Salmonella

Food Chem Toxicol, 1995 Jul, 33(7), 545 - 51
Heterocyclic amine content in fast-food meat products; Knize MG et al.; Heterocyclic aromatic amines are sometimes formed during the cooking of muscle meats, and their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are of potential concern in the aetiology of human cancer . In a large survey of the heterocyclic amine content of foods, fried or charbroiled hamburgers, fried chicken, chicken breast sandwiches, fish sandwiches and breakfast sausages were purchased from fast-food restaurants . At least three different chains were visited per product and samples from five stores from each chain were pooled . The solid-phase extraction and HPLC method was used to analyse pooled samples for heterocyclic amine content and mutagenic activity with the Ames/Salmonella assay . Samples were analysed in a blind study which also contained quality control samples of two types, one high and one low in heterocyclic amine content and mutagenic activity . Results from the fast-food products showed undetectable levels of heterocyclic amines in 10 of 17 samples and only low levels {< or = 1 ng/g total of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (DiMeIQx)} in the remaining samples . Compared with literature values based primarily on laboratory and home cooking conditions, fast-food meat products appear to contribute only a small percentage of the estimated daily dietary intake of heterocyclic amines.

Carcinogenesis, 1995 Jul, 16(7), 1549 - 55
Cytochromes P450 in cynomolgus monkeys mutagenically activate 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ) but not 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx); Sadrieh N et al.; The promutagenic and procarcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) found in cooked meats are N-hydroxylated by microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes as the first step in their metabolic activation . In cynomolgus monkeys, one of the HAs, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), has been shown to be a potent hepatocarcinogen . However, the structurally similar HA 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) lacks this potency to induce hepatocellular carcinoma in monkeys . Liver microsomes from cynomolgus monkeys show a striking substrate specificity for the metabolic activation of IQ and MeIQx, the former being a far better substrate for N-hydroxylation . Western blot analysis showed that cynomolgus monkey hepatic microsomes constitutively express P450s immunologically related to the human CYP3A, CYP2C, and low levels of CYP1A1 . For comparison, Western blot analysis of rat, human and patas monkey microsomes was also carried out . Treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with rifampicin induced hepatic cytochromes P450 related to human CYP3A4 and CYP2C9/10 without inducing CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 . Immunoblot analysis also showed that chronic exposure of cynomolgus monkeys to IQ induced hepatic microsomal cytochrome CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, similarly but lesser in magnitude to that observed with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCCD) induction . Using the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, we examined the effect of the inducers on the mutagenic activation (i.e . N-hydroxylation) of IQ and MeIQx by cynomolgus monkey hepatic microsomes . We also examined the mutagenic activation of these HAs by rat, human and patas monkey liver microsomes . Microsomes from cynomolgus monkeys treated with rifampicin showed a 3-fold increase in the mutagenic activation of IQ but showed no increase in the mutagenic activation of MeIQx . Since cytochromes P4503A and/or P4502C are constitutively expressed in cynomolgus monkey hepatic microsomes, and upon induction with rifampicin are associated with an increased metabolic activation of IQ but not MeIQx, it appears that CYP3A and/or CYP2C are the isoform(s) showing the selective substrate specificity in the metabolic activation of IQ over MeIQx . Treatment of monkeys with TCDD significantly increased the mutagenic activation of both IQ and MeIQx, concomitant with an induction of CYP1A isozymes . Thus, it appears that TCDD-inducible CYP1A enzymes N-hydroxylate both substrates without selectivity . Together, these findings suggest that CYP3A and CYP2C are the principal isoforms in the cynomolgus monkey, associated with the metabolic activation implicated in the induction of hepatocarcinogenicity by IQ . Furthermore, the poor metabolic activation of MeIQx by CYP3A and CYP2C, coupled with low constitutive levels of CYP1A isozymes, provide a metabolic explanation for the low hepatocarcinogenic potency of MeIQx in cynomolgus monkeys.

J Med Microbiol, 1995 Jul, 43(1), 68 - 71
Rambach agar and SM-ID medium sensitivity for presumptive identification of Salmonella subspecies I-VI; Pignato S et al.; The cultural characteristics of 112 Salmonella serovars belonging to subspecies I-VI were examined on Rambach agar and SM-ID medium . Colonies showing the typical red coloration were seen with 100 of 112 serovars assayed on SM-ID, and with 87 of 112 on Rambach agar . Atypical colourless colonies were observed on Rambach agar with ONPG-negative serovars S . Choleraesuis, S . Isangi, S . Typhi S . Worthington and S . Yoff of the subspecies I, S . II 52:d:e,n,x,z15 of the subspecies II, S . IV 6,7:z4,z24:- and S . IV 11:g,z51:- of the subspecies IV, and S . 40:z35:- belonging to S . bongori (V) species . Atypical blue, blue-green, blue-violet or violet colonies were observed on both media with all the ONPG-positive serovars of the subspecies IIIa (four of four strains) and IIIb (six of six strains) and with one of the two ONPG-positive (out of five) strains of the subspecies VI . Four serovars of S . bongori showed blue-green colonies on Rambach agar and typical red colonies on SM-ID, although they were all ONPG-positive . These results suggest that SM-ID medium is more sensitive than Rambach agar . However, the relatively low sensitivity of both media makes them suitable for use only in association with a traditional selective medium in both medical and environmental bacteriology, as well as for epidemiological purposes.

J Appl Toxicol, 1995 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 313 - 9
Genotoxicity and twenty-eight-day subchronic toxicity studies on tertiary amyl methyl ether; Daughtrey WC et al.; Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) is an oxygenate with a potential role as a component in reformulated gasolines . The genotoxic potential of TAME was assessed in an Ames assay and a mouse micronucleus assay . The Ames assay was carried out using five standard salmonella strains and doses ranging from 100 to 10,000 micrograms per plate . Tertiary amyl methyl ether was not mutagenic in any of the strains, either with or without metabolic activation . In the micronucleus assay, mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of TAME at doses of 0.15, 0.375 or 0.75 g kg-1 . Bone marrow samples were collected and evaluated for micronucleus formation at 24, 48 and 72 h after dosing . No elevation in micronucleus frequency was observed at any dose or at any of the collection times . Thus, TAME was not clastogenic to mouse bone marrow under the conditions of this study . Preliminary test data indicated that the acute oral LD50 for TAME in Sprague-Dawley rats was ca . 2.1 g kg-1 . In the 28-day subchronic study, Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were dosed orally with vehicle, 0.125, 0.5 or 1.0 g kg-1 day-1 TAME in corn oil at a dose volume of 2 ml/kg-1 . Dosing continued 7 days a week for a period of 28 days . Deaths of two out of 10 animals in the high-dose group (1 g kg-1 day-1) appeared to be compound related . Food consumption and body weights were reduced in the high-dose male group relative to controls; otherwise, clinical observations were minimal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J AOAC Int, 1995 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 993 - 7
Comparison of modified immunodiffusion and Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) methods for detection of Salmonella in raw flesh and highly contaminated food types; Feldsine PT et al.; A wide variety of naturally contaminated and inoculated raw flesh and highly contaminated food types was analyzed by a modified immunodiffusion enrichment protocol and the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method to determine the equivalence of these methods . This modification was developed by Agriculture Canada to allow addition of a high-temperature selective enrichment step in tetrathionate brilliant green broth at 42 degrees C while maintaining a 2-day total test time . Foods representing red meat, white meat, frog, and seafoods and one type of animal meal were evaluated . A total of 320 samples was tested, resulting in false negative rates of 5.2 and 3.5%, respectively, for the modified immunodiffusion and the BAM culture methods . The overall agreement rate was 96.9%.

J AOAC Int, 1995 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 987 - 92
Comparative and multilaboratory studies of two immunodiffusion method enrichment protocols and the AOAC/Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture method for detection of Salmonella in all foods; Feldsine PT et al.; The single enrichment immunodiffusion (1-step), the preenrichment and selective enrichment immunodiffusion (2-step), and the AOAC/Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture methods for Salmonella were evaluated for equivalence in 2 separate studies, a comparative evaluation and a multilaboratory dilution study . In the comparative study, all 3 methods were performed on 10 food types . For 550 samples, analyses resulted in 99.3 and 99.6% agreement between the culture method and the 1-step and 2-step methods, respectively . False negative rates were 0.9 and 0.3% for 1-step and culture, and 0.0% and 0.6% for the 2-step and culture, respectively . Subsequently, 6 food types were included in a multilaboratory dilution-to-extinction study . A sequential dilution series of Salmonella in foods was analyzed by the 3 methods to determine their lower limits of detection for Salmonella . A total of 1185 samples analyzed resulted in 98.9% agreement between 1-step and culture, and 99.7% agreement between 2-step and culture . False negative rates were 1.8 and 0.1% for 1-step and culture, and 0.4 and 0.1% for 2-step and culture, respectively . During these evaluations, 1735 samples and controls representing 10 different naturally contaminated and inoculated foods were tested . The data indicate statistical equivalence of all 3 methods when analyzing all food types.

J AOAC Int, 1995 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 1102 - 9
Hard surface carrier test as a quantitative test of disinfection: a collaborative study; Hamilton MA et al.; The hard surface carrier test (HSCT) recently was proposed as a qualitative test for disinfectant efficacy . A collaborative study of HSCT led to a suggested performance standard of < or = 2 or 3 positive carriers out of 60 tested . Subsequently, it was discovered that HSCT can be used as a quantitative test, because the HSCT protocol requires measurement of inoculum level on some carriers . The data allow estimation of the log10 reduction in number of active bacteria . Producers, consumers, and policymakers will be better able to discuss merits of alternative performance standards if the focus is on log reduction of organisms rather than on number of positive carriers . Data from the collaborative study were reanalyzed from this quantitative viewpoint . If the point estimate of log reduction in LR and the 99% lower confidence limit estimate is LLR, the LR values ranged from 7.0 to 9.0 and the LLR values were greater than 6.0 for all disinfectants except the negative control formulation . The total variance for estimated LR is the sum of interlaboratory and intralaboratory variances . The total variance for LR was 0.095 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.251 for Staphylococcus aureus, and 0.118 for Salmonella choleraesuis . Percentages of the variance due to interlaboratory variability were 11% for P . aeruginosa, 52% for S . aureus, and 25% for S . choleraesuis . Chances of making false-effective and false-ineffective decisions can be calculated for the quantitative HSCT . The performance standard can be based on LLR.

An Med Interna, 1995 Jul, 12(7), 343 - 5
{Severe heart failure and skin lesions caused by Salmonella virchow . Report of a case}; Barreiro Garcia G et al.; We describe a case of congestive heart failure caused by a Salmonella virchow sepsis . Concurrent with this there were considerable skin lesions . The diagnosis was made as result of stool and skin biopsy culture . There was a good response to treatment.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1995 Jul, 14(7), 603 - 5
Comparison of the efficacy, safety and cost of cefixime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi septicemia in children; Girgis NI et al.; An increase in the incidence of Salmonella typhi strains resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole causing enteric fever in Egyptian children stimulated the evaluation of alternative drugs . Children with positive blood cultures were treated with cefixime, ceftriaxone or aztreonam, and the efficacy, safety and cost of these regimens were evaluated and compared . Cefixime (7.5 mg/kg) was given orally twice daily to 50 children for 14 days, ceftriaxone (50 to 70 mg/kg) was given im once daily for 5 days to 43 children and aztreonam (50 to 70 mg/kg) was given im every 8 hours for 7 days to 31 children . Children in the 3 groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, duration and severity of illness before admission . All children were cured . A significant difference (P < 0.05) in duration of treatment before becoming afebrile seemed to favor ceftriaxone (3.9 days) over aztreonam (5.5 days) and cefixime (5.3 days) . During the 4-week follow-up period relapses occurred in 3 (6%) children in the cefixime group, in 2 (5%) in the ceftriaxone group and in 2 (6%) in the aztreonam group . Safety and efficacy were comparable for all 3 drugs . Ceftriaxone was most cost-effective on an inpatient basis, because of a more rapid clinical cure, and cefixime was the most cost-effective on an outpatient basis, because of drug cost.

Immunology, 1995 Jul, 85(3), 381 - 8
Effects of in vivo administration of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody on the host defence mechanism against murine Salmonella infection; Arai T et al.; Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine that regulates various macrophage functions . To elucidate the involvement of endogenous IL-10 in the early stage of murine salmonellosis, we examined the effect of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration on the host defence mechanism against Salmonella choleraesuis infection . The in vivo administration of anti-IL-10 mAb significantly enhanced host resistance at the early stage of Salmonella infection, as assessed by bacterial growth in the peritoneal cavity and the liver . Enhanced levels of monokine mRNA, including IL-1 alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-12, were observed from day 1 after infection in the peritoneal macrophages in anti-IL-10 mAb-treated mice compared with those in control mAb-treated mice . Mice treated with anti-IL-10 mAb exhibited significantly higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the peritoneal exudates and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on the peritoneal macrophages on days 3 and 5 after infection . Notably, in vivo anti-IL-10 mAb brought about an increment of gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity at the early phase of infection, which was correlated with the expression of endogenous heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), which is implicated as a potential ligand for gamma delta T cells, in the infected macrophages . Our results suggest that the neutralization of endogenous IL-10 accelerates some macrophage functions and, consequently, the activation of immunocompetent cells, including gamma delta T cells, at the early stage of infection, resulting in an enhanced host defence against Salmonella infection.

New Microbiol, 1995 Jul, 18(3), 261 - 6
Toxigenicity of culture filtrates of Salmonella enteritidis isolates on three mammalian cell lines; Hariharan H et al.; Culture filtrates of 28 Salmonella enteritidis isolates were tested for toxicity on Vero-, CHO-, and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells . Cytopathic effects on HFF cells were extensive, and were observed even with some filtrates diluted 1:256 . Vero cells showed effects with filtrates diluted up to 1:16, and CHO cells gave weak or no reaction . All isolates produced iron-binding siderophores as determined by reactions on chrome-azurol-S medium.

Trends Microbiol, 1995 Jul, 3(7), 275 - 9
Growth-phase regulation of plasmid virulence genes in Salmonella; Guiney DG et al.; Virulence genes in the genus Salmonella are regulated by growth phase and by environmental signals, which allows a sequential program of expression during infection . Conditions that promote the expression of loci required in systemic infection, including the plasmid-encoded spv genes, are the opposite of the factors that induce genes involved in the invasion of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

Scand J Immunol, 1995 Jul, 42(1), 119 - 27
Influence of CD14, LBP and BPI in the monocyte response to LPS of different polysaccharide chain length; Jahr TG et al.; In this study we examined the involvement of human serum, recombinant lipopolysaccharide binding protein (rLBP), recombinant (r)CD14, CD14 antibodies and recombinant bactericidal permeability-increasing factor (rBPI) in the induction of TNF by Salmonella minnesota LPS of different polysaccharide chain lengths . Soluble rCD14 and rLBP markedly enhanced LPS 6261 TNF production and to a lesser degree also enhanced TNF production from Re 595 LPS and lipid A DP . Addition of anti-CD14 antibodies resulted in nearly complete inhibition of LPS 6261-induced TNF production and partial inhibition of Re 595 LPS and lipid A DP-induced TNF release . The ability of lipid A MP to induce TNF production increased with addition of rCD14 . Addition of rLBP or anti-CD14 antibodies had no detectable effect on lipid A MP-induced TNF production . The effect of rBPI was also tested and the results showed that only the TNF-inducing ability from smooth LPS was completely inhibited by rBPI . Recombinant BPI was considerably less effective in inhibiting Re 595 LPS-induced TNF production, and lipid A DP was not affected by rBPI . Our data suggest that the ability of rLBP, rCD14, CD14 antibodies and rBPI to modulate LPS induced TNF production is strongly dependent on the LPS polysaccharide chain length.

J Bacteriol, 1995 Jul, 177(14), 4084 - 8
Transferases of O-antigen biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica: dideoxyhexosyltransferases of groups B and C2 and acetyltransferase of group C2; Liu D et al.; The O antigen is a polymer of oligosaccharide units . O antigens differ in their sugar composition and glycosidic linkages, and genes responsible for O-antigen-specific biosynthesis are grouped in the rfb gene cluster . In this study, we identified two abequosyltransferase genes and an acetyltransferase gene in Salmonella enterica groups B and C2 by in vitro assay and identified paratosyl-, tyvelosyl-, and abequosyltransferase genes from S . enterica groups A and D and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serovar IIA, respectively, by comparison.

J Bacteriol, 1995 Jul, 177(13), 3863 - 4
Molecular analyses of the phase-2 antigen complex 1,2,. . of Salmonella spp; Vanegas RA et al.; The nucleotide sequences of the structural genes (fljB) for salmonellar flagellins representative of the phase-2 flagellar antigens 1,2.., 1,5.., 1,6.., and 1,7. . were determined . The results did not indicate linear epitopes for the antigen 1 subfactors, suggesting that conformational aspects are involved in determining these antigenic specificities.

Korean J Intern Med, 1995 Jul, 10(2), 146 - 9
Bacteremia with nontyphi Salmonella and therapeutic implication; Ryu CB et al.; OBJECTIVES: The recent decades witnessed the increased incidence of bacteremia with nontyphi Salmonella, especially in patients with underlying diseases . To evaluate clinically the patients with bacteremia by nontyphi Salmonella, we investigated the clinical records of the patients . METHODS: Retrospective study was performed on 30 cases of bacteremia with nontyphi Salmonella admitted to Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital from 1987 to 1993, and we analyzed with regard to age distribution, underlying diseases, clinical presentation and fatality . RESULTS: Children below 2 years of age were seven patients and patients over 55 years of age were 8 patients . The male to female ratio was 3:2 . Only five cases were nosocomially acquired . More than two-thirds (21 patients) had no discernible other illness at the time of their bacteremia . A quarter of the patients presented without gastrointestinal manifestation . There were four deaths in the 30 patients with nontyphi Salmonella septicemia (13.3%) . CONCLUSIONS: We investigated the clinical characteristics of 30 cases of non-typhi Salmonella bacteremia, which has a relatively high incidence nowadays while, to the contrary, Salmonella typhi trends toward being on the decrease in Korea.

Vaccine, 1995 Jul, 13(10), 939 - 46
Simultaneous expression of CFA/I and CS3 colonization factor antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by delta aroC, delta aroD Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908; Giron JA et al.; Among the known colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), CFA/I and CS3 (the common antigen in the CFA/II family of fimbrial antigens) are two of the most prevalent fimbrial antigens found in clinical isolates but are never expressed by the same wild-type strain . We manipulated the genetic determinants encoding CS3 and CFA/I fimbriae so that these two important colonization factors are expressed simultaneously in attenuated Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine strain CVD 908, including after growth in liquid medium (CFA/I is poorly expressed by wild-type ETEC in broth culture) . The recombinant fimbrial structures produced by CVD 908 are morphologically indistinguishable from the CS3 fibrillae and CFA/I rod-like fimbriae produced by ETEC, and are recognized by monospecific CS3 and CFA/I antibodies . This prototype construct may prove useful in investigating the live vector approach to immunoprophylaxis of ETEC diarrheal disease.

Plasmid, 1995 Jul, 34(1), 37 - 47
Mutational analysis of SpvR binding to DNA in the regulation of the Salmonella plasmid virulence operon; Krause M et al.; The Salmonella plasmid-borne spvR gene encodes a 33-kDa regulatory protein that activates transcription of the spvABCD operon during the stationary phase of bacterial growth . We used gel mobility shift assays to demonstrate that SpvR recognizes a specific target DNA sequence within a 318-bp EcoRI-ApaI fragment upstream of spvA . The addition of unlabeled target DNA to the radioactive labeled DNA-SpvR complex resulted in competitive inhibition of band retardation confirming the specificity of SpvR binding . Introduction of target DNA on a high copy number plasmid into wild-type Salmonella dublin Lane resulted in a substantial decrease of SpvB synthesis, confirming the binding properties of this DNA segment in vivo . Three SpvR mutants were constructed and were shown to abolish the positive regulatory function of SpvR . By site-specific mutagenesis of spvR, three single amino acids within the putative SpvR N-terminal alpha-helix domains were substituted by prolines . This resulted in loss of binding to the spvA promoter sequence and in loss of activation of the spvABCD genes . This study demonstrates that the regulatory function of SpvR is mediated by specific binding to the promoter region of the spvABCD operon.

Poult Sci, 1995 Jul, 74(7), 1232 - 6
Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs and chicken with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Brigmon RL et al.; An ELISA previously developed for the rapid detection of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in environmental samples was modified and applied to food samples . A sandwich ELISA was designed that employs affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies for the capture stage and highly specific monoclonal antibodies for the detection stage . Thirty-nine species of bacteria other than SE, including 32 Salmonella species, were included in cross-reactivity testing with ELISA . Results showed no reactivity with any species tested besides SE . Salmonella enteritidis was added to homogenized food samples (chicken skin, meat, and eggs) to test ELISA sensitivity . The lower limit for ELISA detection of SE was 10(4) cells/mL for pure cultures and in 10% meat (wt/vol), 10(5) cells/mL in 10% skin (wt/vol), and 10(7) cells/mL in 10% eggs (wt/vol) . Salmonella enteritidis detection with ELISA was confirmed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method . Results were obtained within 24 h for ELISA method compared to 96 h for the BAM procedure . Results show that sensitivity of ELISA can vary with the type of food tested for detection of SE.

Toxicology, 1995 Jun 26, 100(1-3), 69 - 77
The toxicity of the mutagen 'MX' and its analogue, mucochloric acid, to rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells and to Daphnia magna; Isomaa B et al.; The cytotoxicity of the, in Salmonella, potent mutagenic compound, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and its structural analogue 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2{5H}-furanone (mucochloric acid, MCA), was studied in freshly isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells by determining 86Rb-leakage and decrease in fluorescence intensity in calcein AM-loaded cells . The acute toxicity of the compounds to Daphnia magna was studied by determining the concentration causing immobilization of the organism . MX proved to be more toxic than MCA both in the cellular assays and in the acute toxicity test with D . magna . MX was more toxic to hepatocytes than to gill epithelial cells . The uptake of {14C}MX was also much more efficient in hepatocytes than in gill epithelial cells . The uptake of {14C}MX in hepatocytes was not inhibited by taurocholic acid in excess, indicating that MX is not taken up by the carrier complex responsible for the uptake of taurocholate in the hepatocytes . Both the acute toxicity to D . magna and cytotoxicity of MX and MCA was rather low (EC50 values > 0.1 mM) and we conclude that it is very unlikely that MX and MCA at concentrations occurring in recipients receiving chlorination effluents from pulp mills or chlorinated domestic sewage, as regards their acute toxicity, implies a risk for aquatic animals.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1995 Jun 23, 44(24), 462 - 3
African pygmy hedgehog-associated salmonellosis--Washington, 1994; Reduction of gastrointestinal injury in acute endotoxic shock by flurbiprofen nitroxybutylester; Intestinal Disease Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, CanadaNitric oxide has been reported to have paradoxical effects in experimental endotoxic shock, contributing to the hemodynamic consequences of endotoxin administration, but apparently protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa . A novel class of nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivatives has recently been described which exert anti-inflammatory activities but produce significantly less gastrointestinal injury than the parent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from which they are derived . Thus, the present study was performed to determine the effects of one of these derivatives, flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester, compared to the native nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, in an experimental model of endotoxic shock . Intravenous administration of endotoxin from Salmonella typhosa to rats pretreated with flurbiprofen produced a profound decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure, an increase in hematocrit and extensive gastric and small intestinal damage . In rats pretreated with flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester, endotoxin produced comparable changes in blood pressure and hematocrit to those seen in rats treated with flurbiprofen; however, the severity of gastrointestinal damage was significantly reduced . Gastric blood flow was profoundly decreased following endotoxin administration, but was significantly higher in rats pretreated with flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester than in rats pretreated with flurbiprofen . These results demonstrate that despite not affecting the acute systemic effects of endotoxin administration, flurbiprofen 4-nitroxybutylester is capable of protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa from injury, possibly through preservation of mucosal blood flow.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1995 Jun 15, 129(2-3), 225 - 30
Transcriptional regulation and promoter sequence of the spvR gene of virulence plasmid pKDSC50 in Salmonella choleraesuis serovar Choleraesuis; Abe A et al.; The transcript of the spvR gene on the virulence plasmid, pKDSC50, of Salmonella choleraesuis serovar Choleraesuis was detected for the first time by Northern blot analysis, and the transcriptional regulation of the spvR gene was investigated . The transcription of the spvR was negatively regulated by spvA and spvB, and enhanced at stationary phase under control of a sigma factor RpoS (sigma 38) . The spvR transcript was 2.4 kilonucleotides in Salmonella cells, and deduced to encode SpvR and SpvA, suggesting that SpvA but not SpvB is the functioning repressor in spv operon . The promoter sequence analysis revealed that spvR was transcribed from a single promoter and the 5' end of the transcript was located at 18 bp upstream from the start codon of spvR . Sequential similarity between the promoter of spvR and other sigma 38-controlled genes was not found, but the consensus sequence was found in -10 to -35 region of spvR and spvA, which may correlate to our previous data indicating that both genes were positively regulated by the SpvR protein.

Eur J Biochem, 1995 Jun 15, 230(3), 994 - 1000
Structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides on human plasma vitronectin; Ogawa H et al.; The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides present on human plasma vitronectin were elucidated . Oligosaccharides were released from the vitronectin by N-glycosidase F digestion and tagged with 2-aminopyridine; the pyridylamino-oligosaccharides were then fractionated by anion-exchange and reverse-phase HPLC . Ten major pyridylamino-oligosaccharides were isolated . The linkages and locations of sialic acid residues were determined by desialylation with Salmonella sialidase in combination with acid . The asialo forms were then analyzed by two-dimensional sugar mapping, component sugar analysis and 400-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy . The major oligosaccharides of human vitronectin were of the diantennary N-acetyllactosamine type, with a lesser amount of the tri- and a small amount of the mono-antennary type, to which 1-3 mol sialic acid residues were linked, mostly through alpha 2-6 linkages, although alpha 2-3 linkages were also present . The possibility that several binding activities of vitronectin can be ascribed to its glycan moiety was discussed, based on the specific features of the N-linked oligosaccharides on human vitronectin revealed here.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 Jun, 102(6), 225 - 8
{Model for experimental efficacy testing of control measures against Salmonella infections in poultry}; Methner U et al.; An infection model is shown for testing the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic measures against S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis infections of chickens at different ages . By detecting viable counts in caecum and liver or spleen respectively at weekly intervals after administration of salmonellas (crop instillation) the course of salmonella infection can be grasped . Oral application of the salmonella strains used (S . typhimurium and S . enteritidis) to 1-day-old chickens at a dose of 10(2) cfu/bird, to 8-days-old chickens at a dose of 10(9) cfu/bird and to 5-weeks-old chickens at a dose of 10(10) cfu/bird resulted in a characteristic course of infection but not in clinical symptoms or death . By detecting viable counts of the challenge strain in the organs testing the efficacy of a preceding immunization is possible.

Environ Health Perspect, 1995 Jun, 103 Suppl 5, 25 - 8
Cytochrome P450 proteins and potential utilization in biodegradation; Guengerich FP; The cytochrome P450 enzymes are major catalysts involved in the oxidations of xenobiotic chemicals in microorganisms as well as higher animals and plants . Because of their functional roles, they offer potential in biodegradation technology . A number of microbial P450s have already been characterized and offer advantages in terms of their high catalytic rates and facile expression in microorganisms . One approach to extending the catalytic selectivity to more compounds in the environment is rational design . In three cases, the three-dimensional structures of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes are available and can be further understood through studies with molecular dynamics . Many mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes have been studied extensively and have potential for biodegradation because of their broad catalytic selectivities (e.g., P450 2E1) . Several advances have been made in the heterologous expression of these proteins in microorganisms . Improvements under development include electron transfer from flavodoxin and the use of cytochrome P450:NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase fusion proteins . Random mutagenesis offers the potential of improving the catalytic activities of some of these proteins . Future challenges include the use of cytochrome P450 expression vectors in microorganisms capable of thriving in the environment; recent success in expression of vectors in Salmonella genotoxicity tester strains may be encouraging in this regard.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 61(6), 2127 - 31
Fate of Salmonella montevideo on and in raw tomatoes as affected by temperature and treatment with chlorine; Zhuang RY et al.; A study was undertaken to determine the survival patterns of Salmonella montevideo G4639 on and in tomatoes during storage and the efficacy of chlorine treatment on inactivation of the pathogen . The population of S . montevideo on the surfaces of inoculated tomatoes stored at 10 degrees C did not change significantly (P < 0.05) throughout an 18-day storage period . Significant increases in population occurred within 7 days and within 1 day when tomatoes were stored at 20 and 30 degrees C, respectively . A significantly higher number of cells was taken up by the core tissue of tomatoes tempered at 25 degrees C when the tomatoes were dipped in a suspension at 10 degrees C compared with the number taken up when the tomatoes were dipped in cell suspensions tempered at 25 or 37 degrees C . Populations remained constant throughout subsequent storage for 8 days at 10 degrees C, regardless of the temperature differential between tomatoes and the dip suspension . Storage of tomatoes at 20 degrees C, however, resulted in significant increases in populations of S . montevideo . Populations of the pathogen on the surfaces and in the core tissues of tomatoes were significantly reduced by dipping for 2 min in a solution containing 60 or 110 ppm (60 or 110 micrograms/ml) chlorine, respectively; however, treatment in solution containing 320 ppm chlorine did not result in complete inactivation . Populations of S . montevideo remained unchanged in chopped tomatoes stored at 5 degrees C for 216 h (9 days) but increased significantly after storage for 96 or 22 h at 20 or 30 degrees C, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mutat Res, 1995 Jun, 343(2-3), 137 - 44
Mutagenic activity of the Ganges water with special reference to the pesticide pollution in the river between Kachla to Kannauj (U.P.), India; Rehana Z et al.; Water samples from Ganga river were collected from 3 different locations viz . Kachla, Fatehgarh and Kannauj (U.P.) . High performance liquid chromatography analysis of samples by liquid-liquid extraction procedure showed the presence of some pesticides like DDT, alpha-BHC, aldrin, dieldrin etc . DDT, alpha-BHC, DDD, aldrin and dieldrin were present at concentration ranges of 3.33-5.33 ppb, 1.73-3.01 ppb, 0.88-2.41 ppb, 1.17-2.81 ppb and 0.49-4.11 ppb, respectively . The organophosphorus pesticides like dimethoate and methyl parathion were also detected at the concentration levels of 0.41-0.56 ppb and 0.16-0.50 ppb, respectively . The organic substances in the test samples were extracted by XAD-resin and liquid-liquid extraction procedures, and the extracts were assayed for mutagenic potential by the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . The test samples exhibited a remarkable degree of mutagenicity with TA98, TA100 and TA97a strains with the probable role of contaminating pesticides in the river water.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 20(6), 380 - 4
Formation of viable but nonculturable Salmonella during starvation in chemically defined solutions; Chmielewski RA et al.; Salmonella enteritidis enters a viable-but-nonculturable state when exposed to starvation in aquatic environments . This study determined starvation survival of this pathogen in chemically defined solutions and tested the ability of nonselective enrichment to detect viable-but-nonculturable cells . Starvation of Salm . enteritidis at 7 degrees C in 7.35 mmol l-1 potassium phosphate buffer resulted in complete loss of culturability after 5 weeks with maintenance of a substrate-responsive population of over 10,000 cell ml-1 . Starvation at 21 degrees C and starvation in saline solutions or lower concentrations of phosphate buffer resulted in prolonged survival of a culturable population although this population was lower than the total viable population . Enrichment using lactose broth did not allow resuscitation of viable-but-nonculturable cells even after 5 d of incubation at 35 degrees C.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 20(6), 361 - 4
The detection of Salmonella in skimmed milk powder enrichments using conventional methods and immunomagnetic separation; Dziadkowiec D et al.; Skimmed milk powders were spiked with one of three Salmonella serovars and incubated in buffered peptone water for 24 h . No false-negative results were obtained by immunomagnetic separation (IMS), compared to seven for selenite cysteine, one for Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and two for Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment broths . Salmonella virchow was detected and enumerated during the pre-enrichment incubation by IMS and indirect conductance techniques . The Salm . virchow cell number did not increase after 12 h incubation and remained at 3 x 10(6) cfu ml-1 . IMS was able to capture Salm . virchow cells at cell numbers ca 50 ml-1 in the presence of a 1000 greater number of non-salmonella cells.

Epidemiol Infect, 1995 Jun, 114(3), 403 - 11
Correlation of change in phage type with pulsed field profile and 16S rrn profile in Salmonella enteritidis phage types 4, 7 and 9a; Powell NG et al.; Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 16S rRNA (rrn) analysis (ribotyping), the in vivo derivation of strains of Salmonella enteritidis PTs 9a and 7 from a strain of S . enteritidis PT 4 has been demonstrated . All strains were isolated from a single patient over a 6-week period . Further studies have demonstrated that in terms of pulsed-field profile and ribotype, the genotypes of the patient-derived strains differed from those of the reference strains of the respective phage types . It is concluded that when used in combination, these methods can provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships in apparently unrelated S . enteritidis phage types isolated during pathogenesis of disease.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1995 Jun, 209(2), 178 - 84
Deleterious effects of buthionine sulfoximine on cardiac function during continuous endotoxemia; Lee KJ et al.; Sepsis has been associated with reversible cardiac injury . To determine whether this injury is mediated by generation of reactive oxidants, tissue glutathione (GSH)--the major intracellular antioxidant--was depleted before endotoxemia . Basal values of cardiac contractile function, perfusion, and cardiac output were measured 5-7 days postsurgery . Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin was continuously infused at 3 micrograms/kg/hr iv via an osmotic pump (Alzet Corp) . Endotoxemia significantly reduced myocardial glutathione content (394 +/- 46) to 206 +/- 9 micrograms/g), indicating oxidant stress during endotoxemia . Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) pretreatment significantly reduced cardiac glutathione in sham pigs from 394 +/- 46 to 199 +/- 26 micrograms/g; and in endotoxemic pigs, BSO pretreatment significantly reduced cardiac glutathione to 106 +/- 18 micrograms/g . Vehicle- and BSO-treated endotoxemic groups demonstrated similar cardiovascular responses to endotoxin challenge . Heart rate increases (122 +/- 15 to 140 +/- 17 bpm) and cardiac outputs decreases (1.50 +/- 0.24 to 1.11 +/- 0.35 l/min) were similar, indicating similar cardiovascular insults induced by endotoxemia . Percent short axis shortening and end-systolic pressure-diameter relation (ESPDR) were significantly reduced in BSO pretreated compared with vehicle-treated endotoxemic pigs . Results support a conclusion that endotoxemia-induced cardiac injury is mediated, in part, by free radical injury . This conclusion is based upon the finding that endogenous myocardial glutathione was depleted by continuous endotoxin infusion and that prior depletion of myocardial glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine exacerbated cardiac injury.

J Bacteriol, 1995 Jun, 177(11), 3191 - 8
The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae; Karaolis DK et al.; The DNA sequences of the asd genes from 45 isolates of Vibrio cholerae (19 clinical O1 isolates, 2 environmental nontoxigenic O1 isolates, and 24 isolates with different non-O1 antigens) were determined . No differences were found within either sixth- or seventh-pandemic isolates; however, variation was found between the two forms and among the non-O1 isolates . O139 isolates had sequences identical to those of seventh-pandemic isolates . Phylogenetic trees with Vibrio mimicus as the outgroup suggest that the sixth-pandemic, seventh-pandemic, and U.S . Gulf isolates are three clones that have evolved independently from different lineages of environmental, nontoxigenic, non-O1 V . cholerae isolates . There is evidence for horizontal transfer of O antigen, since isolates with nearly identical asd sequences had different O antigens, and isolates with the O1 antigen did not cluster together but were found in different lineages . We also found evidence for recombination events within the asd gene of V . cholerae . V . cholerae may have a higher level of genetic exchange and a lower level of clonality than species such as Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli.

Hepatology, 1995 Jun, 21(6), 1632 - 9
Cytokine-induced upregulation of hepatic intercellular adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA expression and its role in the pathophysiology of murine endotoxin shock and acute liver failure; Essani NA et al.; Neutrophil-induced liver injury during endotoxemia is dependent on the adhesion molecule Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) on neutrophils . The potential involvement of its counterreceptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), in the pathogenesis was investigated after administration of 100 micrograms/kg Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin (ET) in galactosamine-sensitized mice (Gal) . In ET-sensitive mice (C3Heb/FeJ), which generated large amounts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), massive neutrophil infiltration and severe liver injury were observed . In an ET-resistant strain (C3H/HeJ), which did not generate TNF-alpha Gal/ET failed to cause neutrophil accumulation or injury . ICAM-1 messenger RNA (mRNA), negligible in control livers, was selectively induced by Gal/ET in ET-sensitive mice . Intravenous injection of murine TNF-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or IL-I beta (13 to 23 micrograms/kg) strongly induced the ICAM-1 message in both strains, showing a comparable capacity for ICAM-1 mRNA synthesis . All cytokines caused similar neutrophil accumulation in the liver; however, only Gal/TNF-alpha also caused upregulation of Mac-1 on circulating neutrophils and liver injury . The anti-murine ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody YN.1 (3 mg/kg) attenuated liver injury in ET-sensitive mice by 67% to 90% compared with isotype-matched control antibody-treated animals but did not reduce neutrophil accumulation in hepatic sinusoids . Our data suggest that the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 are the main mediators responsible for upregulation of ICAM-1 mRNA in the liver during endotoxemia . The upregulation of both adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and Mac-1, is necessary for a neutrophil-induced liver injury to occur . (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mutat Res, 1995 Jun, 334(3), 273 - 81
Mutagenicity of nitroscanate, an antischistosomal drug; Gupta RL et al.; Nitroscanate (NSC) was found to be a direct acting mutagen in the Ames Salmonella tester strains TA100 and TA98 and this activity increased further in the presence of rat liver S9 mix . It was inactive in TA98NR and TA100NR, and weakly active in TA98/1,8-DNP6 . A substantial fall in drug induced mutagenicity by pentachlorophenol, an inhibitor of acetyltransferase, in TA98, TA100 and YG1024 suggests the initial bioconversion of a nitro group to hydroxylamine and its further activation to the ultimate N-acetoxyarylamine . The refrigerated DMSO solution of the drug in the plate incorporation assay and freshly prepared solutions using the pre-incubation procedure indicated a fall in mutagenicity owing to the conversion of NSC to N,N'-bis-4-(p-nitrophenoxy)phenyl thiourea (NFPT) . The drastic reduction in mutagenicity in the presence of 4-amino-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether (ANDE) and 4-aminodiphenyl ether (ADE) was also attributed to the conversion of NSC to the corresponding thiourea, a non-mutagen . The negligible mutagenicity of ANDE and its absence in ADE and 4-isothiocyanate diphenyl ether (ITDE) suggests that the mutagenicity of NSC is due to the nitro group, and the -NCS function is responsible for enhanced mutagenicity over nor-isothiocyanate 4-nitrodiphenyl ether (NDE).

Int J Food Microbiol, 1995 Jun, 26(1), 117 - 31
Media for Salmonella; Busse M; The main categories of selective plating media are reviewed . The selective enrichment media are considered to be of critical importance in salmonella isolation . During the last 10 years Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth has emerged as a new reliable enrichment medium . Likewise motility enrichment is a very promising technique, but will no doubt have its limitations . However, since it is based on a different principle compared with traditional enrichment, it may complement traditional techniques in a useful way . Most important, however, is the insight that the selectivity of a selective procedure is not solely defined by the medium and by incubation conditions . The food sample and its microflora apparently influences the result considerably . This finding may open a new and fascinating field of scientific research; the ecology of selective media.

Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1995 Jun, 18(2), 170 - 5
Salmonella psoas abscess--a case report; Liao YS et al.; The clinical presentation of psoas abscess is often non-specific and insidious that may mislead the diagnosis and treatment . The abscess often extends beyond the retroperitoneum and pelvis before its diagnosis, and leads to serious complications . Many diseases have the similar signs and symptoms and must be ruled out . Computed tomogram is the most useful and reliable diagnostic tool . Only a few cases of salmonella psoas abscess were reported in the literature, and were usually associated with spinal osteomyelitis or septic hip . We present a case of salmonella psoas abscess in a patient with diabetes mellitus . The patient had the history of cholecystitis with sepsis due to salmonella infection 4 years before and cholecystectomy had been done . No associated lesion was found to be associated with the abscess, and we believed the abscess being the result of recurrent bacteremic attack . High index of suspicion, early diagnosis, adequate drainage and effective antibiotic treatment are the key points in managing the disease.

Br J Rheumatol, 1995 Jun, 34(6), 568 - 71
Salmonella pyomyositis in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus; Medina F et al.; Pyomyositis is a common disease in the tropics, mostly due to Staphylococcus aureus . We report two patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who presented with fever and unilateral limb swelling and in whom pyomyositis was diagnosed in quadriceps and gluteus major, respectively . Salmonella enteritidis was isolated in both, with recurrent episodes of muscle involvement and secondary osteomyelitis in one case . Non-typhi Salmonella pyomyositis may occur in HIV + patients with a relapsing and aggressive clinical course in some cases.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1995 Jun, 78(6), 677 - 83
Fermentation of radiolabelled substrates by batch cultures of caecal microflora maintained in a continuous-flow culture; Hume ME et al.; Glucose- and lactose-based media containing either 14C-labelled glucose, galactose, lactose or lactic acid were inoculated with anaerobic cultures of chicken caecal bacteria maintained for 121 d in a continuous-flow (CF) culture . The culture was previously shown to reduce Salmonella colonization in the caeca of chicks inoculated with the culture and the reduction was associated with increases in volatile fatty acids . The distributions of 14C were determined among the fermentation products, especially acetic, propionic and lactic acids . After 12 h of incubation and fermentation, variations were observed in the total amounts of 14C, from each 14C-labelled substrate, detected as acetic and propionic acids in the glucose- and lactose-based media, respectively: 92.9 and 89.4% of 14C-glucose, 77.0 and 44.0% of 14C-galactose, 0.0 and 76.9% of 14C-lactose, and 76.5 and 93.2% of lactic acid in the two media, respectively . The results from this study indicate that carbohydrate metabolism by the CF culture was a major source of acetic and propionic acids and that lactic acid was an important metabolic intermediate for the synthesis of the volatile fatty acids.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1995 Jun, 78(6), 593 - 600
Effects of essential oil from mint (Mentha piperita) on Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in model food systems at 4 degrees and 10 degrees C; Tassou CC et al.; The effect of mint (Mentha piperita) essential oil (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%, v/w) on Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in a culture medium and three model foods; tzatziki (pH 4.5), taramosalata (pH 5.0) and pate (pH 6.8), inoculated at 10(7) cfu g-1, at 4 degrees and 10 degrees C for ca 1 week was studied . In the culture medium supplemented with the essential oil, no growth was observed over 2 d at 30 degrees C determined by a conductance method with a Malthus 2000 growth analyser . Salmonella enteritidis died in tzatziki in all treatments and declined in the other foods except for pate at 10 degrees C as judged with viable counts . Listeria monocytogenes populations showed a declining trend towards the end of the storage period but was increased in pate . Mint essential oil antibacterial action depended mainly on its concentration, food pH, composition, storage temperature and the nature of the micro-organism.

Mutat Res, 1995 Jun, 347(1), 37 - 43
Mutagenicity of benzoquinones for Ames Salmonella tester strains; Hakura A et al.; The mutagenicity of 12 simple benzoquinone (BQ) derivatives was studied using five different Ames Salmonella mutagenicity tester strains in the presence and absence of S9 mix . Seven of the BQs used displayed mutagenicity with and/or without S9 mix, and most of them produced a marginal increase in revertants . p-Benzoquinone (p-BQ) showed the most potent mutagenic activity (17 induced revertants/nmol/plate for strain TA104 without S9 mix) among the BQs tested . TA104, which is sensitive to oxidative mutagens, was the most sensitive to the mutagenicity of the BQs of the five strains used, while the second most sensitive strain was TA2637, which detects bulky DNA adducts . Significant reductions in the mutagenicity of p-BQ, and 2,3-diCl-5,6-diCN-BQ without S9 mix were observed in the presence of catalase . These findings suggest that the mutagenicity of BQs for S . typhimurium is attributable to oxidative injury after BQ reduction and to DNA adducts that form with BQs that have electrophilic substituents.

Voen Med Zh, 1995 Jun, (6), 33 - 9
{HIV infection in servicemen (the work experience of a specialized hospital department)}; Savvin IuN et al.; PIP: In 1987, under the aegis of the governmental campaign against AIDS, military hospitals in Moscow established a department for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV-infected and AIDS patients among the military and their families . Clinical and laboratory examinations showed that 96 people out of 130 examined either were positive for HIV or were suffering from symptoms of AIDS . 77 were military from African countries, 15 from Russia, and 4 were their family members . Out of these 15 patients from Russia, 8 had been infected via sexual intercourse: 1 via homosexual and 7 via heterosexual intercourse . In 10 patients, HIV infection had been diagnosed 1-2 years after being infected, in 3 patients 3-6 years later, and in 2 patients more than 10 years afterwards . Every other patient exhibited symptoms of the second stage of AIDS: persistent generalized lymphadenopathy . 4 patients had lost body weight, 8 patients had prolonged fever, 2 had diarrhea, 4 had various dermatological symptoms, 4 had opportunistic infections, 5 had other infections (viral hepatitis, acute pneumonia, and salmonella), and 3 patients had other ailments (paranephritis, salpingoophoritis, endometritis, purulent otitis) . The cases of 3 patients are described in detail . 4 out of 5 patients who were transferred to this special department demonstrated severe inflammatory processes as a consequence of their HIV-infection: paranephritis, pneumonia, purulent cholangitis, and salmonella . All patients also evinced damage to their immune system: the reduction of T-lymphocyte count and T-helper cells and the reduction of the index of T-helper/T-suppressor cells (to 0.31 from the norm of 1.1-2.2) . The treatment of AIDS patients consisted of the use of azidothimidine, which inhibits the activity of reverse transcriptase; the stimulation of the immune system by means of timalin (10 mg for 5 days im); and treating secondary fungal infections (up to 8 million IU of nystatin/day, up to 4 million IU of levorin, and up to 200 mg of diflucan) .

J Immunol, 1995 Jun 1, 154(11), 5977 - 85
Self and foreign 60-kilodalton heat shock protein T cell epitope peptides serve as immunogenic carriers for a T cell-independent sugar antigen; Konen-Waisman S et al.; Healthy individuals manifest natural T cell reactivity to epitopes of the 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60) of both self and bacterial origin . The present studies were done to learn whether defined peptides of hsp60 could function as T cell carrier epitopes for a poorly immunogenic T-independent capsular polysaccharide, the Vi Ag of Salmonella typhi . Homologous peptides were synthesized from the mouse self-hsp60 molecule (CP1m), from the closely related human hsp60 molecule (CP1h), and from the more distant Escherichia coli (CP1ec) and mycobacterial (CP1mt) hsp60 molecules . The peptides were conjugated to Vi and tested for their immunogenicity in BALB/c (H-2d) and H-2 congenic mice (H-2k and H-2b) . We now report that the self-CP1m and cross-reactive CP1h peptides were as immunogenic as was the non-cross-reactive foreign CP1ec peptide . Small amounts of the CP1 peptide, even in PBS, sufficed to induce anti-Vi Abs of the IgG1 (T-dependent) isotype in naive mice . The carrier effect was associated with the ability of the peptides to bind to APC and to induce T cell proliferation . H-2d and H-2k mice, but not H-2b mice responded to CP1m/h and CP1ec . None of the mice responded to CP1mt . No signs of inflammation or autoimmune disease were detected . Thus, natural T cell autoimmunity exists and can be harnessed to provide T cell help for Ab production to a foreign bacterial molecule in a synthetic vaccine.

J Commun Dis, 1995 Jun, 27(2), 97 - 100
Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria; Oboegbulam SI et al.; Eight hundred and nine patients suspected of having typhoid/enteric fever were investigated . Enteric fever bacilli (Salmonella typhi and S . paratyphi) were cultured from stool samples of 128 (16%) patients . Serological evidence of typhoid fever was obtained in 83 (13%) of 620 of the patients examined by the Widal test . The antibody titres ranged from 1:160 to 1:1280 . A higher proportion of paratyphoid infection over typhoid infection was recorded both by culture (56%) and by the Widal test (63%) . The predominant serotype was paratyphi C . Non-typhoid Salmonellae were recovered from stool samples of 60 patients, comprising five serovars, namely, S . typhimurium-22 strains, S . enteritidis-15, S . hardar-9, S . virchow-5, S . bredeney-3, and 6 non-typable strains . Shigella sonnei and S . flexneri were detected in diarrhoeic and semi-formed stools of 19 (2.3%) of the typhoid suspects . It is clear from the results of the study that though typhoid is endemic in South-East Nigeria and the number of cases may rise at certain periods of the year, the news of a current wave of epidemic of typhoid seem unfounded.

Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 1995 Jun, 13(1), 63 - 70
Monoclonal antibodies against protein antigens of salmonellae causing paratyphoid fever and their diagnostic application; Ekpo P et al.; Hybrid clones producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for Salmonella paratyphi A (72 clones), S . paratyphi B (9 clones) and S . paratyphi C (8 clones) were produced by using the affinity purified Salmonella protein (Bp) as immunogens . MAbs to S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B reacted specifically with the 52 kDa homologous flagellin protein components while those to S . paratyphi C reacted with a 61 kDa flagellin protein component . The MAbs against S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B were used to establish a double antibody sandwich ELISA for detection of the 52 kDa flagellin antigens in serum samples from patients with acute paratyphoid A and paratyphoid B fever . With this assay system, 6.25 ng per ml of flagellin antigens of S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B could be detected . However, the assay system could not detect the flagellin antigens in patients' sera . The presence of IgM antibodies to the 52 kDa antigens of S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B in the acute sera from paratyphoid A or paratyphoid B patients suggested that the 52 kDa protein components of both salmonellae are good immunogens for human and might be used as antigens for early diagnosis of paratyphoid A and paratyphoid B fever.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1995 May 31, 754, 187 - 201
The hepatitis nucleocapsid as a vaccine carrier moiety; Milich DR et al.; The "carrier effect," defined as the provision of T cell recognition sites physically linked to B cell epitopes in order to provide Th cell function for antibody synthesis, is well known . Peptides, proteins, and more recently particulate protein antigens have been used for this purpose . The hepatitis B core antigen represents a highly immunogenic antigen in humans as well as in experimental animal models . Studies in mice have provided insight into this enhanced immunogenicity . For example, HBcAg directly activates B cells (i.e., T cell independence), HBcAg elicits strong T cell responses, and HBcAg is efficiently processed and presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs) . These characteristics suggested that HBcAg may be an ideal carrier moiety for B cell epitopes requiring additional Th cell function . Therefore, a number of HBV and non-HBV B cell epitopes have been chemically linked or fused by recombinant methods to HBcAg as a method to increase immunogenicity with significant success . We have designed bacterial expression vectors that allow insertion of heterologous B cell epitopes at various positions within HBcAg particles and permit efficient purification of hybrid HBcAg particles . Studies of positional effects have demonstrated that an internal insertion into a dominant HBcAg-specific B cell site represents a superior location for enhanced antibody production . Immunogenicity studies have been extended to protection against experimental challenge in several systems . For example, a malaria CS repeat sequence derived from P . berghei was inserted into HBcAg at the internal site, and purified hybrid HBcAg/CS particles were highly immunogenic and protected 100% of experimentally challenged BALB/c mice . This system has also been exploited for purposes of oral vaccination by expressing genes coding for hybrid HBcAg particles in live, avirulent vaccine strains of Salmonella species.

Gene, 1995 May 26, 158(1), 67 - 72
Isolation and characterization of ompS1, a novel Salmonella typhi outer membrane protein-encoding gene; Fernandez-Mora M et al.; We have isolated a novel outer membrane protein (OMP)-encoding gene from Salmonella typhi (St), termed ompS1, using the ompF gene of Escherichia coli (Ec) as a heterologous probe . The structural ompS1 gene codes for an OmpS1 polypeptide that consists of 373 amino acids (aa) in the mature product, with a putative 21-aa leader sequence, containing highly conserved aa residues that have been implicated in pore formation . Mature OmpS1 (41 kDa) is larger than the OmpC, OmpF and PhoE St and Ec porins . In contrast to the major porins, it is undetectable in Coomassie-stained OMP preparations; although, when ompS1 was cloned into a high-copy-number plasmid under the control of the inducible tac promoter, it was detectable along with major OMPs . The 5' regulatory region of ompS1 has five putative binding sites for OmpR, a positive transcriptional regulator . The ompS1 gene shows restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among Salmonellae.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1995 May 25, 210(3), 678 - 85
Macrophage activation in response to S-form lipopolysaccharides (LPS) separated by centrifugal partition chromatography from wild-type LPS: effects of the O-polysaccharide portion of LPS; Suda Y et al.; The S-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was effectively separated from a native preparation of smooth-type Salmonella abortus equi LPS by means of the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) . To clarify the mechanisms by which LPS activates macrophages, CPC-separated S-form LPS was assessed for its ability to induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells in comparison with other fractions of LPS which lacks most of O-polysaccharides . LPS dose-response and time-kinetics studies showed that serum factor(s) regulated especially the onset of TNF-alpha secretion in stimulation with S-form LPS . These results strongly suggest that the native (unfractionated) LPS activates macrophages in both O-polysaccharide/serum-dependent and -independent pathways.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1995 May 23, 92(11), 4992 - 6
Basis for selection of improved carbohydrate-binding single-chain antibodies from synthetic gene libraries; Deng SJ et al.; A technique is described for the simultaneous and controlled random mutation of all three heavy or light chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in a single-chain Fv specific for the O polysaccharide of Salmonella serogroup B . Sense oligonucleotides were synthesized such that the central bases encoding a CDR were randomized by equimolar spiking with A, G, C, and T at a level of 10% while the antisense strands contained inosine in the spiked regions . Phage display of libraries assembled from the spiked oligonucleotides by a synthetic ligase chain reaction demonstrated a bias for selection of mutants that formed dimers and higher oligomers . Kinetic analyses showed that oligomerization increased association rates in addition to slowing dissociation rates . In combination with some contribution from reduced steric clashes with residues in heavy-chain CDR2, oligomerization resulted in functional affinities that were much higher than that of the monomeric form of the wild-type single-chain Fv.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1995 May 5, 44(17), 347 - 50
Reptile-associated salmonellosis--selected states, 1994-1995; Production of monoclonal antibodies directed to Hanganutziu-Deicher active gangliosides et al.; Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Medical SchoolWe have established three kinds of monoclonal antibodies against gangliosides containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) by immunization of BALB/c mice with the purified gangliosides inserted into liposomes comprising Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharides, and fusion of spleen cells with a mouse myeloma cell line . One monoclonal antibody, SHS-1, which was generated by immunizing mice with purified i-active ganglioside(NeuGc), reacted specifically with the i-active ganglioside(NeuGc) used as an immunogen . Structurally related gangliosides, such as GM3(NeuGc), sialosylparagloboside (SPG) (NeuGc), or I-active ganglioside(NeuGc), corresponding gangliosides {GM3 containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), SPG(NeuAc), i-active ganglioside(NeuAc), and I-active ganglioside(NeuAc)}, other gangliosides, or neutral glycosphingolipid (GSL) were not recognized by the monoclonal antibody . These findings indicate that the SHS-1 monoclonal antibody may be specific for NeuGc-containing i-active ganglioside . On the other hand, the other two monoclonal antibodies, MSG-1 and SPS-20, which were generated by immunizing mice with purified ganglioside GM3(NeuGc) and SPG(NeuGc), respectively, showed cross-reactivity to structurally related gangliosides . The MSG-1 monoclonal antibody exhibited reactivity to ganglioside GM3(NeuAc) . The SPS-20 monoclonal antibody also cross-reacted with SPG(NeuAc), i-active ganglioside(NeuGc), and i-active ganglioside(NeuAc) . Neither MSG-1 nor SPS-20 reacted with corresponding gangliosides, other gangliosides, or neutral GSLs tested . Using the SHS-1 antibody specific for i-active ganglioside(NeuGc), we studied the expression of NeuGc-containing antigen in human colon cancer tissue . An NeuGc-containing glycoconjugate was detected in the colon cancer tissue.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1995 May 1, 206(9), 1339 - 44
Plasmid profiles and resistance to antimicrobial agents among Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and poultry in the midwestern United States; Nair US et al.; In the study reported here, 121 Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and 467 isolates from nonhuman sources were analyzed for plasmid pattern and susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobial agents commonly used as biologic markers . A significant (P < 0.05) number of isolates from nonhuman sources were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline . Resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was uncommon . Of the 588 isolates, 445 (76%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobial agents . Sixty of 121 (50%) S enteritidis isolates from human beings were susceptible to all 12 antimicrobial agents, but 425 of 467 (91%) S enteritidis isolates from nonhuman sources expressed resistance to 1 or more of the antimicrobial agents used in the study . Analysis of plasmid profiles revealed that significantly (P < 0.05) more isolates from nonhuman sources had high molecular weight plasmids than did isolates from human beings . Isolates from ceca of chickens were associated with patterns of low molecular weight plasmids . Analysis of results of the study revealed similarities among S enteritidis from human beings and eggs, as determined on the basis of plasmid profiles and antibiotic susceptibility patterns, which may implicate eggs as one of the potential sources for infection of human beings . In addition, periodic monitoring of a substantial number of Salmonella isolates to detect drug resistance may be a prudent practice for use in revising the list of antimicrobial agents commonly used in human beings and other animals.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 May, 20(5), 277 - 81
Influence of freshwater sediment on the survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp . as measured by three methods of enumeration; Fish JT et al.; Growth and survival of enteric bacteria in freshwater sediments should be of concern to public health officials because of potential contributions of bacteria to the water column . Bacteria densities were measured in sediment and water using direct counts (DC), direct viable counts (DVC) and standard plate counts (PC) . Both Salmonella sp . and Escherichia coli survived in microcosms containing autoclaved water and sediment for at least 28 d, as measured by all three methods of enumeration . Moreover, when bacteria were enumerated from sediment-containing microcosms, the DC, DVC and PC values were equivalent . Plate counts showed that both organisms were present at high densities on day 56 . In addition, parallel platings on MacConkey agar of E . coli from microcosms containing sediment gave results identical to PC values, indicating that E . coli was not stressed in these microcosms . In microcosms containing water only, E . coli densities declined gradually over 2 weeks by all three measures of enumeration . By day 14, only 58% of total DC was viable as measured by DVC . Due to the protective nature of sediments, the use of standard media may be adequate to enumerate E . coli from some freshwater sediments.

J AOAC Int, 1995 May-Jun, 78(3), 679 - 90
Relative effectiveness of selective plating agars for recovery of Salmonella species from selected high-moisture foods; Sherrod PS et al.; The relative effectiveness of 6 selective plating media were compared for effectiveness in recovery of Salmonella spp . from selected high-moisture foods . Three new plating agars (EF-18, Rambach, and xylose lysine Tergitol-4) and 3 selective plating agars (bismuth sulfite, Hektoen enteric, and xylose lysine desoxycholate) recommended by AOAC INTERNATIONAL and the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) were compared . The agars were streaked from cultures selectively enriched in selenite cystine broth, tetrathionate broth, and Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium . The high-moisture foods studied were naturally contaminated pork sausage, chicken parts, turkey parts, and frog legs and artificially contaminated shrimp, oysters, egg yolks, and lettuce . The relative effectiveness of each selective plating agar was determined by recovery of Salmonella spp . and enumeration of false-positive and false-negative reactions . Although the new selective plating agars compared favorably with the AOAC/BAM-recommended agars, they offered no advantage . Incubation of selective enrichment broths at elevated temperatures decreased the numbers of false-positive and false-negative reactions for all 6 selective plating agars.

Am J Emerg Med, 1995 May, 13(3), 337 - 43
Splenic abscess: a diagnostic pitfall in the ED; Liang JT et al.; Splenic abscess, with its rare incidence and various misleading clinical manifestations, usually is a diagnostic pitfall in the modern emergency department . The most frequently seen symptoms and signs are fever, abdominal pain and tenderness over left upper quadrant, splenomegaly, leucocytosis, and left lower chest abnormalities . Four cases were collected during the past five years . On admission, one patient manifested symptoms mimicking a perforated peptic ulcer and the other three patients presented clinical and roentgenographic signs suggestive, but non-specific, for splenic abscess . In two cases, the diagnosis was based on sonography followed by computed tomography (CT) . In one case, the splenic abscess was only visualized by CT . They all survived after splenectomy and appropriate antibiotic therapy . Culturing disclosed the offending organisms to be Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Salmonella species, and Streptococcus viridans . These nonspecific clinical pictures should be thoroughly investigated, and CT, the most sensitive diagnostic tool, should be used whenever splenic abscess is suspected . Early diagnosis and timely treatment reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with splenic abscess.

Mutat Res, 1995 May, 343(1), 31 - 52
Use of two short-term tests to evaluate the genotoxicity of river water treated with different concentration/extraction procedures; Vargas VM et al.; The genotoxicity of river water samples was evaluated by the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and by the microscreen phage-induction assay . Different processes of sample treatment were compared using the following assays: different volumes of a non-concentrated sample (direct method); concentrated sample fractionated into portions with acid, basic and neutral activity (liquid-liquid extraction method); sample submitted to extraction of volatile substances (volatile extraction method) . Samples that were positive to the Salmonella assay by the direct concentration method lost this activity after liquid-liquid extraction . This difference was related to the loss of substances that volatilize during the extraction process . The study of volatile product concentrates confirmed the role of these compounds in inducing activity present in some samples . The microscreen phage-induction assay proved to be a good screening assay for genotoxic compounds present in small concentration in environmental samples . We conclude that, whenever possible, samples should be treated by the direct method in different volumes to prevent the loss of genotoxic substances.

Mutat Res, 1995 May, 343(1), 25 - 30
Inhibition of tobacco-induced mutagenesis by eugenol and plant extracts; Sukumaran K et al.; Inhibitory effects of eugenol, a compound present in many spices such as cloves, cardamom etc . and the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes calva which are traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco, on tobacco-induced mutagenesis were evaluated using Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . Eugenol significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) tobacco-induced mutagenicity at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/plate . Anacyclus pyrethrum extract (1 mg/plate) produced 74.33% inhibition while the extract of Spilanthes calva at 2 mg/plate inhibited tobacco-induced mutagenesis by 86.4% . Eugenol and the plant extracts also inhibited the nitrosation of methylurea in a dose-dependent manner.

Mutat Res, 1995 May, 328(2), 215 - 27
Relationships between electronegativity and genotoxicity; Rosenkranz HS et al.; The mean electronegativity of chemicals tested for mutagenicity, genotoxicity, clastogenicity and toxicity was determined . It was found that, as expected, chemicals with 'structural alerts' for DNA reactivity, and/or capable of inducing mutations in Salmonella and/or unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes, as a group, were significantly more electronegative than the molecules lacking these attributes . Molecules capable of inducing somatic mutations and recombinations in Drosophila melanogaster also exhibited this characteristic although it was of borderline statistical significance . Inducers of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured CHO cells showed the same trend, however the differences between inducers and non-inducers were not statistically significant . In contrast to the above, inducers of bone marrow micronuclei, as a group, were significantly less electronegative than non-inducers . This is a property they shared with chemicals that exhibited systemic or cellular toxicity or that induced lethality in minnows . These findings suggest that in addition to genotoxicity, cellular and/or systemic toxicity may also contribute to the induction of micronuclei.

Mutat Res, 1995 May, 328(2), 127 - 49
Learning rules to predict rodent carcinogenicity of non-genotoxic chemicals; Lee Y et al.; The results of short-term assays (induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges, oncogenic transformations and cellular toxicity) together with MTD (maximum tolerated dose) values and physical chemical properties of non-genotoxic (i.e . Salmonella non-mutagens) carcinogens and non-carcinogens were submitted to RL, an inductive learning program . RL was able to learn rules that correctly predicted between 70 and 80% of non-genotoxic chemicals . This is a marked improvement over current predictions using only the results of short-term assays and exceeds the predictions of human experts that used the whole spectrum of acute and subchronic toxicity results as well as human knowledge and intuition.

Infect Immun, 1995 May, 63(5), 1820 - 6
Regulation of macrophage activation and human immunodeficiency virus production by invasive Salmonella strains; Mizel SB et al.; Salmonellae possess the ability to adhere to and invade macrophages and in so doing trigger a number of intracellular events that are associated with cellular activation . As an initial approach to defining the mechanisms by which invasive salmonellae alter macrophage function, we have explored the impact of Salmonella infection on the production of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in U1 cells, a promonocytic cell line latently infected with the virus . Infection of U1 cells with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enteritidis resulted in a marked induction of macrophage activation and HIV production . The stimulatory effect of salmonellae was mediated by signals other than lipopolysaccharide . Salmonella mutants with specific defects in invasion or intracellular survival were markedly less effective in the induction of HIV production . In contrast to S . enteritidis, strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Legionella pneumophila, and Escherichia coli did not induce HIV production . However, all of these bacteria induced comparable levels of gene expression mediated by the HIV long terminal repeat . The results of this study are consistent with the notion that invasive salmonellae possess the ability to activate the macrophage by at least one mechanism that is not shared with several other species of gram-negative bacteria . Furthermore, the expression of this unique property is maximal with Salmonella strains that are not only invasive but also capable of prolonged survival within the macrophage . Our results indicate that the U1 cell line may be a very useful model system with which to examine the biochemical pathways by which internalized salmonellae modulate the activation state of the macrophage.

AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1995 May, 164(5), 1201 - 3
Does the use of lidocaine affect the culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens obtained to diagnose osteomyelitis? An in vitro and in vivo study; Schweitzer ME et al.; OBJECTIVE . When percutaneous bone biopsy is done by radiologists, local anesthetics such as lidocaine are routinely used . Although percutaneous bone biopsy of neoplasms is well accepted, it has been suggested that this procedure not be used to diagnose osteomyelitis because of a reported bactericidal effect of lidocaine and related drugs on certain organisms . The purposes of this study were to determine if lidocaine is bactericidal in vitro and to determine if it has an effect on the culture of bacteria in specimens obtained by percutaneous bone biopsy in vivo . SUBJECTS AND METHODS . The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of 1% lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/ml preserved with methylparaben) were determined in vitro for seven bacteria known to be frequent causes of osteomyelitis by using conventional clinical microbiologic methods . Percutaneous core bone biopsy for suspected osteomyelitis was done in 28 patients: 21 with and seven without the use of lidocaine . Sites sampled included vertebrae (14); calcanei, pubis, and ischia (two each); and intervertebral disks (eight) . Six of the 21 patients who had percutaneous biopsy with lidocaine also had an open surgical biopsy without lidocaine . The results of cultures of the specimens were compared . Histologic evaluation and radiographic follow-up were used to identify false-negative results . RESULTS . The minimal inhibitory and the minimal bactericidal concentrations, respectively, of lidocaine (in milligrams per milliliter) were as follows: Klebsiella pneumoniae, 5.0 and > 5.0; group B streptococci, 2.5 and 5.0; Staphylococcus aureus, > 5.0; and > 5.0; methicillin-resistant S . aureus, > 5.0 and > 5.0; Escherichia coli, 2.5 and > 5.0; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5.0 and 5.0; Salmonella species, 5.0 and > 5.0 . We found no difference in bacterial growth and the number of false-negative results between patients who had biopsies with and those who had biopsies without lidocaine . Fifty percent of patients who had growth on cultures of specimens from percutaneous biopsies done with lidocaine had no growth on cultures of specimens from surgical biopsies done without lidocaine . This likely occurred because the surgical specimens were not obtained under cross-sectional imaging guidance . CONCLUSION . Up to a 50% mixture of lidocaine has no significant effect in vitro on the bacterial growth of the seven organisms that cause osteomyelitis most frequently, and no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth was seen in biopsies done with lidocaine in vivo . The inhibitory effect of lidocaine therefore occurs at a greater concentration than is used clinically . We conclude that lidocaine used for biopsy does not interfere with the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.

Clin Exp Dermatol, 1995 May, 20(3), 255 - 7
Fatal salmonellosis in systemic lupus erythematosus; Taylor G et al.; We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed Salmonella septicaemia and an aortic mycotic aneurysm which proved fatal . She had received only low dose prednisolone (average 5-10 mg) as treatment for her disease, which appeared to be inactive at the time of her presentation with septicaemia . This is the first case report of this particular manifestation of salmonellosis in SLE and the patient died despite standard antibiotic treatment . This case emphasizes the need for continued vigilance for signs of Salmonella infection when managing patients with SLE.

Aust Vet J, 1995 May, 72(5), 172 - 6
Microbiological evaluation of dressing procedures for crocodile carcases in Queensland; Rickard MW et al.; Microbiological testing of crocodiles during the dressing procedure has shown that sanitising the skin before skinning reduces the bacterial count on the skin and that dipping crocodile meat in 1.3% acetic acid solution effectively reduces bacterial levels . The total bacterial count on the processed mean sample was comparable with that obtained in the beef, pork and lamb industries . Salmonellae were isolated from 14 of the 72 carcases . Most (65%) of these isolates were in Salmonella subspecies III, formerly classified as Arizona.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1995 May-Jun, (3), 65 - 70
{The biological properties of Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from different sources in the period of 1969-1989}; Marakusha BI et al.; The study of S . enteritidis cultures of different origin, isolated at the period of 1969-1989, revealed that almost all strains isolated in 1988-1989 belonged to phagovar 1 and carried a plasmid with a molecular weight of 36 MD, while of the cultures isolated in 1969-1984 only one belonged to phagovar 1 and had a plasmid of 36 MD . All S . enteritidis strains under study, irrespective of their origin and time of isolation, were highly virulent for mice, experimentally infected by different routes . S . enteritidis cultures isolated from patients exhibited higher resistance to the bactericidal action of normal guinea pig serum than strains isolated from chickens and from water . S . enteritidis mutants having lost their plasmid of 36 MD were characterized by lower virulence for mice and guinea pigs.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1995 May, 61(5), 1996 - 9
Evaluation of new culture media for rapid detection and isolation of salmonellae in foods; Pignato S et al.; Conventional methods for Salmonella detection in foods can require up to 6 and at least 4 days . We have observed that the total analysis time can be reduced to 48 h by using Salmosyst broth as a liquid medium for both preenrichment and selective enrichment and Rambach agar (RA), a new selective plate medium . In samples of artificially contaminated ground beef Salmonella enteritidis was detected at a concentration of 0.4 CFU/g (10 CFU/25 g) by both a conventional method and the new method . Of 519 samples of foods for sale, 38 were Salmonella positive by both methods while 471 were negative . Nine samples which were negative by the conventional method were positive by the Salmosyst-RA method, while one sample positive by the first method was negative by the last . Therefore, the Salmosyst-RA method showed 97.9% sensitivity compared with the 81.2% sensitivity of the conventional method . The new method was also highly specific (98% specificity) in presumptive identification of Salmonella colonies . Furthermore, a 6-h preenrichment in Salmosyst broth has been proved sufficient for the repair of heat-injured Salmonella cells and for subsequent recovery by selective enrichment . In conclusion, the Salmosyst-RA method shows several advantages over both conventional and rapid noncultural methods: (i) only two media are required instead of the five media for conventional methods; (ii) in real time it is comparable to other rapid noncultural methods, which require 30 to 31 h; (iii) it is highly sensitive and specific; and (iv) it allows the isolation of Salmonella strains which can be characterized by appropriate phenotypic and genotypic typing methods for epidemiological investigations.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1995 May, 61(5), 1731 - 8
Susceptibility of suspended and surface-attached Salmonella enteritidis to biocides and elevated temperatures; Dhir VK et al.; The differential resistance of substratum-attached, detached, and planktonic cells of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was studied by using several inimical processes and in vivo bioluminescence as a nondestructive, real-time reporter of metabolic activity . Bioluminescence in this strain was mediated by a construction containing the entire lux operon from Photorhabdus luminescens . An excellent correlation between bioluminescence and classical plate count data was obtained when we compared attachment profiles, biocide concentration exponents, and thermal inactivation D values (D value was the time required for a 10-fold reduction in the number of survivors) . Biocide challenge of surface-adherent S . enteritidis resulted in concentration exponents that were experimentally indistinguishable from those obtained with Luria-Bertani broth-grown planktonic cells . It appears that cleansing regimes developed by using planktonic cell data are effective against surface-attached cells of this bacterium . Both attached and detached cells exhibited an approximately twofold increase in D values at 52 degrees C compared with values calculated for planktonic cells, strongly indicating that the detached cells exhibited an attached phenotype during the heating process . A model of a physiological adaptive response induced in attached cells and also reflected in detached cells is presented.

Br Vet J, 1995 May-Jun, 151(3), 311 - 23
Pathological findings in the intestinal tract and liver of chicks after exposure to Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium or Kedougou; Brito JR et al.; Day-old chicks were inoculated either via the feed or by direct oral inoculation with salmonellas which were either invasive or non-invasive (serotypes Typhimurium and Kedougou, respectively) . Colonization of the alimentary tract and visceral organs, determined by microbiological examination, occurred more quickly in birds inoculated orally with S . serotype Typhimurium compared with feed-challenged birds . By contrast, S . serotype Kedougou remained confined to the alimentary tract . In birds inoculated either orally or via the feed, S . serotype Typhimurium, but not serotype Kedougou, was identified in the lamina propria of the caecum by immunostaining . Electron microscopic examination confirmed that the organisms were within macrophages.

Arch Pediatr, 1995 May, 2(5), 418 - 22
{Eradication of asymptomatic carrier state of non-typhoid Salmonella with two doses of pefloxacin}; Gendrel D et al.; BACKGROUND--The carrier state of Salmonella may represent a source of contamination for other people . Its treatment is unsatisfactory so that a carrier may shed organisms for numerous months . POPULATION AND METHODS--From 1990 to 1993, 17 children aged 1.5 months to 8 years were seen because they were asymptomatic carriers of non-typhoid Salmonella, confirmed by three successive stool cultures . All had presented earlier acute severe infection having required treatment with amoxicillin (13 cases) and ceftriaxone or cefotaxime (four cases) . They were given one dose of pefloxacin, 12 mg/kg, 4 to 8 weeks after the initial episode . This unique dose was administered again 4 days later . Stool cultures were performed before the first administration and 10, 30, 45 and 60 days after, with a last control 3 to 4 months later . RESULTS--Eradication of the Salmonella was obtained by the 10th day in 13 patients and within the 3 following weeks in 2 others . Those children who excreted a few number of organisms were early eradicated while the 2 patients who did not respond to pefloxacin shed larger number of bacteria . There was no side-effects of treatment . CONCLUSION--A short treatment with pefloxacin appears to be effective and safe in eradicating the carrier state when stool excretion of Salmonella is moderate.

Gesundheitswesen, 1995 May, 57(5), 285 - 90
{Incidence of intestinal pathogens in asylum applicants}; Gauert B; In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern the Provincial Government has decreed that the laboratory diagnostic examination of applicants for asylum is limited to Salmonella and Shigella . A comprehensive bacteriological and parasitological investigation of 517 applicants for asylum showed a wide pattern of intestinal pathogens . 123 person (23.79%) were infected with pathogenic or facultative pathogenic agents . Regional differences of the extent of distribution and the risks of infestation with pathogens by importation are discussed . Conclusion: Limitation of obligatory microbiologic examination to Salmonella and Shigella only is insufficient.

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 May, 33(5), 1070 - 4
Molecular analysis of Salmonella enteritidis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping; Thong KL et al.; A total of 61 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis were analyzed by the techniques of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping . Twenty-three of the isolates were from Zurich, Switzerland, and 38 isolates were from the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Five of the Malaysian isolates were hospital-related outbreak strains and were shown to be indistinguishable by PFGE analysis following digestion with three different restriction endonucleases, XbaI (5'-TCTAGA-3'), SpeI (5'-ACTAGT-3'), and AvrII (5'-CCTAGG-3') . The PFGE pattern of an isolate from a suspected carrier staff nurse was found to be identical to those of the hospital outbreak isolates . These isolates were also indistinguishable by ribotyping with SmaI and SphI . The same single PFGE pattern was also detected in 29 of 32 sporadic isolates of S . enteritidis . Four closely related ribotypes were detected among these 29 isolates . Similarly, outbreak-related strains from Switzerland showed close genetic identity by PFGE and ribotyping . Strains obtained from poultry showed more variations in their PFGE patterns and ribotypes, although the patterns were still closely related . In addition, SphI ribotypes A and D among the Swiss strains correlated with phage types 4 and 8, respectively . No correlation of phage types with PFGE pattern was noted . Both PFGE and ribotyping indicate that the S . enteritidis strains circulating in Malaysia and Switzerland are very similar and may be clonally related . Comparison of the PFGE patterns with the ribotypes for 23 Swiss and 16 Malaysian isolates showed that there was a 69% concordance in the grouping of isolates . We conclude that the close genetic similarity observed between epidemiologically unrelated and outbreak-related isolates of S . enteritidis suggests that both PFGE and ribotyping are of limited value in the epidemiological analysis of these particular isolates, possibly because of the highly clonal nature of pathogenic strains of S . enteritidis.

Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 1995 May-Jun, 107(1-3), 290 - 4
Humoral immune responses to recombinant tree pollen allergens (Bet v I and Bet v II) in mice: construction of a live oral allergy vaccine; Vrtala S et al.; Recombinant tree pollen allergens (recombinant Bet v I and recombinant birch profilin, Bet v II) were purified and used to immunize BALB/c and B6D2F1 mice with Al(OH)3 to elicit a specific IgE response . Serum from immunized mice was then used to detect immunoblotted natural tree pollen allergens . The onset of the humoral immune response was monitored using antimouse IgE, IgG1, IgG2a/b, IgG3 and IgA . In both strains, a specific and long-lasting IgE response could be elicited with both recombinant allergens . Mice immunized continuously with recombinant Bet v I + Al(OH)3 showed a significant decrease of specific IgE antibodies indicating that continuous application of allergens can reduce specific IgE responses . The possibility of inducing a different type of immune responses is indicated by the fact that mice fed with Bet v I expressed in apathogenic Salmonella strains showed a Th1 immune response to Bet v I accompanied by specific IgG2a/b without detectable IgG1 or IgE . Recombinant allergens can hence be used to decrease or even modulate specific IgE responses in vivo.

Poult Sci, 1995 May, 74(5), 893 - 7
Differences in the multiplication of Salmonella enteritidis strains in liquid whole egg: implications for detecting contaminated eggs from commercial laying flocks; Gast RK et al.; Bacterial culturing of eggs for Salmonella enteritidis has become an important tool in efforts to identify laying flocks that potentially threaten public health . As pools of egg contents are generally incubated before culturing to allow S . enteritidis numbers to multiply to easily detectable levels, any differences in the multiplication of S . enteritidis strains in egg pools could result in similar differences in the likelihood of detection . To assess whether 12 S . enteritidis strains would multiply to reach different final levels in pools of egg contents, 100-mL samples of liquid whole egg were experimentally contaminated with < 10 cfu of the various strains . After incubation for 24 h at 37 C, the number of colony-forming units of S . enteritidis in each pool was determined . Significant differences were observed between strains in the extent of expansion of the S . enteritidis population during incubation (some strains grew to levels more than a thousand times greater than others) . Iron supplementation of the pools during incubation significantly increased S . enteritidis growth and reduced the extent of variation between strains.

Poult Sci, 1995 May, 74(5), 795 - 9
Enumeration and identification of bacteria in chicken semen; Reiber MA et al.; Three experiments were conducted to determine the bacteriological quality of chicken semen . Semen was collected from donor males, diluted, and surface inoculated onto seven different bacteriological media, from which randomly selected colonies were identified . Bacterial counts in semen averaged 5.14 log10 cfu/mL . Tryptic soy agar (TSA) was the best medium for the isolation of Gram-positive bacteria, whereas TSA + .3% bile salts (TSABS) and violet red bile agar + 1% glucose (VRBAG) were the best media for the isolation of Gram-negative and enteric bacteria . The genera of bacteria that were isolated depended on the medium that was used for isolation . The most frequently isolated genera included Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, and Salmonella . Most of the bacteria that were isolated were endemic to poultry and were common environmental bacteria . This indicates that the environment and feed are important sources of bacterial contamination in broilers.

Ital J Neurol Sci, 1995 May, 16(4), 257 - 9
Thrombosis of cerebral veins dural sinuses after paratyphi; Inghilleri M et al.; A 20 year old woman was admitted to our Department 15 days after the onset of typhoid fever treated with chloramphenicol . The patient showed intracranial hypertension with generalized seizures, slight right hemiparesis and a left VI cranial nerve deficit with diplopia . Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed occlusion of the superior longitudinal, right transverse, right sigmoid sinus combined with a single hemorrhagic infarct in the left occipito-parietal area . Serum tests were positive for Salmonella Paratyphi A and B . The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination were normal and blood cultures were negative . Clinical data, laboratory and MRI examinations indicate that the neurological signs are the result of aseptic cerebral sinus thrombosis; the physiopathologic mechanisms of the case are discussed.

Drug Metab Dispos, 1995 May, 23(5), 559 - 65
Acetylation and its role in the mutagenicity of the antihypertensive agent hydralazine; Lemke LE et al.; 1-Hydrazinophthalazine {hydralazine (HDZ)} is a hydrazine derivative that is a direct acting vasodilator effective in the treatment of essential hypertension . HDZ is biotransformed by the phase II conjugation enzyme N-acetyltransferase (NAT) forming acetyl HDZ, which spontaneously cyclized to the stable product 3-methyl-s-triazolo- {3,4-alpha}-phthalazine (MTP) . Therapeutic use of HDZ has resulted in adverse side effects, specifically a drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus . Slow acetylators are more likely than rapid acetylators to develop this toxicity . Bacteria expressing different levels of NAT were used to test the hypothesis that acetylation of HDZ decreases its mutagenic potential . The variation in NAT activities was confirmed by incubating bacterial cultures with HDZ, and the formation of MTP was monitored by HPLC . At 1.0 mg/ml HDZ, YG1029 (NAT overexpresser) produced 5.3 times the amount of MTP as TA100 (normal NAT expresser), and this production was linear for 20 hr . In the Salmonella mutagenesis assay, HDZ produced a dose- and strain-dependent increase in the number of revertants observed . Exposure to 4 mg HDZ/plate resulted in 1000 revertants in the overexpressing strain, YG1029, whereas both TA100 and TA100/1,8DNP6, which express normal levels and lack the NAT protein respectively, produced 1600 revertants . Colony hybridization analysis using probes for each of the six possible TA100 reverting mutations was performed to determine the nature of the mutations . The G:C to T:A transversion was the only mutation whose frequency was increased significantly by HDZ . Fifty-four percent of the induced vs . 25% of the spontaneous mutations were C to A transversions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Exp Toxicol Pathol, 1995 May, 47(2-3), 167 - 72
Local skin reactivity after induction of Shwartzman reaction in rabbits; Wohrmann T et al.; A local Shwartzman response was elicited in rabbits by an intradermal injection of the Salmonella typhosa endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed 24 hours later by an intravenous challenge injection with zymosan . After the intravenous challenge, necrotizing vasculitis developed in the prepared skin sites which was characterized by microthrombi, accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes, fibrin deposition and extravasation of red blood cells . Evans' blue extravasation into the altered tissue was significantly reduced, and histologically, the intensity of the Shwartzman reaction in the skin was reduced by pretreatment with thalidomide and dexamethasone . The mechanism of reduction of an LPS-induced local Shwartzman reaction by thalidomide is discussed.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 May, 108(5), 175 - 8
{Salmonella diagnosis and expanded bacteriologic differential diagnosis using Rambach agar}; Wermter R et al.; The present study gives not only additional advises and ideas for the use of Rambach agar but also diagnostic support . Resulting from several years of diagnostic experience the medium can be recommended for enlarged routine differential-diagnosis of bacteria and also for improved Salmonella-diagnosis as an alternative medium (under section 35 LMBG; Untersuchung von Lebensmitteln; Nachweis von Salmonellen).

J Appl Toxicol, 1995 May-Jun, 15(3), 159 - 65
Evaluation of coal liquids derived from the EDS process in carcinogenesis screening tests; McKee RH et al.; Four process streams derived from the EDS not equal to direct coal liquefaction process were evaluated in two in vitro assays to screen for carcinogenic potential: the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and the Syrian hamster embryo morphologic transformation assay . Three high boiling liquids (two recycle solvents, nominal boiling range 200-425 degrees C; and a fuel oil blend, nominal boiling range 200-538 degrees C) were active in both assays . A hydrotreated naphtha sample (< 200 degrees C) was not active in either . The Salmonella data agreed qualitatively with results of dermal carcinogenesis studies; however, quantitative differences as measured by the estimation of mutagenic potency were apparent . The lack of quantitative agreement may have been related to the fact that the dermal carcinogenic activity of coal-derived synthetic fuels is predominantly associated with neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas activity in the Salmonella assay is strongly influenced by the presence of aromatic amines and nitroaromatic compounds . Two modifications of the Salmonella assay--detergent dispersion and hamster S9 activation--were examined . These techniques improved assay performance for some but not all of the coal liquids . The differences in response may have been related to compositional differences in the various liquids.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1995 May, 33(5), 392 - 3
Survivability of Salmonella paratyphi B var Java on experimentally infected cockroaches; Singh BR et al.; Cockroaches are inhabitant of sewers and frequent visitors of kitchen and stores in the night to feed on left over . It is liable to disseminate a number of pathogens by contaminating kitchen surface, feeding vessels and food items left open . Salmonella paratyphi B var Java a common pathogen of man and animal was used in the study to evaluate its survival and excretion in cockroaches . The host when fed on semisolid feed containing 1 x 10(7) CFU of S . paratyphi B var Java g-1, it was found that the pathogen was eliminated earlier from the live than euthanized cockroaches.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1995 May, 14(5), 454 - 6
Systemic infections in three infants due to a lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella virchow; Ruiz J et al.; Three previously healthy children developed gastroenteritis which led within a few days to systemic infections, two cases of bacteremia and one of meningitis . A lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow strain was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures . In one case, this strain was also isolated from stool cultures . All the children had been fed the same milk formula . There was no other relationship between them . The batch of dried-milk formula was confirmed as the source of the infection by isolation of an identical lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow strain by the Centro Nacional de Alimentacion.

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 May, 33(5), 1206 - 11
Molecular subtyping scheme for Salmonella panama; Stanley J et al.; We describe a genotyping scheme for Salmonella panama . Defined probes specific for the 16S rRNA gene and the DNA insertion element IS200 were generated by PCR from S . panama and were used to probe genomic Southern blots made with enzymes selected to cut within and outside the probed sequences . Plasmid profiles were determined . The typeability and discriminatory power of the individual methods were compared . Ribotyping with 16S rRNA gene probe alone was slightly more discriminatory than phage typing, but unlike the latter, ribotyping was able to type all strains . IS200 profiling was the single most discriminatory method for S . panama, having an index of discrimination (D) of 0.8 and 100% typeability . Plasmid profiling, which had moderate discriminatory power but only 50% typeability, was valuable as an adjunct technique . The use of all three methods together or simply the combination of IS200 profiling with the two most discriminatory enzymes and plasmid profiling yielded a molecular typing scheme whose discriminatory power (D = 0.97) approached the maximum theoretical value . This should prove both useful and robust for epidemiological investigations of S . panama.

J Immunol, 1995 May 1, 154(9), 4710 - 8
Inducible nitric oxide synthase in cattle . Differential cytokine regulation of nitric oxide synthase in bovine and murine macrophages; Adler H et al.; We assessed bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages for expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity . Both cell types expressed iNOS activity upon stimulation with Salmonella dublin (S . dublin) or with LPS . A 372-bp fragment of the bovine iNOS mRNA could be amplified by reverse transcription-PCR from mRNA of stimulated macrophages . Cloning and sequencing of the fragment revealed a high degree of homology to human hepatocyte, rat vascular smooth muscle cell, and mouse macrophage iNOS both at the nucleotide (87 to 92%) and amino acid levels (94 to 97%) . iNOS mRNA was expressed maximally 6 h after stimulation with S . dublin, whereas maximal nitrite accumulation in supernatants was measured at 24 to 48 h . Significant differences with regard to cytokine regulation of iNOS were observed between murine and bovine macrophages cultured under identical conditions . The most striking difference was the inability of homologous IFN-gamma to induce iNOS both at the level of nitrite production and of mRNA expression in bovine macrophages . TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-1 alone or together with IFN-gamma neither induced iNOS nor primed bovine macrophages for enhanced iNOS expression or activity upon stimulation with S . dublin . RhuIL-4, but not rhuTGF-beta, down-regulated S . dublin-induced iNOS activity and mRNA expression in bovine macrophages . Thus, an enzyme with a high degree of homology to rodent iNOS is inducible by stimulation of bovine macrophages with bacteria, but induction and regulation by cytokines occur under more restricted conditions than in rodent macrophages.

Infection, 1995 May-Jun, 23(3), 180 - 1
Acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis; Suskovic T et al.; Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a 47-year-old diabetic woman is reported . Diagnosis was suspected by clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasound, CT-scan and cytological examination . A rare causative agent was isolated--Salmonella enteritidis . No signs of nodular goiter or connection with piriform sinus were found . In spite of our efforts, the source and route of infection remained unclear . However, the haematogenic route seems to be the most plausible . Surgical drainage and antibiotics brought about a complete recovery . Partial lesion of the gland required transitory administration of levothyroxine.

Gene, 1995 Apr 14, 156(1), 1 - 9
The Salmonella ompC gene: structure and use as a carrier for heterologous sequences; Puente JL et al.; The Salmonella typhi (St) ompC gene codes for a major outer membrane protein (OMP) that is highly expressed in both low and high osmolarity . By hybridization studies with the entire gene or with segments thereof, ompC was found to be highly conserved within 11 different Salmonella serotypes, with the exception of S . arizonae . The study included several St isolates from Mexico and Indonesia . Variation was only detected in two (e and f) of the seven regions previously found to vary between St and E . coli ompC . Chimeric OmpC proteins, carrying a rotavirus VP4 capsid protein epitope, are well recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against this epitope, either in OMP preparations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) or intact cells (by ELISA and immunogold-labelling), indicating that regions c and f are oriented towards the cell surface and are probably exposed . As has been shown before for other regulated OMP, this experimental approach could be useful for the presentation of heterologous epitopes in order to gain knowledge about porin topology, for testing the effect of altered porin surface epitopes on bacterial physiology, or else, in the development of multivalent vaccines.

Orv Hetil, 1995 Apr 9, 136(15), 777 - 9
{Successfully treated Salmonella enteritidis endocarditis}; Biro L et al.; The 60 year old man was admitted because of aphasia and hemiparesis . After cranial computed tomography 15 ml parietal hematoma was removed by stereotaxic biopsy . The patient had hyperpyrexia, combined mitral vitium and atrial fibrillation . There was no symptom of gastroenteritis . Salmonella enteritidis was cultured from blood three times . The vegetation was proved by transoesophageal echocardiography . Ampicillin + gentamycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate + amikacin therapy was ineffective, respectively . During ciprofloxacin therapy of usual dose ceased the toxicosis and hyperpyrexia, but remained fever to 38.5 degrees C . During 750 mg ciprofloxacin t . i . d . intravenous followed 750 mg t . i . d . per os plus 1.5 g cefuroxin t . i . d . intravenous for 46 days became the patient afebrile and the vegetation was disappeared . No side effect was observed with ciprofloxacin of unusual high daily dose.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 1995 Apr, 88(5), 253 - 6
{Salmonella isolated from food products of animal origin between 1989 and 1993 in the town of Tunis}; Guellouz H et al.; Among 260 strains of the genus Salmonella isolated by the "laboratoire de la municipalite de Tunis" from red meats or poultry sampled from public stores or slaughterhouse in Tunis township between 1989 and 1993, S . Agona, S . Enteritidis and S . Corvallis are the most frequent serovars . S . Agona is more frequent in food from bovine and equine origin, S . Enteritidis in poultry (phage type 35, "french classification", being more frequent) . S . Corvallis ("new" serovar in Tunisia) is rather proceeding from turkeys.

Rev Saude Publica, 1995 Apr, 29(2), 127 - 31
{Food poisoning outbreak caused by Salmonella Enteritidis in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil}; Kaku M et al.; A foodborne outbreak which affected 211 persons occurred, in a School, in 1993 . The epidemiological data obtained by interviewing the affected and non affected persons sampled showed as predominant symptoms: diarrhoea, fever (77.7%), abdominal cramps (67.7%), vomiting (65.8%), hot-and-cold sensations (54.5%) and headache (44.5%) . The median incubation period was of 17 hours, the limits being 3 and 29 hours . The disease period was of from 3 to 4 days . The food concerned was a kind of pate, a mayonnaise mixture prepared with fresh eggs with boiled potatoes that was consumed with bread . The biological material analysis-3 coprocultures, and leftovers of the food revealed the presence of one and the same organism: Salmonella Enteritidis . In the food, the numbers of this bacterium per gram were sufficient to account for the manifestation of the disease (10(4) and 10(5)g) . The antibiogram of all th isolates showed the same sensibility pattern . The preparation related to this outbreak suggests the endogenous contamination of the eggs; the cross contamination-the outbreak affected three school periods, as the food was prepared separately for each school period; and the conditions under which the food was kept during the time from preparation to consumption . The observation of the 3 food handlers, by successive coprocultures, for one week, indicates that they were not asymptomatic carriers nor were they affected as a result of this outbreak by the causal bacteria.

Infect Immun, 1995 Apr, 63(4), 1336 - 9
Safety and immunogenicity of a live oral bivalent typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi Ty21a)-cholera (Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR) vaccine in healthy adults; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; The safety and immunogenicity of the live oral attenuated vaccine strains vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR and Salmonella typhi Ty21a were evaluated alone or in a combined bivalent formulation in four groups composed of 185 healthy European adults . All presentations were well tolerated . The serum anti-S . typhi lipopolysaccharide immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibody responses were comparable for all groups (66 to 72% seroconversion) . The serum vibriocidal antibody seroconversion rate ranged from 78 to 92.5% (P > 0.05) among the groups . However, the peak and geometric mean vibriocidal antibody titers were significantly higher (P < 0.005) in the groups which received the bivalent formulation along with two doses of Ty21a than in the group which received CVD 103-HgR followed by two doses of killed Escherichia coli K-12 placebo . The ingestion of a placebo shortly after CVD 103-HgR may have suppressed the magnitude of the immune response . These findings demonstrate the feasibility of producing multivalent live oral attenuated vaccines.

Clin Infect Dis, 1995 Apr, 20(4), 917 - 23
Short course of ofloxacin for treatment of multidrug-resistant typhoid; Tran TH et al.; In recent years, multiresistant strains of Salmonella typhi have emerged in many tropical countries . These strains remain highly sensitive to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics, although use of these drugs by children is considered contraindicated because of their reported toxicity in the cartilage of experimental animals . In a paired, open, randomized study during an epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid in southern Vietnam, two short-course ofloxacin regimens (15 mg/kg daily for 3 days and 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days) were compared for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever . Of 438 patients enrolled (of whom 286 were < or = 14 years old), 228 had blood cultures positive for Salmonella species (S . typhi, 207; S . paratyphi A, 19; and S . choleraesuis, 2) . There was one treatment failure in a patient who took only one dose of ofloxacin . Otherwise, both regimens were completely effective; there were no proven carriers, and there was no evidence of toxicity, particularly in children . A 3-day course of ofloxacin proved to be safe and highly effective in the treatment of uncomplicated, multidrug-resistant typhoid fever.

Clin Infect Dis, 1995 Apr, 20(4), 1001 - 9
Bacterial vaccine vectors and bacillus Calmette-Guérin; Cirillo JD et al.; Recent advances in biotechnology now allow a more modern approach to the development of vaccines, particularly that of recombinant vaccines . Bacterial vaccine vectors have the advantage over viral vectors in that the former have the ability to express a greater number of antigens in different forms . Although no recombinant bacterial vaccines are currently in use, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Salmonella species, and Escherichia coli are being developed as vaccine vectors . We review plasmid systems and mutant strains developed for the expression of foreign antigens, with particular emphasis on those developed for BCG . We describe the development of antigen expression systems as well as the immune response elicited by recombinant BCG vaccine strains to bacterial and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens . A modified recombinant BCG carrier with selection for the stable maintenance of rDNA is proposed.

Poult Sci, 1995 Apr, 74(4), 753 - 7
Salmonella contamination in commercial eggs and an egg production facility; Jones FT et al.; Egg samples were collected from various stages of an egg processing operation and from the attached production facility . Salmonella was isolated from 72.0% of all samples collected from the laying house environment . Recovery of Salmonella from flush water, ventilation fan, egg belt, and egg collector samples were (positive samples/total samples collected): 2/2, 4/4, 16/22, and 14/22, respectively . Salmonella was found on 7 of the 90 eggshells sampled before processing and 1 of 90 eggshells sampled after processing, but Salmonella was not found in the 180 eggs analyzed for internal contamination following processing . The one eggshell found positive for Salmonella following processing was detected when the pH of wash water samples was lowest (10.19) . The 60 isolates from production facilities included the following Salmonella serotypes: S . agona, S . typhimurium, S . infantis, S . derby, S . heidelberg, S . california, S . montevideo, S . mbandaka, and untypable . The 22 isolates obtained from eggshells prior to processing were serotyped as S . heidelberg and S . montevideo . All five isolates obtained from eggshells after processing were serotyped as S . heidelberg . These data suggest that although the shells of about 1% of commercial eggs are contaminated with Salmonella, contamination of the internal contents of eggs with Salmonella is a rare event.

Poult Sci, 1995 Apr, 74(4), 732 - 41
Effect of type of defeathering system on Salmonella cross-contamination during commercial processing; Clouser CS et al.; The cross-contamination effects of three commercial defeathering systems were compared using turkeys from a single Salmonella-positive flock (< or = 15% cloacal-positive) . Single or "common" flocks were used to control flock-to-flock variability . Thirty birds were mechanically defeathered in each system as the first flock of the day and compared with 30 hand-defeathered (control) birds . Three trials, each using a different common flock, were completed . In Trial 1, the incidence of Salmonella-positive birds decreased following mechanical defeathering at all three processors . The incidence of Salmonella-positive carcasses in test flocks increased following steam-spray (approximately 100%) and kosher (approximately 50%) defeathering in Trials 2 and 3, whereas no increase in Salmonella-positive carcasses resulted from conventional defeathering . The decrease in the number of Salmonella-positive birds as a result of defeathering observed in Trial 1, as compared to increases observed in Trials 2 and 3, may be related to the selection of feather-contaminated (Trial 1) vs intestinal-colonized (Trials 2 and 3) turkeys . Surface temperature of the carcasses and length of time required to defeather were monitored within each system . It is hypothesized that the increases in the number of Salmonella-positive birds following steam-spray and kosher defeathering in Trials 2 and 3 were a result of skin surface changes occurring during the defeathering process, which allowed increased adherence or entrapment of Salmonella spp . on or within remaining skin layers.

Poult Sci, 1995 Apr, 74(4), 723 - 31
The role of defeathering in the contamination of turkey skin by Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes; Clouser CS et al.; This study was undertaken to determine whether the incidence of either Salmonella spp . or Listeria monocytogenes on turkeys at three commercial processors could be related to the type of defeathering system: 1) conventional, 58 C common bath scald; 2) kosher, 7 C common bath scald; or 3) steam-spray, 62 C nonimmersion scald . Flocks were sampled before defeathering, after defeathering, and after chill at each facility . The incidence of Salmonella-positive turkeys significantly increased subsequent to conventional defeathering (10 positive out of 14) as compared with before defeathering (3/14) . The number of Salmonella-positive carcasses following kosher (0/14) and steam-spray (2/14) defeathering were similar to the number of Salmonella-positive carcasses found prior to defeathering (1/14 and 3/14, respectively) . The incidence of Salmonella-positive carcasses following chill was slightly lower, but not significantly different than the number of Salmonella-positive carcasses found immediately following defeathering at all processors (8/14, 0/14, 1/14 for conventional, kosher, and steam-spray processors, respectively) . Although L . monocytogenes was detected on turkeys sampled before chilling (2/10, kosher) and after chilling (8/14, kosher; 1/14, conventional), no L . monocytogenes was detected on turkeys at any of the processors prior to the evisceration process . Flocks with high aerobic plate counts prior to processing were more likely to contain Salmonella-positive birds throughout processing . Aerobic plate counts of all flocks were similar after chill whether or not Salmonella spp . and L . monocytogenes were detected.

Poult Sci, 1995 Apr, 74(4), 656 - 65
Response to Salmonella enteritidis infection by the immunocompromised avian host; Arnold JW et al.; To develop knowledge of the avian immune response and improve the ability of chickens to resist infection by Salmonella enteritidis (SE), the role of the different components of the immune response against SE infection was examined . Birds were given treatments with cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, or testosterone propionate to induce immunological deficiency, and experiments were performed to determine the effects of each on the immune response . Each treatment reduced hatch rate, survival rate, and rate of weight gain . As measured by flow cytometry, treatments with cyclophosphamide and testosterone propionate decreased the percentages of B cells to background levels and increased the percentages of CT8 cells significantly above controls . The intestinal shed rate of SE increased after treatment with testosterone propionate and cyclophosphamide, but dissemination to the spleen of infected birds was not different from controls for any treatment . The SE infection was also immunosuppressive as measured by the proliferative response to mitogenic stimulation . Maximum lymphocyte proliferation occurred 1 wk after infection in response to .5 micrograms concanavalin A per 10(6) cells . By the 2nd wk, proliferation dropped 10-fold to almost no response . Results showed that immunocompetence relied on interdependent functions of multiple components of the immune response, i.e., aspects of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Poult Sci, 1995 Apr, 74(4), 638 - 47
Observations on disinfection regimens used on Salmonella enteritidis infected poultry units; Davies RH et al.; Studies carried out at the laboratory and in the field identified many potential problems during disinfection of poultry units naturally contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis . There appeared to be variations in the efficiency of commonly used disinfectants within a disinfectant group when used in a contaminated house . It was possible for Salmonella and other coliforms to be amplified during the pressure washing or steam cleaning process . If an effective terminal disinfectant was not used after this, then high levels of Salmonella were likely to persist . The efficiency of the disinfection regimen was not directly dependent on the standard of physical cleaning if this was carried out to a reasonable standard, as a high level of elimination of Salmonella could be achieved even in the presence of substantial quantities of residual organic matter . Disinfection regimens involving formaldehyde, either as part of a terminal compound disinfectant spray or as a final fogging agent, were found to be the most effective in the field.

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 Apr, 33(4), 987 - 9
Analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates by arbitrarily primed PCR; Fadl AA et al.; An arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) was developed to analyze the genomic DNAs of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human outbreaks and from avian sources . The AP-PCR generated seven distinct randomly amplified DNA patterns among the S . enteritidis isolates studied . Differences in the DNA patterns among isolates of S . enteritidis phage types 13a and 8 as well as among S . enteritidis phage type 14b were observed . The AP-PCR analysis can be used to determine the differences among isolates within the same phage types and may be useful for tracing back the source of S . enteritidis outbreaks in humans more precisely.

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 Apr, 33(4), 868 - 71
Evaluation and comparison of different blood culture techniques for bacteriological isolation of Salmonella typhi and Brucella abortus; Gaviria-Ruiz MM et al.; An experimental study was carried out to evaluate and compare various noncommercial methods of blood culture for the isolation of Salmonella typhi and Brucella abortus from fresh human blood samples that had been artificially inoculated with 1 to 50 microorganisms per ml of blood . The methods compared included the Ruiz-Castaneda blood culture, broth blood culture, leukocyte lysis and direct plating on agar (WBL-P), leukocyte lysis and filtration, Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation and filtration, Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation, and Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation and leukocyte lysis methods . Results with the WBL-P technique showed that S . typhi was isolated in 18 h, and its recovery rate was 36.6% (calculated from the number of CFU recovered per milliliter versus the number inoculated) . B . abortus was isolated in 48 h by the same technique, and its recovery rate was 48.8% . The isolation times for the other blood culture techniques were between 36 and 44 h for S . typhi and 66 h for B . abortus . The techniques which relied on filtering systems for the recovery of S . typhi and B . abortus performed poorly . The WBL-P technique for the isolation of S . typhi and B . abortus is faster than the other methods tested.

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 Apr, 33(4), 802 - 4
Evaluation of five new plating media for isolation of Salmonella species; Dusch H et al.; A three-phase study was conducted to compare Hektoen enteric agar (HE), Rambach agar (Ra), SM-ID medium (SM), xylose-lysine-Tergitol 4 agar (XLT4), novobiocin-brilliant green-glycerol-lactose agar (NBGL), and modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (MSRV) for the recovery of nontyphoid salmonellae from stool specimens . After evaluation of the first two phases, which resulted in the elimination of Ra, SM, and NBGL, 593 consecutive stool samples were investigated by plating them directly and after tetrathionate enrichment at 37 degrees C on HE, XLT4, and MSRV . A total of 82 Salmonella-positive stool specimens were detected (positivity rate, 13.8%) . Sensitivities for direct plating and after tetrathionate enrichment were 32.9 and 86.6%, respectively, for XLT4, 63.4 and 100.0%, respectively, for MSRV, and 34.1 and 79.3%, respectively, for HE . Specificities (percentage of morphologically suspicious colonies that were indeed salmonellae) were 100.0 and 99.8%, respectively, for XLT4, 99.0 and 98.8%, respectively, for MSRV, and 67.9 and 75.0%, respectively, for HE . The use of MSRV instead of HE increased the isolation rate of salmonellae by 26.2% (65 versus 82 strains isolated from HE and MSRV, respectively) . We conclude that MSRV is the most sensitive medium tested and is a very specific medium for the isolation of nontyphoid salmonellae from stool specimens . However, its semisolid nature is a disadvantage and requires careful handling in the laboratory, especially when salmonellae are present . XLT4 had a sensitivity comparable to that of HE and a nearly 100% specificity and can be regarded as an alternative for the isolation of nontyphoid salmonellae from stool samples.

Immunology, 1995 Apr, 84(4), 653 - 61
The anti-lipid A monoclonal antibody E5 binds to rough gram-negative bacteria, fixes C3, and facilitates binding of bacterial immune complexes to both erythrocytes and monocytes; Seelen MA et al.; Treatment of patients with septic shock using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to endotoxin is still controversial . Clinical trials of E5, one of the mAbs directed against the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are currently in progress . The mechanisms of action of this, and other antibodies under clinical evaluation, are, however, poorly understood . In this study we examined in vitro the ways in which E5 interacted with Gram-negative bacteria, complement, erythrocytes and monocytes . By fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis we showed direct, dose-dependent binding of E5 to Escherichia coli (E . coli) and Salmonella minnesota (S . minnesota) . Antibody binding to S . minnesota was enhanced by treatment with the beta-lactam antibiotic amoxycillin, but not by treatment with the aminoglycoside gentamicin . Immune complexes formed between E5 and both species of Gram-negative bacteria activated both classical and alternative complement pathways, but only in the case of S . minnesota did this facilitate binding to erythrocyte CR1 and monocyte CR3 . Bacterial C3b and iC3b fixation by E5 was quantified using specific mAbs . These observations suggest that E5 may enhance bacterial clearance in several ways: (1) by facilitating direct complement fixation; (2) by facilitating the binding of opsonized bacteria to cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) by enabling bacteria to bind to erythrocyte CR1 (CD35), allowing safe carriage in the circulation to the fixed macrophages of the liver and spleen; (4) by acting synergistically with beta-lactam antibiotics.

Arch Pediatr, 1995 Apr, 2(4), 317 - 23
{Failure of the treatment with antibiotics in severe Salmonella infections in children and use of quinolones}; Moulin F et al.; BACKGROUND--Quinolone antibiotics are effective in the treatment of Salmonella infections in adults . Their use in children is limited by their side-effects . POPULATION AND METHODS--Forty-two patients (21 girls and 21 boys), aged 1 month to 12 years (mean 3.3 yrs) were admitted from September 1991 to June 1993 for severe Salmonella infections . Criteria of severity were persistent diarrhea and fever for more than 3 days . Thirty-one of these patients were less than 5 years of age . Blood culture was positive in 7 out of 35 patients: culture of the stools was positive in all patients . Five of the 42 patients had presented an acute episode of Salmonella infection a few weeks earlier and had remained asymptomatic carriers until the new acute and severe episode of diarrhea . All patients were given usual antibiotics, mainly ampicillin, amoxicillin, trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole . Twenty-five of these patients were then given pefloxacin, 12 mg/kg/day, since the 5th day, for 7 days, because persistence of diarrhea and fever . RESULTS--Diarrhea and fever disappeared within less than 2 days in the group of patients given pefloxacin, even though in 6 patients the infecting Salmonella was in vitro resistant to beta-lactamins . Twenty % of patients remained asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella in the group treated by pefloxacin vs 47% in the group without it . There was no difference in species of Salmonella between both groups . None of the patients treated by pefloxacin developed side-effects during the six months following its administration . CONCLUSIONS--Short treatment by pefloxacin may be an alternative choice for treating severe Salmonella infections in children.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1995 Apr, 13(4), 213 - 7
{Use of+Rambach agar for the detection of Salmonella in feces using broth enrichment . Comparison with our methodology}; Ruiz J et al.; BACKGROUND: A comparative study between Rambach agar and our previously published methodology (Salmonella-Shigella agar + C8-esterase test) was carried out to isolate Salmonella from 815 stools samples after enrichment in selenite broth . METHODS: On Rambach agar all pink and colourless colonies which were oxidase negative and red colonies were also identified . On SS agar, black colonies and colourless colonies which were oxidase negative and C8-esterase test positive were identified biochemically . RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-three colourless, 81 pink and 112 red colonies grown in Rambach agar, and they were subcultured in Kliger agar yielding 7, 2 and 109 Salmonella, respectively . From SS agar, the 113 black and 10 colourless colonies which had previously been positive in the C8-esterase test and oxidase-negative, yielded 113 Salmonella strains (111 and 2, respectively) . CONCLUSIONS: Rambach agar is an excellent media for isolating Salmonella after enrichment in selenite broth . If all colourless and pink colonies are further investigated the number of isolates will increase although the workload will increase, too . Therefore, it would be interesting to study a combination of C8-esterase and Rambach agar since it could reduce the workload.

Eur J Cancer Prev, 1995 Apr, 4(2), 187 - 93
The association between typhoid carriage, typhoid infection and subsequent cancer at a number of sites; Caygill CP et al.; It has been demonstrated that bacteria can produce the very potent carcinogens (N-nitroso compounds), from nitrite and suitable amines . It has been hypothesized that this can happen whenever a body site which is normally sterile becomes colonized by bacteria . If this is so then such chronic infections should result in an increased incidence of local cancers and also of cancers at some distant sites . To test this we studied the risk of cancer at various sites in a cohort of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi/paratyphi . We have observed a greatly increased risk of cancers of the biliary tract and also of cancers of the colorectum, pancreas, lung and all sites . The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis being tested.

Photochem Photobiol, 1995 Apr, 61(4), 353 - 9
Reversion profiles of coolwhite fluorescent light compared with far ultraviolet light: homologies and differences; Cebula TA et al.; General Electric and Sylvania 15 W coolwhite fluorescent lamps emit roughly 6% of their total irradiance as light in the UV spectrum . Illumination of sensitive Salmonella tester strains results in both lethal and mutagenic activities . In contrast, comparable Philips lamps emit lower levels of UV light, especially UVB, and exhibit no detectable lethal or mutagenic effects . The spectra of mutations induced by General Electric coolwhite lamps in histidine-requiring base substitution mutants hisG46 and hisG428 ("reversion profiles") resemble mutagenesis by far UV light (UVC) and differ quite markedly from the spectra of mutations that occur spontaneously . Coolwhite and UVC reversion profiles are not identical, however . The percentage of C to A transversion mutations induced in hisG46 are elevated over those found after UVC treatment, and a strong bias for one particular class of tandem base substitutions (TAA-->TGT) prevails after treatment of hisG428 with coolwhite light, a bias not observed with UVC . Increased attention needs to be given to minimization of exposure to UV light from fluorescent lamps commonly used in homes and workplaces.

Carcinogenesis, 1995 Apr, 16(4), 787 - 93
The hepatic metabolism of two carcinogenic dimethylbenz{c}acridines in control and induced rats: the distribution and the mutagenicity of metabolites; Ye Y et al.; The major and minor metabolites of the potent polycyclic aza-aromatic carcinogens 7,9-dimethylbenz{c}acridine and 7,10-dimethylbenz{c}acridine, and the stereochemistry of the dihydrodiol metabolites have been previously described . The metabolite distributions produced in incubations of the aza-aromatic compounds with liver microsomes from phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated and untreated rats, and the mutagenicity in the Ames test are described in this paper . The major metabolites of each were the alcohols produced by oxidation of the methyl group on the 8,9,10,11-ring for control and phenobarbital-induced preparations, while with 3-methylcholanthrene-induced preparations both the 7- and 9- (or 10-) monoalcohols were formed . Total monofunctionalized dihydrodiol metabolites, the 5,6- and 3,4-isomers for 7,9-dimethylbenz{c}acridine, and the 3,4-, 5,6- and 8,9-isomers for 7,10-dimethylbenz{c}acridine, constituted approximately 10% of total metabolites . As well, the K-region arene oxide was formed in substantial amounts with both compounds, accompanied in the case of 7,10-dimethylbenz{c}acridine with some 8,9-oxide . When incubations were carried out in the presence of the epoxide hydrase inhibitor 3,3,3-trichloropropane-1,2-oxide, dihydrodiol formation was almost completely inhibited and relative amounts of both phenols and oxides increased . Secondary metabolites were also formed to approximately 10% of the total products . The mutagenicity of synthetic alcohols and isolated purified metabolites was determined in the Salmonella mammalian microsome plate assay (Ames test) with strain TA100 . Limited amounts of metabolites isolated precluded extensive testing, but high mutagenicities were noted for all 3,4-dihydrodiol derivatives isolated . These exceeded those of the parent aza-aromatic hydrocarbons . Alcohols were also active but less so than the parent compounds . The activation of these two dimethylbenz{c}acridines to mutagens appears to be through bay-region diolepoxides following patterns seen in other aza-aromatic compounds and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Mutat Res, 1995 Apr, 342(3-4), 103 - 11
In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of hormonal drugs . VI . Fluoxymesterone; Dhillon VS et al.; Genotoxic evaluation of a commonly used synthetic steroidal androgen, fluoxymesterone, was undertaken using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays . The clastogenic potential of fluoxymesterone was evident from the chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges induced by it in the cultured human lymphocytes and also from the increased frequencies of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells of mice . However, in Ames Salmonella assay both with and without S9 mix and in host-mediated assay using bacterial strains of S . typhimurium as indicator organism, fluoxymesterone did not cause any significant increase/decrease in His+ revertants.

Epidemiol Infect, 1995 Apr, 114(2), 237 - 48
Diversity and molecular variation among plasmids in Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin based on restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern analysis; Browning LM et al.; Molecular variation within and between plasmids of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin was analysed . Such variation has been demonstrated in the serotype-specific plasmids (SSP's) of Typhimurium and Enteritidis . The two aims of this study were to determine the plasmid diversity in a host-adapted serotype and also the incidence of molecular variation in the SSP among strains of Dublin using restriction endonuclease fragmentation pattern (REFP) analysis with Pst1, Sma1 and EcoRV . Sixty-five strains were examined from seven countries . Plasmid profile and REFP analysis showed that none of the strains was plasmid-free . Seventy-seven percent of the strains possessed the 72 kb SSP either alone or in combination with another plasmid; 23% harboured plasmids which were molecular variants of the SSP . Four of the variants were more closely related to each other than to the reference SSP and were harboured by Dublin isolated from both the USA and Europe . A further three were shown to be cointegrate plasmids and were similarly distributed . Thirty-two percent of strains possessed the SSP alone . None of the UK strains was resistant to any of the antimicrobial agents tested whereas 74% of the remaining strains were resistant to between one and five antimicrobial agents . This study corroborates previous findings concerning the high degree of stability of the SSP and confirmed the clonal nature of Dublin . Co-resident plasmids provided evidence of sub-clones within localized geographical areas.

Epidemiol Infect, 1995 Apr, 114(2), 227 - 36
Phage conversion in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: implications for epidemiology; Rankin S et al.; A model system for the study of phage conversion of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is reported . Temperate phages 1,2,3 and 6 from the phage typing scheme were used to convert several individually recognized phage types into others . Phage type 4 was converted to PT8, PT6a to PT4, PT6a to PT7, PT13 to PT13a and PT15 to PT11; some new phage lysis patterns were also detected . This model was used to examine the relationships between phage types within a previously defined clonal lineage, SECLIII, to establish whether or not Enteritidis like Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B possessed type determining phages . We were able to convert PT1 to PT20, and PT15 to PT11.

Avian Dis, 1995 Apr-Jun, 39(2), 368 - 74
A Salmonella-specific DNA probe and its use in southern hybridization for differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis; Khan MI et al.; Chromosomal DNA from phage type 13a and Phage type 8 of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was cloned in Escherichia coli using the plasmid pUC8 . A 2.1-kilobase-pair (kbp) DNA fragment specific for Salmonella spp . was identified by colony, dot, and Southern hybridization analyses . When labeled and used as a probe (C7), this recombinant clone hybridized with the DNA of 18 Salmonella species but did not hybridize with the DNA of seven other enteric and non-enteric bacterial species . In Southern blot hybridization, this probe hybridized specifically to a 6.0 kbp BglI-digested DNA fragment of 17 SE isolates from human as well as avian sources, thus differentiating this fragment from DNA of 17 other Salmonella species . The C7 probe also hybridized to a 5-kbp fragment of one SE DNA derived from human and two SE DNA from poultry sources . This may indicate variation among SE isolates.

Avian Dis, 1995 Apr-Jun, 39(2), 239 - 49
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in molted and unmolted laying chickens; Holt PS; The impact of induced molting on the horizontal transmission of S . enteritidis was studied . In Expt . 1, every other hen in rows of either molted or unmolted hens was infected with S . enteritidis (1 x 10(6) bacteria/hen) . S . enteritidis was transmitted more rapidly to the unchallenged hens in the adjacent cages of molted hens than in unmolted hens, and these molted hens shed significantly more of the organism than unmolted hens . In Expts . 2 and 3, the center hen in two rows each of 11 molted and unmolted hens was infected with S . enteritidis (dose of 6-8 x 10(4) in Expt . 2 and 1 x 10(3) in Expt . 3) . In both trials of Expt . 2, the rate of transmission was significantly higher in molted hens than in unmolted hens, and the molted hens shed significantly more of the organism . In Trial 1 of Expt . 3, molting had little effect on S . enteritidis shedding . In Trial 2 of Expt . 3, however, molted hens had significantly higher shed rates and shed more S . enteritidis than the unmolted hens . Individual hens in Expts . 2 and 3 frequently shed more S . enteritidis than the original challenge . The amplification of intestinal S . enteritidis in the molted hens plus their previously described higher susceptibility to S . enteritidis infection accelerated transmission of the organism to the uninfected hens in neighboring cages . These results indicate that induced molting can have substantial effects on transmission of S . enteritidis to uninfected hens, which could affect the overall S . enteritidis status of a flock.

J Hosp Infect, 1995 Apr, 29(4), 287 - 96
Large scale use of ciprofloxacin in the control of a Salmonella outbreak in a hospital for the mentally handicapped; Dyson C et al.; An outbreak of salmonella food poisoning occurred in a hospital for the mentally handicapped in July 1990 . Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was identified in 101 patients and eight staff . Standard infection control measures were instituted . Ciprofloxacin was given to all resident patients and to all affected staff . The outbreak was rapidly controlled . There were no new cases after ciprofloxacin was started and there were no clinical relapses . Microbiological relapsers were retreated with ciprofloxacin . A gradual return to normal activity was possible and within two months the hospital was functioning normally . No salmonellae have been identified in the hospital since that time, confirming that the organism was eradicated, rather than just temporarily suppressed.

Can J Vet Res, 1995 Apr, 59(2), 142 - 8
Evaluation of an O antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of milk samples for Salmonella dublin infection in dairy herds; Hoorfar J et al.; Levels of antibodies to the O antigens (O:1,9,12) of Salmonella dublin were tested in 1355 serum, 1143 cow milk and 160 bulk milk samples from dairy herds using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . In order to define the background reaction, milk samples from all lactating cows and serum samples from 9 animals were collected in each of 20 salmonellosis-free herds located on the island of Bornholm, where cattle salmonellosis has not been reported . Similar samples were collected from all stalled animals in 10 herds with recent (< 6 months) outbreaks of salmonellosis located in Jutland, where salmonella infection is enzootic . Using herd history of salmonellosis, herd location and clinical status of the herds as criteria, the optimal cutoff in the milk ELISA was determined as being at least 5% of the samples having optical density > 0.5, resulting in herd sensitivity of 1.0 and herd specificity of 0.95 . While none of the sera in the herds from Bornholm was ELISA positive, 2 herds had a few reactors in the milk ELISA . Using the same cutoff, all but 1 bulk milk sample from 150 herds on Bornholm was ELISA-negative, and all 10 salmonellosis-positive herds from Jutland were ELISA-positive . A significant correlation was found between ELISA reactions in milk and in serum of cows (34% and 32% respectively, rs = 0.69, P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 1995 Apr, 32(1), 87 - 91
Acute Salmonella mastoiditis in an infant; Kaplan DM et al.; During the last few decades antibiotics have played an extremely important role in the management of otitis media (OM) . Nowadays there are only sporadic reports of its sequelae and complications in the developed countries . Nevertheless, complications of OM still arise and the potential seriousness of this problem emphasizes the need for a high degree of monitoring . We report herewith a case of acute mastoiditis in an 18-month-old infant with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) . Repeated cultures from the middle ear and mastoid cavity yielded Salmonella type C . The treatment modality and the pathophysiologic aspects are discussed.

Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 1995 Apr, 21(1), 50 - 4
Role of a large plasmid in mediation of multiple drug resistance in Salmonella typhi and paratyphi A in Bangladesh; Hasan Z et al.; From 405 patients of suspected typhoid fever, 94 Salmonella typhi and 17 Salmonella paratyphi A, were isolated from blood and/or stool at the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dhaka during March 1992 to February 1993 . Forty seven percent of the isolates were resistant to multiple drugs which included amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole . A large plasmid of 140 MDa was isolated from 73% of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains . However, no plasmid was isolated from any of the strains sensitive to above mentioned antibiotics . Majority of MDR Salmonella transferred resistance to E . coli K-12 (Lac+, F-, NxR.) by conjugation method . The transconjugants were similarly resistant to multiple drugs . All Salmonella were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1995 Apr, 43(4), 270 - 3
{Susceptibility to quinolones of Salmonella isolated from men and animals}; Avril JL et al.; Fluoroquinolones are efficacious antibiotics for the treatment of Salmonella infections in humans . One of these quinolones, enrofloxacin, a precursor of ciprofloxacin, is used to treat respiratory infections in calves and poultry . There is a risk of developing resistant strains of Salmonella in animals, which may then contaminate humans . To evaluate current susceptibilities of Salmonella strains to quinolones, we collected 95 strains belonging to various serotypes in a district of intensive breeding (the Ille-et-Vilaine Departement): 54 human strains, 24 bovine strains, and 17 poultry strains . The technique of dilutions in agar medium was used to determine Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) for the following antibiotics: nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and clinafloxacin . Our results showed that human Salmonella strains remained very susceptible to quinolones . Only 3 animal strains had nalidixic-acid MICs > 128 mg/l . For these 3 strains, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin MICs were respectively 1 or 2 mg/l and 0.25 mg/l . For all the other human and animal strains the nalidixic-acid MICs were < 4 mg/l, and their MICs 90 were: 0.12 mg/l for ofloxacin and norfloxacin, 0.06 mg/l for pefloxacin, 0.03 mg/l for ciprofloxacin, 0.016 mg/l for levofloxacin, and 0.004 mg/l for clinafloxacin.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1995 Apr, 25(1), 80 - 94
Comparative pulmonary toxicities and carcinogenicities of chronically inhaled diesel exhaust and carbon black in F344 rats; Nikula KJ et al.; Diesel exhaust (DE) is a known pulmonary carcinogen in rats, and the carcinogenic response is known to require the presence of soot . Many estimates of human lung cancer risk from inhaled DE have been developed from rat bioassay data or from the comparative mutagenic potencies of DE soot extract and known human chemical carcinogens . To explore the importance of the DE soot-associated organic compounds in the lung tumor response of rats, male and female F344 rats were exposed chronically to diluted whole DE or aerosolized carbon black (CB) 16 hr/day, 5 days/week at target particle concentrations of 2.5 mg/m3 (LDE, LCB) or 6.5 mg/m3 (HDE, HCB) or to filtered air . The CB served as a surrogate for the elemental carbon matrix of DE soot . Considering both the mass fraction of solvent-extractable matter and its mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella assay, the mutagenicity in revertants per unit particle mass of the CB was three orders of magnitude less than that of the DE soot . Both DE soot and CB particles accumulated progressively in the lungs of exposed rats, but the rate of accumulation was higher for DE soot . In general, DE and CB caused similar, dose-related, nonneoplastic lesions . CB and DE caused significant, exposure concentration-related increases, of similar magnitudes, in the incidences and prevalences of the same types of malignant and benign lung neoplasms in female rats . The incidences of neoplasms were much lower in males than females, and the incidences were slightly higher among DE- than CB-exposed males . Survival was shortened in the CB-exposed males, and the shortened survival may have suppressed the expression of carcinogenicity as measured by crude incidence . Logistic regression modeling did not demonstrate significant differences between the carcinogenic potencies of CB and DE in either gender . The results suggest that the organic fraction of DE may not play an important role in the carcinogenicity of DE in rats.

J Bacteriol, 1995 Apr, 177(8), 2178 - 87
Expression of the O9 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli: sequencing of the E . coli O9 rfb gene cluster, characterization of mannosyl transferases, and evidence for an ATP-binding cassette transport system; Kido N et al.; The rfb gene cluster of Escherichia coli O9 directs the synthesis of the O9-specific polysaccharide which has the structure -->2-alpha-Man-(1-->2)-alpha-Man-(1-->2)-alpha-Man-(1-->3)-alpha- Man-(1--> . The E . coli O9 rfb cluster has been sequenced, and six genes, in addition to the previously described rfbK and rfbM, were identified . They correspond to six open reading frames (ORFs) encoding polypeptides of 261, 431, 708, 815, 381, and 274 amino acids . They are all transcribed in the counter direction to those of the his operon . No gene was found between rfb and his . A higher G+C content indicated that E . coli O9 rfb evolved independently of the rfb clusters from other E . coli strains and from Shigella and Salmonella spp . Deletion mutagenesis, in combination with analysis of the in vitro synthesis of the O9 mannan in membranes isolated from the mutants, showed that three genes (termed mtfA, -B, and -C, encoding polypeptides of 815, 381, and 274 amino acids, respectively) directed alpha-mannosyl transferases . MtfC (from ORF274), the first mannosyl transferase, transfers a mannose to the endogenous acceptor . It critically depended on a functional rfe gene (which directs the synthesis of the endogenous acceptor) and initiates the growth of the polysaccharide chain . MtfB (from ORF381) then transfers two mannoses into the 3 position of the previous mannose, and MtfA (from ORF815) transfers three mannoses into the 2 position . Further chain growth needs only the two transferases MtfA and MtfB . Thus, there are fewer transferases needed than the number of sugars in the repeating unit . Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the ORF261 and ORF431 proteins indicated that they function as components of an ATP-binding cassette transport system . A possible correlation between the mechanism of polymerization and mode of membrane translocation of the products is discussed.

Vaccine, 1995 Apr, 13(6), 561 - 9
Construction and characterization of a Salmonella typhi-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector vaccine; Fouts TR et al.; Since the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is transmitted either parenterally or sexually, both systemic and mucosal immune responses might be required to provide protective immunity . One option is to express HIV proteins in attenuated Salmonella vectors that elicit immune responses in both compartments . The first step to constructing such a strain was achieved by integrating a gene expression cassette encoding recombinant HIV-1 gp120 (rgp120) into the aroC locus of an attenuated vaccine strain of S . typhi . This rgp120 expression cassette utilizes the strong constitutive promoter, P1pp/lacUV5, and produces rgp120 to 0.05-01% of the total bacterial cell protein . Immunoblot analysis shows that the S . typhi strains containing the integrated cassette express a protein that is both recognized by anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and is the appropriate size for nonglycosylated full-length gp120 (52 kDa) . Immunoblot analysis also demonstrates that the recombinant S . typhi strains express the rgp120 as monomers and multimers found predominantly in the insoluble fraction of the bacteria . Antigen-capture ELISA, using antibodies specific for continuous epitopes on gp120, revealed that the exposure of these epitopes on S . typhi-expressed rgp120 differs from exposure of these epitopes on baculovirus-expressed rgp120 that binds CD4 . Epitopes in the first conserved region (109-113) and the third conserved/fourth variable regions (376-380, 382-384, 395-400) are more "surface-exposed", while one epitope in the third variable region (313-324) is more "buried" relative to the corresponding epitopes of baculovirus expressed gp120 . Antibodies recognizing discontinuous epitopes of the CD4 binding domain do not react with the S . typhi expressed rgp120.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1995 Mar, 62(1), 65 - 7
The prevalence of intestinal Salmonella infection in horses submitted for necropsy; van Rensburg IB et al.; Specimens from the ileum, colon and rectum were aseptically collected from 50 consecutive horse carcases submitted for necropsy to the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria . These were bacteriologically examined for the presence of Salmonella . Seventeen of these were positive for Salmonella at one or more sites . Serotyping of the isolates revealed a dominance of Salmonella Hayindogo in these horses.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1995 Mar, 62(1), 35 - 40
A rapid method to determine bacterial contamination on hatching eggs . 3 . Use of commercial DNA probe kits for detection of specific pathogens after six hours of incubation; Pienaar AC et al.; The usefulness of commercially available DNA probe kits for the detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp . after only 6 h of incubation, was determined . It was established that the commercially available probe kits used could detect E . coli at initial levels of approximately 4.5 x 10(2) colony-forming units (cfu) per ml after only 6 h of incubation in nutrient broth (NB) . Initial bacterial levels as low as 4.5 x 10(1) cfu/ml could be detected when the NB was incubated for 18 h . Salmonella Enteritidis, at initial levels of 2.86 x 10(2) cfu/ml could be detected after 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in NB, while initial levels as low as 2.86 x 10(-1) cfu/ml could be detected after 18 h at 37 degrees C in both NB and selected media, as specified by the manufacturers of the probe kits . Commercially available DNA probe kits can therefore be used to detect specific pathogens on the surface of hatching eggs and these probes can be used in conjunction with an egg-washing system, which is used to determine total bacterial contamination, although a longer incubation period greatly improves the sensitivity of these tests.

Mutat Res, 1995 Mar, 327(1-2), 131 - 49
Mutation spectra in Salmonella of sunlight, white fluorescent light, and light from tanning salon beds: induction of tandem mutations and role of DNA repair; DeMarini DM et al.; We evaluated the mutagenicity of sunlight (SUN), uncovered coolwhite fluorescent light (FLR), and light from a tanning salon bed (TAN) at the base-substitution allele hisG46 of Salmonella in four DNA repair backgrounds (wild type, uvrB, pKM101, and uvrB + pKM101) . Approximately 80% of the radiation emitted by TAN was within the ultraviolet (UV) range, whereas only approximately 10% of the SUN and approximately 1% of the FLR radiation was UV . TAN emitted similar amounts of UVA and UVB, whereas SUN emitted 50-60x and FLR emitted 5-10x more UVA relative to UVB . Based on total dose (UV + visible), the mutagenic potency ranking was TAN > FLR > SUN . Using colony probe hybridization and PCR/DNA sequence analysis, approximately 3000 revertants were analyzed to determine the mutational specificity of the three light sources . The mutation spectra and those induced by 254-nm UV had common features . The uvrB mutation enhanced the mutagenicity of the environmental UV sources more (20-216x) than did the pKM101 plasmid (approximately 20x) relative to wild type DNA repair . All light sources induced equal proportions of transitions and transversions in excision repair-proficient strains, but they induced more transitions relative to transversions in uvrB-containing strains . The majority of the mutations were G.C-->A.T transitions that were induced equally frequently at the first or second position of the CCC codon of the hisG46 allele in all strains except TA1535 (uvrB), where SUN and FLR induced transitions preferentially at the first position, and TAN induced them preferentially at the second position . Identified or presumptive multiple mutations, which constituted the only mutational class enhanced by all three light sources in the presence of uvrB and pKM101 either alone or together, accounted for 3-5% of the induced mutations in the plasmid-containing strains, and their increases (38-82-fold) in TA100 (uvrB, pKM101) were the highest of any mutational class . Of the TAN-induced multiple mutations, 83% (19/23) were CC-->TT tandem transitions . These results show that exposures to the nonsolar environmental UV sources FLR and TAN produce mutations similar to those produced by SUN, a known carcinogen.

Infect Immun, 1995 Mar, 63(3), 865 - 73
Scavenger receptor pathway for lipopolysaccharide binding to Kupffer and endothelial liver cells in vitro; Shnyra A et al.; We have investigated the interaction of Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide (ReLPS) depleted of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with both Kupffer and endothelial liver cells under serum-free conditions . Specific and saturable binding levels of 125I-ReLPS were similar in both types of cells with respect to divalent cation independence, susceptibility to proteases, and concanavalin A inhibition . By using partial structures of ReLPS, it was demonstrated that acidic 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid residues and phosphoryl groups on lipid A are of primary importance in ReLPS binding . The role of ionic interactions in LPS recognition by the cells was further confirmed by susceptibility of the binding to competitive inhibition by polyanions . Both ReLPS and ReLPS partial structures inhibited the specific cellular binding of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) by Kupffer cells and Ac-LDL- and formaldehyde-treated albumin by endothelial cells whose cellular accumulation is mediated by a different type(s) of scavenger receptor(s) . In contrast, 125I-ReLPS binding to Kupffer and endothelial cells was not competed by Ac-LDL or formaldehyde-treated albumin . Our results indicate the scavenger pathway of LPS uptake by Kupffer and endothelial cells and the primary role of LPS anionic properties in this process.

Infect Immun, 1995 Mar, 63(3), 1076 - 83
In vivo induction of interleukin-12 mRNA expression after oral immunization with Salmonella dublin or the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin; Bost KL et al.; Mice orally immunized with Salmonella dublin EL23, a nonreverting, aromatic-dependent, histidine-requiring mutant transformed with a plasmid which carries a gene that codes for production of the B subunit of the heat-labile toxin (LT-B) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, or with purified LT-B alone were compared for their ability to initiate expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNAs at mucosal sites . At 6 or 20 h following oral immunization, the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were removed, and polyadenylated mRNA was prepared from each tissue . Constitutive expression of an mRNA encoding the p35 subunit of IL-12 was observed in control as well as immunized mice . Conversely, expression of an mRNA encoding the p40 subunit of IL-12 was not detected in control animals but was dramatically upregulated in immunized mice . By using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) followed by competitive RT-PCR, differences in the magnitude of IL-12 p40 mRNA expression were quantified . Six hours after oral immunization with the Salmonella construct, mice had 12.1- and 8.4-fold increases in expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, respectively, compared with control mice receiving only saline . By 20 h, the pattern of increased mRNA expression was reversed, showing 2.5- and 17.6-fold increases in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, respectively . Oral immunization with LT-B alone also stimulated IL-12 p40 mRNA expression, but to a lesser extent . The constitutive expression of IL-12 p35 mRNA at these mucosal sites coupled with a rapid and dramatic induction of IL-12 p40 mRNA following immunization with wild-type or attenuated strains of S . dublin is consistent with other investigations which support a role for IL-12 in modulating cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens.

Infect Immun, 1995 Mar, 63(3), 1040 - 6
Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides transiently activates NF-kappa B but inhibits lipopolysaccharide induction of kappa light chain and Oct-2 in the B-cell lymphoma line 70Z/3; Lawrence O et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in much of the pathophysiology associated with gram-negative septic shock . One approach to this serious clinical problem is to develop new drugs that antagonize the action of toxic LPS . A model system to study LPS action and test for potential antagonists is readily provided by LPS regulation of the kappa gene in the murine B-cell line 70Z/3 . Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A (RsDPLA) effectively blocked toxic LPS induction of kappa light-chain immunoglobulin expression in 70Z/3 cells . Induction of kappa expression by LPS is dependent on the activation of at least two transcription factors, Oct-2 and NF-kappa B . RsDPLA completely repressed the long-term activation of NF-kappa B observed after 24 h of Salmonella typhosa LPS treatment and antagonized activation of oct-2 mRNA expression . However, RsDPLA was not an inert competitor of LPS . RsDPLA alone strongly activated NF-kappa B binding activity by 30 min but not beyond 9 h of treatment . It also induced a small increase in oct-2 mRNA levels . RsDPLA is not simply a weak agonist; we found no graded increase in kappa expression with increasing RsDPLA concentrations up to 50 micrograms/ml . The NF-kappa B complexes activated by RsDPLA and S . typhosa LPS were both composed of the p50-p65 heterodimer . These results suggest that the physiological LPS receptor(s) on B cells transmits qualitatively different signals depending on the nature of the binding ligand and that the fatty acyl groups of LPS play an important role in activating signal transduction.

Vaccine, 1995 Mar, 13(4), 381 - 90
The effect of Escherichia coli J5 and modified live Salmonella dublin vaccines in artificially reared neonatal calves; Selim SA et al.; One thousand neonatal calves, allocated in a factorial design into four groups, were vaccinated subcutaneously with two doses each of either killed Escherichia coli (0111:B4) J5 bacterin or a UC Davis modified live, genetically altered (aro-) Salmonella dublin vaccine, or both, or with a placebo . In this prospective double-blind study to determine the immunogenicity and protective effects of both vaccines on bovine neonates in field conditions, calves were observed daily until 2 months of age, and serum samples from selected study calves were obtained at five different time points . No clinical adverse vaccine reactions were observed . Overall mortality was 7.5% (75 of 1000), E . coli and S . dublin infection being the most commonly associated aetiological agents of deaths . Both J5 (p < 0.01) and Salmonella (p = 0.05) vaccines were significantly effective in reducing the mortality rate but without an additive effect . The role of passive transfer was important in calf survival . The E . coli J5 and (aro-) S . dublin vaccination schedule employed significantly (p < 0.001) elevated J5 and Salmonella-specific serum ELISA antibody titres, respectively, by the sixth week of age.

Shock, 1995 Mar, 3(3), 216 - 23
Lack of direct endotoxin-induced vasoactive effects on isolated skeletal muscle arterioles; Glembot TM et al.; Septic shock continues to be a major cause of mortality in the intensive care unit . This study was conducted to determine if endotoxin exerts a direct effect on the major determinant of peripheral vascular resistance, skeletal muscle arterioles . First order cremasteric arterioles were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, cannulated with glass micropipettes, superfused in physiologic saline solution, and allowed to achieve spontaneous basal tone in the absence of intraluminal flow . Phenylephrine responsiveness was assessed before and after exposure to 2.5 micrograms/mL Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (ET) for 1-2 h . There was no change in either basal diameter (91 +/- 5 microns before ET and 98 +/- 5 microns after ET) or phenylephrine responsiveness . In vivo exposure to ET (15 mg/kg) resulted in no change in basal tone at 1 h, however increased tone was observed in arterioles harvested after 4 h of systemic ET (43 +/- 4% without ET and 57 +/- 3% with, p < .05) . To determine if upstream conduit vessels released factors responsible for the vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles, isolated cannulated cremasteric arterioles were connected in series to a 1 cm segment of aorta and superfused without and with 2.5 micrograms/mL ET . An increase in basal diameter was observed in arterioles from 94 +/- 14 microns before ET to 120 +/- 17 microns after ET (p < .05) . These studies demonstrate that ET has no direct effect on isolated cannulated skeletal muscle arterioles, and that a vasodilating substance not consistent with nitric oxide is released from the upstream arterial bed.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Mar, 20(3), 148 - 51
Osmoregulation by trehalose synthesis in Salmonella manhattan after exposure to waste waters; Dupray E et al.; A 24 h period in waste waters improved the subsequent survival of Salmonella in oligotrophic sea water, at 20 degrees C, compared to a direct input control . The main osmoprotective compound accumulated, investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (nuclear magnetic resonance), after 6 d in sea water was trehalose . Taking into account these observations, this paper put forward the following explanation concerning the survival mechanism: (1) stress in waste waters induces the endogenous synthesis of trehalose via the activation of the gene kat F; (2) when exposed to an osmotic stress, two degradative cytoplasmic enzymes are repressed and the bacteria accumulate trehalose which acts as an osmoprotectant . The succession of the two steps enables Salm . manhattan to immediately resist to the high salinity of oligotrophic seawater.

J AOAC Int, 1995 Mar-Apr, 78(2), 375 - 80
Relative effectiveness of selenite cystine broth, tetrathionate broth, and Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium for the recovery of Salmonella from raw flesh and other highly contaminated foods: precollaborative study; June GA et al.; The effectiveness of selenite cystine (SC) broth, tetrathionate (TT) broth, and Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium for recovery of Salmonella spp . from 8 highly contaminated foods was determined . RV medium prepared from individual ingredients and incubated at 42 degrees and 43 degrees C was compared with 2 commercial (Difco and Oxoid) media incubated at 42 degrees C . Naturally and artificially contaminated foods were tested under 2 protocols . For Protocol 1, each food was preenriched in the appropriate medium . After incubation, serial 10 fold dilutions of the preenriched foods were inoculated into selective enrichment media and incubated at 35 degrees, 42 degrees, or 43 degrees C . Effectiveness of these conditions was evaluated by most probable number determination of Salmonella spp . recovered . Productivity of selective enrichments did not differ significantly with this protocol, except that with Oxoid RV medium the number of Salmonella cells recovered from most of the foods was significantly reduced . For Protocol 2, twenty 25 g test portions from artificially inoculated foods were examined qualitatively for Salmonella spp . The effectiveness of the broth/temperature combinations was determined by the number of positive tests under each condition . RV medium prepared from individual ingredients and TT broth incubated at 43 degrees C yielded significantly more Salmonella-positive tests from frog legs and lettuce than did SC and TT broths incubated at 35 degrees C or commercial RV medium incubated at 42 degrees C . With pork sausage and ground beef, significantly fewer Salmonella-positive tests were found with Oxoid RV medium incubated at 42 degrees C and SC incubated at 35 degrees C than from other selective enrichments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clin Infect Dis, 1995 Mar, 20(3), 706 - 8
Concurrent falciparum malaria and Salmonella bacteremia in travelers: report of two cases; Gopinath R et al.; Fever in travelers or immigrants from the tropics is an increasingly common problem facing physicians in urban centers of North America . Malaria and typhoid fever are endemic in developing countries and affect millions of people annually . An association between falciparum malaria and salmonella bacteremia has been noted for many years, although the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated . We report on two travelers with falciparum malaria and concomitant salmonella bacteremia and review the possible mechanisms that may explain this association.

J Clin Microbiol, 1995 Mar, 33(3), 775 - 7
Development of nested PCR based on the ViaB sequence to detect Salmonella typhi; Hashimoto Y et al.; For a rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever, we developed a nested PCR based on the nucleotide sequence encoding the Vi antigen . All Salmonella typhi strains along with a Salmonella paratyphi C strain were PCR positive . This assay was able to detect S . typhi at the single-cell level.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1995 Mar, 69(3), 291 - 6
{Epidemic of Salmonella enteritidis infection of childhood in the northern area of Nagasaki}; Matsuo M et al.; Salmonella Enteritidis infections were a local epidemic in the northern area of Nagasaki, Japan, during August to September in 1992 . Out patients (142) visited our hospital because of diarrhea and-or abdominal pain and 96 patients had stool cultures and 51 patients were diagnosed as Salmonella infection . Of the 51 patients it was found that the Salmonella serogroups were 09, 07, 08 and the number of patients were 42, 8, 1, respectively . Phage type 1 was identified in all of the S . Enteritidis infected 38 patients who were examined . About 90% of the patients were under 10 years old . Namely, this Salmonella Enteritidis epidemic in childhood . The peak epidemic period was consistent with the local summer festival and the etiology of infection was thought to be caused by polluted handmade ice cream . S . enteritidis was identified from the ice cream which was also phage type 1 . The latent period was 87 hrs.

Microbiol Res, 1995 Mar, 150(1), 99 - 102
Cultivation of Salmonella in contact with epithelial cells; Dinjus U et al.; An in vitro cultivation model for Salmonella having contact to epithelial cells was developed, which led to an increase in the production of toxic substances . The toxin assay on CHO-K1 cells was used for the determination of the toxic activities . Salmonella strains cultivated in contact with a monolayer of the intestinal cell line IEC-6 produced considerably more toxin than Salmonella strains cultivated on VERO cells . The toxin formed was heat-labile.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1995 Mar, 13(3), 138 - 45
{Analysis of Salmonella sp . serotypes isolated in Spain en 1988-1992}; Usera MA et al.; BACKGROUND: Salmonella sp . is the main cause of bacterial diarrhoea in Spain . Serotyping, is the most widely applied epidemiological marker . The epidemiological distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated in Spain is analyzed by statistical methods . METHODS: Salmonella isolates were serotyped according to standard methods and the results were analyzed by the Mantel-Haenszel chi 2 test . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The number of isolates (20,595) was 17% higher than those analyzed in the previous five year period (1983-1987), mainly due to an increase in the number of isolates from non human origin . The three most commonly isolated serotypes were Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Virchow . Serotype Enteritidis decreased along the analyzed period, probably because of the effectiveness of the socio-sanitary measures taken by the national and regional administrations such as legal issues (use of commercial mayonnaise in restaurants) and sanitary education.

Carcinogenesis, 1995 Mar, 16(3), 659 - 63
Salmonella test positive and negative carcinogens show different effects on intrachromosomal recombination in G2 cell cycle arrested yeast cells; Galli A et al.; There is considerable controversy about the extrapolation of results obtained with high doses of chemicals in long-term and animal carcinogenesis studies to the low doses human beings are exposed to . In the present study, we compare the effect of Salmonella test positive carcinogens, ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and gamma-rays versus Salmonella test negative carcinogens, benzene, safrole, urethane, thiourea and carbon tetrachloride over a dose range of 10(4)-fold on the frequency of intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This short-term test is positive with both kinds of carcinogens . The Salmonella test negative carcinogens safrole, benzene and carbon tetrachloride induced intrachromosomal recombination to much higher levels in G2 arrested cells compared to growing cells; the reverse was true for the Salmonella test positive carcinogens . The Salmonella test positive carcinogens caused an almost linear dose response for induction of intrachromosomal recombination starting at a dose 100- to 1000-fold below the lowest toxic dose . In contrast, all Salmonella test negative carcinogens showed a sharp threshold below which no effect was detected, and the first effective dose for induction of intrachromosomal recombination was the first toxic dose.

Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1995 Mar-Apr, 13(2), 187 - 91
Synovial fluid MHC-unrestricted gamma delta-T lymphocytes contribute to antibacterial and anti-self cytotoxicity in the spondylarthropathies; Hermann E et al.; OBJECTIVE . In reactive arthritis (ReA), synovial fluid-derived bacteria-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been studied intensively in recent years . We have addressed the question whether gamma delta-TCR+ lymphocytes could contribute to antibacterial or anti-self cytotoxicity in the affected joints of patients, with spondylarthropathies . METHODS . T cell clones were derived by random cloning from the synovial fluids of one patient with Yersinia-induced ReA, one patient with a Yersinia-induced flare up of pre-existing ankylosing spondylitis, and one patient with ankylosing spondylitis . Eight clones with a CD3+, alpha beta-TCR-, CD4-, CD8- and gamma delta-TCR+ phenotype (all expressing V gamma 9) were tested in a standard 52Cr-release assay using autologous or allogeneic B cell lines, CIR-B27, Daudi cells, and RJ.225 cells . RESULTS . Four gamma delta-TCR+ clones killed both autologous and allogeneic target cells when infected with live Yersinia or Salmonella and also uninfected Daudi cells expressing GroEL heatshock protein . One clone was specific for Yersinia-infected targets . Three gamma delta-TCR+ clones were cytotoxic when uninfected autologous or allogeneic targets were employed . Polymorphic "classical" MHC class I or class II molecules were not used as restriction elements . CONCLUSION . We conclude that, upon in vivo contact with bacteria such as Yersinia and Salmonella, synovial gamma delta-T lymphocytes are activated and contribute to antibacterial immunity via specific target cell lysis . Furthermore, anti-self cytolytic gamma delta-T cells could participate in the clearance of stressed and detrimental cells in the arthritic joint or, alternatively, could support the chronicity of autoimmune arthritis.

J Infect, 1995 Mar, 30(2), 173 - 7
Community-acquired infections among children in an urban environment: a 2-year prospective study in Liverpool, U.K; Shears P et al.; Community-acquired infections are an important cause of admission of children to hospital . We have made a 2-year prospective study of 1,599 children admitted with infection to the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital in order to determine the pattern of infections, their seasonal distribution and the role of the laboratory in isolating causative agents . Respiratory infections (32% cases) and gastroenteritis (28% cases) were the principal causes of admission . Of all admissions, 64% were children aged less than 1 year . Appropriate specimens were obtained and/or investigations made of 48% cases . Overall, a causative agent was determined in 21% cases . Individual pathogens showed marked seasonality . Respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus and Shigella species were found more often in the winter months, while Salmonella species and adenovirus infections were most common in the summer . The results provide local data that is relevant to both public health and hospital planning . They also emphasise the need for continuing surveillance of community-acquired infections.

J Infect, 1995 Mar, 30(2), 129 - 33
Salmonellosis and mycotic aneurysm of the aorta . A report of 10 cases; Chan P et al.; We report a 5 year experience of 10 cases of mycotic aneurysms of the aorta caused by salmonella infection . Of the 10 patients, nine were males and one was female in an age range from 60 to 80 years with a mean of 71 years . The major clinical manifestations were fever, abdominal or back pain, pulsatile abdominal mass and leucocytosis . The diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms and signs and positive blood or tissue cultures . The main confirmatory procedure was computed tomography (CT) . Two year survival rate was 20% . Five patients died during hospitalisation, without surgery . Three patients died within 2 months of surgery . The other two patients, treated surgically and by intensive antibiotic therapy, survived . Death resulted usually from recurrent infection and graft leakage . Contrary to previous reports, salmonella mycotic aneurysm is still common in this geographical area and the prognosis is poor.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1995 Mar, 45(3), 177 - 81
Antibacterial activity of a substance produced by the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus (Fr.) Murr; Smania A et al.; A fraction obtained from the culture fluids of Pycnoporus sanguineus fungus was shown to contain a compound with biological activity against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and members of the genus Streptococcus . The fraction was clearly more active on Gram-positive cocci than on Gram-negative bacilli.

Infection, 1995 Mar-Apr, 23(2), 103 - 6
Pefloxacin versus chloramphenicol in the therapy of typhoid fever; Cristiano P et al.; An open, randomized clinical study was carried out to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of pefloxacin with that of chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid fever . Sixty hospitalized patients (40 men and 20 women, aged from 17 to 64 years), affected by severe proven typhoid sepsis, were randomly assigned to treatment with pefloxacin at a daily dose of 1,200 mg for 15 days (Group A) or with chloramphenicol at a daily dose of 2 g for 15 days (Group B) . The two groups of patients were statistically homogeneous regarding both age and sex and all patients were followed for 30 days after the end of therapy . In Group A all the patients completely recovered from infection and all the isolated strains of Salmonella typhi were eradicated by pefloxacin treatment . In Group B two patients had a relapse, two patients became chronic enteric carriers of S . typhi and only 26 patients recovered from infection with complete eradication of the pathogen . The results indicate that pefloxacin is as active as chloramphenicol in the therapy of typhoid fever and that pefloxacin could be a valid antibacterial agent to be used together with appropriate hygienic measures for an eradication program of typhoid fever in the endemic countries.

Br Poult Sci, 1995 Mar, 36(1), 79 - 86
Role of glycoconjugates in adherence of Salmonella pullorum to the intestinal epithelium of chicks; Zhou ZX et al.; 1 . The distribution of glycoconjugates on the surface of Salmonella pullorum and the ileal epithelium of chicks was demonstrated by lectin cytochemistry . The role of glycoconjugates in adherence of S . pullorum to the ileal epithelium was determined by a sugar inhibition assay using the scanning electron microscope . 2 . S . pullorum exhibited binding to Concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) but not to soyabean agglutinin (SBA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) . 3 . The ileal epithelium of chicks bound WGA, Con A and SBA . The binding sites for WGA were on the brush border and cytoplasm of columnar enterocytes as well as on goblet cells . The binding of Con A was confined to the cytoplasm of columnar enterocytes, while SBA bound, in a limited way, to the brush border of columnar enterocytes . 4 . After an oral dose of S . pullorum, adherence to the ileal epithelium was inhibited by methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside.

Aust Vet J, 1995 Mar, 72(3), 108 - 15
Salmonella enteritidis: the egg and I; Cox JM; The world-wide clinical incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis has increased markedly . The increase is associated with the enhanced ability of the bacterium to systemically colonise layer chickens . Subsequent contamination and consumption of intact shell eggs from colonised layer hens, either directly or in foods containing raw or lightly cooked eggs, causes human disease . Despite investigation, no change in the biology of the bacterium has been correlated with increased colonisation in chickens . To date, no method of control at the production level has proven effective; consumer education is the best means of minimising the public health risk.

Arkh Patol, 1995 Mar-Apr, 57(2), 4 - 7
{Immunomorphologic evaluation of the reserves of endotoxin binding by polymorphonuclear leukocytes}; Permiakov NK et al.; It is shown that leukocytes binding endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria via Fe-receptor mediated mechanism can be detected in blood smears after the treatment with antibodies to Re chemotype glycolipid conjugated with horse-radish peroxydase . After pretreatment of blood smears by a solution of endotoxin and then by conjugated antibodies to Re glycolipid some leukocytes binding endotoxin in vitro can be detected . It means that some reserves of endotoxin binding by leukocytes can be estimated by this immunomorphological method . The presence of such reserves is characteristic for healthy people and animals . Such reserves were enhanced in animals immunized with heated vaccine from Re Salmonella mutant . The reserves of endotoxin binding by leukocytes are absent in patients with salmonellosis, dysentery, meningitis, viral hepatitis A and B, peritonitis.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1995 Mar, 33(3), 177 - 81
Cytotoxigenicity in Salmonella serovars; Malik P et al.; Twenty two strains of Salmonella belonging to eight different serovars, namely S . enterica subsp . enterica serovar S . typhimurium, S . nchanga, S . newport, S . virchow, S . bovismorbificans, S . seftenberg, S . weltevreden and S . indiana, isolated from foods of animal origin, were tested for their cytotoxicity on MDBK and Vero cell-lines . Although all the strains were found to be cytotoxic for both the cell-lines, their cytotoxic activity varied greatly . A dose-related cytotoxic effect was observed . Polymyxin B sulphate @.25 mg/ml in PBS, pH 7.2), urea (8M in Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.2) and cell-sonication were found to augment the release of cytotoxin.

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1995 Mar, 11(1), 25 - 34
Interaction of dexamethasone and Salmonella enteritidis immune lymphokines on Salmonella enteritidis organ invasion and in vitro polymorphonuclear leukocyte function; McGruder ED et al.; We used an anti-inflammatory dose of dexamethasone (DEX) and Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines (ILK) followed by oral SE challenge to chicks to determine the effects of these treatments on SE organ invasion and in vitro function of PMNs derived from peripheral blood . Endpoints included percent protection against SE organ invasion, numbers of peripheral blood PMNs, and in vitro PMN adherence, chemotaxis, and SE killing . SE organ invasion was significantly reduced in chicks treated with either ILK alone or DEX + ILK compared to controls . Chicks treated with either DEX alone or DEX + ILK responded with a significant increase in numbers of peripheral blood PMNs as compared to controls, while numbers of PMNs in the peripheral blood from chicks treated with ILK alone were not significantly increased . PMN adherence and percent SE killing by PMNs derived from chicks treated with either ILK alone or DEX + ILK were significantly increased compared to controls . Chemotaxis of PMNs derived from chicks treated with either ILK alone or DEX alone significantly increased 2-fold over control levels . Interestingly, chemotaxis of PMNs derived from chicks that received DEX + ILK was similar to controls . Generally, ILK abated the anti-inflammatory effects of DEX on PMNs in these assays, except for chemotaxis . We interpret these data to suggest that ILK may confer protection to chicks against the early phase of SE organ invasion by inducing an inflammatory response predominated by activated PMNs.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1995 Mar, 25(1), 95 - 9
Migration of Salmonella enteritidis from the albumen into the egg yolk; Braun P et al.; Migration of Salmonella enteritidis from the albumen into the egg yolk was investigated in 860 eggs . After artificial contamination of the albumen with different doses of S . enteritidis phage-type 4 the migration and the effect of temperature on the migration process during a storage period of up to 4 weeks were studied . The experiments showed that the first cells can be detected in the yolk within a few days . The process will be relatively rare during chilled storage if the albumen is only slightly contaminated . The migration rate was positively correlated with the level of contamination, the storage temperatures and the age of the eggs.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1995 Mar, 40(3), 35 - 42
{Sensitivity to antibacterial drugs of Salmonella isolated from various sources in Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region}; Kozlova NS et al.; The position of antibiotic resistant cultures among 1706 strains of 85 Salmonella serovars isolated from various sources in St . Petersburg and the Leningrad Region in 1984-1991 amounted to 16.4 per cent . The highest position of such cultures was among the isolates from humans (20.9 per cent) . The positions of the isolates from animals, birds and environment were practically equal (13.8, 13.8 and 13.7 per cent respectively) . Strains resistant to streptomycin (11.9 per cent), tetracycline (11.5 per cent) and chloramphenicol (11.2 per cent) were the most frequent Salmonella isolates from the different sources . Rifampicin, amikacin, thienamycin, nitroxolin, oxolinic acid, dioxidin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin proved to be highly active against the isolates . No significant difference in the antibiotic resistance spectra of the Salmonella strains circulating in different biotopes was detected . However, among the Salmonella isolates from humans there undoubtedly predominated polyresistant strains with the resistance spectra including 10 and 6 antibacterial drugs (42.4 and 28.8 per cent of the resistant strains respectively) . Sometimes there was observed correlation between the serovars of the Salmonella strains (independent of the isolation source) and the most characteristic spectra of their antibiotic resistance . Thus, the antibiotic resistant spectra of 79 per cent of the S . typhimurium strains and 82.5 per cent of the S . haifa strains resistant to one and more antibacterial drugs were the following: CmTcSmKmMmNm and ApCbCmTcSmKmMmNmGmNal respectively.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1995 Mar, 40(3), 28 - 34
{Plasmids of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella of varying origin, circulating the Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region}; Kozlova NS et al.; Two hundred and twenty Salmonella strains of various serovars isolated from different source in St . Petersburg and the Leningrad Region in 1984-1991 were investigated . It was shown that drug resistance in 39.3 per cent of the strains was determined by conjugative R plasmids with the molecular weights of 28 to 90 mD which transferred at a rate of 10(-4) to 10(-8) . Thirteen detected types of the Salmonella conjugative R plasmids differing in the resistance markers, molecular weights and conjugative transfer rates most frequently contained the genes responsible for the resistance to tetracycline (97.7 per cent), chloramphenicol (92.0 per cent), streptomycin (83.0 per cent), kanamycin (76.1 per cent), monomycin (76.1 per cent) and neomycin (76.1 per cent) . The conjugative R plasmids were mainly detected in S> typhimurium (92.9 per cent), especially in the isolates from humans (97.6 per cent) . The most frequent plasmid type in the Salmonella strains of this serovar was that with the molecular weight of 90 mD carrying the genes of resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, monomycin and neomycin.

Res Microbiol, 1995 Mar-Apr, 146(3), 203 - 16
Expression and immunogenicity of an 18-residue epitope of HIV1 gp41 inserted in the flagellar protein of a Salmonella live vaccine; Newton SM et al.; A synthetic oligonucleotide specifying residues 735-752 of the product of the env gene of HIV1 IIIB was inserted by blunt-end ligation at restriction sites in the hypervariable, antigenically determinant region IV of two flagellin genes . Its integration, in frame and correct orientation, into gene fliC(d) in plasmid pLS408 allowed production of functional flagella when the plasmid was placed in a flagellin-negative aroA live-vaccine Salmonella dublin strain, SL5928 . Bacteria thus made motile were immobilized and agglutinated by anti-(735-752 peptide) serum; expression was also shown by immunoelectron-microscopy and by Western blot of whole-cell lysates . Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of sera of mice given three doses by intraperitoneal injection of the live-vaccine strain producing chimeric flagellin, or of concentrated flagella from it, showed production of antibody with affinity for the peptide, and in some sera, also for r-gp160 . Pooled serum from mice given five i.p . doses of the live vaccine strain expressing the gp41 epitope at the surface of its flagellar filaments had higher titres of anti-peptide and anti-r-gp160 antibody and weak neutralizing activity on the IIIB isolate (90% neutralization at 1/100) . The sera of nine mice given two doses of the live vaccine by the oral route had either no or only very low titres of antibody to flagellar antigen d; they were therefore not tested for anti-peptide activity.

Res Microbiol, 1995 Mar-Apr, 146(3), 193 - 202
Studies of the anaerobically induced promoter pnirB and the improved expression of bacterial antigens; Newton SM et al.; The promoter of the Escherichia coli gene nirB is induced by both the presence of nitrite in the environment and by low oxygen tensions . It has been used to direct the high-level expression of heterologous proteins by E . coli strains in fermentors, and attenuated Salmonella strains expressing foreign proteins under nirB promoter (pnir) control have efficiently induced an immune response against these proteins . The genes encoding two different E . coli envelope proteins, the outer membrane protein LamB and the periplasmic protein MalE, were placed under pnir control on pBR322 derivatives, and both proteins were expressed at high levels during anaerobic growth . Our results showed that the expression level of MalE was influenced by the distance between the pnir promoter and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence: the highest levels were obtained by the longest constructs made; pnir directed a 4-fold increase in the level of MalE expression relative to the level reached by the previously described ptac-MalE expression vector . The best pnir construct produced 25 mg of MalE protein per 5 x 10(11) bacteria, which represents over 20% of total cell protein . Overexpression of MalE was well tolerated by E . coli, even under strict anaerobic conditions; for LamB, optimal induction was achieved under partial anaerobiosis . A MalE-HIV1 hybrid protein (33 residues from the V3 loop of HIV1 gp160 inserted into site 133 of MalE) was also overexpressed at a similar yield under pnir control, without apparent degradation of the hybrid protein . Moreover, when expressed in attenuated aroA S . typhimurium strain SL3261, the plasmids carrying malE and malE-HIV genes were stable in vitro and in vivo.

J Leukoc Biol, 1995 Mar, 57(3), 440 - 9
LPS directly induces oxygen radical production in human monocytes via LPS binding protein and CD14; Landmann R et al.; In human monocytes, superoxide (O2-) generation accompanies phagocytosis and is important for bactericidal activity . It also contributes to tissue damage in inflammation . In the present study we investigated, whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly stimulates monocyte O2- production with kinetics known for other LPS effects and, if so, by which mechanism . LPS caused a time- and dose-dependent O2- release in nonadherent purified monocytes . The effect appeared after 5 min, peaked at 30 min, and disappeared after 2 h . It was maximal with 10 ng/ml lipid A (+148 +/- 22%, P < .001), 1 ng/ml LPS Escherichia coli Re (+226 +/- 68%, P < .001), and 100 ng/ml LPS Salmonella abortus equi sm (+272 +/- 52%, P < .001), respectively . The effect was not observed in buffer, even when using 10 micrograms/ml LPS . It was dependent on the presence of heat-inactivated AB serum, with a maximal effect at > or = 0.5% . Serum could be replaced by LPS-binding protein (LBP) . Polymyxin B and anti-LBP antiserum, respectively, blocked the LPS effect . LPS-induced O2- generation was also completely blocked by anti-CD14 antibodies (3C10 and 63D3) and by their corresponding F(ab')2 fragments . Monocytes treated with phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase C and monocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, lacking the phosphatidylinositol-anchored CD14, did not respond to LPS stimulation with O2- production . Similarly to LPS, E . coli caused stronger O2- production with heat-inactivated serum than without, and this effect was blocked by anti-CD14 antibodies . In conclusion, these data indicate that LPS directly stimulates O2- production in human monocytes via CD14 depending on LBP.

J Bacteriol, 1995 Mar, 177(6), 1610 - 3
Identification of the domain which determines the g,m serotype of the flagellin of Salmonella enteritidis; van Asten AJ et al.; Clones expressing fragments of the flagellin protein of Salmonella enteritidis were constructed and screened with a g,m-specific monoclonal antibody . Results showed that the g,m epitope is localized between amino acids 258 and 348 of the flagellin . The fliC gene, encoding the flagellin of S . enteritidis, was proven to be the only flagellin gene present in S . enteritidis.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995 Mar, 151(3 Pt 1), 713 - 8
Increased nitric oxide in exhaled gas as an early marker of lung inflammation in a model of sepsis; Stewart TE et al.; Nitric Oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathologic vasodilation of sepsis . Because NO can be measured in the exhaled gas of animals and humans, we hypothesized that increases in exhaled NO would occur in a septic model . Using a blinded design, 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 to 400 g) were anesthetized, paralyzed, tracheotomized, and randomized (5/group) to receive an intravenous injection of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Salmonella typhosa, 20 mg/kg) or placebo (equal volume of saline) . Thereafter, exhaled gas was collected and measurements of NO concentration were made using chemiluminescence every 20 min for 300 min during ventilation (RR 40 breaths/min, VT 3 ml; PEEP 0, FIO2 0.21) . Another group of 10 animals (5 LPS; 5 control) were treated in the same fashion and then killed at 240 min and an arterial blood sample obtained for blood gas and TNF alpha determinations . Pressure volume (PV) curves were constructed and lungs removed, preserved, and submitted for histologic evaluation . LPS-treated rats had lower mean arterial pressures than the control group, p < 0.0001 . No significant differences in static lung compliance and PV curves were found in the two groups . TNF alpha levels were greater in the LPS group (1.40 +/- 0.24 ng/ml) versus control group (0.09 +/- 0.04 ng/ml), p < 0.001 . By contrast to the control group, exhaled NO concentration rose in all LPS-treated rats at approximately 100 min and at about 160 min reached a plateau that was 6 times greater than control levels (p < 0.0001) . There was greater interstitial, airspace, and total lung injury in the LPS group (p = 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mol Gen Genet, 1995 Feb 20, 246(4), 437 - 44
Evidence for functional polymorphism of the spvR gene regulating virulence gene expression in Salmonella; Taira S et al.; The expression of Salmonella enterica spv virulence genes was studied in serovariants Dublin and Typhimurium using Western blotting (immunoblotting), spv-lacZ operon fusions and Northern blotting . The SpvA protein was detected in immunoblots from stationary phase cultures of Dublin but not from the corresponding cultures of Typhimurium . Transcriptional measurements, using a spvA-lacZ operon fusion, indicated 8-10 times higher spvA transcription in Dublin . In an isogenic Escherichia coli chromosomal background, virulence plasmids from various Dublin strains systematically had a significantly higher induction level of the spvA-lacZ operon fusion than virulence plasmids from Typhimurium strains . The cloned spvR transcriptional activator gene of Dublin strain 2229 was found to activate both spvR-lacZ and spvA-lacZ operon fusions, as well as to raise spv mRNA levels in E . coli TG1 . In contrast, the corresponding cloned gene of Typhimurium strain SL2965 possessed a lower induction potential and required higher spvR gene dosage for activation . A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of spvR genes from two Dublin and four Typhimurium strains revealed conserved, serovariant-associated basepair substitutions . Our results indicate that the spv virulence gene cluster possesses different functional alleles of the regulator gene spvR . This finding has important consequences for comparative studies of regulation and virulence in different serovariants of Salmonella.

Presse Med, 1995 Feb 11, 24(6), 309 - 11
{Salmonella enteritidis multifocal infection of the central nervous system . Efficacy of new cephalosporins}; Fiteni I et al.; Focal central nervous system infections, as abscess and empyema, due to Salmonella species are unusual . Even more unusual is the association of cerebral abscess, subdural empyema and epidural abscess we report in the present work . This infection appeared in our patient soon after a brain astrocytoma removal and was treated with cefotaxime and gentamicin during three weeks . In spite of documented genus susceptibility to the drugs the infection relapsed in few days . It was definitely cured with ceftazidime alone for six weeks . Third-generation cephalosporins are good alternatives in uncommon infections and specially in central nervous system salmonellosis, as resistances of this genus to classical drugs are lately increasing.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1995 Feb 1, 126(1), 97 - 101
Expression of LacZ from the htrA, nirB and groE promoters in a Salmonella vaccine strain: influence of growth in mammalian cells; Everest P et al.; Attenuated Salmonella strains are currently being evaluated as live vectors for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian mucosal and systemic immune systems . An approach to improving the stability of heterologous antigen expression during vaccination is to drive expression of the foreign protein from promoters, e.g . nirB, that become activated when Salmonella enter the host . Salmonella strains were constructed that harboured similar multicopy plasmids encoding the lacZ gene . In each strain, lacZ expression was driven from either the nirB, htrA or groE promoters . Expression of LacZ increased in all vaccine strains as they were shifted from conditions of low to high temperature . In addition, expression of lacZ driven from the htrA and nirB promoters significantly increased when the Salmonella entered eukaryotic cells, including macrophages . Expression of lacZ from the groE promoter was significantly elevated in macrophages but not in cells derived from epithelia . These promoters may be useful for optimising heterologous antigen expression within immune cells of the host.

Chemosphere, 1995 Feb, 30(4), 725 - 40
Bioassay-directed chemical analysis of genotoxic components in urban airborne particulate matter from Barcelona (Spain); Casellas M et al.; Organic extracts of airborne particulate matter, collected in the city of Barcelona, were subjected to three-level, bioassay-directed, chemical fractionation, including gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and normal-phase (NP) and reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography (LC) . The chemical characterization, directed by the Salmonella microsome mutagenicity assay (TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP6 +/- S9), was carried out by capillary GC (CGC) coupled to selective detection systems, and by GC-MS techniques . The results obtained with the nitroreductase deficient strains show the important contribution of nitroaromatic compounds . Detailed chemical analysis of the mutagenic fractions led to the identification of 82 aromatic compounds and revealed the large contribution of chemical classes that are more polar than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as aromatic ketones, quinones and aldehydes.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1995 Feb, 52(2), 162 - 5
Treatment of typhoid fever: randomized trial of a three-day course of ceftriaxone versus a fourteen-day course of chloramphenicol; Acharya G et al.; To compare the efficacy of a short course of ceftriaxone with a standard course of chloramphenicol for typhoid fever, a randomized trial was conducted in 46 patients (30 adults and 16 children) who were blood culture-positive for Salmonella typhi or S . paratyphi . Ceftriaxone was given intravenously once a day for three days to 15 adults at a dose of 2 g/day and to eight children at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day . Chloramphenicol was given orally four times a day to an equal number of patients at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day until defervescence, followed by 40 mg/kg/day for a total of 14 days . Clinical cure without complications or relapse occurred in 19 patients (83%) treated with ceftriaxone and in 20 patients (87%) treated with chloramphenicol (P > 0.05) . Four patients with clinical failures in the ceftriaxone group included two with fever lasting six days or more, one with altered sensorium, and one with relapse; three patients treated with chloramphenicol developed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and were switched to amoxicillin therapy . Bacteriologically, blood cultures of all 46 patients were sterile three days after the start of treatment, and remained so through day 15 of follow-up . These results extend previous observations on the efficacy of ceftriaxone in short courses for both adults and children with typhoid fever.

Epidemiol Infect, 1995 Feb, 114(1), 41 - 50
Typhoid fever from water desalinized using reverse osmosis; al-Quarawi SN et al.; In May 1992, 81 bacteriologically confirmed cases of typhoid fever (TF) were identified in all districts of Tabuk City in northwestern Saudi Arabia . Attack rates (AR) in residential districts ranged from 0.9-10.3 per 10,000 . Confirmed cases included 9 workers in the city's referral hospital, King Khalid Hospital (AR 140/10,000), 2 in families of medical staff, 57 in the community (AR 4.4/10,000) and 13 in a local military cantonment (AR 0.8/10,000) . The outbreak began with the onset of TF in the three areas within 5 days, continued for 7 weeks, and ended 2 weeks after chlorination began . Among water sources, the odds ratio (OR) was highest (2.6; 95% confidence interval {CI} 1.25-5.39) for water purchased from reverse osmosis (RO) plants, especially RO plants supplied by one well (ASUW) (OR = 7.05; 95% CI 2.51-20.7) . The aquifer for ASUW lay partially beneath a depression where city sewage collected . Unchlorinated water samples from ASUW 1 month after the outbreak ended yielded coliforms . ASUW probably became contaminated with Salmonella typhi when KKH demand overtaxed the aquifer and drew in surface water . Membranes in RO plants using this unchlorinated well water could then become fouled with S . typhi . RO plants, which are common throughout Saudi Arabia, need close monitoring . Water for RO must be prechlorinated to prevent microbiologic fouling of the membranes.

Epidemiol Infect, 1995 Feb, 114(1), 25 - 40
The distribution of serotype-specific plasmids among different subgroups of strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: characterization of molecular variants by restriction enzyme fragmentation patterns; Rankin SC et al.; Four hundred and thirty-four isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis were studied . They were grouped into five subsets defined by either the collection criteria or the parameter which formed the basis for subsequent analysis . Seventy-seven per cent harboured the serotype-specific plasmid (SSP) . In 55% of the isolates this was the sole plasmid . Molecular variation in the SSP was detected in 17 (5%) of the isolates on the basis of restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern (REFP) analysis using Pst I and Sma I . The SSP variants were further characterized using additional restriction enzymes chosen to optimize the information content and analysed using a coefficient of similarity . A variant SSP designated pOG690 showed greater resemblance to the SSP of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium than Enteritidis; 89% and 68% respectively for Pst I and 79% and 55% respectively for Sma I . In respect of the Pst I data pOG690 shared at least 55 kb of DNA with the Typhimurium SSP and 37 kb with the SSP of Enteritidis . This variant was associated with poultry (duck, goose, chicken) and all isolates belonged to phage type 9b . Other variants were associated with phage types 4, 6, 6a, 9a, 11, 15 and 24 . The epidemiological implications of these results are discussed.

Am J Surg, 1995 Feb, 169(2), 227 - 32
Mechanisms of sepsis in acute pancreatitis in opossums; Runkel NS et al.; PURPOSE: To study the incidence and pathways of colonization of the pancreas by specific bacteria in a model of necrotizing pancreatitis . METHODS: Bacteremia and splanchnic organ colonization were studied in the early course of necrotizing pancreatitis following common biliopancreatic duct ligation (BPDL) of the opossum . Nonoperated animals served as controls . Intestinal lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and pancreas were cultured following bacteremia or sacrifice . RESULTS: In opossums with sterile bile, bacteria were recovered from 28.6% of blood cultures after BPDL (n = 10) and from 12.0% in controls (n = 10, P < 0.05) . Animals that underwent BPDL revealed enteric microorganisms in intestinal lymph nodes (6), liver (3), spleen (4), and pancreas (4) . Ten animals carried Salmonella within their bile (5 controls, 5 BPDL animals) . Following BPDL, they developed rapid bacteremia and colonization of organs, pancreatic ductal rupture, and extravasation of bacteria and bile into the interstitium . CONCLUSION: There are two possible mechanisms for the development of bacterial colonization in opossum pancreatitis: bacterial translocation of enteric organisms from gut lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes and subsequent hematogenous dissemination and transductal infestation from the biliary tract.

South Med J, 1995 Feb, 88(2), 195 - 9
Epidemiology of salmonellosis in Arkansas; Schutze GE et al.; Human salmonellosis continues to be a major public health issue . Our epidemiologic review of cases from 1989 to 1992 was done to define the current reported rate of infection due to Salmonella species for the state of Arkansas, which might be expected to have higher rates of infection because it is a leading producer of poultry . Results showed that the reported case rate in Arkansas (18.0/100,000) did not differ from that of the United States at large (18.6/100,000) . Age-specific rates, however, showed that children less than 1 year of age in Arkansas were infected at a higher rate than those in the remainder of the nation . Salmonella newport and S typhimurium were the most commonly isolated serotypes . Individuals living in a county with poultry processing plants and hatcheries were not more likely to have salmonellosis, and individuals residing in Arkansas do not appear to be at increased risk of salmonellosis because of the poultry industry.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1995 Feb, 45(2), 141 - 7
Prophylactic therapy of Salmonella typhi septicemia in mice with a traditionally prescribed crude drug formulation; Sohni YR et al.; A crude drug formulation comprised of eight medicinal herb extracts was studied for in vitro and in vivo effect against Salmonella typhi . The formulation displayed inhibitory action against the test organism in vitro . Subsequently mice were challenged with a virulent strain of Salmonella typhi (Ty2) and the protective effect of the formulation was evaluated with post-infective, pre-infective, single and multiple dose schedules, administered either orally or subcutaneously . A schedule that included multiple divided doses prophylactically administered had a significant therapeutic effect.

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1995 Feb, 10(3-4), 245 - 501
Rapid detection of Salmonella subspecies I by PCR combined with non-radioactive hybridisation using covalently immobilised oligonucleotide on a microplate; Chevrier D et al.; A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test was developed for the detection of Salmonella . One pair of oligonucleotide primers was designed to amplify a 93-bp fragment of a gene required for the invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella ser Typhi strain Ty2 . The amplified product was analysed by non-radioactive sandwich hybridisation in microtiter plates using two oligonucleotides . The capture oligonucleotide was covalently linked onto animated wells of microtiter plates . The detection oligonucleotide was labelled with biotine . The hybrid molecules were detected by avidine conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and chromogenic substrate . The described combination of microplate sandwich hybridisation and PCR seems to be a suitable method for rapid detection of Salmonella subspecies I . It only requires a thermal cycler and a conventional microtiter reader, and can be readily done on a large scale.

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1995 Feb, 10(3-4), 181 - 4
Strong adjuvant action of Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide and its inhibition of systemic anaphylaxis; Yokochi T et al.; Immunization with lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella O3 as an immunological adjuvant did not cause the death of mice in systemic anaphylaxis to bovine serum albumin . On the other hand, most mice immunized with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111, Klebsiella O4 and Salmonella minnesota did die . Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide enhanced IgM and IgG antibody response to BSA more markedly than Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide, while it affected the production of IgE antibody only slightly . therefore, it is suggested that the inhibition of systemic anaphylaxis by Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide adjuvant might be related to its strong adjuvant action on IgM and IgG class antibody production, and that high levels of circulating IgM and IgG antibodies might act as blocking antibodies in the development of IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis.

Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 1995 Feb, 16(1), 29 - 35
{Study on the characteristics of molecular epidemiology for Salmonella typhi isolated in China . II . Analysis of 16S rRNA gene restriction patterns (16S rRNA GRP) of S . typhi isolated in China}; Xu WB et al.; 16S rRNA gene, a highly conservative gene in molecular evolution, was labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP by PCR . Using it as a probe, we investigated the 16S rRNA gene restriction patterns (16S rRNA GRP) of S . typhi after their chromosomes were digested with Pst I . Results show that the Pst I 16S rRNA GRP appears obvious polymorphism in strains of distinctive sources . The fragments containing 16S rRNA gene are sized 7.0-26.5kb in 16S rRNA GRP of Pst I . 119 strains can be divided into 38 ribotypes . Most of the strains causing outbreaks from Dalian in 1990 and strains isolated during the pandemic from Yili, Xinjiang in 1991 have the same ribotype; some ribotypes contain epidemic strains which are from different geographic areas; some strains from sporadic cases have their unique ribotypes . We also find the 16S rRNA GRP with Pst I of S . typhimurium rather different from that of S . typhi . Data from further analysis of Pst I ribotypes by mean-linkage clustering method show that pandemic strains, outbreak strains and epidemic strains cluster at 0.55 in genetic distance; nonepidemic strains and strains from sporadic cases gather to form another cluster at 0.70 in genetic distance . Ribotype of strain 251, which was isolated forman asymptomatic carrier is different from the two clusters . The ribotype of S . typhimurium is apparently far distant, comparing with that of S . typhi.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Feb, 20(2), 89 - 91
A comparison of conventional culture and three rapid methods for the detection of Salmonella in poultry feeds and environmental samples; Quinn C et al.; Three rapid methods, an impedance method (Malthus 2000 Analyzer), a colorimetric DNA hybridization method (Gene-Trak) and a post-enrichment enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Salmonella-Tek) were compared with conventional culture for the detection of Salmonella in poultry feeds, and in fluff and dust samples from poultry housing . The percentage positive samples for Salmonella by each of the methods were 25.5% for conventional culture, 38.4% for the Malthus, 28.9% for the Gene-Trak and 28.5% for the Salmonella-Tek . By any method 60/153 (39.2%) of the samples tested were positive on confirmed culture.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Feb, 20(2), 85 - 8
Plasmid analysis of Australian strains of Salmonella enteritidis; Mills L et al.; Using an in-well lysis technique, 73 Australian strains of Salmonella enteritidis were shown to possess a large plasmid, similar in size to that possessed by a reference phage type 4 strain . Restriction analysis of the large plasmid from nine strains using EcoRI, HindIII and PstI suggested that these plasmids are similar to or the same as the 38 MDa plasmid described in strains of this species from other parts of the world.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Feb, 20(2), 120 - 4
Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis by oleuropein in broth and in a model food system; Tassou CC et al.; The inhibitory effect of commercial 'pure' oleuropein was tested against Salmonella enteritidis in a coliform broth and in reconstituted milk (model food system) . It was found that the inhibition of this organism in the broth was influenced by the initial inoculum size, the pH of the medium and the concentration of additive . The inhibition was more pronounced in samples with low pH and low inoculum size . No such inhibition was evident in the model food system.

Mol Cell Probes, 1995 Feb, 9(1), 9 - 18
DNA probe for detecting Salmonella enteritidis in food; Hanes DE et al.; Salmonellosis is the most frequently reported foodborne illness in the United States, with Salmonella enteritidis being the leading cause of these outbreaks . Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes of S . enteritidis with those of S . typhimurium and S . dublin have revealed that a single base-pair change unique to S . enteritidis is present in the spvA gene . An 18-base synthetic oligonucleotide probe (SE-probe) that is completely homologous to the spvA gene of S . enteritidis but which has one base pair mismatch with other salmonellae was shown to be specific for S . enteritidis . In colony hybridization blots, 129 isolates of S . enteritidis, 29 other species of Salmonella, and 17 non-Salmonella spp . were tested with the SE-probe . The SE-probe hybridized with 96% of the S . enteritidis strains tested but did not react with the other Salmonella or non-Salmonella strains . These data suggest that the SE-probe can be used in a specific and rapid detection assay for S . enteritidis.

J Hosp Infect, 1995 Feb, 29(2), 121 - 7
Survival of Salmonella species in eggs poached using a microwave oven; Bates CJ et al.; The use of microwave ovens is becoming increasingly popular, but there is little data on the bactericidal effect of this mode of cooking . Following a family outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritidis PT4, where eggs poached in a microwave oven were the suspected source, we investigated the survival of Salmonella spp . in artificially contaminated eggs cooked in a microwave oven . The survival of six serotypes of Salmonella at various inocula were studied, after cooking the eggs using two recognized poaching methods . Salmonellae were readily recovered after cooking if the yolk was still soft, whichever serotype, inoculum or cooking method was used . The survival of organisms was related to the number of organisms present in the raw eggs . The advice regarding eating lightly cooked eggs should be the same whether microwave or more conventional cooking techniques are used.

J Vet Med Sci, 1995 Feb, 57(1), 59 - 63
Detection of Salmonella gallinarum and S . typhimurium DNA in experimentally infected chicks by polymerase chain reaction; Tuchili LM et al.; DNA detection with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a mean of identifying Salmonella infection in chickens was compared with the conventional culture procedure . DNA was extracted from organs of experimentally infected chicks with either S . Gallinarum or S . Typhimurium . The pair of primers used were those directed at the InvA gene . Bacteria isolation was done by inoculating the pre-enrichment media with samples . As was expected a 284 bp fragment DNA was amplified from extracted DNA of infected organs by PCR . The results of our studies indicate that the PCR method is more sensitive than the conventional culture procedure since we were able to detect both S . Gallinarum and S . Typhimurium DNA not only in samples positive for bacteria isolation but also in negative samples . It was possible to detect Salmonella DNA in 15 out of 20 organ samples from chicks infected with S . Gallinarum 21 hr after infection, but, only five were positive for bacteria isolation . Salmonella DNA was detected throughout the entire test period . The results of this study confirm that PCR is a useful tool for the detection of Salmonella infection in poultry.

Shock, 1995 Feb, 3(2), 102 - 8
Increased nitric oxide synthesis during the development of endotoxin tolerance; Zingarelli B et al.; The role of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was investigated in endotoxin (LPS) tolerance induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis LPS (100 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally) . Peritoneal macrophages were harvested 6 and 24 h after LPS injection and stimulated in vitro with LPS . LPS significantly stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism, as assessed by 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) levels, and NO production, as assessed by nitrite, in macrophages collected from control rats . In macrophages from tolerant rats LPS-stimulated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production was significantly reduced, while nitrite production was increased compared to control macrophages (p < .001) . In in vivo mortality studies, rats that were pretreated 24 h earlier with sublethal LPS were resistant to the lethal effect of a subsequent dose of LPS (15 mg/kg intravenously) in comparison to control rats (p < .001) . NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester, an inhibitor of NO synthase, decreased mean survival time in control rats and abrogated the resistance to the lethal effect of LPS in tolerant rats . In contrast, molsidomine, a NO donor, improved survival in control rats but did not modify the resistance to the lethal dose of LPS in tolerant rats . The results suggest that sustained NO synthesis may be a beneficial mechanism for the induction of LPS tolerance.

Vet Microbiol, 1995 Feb, 43(2-3), 143 - 50
Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Salmonella strains associated with an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis; Walker RL et al.; Isolates of Salmonella choleraesuis serotype ohio (S . ohio) recovered during an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis on a Thoroughbred farm were compared with isolates of the same serotype from various animal, feed and environmental sources . Biochemical profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptibility, plasmid profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping were used to compare relatedness of the strains . A total of 46 outbreak and non-outbreak associated isolates of S . ohio were studied . Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptibility and plasmid profiles were useful for differentiating outbreak isolates from other equine isolates as well as bovine, porcine and some poultry isolates . Feed and other poultry isolates, most in geographic proximity to the outbreak, were indistinguishable from outbreak isolates by any of the methods employed . Investigative studies on the farm along with results of genotypic and phenotypic analysis of isolates suggested that contaminated feed was the most likely source of Salmonella in this outbreak.

J Reprod Med, 1995 Feb, 40(2), 157 - 9
Salmonella typhi chorioamnionitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant woman . A case report; Hedriana HL et al.; Opportunistic prenatal infection is a recognized problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women from inner city communities . We report a case of intrapartum Salmonella typhi infection and discuss the possible route of infection . An HIV-infected pregnant woman was admitted for fever and ruptured membranes . Maternal blood, cervical and uterine cultures, and placental surface and intramembranous space cultures grew S typhi . The patient responded to antibiotic therapy, with no relapse . The infant did not show signs or symptoms of Salmonella sepsis . Salmonella infection should be treated aggressively in HIV-infected pregnancies with chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995 Feb, 39(2), 458 - 61
New extended-spectrum TEM-type beta-lactamase from Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica isolated in a nosocomial outbreak; Morosini MI et al.; A new extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was detected in a lactose-positive Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica strain that caused a nosocomial outbreak involving eight patients in a pediatric cardiology unit . This strain showed high levels of resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam and relatively low levels of resistance to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone . Resistance was associated with a conjugative plasmid of 59 kb, which encoded a new beta-lactamase with an isoelectric point of 5.9 that strongly hydrolyzed ceftazidime and to a much lesser extent hydrolyzed cefotaxime . The enzyme activity was inhibited by clavulanate . The corresponding bla gene was cloned and sequenced . The deduced amino acid sequence showed three significant amino acid replacements with respect to the TEM-1 sequence: Arg-164-->His, Glu-240-->Lys, and Thr-265-->Met . This combination is unique among extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and served to characterize the new enzyme, TEM-27.

J Trop Pediatr, 1995 Feb, 41(1), 52 - 4
Patterns of resistant Salmonella typhi infection in infants; Rajajee S et al.; Culture-proven cases of enteric fever (182) were studied during the period May 1991 to April 1992; 39 per cent of the children were below 3 years . There was male preponderance . Infants presented within first few days of onset of fever with severe systemic manifestation, such as repeated convulsion, puffiness of face and oedema, massive hepatomegaly, and bleeds due to thrombocytopenia . Only 49-52 per cent of the cultures were sensitive to ampicillin, chloroamphenicol, and cotrimoxazole . The infants were treated with cephalosporin such as cefotaxime or quinolones as ciprofloxacin, since 100 per cent of the cultures were sensitive to this drug . Three infants had meningitis, two interstitial nephritis, and six had marrow hypoplasia . Two children who had been treated prior to admission with ampicillin or chloroamphenicol died within 48 h of admission, one of a liver abcess and peritonitis, and the other due to meningitis . Markedly prolonged hypothermia was seen during recovery in few cases . Forty-six per cent of infants had complications as against 2 per cent in older children . Drug Resistant Salmonella typhi infection seems to have a rapidly progressive severe course with multiple organ involvement such as meningitis, liver abcess, nephritis, and marrow hypoplasia . Initiation of appropriate antibiotics depending on local sensitivity pattern is needed early in the disease to avoid mortality and morbidity.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1995 Feb, 20(2), 173 - 8
Etiology and risk factors of severe and protracted diarrhea; Guarino A et al.; Severe and protracted diarrhea (SPD) is the most severe form of diarrhea in infancy and has also been defined as intractable diarrhea . Its etiology is poorly defined . We have retrospectively evaluated the etiology, the outcome, and the risk factors of 38 children, admitted with protracted diarrhea and need for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) from 1977 to 1993 . Children with anatomic abnormalities and/or primary immunodeficiency were excluded . There was an inverse relationship between the number of patients and the age of diarrheal onset (mean age, 2.9 +/- 3.5 months) . Etiology of SPD was an enteric infection in 18 cases (eight Salmonella, three Staphylococcus, five rotavirus, one adenovirus, one Cryptosporidium), multiple alimentary intolerance (eight cases), familial microvillous atrophy (two), autoimmune enteropathy (two), celiac disease, lymphangectasia, eosinophilic enteropathy, intestinal pseudoobstruction, and intestinal neurodysplasia (1 case each) . Etiology was not detected in three cases . Overall, 12 children died, five are presently being treated, and 21 had full remission . Comparative evaluation of risk factors between children with SPD and a control population of children with diarrhea but without the need for TPN showed that low birth weight, no breast feeding, history of fatal diarrhea in a relative, and early onset of diarrhea had a significantly higher incidence in the former . Social background was similar in the two populations . We conclude that a specific etiology can be identified in the majority of cases of SPD . The etiologic spectrum of SPD is broad, but an enteric infection is the most common cause of SPD . The severity of this condition is related, at least in part, to established risk factors.

Vaccine, 1995 Feb, 13(2), 142 - 50
Delivery of class I and class II MHC-restricted T-cell epitopes of listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes by attenuated Salmonella; Verma NK et al.; Using a Salmonella vaccine-Listeria infection model of intracellular infection, we studied the capacity of an attenuated strain of Salmonella carrying T-cell epitopes of listeriolysin (LLO) of L . monocytogenes to elicit epitope-specific T-cell responses . Class II (LLO 215-226) or class I (LLO 91-99) MHC-restricted T-cell epitopes of LLO were inserted within a central, hypervariable domain of the flagellin protein of an attenuated delta aroA Salmonella dublin strain . T cells from Listeria-immunized mice were activated by lysates or heat-killed preparations of Salmonella construct expressing the LLO 215-226 epitope, indicating that LLO 215-226 is processed and presented to T cells when offered to antigen-presenting cells as part of a flagellin-epitope fusion protein . The chimeric flagellin genes were integrated into the chromosome of the flagellin-negative S . dublin strain to obtain stable expression of the epitopes . Immunization with the living, chromosomally integrated Salmonella construct carrying LLO 215-226 epitope as part of the flagellin protein generated T cells reactive with the corresponding LLO peptide, indicating that this chimera can stimulate a class-specific immune response in vitro . The effect of flanking residues on the processing and presentation of MHC class I LLO 91-99 epitope was studied using Salmonella vaccine strains that express chimeric flagellins containing one of three LLO 91-99 inserts: 91-99 (normal flagellin amino acids as flanking residues); KK91-99KK (Lys-Lys flanking residues); and AAA91-99AAA (Ala-Ala-Ala flanking residues).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Vaccine, 1995 Feb, 13(3), 235 - 44
Induction of a cellular immune response to a defined T-cell epitope as an insert in the flagellin of a live vaccine strain of Salmonella; Verma NK et al.; Attenuated strains of Salmonella have been used as vaccines to deliver heterologous antigens mainly to generate a humoral immune response . However, little is known about their ability to induce a cell-mediated immune response to the T-cell epitopes of another infectious agent or how optimally to deliver these epitopes to the host immune system . In order to study this question, a well defined MHC class II-restricted epitope (residues 88-103) from moth cytochrome C (MCC) was inserted into the central hypervariable domain of the flagellin of an attenuated strain of Salmonella dublin . The resulting flagellin was exported to the bacterial surface and polymerized into flagellar filaments that contained multiple copies of the MCC epitope . When flanked by Lys-Lys cathepsin B cleavage sites to facilitate its proteolytic release within the endosomal compartment of antigen-presenting cells, the MCC-chimeric flagellin epitope was efficiently processed in vitro by mouse peritoneal macrophages and presented to 2B4 T-hybridoma cells (specific for the MCC epitope 88-103) . Stable expression of the epitope and a higher immune response was obtained in H-2k mice by integrating the chimeric flagellin gene into the chromosome of the vaccine strain . Bacteria with MCC-chimeric flagellins that were expressed from a stable chromosomal locus and flanked by cathepsin B cleavage sites were cleared more rapidly from the livers and spleens of transgenic mice with T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains specific for the MCC epitope than were bacteria lacking the epitope . Antigen processing and presentation of class II-restricted epitopes expressed as chimeric proteins by attenuated bacterial vaccine vectors may be facilitated by the presence of endosomal protease cleavage sites on each side of the epitope and by chromosomal integration of the coding sequence.

J Bacteriol, 1995 Feb, 177(4), 1059 - 68
Molecular, genetic, and topological characterization of O-antigen chain length regulation in Shigella flexneri; Morona R et al.; The rfb region of Shigella flexneri encodes the proteins required to synthesize the O-antigen component of its cell surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) . We have previously reported that a region adjacent to rfb was involved in regulating the length distribution of the O-antigen polysaccharide chains (D . F . Macpherson et al., Mol . Microbiol . 5:1491-1499, 1991) . The gene responsible has been identified in Escherichia coli O75 (called rol {R . A . Batchelor et al., J . Bacteriol . 173:5699-5704, 1991}) and in E . coli O111 and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain LT2 (called cld {D . A . Bastin et al., Mol . Microbiol . 5:2223-2231, 1991}) . Through a combination of subcloning, deletion, and transposon insertion analysis, we have identified a gene adjacent to the S . flexneri rfb region which encodes a protein of 36 kDa responsible for the length distribution of O-antigen chains in LPS as seen on silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels . DNA sequence analysis identified an open reading frame (ORF) corresponding to the rol gene . The corresponding protein was almost identical in sequence to the Rol protein of E . coli O75 and was highly homologous to the functionally identical Cld proteins of E . coli O111 and S . enterica serovar typhimurium LT2 . These proteins, together with ORF o349 adjacent to rfe, had almost identical hydropathy plots which predict membrane-spanning segments at the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends and a hydrophilic central region . We isolated a number of TnphoA insertions which inactivated the rol gene, and the fusion end points were determined . The PhoA+ Rol::PhoA fusion proteins had PhoA fused within the large hydrophilic central domain of Rol . These proteins were located in the whole-membrane fraction, and extraction with Triton X-100 indicated a cytoplasmic membrane location . This finding was supported by sucrose density gradient fractionation of the whole-cell membranes and of E . coli maxicells expressing L-{35S}methionine-labelled Rol protein . Hence, we interpret these data to indicate that the Rol protein is anchored into the cytoplasmic membrane via its amino- and carboxy-terminal ends but that the majority of the protein is located in the periplasmic space . To confirm that rol is responsible for the effects on O-antigen chain length observed with the cloned rfb genes in E . coli K-12, it was mutated in S . flexneri by insertion of a kanamycin resistance cartridge . The resulting strains produced LPS with O antigens of nonmodal chain length, thereby confirming the function of the rol gene product . We propose a model for the function of Rol protein in which it acts as a type of molecular chaperone to facilitate the interaction of the O-antigen ligase (RfaL) with the O-antigen polymerase (Rfc) and polymerized, acyl carrier lipid-linked, O-antigen chains . Analysis of the DNA sequence of the region identified a number of ORFs corresponding to the well-known gnd and hisIE genes . The rol gene was located immediately downstream of two ORFs with sequence similarity to the gene encoding UDPglucose dehydrogenase (HasB) of Streptococcus pyogenes . The ORFs arise because of a deletion or frameshift mutation within the gene we have termed udg (for UDPglucose dehydrogenase).

Mutat Res, 1995 Feb, 326(2), 199 - 209
Genotoxicity of trans-anethole in vitro; Gorelick NJ; Trans-anethole genotoxicity has been evaluated previously both in vitro and in vivo . To ascertain the reproducibility and relevance of previously conducted gene mutation studies, the Salmonella/microsome test and the L5178Y mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay were repeated according to the protocols that previously produced positive results . For the mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay, standard conditions were employed . For the Salmonella/microsome tests, however, metabolic cofactors were supplemented relative to standard protocols . In addition, trans-anethole was evaluated for its ability to induce chromosome aberrations in vitro in Chinese hamster ovary cells . The results presented here indicate that trans-anethole does not increase the mutant frequency in the Salmonella/microsome test, whereas a dose-related response was confirmed in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay with metabolic activation . The metabolic conditions used in each of the published gene mutation assays may explain the various responses to trans-anethole . Trans-anethole did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells . The molecular nature of the genetic change induced in mouse lymphoma cells by trans-anethole has not been identified but the available genotoxicity data are consistent with either a recombination event or a non-DNA reactive mechanism . Considering the trans-anethole genotoxicity data base as a whole, including the positive response observed only in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay, the irreproducible response in the Salmonella/microsome test, the negative result in the chromosome aberration test in vitro and the results from 32P-postlabeling studies in vivo, as well as the occurrence of liver tumors in the rat bioassay only at doses which exceeded the MTD and caused significant liver toxicity, repeated toxic insult followed by compensatory cell proliferation is favored as an underlying mechanism for the observed rat tumorigenic response.

Infect Immun, 1995 Feb, 63(2), 498 - 502
Induction of serine and threonine protein phosphorylation by endotoxin-associated protein in murine resident peritoneal macrophages; Abu-Lawi KI et al.; Endotoxin-associated protein (EP) from Salmonella typhi activated murine resident peritoneal macrophages to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) . Cells from both endotoxin nonresponder (C3H/HeJ) and the endotoxin responder (C3H/OuJ) mouse strains were activated by EP . This EP-induced prostaglandin E2 production was blocked by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H-7 as well as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, suggesting the involvement of both serine and threonine phosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation pathways in the activation of resident peritoneal macrophages by EP . Immunoblot analysis using antiphosphoserine and antiphosphothreonine antibodies showed that EP induced the serine and threonine phosphorylation of a 14-kDa protein (p14) . This phosphorylation was not induced by phorbol myristic acid or by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin . Inhibitors of PKC, PKA, and PKG did not block the phosphorylation of p14 . However, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor piceatannol blocked p14 serine and threonine phosphorylation, suggesting that this phosphorylation is dependent upon and preceded by a tyrosine phosphorylation step.

Cancer Lett, 1995 Jan 27, 88(2), 157 - 62
Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of ferric nitrilotriacetate on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells; Toyokuni S et al.; An iron chelate, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), induces renal proximal tubular necrosis that leads to a high incidence of renal adenocarcinoma in rodents . Others have shown that Fe-NTA induces modified DNA base products both in vitro and in vivo . However, Fe-NTA is negative in the Ames Salmonella test with or without S9 activation . The goal of this project was to determine if Fe-NTA is cytotoxic and mutagenic using the L5178Y (TK +/-) mouse lymphoma assay . Our experiments showed a relationship between the concentration of Fe-NTA (0 to 1 mM) and the decrease in relative survival . An exposure-dependent increase in the number of mutations was observed with increasing concentrations of Fe-NTA . At 14% relative survival, there was about a 4-fold increase in mutations (trifluorothymidine resistance) over unexposed, control cells . Ferric nitrate or nitrilotriacetic acid alone induced a relatively low 1.5- or 1.1-fold increase in mutation, respectively . Our results establish that Fe-NTA is mutagenic in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay system.

J Immunol, 1995 Jan 15, 154(2), 676 - 84
Diversity of V gamma gene segments rearranged to the J gamma 4 gene in mice; Atsuta N et al.; Because there are limited numbers of V gamma gene segments and most V gamma rearrangements occur within clusters of the J gamma-C gamma genes in mice, gamma-chains display limited diversity compared with other TCR chains . In this study, we examined the nucleotide sequences of the V gamma-J gamma genes expressed in the gamma delta T cells appearing at the inflamed sites after Salmonella infection in DBA/2 mice . Most of the productive gamma gene rearrangements were V gamma 1-J gamma 4, whereas V gamma 2 and a unique V gamma, the 5' region of which was identical with sequences of the V gamma 2 gene, and the 3' region of which was identical with that of the V gamma 1 gene, were found to be rearranged to J gamma 4 gene, albeit at low frequency . Analysis of the ontogenic appearance of the rearrangements in the J gamma 4-C gamma 4 locus revealed that V gamma 2-J gamma 4 gene rearrangement was frequent in fetal thymocytes at the early stage of gestation . Most of the early fetal V gamma 2-J gamma 4 rearrangements exhibited the identical junction, a nonfunctional canonical sequence . The sequence analysis of the coding joint and the reciprocal recombination signal joint suggests that short homology-mediated direct recombination and chromosomal inversion mechanism are involved in fetal V gamma 2-J gamma 4 gene rearrangement . Taken together, our data suggest that the recombination of multiple V gamma segments with J gamma 4 can diversify the V gamma repertoire.

Ugeskr Laeger, 1995 Jan 2, 157(1), 20 - 4
{Salmonella dublin}; Lester A et al.; Salmonella dublin's natural host is cattle; it may cause acute disease in calves, while adult animals may be asymptomatic carriers . In humans S . dublin is the most invasive of the zoonotic Salmonella-bacteria found in Denmark . It is much more frequently isolated from the blood than from the faeces and may give rise to serous metastatic infections in practically all organs . The number of registered human infections rose from zero to 46 per year during the period 1980-1988, but has now stabilized at a level of about 20 per year . Outbreaks have been described abroad as being caused by unpasteurised milk and cheese; in Denmark beef and cow's liver must be viewed as the dominant source of infection . The direct routes of infection are, however, unknown . Tightening of regulations for the slaughtering of animals from S . dublin infected herds, optimal hygiene in the slaughterhouses and increased cooperation between the veterinary and medical professions concerning investigation of routes of infection are necessary measures to be taken in order to reduce the number of human S . dublin infections.

Arch Med Res, 1995, 26 Spec No, S99 - 103
Immune response to porins isolated from Salmonella typhi in different mouse strains; Gonzalez CR et al.; Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are able to induce protection against the challenge with S . typhi in a murine model . Both humoral and cellular immunity are involved in the protective mechanisms . In order to determine whether the responsiveness to S . typhi porins is genetically controlled in mice, different strains were immunized i.p . with 30 micrograms of OMPs isolated from S . typhi 9,12,Vi:d at days 0 and 7 . On day 21, spleen cells were recovered and the lymphoproliferative response to porins was assessed . The highest responses were found in mice with H-2k and H-2a haplotypes (C3H/HeJ and A/J), intermediate responses were found in mice with H-2b haplotype (C57Bl/6) and the lowest responses in H-2d mice (Balb/c) . These results demonstrate that the responsiveness to S . typhi porins is in part controlled by the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and will help to further study the mechanisms of the immune response to these proteins.

Princess Takamatsu Symp, 1995, 23, 123 - 33
Activation and effects of the food-derived heterocyclic amines in extrahepatic tissues; Overvik E et al.; Humans frequently inhale as well as ingest cooked-food mutagens, among which the heterocyclic amines are the quantitatively most important . An extensive systemic distribution of these mutagens implies that most tissues in the body are exposed . Tissues containing cytochrome P450 (CYP) may be particularly susceptible to DNA damage . Accordingly, animal experiments have shown that oral exposure to heterocyclic amines leads to tumor formation at multiple sites . CYP1A2, which has only been demonstrated in the liver, seems to be the isozyme most efficient in metabolically activating the heterocyclic amines . In extrahepatic tissues, however, other CYP forms are likely to be important . Using Salmonella mutagenicity as an endpoint, we have studied the metabolic activation of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5,f}quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5,f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) by isolated lung microsomes from rats and mice . Our studies show that CYP2A3, an isozyme that has hitherto not been investigated with regard to its capacity to activate heterocyclic amines, catalyses a major part of the IQ activating reactions in the uninduced lung . The formation of mutagens during cooking of meat is highly temperature dependent and meat extracts heated at 200 degrees C show a strong mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella assay . These extracts caused mutations at the HPRT locus in normal human fibroblasts as well as a pronounced decrease in survival of the cells . Furthermore, the heated meat extracts caused a decreased proliferative activity in primary cultures of normal mouse colonic epithelial cells as measured by autoradiography.

Princess Takamatsu Symp, 1995, 23, 50 - 8
Heterocyclic amine mutagenicity/carcinogenicity: influence of repair, metabolism, and structure; Felton JS et al.; Cooking, heat processing, and pyrolysis of protein-rich foods induce the formation of structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines that have been found to be mutagenic in bacteria, mammalian cells in culture and mice . All these compounds are potent mutagens and most are active below 1 ng/plate, in Ames/Salmonella tester strain TA1538 in the presence of S9 liver microsomal preparations from rat, mouse, or hamster . They are also potent in strains TA98, TA97, moderately active in TA1537, weakly active in TA100, and virtually inactive in TA1535 and TA102 . Thus, they show powerful frameshift activity in reverting specific GC-rich sequences, but do not cause base substitution mutations or revert an AT-rich sequence . They are 100-fold less active in the uvrB+, repair-proficient strain TA1978, and in the case of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo {4,5-f} quinoline (IQ), cause insertions and large deletions not seen in TA1538.

Princess Takamatsu Symp, 1995, 23, 30 - 8
Mutagenic activity and heterocyclic amine content of the human diet; Knize MG et al.; The mutagenic activity and the mass amount of heterocyclic amines responsible for the mutagenic activity have been measured in some cooked foods . Cooked meats are the predominant source of mutagenic activity in the diet with values ranging from 0 to 10,000 revertants per gram reported in the Ames/Salmonella test with strain TA98 . Several heterocyclic amines are present and have been quantified using solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC . Frying at higher temperatures and for longer times produces the greatest mutagenic response, and concomitantly, the largest amounts of heterocyclic amines . Most of the mutagenic activity in fried meat samples can be accounted for by MeIQx(2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-b}quinoxaline), DiMeIQx (2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo {4,5-f}quinoxaline) and IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo {4,5-f}quinoline), although other heterocyclic amines are present and PhIP (2-amino-3-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine) mutagenic activity becomes significant at higher temperatures . Non-meat products such as baked breads can also form significant mutagenic activity, particularly when overcooked . Commercially prepared hamburgers made from meat substitutes such as tofu, wheat gluten or tempeh and fried at 210 degrees C have up to 10% of the mutagenic activity of a fried beef patty cooked under the same conditions . When detected, amounts of heterocyclic amines in fried beef patties range from a total of 0.35 ng/g for commercial beef hamburgers to 142 ng/g for a beef patty cooked over a barbecue . Dietary intake is expected to have a large range, from less than one microgram per day to over 50 micrograms per day based on current knowledge of known heterocyclic amine chemicals and heterocyclic amine-containing foods.

J Inflamm, 1995-96, 46(3), 144 - 54
Role of nitric oxide in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion with endotoxemia; Liu P et al.; Reactive oxygen species such as nitric oxide (NO) and/or superoxide have been proposed as mediators in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury and acute endotoxemia . The purpose of this study was to examine the role of NO in a model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion with endotoxemia (I/R + LPS) . Rats subjected to 30 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion and LPS (Salmonella enteritidis, 1 mg/kg, i.v.,) administration, exhibited a marked, time-dependent increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to sham controls . An abrupt increase in liver nitrite/nitrate levels was also observed in I/R + LPS rats in association with the increases in plasma ALT . Although liver NO production in I/R + LPS rats increased with time, exacerbation of liver damage was not evident . Administration of L-NAME decreased NO production in plasma and liver but did not affect the liver damage in rats subjected to I/R + LPS . Superoxide levels in livers from I/R + LPS rats increased by threefold after 90 min reperfusion as compared to sham controls but dropped to control levels after 4 hr . There was a significant increase in neutrophils in liver lobes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion and LPS compared to sham controls and to non-ischemic lobes which received LPS . The number of neutrophils in the liver increased further in rats given L-NAME . These results suggest that the progressive injury seen in livers of I/R + LPS rats was possibly due to NO interaction with superoxide forming another reactive oxygen species such as peroxynitrite . However, inhibition of NO synthesis did not ameliorate liver damage, possibly because of an increase in tissue accumulation of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) . Lung NO production increased in I/R + LPS rats after 4 hr reperfusion compared to sham controls . Prior administration of L-NAME did not prevent a significant rise in pulmonary NO generation (P < 0.05 at 90 min and 4 hr, compared to sham controls) . This unexpected rise of pulmonary NO in the L-NAME treated group of rats was associated with a tendency for increased PMN accumulation (based on myeloperoxidase data) and superoxide generation . The results suggest that endogenous NO protected against excessive neutrophil infiltration in the lung in this model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and endotoxemia, and the use of L-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor, may aggravate lung injury.

Physiol Res, 1995, 44(6), 399 - 406
Protein metabolism in specific tissues of endotoxin-treated rats: effect of nutritional status; Holecek M et al.; Rats received an injection of {14C}leucine and were then divided into four groups . Groups I and II consisted of ad libitum fed rats were administered saline or endotoxin of Salmonella enteritidis eight and twenty-two h after the {14C}leucine treatment . Animals of Group III (saline) and Group IV (endotoxin) fasted after {14C}leucine injection . Twenty three hours after {14C}leucine treatment rats were injected with {3H} leucine and sacrificed 20 min afterwards . Endotoxin administration decreased body weight in fed rats only . After endotoxin treatment, higher {3H}leucine specific activity in the blood plasma, decreased leucine incorporation into proteins and lowered plasma amino acid levels were observed . {14C}leucine radioactivity was significantly higher in the spleen and lower in skeletal muscles of endotoxin-treated rats . All changes were less expressed in fasted than in ad libitum fed animals . Our results indicate that endotoxin treatment results in (a) changes in host metabolism that are not mediated solely by anorexia; (b) a decrease of protein synthesis in the viscera and skeletal muscles; (c) an increase of protein degradation in skeletal muscles; (d) reutilization of leucine released from skeletal muscles in viscera, and (e) a slower disappearance rate of leucine from the blood.

Cytobios, 1995, 84(338-339), 157 - 69
Haematoporphyrin and proflavine-sensitized photoinactivation of Salmonella dublin; Kussovski V et al.; The photosensitive activity of haematoporphyrin (HP) and proflavine (PF) on some biological parameters of Salmonella dublin cells was assessed . The investigations showed a decreased respiratory activity of photosensitized PF bacterial cells, accompanied by lower virulence . HP-treatment and light irradiation of salmonellae did not influence their survival in vitro, which was in contrast to the PF-incubated and irradiated cells . Light irradiation of HP- and PF-treated bacteria did not change their phagocytosis from guinea pig alveolar macrophages . In the presence of visible light the PF-treatment considerably reduced the survival rate and multiplication in alveolar macrophages in comparison with HP-treated and light-exposed bacteria . Correlation was established between the degree of structural damage, as observed by electron microscopy and the level of diminution of the chosen biological parameters, which were more strongly expressed after PF-treatment . PF as a photosensitizer which influences the bacterial genomes and its possible practical use, is discussed.

Medicina (B Aires), 1995, 55(4), 341 - 4
-Prolonged fever syndrome and infection of abdominal aortic aneurysm due to Salmonella enteritidis}; Winkel M et al.; Endovascular infection of atherosclerotic aorta is a rare event in the setting of aged patients with gram negative bacteremia of the salmonella group . Until the beginning of the 60s this meant an ominous diagnosis with an almost unavoidable fatal prognosis . Presently, this trend has been reverted, mostly due to an earlier diagnosis, the development of more sophisticated imaging techniques, the correct use of broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotics and prompt surgical management . Paradoxically, the incidence of arterial infections has increased in recent years, specially in old people with atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms, in whom infective endocarditis could not be demonstrated . We describe the case of a 65 year old man, with a history of longstanding non-insulin-dependent diabetes, presenting with protracted fever, weight loss and thigh pain . Blood cultures and serologic studies as well as several echocardiograms yielded negative results . An abdominal CT scan showed an infrarenal aortic aneurysm raising the clinical suspicion of arterial infection of abdominal aorta . The patient underwent surgery because of highly presumptive diagnosis of complicated aortic aneurysm . The resection was followed by an in situ graft . There was no evidence of disruption or gross collection . Samples of the aortic wall and perianeurysmatic fluid grew Salmonella enteritides . We describe the main etiopathogenic and clinic features of the entity highlighting the high sensitivity and specificity of the CT scan in the identification and characterization of infected aortic aneurysm . Certain features may firmly suggest this diagnosis without using preoperative aortography.

Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung, 1995, 42(4), 409 - 18
Radiodetoxified endotoxin-induced tolerance . Effect on endotoxin lethality and macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism; Bertok L et al.; Endotoxin (LPS) tolerance produces changes in macrophage mediator production which is thought to be responsible for the acquired LPS resistance . Detoxification of LPS by gamma irradiation has been reported to diminish certain noxious properties while retaining its tolerance inducing actions . We compared the efficacy of LPS and radiodetoxified (RD)-LPS from Escherichia coli O101 on stimulating rat peritoneal macrophage arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, measured by thromboxane (TXB2) . Changes in macrophage production of these mediators were also assessed after tolerance induction . LPS tolerance was induced by i.p . injection of LPS, RD-LPS or vehicle on day 1 (100 micrograms/kg, i.p.) and day 2 (500 micrograms/kg, i.p.) . On day 5 or 4 weeks after pretreatment, peritoneal macrophages were harvested for in vitro studies, or rats were tested for lethality resistance . Macrophages were incubated +/- LPS (0.1 ng to 50 micrograms/ml), lipid A (1 or 10 micrograms/ml) or Ca+2 ionophore A23187 (10 microM) for determination of TXB2 production . Minimum effective concentrations of LPS and RD-LPS for stimulation (P < 0.05) of TXB2 were 100 ng/ml and 1 microgram/ml, respectively . Maximal stimulation of TXB2 occurred at 10 micrograms/ml of LPS or RD-LPS . Macrophages from LPS or RD-LPS tolerized rats were refractory to stimulated TXB2 with LPS or RD-LPS (0.1 ng to 50 micrograms/ml) . The suppressed in vitro macrophage TXB2 production was apparent 4 weeks after rats were tolerized with LPS or RD-LPS . In subsequent mortality studies, LPS challenge of control or tolerance rats at day 5 in vivo with Salmonella enteritidis LPS (15 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a 90% mortality in control rats (N = 22), versus 13% mortality in the LPS pretreated group (N = 23) and a 20% in the RD-LPS pretreated group (N = 10) (P < 0.05 vs control) . However, this lethality resistance was not apparent at 4 weeks after LPS or RD-LPS pretreatment . Both LPS and RD-LPS appear to be equipotent in inducing macrophage alterations, and in lethality resistance during LPS tolerance induction . However, these observations suggest that during LPS tolerance suppression of LPS-stimulated AA in peritoneal macrophage metabolism persists longer than acquired lethality resistance.

Rev Mal Respir, 1995, 12(6), 634 - 6
{Purulent pleurisy due to Salmonella typhi associated with a splenic abscess}; Yassine N et al.; We report a case of 25 year old man who presented with a febrile illness and bilateral lower chest pain a pain in the left hypochondrium with fever and weight loss; investigations revealed a left sided empyema . The cause of the empyema was confirmed following the isolation in the pleural pus of Salmonella typhi . There was also a mass in the left hypochondrium which was shown on ultrasound to be a splenic abscess . After antibiotic therapy with Cotrimoxazole, repeated pleural aspirates and physiotherapy, there was a satisfactory outcome and the pleural effusion dried up and there was a significant reduction in the volume of the splenic abscess . In the light of their observations, the authors report the rare presentation of empyemas due to Salmonella typhi, the late presentation during the course of the third septenaire and the often favourable outcome under general antibiotic therapy associated with pleural aspirates to evacuate the pus and respiratory physiotherapy.

Ukr Biokhim Zh, 1995 Jan-Feb, 67(1), 82 - 7
{Synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and quantitative changes in lipids in small intestinal mucosa in normal piglets and in piglets with diarrhea}; Popova EM et al.; Small intestine mucose inflammation and diarrhea syndrome in piglets affected by salmonella endotoxin enhanced prostaglandin E2 synthesis and decreased prostaglandin F2 alpha synthesis . Under these conditions the share of free cholesterol decreased and the share of diacylglycerols increased in total lipid content in thin intestine mucose of piglets . The share of phosphatidic acid decreased and the share of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol increased in the total content of phospholipids.

Microbiol Immunol, 1995, 39(9), 673 - 6
Evaluation of DNA fingerprinting by PFGE as an epidemiologic tool for Salmonella infections; Murase T et al.; To evaluate DNA fingerprinting as an epidemiologic tool, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on isolates of Salmonella, including S . typhimurium, S . thompson, and S . enteritidis . Chromosomal DNA was digested with the restriction endonucleases Bln I and Xba I . The patterns of S . thompson and S . typhimurium isolates from various sources were different from one another . There was no correlation between the phage type and the digestion pattern of S . enteritidis isolates . Some strains belonging to one phage type were distinguished by their PFGE pattern in this study . These results suggest that the Bln I and Xba I digestion patterns of chromosomal DNA are useful for epidemiological analysis of an outbreak of Salmonella infection or food poisoning.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1995, 26(4), 270 - 85
Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chloraminated, or ozonated drinking water extracts: comparison to MX; DeMarini DM et al.; Drinking water samples were prepared in a pilot-scale treatment plant by chlorination (Cl2), chloramination (NH2Cl), ozonation (O3), or O3 followed by Cl2 or NH2Cl; and the nonvolatile acidic organics of the raw and treated waters were extracted by XAD/ethyl acetate and evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella (-S9) . The extracts were 2-8 times more mutagenic in TA100 than in TA98, and the mutagenic potencies of the water extracts ranked similarly in both strains: Cl2 > O3 + Cl2 > NH2Cl > O3 + NH2Cl > O3 > raw . 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), which was estimated to account for approximately 20% of the mutagenic activity of the extracts, was shown to be the most potent compound tested thus far in a prophage-induction assay in Escherichia coli and a forward-mutation assay in Salmonella TM677 . The mutations in approximately 2,000 revertants of TA98 and TA100 induced by MX and the water extracts were analyzed by colony probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction/DNA sequence analysis . The water extracts and MX produced similar mutation spectra, which consisted in TA100 of predominantly of GC-->TA transversions in the second position of the CCC (or GGG) target of the hisG46 allele . This spectrum resembles that produced by large aromatic compounds and is distinct from that produced by alkylating agents and the semivolatile drinking water mutagen dichloroacetic acid . In TA98, MX and those water extracts resulting from the introduction of the chlorine atom produced 50-70% hotspot 2-base deletions and 30-50% complex frameshifts (frameshifts with an adjacent base substitution--mostly GC-->TA transversions as found in TA100) . No other compound or mixture is known to induce such high frequencies of complex frameshifts . These results suggest that MX and "MX-like" compounds (possibly halogenated aromatics, such as halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) account for much of the mutagenic activity and specificity of the nonvolatile organics in drinking water and that these halogenated organics are especially capable of promoting misincorporation by the DNA replication complex . This study provides further evidence that the mutation spectrum of a complex mixture reflects the dominance of one or a few classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture.

Int Orthop, 1995, 19(5), 323 - 6
Retrofascial nontuberculous psoas abscess; Sadat-Ali M et al.; Psoas abscess is usually associated with tuberculous spondylitis, but also occurs in relation to inflammatory bowel disease . We present 17 cases of primary pyogenic psoas abscess seen during a 10 year period at the King Fahd Hospital, Al-Khobar . There were 13 males and 4 females with a mean age of 24.9 years (range one to 55 years) . Five patients had sickle cell disease . The average delay in presentation was 4.5 weeks (range 2 to 9 weeks) . Pyrexia and a painful hip with a flexion deformity were the most obvious signs . The sedimentation rate and white cell count were markedly raised in every case . Staphylococci were cultured in 10 and anaerobic streptococci, salmonella and E coli in 2 each . Ultrasonography, CT and MR imaging were used to confirm the diagnosis . Early recognition and drainage are important to ensure a rapid recovery.

Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol, 1995, 60(5), 365 - 7
{Spondylitis caused by Salmonella infantis--case report}; Dembski T et al.; A case of 61 years old male with diagnosis and bacteriological confirmation of lumbar spondylitis caused Salmonella infantis is presented . The condition turned out to be fatal despite antibiogram based antibiotic therapy.

Vet Res Commun, 1995, 19(5), 417 - 23
A caprine experimental model for studies on inflammation; Persson K et al.; A new experimental model for in vivo studies on local inflammation in the goat is presented . The teat and udder cisterns were separated by a surgical procedure, resulting in the teat cistern being an isolated pouch which is easily accessible through the teat canal and suitable for experimental studies . The surgery was consistently successful in closing the passage and no post-surgical complications were observed . The model was applied to a study of the inflammatory response induced by infusion of Salmonella endotoxin . A marked response was observed as measured by the accumulation of leukocytes, serum albumin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) in the test cistern . An initial increase in serum albumin, indicating an increase in the epithelial permeability, was observed from 1.5 h after endotoxin infusion . Approximately 0.5 h later, the cell count started to increase, reaching its peak level 3 h after infusion . The NAGase concentration was closely correlated with the cell count . The model provides new possibilities for in vivo studies on local inflammation and fulfils many of the requirements of an inflammatory model; for example, it allows non-traumatic repeated samplings from the same animal . The goat is a suitable experimental animal for many studies and, as each goat has two teats, intra-goat comparisons can be performed.

Trop Geogr Med, 1995, 47(4), 164 - 7
Culture of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi from blood and bone marrow in suspected typhoid fever; Gasem MH et al.; We studied the yield of blood and bone marrow (BM) cultures in 145 patients clinically suspected of typhoid fever (TF) in Indonesia . The objectives were to compare the positivity of blood culture using 3 ml versus 10 ml of blood and to examine in how far specific antibiotic treatment for TF interfered with the positivity of BM culture . Blood for culture was collected before antibiotic treatment was initiated in hospital and BM 1 to 10 days after the start of treatment . Cultures were performed with Oxgall subcultured on SS agar . Seventy-nine per cent of patients was treated for 14 days or more with oral chloramphenicol, 18% with chloramphenicol followed by ampicillin or cotrimoxazol and 3% with other antibiotics . Cultures were positive for Salmonella typhi or S-paratyphi A in 57 of the 145 patients (39.3%) when 3 ml of blood was cultured and in 58 (40%) when 10 ml of blood was cultured . BM culture was positive despite antibiotic treatment in 70 patients (48.2%); this positivity was significantly greater than that of blood cultures (p < 0.05) . When we considered the positivity of BM culture in relation to the number of days on antibiotics in hospital, the yield of BM culture remained apparently unchanged during the first 5 days of treatment . This may be the consequence of slow elimination of S.typhi or S.paratyphi by the antibiotics used and could be responsible for relapses.

Drugs, 1995, 49 Suppl 2, 136 - 8
Short course quinolone therapy of typhoid fever in developing countries; Limson BM; A 14-day course of chloramphenicol or cotrimoxazole has been standard chemotherapy for uncomplicated salmonella enteric fever for several decades . The new fluoroquinolones show in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations against Salmonella spp . ranging from 0.003 to 0.25 mg/L . Early clinical trials with 14-day courses of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin or pefloxacin given orally achieved cure rates of 100% . Subsequent trials with 7- to 10-day courses of these fluoroquinolones also consistently yielded cure rates of 100%, whereas more recent trials of 3- to 6-day courses reported preliminary cure rates of 67 to 99% . At present, it appears that fluoroquinolone therapy for at least 7 days is a cost-effective substitute for the standard drugs in uncomplicated salmonella infections resistant to cotrimoxazole and/or chloramphenicol . The use of shorter 3- to 6-day courses of fluoroquinolone therapy needs further study, in view of lower cure rates reported in preliminary clinical trials.

Drugs, 1995, 49 Suppl 2, 128 - 31
Role of quinolones in the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases; Akalin HE; Diarrhoeal diseases are still an important health problem in both developing and developed countries, and resistance to commonly used antibiotics among enteric pathogens is a major issue . Quinolones have become important agents in the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases because of their excellent in vitro activity against pathogens and their pharmacological features . In many clinical studies, they appeared to be effective in the treatment of shigellosis and the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea in travellers . Several studies have demonstrated that single-dose therapy with these agents is sufficient in many cases . Their role in the treatment of acute salmonellosis is still controversial, because of their lack of efficacy in eliminating salmonella from the faeces.

Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung, 1995, 42(3), 237 - 46
Immunological responses to phospholipase-A of Salmonella typhi; Punj V et al.; A 39 kD phospholipase-A was purified from Salmonella typhi . The enzyme was efficiently concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and purified by sequential use of column chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and Sephadex G-100 . Humoral and cellular immune responses were determined against both crude and purified phospholipase-A . Crude fraction was found to be more immunogenic than purified fraction.

J Cell Biochem Suppl, 1995, 22, 169 - 80
Polyphenols as cancer chemopreventive agents; Stoner GD et al.; This article summarizes available data on the chemopreventive efficacies of tea polyphenols, curcumin and ellagic acid in various model systems . Emphasis is placed upon the anticarcinogenic activity of these polyphenols and their proposed mechanism(s) of action . Tea is grown in about 30 countries and, next to water, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world . Tea is manufactured as either green, black, or oolong; black tea represents approximately 80% of tea products . Epidemiological studies, though inconclusive, suggest a protective effect of tea consumption on human cancer . Experimental studies of the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of tea have been conducted principally with green tea polyphenols (GTPs) . GTPs exhibit antimutagenic activity in vitro, and they inhibit carcinogen-induced skin, lung, forestomach, esophagus, duodenum and colon tumors in rodents . In addition, GTPs inhibit TPA-induced skin tumor promotion in mice . Although several GTPs possess anticarcinogenic activity, the most active is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major constituent in the GTP fraction . Several mechanisms appear to be responsible for the tumor-inhibitory properties of GTPs, including enhancement of antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and quinone reductase) and phase II (glutathione-S-transferase) enzyme activities; inhibition of chemically induced lipid peroxidation; inhibition of irradiation- and TPA-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and cyclooxygenase activities; inhibition of protein kinase C and cellular proliferation; antiinflammatory activity; and enhancement of gap junction intercellular communication . Curcumin is the yellow coloring agent in the spice tumeric . It exhibits antimutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella test and has anticarcinogenic activity, inhibiting chemically induced preneoplastic lesions in the breast and colon and neoplastic lesions in the skin, forestomach, duodenum and colon of rodents . In addition, curcumin inhibits TPA-induced skin tumor promotion in mice . The mechanisms for the anticarcinogenic effects of curcumin are similar to those of the GTPs . Curcumin enhances glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity in liver; and it inhibits lipid peroxidation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse skin, protein kinase C activity in TPA-treated NIH 3T3 cells, chemically induced ODC and tyrosine protein kinase activities in rat colon, and 8-hydroxyguanosine formation in mouse fibroblasts . Ellagic acid is a polyphenol found abundantly in various fruits, nuts and vegetables . Ellagic acid is active in antimutagenesis assays, and has been shown to inhibit chemically induced cancer in the lung, liver, skin and esophagus of rodents, and TPA-induced tumor promotion in mouse skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1995, 371A, 251 - 5
Cryptdins: endogenous antibiotic peptides of small intestinal Paneth cells; Harwig SS et al.; We purified three peptides ("cryptdins") from the small intestines of mice, established their primary amino acid sequences and examined their antimicrobial activity . Their primary sequences revealed approximately 50% identity to a group of antimicrobial defensins that we had previously isolated from the granules of rat neutrophils . In addition to their ability to kill Gram-positive (L . monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (E . coli and S . typhimurium) in vitro, the peptides were much more active against an avirulent (phoP) S . typhimurium strain than against its isogenic, mouse-virulent progenitor . Overall, these data suggest that endogenous antimicrobial peptides produced by Paneth cells may protect small intestinal crypts, which are critical sites of epithelial cell renewal, from invasion by autochthonous flora or by perorally acquired potential pathogens, such as Listeria and Salmonella.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1995, 392, 529 - 37
Reorientation of macrophage mediator production in endotoxin tolerance; Zingarelli B et al.; During endotoxin shock macrophages produce arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) . In contrast, macrophages from endotoxin tolerant rats become hyporesponsive to LPS-induced AA metabolites production . However the role of NO and IL-6 during endotoxin tolerance is not known . Therefore, we evaluated the production of the AA metabolite 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), IL-6 and NO (by nitrite measurement) by peritoneal macrophages from endotoxin tolerant rats . Since pertussis toxin (PT) sensitive guanine nucleotide binding regulatory (Gi) protein activity is altered during endotoxin tolerance, we also studied the effect of PT on the regulation of the above mediators synthesis . Endotoxin tolerance was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 micrograms/kg ip) . Peritoneal macrophages were harvested 24 hours after LPS injection and stimulated in vitro with LPS (50 micrograms/ml) for determination of NO activity by nitrite, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and IL-6 production . In macrophages collected from vehicle-pretreated rats (control) LPS stimulates all three mediators . In vivo pretreatment with LPS induced a desensitization of macrophages to LPS-induced 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production compared to control macrophages (p < 0.001) . LPS-stimulated IL-6 synthesis was also partially, but not completely, reduced in tolerant macrophages (p < 0.001 versus control).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1995, 392, 253 - 61
Endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) in cancer patients . Clinical and immunological findings; Engelhardt R et al.; 1 . LPS phase I trial revealed MTD I of 1.0 ng/kg body weight and MTD II of 5.0 ng/kg body weight, the latter given together with ibuprofen (1,600 mg) . 2 . LPS phase II trial, using 4,0 ng/kg body weight plus ibuprofen in a biweekly schedule didn't show any response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer but 1 CR and 2 PR (13% response rate) in colorectal cancer patients . 3 . The LPS tolerance is specific for each cytokine and mediator in regard to the kinetic and degree of its development . INF-gamma prevents the tolerance development to several cytokines with the exception of IL-8 . 4 . No tolerance was found in cell adhesion, phospholipase A2, and soluble TNF receptor I and II . Priming of ex vivo cytokine production of cytokines was found in mononuclear cells . 5 . Synthetic LPS partial structure SDZ-MRL 953 (I) induces a cytokine pattern, which is profoundedly different from that of LPS, (II) with an inverse TNF to G-CSF relation, (III) is (without any ibuprofen treatment) remarkably low toxic, (IV) and downregulates the TNF-response to LPS markedly.

Dermatology, 1995, 191(2), 157 - 60
Reticular erythematous mucinosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection; Dauden E et al.; We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) . During her workup infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was detected . She developed a cerebral toxoplasmosis, salmonella sp . bacteremia and oral ulcerations with the presence of type I herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus . The relation of REM with the deposition of mucin in AIDS patients' bone marrow and HIV infection is discussed . To our knowledge, this is the first report where REM is associated with HIV disease.

Crit Care Med, 1995 Jan, 23(1), 9 - 17
Pretreatment of normal humans with monophosphoryl lipid A induces tolerance to endotoxin: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial; Astiz ME et al.; OBJECTIVES: Endotoxin is one of the principal mediators of Gram-negative septic shock . Pretreatment with monophosphoryl lipid A, a hydrolyzed derivative of endotoxin from Salmonella minnesota R595, induces endotoxin tolerance and nonspecific resistance to infection in experimental animals . The present clinical trial was undertaken to test the response to monophosphoryl lipid A in humans and the ability of monophosphoryl lipid A to attenuate the response of normal human volunteers to U.S . Reference Ec-5 endotoxin . DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial . SETTING: Clinical research center . PATIENTS: Forty-four healthy volunteers . INTERVENTIONS: In part 1 of the study, 29 volunteers were randomized in varying ratios to receive vehicle control or monophosphoryl lipid A intravenously in a double-blind dose escalation trial . In part 2 of the study, 12 volunteers were randomized to receive either monophosphoryl lipid A (20 micrograms/kg) or vehicle control and, 24 hrs later, all 12 volunteers were challenged with U.S . Reference Ec-5 endotoxin (20 units/kg intravenous, bolus injection) . Systemic response to endotoxin challenge was evaluated and compared between the monophosphoryl lipid A and vehicle control-pretreated subjects . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In part 1 of the study, subjective effects and increases in cytokine levels were not observed until a dose of 10 micrograms/kg of monophosphoryl lipid A was administered . Six volunteers receiving a maximum dose of 20 micrograms/kg experienced mild-to-moderate symptoms that did not require therapy . Moderate increases in temperature, heart rate, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 release were observed . IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were not detected but a significant increase in IL-1 receptor antagonist was observed . In part 2 of the study, monophosphoryl lipid A pretreatment reduced the number of volunteers who experienced one or more subjective complaints after endotoxin administration (3/6 vs . 6/6; p = .09) . The febrile response and tachycardic response to endotoxin were significantly reduced by pretreatment with monophosphoryl lipid A . Monophosphoryl lipid A-pretreated volunteers demonstrated significantly reduced concentrations of TNF-alpha after endotoxin challenge, as compared with subjects treated with vehicle control (84 +/- 76 vs . 244 +/- 128 pg/mL; p < .05) . IL-6 concentrations (100 +/- 91 vs . 268 +/- 171 pg/ml; p < .05) and IL-8 concentrations (136 +/- 86 vs . 632 +/- 323 pg/mL; p < .05) elicited by endotoxin challenge were also significantly reduced by monophosphoryl lipid A pretreatment . CONCLUSIONS: Data indicate that monophosphoryl lipid A, in a dose 10,000 times that of endotoxin, used in experimental pyrogenicity trials, is well tolerated in human volunteers . Pretreatment of normal human volunteers with monophosphoryl lipid A attenuated the systemic response to bacterial endotoxin . These data support further clinical testing of monophosphoryl lipid A for the prevention or amelioration of the severe sequelae of sepsis.

Poult Sci, 1995 Jan, 74(1), 8 - 17
Characterization of the pattern of inflammatory cell influx in chicks following the intraperitoneal administration of live Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines; Kogut MH et al.; We characterized the inflammatory cell influx in day-old chicks induced by the i.p . administration of live Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and lymphokines from concanavalin A-stimulated SE-immune T lymphocytes (ILK) . An i.p . injection of ILK along with 5 x 10(3) cfu SE increased the survival rate of chicks 48 h later from 70% (ILK-treated controls) compared with 25% (saline-treated) . The injection of both the ILK and live SE (but not formalin-killed SE) resulted in an increased influx of inflammatory heterophils into the peritoneum that peaked at 4 h after the injections with no increase in peritoneal macrophages . The heterophil accumulation was not influenced by polymyxin B, but was sensitive to heat treatment (100 C for 1 h) of the ILK, suggesting that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not contribute to the induced accumulation of heterophils . Treatment of the chicks with nordihydroguaiaretic acid or indomethacin did not abrogate the induced heterophil accumulation, suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolites were not involved in the SE/ILK-induced accumulation of peritoneal heterophils . The results from the current studies indicate that 1) ILK-mediated resistance to SE-induced mortality is mediated by a rapid influx of inflammatory heterophils to the site of infection; 2) live SE, during invasion, are vital for the site-directed migration of the heterophils; and 3) the mechanisms of induced heterophil accumulation are unknown but involve neither LPS nor arachidonic acid metabolites.

Poult Sci, 1995 Jan, 74(1), 18 - 25
In ovo administration of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines confers protection to neonatal chicks against Salmonella enteritidis organ infectivity; McGruder ED et al.; We previously reported that the prophylactic, intraperitoneal administration of supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated T cells derived from Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune White Leghorn hens (i.e., SE-immune lymphokines or ILK), conferred protection to neonatal White Leghorn chicks against SE organ invasion . In the present study, we evaluated the effects of in ovo administration of ILK on hatchability, hatch weight, in vitro bactericidal activity of heterophils, and protection against SE organ invasion in neonatal White Leghorn chicks . On Day 18 of embryogenesis, injections were made into the amnion with either ILK or nonimmune ILK (NILK) or were not injected (untreated) . On the day of hatch, whole blood was collected from 20 of the chicks per treatment group for heterophil isolation . All remaining chicks were orally challenged with 5 x 10(4) cfu SE . Twenty-four hours after SE challenge, organs (liver and spleen) from the chicks were cultured for SE . Hatchability of ILK- and NILK-treated chicks was not different from that of untreated chicks . Hatch weights of ILK-treated chicks were approximately 1 g less (P < .05) than that of NILK-treated or untreated chicks . In vitro bactericidal activity of peripheral blood heterophils derived from ILK-treated chicks was increased (P < .05) above activity from heterophils derived from NILK-treated or untreated chicks . Organ invasion with SE was markedly and significantly decreased in the ILK-treated chicks as compared with chicks treated with NILK or untreated chicks . These results suggest that in ovo administration of ILK confers protection to neonatal chicks against SE organ infectivity at hatch.

Poult Sci, 1995 Jan, 74(1), 1 - 7
Effect of Eimeria tenella infection on Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens; Qin ZR et al.; The effect of Eimeria tenella infection on the Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens was investigated in three experiments . Each experiment consisted of an uninfected control, birds infected with E . tenella, birds infected with S . enteritidis, and birds infected with a combination of E . tenella and S . enteritidis . A dose of 2 x 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E . tenella was given to each chicken . In Experiment 1, each chicken was infected with 10(5) cfu/d of S . enteritidis for 3 consecutive d starting 1 d after coccidia exposure and necropsied 4, 7, 10, and 14 d after coccidial infection . In Experiments 2 and 3, each bird was infected with 10(2) cfu/d and 10(1) cfu/d of S . enteritidis respectively, for 2 d beginning 4 d after coccidia exposure, and were killed 7, 10, and 14 d postinfection with E . tenella . Results showed that interaction between S . enteritidis and E . tenella was significant in Experiments 1 and 2, but not in Experiment 3, manifesting that the cecal Salmonella population were significantly increased by coccidial infection in birds killed 4, 10, or 14 d after coccidia exposure in Experiment 1 and in birds killed 14 d after coccidial infection in Experiment 2 . The dose size of S . enteritidis was an important factor for the synergistic relationship between S . enteritidis and E . tenella . Frequency of recovery of S . enteritidis in liver and spleen was not increased by E . tenella infection.

Microbiology, 1995 Jan, 141 ( Pt 1), 141 - 6
Cloning and molecular analysis of the Salmonella enterica ansP gene, encoding an L-asparagine permease; Jennings MP et al.; A gene (ansP), which encodes an L-asparagine permease, has been isolated from a cosmid library of Salmonella enterica during screening for recombinant clones which encode L-asparaginase . Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals that the gene product is a polypeptide of 497 amino acid residues, containing 12 putative transmembrane segments . The calculated molecular mass is 54 kDa, although maxicell analysis by SDS-PAGE gave an apparent molecular mass of 37 kDa . Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with sequence databases showed significant homology with a family of basic and aromatic amino acid permeases . Strains containing the cloned ansP gene demonstrated a many-fold increase in L-asparagine uptake in comparison with control strains.

J Inorg Biochem, 1995 Jan, 57(1), 43 - 62
Antimicrobial and genotoxic activity of 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(acylhydrazones) and their complexes with some first transition series metal ions . X-ray crystal structure of a dinuclear copper(II) complex; Carcelli M et al.; The antibacterial and antifungal properties of five 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(acylhydrazones) (acyl:benzoyl, H2dapb; 2-aminobenzoyl, H2dapab; salicyloyl, H2daps; picolinoyl, H2dappc; 2-thenoyl, H2dapt) and of a series of metal complexes were investigated . The x-ray crystal structure of the {Cu(dapt)}2 complex was also determined . It consists of dimeric units in which both copper atoms have sixfold coordination . The evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial properties showed some compounds to exhibit good activity against Gram positive bacteria . In most cases, complexes showed a similar or reduced activity as compared to the ligand itself . Only the iron complexes were found to be more active than the chelating agent involved . None of the compounds showed any significant antifungal activity . The genotoxicity of the compounds described was studied in vitro with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella-microsome reversion assay . No DNA-damaging activity was detected in the Bacillus subtilis rec-assay . H2dapb, H2dapb, and H2dappc were active in the Salmonella test . In several cases, the genotoxic properties of the ligands disappeared in the complexes.

Shock, 1995 Jan, 3(1), 56 - 62
Activation of Kupffer cells and neutrophils for reactive oxygen formation is responsible for endotoxin-enhanced liver injury after hepatic ischemia; Liu P et al.; The potential role of reactive oxygen species generated by Kupffer cells and neutrophils was investigated in a model of endotoxin-enhanced liver injury after hepatic ischemia . Male Fischer rats were subjected to 20 min ischemia and reperfusion of up to 24 h; .5 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin was injected at 30 min of reperfusion . The animals developed severe liver injury resulting in 50% hepatocellular necrosis at 24 h . Isolated Kupffer cells and neutrophils from the postischemic liver generated 10-fold more superoxide than cells from control livers . Treatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) selectively reduced the capacity of Kupffer cells to generate superoxide by 65% and attenuated liver injury by 73% at 4 h and 58-69% at 24 h . Monoclonal antibodies against neutrophil adhesion molecules (CD11/CD18) had no effect on the early injury but reduced hepatocellular necrosis by 90-95% at 24 h . The antioxidant Trolox and the iron-chelator deferoxamine attenuated liver injury by 71 and 80%, respectively . It is concluded that Kupffer cells are mainly responsible for the initial injury, and neutrophils are the dominant cytotoxic cell type during the later phase . Reactive oxygen generated by both cell types is critical for this pathogenesis.

Shock, 1995 Jan, 3(1), 34 - 9
Calcitonin gene-related peptide release in endotoxicosis may be mediated by prostaglandins; Wang X et al.; Three cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (ibuprofen, indomethacin, and high dose aspirin) and two inhibitors of thromboxane biosynthesis (imidazole and low dose aspirin) were used to evaluate the role of prostaglandins and thromboxane in the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) during endotoxicosis . Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide B from Salmonella Enteritidis, 5 mg/kg, intravenously) was administered to rats lightly anesthetized with ether during injection . After 3 h, endotoxin significantly elevated plasma CGRP levels by 3-fold . Ibuprofen (50 mg/kg, subcutaneously), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and high dose aspirin (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), but not imidazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or low dose aspirin (15 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly blocked endotoxin-induced CGRP elevations, suggesting that a prostaglandin, but not thromboxane, served as a mediator of CGRP release during endotoxicosis . Because endotoxin-induced production of prostaglandins is greatly diminished in endotoxin-tolerant rats (following multiple exposures to low dose endotoxin), we tested whether endotoxin-induced CGRP release also becomes diminished in tolerant rats . Accumulation of plasma CGRP was greatly diminished in endotoxin-tolerant rats exposed to endotoxin (5 mg/kg, intravenously), consistent with a mediator role for prostaglandins in the CGRP release during endotoxicosis.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1995 Jan, 172(1 Pt 1), 215 - 6
Salmonella abscess of the ovary; Chiva LM et al.; A 13-year-old patient with an ovarian abscess caused by Salmonella paratyphi C1-7 had positive stool cultures for the same organism . She recovered after surgical removal of the abscess and intravenous antibiotics.

Carcinogenesis, 1995 Jan, 16(1), 39 - 52
Cancer risk of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods: an analysis and implications for research; Layton DW et al.; Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are formed as pyrolysis products during the cooking of meats/fish . These substances are potent mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella assay and are also carcinogens in laboratory animals . In order to assess the magnitude of the cancer risk posed by their presence in the US diet, we estimated the average intakes of HAs, based on analyses of the concentrations of HAs in cooked foods and data from a dietary survey of the US population and quantified the cancer potencies of the individual compounds using dose-response data from animal bioassays . Measured concentrations of HAs in cooked foods were taken from a major review of the open literature . Only those concentrations that were associated with normal cooking conditions were chosen for use in estimating dietary intakes . The average consumption of HA-bearing foods was determined by analyzing statistically the intakes of 3563 individuals who provided 3 day dietary records in a USDA sponsored random survey of the US population during 1989 . Dietary intakes of the five principal HAs in descending order were 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo {4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP) > 2-amino-9H-pyrido{2,3-b}indole (A alpha C) > 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (MeIQx) > 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) > 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ) . The carcinogenic potencies, in contrast, were almost the reverse order: IQ > DiMeIQx > MeIQx > PhIP > A alpha C . An upper-bound estimate of the incremental cancer risk is 1.1 x 10(-4), using cancer potencies based on a body surface area basis . Nearly half (46%) of the incremental risk was due to ingestion of PhIP . Consumption of meat and fish products contributed the most (approximately 80%) to total risk.

J Leukoc Biol, 1995 Jan, 57(1), 56 - 62
In vivo activation of heterophil function in chickens following injection with Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines; Kogut MH et al.; We have previously shown that increased resistance to Salmonella enteritidis organ infectivity in day-old chicks was conferred by the immunoprophylactic administration of S . enteritidis-immune lymphokines (ILK) . This resistance was associated with a significant increase in the number of circulating heterophils 4 h after ILK injection . The objective of the present study was to evaluate heterophil function following the administration of ILK in day-old chicks . Significant increases (P < 0.001) in adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis of S . enteritidis were found with heterophils isolated from ILK-injected chickens compared to the heterophils isolated from birds injected with either pyrogen-free saline or lymphokines from non-immune T cells . After phagocytosis, the heterophils from the ILK-injected chickens were also able to kill significantly greater numbers of S . enteritidis more rapidly than did the heterophils from the saline-injected control birds (within 30 min, control cells killed 21.89% of the bacteria whereas ILK-treated cells killed 88.22%) . We also found that the heterophils from the ILK-injected birds were more efficient killers of S . typhimurium, S . gallinarum, and E . coli . These results strongly suggest that the protection against S . enteritidis organ invasion induced by the prophylactic treatment of day-old chicks with ILK involves activated heterophils which migrate rapidly to the inflammatory stimulus where they phagocytize and kill the bacteria.

J Neurosci, 1995 Jan, 15(1 Pt 1), 376 - 84
Neonatal endotoxin exposure alters the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: early illness and later responsivity to stress; Shanks N et al.; The long-term consequences of neonatal endotoxin exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function were assessed in adult female and male Long-Evans rats . At 3 and 5 d of age, pups were administered endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis, 0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) at a dose that provokes a rapid and sustained physiological response, but with no mortality . As adults, neonatally endotoxin-treated animals exhibited significantly greater adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to restraint stress than controls . In addition, dexamethasone pretreatment was less effective in suppressing ACTH responses to restraint stress in endotoxin-treated animals than in controls, suggesting decreased negative-feedback sensitivity to glucocorticoids . Neonatal endotoxin treatment elevated resting-state median eminence levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin in adult male animals, and arginine vasopressin in both adult males and females . Neonatal exposure to endotoxin also increased CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of adult males, with no difference in females . Finally, glucocorticoid receptor density was reduced across a wide range of brain regions in the neonatal endotoxin-treated, adult animals . These data illustrate the interactive nature of immune and endocrine systems during development . It appears that endotoxin exposure during critical stages of development decreases glucocorticoid negative-feedback inhibition of ACTH secretagogue synthesis, thus increasing HPA responsiveness to stress . The implication of these findings is that exposure to gram-negative LPS in early life can alter the development of neural systems which govern endocrine responses to stress and may thereby predispose individuals to stress-related pathology.

J Clin Invest, 1995 Jan, 95(1), 55 - 65
A distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines is expressed in human colon epithelial cells in response to bacterial invasion; Jung HC et al.; Pathogenic bacteria that penetrate the intestinal epithelial barrier stimulate an inflammatory response in the adjacent intestinal mucosa . The present studies asked whether colon epithelial cells can provide signals that are important for the initiation and amplification of an acute mucosal inflammatory response . Infection of monolayers of human colon epithelial cell lines (T84, HT29, Caco-2) with invasive strains of bacteria (Salmonella dublin, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli) resulted in the coordinate expression and upregulation of a specific array of four proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, GM-CSF, and TNF alpha, as assessed by mRNA levels and cytokine secretion . Expression of the same cytokines was upregulated after TNF alpha or IL-1 stimulation of these cells . In contrast, cytokine gene expression was not altered after infection of colon epithelial cells with noninvasive bacteria or the noninvasive protozoan parasite, G . lamblia . Notably, none of the cell lines expressed mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, or significant levels of IL-1 or IL-10 in response to the identical stimuli . The coordinate expression of IL-8, MCP-1, GM-CSF and TNF alpha appears to be a general property of human colon epithelial cells since an identical array of cytokines, as well as IL-6, also was expressed by freshly isolated human colon epithelial cells . Since the cytokines expressed in response to bacterial invasion or other proinflammatory agonists have a well documented role in chemotaxis and activation of inflammatory cells, colon epithelial cells appear to be programmed to provide a set of signals for the activation of the mucosal inflammatory response in the earliest phases after microbial invasion.

J Infect Dis, 1995 Jan, 171(1), 212 - 6
Flagellar serotypes of Salmonella typhi in Indonesia: relationships among motility, invasiveness, and clinical illness; Grossman DA et al.; While the H1-d flagellar serotype of Salmonella typhi has been found worldwide, the H1-j serotype occurs only in Indonesia . A cross-sectional survey in Indonesia compared epidemiologic, clinical, and pathogenetic characteristics of these two serotypes . S . typhi isolates were collected from patients with acute typhoid fever in four Indonesian cities . Flagellar serotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the fliC locus of the flg gene . Of 321 isolates, 51 (15.9%) were H1-j . Patients with H1-j infection were older than those with H1-d (P < .001) . Among 30 patients with known clinical outcomes, H1-j infection was associated with milder clinical illness than H1-d (P = .06) . In vitro, H1-j isolates were both less motile on semi-solid agar plates (P = .004) and less invasive of HEp-2 cells (P = .002) than H1-d isolates . The association of decreased severity of illness with decreased motility and invasiveness suggests that flagellar properties are a component of S . typhi's virulence.

Avian Dis, 1995 Jan-Mar, 39(1), 55 - 63
Microbiological analysis of the early Salmonella enteritidis infection in molted and unmolted hens; Holt PS et al.; A study was conducted in which the early kinetics (4 hr to 96 hr) of an infection by Salmonella enteritidis in older white leghorn hens was examined, and a molt was induced through withholding feed to determine its effect on the progression of this infection . Molted and unmolted hens were orally infected with 5-10 x 10(6) S . enteritidis on day 4 of the feed removal . At 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, liver, spleen, ileum, colon, cecum, and feces were removed from six hens per group and sampled for the presence of the challenge organism . By 24 hr postinfection, S . enteritidis was most prevalent in the cecum and feces of unmolted hens, and this prevalence continued throughout the experimental period . In molted hens, however, S . enteritidis could be detected in a high percentage (90-100%) of colon, cecum, and feces samples at 24 to 96 hr postinfection and in 67% or more of ileum samples at 48 to 96 hr postinfection, indicating a much wider distribution of the S . enteritidis along the intestinal tract than in unmolted hens . The numbers of S . enteritidis recovered from these alimentary samples were also significantly higher in molted than unmolted hens . S . enteritidis could not be detected in livers or spleens of either treatment group at 4 or 24 hr postinfection . At 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, 50% or more of the livers and spleens in both the molted and unmolted hens were positive for the challenge organism, but significantly more S . enteritidis was recovered from the organs of the molted hens at these three sampling times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Avian Dis, 1995 Jan-Mar, 39(1), 45 - 54
Isolation of Salmonella from poultry tissue and environmental samples: a nationwide survey; Waltman WD et al.; A nationwide survey of veterinary laboratories culturing poultry tissue and environmental samples for Salmonella found a large variation in isolation procedures . There were 17 different selective enrichment media or combinations of enrichment media being used for poultry tissue samples . Variations were found in how long the selective enrichments were incubated and in the temperature of incubation . There were 14 different plating media being used . Many laboratories screen and identify only one colony from the plating media . For the protection of poultry breeding and hatchery organizations and with the formation of official poultry monitoring programs, with their legal and public health implications, it becomes increasingly important that diagnostic laboratories adopt minimal standardized protocols for isolating Salmonella.

Avian Dis, 1995 Jan-Mar, 39(1), 39 - 44
Prevalence of Salmonella in broiler flocks: effect of litter water activity, house construction, and watering devices; Carr LE et al.; Litter samples from 24 flocks of broilers and four flocks of broiler breeders were evaluated for Salmonella contamination, water activity (Aw), and total moisture content (MC) . The drag swab (DS) monitoring system was used to collect samples to detect Salmonella contamination . Simultaneously, representative samples of the uppermost surfaces of dry (loose) litter and wet (caked) litter were collected for Aw and MC analyses . On dry litter surfaces, high Aw values (0.90-0.95) were associated with flocks Salmonella-positive using DS; low Aw values (0.79-0.84) were associated with flocks Salmonella-negative by DS; and transition Aw values (0.85-0.89) were associated with flocks having an increased risk for the presence of Salmonella . The association of high Aw values with Salmonella risk was not observed for wet (caked) litter surfaces . Observations suggest that limiting Aw in the litter base of broiler houses may create a less favorable environment for the multiplication of Salmonella and thus a more hygienic environment for broiler production.

Avian Dis, 1995 Jan-Mar, 39(1), 21 - 7
Comparison of prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines against Salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in neonatal Leghorn chicks; McGruder ED et al.; Investigations in our laboratories have indicated that when Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines--supernatants from concanavalin-A-stimulated T cells derived from SE-immune adult chickens--were administered intraperitoneally to 1-day-old chicks before SE challenge, they conferred protection against SE organ invasion within 24 hr . This resistance mediated by SE-immune lymphokines was associated with a concomitant increase in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes that peaked 4 hr after SE challenge . In the present study, we evaluated efficacy of SE-immune lymphokines in protecting chicks against SE organ invasion and alterations in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts . Administration of SE-immune lymphokines to chicks either 30 min or 6 days before SE challenge caused a significant reduction in SE organ invasion . However, when SE-immune lymphokines were administered 2 days after SE challenge, there was no reduction in SE organ invasion . Both prophylactic (before SE challenge) and therapeutic (after SE challenge) administration of SE-immune lymphokines caused a significant increase in numbers of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Results from these studies suggest that SE-immune lymphokines have potential value as an effective prophylactic but not as a therapeutic modulator of early resistance to SE organ invasion in neonatal leghorn chicks.

Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1995 Jan, 30(1), 6 - 9, 63
{Usage of the geno-toxicological studies in the biological evaluation of dental materials}; Yue L et al.; The salmonella mutagenicity test (Ames test), the Bacillus subtilis repair test and SOS chromotest are three sorts of sort-term mutagenic test, which were developed recently and had their individual terminal point to examine genotoxins . A battery of short-term tests was made up of these three mutagenic tests to examine the mutagenicity of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and resorcinal . The results verified formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde were genetoxins, and discovered resorcinal not only had no mutagenicity, but also had the antimutagenicity to some genotoxic agents . In addition, the methods of three tests were described and the use of the battery was introduced and evaluated.

Br J Neurosurg, 1995, 9(1), 85 - 6
Subdural empyema in an HIV positive patient; Parkers PJ et al.; A subdural empyema with a Salmonella species as the likely causative organism is presented . We believe that this is the first reported case of such an infection in an HIV positive patient . The difficulties in treatment and diagnosis are discussed.

Parasitology, 1995, 110 Suppl, S17 - 24
The development of oral vaccines against parasitic diseases utilizing live attenuated Salmonella; Chatfield SN et al.; Genetically defined, live attenuated Salmonella vaccines are proving useful both as oral vaccines against salmonellosis and for the development of multivalent vaccines based on the expression of heterologous antigens in such strains . Several candidate attenuated S . typhi strains are at present being evaluated as new single dose oral typhoid vaccines in human volunteers . The emergence of such a vaccine will facilitate the development of multivalent vaccines for humans . Many antigens from different infectious organisms have been expressed in attenuated Salmonella . A focus of this work has been on developing vaccines against parasitic diseases . This review will summarize the efforts that have been made in this area.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1995 Jan, 108(1), 28 - 30
{The specificity of antibodies reacting with Salmonella antigens in ELISA}; Steinbach G et al.; Among cattle sera from herds without a history of salmonellosis and without vaccination against salmonellas, we sometimes found samples which reacted positively in the ELISA with salmonella antigen . Contrary to antibodies caused by a proved salmonella infection, these antibodies could be eliminated by a whole-cell lysate of E . coli . In the colostra of cows which had received a salmonella live vaccine orally in the first days of life but were raised and kept without known exposition to salmonellas, we also found antibodies which reacted in the salmonella ELISA . They could not be eliminated by E . coli lysate.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1995 Jan-Feb, (1), 62 - 6
{Anti-Escherichia antibodies in the blood sera from nonimmunized donors and in preparations of human immunoglobulin}; Levina LA et al.; The anti-Escherichia activity of 188 serum samples obtained from nonimmunized blood donors and 157 batches of the preparation of commercial normal human immunoglobulin were evaluated in the passive hemagglutination test with diagnostica containing E . coli antigens (serovars O2, O14, O26) and Kunin antigen, as well as Re-glycolipid Salmonella minnesota strain R595, used as sensitins . The study demonstrated that from sera of nonimmunized blood donors and from normal human immunoglobulin preparations 5-8% of batches containing anti-Escherichia antibodies to E . coli lipopolysaccharide (serovar O2) in titers of 1:640 and more could be selected . The study revealed that certain anti-Escherichia antibodies of commercial normal human immunoglobulin, to IgG.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1995 Jan-Feb, (1), 3 - 6
{The interrelationship of the capacity for the expression of different serovariants of the Yersinia pestis capsular antigen with the degree of reduction of the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterial cells}; Gremiakova TA et al.; The immunochemical study of the expression of different serovariants of Y . pestis capsular antigen in Escherichia coli HB 101, Salmonella minnesota R595 and Y . pestis EV recipient strains with different degrees of LPS reduction was made . Plasmids pFS1, pFBK7 and pFBK10 coding initial and serologically atypical variants of the capsular antigen were introduced into microbiol cells . Altered LPS structures were shown to have no influence on the serological specificity of the capsular antigen . Immunochemical activity was determined in the diffuse precipitation test, the passive hemagglutination test and the antibody neutralization test . Changes in the structure of LPS were shown to produce no effect on the serological activity of the capsular antigen coded by intact fra operon (plasmid pFS1) . The transfer of hybrid plasmids pFBK7 and pFBK10 to recipient microorganisms led to the synthesis of serovariant Fl1 in recombinant strains with O-LPS, which was immunochemically different from serovariant Fl2 synthesized in strains with R-LPS.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Jan, 20(1), 50 - 1
Intra-strain heterogeneity in expression of lipopolysaccharide by strains of Salmonella virchow; Chart H et al.; Strains of Salmonella virchow express long-chain lipopolysaccharide which migrates as one of two distinct profiles during SDS-PAGE . Both LPS phenotypes were detected within a given strain of Salm . virchow and shared the O = 7 antigen.

Lett Appl Microbiol, 1995 Jan, 20(1), 11 - 3
The influence of sodium chloride and pH on the growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4; Radford SA et al.; Sodium or potassium chlorides at concentrations of ca 2.0% (w/v) stimulated the growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 and PT6 but not PT8 in nutrient broth acidified to < or = 5.5 with acetic but not with citric, propionic or hydrochloric acids . Stimulation was noted also with an acidified defined medium . The most pronounced stimulation occurred with incubation at 37 degrees C . Supplementation of acidified nutrient broth with sucrose or glycerol had no effect on the growth of salmonellas.

New Microbiol, 1995 Jan, 18(1), 35 - 40
Plasmid content in different serovars of Salmonella isolated in Sicily: an ecology study; Marranzano M et al.; This study determined plasmid relative abundance and distribution among a representative collection of Sicilian strains of Salmonella, with the purpose of gaining more insight into bacterial and plasmid ecology . 161 Salmonella strains of different serovars, isolated in Sicily from human and environmental sources between 1981 and 1985 were characterized by plasmid profile typing . Two main sets of Salmonella serovars were identified, one composed by plasmid-free serovars, rarely associated with clinical salmonellosis but typical of environmental niches; the other comprising the serovars usually encountered as major agents of human and animal salmonellosis . The biological relevance of the baseline information so provided on the genetic profiles of different serovars in Sicily is discussed.

J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1995, 33(3), 219 - 22
Foodborne disease outbreak due to consumption of rancid biscuits; Bhat RV et al.; A foodborne disease outbreak characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, involving mostly children was investigated . Epidemiological, hospital and laboratory investigations indicated that the disease outbreak was associated with consumption of rancid biscuits abandoned in the street corner in a crowded locality of old city Hyderabad . The offensive flavors of rancidity were masked by the strong pineapple flavor used in the biscuits . Rancidity of the biscuits was confirmed by high peroxide value and acidity of extracted fat . Bacterial contamination was excluded by the total aerobic plate counts and negative tests for Staphylococcus and Salmonella.

Res Microbiol, 1995 Jan, 146(1), 99 - 106
Epidemiological evaluation by PCR ribotyping of sporadic and outbreak-associated strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium; Nastasi A et al.; Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium has a very large diffusion worldwide within human and non-human hosts . The simultaneous circulation in the same geographical areas of many bacterial clones requires the use of reliable, reproducible and highly discriminatory typing techniques for epidemiological studies . Molecular biological methods, such as plasmid profile analysis, restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid and chromosomal DNA and hybridization-based procedures have proven to be useful tools for strain differentiation . More recently, detection of polymorphisms in the intergenic spacer regions of rRNA genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR ribotyping) has been successfully applied to characterize bacterial strains . In this study, PCR ribotyping was performed on 45 epidemiologically related and unrelated strains of S . enterica serotype Typhimurium isolated in northern and southern Italy during 1992 . Isolates were simultaneously characterized by traditional ribotyping . Results suggest that PCR ribotyping is a rapid, easy-to-perform and reproducible typing method able to determine relatedness among isolates of this serotype.

J Mal Vasc, 1995, 20(1), 48 - 50
{Rupture of an aortic aneurysm infected with Salmonella}; Maleti O et al.; We report a case of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm due to salmonella typhy infection . The patient had a first operation of prothesis graft which led to infective dehiscence . After a further operation of aortic over renal banding, the patient was in good health . The authors discuss the possibility to make an aortic banding combined with an extra-anatomic revascularization directly, instead of carrying out an in situ reconstruction.

Vet Res, 1995, 26(2), 81 - 6
Comparison of resistance of various poultry lines to infection by Salmonella enteritidis; Guillot JF et al.; A study was undertaken to determine the susceptibility or resistance of 9 outbred experimental or commercial poultry lines to Salmonella enteritidis PT4 . Young chicks were inoculated either intramuscularly or orally just after hatching . After intramuscular challenge the lines could be divided into susceptible lines (LD 50% < or = 10(2) Salmonella per animal), intermediate lines (LD 50% about 10(4) Salmonella) and resistant lines (LD 50% > 10(5) Salmonella) . The results obtained after oral challenge confirmed these 3 groups for both mortality rates and the probability of the presence of salmonellae in the spleen and liver . There was no difference between lines concerning caecal carriage.

Vet Res, 1995, 26(2), 110 - 5
Subcutaneous and conjunctival vaccination with a live attenuated strain of Salmonella Abortusovis: effect of gestation on serological response of ewes; Sanchis R et al.; Annual serological testing of flocks vaccinated by the subcutaneous route with a live, attenuated strain of Salmonella Abortusovis has previously demonstrated the persistence of agglutinating antibodies . It has however been impossible to determine whether the antibodies originated from the vaccination or from an enzootic infection . The serological response, as measured by a microtechnique of seroagglutination using a stained antigen, was studied in an isolated flock of 30 adult ewes . The trial period after the subcutaneous vaccination was 34 months, which included 3 lambings . Ten female offspring of these ewes were also studied . They were vaccinated by the conjunctival route and were studied for 18 months, which included 1 lambing . As is common for natural or experimental infection, high antibody titers were obtained 10-15 d after vaccination in both groups . The values then decreased and rose again to significant levels at each subsequent pregnancy . The vaccinal strain was never isolated from vaginal swabs taken at each lambing and there was no suggestion of stimulation by an external antigen . Gestation may therefore stimulate the antibody response . This suggests that the immunity conferred by this vaccination may last for at least 3 lambing periods . The consequences of these observations on vaccination protocols and serological diagnosis are discussed.

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1995, 43(2), 173 - 85
{Time series analysis of non-typhoid salmonella infections}; Watier L; The use of time series modeling for non-typhoidal salmonella infections is important for improving epidemiological surveillance . Specific techniques which were necessary for our objectives are detailed in an accompanying paper . For each series analysed, we discuss how to choose an appropriate statistical model taking into account both the data structure and the specific objectives . For salmonella infections, we have quantified a "media coverage effect", constructed and alert threshold and estimated a link between two series . We have thus shown that the analysis of temporal variations is of relevance in public health and can contribute to epidemiological knowledge.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1995 Jan, 24(3), 397 - 406
Rapid and economical detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs by the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay; Wang H et al.; A rapid, simple and economical procedure for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs was developed . The contents of whole eggs inoculated with low numbers of S . enteritidis were mixed with a minimal volume of a nutrient-rich broth (1:2 ratio of egg to broth) and incubated overnight . The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of S . enteritidis were extracted by heating in the presence of cholate . The antigens were captured on polymyxin-coated polyester cloth, and the captured antigens were detected by sequential reactions with anti-serogroup D1 rabbit antiserum, anti-rabbit antibody-peroxidase conjugate and tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution . This polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay (polymyxin-CEIA) was highly specific for salmonellae bearing the factor O:9 antigen, reacting in the assay of 19 S . enteritidis strains tested, including two rough isolates, but not with salmonellae lacking the factor O:9 antigen or non-Salmonella bacteria . The threshold sensitivity of the polymyxin-CEIA for S . enteritidis suspensions was ca . 10(6) cfu/ml . This combined enrichment culture and polymyxin-CEIA required less than 24 h to complete and detected as few as 1-2 S . enteritidis cfu inoculated into a whole egg . This procedure should facilitate the routine monitoring of S . enteritidis in large numbers of egg samples.

J AOAC Int, 1995 Jan-Feb, 78(1), 59 - 68
Modified immunodiffusion method for detection of Salmonella in raw flesh and highly contaminated foods: collaborative study; Warburton DW et al.; A total of 19 government and private industry laboratories in Canada and the United States participated in the collaborative study . Naturally contaminated ground poultry and animal meals, as well as inoculated raw shrimp, were examined for presence of Salmonella by both the modified immunodiffusion method and the Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture method, resulting in an agreement rate of 93.1% . The 2 methods are statistically equivalent for all food types at each inoculation level and for all lots of naturally contaminated foods evaluated in this study . The modification of the AOAC Official Method 989.13, immunodiffusion (1-2 TEST) method for detection of motile Salmonella in all foods, has been adopted revised first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Environ Mol Mutagen, 1995, 25(2), 154 - 61
Characterization of mutagenic activity in instant hot beverage powders; Johansson MA et al.; Extracts of several grain-based coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees were mutagenic in the Ames/Salmonella test using TA98, YG1024, and YG1029 with metabolic activation . The beverage powders induced 150 to 500 TA98 and 1,150 to 4,050 YG1024 revertant colonies/g, respectively . Increased sensitivity was achieved using strain YG1024 . No mutagenic activity was found in instant hot cocoa products . The mutagenic activity in the beverage powders was shown to be stable to heat and the products varied in resistance to acid nitrite treatment . Differential bacterial strain specificity, and a requirement for metabolic activation suggest that aromatic amines are present . Characterization of the mutagenic activity, using HPLC and the Ames test of the collected fractions, showed the coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees contain several mutagenic compounds . Known heterocyclic amines are not responsible for the major part of the mutagenic activity . The main mutagenic activity in grain-based coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees is due to several unidentified compounds, which are most likely aromatic amines.

Arch Pharm (Weinheim), 1995 Jan, 328(1), 39 - 44
Anti-inflammatory activity of amine-carboxyboranes in rodents; Hall IH et al.; Amine-carboxyboranes are potent anti-inflammatory agents reducing induced edema and pleural effusion at 8 mg/Kg, i.p . They protect against LPS (Salmonella) induced septic shock from 2-8 mg/Kg/day and are effective in blocking pain mediated both locally and centrally . The mode of action of these agents is by blocking release of cytokines from macrophages, thus reducing lysosomal hydrolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities of affected cells . The agents also reduce prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis by blocking the activities of regulatory enzymes of the respective pathways.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1995, 27(2), 177 - 8
Recurrent Salmonella enteritidis meningitis in a patient with AIDS; Gutierrez A et al.; The profound impairment of cellular immunity associated with HIV infection predisposes to salmonella infections with recurrent bacteremia as a well recognized opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS . However, salmonella meningitis is extremely rare in this group of patients and only 4 cases have been reported so far . We present 1 case of recurrent Salmonella enteritidis meningitis in an AIDS patient . The infection recurred despite prolonged antimicrobial therapy . Treatment of salmonella infections in AIDS patients may be very difficult and, in some cases, lifelong maintenance therapy may be required.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1995, 27(2), 173 - 4
Non-typhoid Salmonella subdural empyema in a patient with AIDS; Mussini C et al.; In AIDS patients, non-typhoid salmonella metastatic abscesses in lung and brain due to bacteremia have been described previously . Here we present a case in which a group B Salmonella, serotype Copenhagen, caused right parietal subdural empyema . The etiologic diagnosis was based on culture of pus obtained from the lesion . The patient was treated for bacterial meningitis and made a good recovery . He is at present reasonably well and is taking ciprofloxacin as prophylaxis against salmonella relapse.

Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 1995, 142, 1 - 12
Immunochemical detection methods for Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in foods; Meer RR et al.; Immunochemical assays should prove to be a significant improvement over standard culture methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens . These techniques take advantage of the specificity and sensitivity of the antibody/antigen reaction for analyte detection . ELISA is the most useful form of immunochemical method for the detection of foodborne pathogens in the food-processing setting, based on their simplicity and ability to analyze large numbers of samples at a time . Concerns with immunochemical techniques include problems with cross-reactivity and difficulties obtaining species specific assays . Also, most immunochemical methods continue to require an enrichment technique; however, subsequent identification is quite rapid when compared with standard culture methods, therefore allowing for the quicker release of negative products.

Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, 1995 Jan, 88(1), 99 - 101
{Acute myocarditis in non-typhoid Salmonella infection}; Oziol E et al.; The authors report a case of myocarditis secondary to a Salmonella Virchow infection in a 20 year old non-immunodeficient man without a previous medical history . The outcome was favourable after treatment with fluoroquinolone . The features of this rare complication of non-typhic salmonella infection are discussed with respect to this and four other recently published cases.

What Is Botulism?, What Is Salmonella?, What Is Functional Genomics?, What Is Bioassay?, What Is Molecular Biology?, n, Microbes, c, Microbe, c, Bacteriology, e, Bacterium, i, Microbiology, e, Salmonella typhimurium, n, Campylobacter, s, Bacillus subtilis, r, Yeasts, i, Phage, n, Biodegradation, r, Bacteria, e, Biodegradation, e, Antibiotics, c, Multidrug resistant, e, P. fluorescens, s, Enterobacters, r, Escherichia coli, o, Microbial, i, Staphylococcus aureus, o, Microorganisms, o, Microorganisms, c, Bacillus subtilis, c, Escherichia coli, e, Escherichia coli, s, Meningococcus

Scientific Publications - Work Done by Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C
Agricultural Microbiology Anaerobic Microbiology Antimicrobial Susceptibility Artificial Atmosphere Bioassay of Antibiotics Biofilm Microbiology Bioreactor Technology Biotechnology Cell Biology Clinical Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Experiments with Yeast	Fermentation Food Microbiology Functional Genomics Gene Technology Growth Media Development Growth Rate and Lag Time Industrial Microbiology Medical/Pharmaceutical Field Microbiological Assay Microbiological Research Microbiology of Cosmetics go to a specific theme...	Military Microbiology Molecular Microbiology Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Oral Microbiology Patents Postantibiotic Studies Soil Microbiology Spore Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Waste/Wastewater Treatment Water Microbiology Wine Microbiology

� 2005 Transgalactic Ltd (manufacturer of Bioscreen C software) | Privacy Statement | P.O. Box 1393, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9 85172920, fax: +358 9 8749481, e-mail: microbiology@bionewsonline.com

Last modified: May 25, 2005