production and steady-state levels of CsgA and CsgB can be increased above wild-type levels by overexpression of CsgG, meaning that the quantity of assembled curli fibres can be controlled by this lipoprotein.

South Med J, 1997 Dec, 90(12), 1204 - 7
Cefixime: an oral option for the treatment of multidrug-resistant enteric fever in children; Memon IA et al.; BACKGROUND: Enteric fever is a serious public health problem in Pakistan, where multidrug-resistant salmonellosis causes enteric fever with increased morbidity and mortality . Costly parenteral therapy and lack of an established safety profile for the use of quinolones in children necessitate evaluation of an oral treatment option . This study is meant to assess the efficacy, safety, and cost effectiveness of an oral third-generation cephalosporin (cefixime) in the treatment of multidrug-resistant enteric fever . METHODS: Between November 1993 and October 1994, 85 patients, 15 years of age or less, with culture-proven enteric fever were randomly assigned to two groups . Group A (n = 41) received cefixime at a dosage of 10 mg/kg to 12 mg/kg per day in two divided doses . Group B (n = 44) received chloramphenicol at a dosage of 100 mg/kg daily in four divided doses . Both groups were treated for 2 weeks . RESULTS: In group A, 95% (39/41) of the patients receiving cefixime responded favorably, whereas in group B, 30% (14/45) responded to chloramphenicol . The 31 patients not cured in group B were then successfully treated with cefixime . Overall, cefixime was well tolerated . Subsequent antibiogram data showed an overall multidrug-resistance rate of 78% (66/85) . CONCLUSIONS: Cefixime is a safe, effective, and cheaper oral option for the treatment of multidrug-resistant enteric fever . Further studies are needed, however, to validate this observation.

Z Gastroenterol, 1997 Oct, 35(10), 945 - 55
Lactulose--a multifaceted substance; Huchzermeyer H et al.; Lactulose is therapeutically used in hepatic encephalopathy, constipation, and salmonellosis . This semisynthetic disaccharide is neither metabolized nor absorbed in the normal small intestines . Comparable to plant-polysaccharides lactulose is bacterially fermented in the colon to short chain fatty acids and gases . Major consequences are a drop in pH and a change in composition and metabolic activity of the colonic flora . These and other potential effects suggest complex mechanisms of action of lactulose, with the potential for additional indications in diagnosis and therapy . The use of lactulose as substrate for the H2-breath-test is well known as a means for the measurement of oroeceal transit time and as test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth . An extension of the diagnostic potential is given by the assessment of the permeability in diffuse intestinal disease with combined disaccharide/monosaccharide test solutions, especially in Crohn's disease . Explanations for positive effects in the prophylaxis of cholesterol-gallstones, in the therapy of hypercholesterolemia and in the prevention of colorectal adenoma and carcinoma can be found in changes in lipid- and bile acid metabolism found after lactulose ingestion . Lactulose may lead to an improved glucose-tolerance in parallel to fibre and acarbose effects which involve several mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism . Lactulose presumably reduces pathogenic bacteria in favor of the health promoting bifidusflora; also, production and absorption of endotoxines may be reduced; this suggests that lactulose may have therapeutic effects on both infectious and idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases . Numerous studies with interesting but not as yet convincingly documented clinical relevance suggest that the many effects of lactulose may be interesting subjects for future research.

Ter Arkh, 1996, 68(4), 75 - 7
{The humoral immunity indices and complement functional activity in salmonellosis during the dynamics of the disease}; Kulikova IN et al.; In 65 patients with bacteriologically confirmed gastrointestinal salmonellosis of moderate severity (41 males and 24 females) the disease in an acute phase was characterized by activation of complement system and specific antibody formation, by a growth in the levels of IgA, G and M . In early convalescence IgA and IgM remained high, IgG in females returned to normal, in males was still high . An inverse correlation was found between functional activity of complement components C3, C4 and C5 and levels of IgM, IgG.

Ter Arkh, 1996, 68(4), 73 - 4
{The clinical picture of generalized forms of salmonellosis}; Bondarev LS et al.; Clinical presentation of generalized salmonellosis is reviewed . Typhus-like form occurred in 28, septic form in 15 cases (0.5 and 0.3% of all the patients observed, respectively) . Salmonellosis sepsis is hard to detect in view of multiple visceral lesions, long-term fever and severe intoxication.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1997 May-Jun, (3), 96 - 9
{The clinico-pathogenetic validation of intravascular laser therapy in the combined treatment of salmonellosis in young infants}; Ibadova GA; The clinico-laboratory study of the effectiveness of the intravascular ultraviolet laser therapy (IUVLT) in the complex treatment of 25 young children with prolonged severe salmonellosis was made . The study revealed that under the action of IUVLT the main symptoms of salmonellosis (intoxication and diarrhea) disappeared at a shorter period than after treatment by traditional methods . The pathogenetic basis of the effectiveness of IUVLT was the induction of the enzymes of the monooxygenase system of the liver and an increase in the activity of the enzymes of antiradical protection.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1997 Jul, 9(3), 281 - 6
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Lawsonia intracellularis, Serpulina hyodysenteriae, and salmonellae in porcine intestinal specimens; Elder RO et al.; Proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis are the most common enteric bacterial diseases affecting pigs in the growing and finishing stages of production . Currently, diagnoses of these diseases by standard cultural techniques of intestinal specimens can be laborious, time consuming, and expensive (swine dysentery, porcine salmonellosis) or impossible (proliferative enteritis) . Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of DNA sequences specific for each bacterial agent is a highly sensitive and specific method that overcomes the limitations associated with standard detection methods . A multiplex PCR (M-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of the etiologic agents associated with proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis in a single reaction using total DNA obtained directly from intestinal specimens . Purified DNA obtained from pure cultures of each bacterial agent alone or mixed in different combinations and concentrations and total DNA from intestinal specimens were amplified using the Lawsonia intracellularis-, Serpulina hyodysenteriae-, and salmonellae-specific M-PCR assay . Intestinal specimens consisted of feces and mucosal scrapings obtained from field cases of each disease alone or in combinations and feces obtained from pigs challenged with S . hyodysenteriae . The banding pattern of the amplified PCR products, after agarose gel electrophoresis and staining, indicated the presence of individual or combinations of etiologic agents in each specimen . Results from this study indicated that simultaneous amplification of L . intracellularis-, S . hyodysenteriae-, and salmonellae-specific DNA sequences by M-PCR can be used for specific detection and identification of three major enteric bacterial pathogens associated with proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis occurring alone or in combinations . Also, the M-PCR assay can be done using DNA obtained directly from intestinal specimens submitted for diagnostic investigation.

Biometrics, 1997 Jun, 53(2), 720 - 8
Two-stage method of estimation for general linear growth curve models; Stukel TA et al.; We extend the linear random-effects growth curve model (REGCM) (Laird and Ware, 1982, Biometrics 38, 963-974) to study the effects of population covariates on one or more characteristics of the growth curve when the characteristics are expressed as linear combinations of the growth curve parameters . This definition includes the actual growth curve parameters (the usual model) or any subset of these parameters . Such an analysis would be cumbersome using standard growth curve methods because it would require reparameterization of the original growth curve . We implement a two-stage method of estimation based on the two-stage growth curve model used to describe the response . The resulting generalized least squares (GLS) estimator for the population parameters is consistent, asymptotically efficient, and multivariate normal when the number of individuals is large . It is also robust to model misspecification in terms of bias and efficiency of the parameter estimates compared to maximum likelihood with the usual REGCM . We apply the method to a study of factors affecting the growth rate of salmonellae in a cubic growth model, a characteristic that cannot be analyzed easily using standard techniques.

Emerg Infect Dis, 1997 Apr-Jun, 3(2), 223 - 8
Global aspects of emerging and potential zoonoses: a WHO perspective; Meslin FX; Many new human pathogens that have emerged or reemerged worldwide originated from animals or from products of animal origin . Many animal species as well as categories of agents have been involved in the emergence of diseases . Wild (e.g., bats, rodents) as well as draught animals (e.g., horses) and food animals (e.g., poultry, cattle) were implicated in the epidemiologic cycles of these diseases . Many of the agents responsible for new infections and diseases in humans were viruses (e.g., hantaviruses, lyssaviruses, and morbilliviruses), but bacteria, especially enteritic bacteria (e.g., Salmonellae and Escherichia coli) and parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium) of animal origin, were also involved in major food and waterborne outbreaks . The public health relevance of some of these agents (e.g., new lyssaviruses and morbilliviruses) is not yet fully assessed . In addition the zoonotic nature of some other human diseases, such as Ebola and the new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is suspected but not yet demonstrated . Finally, the possible future use of xenografts may lead, if precautions are not taken, to the emergence of new diseases called xenozoonoses.

Clin Infect Dis, 1997 Apr, 24(4), 707 - 9
Acalculous nontyphoidal salmonellal cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases; McCarron B et al.; Nontyphoidal salmonellal cholecystitis is a rare complication of nontyphoidal salmonellal enterocolitis . We describe three patients with this complication who were hospitalized in a regional infectious disease unit at Ruchill Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, over a period of 12 months . All three patients were receiving ciprofloxacin therapy before the episodes of cholecystitis became clinically evident, and all required surgical intervention.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1997 Mar 18, 35(1), 75 - 81
Simple relationship between acid dissociation constant and minimal pH for microbial growth in laboratory medium; Rosso L et al.; A simple relationship was observed in growth medium, between the dissociation constant (via the pKa) of the acid used to control pH and the minimum pH at which Salmonellae and Escherichia coli initiate growth . From this new relationship, a simple method was proposed to predict the minimum growth pH for a given strain and different acid types . This method, illustrated on Listeria monocytogenes, would merely require the knowledge of two minimum pH values, one for a strong acid (e.g . hydrochloric acid) and one for a weak acid (e.g . acetic or propionic acid) . From these two values, it seems possible to estimate for a given growth medium, the minimum pH value for any other acid within the defined pKa range.

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 1997 Jan 10, 117(1), 54 - 7
{Health effects of climatic changes--possible consequences for Norway}; Ottesen PS et al.; In the year 2100 a global mean temperature increase of 2 degrees C, and a 50 cm rise in sea level are expected . An escalation in the intensity and duration of heat waves will increase mortality, whilst higher temperatures in cold regions may reduce it . On a global scale, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and some types of viral encephalitis are likely to increase . 50 to 80 million more cases of malaria could occur annually . Elevated temperatures and more frequent floods could cause an increase in salmonellosis, cholera and giardiasis . Indirectly, shortages of freshwater and foods may cause serious health problems . The world may see more environmental refugees . For Norway a temperature increase of 3-4 degrees C during winter and 2 degrees C in summer is expected, with more precipitation, especially in western parts . The possibility of the Gulf Stream turning at 40 degrees N and causing a temperature decrease of 10 degrees C, is not very likely . Malaria could reestablish itself in Europe, but hardly in Norway . The most harmful arthropod vector in Norway, the tick Ixodes ricinus, might extend its range into the most populated parts of the country . Marine algal blooms might increase the risk of cholera . Health problems caused by greater floods, poisonous algae and certain freshwater cercaria might increase.

Crit Rev Microbiol, 1997, 23(2), 109 - 19
Public health and nonpasteurized fruit juices; Parish ME; Well publicized outbreaks of foodborne illness have occurred in recent years due to consumption of commercial, nonpasteurized ("fresh" or "unpasteurized") fruit juices . Nonpasteurized and heat treated juices have been associated with at least 15 foodborne illness outbreaks since the early 1900s . Disease syndromes have included salmonellosis, typhoid fever, cyrptosporidiosis, Escherichia coli-related diarrhea, and hemolytic uremia . Mortality has occasionally occurred during these outbreaks . An increase in the number of reported outbreaks in recent years possibly reflects greater consumption of fresh juices and closer scrutiny of these products by medical and public health authorities . This article reviews the fruit juice borne outbreaks in the 1900s, methods to control pathogens, and regulatory issues related to production of nonpasteurized fruit juices in the U.S.

Clin Infect Dis, 1997 Jan, 24 Suppl 1, S136 - 8
How to modify conditions limiting resistance in bacteria in animals and other reservoirs; Helmuth R et al.; Antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine are used for three purposes: therapy, prophylaxis, and nutrition . The major public health risk is that selection pressure leads to an increase in the pool of resistance genes . Since 1987, the nutritional use of antimicrobials in Europe has been regulated by a council directive, which demands special investigations into the potential of antimicrobials to increase rates of drug resistance . However, the prophylactic and therapeutic use of antimicrobials has sometimes led to the emergence of resistant bacteria . For example, the selective effect of the prophylactic use of gentamicin and the therapeutic use of quinolones led to the emergence of resistant salmonellae . To prevent the spread of resistant microorganisms from animals to humans, it should be recognized that antibiotics are not suitable as a compensation for poor hygiene standards or for the eradication of a pathogen from a certain environment . They should be used only by doctors or veterinarians.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1996 Dec, 16(4), 299 - 306
Therapeutic aspects of typhoidal salmonellosis in childhood: the Karachi experience; Bhutta ZA; We evaluated the response to therapy in a series of 876 children consecutively admitted to The Aga Khan University Hospital with culture-proven typhoid, including 281 cases infected with multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains . Among sensitive isolates there was no significant difference in cure rates, failure rates and time to defervescence with either ampicillin or chloramphenicol . Of the 217 children with MDR typhoid who received therapy with third-generation cephalosporins, the outcome was significantly better with intravenous ceftriaxone compared with cefotaxime . Despite comparable cure rates, the time to defervescence was significantly longer among MDR strains treated with ceftriaxone versus sensitive strains (mean (SD): 7.2 (3.4) versus 6.3 (29) days; p < 0.05) . Earlier recognition and introduction of appropriate second-line therapy has allowed us to reduce the case fatality rates of typhoid to under 1% . Although a 14-day course of ceftriaxone can be used successfully to treat most children hospitalized with MDR typhoid, there is a need to evaluate the role of short-course therapy or alternative therapeutic agents.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1996 Jul, 44(7), 451 - 3
Unusual acute and chronic complications of malaria; Metha SR et al.; 32 cases (21 acute severe malaria and 11 chronic malaria syndrome), who developed unusual complications and/or manifestations are reported . The acute manifestations were unexplained tachypnoea 4, pulmonary oedema 5 and shock due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 3, melena 2 and E coli septicaemia in one . The other features were concomitant salmonellosis 2, meningitis 1, renal failure 3, hepatorenal syndrome 2, hepatitis like illness 7, neck stiffness with normal CSF 3, urticaria and subconiunctival haemorrhage 2 each, apyrexial spell with anaemia 4, thromocytopenia 3, and hypoglycaemia 3 (two pretreatment and one while on quinine in 5% glucose drip) . The chronic syndrome noted were hyperreactive malaria syndrome (Tropical splenomegaly) 3, repeated haemolysis 2, chronic simple malaria with positive parasitaemia and normal Igm levels 4, and cerebellar ataxia with tremors 3 . Bone marrow in these cases was hypercullular with increase plasma cells . Liver biopsy revealed lymphocytic infiltration . There was no case with permanent neurogical deficit . All patients with pulmonary oedema and multiple organ dysfunction died but chronic syndrome patients recovered fully . Early recoginition of atypical manifestation and prompt treatment will decrease the mortality and morbidity due to malaria.

Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1996 May, 45(2), 47 - 51
{Long-term follow-up of the etiology of diarrhea with emphasis on the role of rotaviruses in hospitalized patients at the Infectious Disease Clinic of the Medical School Hospital in Plzen}; Pazdiora P et al.; During 1986-1994 the etiological structure of diarrhoea in hospitalized patients at the Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Plzen was analyzed . In children under four years most frequently (in 26%) rotaviruses were involved, in older patients their ratio was lower and the decisive pathogenetic organism were salmonellae . In rotavirus infections the shortest hospitalization period was recorded . These infections were encountered all round the year with a maximum prevalence in the winter months.

Avian Dis, 1996 Apr-Jun, 40(2), 285 - 9
The occurrence of infectious and parasitic diseases in poultry slaughtered in the district of Olsztyn, Poland, 1986-91; Radkowski M et al.; During 6 years, 1986-91, in poultry processing plants in the district of Olsztyn, Poland, 37,779,959 carcasses and internal organs of slaughtered fattened poultry were (1,691,188 hens, 23,681,855 chickens, and 12,226,016 turkeys) were examined . As a result of the antemortem and postmortem inspections, 744,499 birds were condemned for human consumption, which was 1.66% of the total number of birds examined . The highest percentage of condemned birds was registered in hens (2.4%) and the lowest in chickens (1.27%) . By means of a medical examination, the following diseases were diagnosed most frequently in chickens: Marek's disease in 2,265 birds (0.095%), salmonellosis in 13,463 birds (0.056%), coccidiosis in 9,548 birds (0.04%), and chronic illness of the respiratory system in 377 birds (0.0016%) . In hens, salmonellosis was found in 15,951 birds (0.94%), tuberculosis in 301 birds (0.018%), leukemia in 122 birds (0.007%), and aspergillosis in 71 birds (0.0042%) . In turkeys, chronic illness of the respiratory system was found in 23,938 birds (0.196%), aspergillosis in 13,243 birds (0.11%), salmonellosis in 3,918 birds (0.032%), and leukemia in 29 birds (0.00024%).

Rev Sci Tech, 1996 Mar, 15(1), 115 - 40
{Infectious pathology of Canidae and Felidae in zoological parks}; Artois M et al.; The Canidae (36 species) and Felidae (34-37 species) are two families of carnivores represented by numerous exotic species in zoos or wildlife reserves . To some extent, the diseases of these species are similar to those of dogs and cats, and are therefore relatively well known . However, there are differences in sensitivity to infectious agents, treatments and vaccines . Canidae and Felidae may also act as carriers or even vectors of zoonoses, such as leptospirosis, rabies, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis . Due to their behaviour patterns and morphological adaptations, these species are capable of transmitting various opportunistic infections by biting or scratching . These characteristics mean that Canidae and Felidae are difficult to keep in captivity, and require special health precautions, particularly protection from contact with stray carnivores.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1996 Mar-Apr, (2), 95 - 7
{The clinical picture and pathogenesis of complications in food poisonings (salmonellosis)}; Brodov LE et al.; Observation on 32,448 salmonellosis patients was carried out . In 653 cases (2.01%) the complicated course of the disease was observed . It was caused by generalized disturbances in blood circulation, or shock, in 0.09% of cases, or by regional disturbances in blood circulation (myocardial infarction in 0.4%, acute disturbances in cerebral circulation in 0.4%, thrombosis of mesenterial vessels in 0.1% of cases) . In addition, infectious complications developed in the form of pneumonia (0.5%) and acute renal insufficiency (0.6% of cases) . Acute adrenal insufficiency, observed in the past, did not practically occur during the recent 20 years, having lost its importance due to the use of adequate therapy with polyionic crystalloid solutions.

Ter Arkh, 1996, 68(11), 27 - 9
{The clinical manifestations and treatment of shock in acute intestinal infections}; Brodov LE et al.; Shock (hypovolemic and infectious-toxic) is a severe complication of acute intestinal infections . Of 35096 patients with acute intestinal infections (90.6% had food poisoning, 9.4% had salmonellosis), 24 (0.07%) patients developed hypovolemic, 26 (0.08%) infectious-toxic shock . Hypovolemic shock is based on decompensated dehydration, infectious-toxic one arises from generalized circulation disorders with severe affection of hemostasis . Hypovolemic shock was effectively managed with polyionic crystalloid solutions . In infectious-toxic shock hemodynamic and homeostatic defects should be corrected . In spite of intensive therapy, lethality in infectious-toxic shock in patients with acute intestinal infections reached 80.8%.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1996, 41(9), 96 - 8
{An attempt to use ofloxacin in the treatment of acute intestinal infections}; Lobzin IuV; The efficacy of ofloxacin in the treatment of acute intestinal infection was estimated . The trial included 31 patients: 27 with acute dysentery and 4 with salmonellosis . In all the patients the diagnosis was confirmed bacteriologically . The drug was used in a dose of 200 mg twice a day for 5 days . During the first 2 days ofloxacin was administered intravenously and during the following 3 days it was used orally . In the treatment of 3 patients with medium diseases ofloxacin was used orally during the first 3 days in a dose of 200 mg twice a day in combination with intravenous drop-wise infusion of the drug in a dose of 200 mg twice a day . In the chronic carriers ofloxacin was used in a dose of 400 mg twice a day for 5 days . Good efficacy of the drug was observed in the treatment of acute dysentery evident from the disease rapid favourable time course: by the 2nd day the body temperature lowered and the abdominal pains alleviated and by the 4th to the 6th days the stool came to the normal . Dysbiotic changes in the patients treated with ofloxacin were less pronounced by comparison with those after the treatment with other antibacterial drugs . Ofloxacin provided rapid eradication of Chlamydia in the faces and the recovery from chlamydiosis as a concomitant disease of acute dysentery in 8 patients.

Lik Sprava, 1996 Jan-Feb, (1-2), 98 - 100
{A new sorbent for the treatment of intestinal infections}; Rudychenko VF et al.; A new inorganic sorbent is proposed endowed with high adsorption-chemical activity towards microorganisms . Animal studies showed that the preparation "Evirhip" is superior to coal-based sorbents (KAY and CKN) and polymethilsiloxan (PMS) towards pathogenic microorganisms, PMS having relatively higher adhesive activity towards Salmonellas than coal-based sorbents.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1996 Jan-Feb, (1), 46 - 9
{The use of the television microscopicanalysis for the serodiagnosis of salmonellosis and brucellosis}; Shub GM et al.; The possibility of using TV microscopic analysis for the laboratory diagnosis of salmonellosis and brucellosis is considered . The comparative analysis of this method and standard serodiagnostic methods was made in the study of sera taken from 134 salmonellosis patients 69 chronic brucellosis patients . The study demonstrated the advantages of the method of MIA (rapidity, high sensitivity, specificity), making it possible to recommend its wide use for the laboratory diagnosis of salmonellosis and brucellosis.

Klin Med (Mosk), 1996, 74(1), 36 - 8
{Complications of food poisoning and salmonellosis}; Brodov LE et al.; During the follow-up of 32,448 patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis complications occurred in 665 (2.01%) . Among them were general circulation disorders (shock), myocardial infarction, acute cerebral vascular accidents, mesenterial thromboembolism, pneumonia, acute renal failure (0.09, 0.4, 0.4, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.6% of patients, respectively) . Complications of food poisoning and salmonellosis caused lethal outcomes in 0.03% of cases . For the last 15 years acute adrenal insufficiency in patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis has not been reported.

Mamm Genome, 1995 Nov, 6(11), 809 - 15
Genetic and physical mapping of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) in chicken; Hu J et al.; The chicken natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene has been mapped by linkage analysis by use of a reference panel to develop the chicken molecular genetic linkage map and by fluorescence in situ hybridization . The chicken homolog of the murine Nramp 1 gene was mapped to a linkage group located on Chromosome (Chr) 7q13, which includes three genes (CD28, NDUSF1, and EF1B) that have previously been mapped either to mouse Chr 1 or to human Chr 2q . Physical mapping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that NRAMP1 is tightly linked to the villin gene and that the genomic organization (gene order and presence of CpG islands) of the chromosomal region carrying NRAMP1 is well conserved between the chicken and mammalian genomes . The regions on mouse Chr 1, human Chr 2q, and chicken Chr 7q that encompass NRAMP1 represent large conserved chromosomal segments between the mammalian and avian genomes . The chromosome mapping of the chicken NRAMP1 gene is a first step in determining its possible role in differential susceptibility to salmonellosis in this species.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1995 Oct 27, 44(42), 785 - 8
Outbreak of Salmonellosis associated with beef jerky--New Mexico, 1995; Causes of calf mortality in Kabete area of Kenya; Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, KenyaA total of 345 calf carcases of mainly dairy breeds from the farms around Kabete area were examined at the post-mortem facility in the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, over a 10-year period (1980-1989) . About 46.8% of the total deaths took place within the first 2 months, 31.8% of them in the first month and 13.3% in the first 2 weeks . In 23 cases (6.7%) no specific cause of death was determined . The major causes of death were diseases of the alimentary tract (31.3%)--mainly gastroenteritis (76/108) due to colibacillosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis and helminthiasis, and bloat (20/108) . The other major causes of death were diseases of the respiratory tract (16.8%)--mainly pneumonia (42/58), and tick-borne diseases (13.3%)--mainly east coast fever (ECF) (37/46) . The alimentary and respiratory diseases were most common in the 1-30 d age group . The other causes of death occurred in the following frequencies: musculoskeletal system (7.0%), septicaemia (6.7%), malnutrition (6.1%), cardiovascular system (3.7%), nervous system (3.2%), liver (2.6%) and poisoning (2.6%).

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1995 Sep-Oct, (5), 108 - 10
{Acute intestinal infections and hypertension}; Brodov LE et al.; Some data on the specific features of the clinical course of acute enteric infections (AKI) and hypertensive disease (HD) are presented . The data indicate that the pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases often act on the same points and in some cases in the same direction . 32,448 AEI patients were placed under observation, among them 29,398 patients with alimentary toxicoinfections and 3,050 patients with salmonellosis . Of these 1,483 patients had HD of stages II and III . In 266 patients of this group hypertensive crises of types I and II developed . In 128 AEI patients acute disturbances in cerebral blood circulation were observed . In 67.2% of cases these patients were found to have HD in their medical history . The treatment of patients with the combination of AEI and HD included rehydration with polyionic crystalloid solutions and the administration of hypotensive preparations.

South Med J, 1995 Aug, 88(8), 840 - 2
Epidemiology of nontyphoidal salmonellae at a tertiary care center in northeast Florida; Rathore MH et al.; Nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are often isolated from stool specimens of individuals having evaluation of gastroenteritis . The significance of isolation of NTS in a stool specimen from previously healthy individuals with gastroenteritis is not clear . The purpose of this study was to determine which serotypes were being isolated most frequently and whether some serotypes were responsible for the majority of infections . A 6-year review yielded 433 stool isolates of NTS . Only 12 isolates were from specimens other than stool . Thirty-five different strains were isolated over the last 6-year period . The most common isolates were S javiana, 126 (29%); S newport, 85 (20%); S typhimurium, 47 (11%); S muenchen, 28 (7%); and S heidelberg, 21 (6%) . These five strains were isolated in each of the 6 years of the review and were responsible for 313 (72%) isolates . The most common isolate for each year was S javiana, a strain that has not previously been reported as the predominant human isolate in invasive diseases or in outbreaks . In fact, S javiana is not even among the 10 most common NTS isolates reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nationally.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 Jul, 102(7), 276 - 7
{Occurrence and distribution of swine diseases and their control in Denmark}; Stougaard E; Within the EU, Denmark belongs to the countries with the highest health status of pig herds . The paper describes, apart from the general animal disease control strategy, particularly the control of Aujeszky's Disease and the prevention of the importation of porcine epidemics . Finally, the Danish "antiporcine-salmonellosis-programme" is explained and general remarks on the minimization of health risks to pig herds are discussed.

Br Vet J, 1995 Jul-Aug, 151(4), 351 - 77
Current perspectives in salmonellosis; Lax AJ et al.; Salmonellosis remains an important human and animal problem worldwide and, despite extensive research effort, many of the details of its pathogenesis are not known . While there have been recent advances in some aspects of pathogenesis, other areas are not understood . The host adaptation shown by several serotypes and the recent dramatic changes in the predominance of particular serotypes are examples . Molecular techniques using in vitro model systems have identified several genes involved in adhesion and invasion, though their function and even their relevance to disease remain poorly defined . Similarly, several potential toxins have been identified and the genes cloned, although their significance is far from clear . Some of the essential genes on the large virulence plasmids have been defined, and these are known to be necessary for the establishment of systemic infection . Two of these genes are regulatory, but the function of the other genes is unknown . A general theme has been the identification of gene systems involved in regulation of virulence . New vaccines, based on 'rational attenuation' are being designed, and these have also been used to carry heterologous antigens; such vaccines are currently undergoing trials . The improved understanding of the pathogenesis of salmonellosis may also provide a model of wide applicability to a more general understanding of bacterial pathogenesis . New techniques, including the polymerase chain reaction, are being applied to diagnose salmonellosis.

Poult Sci, 1995 Jul, 74(7), 1093 - 101
Treatment of commercial broiler chickens with a characterized culture of cecal bacteria to reduce salmonellae colonization; Corrier DE et al.; The effect of treatment with a newly developed characterized continuous-flow (CCF) culture composed of 29 strains of cecal bacteria on salmonellae colonization was evaluated in commercially reared broiler chickens . Newly hatched chicks in three flocks were sprayed with CCF culture as they were placed in rearing houses and compared with untreated flocks on the same farm . Hatchery transport tray liners and rearing house feed, water, and little samples were cultured for the presence of salmonellae . Cecal samples were cultured after 3- and 6-wk growout . Skin-feather samples were cultured at 6-wk growout . Fifty-five percent of the transport tray liners were contaminated with salmonellae on the day of chick placement . At 3 wk, salmonellae serotypes present on the tray liners were widely distributed in the litter of the rearing houses . The results indicated that exposure to salmonellae occurred before culture treatment and continued in the rearing houses during the 6-wk growout period . Salmonellae cecal colonization was decreased (P < .05) in two of the treated flocks at 3 wk and diminished (P < .07) in the third treated flock compared with control flocks . At 6 wk, skin-feather contamination and cecal colonization were decreased (P < .05) in one of the treated flocks whereas no treatment effect occurred in two of the treated flocks compared with controls . The results clearly indicate the necessity of implementing integrated programs to control salmonellae in both the hatchery and rearing house environments . The CCF culture served to enhance salmonellae colonization resistance and may serve as a useful component of an integrated control program.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 Jun, 102(6), 235 - 41
{Acute diarrhea in horses with special regard to salmonellosis and typhlocolitis}; Odenkirchen S et al.; Casuistics of 200 patients with acute diarrhea (72 horses with salmonellosis, 55 horses with typhlocolitis, 73 horses with unspecific diarrhea) have been analyzed . It was shown, that horses with salmonellosis have been fallen ill with a primary disease for a longer period of time before the beginning of diarrhea than those with typhlocolitis and that in cases of salmonellosis antibiotics very often were used during the preliminary treatment . Frequently a primary illness of the colon was seen with typhlocolitis . Besides the frequent use of butylscopolamin during the pretreatment was noticed . The clinical and laboratory parameters showed many differences between the three groups of patients as well as a dependency on the course of healing . Particularly it was important, that horses with salmonellosis had fever and a leukopenia at the beginning of diarrhea, while in horses with typhlocolitis a leukopenia without fever at the beginning of diarrhea was seen, whereas fever only appeared a few days later in moribund patients . Finally an evaluation of the therapies was carried out.

Rev Sci Tech, 1995 Jun, 14(2), 403 - 18
Disinfecting equine facilities; Dwyer RM; Disinfection of equine premises provides a challenge to farm managers, in view of the variety of surfaces which may be contaminated and the wide variety of horse pathogens . Of the commonly occurring infectious diseases for which disinfection and disease control are especially important, rotavirus diarrhoea, salmonellosis and strangles are the most difficult to control . Phenolic disinfectants have been scientifically demonstrated to be effective in the presence of organic matter and are also virucidal . When used after thorough cleaning and rinsing of stall surfaces, phenolics have proved effective in controlling outbreaks of disease . In addition, 10% iodophors used for washing hands and cleaning equipment are also virucidal and bactericidal . Quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorhexidine, bleach and pine oil are readily available commercially, but are ineffective disinfectants in the presence of the organic matter encountered on horse farms.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1995 May, 25(3), 209 - 17
Control of food-borne infections and intoxications; Sinell HJ; Most food-borne diseases are caused by microorganisms that initially contaminate the living plant or animal or recontaminate the food during handling or processing . Control measures are intended to (1) prevent microorganisms from contaminating food and involve all hygienic production measures (raw material, premises, equipment, cleaning and disinfection, personnel); (2) prevent microorganisms both from growing or forming toxins, e.g . through chilling, freezing or other processes that do not destroy microbes, such as reduction of aw or pH; (3) eliminate microorganisms, e.g . through thermal processing . Integrated systems for control of the microbiology and hygiene of foods aim at a gradual or stepwise reduction of health hazards at all stages of production and processing until final operations . As a further development of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), other systems such as the LISA (Longitudinally Integrated Safety Assurance) concept, include also the primary stages of harvesting . With respect to food animals, this clearly involves veterinary control of the livestock as an initial stage of food production . As with salmonellosis, the implementation of control systems is helpful in reducing risks at particular critical points . However, isolated measures do not solve the problem as a whole and cannot meet the demands of consumer protection . At least in the case of salmonellosis a global strategy of control is needed which requires political decisions from the relevant public health bodies.

Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev, 1995 Apr 28, 5(5), R69 - 73
Infection in the deceased: a survey of management; Young SE et al.; Funeral directors, control of infection officers, chief environmental health officers, and consultants in communicable disease control were surveyed to identify the sources and nature of advice about infectious hazards from the deceased available to undertakers . They were asked about management responsibilities, policies, particular activities (viewing, hygienic preparation, bagging, embalming, and final disposal by burial or cremation), specific diseases (hepatitis B, HIV infection, tuberculosis, meningitis, septicaemia, and salmonellosis), and repatriation . A wide range of opinions and advice was received on each topic . Medical personnel need a greater understanding of the work of funeral directors . Policies based on a realistic assessment of risk should be agreed.

J R Soc Health, 1995 Feb, 115(1), 26 - 30
The application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in a flight catering establishment improved the bacteriological quality of meals; Lambiri M et al.; Following an outbreak of salmonellosis affecting 415 passengers on flights in 1991, the associated flight catering establishment located on a Greek island was surveyed for two years . During the first year of the survey, the bacteriological quality of food was not satisfactory . In an attempt to maximize food safety for crew and passengers the HACCP approach was implemented in 1993 . Since its application, greatly supported by the management and staff, the bacteriological quality of aircraft meals was considerably improved.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1995, 40(3), 274 - 8
Influence of cadmium on resistance to antibiotics in salmonellae isolated from pigs; Hustavova H et al.; Repeated cultivations (4 passages) of salmonellae (18 strains) resistant to cadmium, streptomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics in Muller-Hinton Broth (MHB) and Mac-Conkey Broth (MCB) without and with CdSO4 (2, 20 and 100 mg/L) showed a higher toxic effect of cadmium in MCB . The strains survived at CdSO4 100 mg/L in MHB for four transfers, in MCB only a single transfer . In dependence on the medium used and amount of metal added, the increase of resistance to antibiotics was different . In MHB, the same levels of resistance to carbenicillin and streptomycin were induced by CdSO4 (20 and 100 mg/L), in MCB it was by 2 and 20 mg/L . Simultaneous stop of the growth of a control culture S . typhimurium with chromosomal resistance to streptomycin, isolates with and without plasmid in MCB which contained CdSO4 100 mg/L, and the results of conjugal transfer of resistance suggest that changes of resistance to antibiotics were not mediated by determinants of resistance to antibiotics . The binding of cadmium to outer membrane protein can cause a decreased permeability to these antibiotics as a resistance mechanism.

Pathology, 1995 Jan, 27(1), 48 - 52
Bacteria, viruses, yeasts and protozoans associated with diarrheal disease in Singapore; Mendis L et al.; Labile toxin producing enterotoxic E . coli (ETEC) were the commonest pathogen isolated from diarrheal stools of hospitalized children (21%) and adults (26%) in Singapore . Salmonellas ranked a close second in children (19%) . Other bacterial pathogens were isolated from less than 5% of subjects . Blastocystis hominis was detected in 4.3% of diarrheal stools when a simple sedimentation technique was used . Cryptosporidium was not detected at all . An analysis of yeast counts in smears of diarrheal and non-diarrheal stools suggested they were etiologically associated with at least 6% of diarrhea in children and 19% in adults . Testing for rotaviruses by Latex agglutination and for adenovirus by electronmicroscopy showed an association with 6 per cent and 3 per cent diarrhea respectively . The study highlighted a need for: case control studies on ETEC and B . hominis; studies on the epidemiology of diarrhea by yeasts; establishing the true incidence of adenovirus diarrhea; studies on the prevalence and seasonality of rotavirus infection in Singapore.

Poult Sci, 1994 Jul, 73(7), 1153 - 7
Hatchery-acquired salmonellae in broiler chicks; Bailey JS et al.; Hatchery contamination can result in exposure of newly hatched chicks to salmonellae at a time when they are most susceptible to colonization of their intestinal tract . Eggshell fragments, external rinses, and intestinal tracts from day-of-hatch chicks were sampled for salmonellae contamination . Chicks from the same hatching trays were then put in isolators or floor pens and fed a pelleted corn-soybean ration for 1 wk before external rinses and ceca from each chick were sampled for salmonellae . About 17% of eggshell, 21% of chick rinses, and 5% of intestines sampled at Day 0 were positive for salmonellae . No differences were observed between broiler hatcheries, but significant differences were seen between replications within hatching cabinets . Results from this study suggest a correlation between hatchery-acquired salmonellae and the production of potential seeder birds . No differences between eggshell and chick rinse samples were found (correlation = .81); therefore, eggshells are recommended as the best sample to determine hatchery salmonellae contamination.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1994 Jul, 101(7), 290 - 2
{Measures for disinfection and sterilization of poultry housing after an outbreak of S . enteritidis}; Lohren U; Recommendations for correct cleansing and disinfection of S . enteritidis-contaminated chicken farms are given . References are made to the legal context and to its significance in a S . enteritidis control program . Quality and quantity of the suggested sampling procedure are based on WHO recommendations and on a four years experience of the author . 26 chicken farms on which S . enteritidis or S . typhimurium had been isolated in the previous crop have been monitored after disinfection . The results of 981 samples are presented . Salmonellae could not be isolated by swabs from visible clean surfaces after disinfection . Critical control points remain in the farm biotope: These are intermediate ceiling, litter beetle, rodents, exhaust ventilation fluff, margin zone of the outer building . These critical control points cannot be effectively disinfected . In case of demonstration of S . enteritidis from surfaces of the interior of the chicken house, a redisinfection will be necessary . S . enteritidis out of the farm biotope does not justify redisinfection of the farm.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1994 Jul, 101(7), 272 - 4
{Guarantee of the control of animal epidemics for consumer protection}; Voetz N; The main of animal disease control with regard to consumer welfare is the eradication of zoonoses, that is of zoonotic agent that, via food of animal origin, cause disease in man . As an example of harmonized European Union control measures reference is made to Directive 92/117/EEC concerning measures for protection against specified zoonoses and specified zoonotic agents in animals and products of animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks of foodborne infections and intoxications (Zoonosis Directive), with an emphasis on salmonellosis in poultry flocks . The commitment of EU member states to the improvement of the health status of farm animals, to the reduction of threats to human health, and to simultaneously guaranteeing free intra-Community trade results in the need to reorganise veterinary services.

Avian Dis, 1994 Jul-Sep, 38(3), 635 - 41
Particles resembling circovirus in the bursa of Fabricius of pigeons; Shivaprasad HL et al.; Histological examination of the bursae from 12 pigeons under 4 months old revealed basophilic globular inclusion bodies, 5 to 25 microns in diameter, in the cytoplasm and the nuclei of the various bursal follicular cells . Electron microscopy of these inclusions revealed large electron-dense areas containing non-enveloped icosahedral viral particles, 14-19 nm in diameter, either loosely arranged or in paracrystalline array . Similar basophilic globular inclusion bodies were seen in the spleen and cecal tonsils of a few pigeons and in the duodenum of one pigeon . There were various degrees of lymphoid depletion in the bursa, spleen, and bone marrow . The morphology of the inclusions in the bursa and size of the viral particles are most consistent with circovirus . Preliminary studies on the bursae of two pigeons were negative for psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) viral antigen and nucleic acid by immunoperoxidase staining, DNA in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction techniques, suggesting that this virus differs from PBFD virus . Most of the pigeons had concurrent infections such as paramyxovirus-1, salmonellosis, herpesvirus, and hepatic and cerebral trichomoniasis associated with adenovirus.

Rev Invest Clin, 1994 May-Jun, 46(3), 177 - 85
{The changing spectrum of fever of unknown origin: trends and comparison with previous series at the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Nutrition}; Molina-Gamboa J et al.; We reviewed 400 medical records of patients admitted because of fever at the National Institute of Nutrition Salvador Zubiran between January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1992 . Patient characteristics, diagnostic methods, final diagnosis and patient progress were analyzed, comparing these data with the previous series of the institute . We found 77 cases of fever of unknown origin (FUO), 47 males and 30 females, between 14 to 87 years of age . The final diagnosis encountered were: infections (40%), neoplasias (23%), collagen diseases (13%), and other diagnosis (8%) . Sixteen percent of the cases remained without a final diagnosis . The most frequent infections were HIV infection (19%), tuberculosis (19%) and endocarditis (13%) . The most common neoplasia was lymphoma (55.6%), with 90% of Hodgkin's disease . SLE was the most common autoimmune disease found . The methods to establish a final diagnosis were: biopsies (52%), serology (17%), cultures (12%), image (11%), and clinical (8%) . Final diagnosis by serology tests increased from 2 to 17% in comparison with previous reports . Eight laparotomies were done, which is a less frequent practice than previously (10 vs 35%) . We saw only one case of amebic hepatic abscess and had no cases of malaria and salmonellosis as final diagnosis of FUO; HIV infection was found to be a new major cause of FUO.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1994 May-Jun, (3), 39 - 44
{Immunological control in the system of epidemiological surveillance over infections with different mechanisms of causative agent transmission}; Koza NM et al.; The results of immunological control of infections with different mechanisms of the transmission of their causative agents (diphtheria, measles, viral hepatitis, salmonellosis) for many years are summarized . About 25,000 serum samples taken from humans and more than 10,000 probes from agricultural animals have been studied in the passive hemagglutination test and more than 3,600 serum samples have been studied in the enzyme immunoassay for the presence viral hepatitis markers . Planned immunological control has ensured greater possibilities of the epidemiological diagnosis and prognostication of complications in the epidemic and epizootic situations . Urgent immunological control has made it possible to establish the proportion of non-manifest forms of diseases, to differentiate the foci of infection by transmission routes, to determine the degree of protection from infection and to substantiate the tactics of individual immunization.

Int J Immunopharmacol, 1994 May-Jun, 16(5-6), 435 - 44
BCG-induced mucosal immune responses; Gheorghiu M; The induction of mucosal immune responses is particularly important for protection against diseases for which entry and pathogenesis are clearly related to the mucosal system, such as salmonellosis, AIDS or tuberculosis . We investigated the immune responses in guinea-pigs vaccinated by BCG via the respiratory compared to the intradermal route . The results demonstrate that the aerogenic BCG induced a better activation of broncho-alveolar macrophages and a substantially improved protective effect against a virulent challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . We also used a DNA recombinant BCG expressing LacZ gene to investigate the influence of various routes of administration on the immunogenicity of the beta-galactosidase, a foreign antigen expressed by the LacZ-BCG recombinant . Thus, lymph-node proliferative responses, delayed type hypersensitivity and antibody responses specific for beta-galactosidase can be produced in guinea-pigs immunized orally, respiratorily and intradermally . The respiratory and especially the oral route of administration produced higher mucosal and systemic immune responses compared with the intradermal route of immunization . Moreover, the oral immunization of mice with recombinant BCG induced IgA responses which can be detected both in sera and in intestinal secretions . In conclusion, BCG recombinants may be of potential use as an adjuvant vaccine.

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 1994 Feb 12, 138(7), 367 - 70
{International and intercultural aspects of pediatrics and adolescent health care}; Schulpen TW; PIP: Population statistics of Amsterdam between the 17th and 19th centuries indicate that 20-30% of young married people had been born in foreign lands . At the present time, 6% of the country's population, nearly 1 million people, are direct descendants of foreign parents: 240,000 Surinamese, 210,000 Turks, 170,000 Moroccans, and 80,000 from the Antilles . 40% of foreigners live in the four large cities, and there they make up about 15% of the population; 30-50% of children in these cities have foreign born parents . Among health concerns affecting these people are parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and the importation of infections such as viral B hepatitis, which so far has been successfully controlled . About 4% of the foreigners (30,000 people) carry a defective gene, and when two such people marry, in 25% of cases a child can be born with a severe defect as well as thalassemia major (mainly children of Moroccans and Turks) and sickle cell anemia (Surinamese and Antillans) . 20-40% of children from tropical or subtropical areas also have lactase enzyme deficiency, which gives them stomach complaints because of incomplete metabolism of milk sugar . In recent years it has been reported that asthma and respiratory infections with longer hospitalizations occur more frequently among foreign children . Infant mortality is also 2-3 times higher among them . Intercultural aspects affecting Turkish and Moroccans immigrants include communication problems, primarily those of the first generation, which should be facilitated by language centers and educational materials . Generation conflicts arise from contrasts between homelife and the outside world as well as from the fact that many of the parents are illiterate . Cultural difference are rooted in Islam, which requires loyalty to the group with traditional role patterns . Other problems pertain to the social isolation of the mother and the lower position of women, and the uncertain legal position of foreigners, which can result in sometimes unwarranted feelings of discrimination .

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1994 Feb, 107(2), 43 - 4
{The detection of salmonellas using Rambach agar}; Weber A et al.; Selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium of 1595 animal fed samples and of 82 feedstuff and carcass meal was streaked simultaneously onto water-blue-metachrome-yellow-lactose-agar acc . to Gassner, onto brilliant-green-phenol-red-lactose-agar acc . to Kauffmann and onto Rambach agar . Salmonellae were isolated in 34 cases with Rambach agar (sensitivity 94.4%), in 33 cases with water-blue-metachrome-yellow-lactose-agar acc . to Gassner (sensitivity 91.7%) and in 31 cases with brilliant-green-phenol-red-lactose-agar acc . to Kauffmann (sensitivity 86.1%) . The high specificity (99.87%) recommends the use of Rambach agar for isolation of Salmonellae from selective enrichment.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1994 Feb-Mar, 39(2-3), 49 - 51
{The treatment of salmonellosis in children}; Vereshchagin IA et al.; The time course of salmonellosis and some immunity indices (composition of serum immunoglobulins A, M and G, phagocytosis and activity of bactericidal substances of peripheral blood neutrophils) were studied in 80 infants . According to the applied therapy the infants were divided into 2 groups . 40 infants of group 1 were subjected to the routine therapy with gentamicin and tobramycin and 40 patients of group 2 were additionally treated with an immunostimulant (humisol) . In the patients of group 2 treated with the antibiotics and humisol the disease time course was more favourable, the time required for the treatment was shorter and the hemograms and immunity indices earlier came to the normal.

Przegl Epidemiol, 1994, 48(3), 249 - 60
{Salmonelloses of animal sources in Poland: 1969-1992}; Przybylska A; Unfavourable epidemiological situation of foodborne and waterborne diseases in Poland from early 80's is strictly connected with outbreaks of salmonelloses of animal sources . This paper describes the above situation and also treats the matter of registration of this illnesses in Poland.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1993 Dec, 40(9-10), 654 - 8
Survival of Salmonellas in composted and not composted solid animal manure; Forshell LP et al.; Survival of S . dublin, S . senftenberg and S . typhimurium in composted cattle manure was less than seven days . In cold cattle manures S . dublin survived 183 days but not 190, while S . senftenberg and S . typhimurium survived 204 but not 214 days . In composted sow manure S . senftenberg and S . typhimurium survived less than seven days while S . derby survived 14 days but not 21.

Lancet, 1993 Oct 23, 342(8878), 1037 - 9
The clinical challenge of the HIV epidemic in the developing world; Gilks CF; PIP: A move away from a narrow, top-down focus on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is urged to maximize the impact of scarce medical services in developing countries . The current emphasis on researching and treating the opportunistic infections characteristic of full-blown AIDS has produced a mood of powerlessness and hopelessness in the medical community as well as the general population . In developing countries, however, early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is far more common than AIDS and more amenable to successful medical interventions . Non-AIDS patients tend to present with infections such as pulmonary or lymphatic tuberculosis or pneumococcal pneumonia that respond well to standard, inexpensive therapies . Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and salmonellosis are endemic in impoverished, overcrowded Third World communities so clinical initiatives targeted at their treatment would benefit both seropositive and seronegative residents . A strategy that emphasizes an improved clinical outcome for all who present with common treatable infections would further boost staff morale by overcoming the clinical hopelessness associated with efforts to save patients in the late stages of the disease process . Health ministries will have to commit extra staff and resources to meet the increased demand for short-course tuberculosis treatment, and it may be advisable to integrate tuberculosis and bacteriology laboratories . Patients with end-stage HIV disease can be provided with home-based symptom relief, nutritional supplementation, and psychological support .

Med Trop (Mars), 1993 Oct-Dec, 53(4), 505 - 9
{Acute bacterial pneumonia in retroviral infections . Epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, bacterial and developmental aspects}; Domoua K et al.; From a prospective study starting January 8 to 1990 October 20, the authors discuss 70 cases of acute pneumopathy, supposed to be bacteriologic in patients infected by HIV . The observed pneumopathies are more frequent in young adults, with a pic between 20 to 40 (67.15 p.c) . The positivity rate of hemocultures was estimated at 17.14 p.c . with a clear predominance of non typhic Salmonellae . The evolution observed, generally favourable at 72.85 p.c was fatal in 17.15 p.c.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1993 Sep, 194(5-6), 553 - 70
Microbiological quality of artisanal ice cream; Maifreni M et al.; In the course of the years 1990 and 1991, 396 samples of artisanal ice-cream had been collected from different ice-cream shops in Udine and province and analysed . All tested flavours contained aerobic germs, coliforms, Enterococci and yeasts in different quantities . In the analysed samples neither Salmonellae spp., nor Listeria monocytogenes nor Staphylococcus aureus were detected . Numerous species of coliforms and yeasts were randomly isolated and identified . The statistical analysis, used to compare the variables (flavour, month, year), showed significant differences among the samples analysed in the two years . In September, the means of the total aerobic count were significantly different from the ones of July and of August . No significant differences were noted in the means of coliforms, total aerobic counts and yeasts in the different flavours . The techniques for recovery of freeze-stressed coliforms in artificially contaminated samples of ice-cream showed that the three techniques, which use both selective and non-selective mediums, are better than those ones, which use only selective mediums . Lastly, with regard at the coliform values, the ice-creams tested have small-medium quality . In fact 26% of the ice-creams cannot be sealed, according to the Italian Ministry Ordinance (October 11, 1978).

J Appl Bacteriol, 1993 Sep, 75(3), 247 - 53
Fluorescent detection-polymerase chain reaction (FD-PCR) assay on microwell plates as a screening test for salmonellas in foods; Cano RJ et al.; This study evaluates a polymerase chain reaction assay coupled with a fluorescent detection in microwell plates for salmonellas in food samples . Chelex 100-extracted cultures and bulk and processed food samples were used as templates for a PCR assay in microwell plates, with a primer pair that amplifies a 206 bp segment of IS200 . The PCR products were then denatured by heat and transferred to CovaLink NH plates (Nunc) to which capture oligonucleotides were covalently bound . Hybridization was performed for 1 h at 55 degrees C, the microwells were washed and an alkaline phosphatase-labelled probe, complementary of an internal sequence of the PCR product, was added . After stringent washes, 100 microliters of 1 mmol 1(-1) AttoPhos (JBL Scientific) was then added to the wells and the fluorescence measurement system (Millipore) . The level of detection of the assay was as low as 1-10 cfu . A total of 172 food samples were tested, both by culture and FD-PCR . Of these 53 were culture positive and 119 culture negative . The sensitivity of the FD-PCR assay was 100% and the specificity was 90.1% . Positive and negative predictive values were 82.8 and 100%, respectively . Based on the results obtained in this study it appears that the FD-PCR assay described here can be useful to screen a large number of food samples for contamination by salmonellas.

Aust Vet J, 1993 Sep, 70(9), 326 - 30
Distribution of lesions in ovine salmonellosis; Richards RB et al.; Four forms of salmonellosis were recognised in feedlots and during transport by sea: septicaemic, and acute, subacute and chronic enteric . The severity and distribution of lesions in the enteric forms varied according to the progression of the pathological process . The acute disease involved the abomasum and small intestine whereas the subacute disease centred on the lower small intestine and upper large intestine . Chronic disease involved considerable mucosal repair in the ileum, caecum and proximal colon . Septicaemic salmonellosis was often accompanied by acute enteritis and occasionally by cholecystitis . S typhimurium was the most frequently encountered serotype.

Poult Sci, 1993 Sep, 72(9), 1667 - 72
Two-step mucosal competitive exclusion flora treatment to diminish salmonellae in commercial broiler chickens; Blankenship LC et al.; There is a need to control the intestinal colonization of broiler chickens by salmonellae in order to reduce the contamination of poultry products . A two-step treatment of broiler chicks with a mucosal competitive exclusion culture (MCE) was tested, in which the MCE was first sprayed on chicks in the hatchery followed by administration in the first drinking water . Three commercial flocks were treated and compared with parallel, untreated control flocks . Customary husbandry practices were employed . Environmental, hatchery, skin with feathers, and cecal samples were analyzed at 3 and 7 wk for the presence of salmonellae . Carcass rinse samples of fully processed birds were analyzed similarly . The results indicated that initial feed, water, and litter contamination was at a low frequency (< 10%) . Eggshell fragments and chick paper pads were frequently contaminated (> 50%) . After 3 wk growth, contamination of litter, skin with feathers, and ceca were significantly (P < .05) reduced in treated flocks as compared with control flocks . Salmonellae prevalence in ceca and in processed carcass rinses was also significantly (P < .05) reduced from 41% in control flocks to 10% in treated flocks . The study showed that treatment of chickens in a commercial setting with MCE cultures can serve as a useful means to reduce salmonellae contamination.

Rev Sci Tech, 1993 Sep, 12(3), 957 - 67
Epidemiological aspects of outbreaks of food-borne salmonellosis in Scotland between 1980 and 1989; Oboegbulem SI et al.; Between 1980 and 1989, 2,212 outbreaks of food-borne infection were reported in Scotland . Of 2,073 episodes for which a causative agent was established, 1,732 (84%) were caused by salmonellae . An average of 980 people were affected each year, while the average number of individuals infected per general outbreak was 16.8 . The infected foods were consumed outside Scotland in 25% of the outbreaks . In 75% of 1,107 episodes where the location was specified, the implicated foods were consumed in the home; hotels and restaurants accounted for 15% . Specific food items were identified in 603 (35%) of the 1,732 outbreaks; poultry meat was responsible for 332 (55%) and milk 49 (8%), while eggs accounted for 23 (4%) outbreaks.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1993 Aug 1, 118(15), 472 - 7
{Salmonellosis in the horse}; Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM et al.; Salmonellosis is a worldwide problem of both men and animals . Equine salmonellosis is an increasing problem and a review of the recent knowledge is given . Etiology, symptomatology, diagnostic procedures, therapy and prevention are discussed.

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 1993 Aug, 9(2), 385 - 97
Salmonellosis; Spier SJ; Salmonellosis is the most common infectious cause of diarrhea or colitis in horses . It can be associated with high fatality rates in patients with compromised host defenses . The increasing incidence of infection and antimicrobial resistance present a challenge for the practicing veterinarians . The epidemiology and pathogenesis of salmonellosis are reviewed . Diagnosis, treatment, and control of disease are discussed.

Hawaii Med J, 1993 Aug, 52(8), 210 - 4, 226
Salmonellosis in Hawaii: 1987 to 1990; vom Dorp HE; After an overview of salmonellosis, its epidemiology is described and techniques are discussed by which the disease could be brought under control . A review is made of all salmonellosis cases reported to the Department of Health Epidemiology Branch for calendar years 1987 to 1990 . This data is compared with national and state laboratory data . Reports received by the Epidemiology Branch often lack sufficient information; this accounts for the sizable "unknown" entries . This frustrates a person's understanding of a more accurate incidence of the disease.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1993 Jul 31, 123(30), 1482 - 6
{Pseudopancreatitis in entero-invasive salmonellosis}; Gnadinger MP et al.; The incidence of pancreatitis in bacterial enterocolitis is disputed . Two cases of young patients with S . enteritidis-induced enterocolitis and markedly elevated amylase and lipase blood levels are described . In both patients there were neither clinical nor ultrasonographic signs of pancreatitis . Furthermore, both had increased intestinal permeability for oral 51Cr-EDTA, a condition discussed as "leaky gut" in other publications . In one patient enzyme levels and 51Cr-EDTA resorption became rapidly normal, while in the other the values remained elevated after a 7-month interval with stool culture negative . Enhanced intestinal absorption of 51Cr-EDTA (mw 391) suggests--but does not definitely prove--an inflammatory response of the mucosa leading to increased intestinal permeability, which in turn may allow resorption of amylase (mw 62,000), lipase (43,000) or other macromolecules . Performance of a 51Cr-EDTA resorption test may be helpful in cases of clinical uncertainty.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1993 Jul, 41(7), 428 - 30
Short course ciprofloxacin therapy for enteric fever; Mathai D et al.; A short course of ciprofloxacin, 750 mgm b.i.d . for 7 days was found to be effective in the treatment of enteric fever in 21 hospitalized patients with S.typhi (18) and S.paratyphi A(3) . Median time for fever response was 3 days . All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.0078-0.062 mcgm/ml) . The mean serum peak and trough levels were 5.4 and 1.6 mcgm/ml respectively . Stool cultures were free of Salmonellae on follow up (11-24 weeks) . Two developed recurrence of paratyphoid fever, 17 days and 4 months after therapy.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1993 Jul, 38(7), 26 - 9
{Use of antibiotics and their combinations with immunomodulators in treatment of experimental salmonellosis in albino rats}; Kynina ES et al.; Efficacy of the combined therapy of experimental salmonellosis was studied on albino rats with using ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline and immunomodulators such as levamisole and quadevite . The influence of the combined chemoimmunotherapy on the indices of the nonspecific resistance of the animals i.e . the titers of lysozyme and beta-lysines, the complement activity and the blood serum bactericidal index was investigated . An increase in the survival of the animals exposed to the combinations of tetracycline with levamisole and quadevite by comparison with the animal survival after the monotherapy was revealed . The combinations of gentamicin with quadevite and tetracycline with the immunomodulators significantly increased the blood serum bactericidal index.

Lik Sprava, 1993 Jul, (8), 81 - 3
{The microbiological aspects of using enterosorbents in acute intestinal infections}; Nikolaeva LG; We observed 60 patients with acute Flexner's dysentery and salmonellosis . Complex treatment included enterosorbents; enterosgel, activated carbon and polyfepan . The results showed that co-administration of enterosgel as compared to that of activated carbon and polyfepan resulted in more vigorous elimination of pathogens . In patients with acute dysentery enterosgel when used at the background of nitroflurane therapy potentiated the latter . Enterosorbents improved also body resistance in enteric infections.

Lik Sprava, 1993 Jul, (7), 95 - 7
{The specific antigens in the biological substrates of patients with salmonellosis in connection with enterosorption therapy}; Nikolaeva LG; There have been under observation 172 patients with gastrointestinal salmonellosis who besides conventional treatment were given 45 g of enterosgel or activated carbon daily in a single dose and divided into three taking in 15 g each . It was shown that enterosorbents did not delay formation of immune complexes in serum, neither interfered they with fixation of specific antigens by immune complexes at blood cells of patients with salmonellosis . Co-administration of enterosorbents promotes elimination of Salmonella's antigens which can be detected in coprofiltrate . Activated carbon in a single dose had the most pronounced eliminative effect.

Cas Lek Cesk, 1993 Jun 1, 132(11), 339 - 44
{Salmonellosis in the Czech Republic}; Sramova H et al.; The submitted paper analyzes the treble increase of the annual incidence of salmonelloses in the Czech Republic in 1989-1991 . It deals with the seasonal distribution of notified morbidity (it is highest in August, September, October), the age distribution (it is highest in 0-4-year-old children) and the geographical distribution (the most affected areas are the eastern Bohemian, southern Moravian and northern Moravian regions) . The authors emphasize the high ratio of S . enteritidis in this rise (the ratio of S . E . increased from 55% in 1988 to 84% in 1991) . They analyze the notified mass incidence of salmonelloses, where one third is accounted for by catering establishments of the so-called closed type; in 1989-1991 the highest ratio of salmonelloses was in works canteens . The authors confirm that the epidemic rise of salmonelloses in 1989-1991 is associated with the consumption of contaminated eggs, similarly as in other parts of the world . The most frequent vehicle of infection revealed in the Czech Republic are eggs, their products, in 1991 in particular confectionery and fancy cakes.

Klin Lab Diagn, 1993 May-Jun, (3), 74 - 5
{Effects of incubation temperature on the results of passive hemagglutination test}; Gorchakov IuL; Passive hemagglutination test was carried out at several incubation temperatures: 4, 21, 37, and 56 degrees C . Blood sera of donors, salmonellosis enteritidis patients, and specific nonadsorbed sera were used in the study . The least fluctuations of the results were seen in tests with the sera with the least manifest immune properties . The optimal incubation temperatures were found 4 and 21 degrees C, and in 1/3 of cases cold incubation was found preferable . The relationship between antibody titers and incubation temperature may be described by the formula: T4 > or = T21 > or = T37 > or = T56, with Tn representing the reverse value of antibody titer in certain incubation temperature.

Public Health, 1993 May, 107(3), 193 - 8
Enteric fever in Scotland 1975-1990; Braddick MR et al.; In the 16-year period 1975-90, there were 267 cases of acute infection with typhoidal salmonellae reported in Scotland, in addition to which 32 chronic carriers were identified . The overall incidence of disease changed little over this period, but there was a fall in indigenously acquired paratyphoid B and typhoid, and a rise in imported paratyphoid A . The majority, 215 (81%), had a history of recent travel and were considered to have acquired infection overseas . Only six of the indigenously acquired infections were traced to acutely infected persons, illustrating the low risk of transmission associated with acute enteric fever in the UK . Only one death was definitely ascribed to enteric fever, and one person with S . paratyphi B became a chronic carrier . Significant illness was observed in five chronically infected individuals, including one with carcinoma of the gallbladder . UK residents of 'Asian' ethnicity returning from the Indian subcontinent accounted for 63 (46%) of the 137 cases of typhoid, and 34 (64%) of the 53 cases of paratyphoid A . People of 'Asian' ethnicity were more likely to have acquired infection overseas than 'non-Asians': 110 (89%) of 123 persons compared with 105 (73%) of 144 (odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5-6.6, P = 0.001) . Although there seems to be limited scope for preventing indigenously acquired infection, immunisation of travellers could contribute significantly to reducing the incidence of typhoid.

Poult Sci, 1993 Apr, 72(4), 643 - 50
An evaluation of fructooligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on salmonellae contamination of carcasses; Waldroup AL et al.; Two similar trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on live performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and on incidence and level of salmonellae on prechill broiler carcasses . The FOS was fed at two levels (0 and .375%) in a complete factorial arrangement with two levels (0 and 55 mg/kg) of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) in nutritionally complete diets . Broilers were grown to 49 days of age, and samples were processed to determine dressing percentage, abdominal fat content, and most probable number salmonellae on prechill carcasses . The addition of FOS to nutritionally complete broiler diets at .375% had little consistent effect on growth rate, feed utilization, mortality, carcass dressing percentage, abdominal fat content, or incidence or severity of salmonellae contamination of processed broiler carcasses . There appeared to be an antagonism between FOS and BMD on both live performance and salmonellae contamination of processed broiler carcasses.

J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Feb, 31(2), 410 - 2
Comparison of Rambach agar, SM-ID medium, and Hektoen Enteric agar for primary isolation of non-typhi salmonellae from stool samples; Dusch H et al.; Stool samples (n = 504) were streaked simultaneously onto Rambach agar (R agar; E . Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), SM-ID medium (bioMerieux S.A., Montalieu-Vercieu, France), and Hektoen Enteric (HE) agar (BBL Becton-Dickinson, Baltimore, Md.) in order to evaluate the performances of the first two media in comparison with that of the well-established HE agar . Following overnight cultivation at 37 degrees C, 29 samples (5.8%) were positive for non-typhi salmonellae on at least one of the three media . Sensitivities and specificities were 69 and 98%, 79 and 85%, and 100 and 79% for R, SM-ID, and HE agars, respectively . On the basis of the poor sensitivities, R and SM-ID agars are not recommended as primary plating media when screening for non-typhi salmonellae . However, the high specificity of R agar may help to reduce the work load when this medium is used for plating after enrichment.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1993 Feb, 194(1-2), 197 - 204
{Problems of food hygiene with carriers of microorganisms and permanent excretors}; Untermann F; To appraise the significance of chronic excretors and carriers for the development of "food poisoning", the analysis must also include the food . First of all, the question arises as to whether foods only have a vector function or whether an increase in the bacterial count is an important prerequisite for the elicitation of human disease . When pure intoxication pathogens are not involved, this question arises in connection with the minimum infectious dose . A classification of the most important causative organisms of bacterial foodborne infections and intoxications is presented in the light of these considerations . If foods only have a vector function, hygiene measures are automatically concentrated on excretors in order to prevent the bacteria from passing into foods . When this is not the case (as in the vast majority of human foodborne infections and intoxications of bacterial origin), two strategies can be successfully applied . First of all, precautions must be taken to rule out bacterial contamination . On the other hand, an increase in the bacterial count, i.e . proliferation of the pathogens in the food must be prevented by appropriate measures . The interacting factors are described . The example of salmonellae is cited to illustrate the routes of contamination from excretors (humans and animals) to foods ready for consumption and possible hygiene measures.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1993 Jan, 73(1), 14 - 6, 60
{Analysis of 805 children with Salmonellae infection}; Wu S et al.; We analyzed 805 children with Salmonellae infection admitted during 1981-1991 . 353 of them had typhoid fever . Most of the children were over 3 years old and came from rural area . One child died . Those under 3 years of age had non-typhoid Salmonellae infection, manifesting as enteritis pattern; most sepsis patterns were seen in neonates . S . typhimurium was often seen Salmonellae infection, S . agona came next, and S . derby the third . Salmonellae infection varied, including 7 serum groups and 25 serum types . S . typhimurium and S . agona were drug resistant, with severe carrier status . Infants and young children are very liable the infection, therefore, will be the main subjects of prevention.

Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 1993, 64(6), 351 - 9
Activation and enhanced contact of human T-lymphocytes with autologous red blood cells are required for their stable adherence at 37 degrees; Khavkin T et al.; The adherence of human red blood cells (RBC) to autologous T-cells does not occur in the body, and in vitro is elicited at 4 degrees . Autologous E-rosetting at 37 degrees has not previously been described . In this work, lymphocyte-RBC adherence has been studied in mixed leukocyte-RBC cultures and in whole blood from healthy donors . Vital, cytochemical and electron microscopic studies have shown that T-cells may form stable E-rosettes with autologous RBC at 37 degrees . As in the previously reported cold-dependent reversible rosetting, stable rosetting is mediated by the erythrocyte LFA3 and lymphocyte CD2 molecules . Uniquely, this phenomenon requires both T-cell activation and an enhanced contact between the T-cell and RBC membranes . These requirements were met by exposure of cell cultures to: (1) PHAE, the erythroagglutinating component of PHAP, or (2) to either non-erythroagglutinating mitogens, PHAL, Con A, OKT3 or SEA, or to antigens of typhus group rickettsiae or salmonellae, provided that the RBC membrane was desialyted . Cultures derived from individuals seropositive to rickettsiae or vaccinated with salmonellae demonstrated the adherence phenomenon after antigen exposure when neuraminidase was present in the culture medium . The system 2 described here can be used as a diagnostic tool for defining activated T-cells and T-cell clones with the memory to antigens capable of inducing cell-mediated immunity.

Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1993, 17(11), 811 - 5
{What is the prognosis in unclassified colitis? Results of a cohort study of 104 patients in the Northern-Pas-de-Calais region}; Notteghem B et al.; Acute unclassified colitis could be the first attack of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly chronic ulcerative colitis or acute non specific colitis regarded as being of infectious origin without recurrence . The aim of this work was to determine the outcome of 104 incidental cases of acute unclassified colitis diagnosed during the year 1988 at a census point made 2.5 to 3 years later and to search for demographic and clinical discriminating data for final diagnosis . Thirteen patients (12.5%) were lost to follow up . Another final diagnosis was made in three other patients: two had salmonellosis and one diverticulosis . Of the remaining 88 patients, 46 (52.3%) relapsed and were subsequently classified as inflammatory bowel disease: 54% ulcerative colitis, 33% Crohn's disease and 13% chronic unclassified colitis . Forty-two (47.7%) did not relapse and were considered to have acute non specific colitis . The mean age at onset was significantly lower in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (32.3 years) than in patients with acute non specific colitis (42.6 years) (P < 0.001) . No clinical data (diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody stool, mucus discharge fever, weight loss) was predictive of the final diagnosis . In this series, 52.3% of patients initially classified as having an acute unclassified colitis had a final diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease after a 2.5-3 years follow-up . These data warrant a thorough follow up of acute unclassified colitis, especially when it occurs in patients < 40 years.

Ann Soc Belg Med Trop, 1993, 73 Suppl 1, 41 - 51
Rapid, early and specific diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases in Burundi; Barihuta T et al.; The potential usefulness of ELISA based serological tests to assist in rapid, early and specific diagnosis of tuberculosis was investigated . The materials were selected, based on published data and on our preliminary findings . Initially screening tests were performed using crude antigens such as Purified Protein Derivate (PPD) and a BCG-filtrate . Unfortunately, the results with these antigens were not promising . The specificity of both antigens using sera from 94 healthy controls was 64% . As a consequence of these findings, the crude antigens were excluded from further tests, and the study was continued with purified antigens . The work focused on 2 purified proteins: Antigen 60 (A60), a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex, and P32, a stress protein produced in zinc deprived cultures, identified as Antigen 85 A in the BCG reference system, both isolated from Mycobacterium bovis BCG . The commercial A60 based ELISA and our own P32 based ELISA were used to test a total of 300 sera from HIV positive, negative and unscreened individuals, mainly originating from Burundi . These sera were collected from clinical established cases of pulmonary TB, extrapulmonary TB, and patients with non-tuberculous tropical diseases such as salmonellosis, trypanosomiasis, malaria, etc . and healthy individuals . The A60 based ELISA had a sensitivity of 76.8% for the proven cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis and 61.9% for the extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases . No difference was shown between HIV positive and HIV negative patients . Specificity reached 95.2% for healthy individuals, but dropped to 68.1% when persons with active non-tuberculous tropical diseases were included . Eighty-six percent of the pulmonary cases and 87.7% of the extrapulmonary cases were detected by the ELISA-P32 . These findings suggest that this test might be useful as a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis . Again no difference was noticed between HIV negative and positive patients . The main contraindication for the use of the ELISA-P32 for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is its low specificity: 70.2% with sera from healthy controls and 22.2% for hospitalised patients and persons with non-tuberculous tropical diseases . In a small recent prospective study 4 out of 10 HIV+ persons with no evidence for TB yielded a positive result for the ELISA-P32 . Two of them developed pulmonary tuberculosis within 6 months, whereas 2 P32-positives and 6 P32-negatives remained up to now without any manifestations of tuberculosis . The difference was not significant, but the number of cases was limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

IARC Sci Publ, 1993, (127), 37 - 44
Interspecies differences in metabolism and kinetics of 1,3-butadiene, isobutene and styrene; Bolt HM; Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of inhalation of 1,3-butadiene and its primary reactive intermediate, epoxybutene, in mice and rats have demonstrated reasonably clearly that the species differences observed in the carcinogenicity of butadiene are accompanied by species differences in its metabolism . Mice metabolize butadiene to epoxybutene faster than rats but have a limited capacity for detoxification and accumulation of the reactive epoxide intermediate; these characteristics are viewed as major determinants of the greater susceptibility of mice to butadiene . The detection of alkylation products of epoxybutene and diepoxybutane with guanine residues in DNA of livers of mice exposed to butadiene indicate that eposybutene is further biotransformed to diepoxybutane in this species . This assumption is supported by the finding that butadiene induces cross-linking between DNA and proteins in mice, which can be attributed to the bifunctional alkylating diepoxybutane . Quantitative differences between rats and mice in butadiene metabolism and in the biological effectiveness of the reactive epoxide intermediates reflect the activities of different enzymes in butadiene metabolism . Epoxybutene is metabolized primarily via glutathione S-transferase-mediated pathways, resulting in glutathione depletion, increased toxicity at higher doses and covalent binding of reactive butadiene intermediates . A drastic depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl is observed in the tissues of mice but not of rats after acute exposure to butadiene . Isobutene (2-methylpropene) is converted by hepatic monooxygenase(s) to the epoxide, 2,2-dimethyloxirane . This epoxide, when appropriately tested, was mutagenic to Salmonellatyphimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 . Addition of an exogenous metabolic system diminished the mutagenicity of 2,2-dimethyloxirane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Med Pregl, 1993, 46(7-8), 282 - 5
{Virulence of plasmids of diarrhea-causing strains of Salmonellae wien and Escherichia coli}; Kulauzov M et al.; Use of molecular genetic methods in the study of sources and ways of spreading the infection provides precise data on the mutual clonal origin of the strains, on the basis of the determination of plasmid DNK maps . Results of the investigation of Salmonellae Wien strain show the same type of resistance to antimicrobial drugs and the impact of resistotypization as an epidemiologic marker . The analysis of the plasmid profile in these strains has confirmed the presence of FIme virulence plasmid of 80 megadalton in size and resistance plasmid of 60 megadalton which was by conjugation transferred to the recipient strain (in vitro experiment) . The presence of antigen factors of colonization in escherichial coli, a cause of diarrhea, was confirmed: CFA-I in the serogroup 078, and CFA-II in the serogroup 06.

Hist Philos Life Sci, 1993, 15(3), 313 - 27
The European-American exchange; Guerra F; The European-American exchange of infectious diseases was responsible for the demographic havoc of the native population in the New World after 1492 . Prior to this date medical writers describe the presence in Spain of viral diseases like influenza, parotitis, smallpox, measles, poliomyelitis, and rabies; there were also rickettsiasis, diphtheria, salmonellosis, plague, tubercolosis, leprosy, malaria, scabies and tinea . In America, before European arrivals, there were no records of human viral diseases, though there were records of rickettsiasis, treponematosis--pinta, yaws and syphilis--leihsmaniasis, amibiasis and perhaps leprosy . With the discovery of America in 1492, Columbus's sailors were contaminated by yaws and spread this disease into Europe . In 1493 influenza, as a zoonosis, was introduced into Santo Domingo and was responsible for the annihilation of the natives of the Antilles in less than a quarter of a century; in 1518 smallpox was also introduced in Santo Domingo and then to the American continent by negro slaves: by the same means measles were introduced in 1531 . The previous existence or introduction of other infectious diseases in America is also discussed.

Rev Prat, 1992 Nov 15, 42(18), 2279 - 81
{Clinical aspects of salmonellosis}; Cuzin-Ferrand L et al.; Salmonellosis includes two groups of diseases: typhoid fever and non-typhic infections . Epidemiological and clinical features are different in each group . Typhoid fever is a major health problem in developing countries . It realizes septicemia and endotoxinic symptoms, and has not to be forgotten when the patient is back from travelling . Non-typhic infections in most cases produce acute feverish diarrhea, conforming with collective food toxi-infection . Non digestive localizations are usually the fact of underlying diseases, and are able to kill the patient.

J Dairy Sci, 1992 Sep, 75(9), 2327 - 43
Salmonellae, salmonellosis, and dairy foods: a review; el-Gazzar FE et al.; Salmonellae continue to be a major concern for the dairy industry because these bacteria have caused recent outbreaks of illness and have been isolated from various dairy products in the market place . Salmonellae are generally not heat resistant and normally grow at 35 to 37 degrees C, but they can grow at much lower temperatures, provided that the incubation time is suitably extended . To minimize problems, foods should be held at or below 2 to 5 degrees C at all times . Both conventional and rapid methods are available to isolate salmonellae from dairy foods and to identify the bacteria . Salmonellae behave differently in different kinds of cheese: they survived in ripening Cheddar cheese for up to 7 mo at 13 degrees C and for 10 mo at 7 degrees C; in coldpack cheese food for several weeks, depending on the pH and preservative used; and in Domiati cheese 13 to 36 d, depending on the manufacturing process used . When Mozzarella cheese was made, temperatures of stretching and molding (60 degrees C) killed all salmonellae present, but, in cottage cheese, survival of the pathogen depended on the cooking temperature of curd . Spray drying of skim milk killed substantial numbers of salmonellae, but some survivors remained . Butter readily supported growth of salmonellae at room temperature, and neither freezing nor refrigeration for brief periods eliminated salmonellae from butter . Use of appropriate hygienic procedures, e.g., Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system, during processing should reduce the likelihood of salmonellosis outbreaks associated with dairy foods.

Ann Epidemiol, 1992 Sep, 2(5), 683 - 96
Disease determinants of sporadic salmonellosis in four northern California counties . A case-control study of older children and adults; Kass PH et al.; A population-based, case-control study of sporadic salmonellosis was conducted in 1988 and 1989 in four northern California counties . The study included 120 patients and 265 control subjects . Conditional logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age) revealed that patients were more likely to consume undercooked chicken prior to the onset of disease (odds ratio {OR}, 23.57; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.89 to 192.30) . Elevated associations were also found with recent travel to foreign countries (OR, 9.69; 95% CI, 3.18 to 29.56), diabetes (OR, 6.29; 95% CI, 1.56 to 25.34), hormonal replacement therapy (principally conjugated estrogen) in older women (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.82 to 9.71), and antibiotic therapy prior to illness (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.86 to 4.37) . The problems of studying self-selected cases that may lead to alternative explanations for these findings are also discussed.

Vet Med (Praha), 1992 Sep-Oct, 37(9-10), 501 - 7
{The effect of monensin on performance and selected biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood of calves}; Skrivanova V et al.; The aim of this study was to find out the influence of monensin, a ionophore antibiotic, on calf performance and selected physiological parameters . Monensin is a product of Streptomyces cinnamonensis . It has effects on all Gram-negative microbes, such as Escherichia coli, salmonellas, pseudomonads and vibria . It has a small effect on Gram-positive microbes . At the beginning of the experiment eight young crossbred bulls (C x N) at the age of three weeks were weighted and divided into two groups, experimental and control ones . Calves were kept in individual boxes and fed acidified whole milk (2 ml of 85% formic acid per 1 litre of milk) . They had a free access to concentrates (COT), hay and drinking water . The calves received 3 lt . of whole milk twice a day until the age of eight weeks . 0.5 mg of monensin per 1 kg live weight were served orally to calves of the experimental group every day . Monensin was made by the Spofa Corporation, Prague . Daily intake of feed was recorded and the calves were weighted once a week . Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before the beginning of the experiment, and in the period from the fifth to the tenth week of age, always before morning feeding . The average daily live weight gain was 0.452 kg and 0.471 kg for the control and experimental group, respectively, during the milk feeding period, the index being 104.2 (Tab . I) . Tab . II shows the average feed intake per 1 kg live weight gain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Trop Med Hyg, 1992 Aug, 95(4), 292 - 5
An outbreak of salmonellosis following consumption of monkey meat; Lamabadusuriya SP et al.; An outbreak of salmonellosis due to consumption of monkey meat is reported among nine patients of whom one died . S . enteritidis phage type 8 was cultured from the stools of four patients . The spread of salmonellosis due to the consumption of monkey meat has not been reported before.

Lik Sprava, 1992 Aug, (8), 81 - 4
{Enterosorption in the combined treatment of patients with salmonellosis}; Andreichyn MA et al.; Two groups of patients were estimated: one received routine treatment supplemented by microspheric carbonic sorbent per os . The sorbent-treated patients showed a more rapid disappearance of nausea, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea . Enterosorption favoured normalization of the content of immunoglobulins, blood serum lyzozyme, reduction of the length of salmonellosis C-antigenemia.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1992 Aug, 37(8), 37 - 9
{Effect of combined preventive use of quadevit with antibiotics on the survival and humoral immune response in experimental studies}; Kynina ES et al.; An attempt to correct with quadevit immunodepression due to prophylactic administration of benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for 6 days provided positive results . There was a significant increase in the quantities of Ig 19S and Ig 7S after the animal immunization with the bacterial antigen, an increase in the number of the AFCs in the spleen of the albino mice in response to administration of sheep erythrocytes and an increase in the survival rate of the animals with salmonellosis . The simultaneous use of quadevit with cefamezine and erythromycin did not lower the unfavourable influence of the antibiotics on the immune status of the animals.

Genitourin Med, 1992 Aug, 68(4), 258 - 9
Concurrent salmonellosis and histoplasmosis in AIDS: an unusual co-existence in Britain; Crowley S et al.; A patient is described with systemic salmonellosis which was unresponsive to therapy . Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated after death and we suggest that dysfunction of the reticuloendothelial system by H . capsulatum may have altered the prognosis.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1992 Aug, 41(3), 169 - 73
{The health impact of stray and wild cats in the human environment}; Rodl P; The population of stray cats in towns expands due to irresponsible behaviour of humans who allow them to enter cellars, hot water canals, store rooms etc . As a result of frequent feeding some specimens become tame, lose their shyness and on contact with humans and domestic animals they can become the source of some infectious agents . The most important of thus transmitted diseases is rabies . Cats become infected from foxes on rubbish heaps on the periphery of communities . More than 60% of cases of rabies of domestic animals are found in cats . Toxoplasmosis--cats excrete the infectious stage of the causal agent in their excreta . In the same manner also the agent causing intestinal salmonelloses is excreted . More than 5% cats are infected . Via excreta also the causal agents of toxocariasis are spread--the larvae of cat thread worms settle in the internal organs of humans (larva migrans) . The assumed incidence in cats is as high as 50%, as suggested also by the high positivity of specimens from children playgrounds . Stray cats may be the source of agents causing various dermatomycoses and of ectoparasites.

Vet Hum Toxicol, 1992 Jun, 34(3), 238 - 9
Suspected buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) toxicosis with secondary photosensitization in a Charolais heifer; Kelch WJ et al.; A presumptive diagnosis of buttercup toxicosis with photosensitization secondary to hepatotoxicity was made in an 18-mo-old Charolais heifer . The differential diagnosis included salmonellosis, aflatoxicosis, bovine virus diarrhea, internal parasite infestation, and plant toxicosis with either primary or secondary photosensitization . All these possibilities were excluded except buttercup toxicosis with photosensitization secondary to hepatotoxicity . While this diagnosis was not absolutely confirmed, it was the most likely cause of the disease and raised the intriguing possibility that protoanemonin, buttercup's toxic principle, is hepatotoxic.

Tsitol Genet, 1992 Mar-Apr, 26(2), 56 - 60
{Mutagenic activity of the plant preparation KAC-81}; Alekseenok AIa; Mutagenic activity of vegetative preparation KAC-81 containing extracts of common wormwood and pine buds using crepis root seedlings, unicellular green alga of Chlorella indicator strains of Salmonellas TA 100, TA 1534, TA 1537, TA 50 and TA 98 as well as white mice and white rats has been studied . It is shown that the preparation caused a weak mutagenic effect on Crepis seedlings and Chlorella and no mutagenic effects on the indicator strains of salmonellas, in sex and somatic cells of mammals under single peroral action in maximally endured doses.

Rev Med Chil, 1992 Feb, 120(2), 134 - 41
{Typhoid fever in school children: by what measures is the modification of the clinical course due to oral vaccination?}; Contreras R et al.; The clinical course of infection by Salmonellae was compared between patients who had been vaccinated against typhoid fever using the Ty21a vaccine and those who had not . Of 2566 bacteriological confirmed cases 84% were infected with S typhi, 14% with S paratyphi B and 2% with S paratyphi A . Among patients with typhoid fever, 34% were treated in hospital, 3.5% had relapses, 5.4% developed complications and 1 patient died (0.05%) . Among patients with paratyphoid fever, 18% were treated in hospital, 0.6% had relapses, 1.4% developed complications and there were no deaths . These figures were similar among vaccinated and non-vaccinated cases . A slightly greater proportion of vaccinated cases were treated in hospital (38 vs 30%) . Thus, use of oral vaccination against typhoid fever does not alter the clinical course of infection with Salmonellae.

Przegl Epidemiol, 1992, 46(3), 207 - 10
{Complications imminent in patients with salmonellosis}; Prokopowicz D; In 1038 patients with salmonellosis treated in the last 20 years in Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, Bialystok and literature data defined, distribution and type of complications and consequences these diseases . In acute period of salmonellosis complications are: hypovolemic or infectious and toxic shock, metabolic acidosis, circulation collapse and ileus paralytic . As a late complications are mentioned organs changes and anemias . Salmonellosis nowadays may exist as a complications diseases with immunodeficiency (AIDS).

Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 1991 Nov, 7(3), 713 - 28
Treatment of diarrhea of neonatal calves; Roussel AJ Jr et al.; Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diarrhea of neonatal calves should be logical and should be targeted at correction of physiologic dysfunction . Appropriate, specific antimicrobial or antiprotozoal therapy should be instituted when colibacillosis, salmonellosis, or giardiasis is confirmed or suspected . All calves with diarrhea should be rehydrated if necessary, and proper nutritional support should be provided . Antisecretory agents such as flunixin meglumine and bismuth subsalicylate may be beneficial for treatment of calves with colibacillosis and salmonellosis . Adsorbants, such as attapulgite and bismuth subsalicylate, also may reduce loss of fluids . Perhaps loperamide or a similar drug will be proven effective in calves in the future . Potentially harmful drugs include several antimicrobial agents when they are administered orally, because they result in malabsorption; kaolin and pectin, which increase loss of ions during diarrhea; and motility modifiers that cause a decrease in all types of intestinal motor function . Finally, success should be measured by indicators of production such as survivability, days treated, weight gained, and net profit . Our goal should be to restore and maintain the health of the calf, not simply to alter the volume and consistency of the feces.

Rev Infect Dis, 1991 Nov-Dec, 13(6), 1184 - 94
Vertebral osteomyelitis and aortic lesions: case report and review; McHenry MC et al.; Coexistence of vertebral osteomyelitis and lesions of the aorta is rare but may be lethal if not diagnosed promptly and treated effectively . We describe a patient who was treated at the Cleveland Clinic Hospital, and we review 69 additional cases reported in the literature . The native aorta was involved in 66 cases; four patients developed infection of prosthetic aortic grafts . The most common aortic lesions associated with vertebral osteomyelitis were mycotic aneurysms, infected aneurysms, and pseudoaneurysms . The wide variety of pathogens involved included salmonellae and other gram-negative bacilli, mycobacteria, gram-positive cocci, and fungi . In some cases infection was polymicrobial . The condition was associated with protean clinical manifestations . Diagnosis was frequently delayed, and mortality was 71% . In some instances surgical procedures at sites of unsuspected aneurysms precipitated life-threatening hemorrhage . Therapy with antimicrobial drugs alone was insufficient . The best results were achieved when specific drug therapy was combined with resection of the infected aorta or aortic graft, thorough debridement, and extraanatomic bypass grafting.

Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 1991 Nov, 21(6), 1289 - 98
Zoonotic diseases of birds; Harris JM; Numerous diseases are shared by birds and humans . Many of them are true zoonosis . Chlamydiosis, salmonellosis, and tuberculosis are the primary infectious diseases . Allergic alveolitis in humans, induced by exposure to bird dander and protein, is also of great significance . The other diseases are of less common occurrence or represent oddities . {Editor's note: However, the increased incidence of AIDS and the increased use of immune system-compromising medications in humans have resulted in a drastic increase in the zoonotic diseases . Formerly rare diseases are becoming more common.}

Ann Rheum Dis, 1991 Nov, 50(11), 811 - 2
Coexisting Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and salmonellosis in systemic lupus erythematosus; Leong KH et al.; Infection with opportunistic organisms, either singly or in combination, is known to occur in immunocompromised patients . A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, and salmonellosis is reported . She responded to early treatment with intravenous trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (20 mg/kg).

Vet Rec, 1991 Oct 12, 129(15), 327 - 9
Transmission of salmonellae among calves penned individually; Hardman PM et al.; An analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of excretion of salmonellae by calves penned individually showed that non-contagious routes were more important than contagious routes in disease spread . The avoidance of aerosol production, and the effective cleaning and disinfection of utensils between feeds and of buildings between batches, are likely to be more important than pen design in the control and prevention of calf salmonellosis.

CDR (Lond Engl Rev), 1991 Sep 13, 1(10), R105 - 9
Food poisoning outbreaks associated with manufactured foods in England and Wales: 1980-1989; Sockett PN; In the ten-year period, 1980-89, 294 reported outbreaks of food poisoning were associated with eating pre-cooked sliced meats, meat products and other manufactured foods in England and Wales, including 65 outbreaks in which the product was imported . Salmonellas were the most commonly reported agent, causing 132 (45%) of the outbreaks; other bacteria caused a further 51 (17%) outbreaks . The remainder were due to viruses (five outbreaks), scombrotoxin (60 outbreaks), or were of unknown cause (46 outbreaks) . The number of outbreaks associated with manufactured foods accounted for only a small proportion (less than 5%) of food poisoning outbreaks reported to CDSC during this period and needs to be set against the huge amounts of manufactured foods consumed . However, because of the quantities made and the widespread distribution of particular products, such outbreaks may affect many individuals who are geographically widespread.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1991 Sep, 98(9), 334 - 8
{Payment of the "Niedersachsen epizootic cash" for animal loss by salmonellosis with regard to the structure of cattle farms}; Heitgerken L et al.; An evaluation of data from the "Niedersachsische Tierseuchenkasse" with reference to various forms of cattle husbandry shows the crucial influence quality of farm management resp . age structure of the stock are having upon the frequency of animal diseases at least as far as the salmonellosis of cattle is concerned . The assessment takes into account the earlier repeatedly identified relationship between occurrence of animal diseases and stock size . The obligations of the "Niedersachsische Tierseuchenkasse" per contributory animal due to losses in fattening calves farms are about three times as high as in "conventional" cattle farms keeping stock of all ages . The "Niedersachsische Tierseuchenkasse" has therefore developed a special premium class for this specific type of farming with a generally higher premium level . Further measures aiming to improve the current situation of cattle salmonellosis are being discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Sep, (9), 21 - 5
{The effect of leukinferon on the activity of phagocytosing cells in human salmonellosis}; Zueva VS et al.; The functional activity of phagocytic cells in 52 salmonellosis patients was studied with regard to the following characteristics: percent share of phagocytosis, phagocytic index, nitro blue tetrazolium test results, digestive activity . In patients with the unfavorable course of salmonellosis (the formation of carrier state) disturbances in the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and monocytes were established . For 32 patients leukinferon was included in the complex of etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment . The preparation was introduced in 3 intramuscular injections of 10,000 I . U . at intervals of 48 hours (the course of treatment); 10 days after the last injection this course was repeated . The use of leukinferon restored the normal functioning of phagocytes and the number of T-lymphocytes.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Aug, (8), 27 - 30
{Drug resistance in salmonellae}; Rozhnova SSh et al.; The medicinal resistance of salmonellae isolated in the USSR and the Slovak Republic in 1987-1988 was studied . The resistance of salmonellae at this period was shown to decrease in comparison with the period of 1985-1986 . The study revealed the presence of multiresistant strains capable of the conjugative transmission of some resistance markers . The minimal inhibiting concentrations of antibiotics to which salmonellae proved to be resistant were determined.

Ir Med J, 1991 Jun, 84(2), 65 - 6
A large outbreak of salmonellosis and its economic cost; Hayes C et al.; In the summer of 1989, a large outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in persons attending a barbeque . An investigation was carried out to determine the cause, institute control measures, and to estimate the costs involved in the outbreak . Epidemiological investigation revealed that chicken served at the barbeque was the pecant food, which was confirmed by microbiological investigation . Prompt institution of control measures resulted in early containment of secondary spread . Nevertheless, the total cost of the outbreak amounted to 77,995 pounds . The economic impact of this outbreak was therefore considerable.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1991 Apr, 12(4), 289 - 301
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its significance in foods; Doyle MP; Escherichia coli O157:H7 was conclusively identified as a pathogen in 1982 following its association with two food-related outbreaks of an unusual gastrointestinal illness . The organism is now recognized as an important cause of foodborne disease, with outbreaks reported in the U.S.A., Canada, and the United Kingdom . Illness is generally quite severe, and can include three different syndromes, i.e., hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura . Most outbreaks have been associated with eating undercooked ground beef or, less frequently, drinking raw milk . Surveys of retail raw meats and poultry revealed E . coli O157:H7 in 1.5 to 3.5% of ground beef, pork, poultry, and lamb . Dairy cattle, especially young animals, have been identified as a reservoir . The organism is typical of most E . coli, but does possess distinguishing characteristics . For example, E . coli O157:H7 does not ferment sorbitol within 24 h, does not possess beta-glucuronidase activity, and does not grow well or at all at 44-45.5 degrees C . The organism has no unusual heat resistance; heating ground beef sufficiently to kill typical strains of salmonellae will also kill E . coli O157:H7 . The mechanism of pathogenicity has not been fully elucidated, but clinical isolates produce one or more verotoxins which are believed to be important virulence factors . Little is known about the significance of pre-formed verotoxins in foods . The use of proper hygienic practices in handling foods of animal origin and proper heating of such foods before consumption are important control measures for the prevention of E . coli O157:H7 infections.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1991 Jan-Feb, 6(1), 23 - 4
Disinfection and endoscopy: summary and recommendations . Working party report to the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Sydney 1990; Axon AT; This working party was convened by the organizers of the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Sydney 1990 . Its remit was to produce a report on disinfection in endoscopy . Endoscopy plays an essential role in the management of gastrointestinal disorders; its benefits far outweigh the occasional complications which arise . Nevertheless, case reports and surveys performed over a 20-year period confirm that endoscopic procedures do occasionally cause cross-infection and the current epidemic with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted the potential for more serious disease transmission if suitable precautionary measures are not generally applied in endoscopy practice . Contaminated equipment may cause infection in three ways: transmission of pathogenic organisms from one patient to another, the commonest example being Salmonellosis; transmission of infection such as hepatitis B (HBV) from patient to staff by needle-stick injury; and introduction of opportunistic organisms which colonize endoscopic and ancillary equipment on storage . This may cause focal sepsis or septicaemia, particularly in the immunocompromised, or cholangitis and pancreatic sepsis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) . These risks can be eliminated by the use of effective cleaning and disinfection techniques, by providing suitable staff training and by paying attention to endoscopy room procedures . Both HBV and HIV are inactivated by all currently accepted disinfecting or sterilizing procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1991, 11(3), 203 - 5
Hepatic dysfunction in paediatric typhoidal salmonellosis; Bhutta ZA et al.; Although hepatic dysfunction has been described among adults with typhoid, there are few reports of significant hepatic functional impairment in children with typhoid . Of 435 children with culture-proven typhoid seen at the Aga Khan University Hospital, hepatomegaly was noted in 125 (29%) and isolated right hypochondrial tenderness in three (7%) . Liver function tests performed on 156 of these children were normal in 121 (78%) and showed significant hepatic dysfunction in 35 (22%) . Patients with significant hepatic dysfunction were more toxic (p less than 0.001) at presentation and had higher mortality (p less than 0.002) than those with normal liver function . Two children presented with a picture of fulminant hepatic failure with fatal outcome.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1990 Dec, 11(3-4), 279 - 87
Predicting microbial growth: graphical methods for comparing models; Bratchell N et al.; Some simple computer-based graphics were used to compare different models predicting microbial growth responses of salmonellae to three factors (pH, sodium chloride concentration and incubation temperature) . Simple linear regression, contour and three-dimensional surface plots all revealed gross differences between the predicted growth parameters from different growth models . Regression and contour plots were found to be more sensitive to small differences in surface topography, but three-dimensional surface plots provided a good overview.

Poult Sci, 1990 Nov, 69(11), 1876 - 82
Effects of formic acid or calcium formate in feed on performance and microbiological characteristics of broilers; Izat AL et al.; Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding broilers formic acid (FA) or calcium formate (CF) on performance and microbiological characteristics of broilers . Live bird performance was not adversely affected by feeding up to 1.0% FA or 1.45% CF . In Experiment 1, levels of salmonellae in carcass and cecal samples were significantly reduced by feeding birds .36% CF . Salmonellae were not isolated from any of the carcasses of birds fed .36% CF . Similar reductions were not noted for total organisms or presumptive coliforms . In Experiment 2, feeding .36% CF nonsignificantly reduced levels of salmonellae in carcass and cecal samples, but again, levels of total organisms and coliforms were not reduced . In Experiment 3, salmonellae in the ceca or in the carcass rinse fluid were not reduced by feeding .36% CF.

BMJ, 1990 Oct 6, 301(6755), 800 - 2
Screening children from overseas for infections: is it justified?
Shabde N, Waterston T.
OBJECTIVES--To investigate current practice of screening children from abroad for infections after coming to the United Kingdom, and to make recommendations for future practice . DESIGN--A review of literature and a questionnaire sent to all health authorities and boards in the United Kingdom . SETTING--All health authorities and boards in the United Kingdom . SUBJECTS--167 Health authorities or boards that completed questionnaires (response rate 80%), 59 of which used a screening programme . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Response to questionnaire on policies for screening children for infections on their return from overseas . RESULTS--12 Of the 59 authorities screened all children and one screened only those from the West Indian subcontinent . 13 Authorities excluded children from school while awaiting results; 58 screened for tuberculosis and four for diphtheria . CONCLUSIONS--There is a wide variation in screening policies around the country with no national consensus . Screening for diphtheria, typhoid, and salmonellosis is hard to justify and is probably not effective . Screening for tuberculosis, however, is supported by many authorities, is widely practised, and probably is effective . There is a strong case for rationalisation of screening.

Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol, 1990 Jul-Sep, 49(3), 229 - 32
Pathology of mesenteric lymph nodes of buffaloes and cattle with special reference to salmonellosis; Haneef W et al.; Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from ninety buffaloes and sixty cattle slaughtered at Faisalabad abattoir . Among these, salmonellae were isolated from lymph nodes of 32 (21.33%) animals . Maximum preponderance of salmonellosis was recorded in animals over two years of age . Enlargement, pale to dark red in color, increased consistency and even calcification were the main gross pathological lesions . Histopathological lesions included thickened capsule, typical lymphofollicular reaction, accumulation of oedematous fluid and haemorrhages.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Jul, 32(3), 145 - 52
Salmonellae of serotypes gallinarum and pullorum grouped by biotyping and fimbrial-gene probing; Crichton PB et al.; When salmonellae of serotypes Gallinarum (50 isolates) and Pullorum (36 isolates), that produce non-adhesive (type-2) fimbriae, were tested for their reactions in biochemical tests, 81 (94%) were found to belong to three distinct biochemical groups, I-III . Interaction of HinfI-digested DNA of both Gallinarum and Pullorum with a probe of accessory genes of type-1 fimbriation in serotype Typhimurium gave one type of Southern hybridisation pattern that was readily distinguished from that of Typhimurium strains . With a probe of the Typhimurium fimbrial subunit gene, Pullorum isolates were separated into strongly and weakly probe-reactive groups which showed restriction fragment-length polymorphism; these latter groups corresponded to biochemical groups II and III, respectively.

Vet Rec, 1990 May 26, 126(21), 525 - 8
Nephropathy in young lambs; Angus KW; Renal disorders in lambs may be congenital, infectious, toxic, immunologically mediated or secondary to urethral obstruction . Congenital abnormalities are uncommon . Kidney infections often are only one aspect of more widespread diseases, for example, tick pyaemia or salmonellosis . Toxic diseases, which affect mainly the renal tubules, may be caused by bacterial, chemical or plant toxins, although in lamb nephrosis the cause is unknown . Immunecomplex glomerulonephritis is uncommon, and one form, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis of Finnish landrace lambs, is under genetic control . Urolithiasis may have secondary effects on the kidneys.

Poult Sci, 1990 May, 69(5), 864 - 6
The use of carcass halves for reducing the variability in salmonellae numbers with broiler-processing trials; Izat AL et al.; Two similar trials were conducted in order to compare the variability in the number of salmonellae between the right and left sides of individual broiler carcasses with the variability among carcasses . In both trials, the variation between carcass sides was equal and was significantly less than the variation among carcasses . For trials involving bactericidal treatment, the authors would suggest that the utilization of carcass halves (one side for control, the other for treatment) would allow for a more-sensitive evaluation of treatment effects.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Mar, 68(3), 213 - 23
Rapid detection of salmonellas in raw meats using a fluorescent antibody-microcolony technique; Rodrigues UM et al.; A fluorescent antibody-microcolony technique was developed for the rapid detection of salmonellas in pure cultures . Examination of microcolonies made the detection of salmonellas by epifluorescence microscopy easier and more reliable than using fluorescent antibody and single cells . After a study of the most effective selective enrichment media for increasing the number of salmonellas, the technique was examined with various samples of raw meats . It was able to detect salmonellas in 24 h and appeared to be as sensitive as conventional cultural techniques . Of the 101 samples studied, complete agreement was obtained with conventional methods for 94 but six apparently false positive results and one false negative result occurred.

Mycopathologia, 1990 Mar, 109(3), 157 - 64
A mycological and bacteriological survey on feed ingredients and mixed poultry feeds in Reunion island; Bauduret P; A survey was carried out in Reunion island to obtain data on the occurrence of fungi, aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxins, total aerobic bacteria and salmonellae of 150 samples of mixed poultry feeds and raw materials . These were collected at five farms over a 3-month period during the warm rainy season . White corn and Braizlian soybean meal seemed to present a better microbiological quality than yellow corn and US soybean meal . Mixed poultry feeds presented a high total mold count reflecting the mold flora of raw materials . The most frequent and abundant fungi were Aspergillus flavus . A . glaucus group, Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., A . candidus, Mucor spp., A . restrictus, Scopulariopsis spp., Cladosporium spp . and A . versicolor . Of the 118 A . flavus strains screened, 42 (35.6%) were aflatoxigenic . Yellow corn samples were the most frequently contaminated with aflatoxigenic strains (54.5%), followed by mixed feeds (44%) . Of the 66 samples tested, 24 (36%) contained aflatoxins (traces to 22 ng/g) . A good correlation seemed to exist between presence of at least one aflatoxigenic strain per sample and presence of aflatoxins.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1990 Mar, 8(3), 134 - 43
{Focal salmonellosis in Spain . Presentation of 14 cases and review of the literature}; Garcia-Rodriguez JA et al.; A study of the 14 focal salmonelloses diagnosed in the Hospital Clinico Universitario from Salamanca during the last years is presented, along with a review of the major series reported in Spain . The most common focal salmonelloses were osteoarticular, representing one third of cases . The most common underlying condition was diabetes mellitus, which involved more than 40% of patients . The pathogenetical peculiarities of salmonellosis in these patients and their relation with the higher prevalence of focal salmonellosis in particular diseases are discussed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Feb, 34(2), 235 - 40
Pharmacokinetics and in vivo activity of liposome-encapsulated gentamicin; Swenson CE et al.; Gentamicin sulfate was encapsulated in liposomes composed solely of egg phosphatidylcholine and administered via intravenous injection to rats and mice . The total gentamicin activity (regardless of whether it was free or liposome associated) in serum and selected tissues was determined for 24 h (serum) or up to 15 weeks (tissues) by using a microbiological assay . The mean half-lives in serum of a single 20-mg/kg dose of free (nonencapsulated) gentamicin in mice and rats were estimated to be 1.0 and 0.6 h, respectively, whereas a similar dose of encapsulated drug had apparent mean half-lives of 3.8 h in mice and 4.0 h in rats . In both species, the apparent half-life in serum of the liposomal formulation increased as the dose increased . Liposome encapsulation resulted in higher and more prolonged activity in organs rich in reticuloendothelial cells (especially spleen and liver) . In acute septicemia infections in mice, the liposomal formulation showed enhanced prophylactic activity (as determined by calculation of the 50% protective dose) . In a model of murine salmonellosis, liposomal gentamicin greatly enhanced survival when given as a single dose (10 mg/kg) at 1 or 2 days after infection as well as up to 7 days before infection.

Baillieres Clin Haematol, 1990 Jan, 3(1), 177 - 205
AIDS in Africa; Fleming AF; PIP: The seroprevalence, clinical epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation in adults, pregnancy women and children, diagnosis, impact and control strategies of AIDS in Africa are covered in this review . HIV-1, the causative virus in AIDS, is epidemic in a central Africa belt from Gabon to the east coast, and from Uganda to Zimbabwe, with the highest prevalence in the lakes and highlands of Central Africa . HIV-2 causes a milder disease in Western Africa centered in Senegal . HIV infections occur primarily in young adult men aged 30-34, women aged 20-24, infants and children under 4, and a few girls . Transmission patterns vary widely depending on sexual customs in the ethnically diverse continent . Prevalence tends to be high in cities and among subgroups such as prostitutes, where promiscuity is restricted . Where female sexual permissiveness exists, seropositivity is high in women generally . Besides sexual behavior, risk factors for HIV in Africa also include uncircumcised man, oral contraception, STDs causing genital ulceration and Chlamydia infection . Transmission to neonates occurs, especially if the mother has advanced AIDS, but transmission by breast milk is uncertain . Transmission by blood transfusion is common because transfusion are up to 10 times as common in Africa as in the West, especially in obstetrics and pediatrics . Clinically, HIV infections present as herpes zoster in 95% of Africans, and commonly as slim disease: weakness, fever, chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss of unknown cause . Associated infection are candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, tuberculosis and salmonellosis . Other presenting symptoms are unusual sites of lymphadenopathy, cough and sepsis . Diagnosis can be made by the WHO clinical case definition, or be screening tests, which are now more reliable for African patients than formerly . In Africa, AIDS can cause destitution and disgrace for families, and will probable severely affect progress made national economies because of deaths of young productive adults . Strategies for control of HIV in Africa are outlined .

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(4), 353 - 5
Mother's milk--unusual factor of infection transmission in a salmonellosis epidemic on a newborn ward; Drhova A et al.; The submitted study analyzes a salmonellosis epidemic with a nosocomial character of occurrence on newborn ward Area National Health Authority in Trencin with an unusual factor of infection transmission--mother's milk . At the same time the authors point out the possibility of inapparent disease manifestation in connection with the stopped intake of mother's milk.

Acta Vet Hung, 1990, 38(4), 271 - 9
Toxicological and biological studies on Japanese quails fed graded levels of furazolidone; Arbid MS et al.; Furazolidone (FZ) was administered to 42-day-old female Japanese quails as a feed additive at doses of 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm for a period of 28 days . Dose-dependent effects were observed . High levels of FZ (600 and 800 ppm) significantly altered growth, decreased feed consumption, caused marked atrophy of the ovaries and oviducts leading to cessation of egg laying, and resulted in higher mortality . Hepatotoxicity was evidenced by an increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in serum total protein, in addition to degenerative changes of the hepatocytes in FZ-treated birds . A rise in serum urea was also observed . Symptoms leading to death included a loss of appetite causing emaciation followed by nervous disturbances (compulsive movements and circling) . No signs of cardiomyopathy were observed . Japanese quails did not tolerate FZ at a concentration (400 ppm) recommended for the prevention of salmonellosis in poultry.

Lab Delo, 1990, (2), 33 - 7
{A method of isolating hemocultures of the causative agent of abdominal typhus and other salmonellae}; Litinskii IuI et al.; The suggested method for the isolation of hemocultures of Salmonellae is based on the inoculation of the patient's blood into special semiliquid medium . After stirring, the medium is poured into Petri dishes . If Salmonellae are present in the blood, characteristic colonies colored black or dark-gray, 5 to 15 mm in diameter, are detectable on the surface of and deep in the medium . In contrast to the routine technique for the isolation of hemocultures, the suggested method helps essentially increase the number of positive answers and accelerates the investigation.

Minerva Pediatr, 1989 Dec, 41(12), 581 - 5
{Dental changes in children with malabsorption}; Ansaldi N et al.; The paper reviews existing reports on relations between pathologies leading to malabsorption and dental lesion in children . The following dental alterations are reported in the literature: delayed eruption of deciduous teeth, hypoplasia of enamel and dental caries . These lesions have been observed in gastrointestinal pathologies, for example, coeliac disease, chronic diarrhea and recurrent vomiting, intolerance of cow's milk protein, Crohn's disease and salmonellosis . The delayed eruption of deciduous teeth and hypoplasia of the enamel are certainly correlated to malabsorption and maldigestion, especially if these are protracted over time . Dental caries may be due to poor oral hygiene, poor diet and to the presence of modified calcification . Only a comparative study with a control group will enable the effective prevalence to be assessed.

Am Fam Physician, 1989 Nov, 40(5), 129 - 36
International spread of disease by air travel; Royal L et al.; Rapid air travel has increased the potential for international transmission of infectious diseases . Important aspects of this problem include the transmission of foodborne and waterborne illnesses, the translocation of insect vectors, the rapid transport of individuals with incubating illnesses, the direct transmission of diseases inside aircraft and the transmission of zoonoses through animal transport . Infectious outbreaks on aircraft and in the vicinity of airports have included influenza, staphylococcal gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, cholera and malaria.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1989 Nov, (11), 33 - 6
{The adhesive properties of salmonellae in the dynamics of the infectious process}; Pak SG et al.; In patients with toxic infections salmonellae were identified in 31% of cases . The patients were divided into two groups: the control group receiving treatment with infusion solutions and the test group treated, in addition to the usual scheme of therapy, with indomethacin in a daily dose of 150 mg . The study revealed that salmonellae isolated at the initial stages of the disease possessed highly pronounced adhesive properties . The adhesive properties of salmonellae isolated at the stage of convalescence from the patients of the test group were considerably less pronounced than those of salmonellae isolated from the same patients at the peak of the disease . In the control group no differences in the adhesive properties of salmonellae isolated from the same patients were established.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 671 - 2
{Principles for cleaning and disinfection in fresh egg production for the prevention and control of salmonellosis}; Trenner P et al.; The level of production achieved in recent years and the concentration of livestock are demanding a high degree of security in the production . Measures of cleaning and disinfection are a basic condition for stabilizing the health and the efficiency of animals as well as for assuring an absolute reliability and high quality of the produced food stuffs . Preventive cleaning and disinfection are all the more necessary the more specialized the production and the greater the number of livestock are . As regards cleaning and disinfection special emphasis has to be laid on a disinfectant cleaning particularly in those fields where service periods cannot be carried out . Necessary cleaning and disinfection measures are to be integrated in the production process as technology of production and hygiene represent a unity in the production of fresh eggs . Differentiated cleaning and disinfection regimens are to be applied for such sanitary risk fields as egg conveyors, packing machines, egg grading and egg breaking facilities.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 660 - 2
{Significance for food hygiene of salmonellae--ecology and risks}; Fehlhaber K; Foodstuffs are the main source of Salmonellae . Infection risks for the consumer are caused by the occurrence of the bacteria in animals and by consumption of raw food of animal origin . Specially risks arise, when bacteremia in animals caused by stress in the time before slaughtering is not diagnosed . Slaughtered poultry contains more frequently Salmonellae than hens eggs, but the eggs represent the higher infectious risk . Other risks for salmonellosis in man are caused by imperfect decontamination during production of foods and by incorrect handling of foods.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Nov, 35(11), 650 - 3
{The prevention and control of salmonellosis in cattle and swine}; Meyer H et al.; The control of salmonellosis in the national livestock of the GDR is carried through on the basis of central regulations issued by the Head of the Veterinary Service . The crucial points of these programmes are zoo-sanitary, organizational and immunoprophylactic measures . The effectiveness of the immunoprophylaxis against salmonellosis in cattle and pigs has increased after using live vaccines . At present, the elimination of the host-adapted serovars and the decrease of serovars important for infections in man is focused on . Particular attention is payed to the serovars S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis . The objective requires a well coordinated cooperation between the Veterinary Service and the Public Health Service.

Aust Vet J, 1989 Oct, 66(10), 309 - 14
Pre-embarkation risk factors for sheep deaths during export by sea from Western Australia; Norris RT et al.; Truck-drivers and previous owners of sheep from 133 farms (lines of sheep) were asked for information on possible risk factors for inappetance during lot-feeding and for shipboard mortality during 5 voyages to the Middle East . There was no consistent association between a number of factors prior to trucking or during trucking to the feedlot and inappetance during lot-feeding or mortality aboard ship . The factors included: whether sheep were bred or purchased by the owner, whether sheep were mixed with sheep from another farm in the previous 2 or 6 months, previous experience of trucking, frequency of yarding, experience of supplementary feeding, age, rainfall zone of the farm of origin, distance trucked, time on the truck and time off feed on arrival at the feedlot . Inappetance during lot-feeding was significantly associated with total deaths aboard ship for individuals and for lines of sheep . Failure to eat late in the feedlot period was also a risk factor for individuals that died with inanition (relative risk = 6.9) or salmonellosis (relative risk = 5.9) . In 2 voyages, there was no significant difference in shipboard death rate between groups that were previously lot-fed in sheds or in paddocks . This was despite significantly more non-feeders in the sheds than in the paddocks prior to one voyage . This finding suggested that some nonfeeders commenced eating pellets aboard the ship . Although inappetance in the feedlot was a risk factor for shipboard deaths, there was no difference in shipboard weight change between feedlot non-feeders and feeders in 2 voyages . It was concluded that most non-feeders began eating pelleted feed aboard ship.

Rev Med Chil, 1989 Aug, 117(8), 910 - 3
{Acute polyarthritis in a patient with AIDS . Clinical report}; Pacheco D et al.; A homosexual patient known to be HIV positive for 2 years developed fever, herpes labialis, salmonellosis and symmetric polyarthritis . No specific cause was documented for the arthritis which was ascribed to the AIDS syndrome . Partial improvement in symptoms was observed after therapy with cotrimoxazole and indomethacin . Musculoskeletal complications of AIDS are reviewed.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989 Jul-Aug, 12(4 Suppl), 185S - 187S
Sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric infections; Kanra G et al.; Seventy eight pediatric patients (43 males, 35 females) aged 34 days to 17 years were treated with intravenous or intramuscular sulbactam/ampicillin 3 or 4 times daily for skeletal system infection (10 cases), systemic salmonellosis (2 cases), intrathoracic infection (12 cases), and soft tissue or miscellaneous infections (54 cases) . The dose used to treat the majority of patients was 200 mg of ampicillin plus 100 mg of sulbactam per kg/day . The duration of treatment ranged from 8 to 23 days . Sulbactam/ampicillin alone was used in 68 patients . Ten patients were treated with an additional antibacterial agent . The overall cure rate was 98.7% for all 78 study patients . One patient with an abscess in the neck was shown to be infected with a strain of Escherichia coli resistant to sulbactam/ampicillin . Only one patient experienced a rash, but it did not necessitate discontinuation of therapy . This study shows that sulbactam/ampicillin is a safe and effective agent in the treatment of various pediatric infections.

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