Microflora

Res Vet Sci, 1978 Jul, 25(1), 29 - 33
Survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in an acidic soil under simulated New Zealand field conditions; Hellstrom JS et al.; Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was found to survive for at least 42 days in a typical New Zealand soil under simulated winter field conditions . The soil was markedly acidic with a pH of 5.5 and survival times were not reduced even when its water content was only 23% . The values of both these parameters are considerably less than previously recorded for the survival of leptospires in soil . Two methods were used to recover leptospires from the soil microflora . One was the culture of a membrane filtrate in EMJH media with or without contaminant-suppressing additives and the other was the direct inoculation of soil-washings into hamsters . Both techniques proved to equally sensitive . It was estimated that following the addition of 5 X 10(8) leptospires to the soil samples less than 2 X 10(4) were present after six weeks.

Klin Wochenschr, 1978 Jun 15, 56(12), 579 - 92
{Cytostatica and small intestine (author's transl)}; Ecknauer R et al.; Cytostatica not only suppress proliferation in tumor cells but it also checks proliferation in small intestinal epithelium . The consequence is cell reduction and damage resulting in a diminished function . Because of the high reserve capacity of the small intestinal epithelium, clinical signs of diminished function are mostly seen after repeated high doses or one extremely high doses of Cytostatica . Although there is abundant information on the effect of Cytostatica on the small intestinal epithelium (cell turnover, morphology, digestive enzymes and absorption) there are other areas that are as urgent for the interested clinician to work on: 1 . Would it be possible to coincide the dose and dosage rate with the cell cycles to reduce the chance of damage to small intestinal epithelium? 2 . Which role has the luminal content when there is damage from Cytostatica? Is it possible to concentrate on changing the luminal contents (antibiotics, "elemental diet", cultivate desirable microflora, etc.) Therefore diminishing the damage from Cytostatica? 3 . How would Cytostatica influence the barrier function on the intestinal wall? Should the patient on Cytostatica therapy receive special protection against intestinal infection? 4 . Does Cytostatica affect the biotransformation in the small intestinal epithelium, especially when taken orally? How important is this biotransformation in small intestinal epithelium damaged by Cytostatica therapy? 5 . What factors determine the regeneration of the small intestinal epithelium after Cytostatica damage?

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1978 May-Jun, 5(3), 293 - 9
Organic phosphorus of the soil and its mineralization; Illarionova ES; The question of the composition of organic phosphorus in soil and pathways of its mineralization is discussed . The literature data and the author's own results on the content of polyphosphates in microorganisms and in soil are cited . Possible ways of studying the accessibility of soil factors depending on the composition of the microflora and degree of polymerization of immobilized inorganic polyphosphates are discussed.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1978 May, 69(5), 550 - 8
Jejunal bile salts and microflora in patients with partial gastrectomy; Van Outryve M et al.; Bile acids and microflora were studied in the proximal jejunum in 31 patients with Billroth I or II gastrectomy . At least 10(5) bacteria/ml., most frequently aerobic or facultative aerobic organisms, were isolated in 25 patients . Deconjugation diminished considerably in only three of seven patients with bile salt deconjugation treated with clindamycin . The relationship between bacterial overgrowth, deconjugation, steatorrhea, cholesterolemia and the relationship between bile salt concentration after testmeal and steatorrhea, are discussed . Bacterial overgrowth and bile salt deconjugation are only minor causes of steatorrhea in this series.

Br Poult Sci, 1978 May, 19(3), 273 - 5
The influence of the conventional microflora on the body temperature of the chick; Harrison GF et al.; 1 . Deep body temperature was measured daily in germ-free and conventional chicks from 1 to 16 of age . 2 . The temperature of germ-free chicks rose rapidly during the first 4 d and thereafter only slowly, whereas that of conventional birds increased gradually throughout . 3 . Body temperature attained by the germ-free birds was about 0.3 degrees C higher than that of conventional birds.

J Pharm Sci, 1978 May, 67(5), 703 - 4
Theoretical relationships between area under the curve and route of administration of drugs and their precursors for evaluating sites and pathways of metabolism; Pang KS et al.; The bioavailability of a drug administered extrasystemically is a measure of the initial extraction of a compound by a series of eliminating events involving the intestinal mucosal enzymes, the gut bacterial microflora, the liver, and the lung . A theoretical analysis is presented to differentiate the process of gut wall elimination and hepatic removal of a drug during this first-pass effect . The area under the blood concentration--time curve (AUC) for a drug and its metabolite is shown to be useful in determining the presence of these processes when a drug and its metabolite are administered concomitantly by different routes of administration . Furthermore, the fraction of a precursor transformed to its metabolite also can be determined by pharmacokinetic analysis of the AUC of a drug and its metabolite after administration of both substances.

J Periodontol, 1978 May, 49(5), 261 - 5
A method of decontamination of ultrasonic scalers and high speed handpieces; Dayoub MB et al.; The use of contaminated water in high speed handpieces and ultrasonic handpieces presents potential hazards to both dentist and patient . This study has shown that after waterline sterilization, the use of a sterile, disposable membrane filter can eliminate the microflora from the water of an ultrasonic scaler for up to 48 hours . Similarly, the water from a high speed handpiece can remain bacteria free for up to 72 hours when a 0.45 micrometer pore size membrane filter is installed into the waterline . This system of decontamination by filtration may present a workable approach to the problem of contaminated water and merits further research and development . Commercial materials and equipment are identified in this report to specify the investigative procedures . Such identification does not simply recommendation or endorsement or that the materials and equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose . Furthermore, the opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as those of the Army Medical Department.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1978 May-Jun, 5(3), 270 - 81
Decomposition of DDT and its analogs by soil microflora; Skryabin GK et al.; A search was made for active cultures that break down DDT . More than 600 microorganisms were isolated from soils treated for a long time with DDT and from accumulating cultures with DDT or its analogs as the carbon source and with DDT or its analogs and supplementary carbon sources . Cultures capable of degrading DDT under conditions of cometabolism were found among them . It was shown that the dechlorination of the trichloromethyl group of DDT was accomplished by a large number of microorganisms and occurred primarily under conditions of limited aeration . The elimination of chloride ions from the aromatic rings occurred only in the presence of cosubstrates under aerobic conditions and only with two strains . The strain Nocardia sp . 306x carried out complete degradation of DDT with the formation of DBH, DCBP, and an as yet unidentified entirely dechlorinated product . The most profound decomposition of DDT was produced by a culture of Ps . aeruginosa 640x, which entirely degraded the DDT molecule with the formation of phenylacetic acid.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Feb, 35(2), 444 - 9
Spatial relationship of the genital microflora to the vaginal epithelium of femal rats: transmission electron microscopy; Larsen B et al.; Bacterial associations with vaginal epithelium were examined by transmission electron microscopy in castrate rats before and after estrogen treatment . Bacteria were associated with keratinized epithelium and appeared to be most abundant on exfoliated vaginal cells.

Lipids, 1978 Feb, 13(2), 152 - 7
The metabolism of lithocholic acid-3alpha-sulfate by human intestinal microflora; Kelsey MI et al.; Lithocholic acid-3alpha-sulfate is metabolized by human intestinal microflora to nonpolar metabolites which have been partially purified by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography . These metabolites were characterized by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography as well as combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . The chromatographic properties of one of the metabolites are consistent with those described for a delta2- or delta3-cholenate . The formation of cholenates by the microflora may represent a retoxification of the sulfate ester of lithocholic acid.

Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol, 1978 Feb, 74(2), 36 - 42
{Age and changes in the splenic lymphoid tissue of germ-free rats during the postnatal period of ontogenesis}; Khlystova ZS et al.; In germfree rats the splenic lymphopoiesis is not demonstrated by the investigation to be suppressed, and lymphoid follicules undergo age changes . Up to 15 days, periarterial zone of T-lymphocytes, responsible for cell immunity, is determined, and by the 30th day, as in control animals, peripheral zone of B-lymphocytes, responsible for hormonal immunity, is distinctly observed . In 4-month-old germfree animals, a large amount of free iron crystals is detected in the spleen, while in the organ of control animals its amount is still small . In 10-month-old germfree rats, with the appearance of reactive centers, the zone of B-lymphocytes widens in lymphoid follicules and iron crystals integrate in the red pulp . Lymphopoiesis in the spleen of the germfree rats seems to be maintained by certain local conditions which are connected with increased haemolytic function of the organ . This produces a discharge of a large amount of the products of erythrocytosis which, like autoantigens, stimulate lymphopoiesis in the spleen even when microflora is absent in the organism, while lymphopoiesis in lymph nodes in germfree animals is sharply inhibited.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(6), 481 - 8
Influence of seed and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect in Sorghum vulgare and Crotalaria juncea; Balasubramanian A et al.; The influence of seed and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect of Sorghum vulgare and Crotalaria juncea was examined . While the quantitative occurrence of certain morphological and physiological groups of bacteria on the seeds and rhizospheres of the two plant species differed, there were similarities in the occurrence of certain physiological and nutritional groups of bacteria on the seed as well as on the rhizosphere . The occurrence of some genera of fungi on the seeds and in the rhizosphere indicated the influence of both seeds and root exudations on the rhizosphere effect . Increase in root exudations of amino acids and sugars correlated with a concomitant increase in microbial activity in the rhizosphere on the 15th day of growth in both plant species but there was a delayed effect of the exuded chemicals on the rhizosphere microflora after 30 d of plant growth.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 107, 849 - 58
Whole saliva proteases: development of methods for determination of origins; Germaine GR et al.; 1) Recognition and characterization of protease activities present in saliva by PAGE examination of substrate protein cleavage patterns appears possible . 2) BSA proteolysis by whole saliva is not due to activities present in the major gland secretions and may be due, in part, to the oral microflora.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(1), 34 - 44
Composition and properties of the actinomycete flora in a ferralitic tropical soil (oxisol)-sugar cane ecological system; Fernandez C et al.; Streptomycetes constituted about 46--48 per cent of the total aerobic microflora in the cultivated horizon of the studied ferralitic tropical soil below sugar cane plantation . This streptomycete fraction of the soil microbial community was composed of 13 (or more) species of Streptomyces (S . chromofuscus, S . chromogenus, S . diastatochromogenes, S . flavochromogenes, S . griseolus, S . nigrescens, S . phaeofaciens, S . sterilis, S . violaceus, Streptomyces sp . I--III), and Streptoverticillium (Sv . aspergilloides) . None of these organisms did occur, with detectable frequency of occurrence, in the root surface region of sugar cane . Here, in the rhizoplane, we found a numerically small population of streptomycetes (about 5 per cent of the total bacterial flora), composed of two species (Streptomyces sp . IV and S . griseorubiginosus) which were, however, not detected in soil samples.

Lab Anim, 1978 Jan, 12(1), 5 - 10
Effects of processing and gamma irradiation on the microbiological contaminants of a laboratory animal diet; Halls NA et al.; The numbers and types of microorganisms contaminating a commercially available laboratory animal diet were examined by plate-count methods at all stages of production . During the cooking and pelleting stages of manufacture there was a marked reduction in numbers of heat-labile vegetative contaminants introduced via the raw materials, and at subsequent stages plate counts at 37 and 25 degrees C corresponded closely to counts of viable aerobic bacterial endospores . It would seem that the count on the pelleted diet was determined principally by the numbers of bacterial spores being introduced with the ingredients . The response to gamma-irradiation of the innate microflora contaminating the pelleted diet was characteristic of that generally seen with populations of aerobic bacterial endospores.

Br J Nutr, 1978 Jan, 39(1), 91 - 8
The influence of the gut microflora and of dietary fibre on epithelial cell migration in the chick intestine; Rolls BA et al.; 1 . The renewal of the intestinal mucosal epithelium has been investigated in germ-free and conventional chicks given a practical chick diet and a low- and high-fibre diet, using tritiated thymidine to label the nuclei of mucosal cells undergoing division . 2 . Villus height, crypt depth and number of mitoses in the crypt were generally, although not always significantly, greater for conventional chicks than for germ-free chicks at all sites investigated in the intestine, and all became progressively lower from the upper intestine to the lower intestine . 3 . There was a linear relationship between the height of the radioactively labelled mucosal cells on the villus and the period after injection, and the rates of epithelial cell migration were higher for conventional than for germ-free chicks, the relative differences being greater in the lower intestine than the upper intestine . 4 . The inclusion of wheat bran as a source of dietary fibre had no effect on the rate of epithelial renewal, either in germ-free or conventional birds.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(4), 286 - 312
{Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soilborne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil . III . Influence of rye and rape grown as winter catch crop on the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron (author's transl)}; Lange-de la Camp M et al.; In a five-years field trial, the influence of two winter catchcrops, rye and rape, upon the incidence of Cercosporella herpotrichoides has been studied . The winter catch-crops had been repeated three times, followed either by stubble-crop or without in fall of the fourth year . The variants (blocks) had been completed by two variants without catch-crop, either carefully cultivated or overgrown with weeds . Each of the four blocks had been divided three times to be grown with three different crop sequences containing 80%, 60% (with the insusceptible corn), or 40% haulm fruit, respectively . Each of the 12 variants had been divided into two parts by continuous fallow stripe, one part being artificially infested with the pathogen in the beginning (1st winter wheat) . In the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year, only spring crops were grown, followed by winter wheat in the 5th year . The final exploration resulted in a medium to heavy degree of infection, being significantly higher in the 80% cereal crop sequence than in the 60% and 40% sequences . Concerning the catch-crops, infection in the rye variants was equal or significantly lower than in the carefully cultivated variants without catch-crop . On the other hand, infection of the rape variants had become significantly higher than that of the catch-crop-free ones, about as heavily as in the weed-infested variants . From fall 1966 to summer 1969, the development of the saprophytic soil microflora and several other edaphic parameters had been investigated . Remarkable differences in intensity of disintegration have been observed under the influence of the main crops, cereals or potatoes, respectively, but no differences could be stated resulting from the matter of disintegration--residues of rye or rape--, which might interpret the contrasting effects on the pathogen . Too, no indication for antagonistic activity of bacteria or actinomycetes has been noted . The results are compared with known facts of Cercosporella and of other soil borne pathogens . The difference in biology of Cercosporella on the one hand, and of root infecting fungi on the other hand seems to be most important to explain the results obtained.

Cancer Biochem Biophys, 1978, 3(1), 31 - 5
Evidence of epoxide hydrase activity in human intestinal microflora; Hwang KK et al.; Cholesterol-5 alpha, 6 alpha-epoxide has been implicated as an etiologic agent in human colon cancer . The epoxide is metabolized by human intestinal microflora to a product which was characterized by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography as well as combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . Chromatographic properties are identical with authentic cholestan-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol, and these results suggest that microbial epoxide hydrase activity is present in the human colon.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(4), 421 - 7
Quantitative relationships of the harmful effect of ionizing radiation on natural resistance of the organism to various infectious agents . Review of literature; Maltsev VN et al.; On the basis of an analysis of data from the literature and our own experimental results, the conclusion can be drawn that there is inverse linear dependence between the dose of irradiation and natural resistance of the organism to infection with various infectious agents . With increasing doses of irradiation, the irradiated organism is exposed to greatest risk from the part of the agents of intestinal infections and representatives of normal microflora . These are followed by agents of various diseases of microbial nature . The least decrease can be observed in resistance to viruses.

Mutat Res, 1978, 55(1), 15 - 30
Cytotoxic effects of maleic hydrazide; Swietlinska Z et al.; Since 1950, maleic hydrazide (MH) has been introduced into agriculture as a major commercial herbicide and a depressant of plant growth in numerous circumstances such as suppression of sprouting of vegetables and stored food crops, control of sucker growth on tobacco plants, ratardation of flowering and prolongation of dormancy period . Since 1951 MH has been known as an effective chromosome-breaking agent in higher plants, in sharp contrast with its low effect on the chromosomes and general health of tested mammals . The selectivity of action of MH in plants and animals was obviously the main reason of low interest devoted to the chemical by people working the field of environmental mutagenesis . In early works the inhibitory effects of MH on plant growth were mainly considered to result from the suppression of plant metabolism (inhibition of enzymic activity) and interference of the compound with plant hormones and growth regulators . More recently, numerous experiments performed with various plant species have shown that MH acts as an inhibitor of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins . Similar results have been obtained with animal tumour cells . The chromosome-breaking effect of MH on plant chromosomes resembles very closely the chromosome-breaking properties of alkylating agents and other mutagenic compounds such as mitomycin C . MH-induced chromosomal aberrations have also been recorded in grasshoppers, fish and mice, although tests with some mammalian cell lines gave negative results . Among higher plants, selective sensitivity to the toxic effects of MH is well proved . This phenomenon seems to be due to the differential ability of various plant species to detoxicate the chemical . Plants can break down MH into several products, one of which, hydrazine, is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen . MH does not seem to be toxic to bacteria and fungi . The compound is degraded by soil microflora and hence can be utilized as a source of nitrogen nutrition . MH proved to be of low toxicity to mammals, but in some instances it decreased the fertility of rats . The reported carcinogenic effects of MH in mice and rats raise the question of its risks to man.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(3), 3 - 10
{Elimination of multiple drug resistance of intestinal bacteria in white mice in vivo with proflavine and rimactan}; Todorov T et al.; Albino mice, infected with 0.4 cu . cm of 10(10) microbial cells (S . Heidelberg), were treated with proflavin (0.4 cu . cm of a 0.3% solution) and rimactan rifamycin SV (0.4 cu . cm of a 0.4% solution) . Proflavin was given singly and four times, daily, in the course of four days, and rimactan was applied four times . Given in a single dose proflavin was found to prolong twice as long the life span of albino mice infected with S . heidelberg . When injected four times it lowered considerably the mortality rate among the animals, the percent of survivals being 62 . It was shown to hinder the transmission of multidrug resistance to the normally existing intestinal microflora . It also eliminated the multidrug resistance that intestinal bacteria had acquired in the course of the first several days of drug application . The action of rifamycin proved stronger: 83% of the albino mice treated survived . It eliminated the markers of resistance--both the acquired ones and those carried by the normal recipients (intestinal bacteria)--that substantiated multidrug resistance as well as some of the markers of the donor itself (S . heidelberg).

Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1978, 3(2-4), 111 - 5
Chlorhexidine feeding and its effect on growth and intestinal microflora in rats; Kraal JH et al.; Chlorhexidine digluconate was administered to rats by incorporating the drug in drinking water and by regular gastric intubation . Incorporating the drug in the drinking water resulted in feed and water rejection . Relatively high doses (30 mg/day) could be administered over a period of 30 to 45 days without apparent effect on feed and water intake and growth . The total number of bacteria as well as the number of colony-forming units from cecal samples were determined . Chlorhexidine intake did not reduce the cultivable or total intestinal flora.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(3), 36 - 41
{Effect of several drugs and nonspecific substances on the uterine microflora of cows during the puerperal period and at the time of impregnation}; Konstantinov P et al.; A total of fifty Bulgarian Brown cows were used to test the effect of some hormonal and therapeutic preparations in combination with unspecific agents, having an irritation effect on the reticuloendothelial system, to establish their action on the quantitative and qualitative changes in the microbial flora of the uterus and the impregnantion of cows after calving . It was found that treatment after normal calving with 200,000 IU vitestrol and 20 IV hypophysin, and after rejection of the placenta with 2 g chloramphenicol, 15 g ac . citricum or sodium citrate and 0.2 g pilocarpinum hydrochloricum, coupled with the injection of 30-40 cm3 Filatov's tissue emulsion 8n the 5th day lowered the microbial count in the uterus by to 30.12% from the 1st to the 5th day and by 6.46 to 12.78% from the 10th to the 20th day . Parallel drop was established in the number of microbial species by 42% . Besides, it was noted that the cases of retentio secundinarum among the test cows and the number of cows with acute endometritis after calving decreased by 12%, on an average, the service period became shorter by 12.04 days, and the rate of conception at first insemination rose by 12% as compared with the controls.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(2-3), 671 - 9
Nutritional and toxicological properties of some raw and modified starches; Walker R et al.; Several food additives, including some raw and chemically modified starches, sorbitol and maltitol, cause caecal enlargement when fed to rodents . The onset of caecal enlargement is rapid and it is reversible when the additive is withdrawn . This poses problems in the safety evaluation of such additives, both in relation to the significance of the caecal enlargement and to the associated effects on food efficiency and nitrogen balance . The mechanisms of causation of caecal enlargement have been studied and will be discussed with particular reference to resistance of starches to enzymic hydrolysis, changes in intestinal microflora, osmotic load in the caecum, cell hyperplasia and rate of turnover of mucosal cells . Where deaths occur, these appear to be due to secondary effects such as impaired resporatory function.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(4), 283 - 5
Effects of crops on the humus accumulation process in the grey forest soils of Priangarye; Kislitsina VP et al.; The influence of a number of agricultural plants in the crop rotation on the grey forest soils in the Irkutsk Region upon the intensity of the humification process was investigated by means of microbiological and biochemical tests . The synthesis, decomposition, and the accumulation ratio of humus were concluded from the phenoloxidase activity . The cellulose-decomposing microflora and algaeflora were taken into consideration as well . The humus synthesis processes were most active in the wheat and lucerne plots, they were less effective in the fallow and virgin soils . The lack of organic matter in the permanent fallow soil cuts down the humus accumulation ratio and the counts of microorganisms . The soil cultivation intensifies the humus synthesis processes and changes the composition of microorganisms in the soil . Algae which are mainly represented by green and blue-green species are an additional source of organic substance in the soil . Decomposition of organic substances in the soil proceeds with an active participation of cellulose decomposers which are mainly represented by fungal and bacterial flora . In rare cases actinomycetes can be found . Application of mineral fertilizers intensifies the humus accumulation process and improves the qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora in all the plots under investigation.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1978, 27(3), 287 - 95
Extracellular release of organic products and growth of bacteria in Anabaena cylindrica (blue-green alga) culture; Chrost RJ et al.; The studies were made with stationary cultures of Anabaena cylindrica (blue-green alga) . The bacterial microflora accompanying blue-green algae is subject to succession and elimination in the course of growth . The bacteria are able to utilize organic products released by the blue-green algae . The products released by A . cylindrica to the environment are peptide-like compounds.

N Engl J Med, 1977 Dec 15, 297(24), 1311 - 8
Reconstitution in severe combined immunodeficiency by transplantation of marrow from an unrelated donor; O'Reilly RJ et al.; A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency received seven transplants of bone marrow from an HLA-B-compatible and HLA-D-compatible unrelated donor in an attempt to provide immunologic reconstitution . The first four transplants achieved restricted engraftment with evidence of rudimentary immunologic function . A fifth transplant, given after low-dose cyclophosphamide, produced reconstituion of cell-mediated immunity . Marrow aplasia developed after recontamination with a nonpathogenic microflora . Transplantation of marrow previously stored in liquid nitrogen was ineffective . A subsequent transplant, administered after high-dose cyclophosphamide, achieved durable engraftment, with complete hematopoietic and immunologic reconstitution . Seventeen months after transplantation, full functional engraftment persists . Graft-versus-host disease has been chronic and moderately severe, but limited to the skin and oral mucosa . Transplantation of marrow from unrelated histocompatible donors may provide a useful treatment for patients with severe combined immunodeficiency or aplastic anemia who lack a matched sibling or related donor.

J Clin Periodontol, 1977 Dec, 4(5), 1 - 12
Development of bacterial plaque in the oral cavity; Theilade J; Dental plaque may be defined as bacterial aggregations upon the teeth and other solid structures inserted in the oral cavity . It is formed by oral microorganisms which attach to the teeth in sheltered areas along the gingival margin, on the approximal surfaces, and in pits and fissures on the masticatory surfaces . The plaque increases in quantity either by multiplication of already attached organisms, or by continuous addition to the deposits of bacteria from the saliva . Structural analyses indicate that the organisms are held together in an exracellular matrix partly produced by the organisms and partly derived from saliva . The microflora of plaque is complex and shows great individual variation . There are also characteristic differences in plaque from different sites on the teeth . Thus dento-gingival plaque is qualitatively different from that of the occlusal fissures . Furthermore, the relative proportion of different types of microorganisms may vary with the age of the deposit . Such information must be taken in consideration when attempts are made to develop chemical agents for the purpose of inhibiting plaque formation in order to prevent periodontal disease and caries.

Eur J Pediatr, 1977 Nov 4, 126(4), 225 - 36
Persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea; Zoppi G et al.; Clinical, biochemical, and gastroenterological data have been examined im 48 patients in two age groups, one under 12 months of age, the other between 12 and 30 months with persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea . In these patients, the illness consisted of chronic diarrhoea which followed acute enteritis . It brought about a mild malabsorption syndrome with impairment of growth, particularly in infants under one year of age . Chronic inflammation with mucosal damage due to alteration of the intestinal microflora by inappropriate diets and therapy seemed to be the cause of persistent diarrhoea in these patients.

Vopr Pitan, 1977 Nov-Dec, (6), 32 - 6
{Cavitary and parietal digestion in the action of a toxic agent on the animal organism}; Murashko VA et al.; In rats exposed to a long-term effect of carbon disulphide vapours in concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/m3 of air subject to a dynamic study were the activity of the enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase of the small intestine mucosa and feces, the presence of protein of non-alimentary origin and of the mucus in feces, coprocytograms, this being accompanied by a histomorphological verification of the microflora . In rats exposed to the effect of carbon disulphide in concentrations of 50 and 200 mg/m3 the studies covered parietal digestion by using as substrates carbohydrates and dipeptide . The degree of pathology was found to depend on the concentration of the toxic agent and the duration of priming.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Nov, 34(5), 534 - 40
Role of estrogen in controlling the genital microflora of female rats; Larsen B et al.; Plate counts of viable bacteria recovered by lavage from rat vaginae demonstrated that the number of bacteria associated with the vaginal epithelium varied cyclically and that this pattern was abolished by ovariectomy . After ovariectomy, vaginal bacterial counts remained relatively stable at low levels . The estrogen 17beta-estradiol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol cypionate) administered to ovariectomized rats caused a significant increase in vaginal bacterial counts on day 3 post-treatment . A similar effect was seen in non-ovariectomized rats, but a larger dose of estrogen antagonist may have been present in non-ovariectomized animals . Progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione) given with estradiol diminished the effect of the estrogen on vaginal bacterial counts, but did not abolish it . Progesterone administered without estradiol had no detectable effect on vaginal bacterial counts . These findings suggested that the cyclic variation in bacterial content of rat vaginae could be explained primarily as the effect of the secretory pattern of ovarian estrogen.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Nov, 34(5), 506 - 11
Bdellovibrio and the intestinal flora of vertebrates; Westergaard JM et al.; Bdellovibrio strain MS7 force-fed to fish and frogs via an intragastric tube did not become an integral component of the intestinal microflora . Strain MS7 fed to mice in drinking water was not recovered from the intestinal tract of mice . However, in vitro, the organism multiplied in intestinal contents of frogs and mice . Bdellovibrio inoculated into rabbit ileal loops was greatly reduced in number within 24 h . It was concluded that strains MS7 could be considered nonpathogenic to animals, at least when introduced into the digestive tract, and that it is not feasible at the present time to lyse pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria in the alimentary tract with Bdellovibrio.

J Laryngol Otol, 1977 Oct, 91(10), 911 - 3
Surface tonsillar microflora versus deep tonsillar microflora in recurrent acute tonsillitis; Rosen G et al.; One hundred patients suffering from recurrent acute tonsillitis were studied . One hundred tonsils were cultured . Surface bacteria were compared to deep bacteria . In 48 per cent of the cases a different pathogen was cultured from the interior of the tonsil as compared to the surface culture . This fact may explain recurrence of tonsillitis and makes the reliability of the conventional tonsillar culture questionable . Surgical extirpation of the tonsils seems to be the only treatment since deep bacteria remain unidentified and resist the antibiotic therapy that may affect only the surface microflora.

Stomatol DDR, 1977 Oct, 27(10), 659 - 64
{The effect of various caries preventive agents on the microflora of albino rats}; Morosowa LW et al.; An experiment with 80 Wistar rats was performed to study, using cultural methods, the effect of locally and internally applied caries-preventive agents on the microbiological situation in the oral cavity and on the surface of the skin . Especially in case of combined internal and local application, fluoride-containing preparations exerted an inhibitory effect on the oral microflora that had been altered by a cariogenic diet and on the bacterial invasion of the skin . The influence of a locally applied mineral solution on bacterial growth was only insignificant.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Oct, 22(10), 938 - 40
{Use of a semisynthetic broad-spectrum penicillin (ampicillin) in surgical practice}; Salsen EF et al.; Parenterally ampicillin was used for the treatment of 87 patients with lung and abdominal diseases, liver abscesses, extremity phlegmonas, osteomyelitis and other diseases . The antibiotic was administered intravenously and intramuscularly . High efficacy of the treatment was observed in all the cases with ampicillin sensitive microflora . In some cases a satisfactory therapeutic effect was observed only with the use of ampicillin in combination with other antibiotics and aminoglycosides in particular . No side effects of the antibiotic were registered.

Clin Plast Surg, 1977 Oct, 4(4), 561 - 9
Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim; Edlich RF et al.; A comprehensive picture of the burn wound microflora is now possible as a result of recent technologic advances . The microflora of the burn wound can be characterized with respect to its number, type, location, and antibiotic sensitivity . These parameters can be measured in sufficient time to influence the decision of the burn surgeon . The microflora of the surface of the burn wound and the burn wound itself are examined separately by different sampling techniques . For the surface microflora, the gauze capillary techniques employed, while incisional biopsies are used to monitor the organisms in the burn wound . After sampling, suspensions of the specimens are created which in turn are subjected to direct microscopic measurement, quantitative culture procedures, and immediate antibiotic sensitivity testing . Histologic examination of the burn wound is performed concomitantly with this bacteriologic examination to determine the depth of bacterial invasion as well as to detect the presence of either mycotic or herpetic infections.

J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Oct, 79(2), 259 - 68
In vivo transfer of an R factor within the lower gastro-intestinal tract of sheep; Smith MG; The transfer of an R factor from donor E . coli introduced into the rumen of adult sheep to strains of the coliform microflora resident post rumen in the lower gastro-intestinal tract was found to be greatly increased when the animals were subjected to a short period of starvation (ca . 24-48 h) . This also resulted in coliform organisms containing the resistance determinants of the R factor being excreted for much longer periods, sometimes for months afterwards . As no antibiotic treatment was given to the animals during these experiments, possession of the R factor should have conferred no selective advantages on the host cells and other plasmids could possibly be transferred similarly in vivo in sheep or other ruminants and perhaps also within the gut of monogastric animals.

Folia Vet Lat, 1977 Oct-Dec, 7(4), 341 - 57
Experimental results of the use of flavofosfolipol in dairy cattle; Ruffo G et al.; In a field trial carried out on a farm with about 100 dairy cows, half of the animals were treated orally with 45 mg flavofosfolipol per animal daily for 370 days, while the other half were untreated controls . The administration of the flavofosfolipol did not produce any residues in the milk . Body functions and fertility were not affected . Milk production was increased, although not with statistical significance . The qualitative characteristics of the milk and its cheese-making properties were normal . The casein content was increased by 6.58% over that of the controls, and thus was statistically significant . There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean cell content of the milk . The high negative correlation between the casein level and the cell content of the milk suggests that an improvement in the function of the mammary parenchyma could be responsible for the higher casein content . This improvement in function could also be due to a favourable effect of the antibiotic, still to be clarified, on the ruminal microflora . In economic terms the use of flavofosfolipol in dairy cattle seems to be of considerable interest.

J Exp Zool, 1977 Oct, 202(1), 121 - 8
Regulation of the bacterial microflora of the vagina in cyclic female rats; Koiter TR et al.; The bacterial microflora was examined in the vagina of cyclic female rats kept under normal laboratory conditions . Large variations occurred during the cycle with high numbers of bacteria (10(5)-10(8) per vagina) during proestrus and estrus and low numbers (10(1)-10(4) per vagina) during the diestrus period . Histological analysis of in situ vaginal tissue and transplanted vaginal tissue revealed an association of high bacterial numbers with the presence of large amounts of cellular debris in the vaginal lumen during the period of epithelial keratinization . Absence of phagocytosis in leucocytes at mestestrus suggested that leucocytes did not play an active role in reduction of bacterial numbers between estrus and metestrus . Accurate measurement of the pH in the vaginal lumen failed to reveal differences which could explain the reduction in bacterial numbers between estrus and metestrus . The cyclic changes in the bacterial population-consisting of species which are normally present in the intestinal flora-- seem to be controlled by cyclic changes in the amounts of cellular debris in the vaginal lumen.

Am Fam Physician, 1977 Sep, 16(3), 137 - 41
The tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy dilemma; McCurdy JA Jr; Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the U.S . Considerable controversy surrounds this operation because all previous studies have demonstrated experimental flaws that compromise the value of the findings . While an apparent immunologic deficit following T&A has been demonstrated, the clinical significance of this finding is unknown . Normal humoral antibody responses are found after surgery and no increase in clinically apparent viral infection has been shown . T&A consistently normalizes pharyngeal microflora.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Aug 25, 499(1), 67 - 72
{Action of the microbial flora of the digestive tract on the biosynthesis of cholic acid in the rat (author's transl)}; Sacquet E et al.; Axenic and holoxenic (conventional) rats were fed a diet containing trace amounts of {2,4-3H}cholic and {24-14C}chemodeoxycholic acids . In the feces of both groups of rats, the percentage of labelled bile acids which were 3H-labelled was slightly different . In the experimental conditions used, the intestinal microflora only slightly modified the synthesis of 12alpha-hydroxylated bile acids.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Aug, (8), 37 - 41
{Change in the normal microflora of the intestinal tract of rats in the process of their decontamination}; Blinova NI et al.; The authors studied a possibility of decontamination of animals by using antibiotics and a sterile diet, and also a combination of both methods . A reduction of the species composition of the intestinal microbial flora was noted in rats on sterile diet kept under conditions limiting the penetration of microbes into the organism from the external environment . Its greatest rarefaction -- practically to individual species -- was observed when the antibiotics were used in combination with a partial gnotobiotic isolation . In studying the action of antibiotics on the bacterial flora it is recommended to use the gnotobiotic isolation chamber to prevent the entrance of vulgar microbial flora from the surrounding environment.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jul, 34(1), 80 - 7
Spatial relationship of the vaginal microflora to the vaginal epithelium of female rats: scanning electron microscopy; Larsen B et al.; The vaginal mucosa of ovariectomized female rats has been examined by scanning electron microscopy before and after estrogen {1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol} treatment . Without estrogen stimulation vaginal colonization is minimal and the epithelium is characterized by a layer of epithelial cells covered with small microvillous-like projections . Progressive changes that were consistent with estrogenic cytoproliferative effects were seen after estrogen treatment . By post-treatment day 3 bacterial colonization was maximal and the epithelium was comprised of flat squamous cells that tended to become detached from the underlying tissue layers . Bacteria were seen in association with the intercellular borders of this tissue and occurred singly or as microcolonies . No distinct physical attachment structures were identified, although an amorphous extracellular material that may serve to attach the bacteria to the squamous epithelial cells was frequently seen.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 609 - 13
{Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial microflora from the sputum of children with acute pneumonia}; Zadvorniak PV; Bacteriological analysis of sputum of 598 children with acute pneumonia was performed . Sensivity of 1348 cultures belonging to 8 bacterial species with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, neomycin and monomycin was determined . It was shown that the sputum microflora was often resistant to the antibiotics widely used in the medical practice for prolonged periods of time, such as benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines . However, it usually remained sunsitive to neomycin, monomycin, erythromycin and oleandomycin . It was found that antibioticogrammes defining the antibiotic choice were of great significance for therapy of acute pneumonia.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 Jun 6, 284(21), 2135 - 8
{Influence of dietary lactose on the development of lactase activity in the digestive tract of the pig}; Aumaitre A et al.; Lactase activity has been measured in the pancreas, the small and large intestine of 79 pigs varying in age from 6-7 months . The endogenous enzyme level fluctuated along the small intestine but the activity did not vary according to the level of lactose fed in the diet either just after weaning or from 25 to 100 kg of live weight . Measurements performed in the content of the intestine showed that lactose could be digested by the enzymes of the microflora mostly active in the ileum, the caecum and the large intestine.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1977 Jun 1, 102(11), 690 - 5
{Experiments in animals (author's transl)}; van der Gulden WJ; Experiments in laboratory animals are designed to safeguard patients and subjects from possible injury which might be caused by an experiment . It is also expected, however, that results will be more rapidly obtainable, more accurate and more reliable in laboratory animals . Since the beginning of the twentieth century, small animals in particular have been adapted for research by standardization of the genetic pattern, the microflora, the feed and the environment . This was primarily done for the benefit of particular forms of research; subsequently, the need of adapted experimental animals for all research in behalf of medicine, biology, public health and veterinary medicine was recognized . A number of future developments in the field of experimental studies in animals are the following: standardization of large animals such as monkeys, increasing attention devoted to the choice of the animal model and to controlling the conditions in which an experiment is carried out and the coming into operation of the Experiments in Animals Act . These developments will require increasing expertness and close co-operation between investigators, laboratory animal scientists and animal technicians.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1977 Jun, 58(6), 1835 - 6
Effect of intestinal microflora suppression on liver carcinogenicity of dimethylnitrosamine in Syrian hamsters; Love LA et al.; Liver tumors induced by dimethylnitrosamine showed an increased incidence in Syrian hamsters with intestinal microflora suppressed by antibiotics, as compared with the incidence in animals not treated with antibiotics . The possible mechanisms, including metabolic alterations caused by changes in the normal microflora population, were discussed.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1977 May 15, 26(10), 943 - 6
Effects of neomycin on the biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of mestranol and 17beta-oestradiol; Brewster D et al.; PIP: The continued circulation of free steroids depends on their resorption from the gut following the hydrolysis of biliary conjugates . In this study, the bile duct of female Wistar albino rats was cannulated . Animals receiving labeled steroids or labeled bile intraductally also had the duodenum fitted with a cannula connected with a dosing syringe . In neomycin-treated rats, recirculation was impaired up to 50% . The deconjugation of mestranol and estradiol biliary conjugates was shown in vitro uponiincubation with rat caecal microorganisms, and the inhibition of such hydrolysis by neomycin was observed in vitro . Neomycin pretreatment reduced the biliary excretion of mestranol and estradiol after intraductal administration . It was thought that suppression of the gut microflora by neomycin was a major factor in the impairment of the intrahepatic circulation of mestranol and estradiol metabolites . This effect may be important regarding the half-life of estrogenic compounds of the contraceptive pill .

Am J Surg . 1977 May;133(5):649.
Effect of bowel preparation on small bowel microflora and postoperative wound infection; Parker TH et al.; A method of wound closure utilizing continuous wound compression and suction decompression of the subcutaneous space is described . This method has reduced the incidence of wound complication in the diverse population of patients in whom it has been utilized.

Ciba Found Symp, 1977 Apr 26-28, (46), 55 - 75
Significance of immune mechanisms in relation to enteric infections of the gastrointestinal tract in animals; Porter P et al.; The impact of bacterial colonization on the alimentary tract in early life is reflected in gross changes in morphology . Subsequent health, if not survival, may largely be determined by a continuum of local intestinal immune mechanisms and it is essential for antibody development during the neonatal period to compensate adequately for declining passive maternal antibody . Consequent upon the development of the gut microflora the lamina becomes infiltrated with immunocytes in which the dominant immunoglobulins produced are IgM and IgA . Both immunoglobulins are transported across the epithelium by a process involving membrane-bound vesicles . Germ-free and fistulated pigs and calves are shown to be able to respond to oral immunization with Escherichia coli O somatic antigens during the first week of life . Resistance to infection with enteropathogenic E . coli was significantly enhanced, along with other parameters of nutrition and performance . However, in the young chick, although the intestinal response to infection with E . coli was similar to that in the mammal, no response to E . coli O antigens could be determined on oral administration in germ-free or local intestinal applications in fistulated birds . In the mammalian intestine secretory antibodies participate in the control of pathogenic E . coli by blocking adhesion to the mucosal epithelium, interfering with the elaboration of surface antigens, inhibiting toxins, and facilitating rapid elimination from the alimentary tract by agglutination and bacteriostasis . In consequence fewer enteropathogens are excreted into the environment, an important feature in modern intensive systems of animal production.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 777 - 83
Muramic acid as a measure of microbial biomass in estuarine and marine samples; King JD et al.; Muramic acid, a component of the muramyl peptide found only in the cell walls of bacteria and blue-green algae, furnishes a measure of detrital or sedimentary procaryotic biomass . A reproducible assay involving acid hydrolysis, preparative thin-layer chromatographic purification, and colorimetric analysis of lactate released from muramic acid by alkaline hydrolysis is described . Comparison of semitropical estuarine detritus, estuarine muds, and sediments from anaerobic Black Sea cores showed muramic acid levels of 100 to 700 microng/g (dry weight), 34 microng/g, and 1.5 to 14.9 microng/g, respectively . Enzymatic assays of lactate from muramic acid gave results 10- to 20-fold higher . Radioactive pulse-labeling studies showed that {14C}acetate is rapidly incorporated into muramic acid by the detrital microflora . Subsequent loss of 14C, accompanied by nearly constant levels of total muramic acid, indicated active metabolism in procaryotic cell walls.

Cancer, 1977 Apr, 39(4 Suppl), 1815 - 9
Diet and metabolism: large-bowel cancer; Reddy BS et al.; Epidemiological data demonstrate that colon cancer incidence is associated mainly with high dietary fat consumption . Studies in metabolic epidemiology indicate that high fat intake influences both the amount and type of bile acids and neutral sterols and intestinal microflora acting on these compounds which may contain tumorigenic activity for the colon . This is compatible with the results of studies comparing populations with high or low risk for the colon cancer and patients with colon cancer.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 817 - 23
Alternative model and approach for determining microbial heterotrophic activities in aquatic systems; Dietz AS et al.; Increasing amounts of high-specific-activity tritiated organic compounds were added to samples of several natural waters such that in situ substrate concentrations might be approximated . The uptake responses by the native heterotrophic microflora suggested that (i) heterotrophic populations metabolize the added nutrients, but (ii) these responses are not necessarily a reflection of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics . The uptake kinetics appeared to be due to dilution of the naturally occurring metabolite by added radioactive substrate and physiological responses of the microflora to organic enrichment.

Surgery, 1977 Apr, 81(4), 469 - 72
Identification of the presence and type of biliary microflora by immediate gram stains; Keighley MR et al.; Immediate gram stains were performed on gallbladder bile aspirated at the start of an operation for biliary disease in 191 consecutive patients undergoing elective biliary surgery . The results of the gram stains were telephoned to the operating theater within 20 minutes of collection . The over-all accuracy rate of the telephone gram stain reports compared with the subsequent bile cultures was 77 percent . The incidence of false-positive results was 12 percent, and false-negative results were recorded in 7 percent . The organism was identified wrongly by the gram stain in 4 percent of patients . These results have improved with experience and the over-all accuracy rate of gram stains on bile over the last 6 months have been 87 percent.

J Chromatogr, 1977 Mar 21, 133(2), 327 - 34
Isolation and purification of lithocholic acid metabolites produced by the intestinal microflora; Kelsey MI et al.; Lithocholic acid metabolites produced by the intestinal microflora of rats can be isolated from other endogenous lipids using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography . Analyses of individual metabolites collected from the column by silica gel coated glass fiber paper chromatography result in the resolution of epimeric 3-hydroxy derivatives . In addition, glass fiber paper chromatography is more sensitive and requires less development time than conventional glass-coated thin-layer plates . Further confirmation of the identity of metabolites is achieved by gas-liquid chromatography, which separates both methyl and ethyl esters of lithocholic and isolithocholic acids.

Br J Nutr, 1977 Mar, 37(2), 285 - 7
The true absorption of cyst(e)ine from the ovine small intestine; Elliott R et al.; Na234SO4 was infused into the rumen of a sheep fed a dried grass diet . 2 . The digesta at the pylorus which contained 35S-labelled cyst(e)ine synthesized by the rumen microflora was collected and mixed with chromium EDTA . This material was infused into the duodenum of 35S free sheep . 3 . Ileal digesta was subsequently collected and analysed for cyst(e)ine 35S and Cr . 4 . The proportion of the labelled cyst(e)ine truly absorbed from the small intestine was 0-72 +/- 0-004.

Chirurg, 1977 Mar, 48(3), 161 - 5
{Preoperative reduction of intestinal bacteria through orthograde lavage of the large intestine}; Stock W et al.; The orthograde colon lavage, suggested by Crapp, is a new method for the preoperative preparation of the colon . On the day prior to surgery, the sitting patient receives for 4 h through a stomach probe, 101 of physiological saline solution warmed up to 37 degrees C . The result is a complete evacuation of the bowel . If a bactericidal antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity (neomycin) is added, the suppression of the microflora amounts to 92% . The regeneration of the intestinal flora could be observed after a few days . A complete evacuation of the colon is guaranteed by this procedure, so that all operations can be performed under optimal conditions . From the clinical as well as from the microbiological point of view this method is without any risk . -- The orthograde colon lavage is indicated in every case of colon, rectum and anal surgery, but it is contraindicated in patients with highly stenosing tumors.

Sci Total Environ, 1977 Mar, 7(2), 131 - 43
Evaluation of the toxic effect of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4 ions on the growth of mixed microbial population of activated sludges; Cenci G et al.; The effect has been studied of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4 ions on the growth and enzymatic activity of mixed microflora from activated sludges . Both ions tested significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms, estimated by means of the optical density, and the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was significantly greater than that of Cd(CN)2-4 at the same mass and molar concentrations . There was also inhibition of the maximum uptake rate of glucose, but in this case there were no statistically significant differences between the inhibitory effect of the corresponding mass and molar concentrations of Cd2+ and Cd(CN)2-4.

Vopr Pitan, 1977 Mar-Apr, (2), 59 - 63
{Characteristics of the microflora of food products from the southwest zone of Kazakhstan}; Nikov PS et al.; The question as to the prevalence of toxigenic microscopic fungi in foodstuffs originating in Kazakhstan is but little studied . In particular, no information on the microflora in the products coming from the south-western areas of the republic are available . The paper brings forth the results consequent upon the study of the problem in the Guriev and Dzhambul regions typical of this area . Microflora in 317 samples of various foodstuffs (wheat grains, flour and mealy products, rice, husket millet, dried meat, etc.) taken in rural families was studied by conventional methods . A highly frequent and intensive contamination of the vegetable and animal products with micomycetes, among which a definite prevalence of the species belonging to genus Aspergillus was noted . Aspergilli were represented mainly by the species known by their toxigenicity (A . flavus, A . fumigatus, A . candidus, A . niger, A . versicolor and others) . A conclusion is drawn as to a potential hazard of mycotoxicoses arising in the south-western part of Kazakhstan . Recommendations for instituting preventive measures are given.

Transplant Proc, 1977 Mar, 9(1), 147 - 54
Bone marrow transplantation; van Bekkum DW; Improvements in the results of bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of SCID may be expected by employing purified stem-cell concentrates for patients who do not have a compatible sibling available . Refinements in the purification technique and its monitoring are required, however . For the same category of patients it seems worthwhile to continue attempts at restoration with liver cells from fetuses less than 12 weeks of age . In addition, full protection against infections should be provided for patients expected to develop GVHD, and, therefore, such patients should only be treated in centers where reverse isolation and bacteriologic decontamination can be performed . In view of the rarity of the disease, transplanters should agree on a limited number of graft protocols . For the treatment of bone marrow aplasia, attempts to identify the factors that can serve to predict the occurrence of GVHD in compatible host-donor sibling pairs should be continued . Only when the patients who will develop GVHD can be recognized in advance will it be feasible to fully exploit available GVHD reductive measures . In particular the role of the intestinal microflora should be investigated in this respect . Experimental evidence is presented, suggesting an aggravating influence of microflora on GVHD lesions, which are primarily induced by histocompatibility reactions . For such studies with incompatible siblings, the dog is the best available animal model . For the selective isolation of hemopoietic stem cells for transplantation purposes (as one means of reducing GVHD), methods for rapid identification of stem cells and immune competent cells, respectively, have to be developed . In leukemia, more research is necessary on the factors that play a role in the late complications of bone marrow transplantation . The toxicity of aggressive regimens employed in the eradication of the leukemia should be further analyzed . The collection of autologous normal hemopoietic stem cells from leukemic patients as introduced by Dicke et al . warrants further exploration to see whether these cells may replace the allogeneic transplantation procedure, thus avoiding all the complications generally encountered in GVHD . For all three diseases, it is extremely important to develop a method for the selection of compatible donors among unrelated individuals, because this will at least double the number of candidates for therapeutic bone marrow transplantation . Current progress in histocompatibility typing in the rhesus monkey and the dog makes these species excellent models for such investigations.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1977 Mar, 58(3), 787 - 90
Role of bacterial microflora in development of intestinal lesions from graft-versus-host reaction; van Bekkum DW et al.; Acute secondary disease was induced in (C57BL X CBA)F1 mice by transplanting CBA bone marrow and spleen cells following lethal whole-body irradiation . The lesions of graft-versus-host (GvH) disease were scored quantitatively by counting of degenerated crypts in subcutaneous fetal gut implants that were free of bacteria . In conventional F1 mice the damage in F1 fetal gut was twice as great as in F1 fetal gut implants carried by decontaminated chimeras . CBA fetal gut implants developed substantial damage when present in conventional chimeras, but not when present in decontaminated chimeras . These results could be explained by assuming the presence of cross-reacting antigens on intestinal bacteria and in the gut epithelial tissue . They also explained the profound protection against delayed GvH mortality provided by removal of the intestinal microflora.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Feb, (2), 100 - 4
{Role of mother's milk in the development of intestinal microflora in newborn infants}; Gorodnichenko LI et al.; A study was made of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microbial flora in neonates the first 4 days after birth, depending on the type of feeding (crude and sterilized maternal milk) . As soon as the 1st day after birth there was revealed a greater bacterial contamination of the neonatal intestine fed with sterilized milk in comparison with with the children given crude maternal milk . It is suggested that the existing order of feeding neonates devoid of maternal milk should be revised.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(4), 340 - 4
A correlation between the dissipation of insecticides and rhizosphere microflora of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; Kandasamy D et al.; A study to understand the relationship between the dissipation of aldicarb and disulfoton in the rhizosphere region of bhendi and the microbial population revealed a negative correlation between the fungal and Azotobacter population and the residues of both insecticides . However, no definite correlation could be recorded between the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes and the residues of the insecticides.

Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(3), 45 - 53
{Sources of microbial contamination in the production of veal}; Pavlov A; Investigated was the microflora of various objects contributing to the contamination of veal during the process of its production . It was found that the main sources of primary contamination of the carcass surface with microorganisms are the hair coat, residual mud on the hoofs, intestinal contents of the calves for slaughter, the slaughter premise itself (walls, floor, air), tools used in slaughter (knives, axes for cutting open), clothing for work as well as the hands of the workers . The microbial contamination of the objects studied during work proved strong, in some cases the log value of the total count of organisms for some of them reaching up to 8.90, of the psychrophiles--up to 7.91, of the coliform bacteria--up to 7.04, of the moulds and yeasts--up to 6.08 . Disinfection with 1 per cent water solution of Vosfasteril lowered the contamination of the objects studied by more than 99 per cent . The detergent used produced a high bactericidal effect and could successfully be employed at the meat producing enterprises throughout the country.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(2), 148 - 54
{The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation . 3 . Interactions between modified populations of micro-organisms and the decomposition of plants for green-manure in comparison to the decomposition of straw (author's transl)}; Hoflich G; The possibilities to influence the decomposition of straw and lucerne by fungicidal, bactericida and total acting microbiocides, respectively, were tested comparatively . Total or fungicidal acting substances caused the heaviest inhibition of decomposition at both the organic matters . The efficiency of active ingredients was greater at straw than at lucerne . The reason of the different inhibiting effects is that the lucerne which is easy to decompose and rich in protein can be decomposed alone by the physiologically active bacteria, which are resistant to active ingredients . That means the decomposition of lucerne takes place without the help of fungi . However, the fungi sensible to the active ingredients play a more important role in the straw decomposition . Therefore substances with permanent fungicidal effects are sufficient for the inhibition of straw decomposition . Inhibiting the decomposition of greenmanure presumes permanent acting fungicidal and bactericidal substances . Such substances are not available at present . Systemic fungicides did not influence the decomposition of plants for green-manure due to their limited scope of activity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(1), 67 - 74
{The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation . II . Correlations between a changed population of micro-organisms and the degradation of straw (author's transl)}; Hoflich G; Fungi are of precedent importance for the decomposition of straw in comparison with bacteria and actinomycetes . Several genera and species are able to replace one another . For the fungi, by biocides easier reduced than other kinds of organisms, an inhibition of the decomposition of straw by application of fungicides is possible . An unrestricted or promoted flora of bacteria is not able to replace a restricted flora of fungi . The decomposition of straw cannot be stopped completely . Certain types of fungi locate in higher quantities as a result of the elimination of the competition by bacteria and in dependence on the used antibiotic . Then the special intensity of the decomposition of straw depends on the cellulase-activity of the in each case located fungi . In order to stop the decomposition of straw completely it is necessary to inhibit both the physiologically active bacteria (pseudomonads and bacteria) and the fungi for a longer period of time . Combinations of bactericides and fungicides can bring about synergistic decomposition retarding effects . A persistent stimulation of the straw-decomposition by application of active substances was not successful.

Arch Dis Child, 1977 Jan, 52(1), 74 - 6
Use of a simple duodenal capsule to study upper intestinal microflora; Gracey M et al.; The upper intestinal microflora was studied in 10 malnourished Indonesian children using the paediatric Enterotest Capsules . Trophozoites of Giardia lamblia were found in 2 specimens, profuse fungal mycelia in 3, and ascaris worms and eggs in 1 . In 9 patients an abnormally profuse small intestinal bacterial flora was found . Provided precautions are taken to exclude artefactual contamination of the line on its withdrawal, this is a safe and simple method for studying the upper gut flora which could be applied to field conditions since it does not require radiological facilities.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(5-6), 573 - 92
{Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soil-borne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil . II . Influence of a second crop cultivation one the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani (author's transl}; Naumann K et al.; In a more years-lasting field trial the influence of a second crop cultivation of rye and rape in winter time on the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn on potato or mustard as indicator plants was studied . The second crops were ploughed in during spring time . On part of the trial was artificially infested by this causal agent . Three crop rotations with different proportions of host plants (potato) were compared . The results obtained demonstrate the following: 1 . On the part of experimental area arficially infested the incidence rate was higher for 3 till 4 years than on the control plots, but later it became equally to the control one, which also was very high (approximately 50) . 2 . In the last very dry year (1969) the disease developed only a little . 3 . The second crop cultivation decreased the incidence of R . solani in 7 (rye) or 8 (rape) of 10 cases, but mostly the rate of decreasing was low . 4 . A high weed density induced by a diminished mechanical cultivation increased the incidence of R . solani at the end of the experiment (1969), specially in the rotation with 80% host plants . 5 . The number of soil bacteria, the respiration rate, and partly also the activity of dehydrogenase and the soil acidity were increased by green manuring of the second crop, however, the number of the actinomycetes, and the cellulolytic activity didn't be influenced remarkably . 6 . The second crop cultivation ist nounced as a measure stimulating the soil fertiligy and discussed in connection with the microbial processes taking place in soil.

Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(7), 55 - 61
{Microbiological control of sterilized canned fish}; Todorov I; Biologic investigation was carried out in 1974 and 1975 of a total of 1,393, tins of sterilized canned fish belonging to 14 assortments . The tins were kept in a thermostat at 37 degrees C for 70 days, and the bacteriologically seeded material was cultured at 37 degrees C for 10 days for the presence of mesophylic bacteria, and at 56 degrees C for 5 days for the presence of thermophylic bacteria . The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1 . Thermostat storing of tins for 5--6 day-and-night periods at 37 degrees C makes it possible to detect all tins that are nonsterile . 2 . Culturing of seeded material under the specified conditions makes it possible to establish the presence of residual microflora in the tins of fish . 3 . Both procedures referred to could successfully meet the requirements of the modern production of sterilized canned fish and of the microbiologic control.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1977, 27(6), 1162 - 6
{Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of grandiflorenic acid {kauradien-9(11),16-oic acid-18} / 2nd communication (author's transl)}; Neidlein R et al.; 6 metabolites are formed by incubation of grandiflorenic acid (GFA) with rat liver microsomes . 79% of GFA are metabolized after i.p . application to rats; 11 biotransformation products are found in faeces, the main excretion way . They are conjugated to glucuronic acid . Gut microflora is involved in these metabolic reactions . The structure of three metabolites is proved by IR-, MS- and NMR-spectroscopies.

Br Poult Sci, 1977 Jan, 18(1), 79 - 84
Effects on germ-free and conventional quail of substituting isolated soya protein for free amino acids in a purified diet; Coates ME et al.; 1 . Germ-free and conventional Japanese quail reared on a diet in which the nitrogen was supplied solely in the form of free amino acids grew well, but growth was significantly better in both environments when some of the amino acids were replaced by an equivalent quantity of isolated soya protein . 2 . Although the small intestine was shorter in the birds given the soya protein supplement, its weight per unit of length was greater; histological examination suggested that its circumference and wall thickness were both increased . 3 . Results of a small experiment with conventional quail given the diets marked with 14C-polyethylene glycol indicated that the free amino acid diet passed through the gut more rapidly than the supplemented diet . 4 . It was concluded that the growth-promoting effect of the isolated soya protein was unrelated to the activities of the gut microflora but might be due to changes in the digestive and absorptive capacities of the small intestine induced by the different physical nature of the supplemented diet.

Arkh Patol, 1977, 39(12), 45 - 51
{Electron microscopic study of the dynamics of experimental pyocyaneus pneumonia in the presence of severe burn injury}; Vtiurin BV et al.; Under conditions of a severe burn trauma the experimental P . aeruginosa pneumonia is accompanied by marked destructive changes of all the elements of the hemato-aerial barrier and its increased permeability . At the same time, because of sharp inhibition of the intracellular lysis of bacteria in all elements of the pulmonary reticuloendothelial system, a long-term retention of the pathogenic microflora in the pulmonary tissue is observed . The combination of these factors results in microflora invasion of the blood channel of the lungs, and in this way the lungs acquire an important role as additional portals of entry of infection in severe burn trauma.

Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 117 - 20
{Tetracycline inactivation by magnesium sulfate in testing for microbial contamination by the membrane filtration method}; Klimova NE et al.; It was shown that the residual amounts of tetracyclines adsorbed on membrane filters may be inactivated by addition of 2M magnesium sulphate solution to the agar for placing the filters after filtration . The antibiotic inactivation increases the possibilities of the test for antibiotic sensitivity of the microflora present in the drugs and may be used in determination of microbial dissmination of non-injection tetracyclines.

Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 113 - 7
{Method of membrane filtration for determining the sterility and microbial contamination of antibiotics}; Klimova NE et al.; During membrane filtration antibiotics belonging to different chemical groups are strictly absorbed on the filters . When the filters are put into liquid thioglycol medium, the residual amounts of the antibiotics on the filters did not prevent the growth of sensitive microflora experimentally added to the drug . When the filter was put onto solid nutrient medium, only resistant forms of the microbes grew as a rule on its surface, the amount of the grown microbes being 26--43 per cent of the added one . The sensitive microbes grew only in the amount of 0.3--1.3 per cent . Subsequently the residues of the antibiotic adsorbed on the filter inhibited the growth of the sensitive and partially resistant microflora.

Folia Vet Lat, 1977 Jan-Mar, 7(1), 1 - 16
Maize silage: incidence of moulds during conservation; Pelhate J; The basic principle of silage making--preservation under anaerobiosis--is recognized . With this environment the substrate can harbour a spontaneous and active microflora that can be divided into two sequential phases; a bacterial phase followed by a yeast phase . The imperfections of the techniques used in making silage, however, frequently result in invasion by fungi . The moulds that are responsible for serious changes (loss of nutrients, mycotoxins) are classified into a dozen characteristic divisions (species or groups of ecologically related species) . These appear in a definite chronological order and form a relatively simple model of the development of the flora . This dynamic transformation can also be utilized profitably to determine the quality of the fodder and estimate the storage life . A simple mycological puncture analysis reveals in fact the stage reached in the fixed sequence, and the results enable extrapolations to be made regarding the history and the future of the material . It is also hoped that a better knowledge of the biotope will lead to complete control of the floral equilibrium, good conservation and high quality foodstuffs.

Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 181 - 4
{Effect of bificol on the intestinal microflora of chronic colitis patients working in antiboitic prodiction}; Vil'shanskaia FL et al.; Data on the use of bificol, a new Soviet preparation, and its effect on the intestine microflora of patients with chronic colitis occupied in production of penicillin are presented . It was shown that by the 28th day of the preparation use the level of the intestine bacteria in the patients' intestine reliably increased . The number of immobile strains decreased from 67.6 to 36.6 per cent . Bifidoflora normalized by the 14th day of the treatment . Some clinical inprovement, i.e . stool normalization, lessening of the stomach pain, increased appetite were observed by the 4th--5th day of the treatment with bificol . On the basis of the microbiological and clinical data it was shown that treatment of the patients with chronic colitis in antibiotic production should continue for at least 28 days and in individual cases for longer periods of time . It is recommended to use the preparation in 10 doses a day divided into 2 parts.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 81 - 5
{Effect of polymyxin M on intestinal microorganisms of gnotobiotic chicks}; Moskalik RS et al.; The effect of polymyxin M on the microflora artifically introduced into the digestive tract of gnotobiotic chickens was studied . It was found that polymyxin M caused dysbacteriosis in the digestive tract . Reduction of the impaired biocenosis after discontinuation of polymyxin use was rapid and practically complete.

Biol Bull, 1976 Dec, 151(3), 487 - 517
Observations on the feeding mechanism, diet and digestive physiology of Histriobdella homari Van Beneden 1858: an aberrant polychaete symbiotic with North American and European lobsters; Jennings JB et al.; 1 . The aberrant annelid Histriobdella homari (Polychaeta:Eunicida) lives in the branchial chambers of the marine lobsters Homarus americanus and H . vulgaris where it feeds on the rich microflora of bacteria, blue-green algae and related organisms which grow on the inner surface of the branchial chamber, the setae fringing the edges of the carapace, the gill filaments and, especially, the surfaces and setae of the epipodite plates between the gills . H . homari, therefore, is to be regarded as an epizoic microphagous cleaning symbiote of the lobsters . 2 . The alimentary canal consists of mouth, buccal cavity, oesophagus, proventriculus, stomach, intestine and anus . The much-modified proboscis lies ventrally below the oesophagus and proventriculus, with its anterior portions protruding into the rear of the buccal cavity . 3 . The proboscis consists of two fixed parallel mandibles, a transverse carrier which slides upon the mandibles and to which is attached, posteriorly, a median flexible dorsal rod and, anteriorly, four pairs of movable articulated maxillae, paired external and internal retractor muscles and various tensor, flexor and extensor muscles . 4 . Contraction of the retractor muscles withdraws the carrier and maxillae posteriorly, causing bowing of the dorsal rod which is fixed at its posterior end . Relaxation of the muscles allows the rod to straighten and, thus, causes protraction of the carrier and protraction and lateral expansion of the maxillae . Contraction and relaxation of the relaxation of the retractor muscles are supplemented by appropriate changes in the other muscular components of the proboscis . 5 . During feeding the serrated anterior ends of the mandibles are applied to the food, the maxillae are fully expanded and then dawn ventro-posteriorly toward the mid-line by contraction of the retractor muscles in the effective movement of the feeding mechanism . This draws the food organisms across the anterior ends of the mandibles, detaching them from the substratum and allowing their ingestion by ciliary action . The first pair of maxillae are also capable of independent action and can be used while the remainder of the proboscis apparatus is held in the protracted position . 6 . Detached microorganisms are entangled in a sticky mucous secretion from the salivary glands; other salivary secretions provide a transport medium for the clumped particles and a third set contain C-esterases which initiate digestion . 7 . Ingested food is held briefly in the proventriculus, then passed to the stomach where gland cells secrete A- and C-esterases which continue and extend the digestion initiated by the salivary C-esterases . 8 . Some soluble products of gastric digestion are taken up by absorptive cells in the stomach wall and their digestion is completed intracellularly by enzymes which include beta-glucuronidase . Others pass into the intestine for absorption and completion of digestion by cells similar to the gastric absorptive cells but which lack beta-glucuronidase...

Br J Surg, 1976 Dec, 63(12), 969 - 72
An elemental diet as preoperative preparation of the colon; Gurry JF et al.; In a study comparing patients prepared for colonic surgery with an elemental diet (Vivonex) with a control group there was no significant difference in incidence of wound infection or other complications between groups . Furthermore, there was no change in the population levels of the colonic microflora nor were the numbers of species decreased after 2-4 days on the diet . Although in most cases aiding in the mechanical preparation of the colon, the elemental diet has not been shown to confer any other advantage.

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