Food Chem Toxicol, 1995 Jul, 33(7), 545 - 51 Heterocyclic amine content in fast-food meat products; Knize MG et al.; Heterocyclic aromatic amines are sometimes formed during the cooking of muscle meats, and their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are of potential concern in the aetiology of human cancer . In a large survey of the heterocyclic amine content of foods, fried or charbroiled hamburgers, fried chicken, chicken breast sandwiches, fish sandwiches and breakfast sausages were purchased from fast-food restaurants . At least three different chains were visited per product and samples from five stores from each chain were pooled . The solid-phase extraction and HPLC method was used to analyse pooled samples for heterocyclic amine content and mutagenic activity with the Ames/Salmonella assay . Samples were analysed in a blind study which also contained quality control samples of two types, one high and one low in heterocyclic amine content and mutagenic activity . Results from the fast-food products showed undetectable levels of heterocyclic amines in 10 of 17 samples and only low levels {< or = 1 ng/g total of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (DiMeIQx)} in the remaining samples . Compared with literature values based primarily on laboratory and home cooking conditions, fast-food meat products appear to contribute only a small percentage of the estimated daily dietary intake of heterocyclic amines. Carcinogenesis, 1995 Jul, 16(7), 1549 - 55 Cytochromes P450 in cynomolgus monkeys mutagenically activate 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ) but not 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx); Sadrieh N et al.; The promutagenic and procarcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) found in cooked meats are N-hydroxylated by microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes as the first step in their metabolic activation . In cynomolgus monkeys, one of the HAs, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), has been shown to be a potent hepatocarcinogen . However, the structurally similar HA 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) lacks this potency to induce hepatocellular carcinoma in monkeys . Liver microsomes from cynomolgus monkeys show a striking substrate specificity for the metabolic activation of IQ and MeIQx, the former being a far better substrate for N-hydroxylation . Western blot analysis showed that cynomolgus monkey hepatic microsomes constitutively express P450s immunologically related to the human CYP3A, CYP2C, and low levels of CYP1A1 . For comparison, Western blot analysis of rat, human and patas monkey microsomes was also carried out . Treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with rifampicin induced hepatic cytochromes P450 related to human CYP3A4 and CYP2C9/10 without inducing CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 . Immunoblot analysis also showed that chronic exposure of cynomolgus monkeys to IQ induced hepatic microsomal cytochrome CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, similarly but lesser in magnitude to that observed with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCCD) induction . Using the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, we examined the effect of the inducers on the mutagenic activation (i.e . N-hydroxylation) of IQ and MeIQx by cynomolgus monkey hepatic microsomes . We also examined the mutagenic activation of these HAs by rat, human and patas monkey liver microsomes . Microsomes from cynomolgus monkeys treated with rifampicin showed a 3-fold increase in the mutagenic activation of IQ but showed no increase in the mutagenic activation of MeIQx . Since cytochromes P4503A and/or P4502C are constitutively expressed in cynomolgus monkey hepatic microsomes, and upon induction with rifampicin are associated with an increased metabolic activation of IQ but not MeIQx, it appears that CYP3A and/or CYP2C are the isoform(s) showing the selective substrate specificity in the metabolic activation of IQ over MeIQx . Treatment of monkeys with TCDD significantly increased the mutagenic activation of both IQ and MeIQx, concomitant with an induction of CYP1A isozymes . Thus, it appears that TCDD-inducible CYP1A enzymes N-hydroxylate both substrates without selectivity . Together, these findings suggest that CYP3A and CYP2C are the principal isoforms in the cynomolgus monkey, associated with the metabolic activation implicated in the induction of hepatocarcinogenicity by IQ . Furthermore, the poor metabolic activation of MeIQx by CYP3A and CYP2C, coupled with low constitutive levels of CYP1A isozymes, provide a metabolic explanation for the low hepatocarcinogenic potency of MeIQx in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Microbiol, 1995 Jul, 43(1), 68 - 71 Rambach agar and SM-ID medium sensitivity for presumptive identification of Salmonella subspecies I-VI; Pignato S et al.; The cultural characteristics of 112 Salmonella serovars belonging to subspecies I-VI were examined on Rambach agar and SM-ID medium . Colonies showing the typical red coloration were seen with 100 of 112 serovars assayed on SM-ID, and with 87 of 112 on Rambach agar . Atypical colourless colonies were observed on Rambach agar with ONPG-negative serovars S . Choleraesuis, S . Isangi, S . Typhi S . Worthington and S . Yoff of the subspecies I, S . II 52:d:e,n,x,z15 of the subspecies II, S . IV 6,7:z4,z24:- and S . IV 11:g,z51:- of the subspecies IV, and S . 40:z35:- belonging to S . bongori (V) species . Atypical blue, blue-green, blue-violet or violet colonies were observed on both media with all the ONPG-positive serovars of the subspecies IIIa (four of four strains) and IIIb (six of six strains) and with one of the two ONPG-positive (out of five) strains of the subspecies VI . Four serovars of S . bongori showed blue-green colonies on Rambach agar and typical red colonies on SM-ID, although they were all ONPG-positive . These results suggest that SM-ID medium is more sensitive than Rambach agar . However, the relatively low sensitivity of both media makes them suitable for use only in association with a traditional selective medium in both medical and environmental bacteriology, as well as for epidemiological purposes. J Appl Toxicol, 1995 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 313 - 9 Genotoxicity and twenty-eight-day subchronic toxicity studies on tertiary amyl methyl ether; Daughtrey WC et al.; Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) is an oxygenate with a potential role as a component in reformulated gasolines . The genotoxic potential of TAME was assessed in an Ames assay and a mouse micronucleus assay . The Ames assay was carried out using five standard salmonella strains and doses ranging from 100 to 10,000 micrograms per plate . Tertiary amyl methyl ether was not mutagenic in any of the strains, either with or without metabolic activation . In the micronucleus assay, mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of TAME at doses of 0.15, 0.375 or 0.75 g kg-1 . Bone marrow samples were collected and evaluated for micronucleus formation at 24, 48 and 72 h after dosing . No elevation in micronucleus frequency was observed at any dose or at any of the collection times . Thus, TAME was not clastogenic to mouse bone marrow under the conditions of this study . Preliminary test data indicated that the acute oral LD50 for TAME in Sprague-Dawley rats was ca . 2.1 g kg-1 . In the 28-day subchronic study, Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were dosed orally with vehicle, 0.125, 0.5 or 1.0 g kg-1 day-1 TAME in corn oil at a dose volume of 2 ml/kg-1 . Dosing continued 7 days a week for a period of 28 days . Deaths of two out of 10 animals in the high-dose group (1 g kg-1 day-1) appeared to be compound related . Food consumption and body weights were reduced in the high-dose male group relative to controls; otherwise, clinical observations were minimal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J AOAC Int, 1995 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 993 - 7 Comparison of modified immunodiffusion and Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) methods for detection of Salmonella in raw flesh and highly contaminated food types; Feldsine PT et al.; A wide variety of naturally contaminated and inoculated raw flesh and highly contaminated food types was analyzed by a modified immunodiffusion enrichment protocol and the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method to determine the equivalence of these methods . This modification was developed by Agriculture Canada to allow addition of a high-temperature selective enrichment step in tetrathionate brilliant green broth at 42 degrees C while maintaining a 2-day total test time . Foods representing red meat, white meat, frog, and seafoods and one type of animal meal were evaluated . A total of 320 samples was tested, resulting in false negative rates of 5.2 and 3.5%, respectively, for the modified immunodiffusion and the BAM culture methods . The overall agreement rate was 96.9%. J AOAC Int, 1995 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 987 - 92 Comparative and multilaboratory studies of two immunodiffusion method enrichment protocols and the AOAC/Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture method for detection of Salmonella in all foods; Feldsine PT et al.; The single enrichment immunodiffusion (1-step), the preenrichment and selective enrichment immunodiffusion (2-step), and the AOAC/Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture methods for Salmonella were evaluated for equivalence in 2 separate studies, a comparative evaluation and a multilaboratory dilution study . In the comparative study, all 3 methods were performed on 10 food types . For 550 samples, analyses resulted in 99.3 and 99.6% agreement between the culture method and the 1-step and 2-step methods, respectively . False negative rates were 0.9 and 0.3% for 1-step and culture, and 0.0% and 0.6% for the 2-step and culture, respectively . Subsequently, 6 food types were included in a multilaboratory dilution-to-extinction study . A sequential dilution series of Salmonella in foods was analyzed by the 3 methods to determine their lower limits of detection for Salmonella . A total of 1185 samples analyzed resulted in 98.9% agreement between 1-step and culture, and 99.7% agreement between 2-step and culture . False negative rates were 1.8 and 0.1% for 1-step and culture, and 0.4 and 0.1% for 2-step and culture, respectively . During these evaluations, 1735 samples and controls representing 10 different naturally contaminated and inoculated foods were tested . The data indicate statistical equivalence of all 3 methods when analyzing all food types. J AOAC Int, 1995 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 1102 - 9 Hard surface carrier test as a quantitative test of disinfection: a collaborative study; Hamilton MA et al.; The hard surface carrier test (HSCT) recently was proposed as a qualitative test for disinfectant efficacy . A collaborative study of HSCT led to a suggested performance standard of < or = 2 or 3 positive carriers out of 60 tested . Subsequently, it was discovered that HSCT can be used as a quantitative test, because the HSCT protocol requires measurement of inoculum level on some carriers . The data allow estimation of the log10 reduction in number of active bacteria . Producers, consumers, and policymakers will be better able to discuss merits of alternative performance standards if the focus is on log reduction of organisms rather than on number of positive carriers . Data from the collaborative study were reanalyzed from this quantitative viewpoint . If the point estimate of log reduction in LR and the 99% lower confidence limit estimate is LLR, the LR values ranged from 7.0 to 9.0 and the LLR values were greater than 6.0 for all disinfectants except the negative control formulation . The total variance for estimated LR is the sum of interlaboratory and intralaboratory variances . The total variance for LR was 0.095 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.251 for Staphylococcus aureus, and 0.118 for Salmonella choleraesuis . Percentages of the variance due to interlaboratory variability were 11% for P . aeruginosa, 52% for S . aureus, and 25% for S . choleraesuis . Chances of making false-effective and false-ineffective decisions can be calculated for the quantitative HSCT . The performance standard can be based on LLR. An Med Interna, 1995 Jul, 12(7), 343 - 5 {Severe heart failure and skin lesions caused by Salmonella virchow . Report of a case}; Barreiro Garcia G et al.; We describe a case of congestive heart failure caused by a Salmonella virchow sepsis . Concurrent with this there were considerable skin lesions . The diagnosis was made as result of stool and skin biopsy culture . There was a good response to treatment. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1995 Jul, 14(7), 603 - 5 Comparison of the efficacy, safety and cost of cefixime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi septicemia in children; Girgis NI et al.; An increase in the incidence of Salmonella typhi strains resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole causing enteric fever in Egyptian children stimulated the evaluation of alternative drugs . Children with positive blood cultures were treated with cefixime, ceftriaxone or aztreonam, and the efficacy, safety and cost of these regimens were evaluated and compared . Cefixime (7.5 mg/kg) was given orally twice daily to 50 children for 14 days, ceftriaxone (50 to 70 mg/kg) was given im once daily for 5 days to 43 children and aztreonam (50 to 70 mg/kg) was given im every 8 hours for 7 days to 31 children . Children in the 3 groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, duration and severity of illness before admission . All children were cured . A significant difference (P < 0.05) in duration of treatment before becoming afebrile seemed to favor ceftriaxone (3.9 days) over aztreonam (5.5 days) and cefixime (5.3 days) . During the 4-week follow-up period relapses occurred in 3 (6%) children in the cefixime group, in 2 (5%) in the ceftriaxone group and in 2 (6%) in the aztreonam group . Safety and efficacy were comparable for all 3 drugs . Ceftriaxone was most cost-effective on an inpatient basis, because of a more rapid clinical cure, and cefixime was the most cost-effective on an outpatient basis, because of drug cost. Immunology, 1995 Jul, 85(3), 381 - 8 Effects of in vivo administration of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody on the host defence mechanism against murine Salmonella infection; Arai T et al.; Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine that regulates various macrophage functions . To elucidate the involvement of endogenous IL-10 in the early stage of murine salmonellosis, we examined the effect of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration on the host defence mechanism against Salmonella choleraesuis infection . The in vivo administration of anti-IL-10 mAb significantly enhanced host resistance at the early stage of Salmonella infection, as assessed by bacterial growth in the peritoneal cavity and the liver . Enhanced levels of monokine mRNA, including IL-1 alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-12, were observed from day 1 after infection in the peritoneal macrophages in anti-IL-10 mAb-treated mice compared with those in control mAb-treated mice . Mice treated with anti-IL-10 mAb exhibited significantly higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the peritoneal exudates and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on the peritoneal macrophages on days 3 and 5 after infection . Notably, in vivo anti-IL-10 mAb brought about an increment of gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity at the early phase of infection, which was correlated with the expression of endogenous heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), which is implicated as a potential ligand for gamma delta T cells, in the infected macrophages . Our results suggest that the neutralization of endogenous IL-10 accelerates some macrophage functions and, consequently, the activation of immunocompetent cells, including gamma delta T cells, at the early stage of infection, resulting in an enhanced host defence against Salmonella infection. New Microbiol, 1995 Jul, 18(3), 261 - 6 Toxigenicity of culture filtrates of Salmonella enteritidis isolates on three mammalian cell lines; Hariharan H et al.; Culture filtrates of 28 Salmonella enteritidis isolates were tested for toxicity on Vero-, CHO-, and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells . Cytopathic effects on HFF cells were extensive, and were observed even with some filtrates diluted 1:256 . Vero cells showed effects with filtrates diluted up to 1:16, and CHO cells gave weak or no reaction . All isolates produced iron-binding siderophores as determined by reactions on chrome-azurol-S medium. Trends Microbiol, 1995 Jul, 3(7), 275 - 9 Growth-phase regulation of plasmid virulence genes in Salmonella; Guiney DG et al.; Virulence genes in the genus Salmonella are regulated by growth phase and by environmental signals, which allows a sequential program of expression during infection . Conditions that promote the expression of loci required in systemic infection, including the plasmid-encoded spv genes, are the opposite of the factors that induce genes involved in the invasion of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Scand J Immunol, 1995 Jul, 42(1), 119 - 27 Influence of CD14, LBP and BPI in the monocyte response to LPS of different polysaccharide chain length; Jahr TG et al.; In this study we examined the involvement of human serum, recombinant lipopolysaccharide binding protein (rLBP), recombinant (r)CD14, CD14 antibodies and recombinant bactericidal permeability-increasing factor (rBPI) in the induction of TNF by Salmonella minnesota LPS of different polysaccharide chain lengths . Soluble rCD14 and rLBP markedly enhanced LPS 6261 TNF production and to a lesser degree also enhanced TNF production from Re 595 LPS and lipid A DP . Addition of anti-CD14 antibodies resulted in nearly complete inhibition of LPS 6261-induced TNF production and partial inhibition of Re 595 LPS and lipid A DP-induced TNF release . The ability of lipid A MP to induce TNF production increased with addition of rCD14 . Addition of rLBP or anti-CD14 antibodies had no detectable effect on lipid A MP-induced TNF production . The effect of rBPI was also tested and the results showed that only the TNF-inducing ability from smooth LPS was completely inhibited by rBPI . Recombinant BPI was considerably less effective in inhibiting Re 595 LPS-induced TNF production, and lipid A DP was not affected by rBPI . Our data suggest that the ability of rLBP, rCD14, CD14 antibodies and rBPI to modulate LPS induced TNF production is strongly dependent on the LPS polysaccharide chain length. J Bacteriol, 1995 Jul, 177(14), 4084 - 8 Transferases of O-antigen biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica: dideoxyhexosyltransferases of groups B and C2 and acetyltransferase of group C2; Liu D et al.; The O antigen is a polymer of oligosaccharide units . O antigens differ in their sugar composition and glycosidic linkages, and genes responsible for O-antigen-specific biosynthesis are grouped in the rfb gene cluster . In this study, we identified two abequosyltransferase genes and an acetyltransferase gene in Salmonella enterica groups B and C2 by in vitro assay and identified paratosyl-, tyvelosyl-, and abequosyltransferase genes from S . enterica groups A and D and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serovar IIA, respectively, by comparison. J Bacteriol, 1995 Jul, 177(13), 3863 - 4 Molecular analyses of the phase-2 antigen complex 1,2,. . of Salmonella spp; Vanegas RA et al.; The nucleotide sequences of the structural genes (fljB) for salmonellar flagellins representative of the phase-2 flagellar antigens 1,2.., 1,5.., 1,6.., and 1,7. . were determined . The results did not indicate linear epitopes for the antigen 1 subfactors, suggesting that conformational aspects are involved in determining these antigenic specificities. Korean J Intern Med, 1995 Jul, 10(2), 146 - 9 Bacteremia with nontyphi Salmonella and therapeutic implication; Ryu CB et al.; OBJECTIVES: The recent decades witnessed the increased incidence of bacteremia with nontyphi Salmonella, especially in patients with underlying diseases . To evaluate clinically the patients with bacteremia by nontyphi Salmonella, we investigated the clinical records of the patients . METHODS: Retrospective study was performed on 30 cases of bacteremia with nontyphi Salmonella admitted to Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital from 1987 to 1993, and we analyzed with regard to age distribution, underlying diseases, clinical presentation and fatality . RESULTS: Children below 2 years of age were seven patients and patients over 55 years of age were 8 patients . The male to female ratio was 3:2 . Only five cases were nosocomially acquired . More than two-thirds (21 patients) had no discernible other illness at the time of their bacteremia . A quarter of the patients presented without gastrointestinal manifestation . There were four deaths in the 30 patients with nontyphi Salmonella septicemia (13.3%) . CONCLUSIONS: We investigated the clinical characteristics of 30 cases of non-typhi Salmonella bacteremia, which has a relatively high incidence nowadays while, to the contrary, Salmonella typhi trends toward being on the decrease in Korea. Vaccine, 1995 Jul, 13(10), 939 - 46 Simultaneous expression of CFA/I and CS3 colonization factor antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by delta aroC, delta aroD Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908; Giron JA et al.; Among the known colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), CFA/I and CS3 (the common antigen in the CFA/II family of fimbrial antigens) are two of the most prevalent fimbrial antigens found in clinical isolates but are never expressed by the same wild-type strain . We manipulated the genetic determinants encoding CS3 and CFA/I fimbriae so that these two important colonization factors are expressed simultaneously in attenuated Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine strain CVD 908, including after growth in liquid medium (CFA/I is poorly expressed by wild-type ETEC in broth culture) . The recombinant fimbrial structures produced by CVD 908 are morphologically indistinguishable from the CS3 fibrillae and CFA/I rod-like fimbriae produced by ETEC, and are recognized by monospecific CS3 and CFA/I antibodies . This prototype construct may prove useful in investigating the live vector approach to immunoprophylaxis of ETEC diarrheal disease. Plasmid, 1995 Jul, 34(1), 37 - 47 Mutational analysis of SpvR binding to DNA in the regulation of the Salmonella plasmid virulence operon; Krause M et al.; The Salmonella plasmid-borne spvR gene encodes a 33-kDa regulatory protein that activates transcription of the spvABCD operon during the stationary phase of bacterial growth . We used gel mobility shift assays to demonstrate that SpvR recognizes a specific target DNA sequence within a 318-bp EcoRI-ApaI fragment upstream of spvA . The addition of unlabeled target DNA to the radioactive labeled DNA-SpvR complex resulted in competitive inhibition of band retardation confirming the specificity of SpvR binding . Introduction of target DNA on a high copy number plasmid into wild-type Salmonella dublin Lane resulted in a substantial decrease of SpvB synthesis, confirming the binding properties of this DNA segment in vivo . Three SpvR mutants were constructed and were shown to abolish the positive regulatory function of SpvR . By site-specific mutagenesis of spvR, three single amino acids within the putative SpvR N-terminal alpha-helix domains were substituted by prolines . This resulted in loss of binding to the spvA promoter sequence and in loss of activation of the spvABCD genes . This study demonstrates that the regulatory function of SpvR is mediated by specific binding to the promoter region of the spvABCD operon. Poult Sci, 1995 Jul, 74(7), 1232 - 6 Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs and chicken with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Brigmon RL et al.; An ELISA previously developed for the rapid detection of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in environmental samples was modified and applied to food samples . A sandwich ELISA was designed that employs affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies for the capture stage and highly specific monoclonal antibodies for the detection stage . Thirty-nine species of bacteria other than SE, including 32 Salmonella species, were included in cross-reactivity testing with ELISA . Results showed no reactivity with any species tested besides SE . Salmonella enteritidis was added to homogenized food samples (chicken skin, meat, and eggs) to test ELISA sensitivity . The lower limit for ELISA detection of SE was 10(4) cells/mL for pure cultures and in 10% meat (wt/vol), 10(5) cells/mL in 10% skin (wt/vol), and 10(7) cells/mL in 10% eggs (wt/vol) . Salmonella enteritidis detection with ELISA was confirmed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method . Results were obtained within 24 h for ELISA method compared to 96 h for the BAM procedure . Results show that sensitivity of ELISA can vary with the type of food tested for detection of SE. Toxicology, 1995 Jun 26, 100(1-3), 69 - 77 The toxicity of the mutagen 'MX' and its analogue, mucochloric acid, to rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells and to Daphnia magna; Isomaa B et al.; The cytotoxicity of the, in Salmonella, potent mutagenic compound, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and its structural analogue 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2{5H}-furanone (mucochloric acid, MCA), was studied in freshly isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells by determining 86Rb-leakage and decrease in fluorescence intensity in calcein AM-loaded cells . The acute toxicity of the compounds to Daphnia magna was studied by determining the concentration causing immobilization of the organism . MX proved to be more toxic than MCA both in the cellular assays and in the acute toxicity test with D . magna . MX was more toxic to hepatocytes than to gill epithelial cells . The uptake of {14C}MX was also much more efficient in hepatocytes than in gill epithelial cells . The uptake of {14C}MX in hepatocytes was not inhibited by taurocholic acid in excess, indicating that MX is not taken up by the carrier complex responsible for the uptake of taurocholate in the hepatocytes . Both the acute toxicity to D . magna and cytotoxicity of MX and MCA was rather low (EC50 values > 0.1 mM) and we conclude that it is very unlikely that MX and MCA at concentrations occurring in recipients receiving chlorination effluents from pulp mills or chlorinated domestic sewage, as regards their acute toxicity, implies a risk for aquatic animals. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1995 Jun 23, 44(24), 462 - 3 African pygmy hedgehog-associated salmonellosis--Washington, 1994; Reduction of gastrointestinal injury in acute endotoxic shock by flurbiprofen nitroxybutylester; Intestinal Disease Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, CanadaNitric oxide has been reported to have paradoxical effects in experimental endotoxic shock, contributing to the hemodynamic consequences of endotoxin administration, but apparently protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa . A novel class of nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivatives has recently been described which exert anti-inflammatory activities but produce significantly less gastrointestinal injury than the parent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from which they are derived . Thus, the present study was performed to determine the effects of one of these derivatives, flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester, compared to the native nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, in an experimental model of endotoxic shock . Intravenous administration of endotoxin from Salmonella typhosa to rats pretreated with flurbiprofen produced a profound decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure, an increase in hematocrit and extensive gastric and small intestinal damage . In rats pretreated with flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester, endotoxin produced comparable changes in blood pressure and hematocrit to those seen in rats treated with flurbiprofen; however, the severity of gastrointestinal damage was significantly reduced . Gastric blood flow was profoundly decreased following endotoxin administration, but was significantly higher in rats pretreated with flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester than in rats pretreated with flurbiprofen . These results demonstrate that despite not affecting the acute systemic effects of endotoxin administration, flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester is capable of protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa from injury, possibly through preservation of mucosal blood flow. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1995 Jun 15, 129(2-3), 225 - 30 Transcriptional regulation and promoter sequence of the spvR gene of virulence plasmid pKDSC50 in Salmonella choleraesuis serovar Choleraesuis; Abe A et al.; The transcript of the spvR gene on the virulence plasmid, pKDSC50, of Salmonella choleraesuis serovar Choleraesuis was detected for the first time by Northern blot analysis, and the transcriptional regulation of the spvR gene was investigated . The transcription of the spvR was negatively regulated by spvA and spvB, and enhanced at stationary phase under control of a sigma factor RpoS (sigma 38) . The spvR transcript was 2.4 kilonucleotides in Salmonella cells, and deduced to encode SpvR and SpvA, suggesting that SpvA but not SpvB is the functioning repressor in spv operon . The promoter sequence analysis revealed that spvR was transcribed from a single promoter and the 5' end of the transcript was located at 18 bp upstream from the start codon of spvR . Sequential similarity between the promoter of spvR and other sigma 38-controlled genes was not found, but the consensus sequence was found in -10 to -35 region of spvR and spvA, which may correlate to our previous data indicating that both genes were positively regulated by the SpvR protein. Eur J Biochem, 1995 Jun 15, 230(3), 994 - 1000 Structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides on human plasma vitronectin; Ogawa H et al.; The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides present on human plasma vitronectin were elucidated . Oligosaccharides were released from the vitronectin by N-glycosidase F digestion and tagged with 2-aminopyridine; the pyridylamino-oligosaccharides were then fractionated by anion-exchange and reverse-phase HPLC . Ten major pyridylamino-oligosaccharides were isolated . The linkages and locations of sialic acid residues were determined by desialylation with Salmonella sialidase in combination with acid . The asialo forms were then analyzed by two-dimensional sugar mapping, component sugar analysis and 400-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy . The major oligosaccharides of human vitronectin were of the diantennary N-acetyllactosamine type, with a lesser amount of the tri- and a small amount of the mono-antennary type, to which 1-3 mol sialic acid residues were linked, mostly through alpha 2-6 linkages, although alpha 2-3 linkages were also present . The possibility that several binding activities of vitronectin can be ascribed to its glycan moiety was discussed, based on the specific features of the N-linked oligosaccharides on human vitronectin revealed here. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 Jun, 102(6), 225 - 8 {Model for experimental efficacy testing of control measures against Salmonella infections in poultry}; Methner U et al.; An infection model is shown for testing the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic measures against S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis infections of chickens at different ages . By detecting viable counts in caecum and liver or spleen respectively at weekly intervals after administration of salmonellas (crop instillation) the course of salmonella infection can be grasped . Oral application of the salmonella strains used (S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis) to 1-day-old chickens at a dose of 10(2) cfu/bird, to 8-days-old chickens at a dose of 10(9) cfu/bird and to 5-weeks-old chickens at a dose of 10(10) cfu/bird resulted in a characteristic course of infection but not in clinical symptoms or death . By detecting viable counts of the challenge strain in the organs testing the efficacy of a preceding immunization is possible. Environ Health Perspect, 1995 Jun, 103 Suppl 5, 25 - 8 Cytochrome P450 proteins and potential utilization in biodegradation; Guengerich FP; The cytochrome P450 enzymes are major catalysts involved in the oxidations of xenobiotic chemicals in microorganisms as well as higher animals and plants . Because of their functional roles, they offer potential in biodegradation technology . A number of microbial P450s have already been characterized and offer advantages in terms of their high catalytic rates and facile expression in microorganisms . One approach to extending the catalytic selectivity to more compounds in the environment is rational design . In three cases, the three-dimensional structures of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes are available and can be further understood through studies with molecular dynamics . Many mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes have been studied extensively and have potential for biodegradation because of their broad catalytic selectivities (e.g., P450 2E1) . Several advances have been made in the heterologous expression of these proteins in microorganisms . Improvements under development include electron transfer from flavodoxin and the use of cytochrome P450:NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase fusion proteins . Random mutagenesis offers the potential of improving the catalytic activities of some of these proteins . Future challenges include the use of cytochrome P450 expression vectors in microorganisms capable of thriving in the environment; recent success in expression of vectors in Salmonella genotoxicity tester strains may be encouraging in this regard. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 61(6), 2127 - 31 Fate of Salmonella montevideo on and in raw tomatoes as affected by temperature and treatment with chlorine; Zhuang RY et al.; A study was undertaken to determine the survival patterns of Salmonella montevideo G4639 on and in tomatoes during storage and the efficacy of chlorine treatment on inactivation of the pathogen . The population of S . montevideo on the surfaces of inoculated tomatoes stored at 10 degrees C did not change significantly (P < 0.05) throughout an 18-day storage period . Significant increases in population occurred within 7 days and within 1 day when tomatoes were stored at 20 and 30 degrees C, respectively . A significantly higher number of cells was taken up by the core tissue of tomatoes tempered at 25 degrees C when the tomatoes were dipped in a suspension at 10 degrees C compared with the number taken up when the tomatoes were dipped in cell suspensions tempered at 25 or 37 degrees C . Populations remained constant throughout subsequent storage for 8 days at 10 degrees C, regardless of the temperature differential between tomatoes and the dip suspension . Storage of tomatoes at 20 degrees C, however, resulted in significant increases in populations of S . montevideo . Populations of the pathogen on the surfaces and in the core tissues of tomatoes were significantly reduced by dipping for 2 min in a solution containing 60 or 110 ppm (60 or 110 micrograms/ml) chlorine, respectively; however, treatment in solution containing 320 ppm chlorine did not result in complete inactivation . Populations of S . montevideo remained unchanged in chopped tomatoes stored at 5 degrees C for 216 h (9 days) but increased significantly after storage for 96 or 22 h at 20 or 30 degrees C, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Mutat Res, 1995 Jun, 343(2-3), 137 - 44 Mutagenic activity of the Ganges water with special reference to the pesticide pollution in the river between Kachla to Kannauj (U.P.), India; Rehana Z et al.; Water samples from Ganga river were collected from 3 different locations viz . Kachla, Fatehgarh and Kannauj (U.P.) . High performance liquid chromatography analysis of samples by liquid-liquid extraction procedure showed the presence of some pesticides like DDT, alpha-BHC, aldrin, dieldrin etc . DDT, alpha-BHC, DDD, aldrin and dieldrin were present at concentration ranges of 3.33-5.33 ppb, 1.73-3.01 ppb, 0.88-2.41 ppb, 1.17-2.81 ppb and 0.49-4.11 ppb, respectively . The organophosphorus pesticides like dimethoate and methyl parathion were also detected at the concentration levels of 0.41-0.56 ppb and 0.16-0.50 ppb, respectively . The organic substances in the test samples were extracted by XAD-resin and liquid-liquid extraction procedures, and the extracts were assayed for mutagenic potential by the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . The test samples exhibited a remarkable degree of mutagenicity with TA98, TA100 and TA97a strains with the probable role of contaminating pesticides in the river water. Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 20(6), 380 - 4 Formation of viable but nonculturable Salmonella during starvation in chemically defined solutions; Chmielewski RA et al.; Salmonella enteritidis enters a viable-but-nonculturable state when exposed to starvation in aquatic environments . This study determined starvation survival of this pathogen in chemically defined solutions and tested the ability of nonselective enrichment to detect viable-but-nonculturable cells . Starvation of Salm . enteritidis at 7 degrees C in 7.35 mmol l-1 potassium phosphate buffer resulted in complete loss of culturability after 5 weeks with maintenance of a substrate-responsive population of over 10,000 cell ml-1 . Starvation at 21 degrees C and starvation in saline solutions or lower concentrations of phosphate buffer resulted in prolonged survival of a culturable population although this population was lower than the total viable population . Enrichment using lactose broth did not allow resuscitation of viable-but-nonculturable cells even after 5 d of incubation at 35 degrees C. Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 20(6), 361 - 4 The detection of Salmonella in skimmed milk powder enrichments using conventional methods and immunomagnetic separation; Dziadkowiec D et al.; Skimmed milk powders were spiked with one of three Salmonella serovars and incubated in buffered peptone water for 24 h . No false-negative results were obtained by immunomagnetic separation (IMS), compared to seven for selenite cysteine, one for Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and two for Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment broths . Salmonella virchow was detected and enumerated during the pre-enrichment incubation by IMS and indirect conductance techniques . The Salm . virchow cell number did not increase after 12 h incubation and remained at 3 x 10(6) cfu ml-1 . IMS was able to capture Salm . virchow cells at cell numbers ca 50 ml-1 in the presence of a 1000 greater number of non-salmonella cells. Epidemiol Infect, 1995 Jun, 114(3), 403 - 11 Correlation of change in phage type with pulsed field profile and 16S rrn profile in Salmonella enteritidis phage types 4, 7 and 9a; Powell NG et al.; Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 16S rRNA (rrn) analysis (ribotyping), the in vivo derivation of strains of Salmonella enteritidis PTs 9a and 7 from a strain of S . enteritidis PT 4 has been demonstrated . All strains were isolated from a single patient over a 6-week period . Further studies have demonstrated that in terms of pulsed-field profile and ribotype, the genotypes of the patient-derived strains differed from those of the reference strains of the respective phage types . It is concluded that when used in combination, these methods can provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships in apparently unrelated S . enteritidis phage types isolated during pathogenesis of disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1995 Jun, 209(2), 178 - 84 Deleterious effects of buthionine sulfoximine on cardiac function during continuous endotoxemia; Lee KJ et al.; Sepsis has been associated with reversible cardiac injury . To determine whether this injury is mediated by generation of reactive oxidants, tissue glutathione (GSH)--the major intracellular antioxidant--was depleted before endotoxemia . Basal values of cardiac contractile function, perfusion, and cardiac output were measured 5-7 days postsurgery . Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin was continuously infused at 3 micrograms/kg/hr iv via an osmotic pump (Alzet Corp) . Endotoxemia significantly reduced myocardial glutathione content (394 +/- 46) to 206 +/- 9 micrograms/g), indicating oxidant stress during endotoxemia . Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) pretreatment significantly reduced cardiac glutathione in sham pigs from 394 +/- 46 to 199 +/- 26 micrograms/g; and in endotoxemic pigs, BSO pretreatment significantly reduced cardiac glutathione to 106 +/- 18 micrograms/g . Vehicle- and BSO-treated endotoxemic groups demonstrated similar cardiovascular responses to endotoxin challenge . Heart rate increases (122 +/- 15 to 140 +/- 17 bpm) and cardiac outputs decreases (1.50 +/- 0.24 to 1.11 +/- 0.35 l/min) were similar, indicating similar cardiovascular insults induced by endotoxemia . Percent short axis shortening and end-systolic pressure-diameter relation (ESPDR) were significantly reduced in BSO pretreated compared with vehicle-treated endotoxemic pigs . Results support a conclusion that endotoxemia-induced cardiac injury is mediated, in part, by free radical injury . This conclusion is based upon the finding that endogenous myocardial glutathione was depleted by continuous endotoxin infusion and that prior depletion of myocardial glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine exacerbated cardiac injury. J Bacteriol, 1995 Jun, 177(11), 3191 - 8 The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae; Karaolis DK et al.; The DNA sequences of the asd genes from 45 isolates of Vibrio cholerae (19 clinical O1 isolates, 2 environmental nontoxigenic O1 isolates, and 24 isolates with different non-O1 antigens) were determined . No differences were found within either sixth- or seventh-pandemic isolates; however, variation was found between the two forms and among the non-O1 isolates . O139 isolates had sequences identical to those of seventh-pandemic isolates . Phylogenetic trees with Vibrio mimicus as the outgroup suggest that the sixth-pandemic, seventh-pandemic, and U.S . Gulf isolates are three clones that have evolved independently from different lineages of environmental, nontoxigenic, non-O1 V . cholerae isolates . There is evidence for horizontal transfer of O antigen, since isolates with nearly identical asd sequences had different O antigens, and isolates with the O1 antigen did not cluster together but were found in different lineages . We also found evidence for recombination events within the asd gene of V . cholerae . V . cholerae may have a higher level of genetic exchange and a lower level of clonality than species such as Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Hepatology, 1995 Jun, 21(6), 1632 - 9 Cytokine-induced upregulation of hepatic intercellular adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA expression and its role in the pathophysiology of murine endotoxin shock and acute liver failure; Essani NA et al.; Neutrophil-induced liver injury during endotoxemia is dependent on the adhesion molecule Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) on neutrophils . The potential involvement of its counterreceptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), in the pathogenesis was investigated after administration of 100 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin (ET) in galactosamine-sensitized mice (Gal) . In ET-sensitive mice (C3Heb/FeJ), which generated large amounts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), massive neutrophil infiltration and severe liver injury were observed . In an ET-resistant strain (C3H/HeJ), which did not generate TNF-alpha Gal/ET failed to cause neutrophil accumulation or injury . ICAM-1 messenger RNA (mRNA), negligible in control livers, was selectively induced by Gal/ET in ET-sensitive mice . Intravenous injection of murine TNF-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or IL-I beta (13 to 23 micrograms/kg) strongly induced the ICAM-1 message in both strains, showing a comparable capacity for ICAM-1 mRNA synthesis . All cytokines caused similar neutrophil accumulation in the liver; however, only Gal/TNF-alpha also caused upregulation of Mac-1 on circulating neutrophils and liver injury . The anti-murine ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody YN.1 (3 mg/kg) attenuated liver injury in ET-sensitive mice by 67% to 90% compared with isotype-matched control antibody-treated animals but did not reduce neutrophil accumulation in hepatic sinusoids . Our data suggest that the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 are the main mediators responsible for upregulation of ICAM-1 mRNA in the liver during endotoxemia . The upregulation of both adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and Mac-1, is necessary for a neutrophil-induced liver injury to occur . (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Mutat Res, 1995 Jun, 334(3), 273 - 81 Mutagenicity of nitroscanate, an antischistosomal drug; Gupta RL et al.; Nitroscanate (NSC) was found to be a direct acting mutagen in the Ames Salmonella tester strains TA100 and TA98 and this activity increased further in the presence of rat liver S9 mix . It was inactive in TA98NR and TA100NR, and weakly active in TA98/1,8-DNP6 . A substantial fall in drug induced mutagenicity by pentachlorophenol, an inhibitor of acetyltransferase, in TA98, TA100 and YG1024 suggests the initial bioconversion of a nitro group to hydroxylamine and its further activation to the ultimate N-acetoxyarylamine . The refrigerated DMSO solution of the drug in the plate incorporation assay and freshly prepared solutions using the pre-incubation procedure indicated a fall in mutagenicity owing to the conversion of NSC to N,N'-bis-4-(p-nitrophenoxy)phenyl thiourea (NFPT) . The drastic reduction in mutagenicity in the presence of 4-amino-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether (ANDE) and 4-aminodiphenyl ether (ADE) was also attributed to the conversion of NSC to the corresponding thiourea, a non-mutagen . The negligible mutagenicity of ANDE and its absence in ADE and 4-isothiocyanate diphenyl ether (ITDE) suggests that the mutagenicity of NSC is due to the nitro group, and the -NCS function is responsible for enhanced mutagenicity over nor-isothiocyanate 4-nitrodiphenyl ether (NDE). Int J Food Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 26(1), 117 - 31 Media for Salmonella; Busse M; The main categories of selective plating media are reviewed . The selective enrichment media are considered to be of critical importance in salmonella isolation . During the last 10 years Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth has emerged as a new reliable enrichment medium . Likewise motility enrichment is a very promising technique, but will no doubt have its limitations . However, since it is based on a different principle compared with traditional enrichment, it may complement traditional techniques in a useful way . Most important, however, is the insight that the selectivity of a selective procedure is not solely defined by the medium and by incubation conditions . The food sample and its microflora apparently influences the result considerably . This finding may open a new and fascinating field of scientific research; the ecology of selective media. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1995 Jun, 18(2), 170 - 5 Salmonella psoas abscess--a case report; Liao YS et al.; The clinical presentation of psoas abscess is often non-specific and insidious that may mislead the diagnosis and treatment . The abscess often extends beyond the retroperitoneum and pelvis before its diagnosis, and leads to serious complications . Many diseases have the similar signs and symptoms and must be ruled out . Computed tomogram is the most useful and reliable diagnostic tool . Only a few cases of salmonella psoas abscess were reported in the literature, and were usually associated with spinal osteomyelitis or septic hip . We present a case of salmonella psoas abscess in a patient with diabetes mellitus . The patient had the history of cholecystitis with sepsis due to salmonella infection 4 years before and cholecystectomy had been done . No associated lesion was found to be associated with the abscess, and we believed the abscess being the result of recurrent bacteremic attack . High index of suspicion, early diagnosis, adequate drainage and effective antibiotic treatment are the key points in managing the disease. Br J Rheumatol, 1995 Jun, 34(6), 568 - 71 Salmonella pyomyositis in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus; Medina F et al.; Pyomyositis is a common disease in the tropics, mostly due to Staphylococcus aureus . We report two patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who presented with fever and unilateral limb swelling and in whom pyomyositis was diagnosed in quadriceps and gluteus major, respectively . Salmonella enteritidis was isolated in both, with recurrent episodes of muscle involvement and secondary osteomyelitis in one case . Non-typhi Salmonella pyomyositis may occur in HIV + patients with a relapsing and aggressive clinical course in some cases. J Appl Bacteriol, 1995 Jun, 78(6), 677 - 83 Fermentation of radiolabelled substrates by batch cultures of caecal microflora maintained in a continuous-flow culture; Hume ME et al.; Glucose- and lactose-based media containing either 14C-labelled glucose, galactose, lactose or lactic acid were inoculated with anaerobic cultures of chicken caecal bacteria maintained for 121 d in a continuous-flow (CF) culture . The culture was previously shown to reduce Salmonella colonization in the caeca of chicks inoculated with the culture and the reduction was associated with increases in volatile fatty acids . The distributions of 14C were determined among the fermentation products, especially acetic, propionic and lactic acids . After 12 h of incubation and fermentation, variations were observed in the total amounts of 14C, from each 14C-labelled substrate, detected as acetic and propionic acids in the glucose- and lactose-based media, respectively: 92.9 and 89.4% of 14C-glucose, 77.0 and 44.0% of 14C-galactose, 0.0 and 76.9% of 14C-lactose, and 76.5 and 93.2% of lactic acid in the two media, respectively . The results from this study indicate that carbohydrate metabolism by the CF culture was a major source of acetic and propionic acids and that lactic acid was an important metabolic intermediate for the synthesis of the volatile fatty acids. J Appl Bacteriol, 1995 Jun, 78(6), 593 - 600 Effects of essential oil from mint (Mentha piperita) on Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in model food systems at 4 degrees and 10 degrees C; Tassou CC et al.; The effect of mint (Mentha piperita) essential oil (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%, v/w) on Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in a culture medium and three model foods; tzatziki (pH 4.5), taramosalata (pH 5.0) and pate (pH 6.8), inoculated at 10(7) cfu g-1, at 4 degrees and 10 degrees C for ca 1 week was studied . In the culture medium supplemented with the essential oil, no growth was observed over 2 d at 30 degrees C determined by a conductance method with a Malthus 2000 growth analyser . Salmonella enteritidis died in tzatziki in all treatments and declined in the other foods except for pate at 10 degrees C as judged with viable counts . Listeria monocytogenes populations showed a declining trend towards the end of the storage period but was increased in pate . Mint essential oil antibacterial action depended mainly on its concentration, food pH, composition, storage temperature and the nature of the micro-organism. Mutat Res, 1995 Jun, 347(1), 37 - 43 Mutagenicity of benzoquinones for Ames Salmonella tester strains; Hakura A et al.; The mutagenicity of 12 simple benzoquinone (BQ) derivatives was studied using five different Ames Salmonella mutagenicity tester strains in the presence and absence of S9 mix . Seven of the BQs used displayed mutagenicity with and/or without S9 mix, and most of them produced a marginal increase in revertants . p-Benzoquinone (p-BQ) showed the most potent mutagenic activity (17 induced revertants/nmol/plate for strain TA104 without S9 mix) among the BQs tested . TA104, which is sensitive to oxidative mutagens, was the most sensitive to the mutagenicity of the BQs of the five strains used, while the second most sensitive strain was TA2637, which detects bulky DNA adducts . Significant reductions in the mutagenicity of p-BQ, and 2,3-diCl-5,6-diCN-BQ without S9 mix were observed in the presence of catalase . These findings suggest that the mutagenicity of BQs for S . typhimurium is attributable to oxidative injury after BQ reduction and to DNA adducts that form with BQs that have electrophilic substituents. Voen Med Zh, 1995 Jun, (6), 33 - 9 {HIV infection in servicemen (the work experience of a specialized hospital department)}; Savvin IuN et al.; PIP: In 1987, under the aegis of the governmental campaign against AIDS, military hospitals in Moscow established a department for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV-infected and AIDS patients among the military and their families . Clinical and laboratory examinations showed that 96 people out of 130 examined either were positive for HIV or were suffering from symptoms of AIDS . 77 were military from African countries, 15 from Russia, and 4 were their family members . Out of these 15 patients from Russia, 8 had been infected via sexual intercourse: 1 via homosexual and 7 via heterosexual intercourse . In 10 patients, HIV infection had been diagnosed 1-2 years after being infected, in 3 patients 3-6 years later, and in 2 patients more than 10 years afterwards . Every other patient exhibited symptoms of the second stage of AIDS: persistent generalized lymphadenopathy . 4 patients had lost body weight, 8 patients had prolonged fever, 2 had diarrhea, 4 had various dermatological symptoms, 4 had opportunistic infections, 5 had other infections (viral hepatitis, acute pneumonia, and salmonella), and 3 patients had other ailments (paranephritis, salpingoophoritis, endometritis, purulent otitis) . The cases of 3 patients are described in detail . 4 out of 5 patients who were transferred to this special department demonstrated severe inflammatory processes as a consequence of their HIV-infection: paranephritis, pneumonia, purulent cholangitis, and salmonella . All patients also evinced damage to their immune system: the reduction of T-lymphocyte count and T-helper cells and the reduction of the index of T-helper/T-suppressor cells (to 0.31 from the norm of 1.1-2.2) . The treatment of AIDS patients consisted of the use of azidothimidine, which inhibits the activity of reverse transcriptase; the stimulation of the immune system by means of timalin (10 mg for 5 days im); and treating secondary fungal infections (up to 8 million IU of nystatin/day, up to 4 million IU of levorin, and up to 200 mg of diflucan) . J Immunol, 1995 Jun 1, 154(11), 5977 - 85 Self and foreign 60-kilodalton heat shock protein T cell epitope peptides serve as immunogenic carriers for a T cell-independent sugar antigen; Konen-Waisman S et al.; Healthy individuals manifest natural T cell reactivity to epitopes of the 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60) of both self and bacterial origin . The present studies were done to learn whether defined peptides of hsp60 could function as T cell carrier epitopes for a poorly immunogenic T-independent capsular polysaccharide, the Vi Ag of Salmonella typhi . Homologous peptides were synthesized from the mouse self-hsp60 molecule (CP1m), from the closely related human hsp60 molecule (CP1h), and from the more distant Escherichia coli (CP1ec) and mycobacterial (CP1mt) hsp60 molecules . The peptides were conjugated to Vi and tested for their immunogenicity in BALB/c (H-2d) and H-2 congenic mice (H-2k and H-2b) . We now report that the self-CP1m and cross-reactive CP1h peptides were as immunogenic as was the non-cross-reactive foreign CP1ec peptide . Small amounts of the CP1 peptide, even in PBS, sufficed to induce anti-Vi Abs of the IgG1 (T-dependent) isotype in naive mice . The carrier effect was associated with the ability of the peptides to bind to APC and to induce T cell proliferation . H-2d and H-2k mice, but not H-2b mice responded to CP1m/h and CP1ec . None of the mice responded to CP1mt . No signs of inflammation or autoimmune disease were detected . Thus, natural T cell autoimmunity exists and can be harnessed to provide T cell help for Ab production to a foreign bacterial molecule in a synthetic vaccine. J Commun Dis, 1995 Jun, 27(2), 97 - 100 Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria; Oboegbulam SI et al.; Eight hundred and nine patients suspected of having typhoid/enteric fever were investigated . Enteric fever bacilli (Salmonella typhi and S . paratyphi) were cultured from stool samples of 128 (16%) patients . Serological evidence of typhoid fever was obtained in 83 (13%) of 620 of the patients examined by the Widal test . The antibody titres ranged from 1:160 to 1:1280 . A higher proportion of paratyphoid infection over typhoid infection was recorded both by culture (56%) and by the Widal test (63%) . The predominant serotype was paratyphi C . Non-typhoid Salmonellae were recovered from stool samples of 60 patients, comprising five serovars, namely, S . typhimurium-22 strains, S . enteritidis-15, S . hardar-9, S . virchow-5, S . bredeney-3, and 6 non-typable strains . Shigella sonnei and S . flexneri were detected in diarrhoeic and semi-formed stools of 19 (2.3%) of the typhoid suspects . It is clear from the results of the study that though typhoid is endemic in South-East Nigeria and the number of cases may rise at certain periods of the year, the news of a current wave of epidemic of typhoid seem unfounded. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 1995 Jun, 13(1), 63 - 70 Monoclonal antibodies against protein antigens of salmonellae causing paratyphoid fever and their diagnostic application; Ekpo P et al.; Hybrid clones producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for Salmonella paratyphi A (72 clones), S . paratyphi B (9 clones) and S . paratyphi C (8 clones) were produced by using the affinity purified Salmonella protein (Bp) as immunogens . MAbs to S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B reacted specifically with the 52 kDa homologous flagellin protein components while those to S . paratyphi C reacted with a 61 kDa flagellin protein component . The MAbs against S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B were used to establish a double antibody sandwich ELISA for detection of the 52 kDa flagellin antigens in serum samples from patients with acute paratyphoid A and paratyphoid B fever . With this assay system, 6.25 ng per ml of flagellin antigens of S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B could be detected . However, the assay system could not detect the flagellin antigens in patients' sera . The presence of IgM antibodies to the 52 kDa antigens of S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B in the acute sera from paratyphoid A or paratyphoid B patients suggested that the 52 kDa protein components of both salmonellae are good immunogens for human and might be used as antigens for early diagnosis of paratyphoid A and paratyphoid B fever. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1995 May 31, 754, 187 - 201 The hepatitis nucleocapsid as a vaccine carrier moiety; Milich DR et al.; The "carrier effect," defined as the provision of T cell recognition sites physically linked to B cell epitopes in order to provide Th cell function for antibody synthesis, is well known . Peptides, proteins, and more recently particulate protein antigens have been used for this purpose . The hepatitis B core antigen represents a highly immunogenic antigen in humans as well as in experimental animal models . Studies in mice have provided insight into this enhanced immunogenicity . For example, HBcAg directly activates B cells (i.e., T cell independence), HBcAg elicits strong T cell responses, and HBcAg is efficiently processed and presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs) . These characteristics suggested that HBcAg may be an ideal carrier moiety for B cell epitopes requiring additional Th cell function . Therefore, a number of HBV and non-HBV B cell epitopes have been chemically linked or fused by recombinant methods to HBcAg as a method to increase immunogenicity with significant success . We have designed bacterial expression vectors that allow insertion of heterologous B cell epitopes at various positions within HBcAg particles and permit efficient purification of hybrid HBcAg particles . Studies of positional effects have demonstrated that an internal insertion into a dominant HBcAg-specific B cell site represents a superior location for enhanced antibody production . Immunogenicity studies have been extended to protection against experimental challenge in several systems . For example, a malaria CS repeat sequence derived from P . berghei was inserted into HBcAg at the internal site, and purified hybrid HBcAg/CS particles were highly immunogenic and protected 100% of experimentally challenged BALB/c mice . This system has also been exploited for purposes of oral vaccination by expressing genes coding for hybrid HBcAg particles in live, avirulent vaccine strains of Salmonella species. Gene, 1995 May 26, 158(1), 67 - 72 Isolation and characterization of ompS1, a novel Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein-encoding gene; Fernandez-Mora M et al.; We have isolated a novel outer membrane protein (OMP)-encoding gene from Salmonella typhi (St), termed ompS1, using the ompF gene of Escherichia coli (Ec) as a heterologous probe . The structural ompS1 gene codes for an OmpS1 polypeptide that consists of 373 amino acids (aa) in the mature product, with a putative 21-aa leader sequence, containing highly conserved aa residues that have been implicated in pore formation . Mature OmpS1 (41 kDa) is larger than the OmpC, OmpF and PhoE St and Ec porins . In contrast to the major porins, it is undetectable in Coomassie-stained OMP preparations; although, when ompS1 was cloned into a high-copy-number plasmid under the control of the inducible tac promoter, it was detectable along with major OMPs . The 5' regulatory region of ompS1 has five putative binding sites for OmpR, a positive transcriptional regulator . The ompS1 gene shows restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among Salmonellae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1995 May 25, 210(3), 678 - 85 Macrophage activation in response to S-form lipopolysaccharides (LPS) separated by centrifugal partition chromatography from wild-type LPS: effects of the O-polysaccharide portion of LPS; Suda Y et al.; The S-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was effectively separated from a native preparation of smooth-type Salmonella abortus equi LPS by means of the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) . To clarify the mechanisms by which LPS activates macrophages, CPC-separated S-form LPS was assessed for its ability to induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells in comparison with other fractions of LPS which lacks most of O-polysaccharides . LPS dose-response and time-kinetics studies showed that serum factor(s) regulated especially the onset of TNF-alpha secretion in stimulation with S-form LPS . These results strongly suggest that the native (unfractionated) LPS activates macrophages in both O-polysaccharide/serum-dependent and -independent pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1995 May 23, 92(11), 4992 - 6 Basis for selection of improved carbohydrate-binding single-chain antibodies from synthetic gene libraries; Deng SJ et al.; A technique is described for the simultaneous and controlled random mutation of all three heavy or light chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in a single-chain Fv specific for the O polysaccharide of Salmonella serogroup B . Sense oligonucleotides were synthesized such that the central bases encoding a CDR were randomized by equimolar spiking with A, G, C, and T at a level of 10% while the antisense strands contained inosine in the spiked regions . Phage display of libraries assembled from the spiked oligonucleotides by a synthetic ligase chain reaction demonstrated a bias for selection of mutants that formed dimers and higher oligomers . Kinetic analyses showed that oligomerization increased association rates in addition to slowing dissociation rates . In combination with some contribution from reduced steric clashes with residues in heavy-chain CDR2, oligomerization resulted in functional affinities that were much higher than that of the monomeric form of the wild-type single-chain Fv. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1995 May 5, 44(17), 347 - 50 Reptile-associated salmonellosis--selected states, 1994-1995; Production of monoclonal antibodies directed to Hanganutziu-Deicher active gangliosides et al.; Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Medical SchoolWe have established three kinds of monoclonal antibodies against gangliosides containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) by immunization of BALB/c mice with the purified gangliosides inserted into liposomes comprising Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharides, and fusion of spleen cells with a mouse myeloma cell line . One monoclonal antibody, SHS-1, which was generated by immunizing mice with purified i-active ganglioside(NeuGc), reacted specifically with the i-active ganglioside(NeuGc) used as an immunogen . Structurally related gangliosides, such as GM3(NeuGc), sialosylparagloboside (SPG) (NeuGc), or I-active ganglioside(NeuGc), corresponding gangliosides {GM3 containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), SPG(NeuAc), i-active ganglioside(NeuAc), and I-active ganglioside(NeuAc)}, other gangliosides, or neutral glycosphingolipid (GSL) were not recognized by the monoclonal antibody . These findings indicate that the SHS-1 monoclonal antibody may be specific for NeuGc-containing i-active ganglioside . On the other hand, the other two monoclonal antibodies, MSG-1 and SPS-20, which were generated by immunizing mice with purified ganglioside GM3(NeuGc) and SPG(NeuGc), respectively, showed cross-reactivity to structurally related gangliosides . The MSG-1 monoclonal antibody exhibited reactivity to ganglioside GM3(NeuAc) . The SPS-20 monoclonal antibody also cross-reacted with SPG(NeuAc), i-active ganglioside(NeuGc), and i-active ganglioside(NeuAc) . Neither MSG-1 nor SPS-20 reacted with corresponding gangliosides, other gangliosides, or neutral GSLs tested . Using the SHS-1 antibody specific for i-active ganglioside(NeuGc), we studied the expression of NeuGc-containing antigen in human colon cancer tissue . An NeuGc-containing glycoconjugate was detected in the colon cancer tissue. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1995 May 1, 206(9), 1339 - 44 Plasmid profiles and resistance to antimicrobial agents among Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and poultry in the midwestern United States; Nair US et al.; In the study reported here, 121 Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and 467 isolates from nonhuman sources were analyzed for plasmid pattern and susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobial agents commonly used as biologic markers . A significant (P < 0.05) number of isolates from nonhuman sources were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline . Resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was uncommon . Of the 588 isolates, 445 (76%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobial agents . Sixty of 121 (50%) S enteritidis isolates from human beings were susceptible to all 12 antimicrobial agents, but 425 of 467 (91%) S enteritidis isolates from nonhuman sources expressed resistance to 1 or more of the antimicrobial agents used in the study . Analysis of plasmid profiles revealed that significantly (P < 0.05) more isolates from nonhuman sources had high molecular weight plasmids than did isolates from human beings . Isolates from ceca of chickens were associated with patterns of low molecular weight plasmids . Analysis of results of the study revealed similarities among S enteritidis from human beings and eggs, as determined on the basis of plasmid profiles and antibiotic susceptibility patterns, which may implicate eggs as one of the potential sources for infection of human beings . In addition, periodic monitoring of a substantial number of Salmonella isolates to detect drug resistance may be a prudent practice for use in revising the list of antimicrobial agents commonly used in human beings and other animals. Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 May, 20(5), 277 - 81 Influence of freshwater sediment on the survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp . as measured by three methods of enumeration; Fish JT et al.; Growth and survival of enteric bacteria in freshwater sediments should be of concern to public health officials because of potential contributions of bacteria to the water column . Bacteria densities were measured in sediment and water using direct counts (DC), direct viable counts (DVC) and standard plate counts (PC) . Both Salmonella sp . and Escherichia coli survived in microcosms containing autoclaved water and sediment for at least 28 d, as measured by all three methods of enumeration . Moreover, when bacteria were enumerated from sediment-containing microcosms, the DC, DVC and PC values were equivalent . Plate counts showed that both organisms were present at high densities on day 56 . In addition, parallel platings on MacConkey agar of E . coli from microcosms containing sediment gave results identical to PC values, indicating that E . coli was not stressed in these microcosms . In microcosms containing water only, E . coli densities declined gradually over 2 weeks by all three measures of enumeration . By day 14, only 58% of total DC was viable as measured by DVC . Due to the protective nature of sediments, the use of standard media may be adequate to enumerate E . coli from some freshwater sediments. J AOAC Int, 1995 May-Jun, 78(3), 679 - 90 Relative effectiveness of selective plating agars for recovery of Salmonella species from selected high-moisture foods; Sherrod PS et al.; The relative effectiveness of 6 selective plating media were compared for effectiveness in recovery of Salmonella spp . from selected high-moisture foods . Three new plating agars (EF-18, Rambach, and xylose lysine Tergitol-4) and 3 selective plating agars (bismuth sulfite, Hektoen enteric, and xylose lysine desoxycholate) recommended by AOAC INTERNATIONAL and the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) were compared . The agars were streaked from cultures selectively enriched in selenite cystine broth, tetrathionate broth, and Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium . The high-moisture foods studied were naturally contaminated pork sausage, chicken parts, turkey parts, and frog legs and artificially contaminated shrimp, oysters, egg yolks, and lettuce . The relative effectiveness of each selective plating agar was determined by recovery of Salmonella spp . and enumeration of false-positive and false-negative reactions . Although the new selective plating agars compared favorably with the AOAC/BAM-recommended agars, they offered no advantage . Incubation of selective enrichment broths at elevated temperatures decreased the numbers of false-positive and false-negative reactions for all 6 selective plating agars. Am J Emerg Med, 1995 May, 13(3), 337 - 43 Splenic abscess: a diagnostic pitfall in the ED; Liang JT et al.; Splenic abscess, with its rare incidence and various misleading clinical manifestations, usually is a diagnostic pitfall in the modern emergency department . The most frequently seen symptoms and signs are fever, abdominal pain and tenderness over left upper quadrant, splenomegaly, leucocytosis, and left lower chest abnormalities . Four cases were collected during the past five years . On admission, one patient manifested symptoms mimicking a perforated peptic ulcer and the other three patients presented clinical and roentgenographic signs suggestive, but non-specific, for splenic abscess . In two cases, the diagnosis was based on sonography followed by computed tomography (CT) . In one case, the splenic abscess was only visualized by CT . They all survived after splenectomy and appropriate antibiotic therapy . Culturing disclosed the offending organisms to be Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Salmonella species, and Streptococcus viridans . These nonspecific clinical pictures should be thoroughly investigated, and CT, the most sensitive diagnostic tool, should be used whenever splenic abscess is suspected . Early diagnosis and timely treatment reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with splenic abscess. Mutat Res, 1995 May, 343(1), 31 - 52 Use of two short-term tests to evaluate the genotoxicity of river water treated with different concentration/extraction procedures; Vargas VM et al.; The genotoxicity of river water samples was evaluated by the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and by the microscreen phage-induction assay . Different processes of sample treatment were compared using the following assays: different volumes of a non-concentrated sample (direct method); concentrated sample fractionated into portions with acid, basic and neutral activity (liquid-liquid extraction method); sample submitted to extraction of volatile substances (volatile extraction method) . Samples that were positive to the Salmonella assay by the direct concentration method lost this activity after liquid-liquid extraction . This difference was related to the loss of substances that volatilize during the extraction process . The study of volatile product concentrates confirmed the role of these compounds in inducing activity present in some samples . The microscreen phage-induction assay proved to be a good screening assay for genotoxic compounds present in small concentration in environmental samples . We conclude that, whenever possible, samples should be treated by the direct method in different volumes to prevent the loss of genotoxic substances. Mutat Res, 1995 May, 343(1), 25 - 30 Inhibition of tobacco-induced mutagenesis by eugenol and plant extracts; Sukumaran K et al.; Inhibitory effects of eugenol, a compound present in many spices such as cloves, cardamom etc . and the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes calva which are traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco, on tobacco-induced mutagenesis were evaluated using Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . Eugenol significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) tobacco-induced mutagenicity at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/plate . Anacyclus pyrethrum extract (1 mg/plate) produced 74.33% inhibition while the extract of Spilanthes calva at 2 mg/plate inhibited tobacco-induced mutagenesis by 86.4% . Eugenol and the plant extracts also inhibited the nitrosation of methylurea in a dose-dependent manner. Mutat Res, 1995 May, 328(2), 215 - 27 Relationships between electronegativity and genotoxicity; Rosenkranz HS et al.; The mean electronegativity of chemicals tested for mutagenicity, genotoxicity, clastogenicity and toxicity was determined . It was found that, as expected, chemicals with 'structural alerts' for DNA reactivity, and/or capable of inducing mutations in Salmonella and/or unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes, as a group, were significantly more electronegative than the molecules lacking these attributes . Molecules capable of inducing somatic mutations and recombinations in Drosophila melanogaster also exhibited this characteristic although it was of borderline statistical significance . Inducers of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured CHO cells showed the same trend, however the differences between inducers and non-inducers were not statistically significant . In contrast to the above, inducers of bone marrow micronuclei, as a group, were significantly less electronegative than non-inducers . This is a property they shared with chemicals that exhibited systemic or cellular toxicity or that induced lethality in minnows . These findings suggest that in addition to genotoxicity, cellular and/or systemic toxicity may also contribute to the induction of micronuclei. Mutat Res, 1995 May, 328(2), 127 - 49 Learning rules to predict rodent carcinogenicity of non-genotoxic chemicals; Lee Y et al.; The results of short-term assays (induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges, oncogenic transformations and cellular toxicity) together with MTD (maximum tolerated dose) values and physical chemical properties of non-genotoxic (i.e . Salmonella non-mutagens) carcinogens and non-carcinogens were submitted to RL, an inductive learning program . RL was able to learn rules that correctly predicted between 70 and 80% of non-genotoxic chemicals . This is a marked improvement over current predictions using only the results of short-term assays and exceeds the predictions of human experts that used the whole spectrum of acute and subchronic toxicity results as well as human knowledge and intuition. Infect Immun, 1995 May, 63(5), 1820 - 6 Regulation of macrophage activation and human immunodeficiency virus production by invasive Salmonella strains; Mizel SB et al.; Salmonellae possess the ability to adhere to and invade macrophages and in so doing trigger a number of intracellular events that are associated with cellular activation . As an initial approach to defining the mechanisms by which invasive salmonellae alter macrophage function, we have explored the impact of Salmonella infection on the production of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in U1 cells, a promonocytic cell line latently infected with the virus . Infection of U1 cells with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enteritidis resulted in a marked induction of macrophage activation and HIV production . The stimulatory effect of salmonellae was mediated by signals other than lipopolysaccharide . Salmonella mutants with specific defects in invasion or intracellular survival were markedly less effective in the induction of HIV production . In contrast to S . enteritidis, strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Legionella pneumophila, and Escherichia coli did not induce HIV production . However, all of these bacteria induced comparable levels of gene expression mediated by the HIV long terminal repeat . The results of this study are consistent with the notion that invasive salmonellae possess the ability to activate the macrophage by at least one mechanism that is not shared with several other species of gram-negative bacteria . Furthermore, the expression of this unique property is maximal with Salmonella strains that are not only invasive but also capable of prolonged survival within the macrophage . Our results indicate that the U1 cell line may be a very useful model system with which to examine the biochemical pathways by which internalized salmonellae modulate the activation state of the macrophage. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1995 May, 164(5), 1201 - 3 Does the use of lidocaine affect the culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens obtained to diagnose osteomyelitis? An in vitro and in vivo study; Schweitzer ME et al.; OBJECTIVE . When percutaneous bone biopsy is done by radiologists, local anesthetics such as lidocaine are routinely used . Although percutaneous bone biopsy of neoplasms is well accepted, it has been suggested that this procedure not be used to diagnose osteomyelitis because of a reported bactericidal effect of lidocaine and related drugs on certain organisms . The purposes of this study were to determine if lidocaine is bactericidal in vitro and to determine if it has an effect on the culture of bacteria in specimens obtained by percutaneous bone biopsy in vivo . SUBJECTS AND METHODS . The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of 1% lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/ml preserved with methylparaben) were determined in vitro for seven bacteria known to be frequent causes of osteomyelitis by using conventional clinical microbiologic methods . Percutaneous core bone biopsy for suspected osteomyelitis was done in 28 patients: 21 with and seven without the use of lidocaine . Sites sampled included vertebrae (14); calcanei, pubis, and ischia (two each); and intervertebral disks (eight) . Six of the 21 patients who had percutaneous biopsy with lidocaine also had an open surgical biopsy without lidocaine . The results of cultures of the specimens were compared . Histologic evaluation and radiographic follow-up were used to identify false-negative results . RESULTS . The minimal inhibitory and the minimal bactericidal concentrations, respectively, of lidocaine (in milligrams per milliliter) were as follows: Klebsiella pneumoniae, 5.0 and > 5.0; group B streptococci, 2.5 and 5.0; Staphylococcus aureus, > 5.0; and > 5.0; methicillin-resistant S . aureus, > 5.0 and > 5.0; Escherichia coli, 2.5 and > 5.0; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5.0 and 5.0; Salmonella species, 5.0 and > 5.0 . We found no difference in bacterial growth and the number of false-negative results between patients who had biopsies with and those who had biopsies without lidocaine . Fifty percent of patients who had growth on cultures of specimens from percutaneous biopsies done with lidocaine had no growth on cultures of specimens from surgical biopsies done without lidocaine . This likely occurred because the surgical specimens were not obtained under cross-sectional imaging guidance . CONCLUSION . Up to a 50% mixture of lidocaine has no significant effect in vitro on the bacterial growth of the seven organisms that cause osteomyelitis most frequently, and no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth was seen in biopsies done with lidocaine in vivo . The inhibitory effect of lidocaine therefore occurs at a greater concentration than is used clinically . We conclude that lidocaine used for biopsy does not interfere with the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1995 May, 20(3), 255 - 7 Fatal salmonellosis in systemic lupus erythematosus; Taylor G et al.; We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed Salmonella septicaemia and an aortic mycotic aneurysm which proved fatal . She had received only low dose prednisolone (average 5-10 mg) as treatment for her disease, which appeared to be inactive at the time of her presentation with septicaemia . This is the first case report of this particular manifestation of salmonellosis in SLE and the patient died despite standard antibiotic treatment . This case emphasizes the need for continued vigilance for signs of Salmonella infection when managing patients with SLE. Aust Vet J, 1995 May, 72(5), 172 - 6 Microbiological evaluation of dressing procedures for crocodile carcases in Queensland; Rickard MW et al.; Microbiological testing of crocodiles during the dressing procedure has shown that sanitising the skin before skinning reduces the bacterial count on the skin and that dipping crocodile meat in 1.3% acetic acid solution effectively reduces bacterial levels . The total bacterial count on the processed mean sample was comparable with that obtained in the beef, pork and lamb industries . Salmonellae were isolated from 14 of the 72 carcases . Most (65%) of these isolates were in Salmonella subspecies III, formerly classified as Arizona. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1995 May-Jun, (3), 65 - 70 {The biological properties of Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from different sources in the period of 1969-1989}; Marakusha BI et al.; The study of S . enteritidis cultures of different origin, isolated at the period of 1969-1989, revealed that almost all strains isolated in 1988-1989 belonged to phagovar 1 and carried a plasmid with a molecular weight of 36 MD, while of the cultures isolated in 1969-1984 only one belonged to phagovar 1 and had a plasmid of 36 MD . All S . enteritidis strains under study, irrespective of their origin and time of isolation, were highly virulent for mice, experimentally infected by different routes . S . enteritidis cultures isolated from patients exhibited higher resistance to the bactericidal action of normal guinea pig serum than strains isolated from chickens and from water . S . enteritidis mutants having lost their plasmid of 36 MD were characterized by lower virulence for mice and guinea pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1995 May, 61(5), 1996 - 9 Evaluation of new culture media for rapid detection and isolation of salmonellae in foods; Pignato S et al.; Conventional methods for Salmonella detection in foods can require up to 6 and at least 4 days . We have observed that the total analysis time can be reduced to 48 h by using Salmosyst broth as a liquid medium for both preenrichment and selective enrichment and Rambach agar (RA), a new selective plate medium . In samples of artificially contaminated ground beef Salmonella enteritidis was detected at a concentration of 0.4 CFU/g (10 CFU/25 g) by both a conventional method and the new method . Of 519 samples of foods for sale, 38 were Salmonella positive by both methods while 471 were negative . Nine samples which were negative by the conventional method were positive by the Salmosyst-RA method, while one sample positive by the first method was negative by the last . Therefore, the Salmosyst-RA method showed 97.9% sensitivity compared with the 81.2% sensitivity of the conventional method . The new method was also highly specific (98% specificity) in presumptive identification of Salmonella colonies . Furthermore, a 6-h preenrichment in Salmosyst broth has been proved sufficient for the repair of heat-injured Salmonella cells and for subsequent recovery by selective enrichment . In conclusion, the Salmosyst-RA method shows several advantages over both conventional and rapid noncultural methods: (i) only two media are required instead of the five media for conventional methods; (ii) in real time it is comparable to other rapid noncultural methods, which require 30 to 31 h; (iii) it is highly sensitive and specific; and (iv) it allows the isolation of Salmonella strains which can be characterized by appropriate phenotypic and genotypic typing methods for epidemiological investigations. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1995 May, 61(5), 1731 - 8 Susceptibility of suspended and surface-attached Salmonella enteritidis to biocides and elevated temperatures; Dhir VK et al.; The differential resistance of substratum-attached, detached, and planktonic cells of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was studied by using several inimical processes and in vivo bioluminescence as a nondestructive, real-time reporter of metabolic activity . Bioluminescence in this strain was mediated by a construction containing the entire lux operon from Photorhabdus luminescens . An excellent correlation between bioluminescence and classical plate count data was obtained when we compared attachment profiles, biocide concentration exponents, and thermal inactivation D values (D value was the time required for a 10-fold reduction in the number of survivors) . Biocide challenge of surface-adherent S . enteritidis resulted in concentration exponents that were experimentally indistinguishable from those obtained with Luria-Bertani broth-grown planktonic cells . It appears that cleansing regimes developed by using planktonic cell data are effective against surface-attached cells of this bacterium . Both attached and detached cells exhibited an approximately twofold increase in D values at 52 degrees C compared with values calculated for planktonic cells, strongly indicating that the detached cells exhibited an attached phenotype during the heating process . A model of a physiological adaptive response induced in attached cells and also reflected in detached cells is presented. Br Vet J, 1995 May-Jun, 151(3), 311 - 23 Pathological findings in the intestinal tract and liver of chicks after exposure to Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium or Kedougou; Brito JR et al.; Day-old chicks were inoculated either via the feed or by direct oral inoculation with salmonellas which were either invasive or non-invasive (serotypes Typhimurium and Kedougou, respectively) . Colonization of the alimentary tract and visceral organs, determined by microbiological examination, occurred more quickly in birds inoculated orally with S . serotype Typhimurium compared with feed-challenged birds . By contrast, S . serotype Kedougou remained confined to the alimentary tract . In birds inoculated either orally or via the feed, S . serotype Typhimurium, but not serotype Kedougou, was identified in the lamina propria of the caecum by immunostaining . Electron microscopic examination confirmed that the organisms were within macrophages. Arch Pediatr, 1995 May, 2(5), 418 - 22 {Eradication of asymptomatic carrier state of non-typhoid Salmonella with two doses of pefloxacin}; Gendrel D et al.; BACKGROUND--The carrier state of Salmonella may represent a source of contamination for other people . Its treatment is unsatisfactory so that a carrier may shed organisms for numerous months . POPULATION AND METHODS--From 1990 to 1993, 17 children aged 1.5 months to 8 years were seen because they were asymptomatic carriers of non-typhoid Salmonella, confirmed by three successive stool cultures . All had presented earlier acute severe infection having required treatment with amoxicillin (13 cases) and ceftriaxone or cefotaxime (four cases) . They were given one dose of pefloxacin, 12 mg/kg, 4 to 8 weeks after the initial episode . This unique dose was administered again 4 days later . Stool cultures were performed before the first administration and 10, 30, 45 and 60 days after, with a last control 3 to 4 months later . RESULTS--Eradication of the Salmonella was obtained by the 10th day in 13 patients and within the 3 following weeks in 2 others . Those children who excreted a few number of organisms were early eradicated while the 2 patients who did not respond to pefloxacin shed larger number of bacteria . There was no side-effects of treatment . CONCLUSION--A short treatment with pefloxacin appears to be effective and safe in eradicating the carrier state when stool excretion of Salmonella is moderate. Gesundheitswesen, 1995 May, 57(5), 285 - 90 {Incidence of intestinal pathogens in asylum applicants}; Gauert B; In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern the Provincial Government has decreed that the laboratory diagnostic examination of applicants for asylum is limited to Salmonella and Shigella . A comprehensive bacteriological and parasitological investigation of 517 applicants for asylum showed a wide pattern of intestinal pathogens . 123 person (23.79%) were infected with pathogenic or facultative pathogenic agents . Regional differences of the extent of distribution and the risks of infestation with pathogens by importation are discussed . Conclusion: Limitation of obligatory microbiologic examination to Salmonella and Shigella only is insufficient. J Clin Microbiol, 1995 May, 33(5), 1070 - 4 Molecular analysis of Salmonella enteritidis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping; Thong KL et al.; A total of 61 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis were analyzed by the techniques of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping . Twenty-three of the isolates were from Zurich, Switzerland, and 38 isolates were from the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Five of the Malaysian isolates were hospital-related outbreak strains and were shown to be indistinguishable by PFGE analysis following digestion with three different restriction endonucleases, XbaI (5'-TCTAGA-3'), SpeI (5'-ACTAGT-3'), and AvrII (5'-CCTAGG-3') . The PFGE pattern of an isolate from a suspected carrier staff nurse was found to be identical to those of the hospital outbreak isolates . These isolates were also indistinguishable by ribotyping with SmaI and SphI . The same single PFGE pattern was also detected in 29 of 32 sporadic isolates of S . enteritidis . Four closely related ribotypes were detected among these 29 isolates . Similarly, outbreak-related strains from Switzerland showed close genetic identity by PFGE and ribotyping . Strains obtained from poultry showed more variations in their PFGE patterns and ribotypes, although the patterns were still closely related . In addition, SphI ribotypes A and D among the Swiss strains correlated with phage types 4 and 8, respectively . No correlation of phage types with PFGE pattern was noted . Both PFGE and ribotyping indicate that the S . enteritidis strains circulating in Malaysia and Switzerland are very similar and may be clonally related . Comparison of the PFGE patterns with the ribotypes for 23 Swiss and 16 Malaysian isolates showed that there was a 69% concordance in the grouping of isolates . We conclude that the close genetic similarity observed between epidemiologically unrelated and outbreak-related isolates of S . enteritidis suggests that both PFGE and ribotyping are of limited value in the epidemiological analysis of these particular isolates, possibly because of the highly clonal nature of pathogenic strains of S . enteritidis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 1995 May-Jun, 107(1-3), 290 - 4 Humoral immune responses to recombinant tree pollen allergens (Bet v I and Bet v II) in mice: construction of a live oral allergy vaccine; Vrtala S et al.; Recombinant tree pollen allergens (recombinant Bet v I and recombinant birch profilin, Bet v II) were purified and used to immunize BALB/c and B6D2F1 mice with Al(OH)3 to elicit a specific IgE response . Serum from immunized mice was then used to detect immunoblotted natural tree pollen allergens . The onset of the humoral immune response was monitored using antimouse IgE, IgG1, IgG2a/b, IgG3 and IgA . In both strains, a specific and long-lasting IgE response could be elicited with both recombinant allergens . Mice immunized continuously with recombinant Bet v I + Al(OH)3 showed a significant decrease of specific IgE antibodies indicating that continuous application of allergens can reduce specific IgE responses . The possibility of inducing a different type of immune responses is indicated by the fact that mice fed with Bet v I expressed in apathogenic Salmonella strains showed a Th1 immune response to Bet v I accompanied by specific IgG2a/b without detectable IgG1 or IgE . Recombinant allergens can hence be used to decrease or even modulate specific IgE responses in vivo. Poult Sci, 1995 May, 74(5), 893 - 7 Differences in the multiplication of Salmonella enteritidis strains in liquid whole egg: implications for detecting contaminated eggs from commercial laying flocks; Gast RK et al.; Bacterial culturing of eggs for Salmonella enteritidis has become an important tool in efforts to identify laying flocks that potentially threaten public health . As pools of egg contents are generally incubated before culturing to allow S . enteritidis numbers to multiply to easily detectable levels, any differences in the multiplication of S . enteritidis strains in egg pools could result in similar differences in the likelihood of detection . To assess whether 12 S . enteritidis strains would multiply to reach different final levels in pools of egg contents, 100-mL samples of liquid whole egg were experimentally contaminated with < 10 cfu of the various strains . After incubation for 24 h at 37 C, the number of colony-forming units of S . enteritidis in each pool was determined . Significant differences were observed between strains in the extent of expansion of the S . enteritidis population during incubation (some strains grew to levels more than a thousand times greater than others) . Iron supplementation of the pools during incubation significantly increased S . enteritidis growth and reduced the extent of variation between strains. Poult Sci, 1995 May, 74(5), 795 - 9 Enumeration and identification of bacteria in chicken semen; Reiber MA et al.; Three experiments were conducted to determine the bacteriological quality of chicken semen . Semen was collected from donor males, diluted, and surface inoculated onto seven different bacteriological media, from which randomly selected colonies were identified . Bacterial counts in semen averaged 5.14 log10 cfu/mL . Tryptic soy agar (TSA) was the best medium for the isolation of Gram-positive bacteria, whereas TSA + .3% bile salts (TSABS) and violet red bile agar + 1% glucose (VRBAG) were the best media for the isolation of Gram-negative and enteric bacteria . The genera of bacteria that were isolated depended on the medium that was used for isolation . The most frequently isolated genera included Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, and Salmonella . Most of the bacteria that were isolated were endemic to poultry and were common environmental bacteria . This indicates that the environment and feed are important sources of bacterial contamination in broilers. Ital J Neurol Sci, 1995 May, 16(4), 257 - 9 Thrombosis of cerebral veins dural sinuses after paratyphi; Inghilleri M et al.; A 20 year old woman was admitted to our Department 15 days after the onset of typhoid fever treated with chloramphenicol . The patient showed intracranial hypertension with generalized seizures, slight right hemiparesis and a left VI cranial nerve deficit with diplopia . Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed occlusion of the superior longitudinal, right transverse, right sigmoid sinus combined with a single hemorrhagic infarct in the left occipito-parietal area . Serum tests were positive for Salmonella Paratyphi A and B . The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination were normal and blood cultures were negative . Clinical data, laboratory and MRI examinations indicate that the neurological signs are the result of aseptic cerebral sinus thrombosis; the physiopathologic mechanisms of the case are discussed. Drug Metab Dispos, 1995 May, 23(5), 559 - 65 Acetylation and its role in the mutagenicity of the antihypertensive agent hydralazine; Lemke LE et al.; 1-Hydrazinophthalazine {hydralazine (HDZ)} is a hydrazine derivative that is a direct acting vasodilator effective in the treatment of essential hypertension . HDZ is biotransformed by the phase II conjugation enzyme N-acetyltransferase (NAT) forming acetyl HDZ, which spontaneously cyclized to the stable product 3-methyl-s-triazolo- {3,4-alpha}-phthalazine (MTP) . Therapeutic use of HDZ has resulted in adverse side effects, specifically a drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus . Slow acetylators are more likely than rapid acetylators to develop this toxicity . Bacteria expressing different levels of NAT were used to test the hypothesis that acetylation of HDZ decreases its mutagenic potential . The variation in NAT activities was confirmed by incubating bacterial cultures with HDZ, and the formation of MTP was monitored by HPLC . At 1.0 mg/ml HDZ, YG1029 (NAT overexpresser) produced 5.3 times the amount of MTP as TA100 (normal NAT expresser), and this production was linear for 20 hr . In the Salmonella mutagenesis assay, HDZ produced a dose- and strain-dependent increase in the number of revertants observed . Exposure to 4 mg HDZ/plate resulted in 1000 revertants in the overexpressing strain, YG1029, whereas both TA100 and TA100/1,8DNP6, which express normal levels and lack the NAT protein respectively, produced 1600 revertants . Colony hybridization analysis using probes for each of the six possible TA100 reverting mutations was performed to determine the nature of the mutations . The G:C to T:A transversion was the only mutation whose frequency was increased significantly by HDZ . Fifty-four percent of the induced vs . 25% of the spontaneous mutations were C to A transversions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Exp Toxicol Pathol, 1995 May, 47(2-3), 167 - 72 Local skin reactivity after induction of Shwartzman reaction in rabbits; Wohrmann T et al.; A local Shwartzman response was elicited in rabbits by an intradermal injection of the Salmonella typhosa endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed 24 hours later by an intravenous challenge injection with zymosan . After the intravenous challenge, necrotizing vasculitis developed in the prepared skin sites which was characterized by microthrombi, accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes, fibrin deposition and extravasation of red blood cells . Evans' blue extravasation into the altered tissue was significantly reduced, and histologically, the intensity of the Shwartzman reaction in the skin was reduced by pretreatment with thalidomide and dexamethasone . The mechanism of reduction of an LPS-induced local Shwartzman reaction by thalidomide is discussed. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 May, 108(5), 175 - 8 {Salmonella diagnosis and expanded bacteriologic differential diagnosis using Rambach agar}; Wermter R et al.; The present study gives not only additional advises and ideas for the use of Rambach agar but also diagnostic support . Resulting from several years of diagnostic experience the medium can be recommended for enlarged routine differential-diagnosis of bacteria and also for improved Salmonella-diagnosis as an alternative medium (under section 35 LMBG; Untersuchung von Lebensmitteln; Nachweis von Salmonellen). J Appl Toxicol, 1995 May-Jun, 15(3), 159 - 65 Evaluation of coal liquids derived from the EDS process in carcinogenesis screening tests; McKee RH et al.; Four process streams derived from the EDS not equal to direct coal liquefaction process were evaluated in two in vitro assays to screen for carcinogenic potential: the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and the Syrian hamster embryo morphologic transformation assay . Three high boiling liquids (two recycle solvents, nominal boiling range 200-425 degrees C; and a fuel oil blend, nominal boiling range 200-538 degrees C) were active in both assays . A hydrotreated naphtha sample (< 200 degrees C) was not active in either . The Salmonella data agreed qualitatively with results of dermal carcinogenesis studies; however, quantitative differences as measured by the estimation of mutagenic potency were apparent . The lack of quantitative agreement may have been related to the fact that the dermal carcinogenic activity of coal-derived synthetic fuels is predominantly associated with neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas activity in the Salmonella assay is strongly influenced by the presence of aromatic amines and nitroaromatic compounds . Two modifications of the Salmonella assay--detergent dispersion and hamster S9 activation--were examined . These techniques improved assay performance for some but not all of the coal liquids . The differences in response may have been related to compositional differences in the various liquids. Indian J Exp Biol, 1995 May, 33(5), 392 - 3 Survivability of Salmonella paratyphi B var Java on experimentally infected cockroaches; Singh BR et al.; Cockroaches are inhabitant of sewers and frequent visitors of kitchen and stores in the night to feed on left over . It is liable to disseminate a number of pathogens by contaminating kitchen surface, feeding vessels and food items left open . Salmonella paratyphi B var Java a common pathogen of man and animal was used in the study to evaluate its survival and excretion in cockroaches . The host when fed on semisolid feed containing 1 x 10(7) CFU of S . paratyphi B var Java g-1, it was found that the pathogen was eliminated earlier from the live than euthanized cockroaches. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1995 May, 14(5), 454 - 6 Systemic infections in three infants due to a lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella virchow; Ruiz J et al.; Three previously healthy children developed gastroenteritis which led within a few days to systemic infections, two cases of bacteremia and one of meningitis . A lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow strain was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures . In one case, this strain was also isolated from stool cultures . All the children had been fed the same milk formula . There was no other relationship between them . The batch of dried-milk formula was confirmed as the source of the infection by isolation of an identical lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow strain by the Centro Nacional de Alimentacion. J Clin Microbiol, 1995 May, 33(5), 1206 - 11 Molecular subtyping scheme for Salmonella panama; Stanley J et al.; We describe a genotyping scheme for Salmonella panama . Defined probes specific for the 16S rRNA gene and the DNA insertion element IS200 were generated by PCR from S . panama and were used to probe genomic Southern blots made with enzymes selected to cut within and outside the probed sequences . Plasmid profiles were determined . The typeability and discriminatory power of the individual methods were compared . Ribotyping with 16S rRNA gene probe alone was slightly more discriminatory than phage typing, but unlike the latter, ribotyping was able to type all strains . IS200 profiling was the single most discriminatory method for S . panama, having an index of discrimination (D) of 0.8 and 100% typeability . Plasmid profiling, which had moderate discriminatory power but only 50% typeability, was valuable as an adjunct technique . The use of all three methods together or simply the combination of IS200 profiling with the two most discriminatory enzymes and plasmid profiling yielded a molecular typing scheme whose discriminatory power (D = 0.97) approached the maximum theoretical value . This should prove both useful and robust for epidemiological investigations of S . panama. J Immunol, 1995 May 1, 154(9), 4710 - 8 Inducible nitric oxide synthase in cattle . Differential cytokine regulation of nitric oxide synthase in bovine and murine macrophages; Adler H et al.; We assessed bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages for expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity . Both cell types expressed iNOS activity upon stimulation with Salmonella dublin (S . dublin) or with LPS . A 372-bp fragment of the bovine iNOS mRNA could be amplified by reverse transcription-PCR from mRNA of stimulated macrophages . Cloning and sequencing of the fragment revealed a high degree of homology to human hepatocyte, rat vascular smooth muscle cell, and mouse macrophage iNOS both at the nucleotide (87 to 92%) and amino acid levels (94 to 97%) . iNOS mRNA was expressed maximally 6 h after stimulation with S . dublin, whereas maximal nitrite accumulation in supernatants was measured at 24 to 48 h . Significant differences with regard to cytokine regulation of iNOS were observed between murine and bovine macrophages cultured under identical conditions . The most striking difference was the inability of homologous IFN-gamma to induce iNOS both at the level of nitrite production and of mRNA expression in bovine macrophages . TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-1 alone or together with IFN-gamma neither induced iNOS nor primed bovine macrophages for enhanced iNOS expression or activity upon stimulation with S . dublin . RhuIL-4, but not rhuTGF-beta, down-regulated S . dublin-induced iNOS activity and mRNA expression in bovine macrophages . Thus, an enzyme with a high degree of homology to rodent iNOS is inducible by stimulation of bovine macrophages with bacteria, but induction and regulation by cytokines occur under more restricted conditions than in rodent macrophages. Infection, 1995 May-Jun, 23(3), 180 - 1 Acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis; Suskovic T et al.; Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a 47-year-old diabetic woman is reported . Diagnosis was suspected by clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasound, CT-scan and cytological examination . A rare causative agent was isolated--Salmonella enteritidis . No signs of nodular goiter or connection with piriform sinus were found . In spite of our efforts, the source and route of infection remained unclear . However, the haematogenic route seems to be the most plausible . Surgical drainage and antibiotics brought about a complete recovery . Partial lesion of the gland required transitory administration of levothyroxine. Gene, 1995 Apr 14, 156(1), 1 - 9 The Salmonella ompC gene: structure and use as a carrier for heterologous sequences; Puente JL et al.; The Salmonella typhi (St) ompC gene codes for a major outer membrane protein (OMP) that is highly expressed in both low and high osmolarity . By hybridization studies with the entire gene or with segments thereof, ompC was found to be highly conserved within 11 different Salmonella serotypes, with the exception of S . arizonae . The study included several St isolates from Mexico and Indonesia . Variation was only detected in two (e and f) of the seven regions previously found to vary between St and E . coli ompC . Chimeric OmpC proteins, carrying a rotavirus VP4 capsid protein epitope, are well recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against this epitope, either in OMP preparations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) or intact cells (by ELISA and immunogold-labelling), indicating that regions c and f are oriented towards the cell surface and are probably exposed . As has been shown before for other regulated OMP, this experimental approach could be useful for the presentation of heterologous epitopes in order to gain knowledge about porin topology, for testing the effect of altered porin surface epitopes on bacterial physiology, or else, in the development of multivalent vaccines. Orv Hetil, 1995 Apr 9, 136(15), 777 - 9 {Successfully treated Salmonella enteritidis endocarditis}; Biro L et al.; The 60 year old man was admitted because of aphasia and hemiparesis . After cranial computed tomography 15 ml parietal hematoma was removed by stereotaxic biopsy . The patient had hyperpyrexia, combined mitral vitium and atrial fibrillation . There was no symptom of gastroenteritis . Salmonella enteritidis was cultured from blood three times . The vegetation was proved by transoesophageal echocardiography . Ampicillin + gentamycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate + amikacin therapy was ineffective, respectively . During ciprofloxacin therapy of usual dose ceased the toxicosis and hyperpyrexia, but remained fever to 38.5 degrees C . During 750 mg ciprofloxacin t . i . d . intravenous followed 750 mg t . i . d . per os plus 1.5 g cefuroxin t . i . d . intravenous for 46 days became the patient afebrile and the vegetation was disappeared . No side effect was observed with ciprofloxacin of unusual high daily dose. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 1995 Apr, 88(5), 253 - 6 {Salm