Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1984 Feb, 92(1), 71 - 2 Genetic and phenotypic characteristics of a new group of Campylobacter isolated from pigs and cattle; Ursing J et al.; Five intestinal strains of Campylobacter isolated from pigs and cattle are described . The strains grew in anaerobic as well as in micro-aerobic environment; they were catalase positive and resistant to nalidixic acid but sensitive to cephalothin and metronidazole . They had a mean G+C content of 35.4 mol % . DNA-DNA-hybridizations showed that the group was homogeneous: about 50% related to C . fetus ss fetus and less than 25% related to other Campylobacter species. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 19(2), 298 - 9 Improved preservation medium for Campylobacter jejuni; Nair GB et al.; An egg-based medium was found to be superior to the conventional Wang transport medium and the recently developed biphasic medium for the preservation of Campylobacter jejuni in the laboratory . Strains of C . jejuni preserved in egg-based medium maintained at 4 degrees C were viable for over 3 months . The survival of C . jejuni in egg-based medium held at room temperature (27 +/- 2 degrees C) was also relatively longer than in Wang transport medium and biphasic medium. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 19(2), 169 - 71 Blood-free selective medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from feces; Bolton FJ et al.; A blood-free selective agar is described which contains charcoal, ferrous sulfate, sodium pyruvate, casein hydrolysates, cefazolin, and sodium deoxycholate (CCD agar) . CCD agar was compared with Preston medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from human feces, and isolation rates were similar on both media, but CCD agar was less selective . Temperature studies at 37 and 42 degrees C confirmed that incubation of direct plates at 42 degrees C for 48 h was necessary for maximum isolation of C . jejuni. Am J Med, 1984 Feb, 76(2), 321 - 3 Acute erosive reactive arthritis associated with Campylobacter jejuni-induced colitis; Ebright JR et al.; A case of acute erosive, reactive arthritis following Campylobacter jejuni-induced ulcerative colitis is presented . This is the 12th such case reported in the literature and the first in which destructive lesions of periarticular bone are demonstrated . A review of the literature suggests that reactive arthritis associated with C . jejuni infection is similar to that following other invasive types of bacterial diarrhea and is often associated with HLA-B27 lymphocyte antigen. J Rheumatol, 1984 Feb, 11(1), 96 - 7 Exacerbation of B27 positive spondyloarthropathy by enteric infections; Rynes RI et al.; Two patients developed reactive arthritis after enteritis secondary to Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella Group B, respectively . Each patient had an established spondyloarthropathy and was HLA-B27 positive . While enteric pathogens are widely reported to cause reactive arthritis, these patients illustrate that exacerbations of arthritic syndromes may also be precipitated . Our findings support the concept that abnormalities of bowel flora may affect the course of B27 associated arthropathies J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Feb, 92(1), 53 - 8 Growth and survival characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni in liquid egg; Hanninen ML et al.; Growth and survival of four Campylobacter jejuni strains in yolk, in liquid whole egg and in white during aerobic storage at 37, 20 and 4 degrees C was followed . In 48 h at 37 degrees C the cell counts of C . jejuni increased by about 3 log10 units in yolk and 1.60-3.35(10) log units in liquid whole egg . The growth of C . jejuni was slightly better in yolk than in liquid whole egg . At 20 degrees C during 48 h the cell counts decreased by about 0.5-1.5 log10 units in yolk and in liquid whole egg . At 4 degrees C the decrease in cell counts after 21 days ranged from 1 to 2 log10 units, except for one strain, KH3, which could not be detected after 14 days storage in yolk . In liquid whole egg the cell counts of this strain also decreased considerably during storage . In white the number of inoculated C . jejuni cells decreased rapidly . The killing effect of white was shown to be temperature-dependent; at 37 and 20 degrees C no positive samples were detected after 24 h and at 4 degrees C no positive samples were found after 48 h. Urol Clin North Am, 1984 Feb, 11(1), 177 - 85 Sexually transmitted viral hepatitis and enteric pathogens; Judson FN; Hepatitis viruses, enteric pathogens, and anorectal infections may commonly be transmitted by various sexual practices . Because of their larger numbers of sexual partners and sexual practices such as anilingus and anal intercourse, homosexual men are at particularly high risk of acquiring hepatitis B, giardiasis, amebiasis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, and anorectal infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus, and human papilloma viruses . The evidence for sexual transmission of these infections as well as their diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Aust N Z J Med, 1984 Feb, 14(1), 81 - 8 Reactive arthritis; Edmonds J; Although sometimes used to refer to any sterile arthritis occurring in association with infection, the term 'reactive arthritis' is better reserved for arthritis following sexually acquired nonspecific urethritis or enteric infections with organisms such as Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter, because these arthropathies are unified by a number of shared clinical characteristics and an association with HLA B27 . This review suggests that these arthropathies may also share a common pathogenic pathway, triggered by an ' arthritogenic factor' common to the diverse microbes which cause the disease and modified by genetic factors other than HLA B27 . Although uncommon, reactive arthritis is important because it could provide the key to understanding the other seronegative arthropathies and mechanisms basic to chronic inflammatory synovitis. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 19(2), 129 - 33 Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni antigens with monoclonal antibodies; Kosunen TU et al.; To develop monoclonal reagents for antigenic analysis and serotyping of Campylobacter spp., hybridoma cell lines were produced by fusion of mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with Formalin-treated Campylobacter jejuni organisms . An enzyme immunoassay was used for preliminary screening of the cell culture supernatants and ascites . Twenty-nine clones which reacted with the immunogen were obtained . Seven of these clones were positive in passive hemagglutination tests with sheep erythrocytes coated with boiled saline extract of whole bacteria; four of these reacted with the purified polysaccharide preparation and with the autoclaved saline extract, but not with lipopolysaccharide prepared from the immunogen strain . Two of the antipolysaccharide clones agglutinated live bacteria in slide tests . Four additional clones gave positive slide agglutination tests with live bacteria, but in tube testing no clones agglutinated Formalin-treated bacteria . No cross-reactions with unrelated bacteria were seen, but several clones reacted in the enzyme immunoassay with many of the 24 Campylobacter strains studied . The clone which gave the highest mean enzyme immunoassay values with Campylobacter coli and C . jejuni strains also reacted with Campylobacter fetus subsp . veneralis and C . fetus subsp . fetus strains . This clone also gave the highest enzyme immunoassay value with an acid glycine extract of the immunogen, which indicates the presence of common antigens in the extract . The results suggest that monoclonal antibodies may be used to devise serotyping schemes for Campylobacter spp. Infect Immun, 1984 Feb, 43(2), 739 - 43 Human antibody response to outer membrane proteins of Campylobacter jejuni during infection; Mills SD et al.; Two techniques were used to isolate outer membrane proteins from Campylobacter jejuni, EDTA-lysozyme extraction and sodium-N-lauroylsarcosinate (Sarkosyl) solubilization . The protein profiles of the two preparations were similar, with a few additional bands in the EDTA-lysozyme preparations . The major outer membrane protein was 43,000 (43K) daltons, and there were 8 to 10 minor bands ranging from 92K to 14K daltons . There was no difference in the protein profile of a strain causing an infection (strain 17) and the resulting stool isolate (strain 17J) . Sera collected before the infection and during the acute and convalescent stages were used with Western blotting and immunoautoradiographic techniques to determine the antigenicity of outer membrane proteins . A number of antigenic proteins were detected before the infection by their reaction with preinfection serum (61K, 51K, 43K, 40K, 34K, and 31K daltons), and three additional bands appeared during the infection when acute and convalescent sera were used (92K, 56K, and 19K daltons) . Furthermore, an area of the gel at less than 14.4K daltons that did not stain with Coomassie brilliant blue became visible in the immune blots when the convalescent serum was used. Sem Hop, 1984 Jan 12, 60(1), 52 - 62 {Reactive arthritis in children}; Piussan C et al.; Reactive arthritis is arthritis in which, although the nature of the responsible infection is known or suspected upon serological grounds, attempts at recovering the pathogen from the synovial fluid have failed . One of the main pathogenetic problems is the multiplicity of etiologic agents . Some are exogenous and may be related to the articular tropism of certain microorganisms, to immunologic depression due to an antecedent or coincident infection, and to successive reinfections by the same pathogen or by others which may promote an exacerbation of the disease . Others are endogenous and attention should be given to the local or systemic presence of an antigen as well as, in some instances, to the persistence of residual forms of infecting agents, which are more readily demonstrated with current bacteriological and serological methods . Although reactive arthritis is to be distinguished from septic arthritis, it can no longer be clearly differentiated from the classical post-infectious rheumatism . Once it has been produced, the antigenic stimulation is responsible for an immunologic response which tends to check systemic extension but may also produce tissue damage in the host . Some patients have circulating immune complexes which may bind to the joint, thereby damaging it . In other patients, particularly those who are HLA B27 positive, host-pathogen cross-reactions are demonstrated . Actually, the most frequent pathogenetic sequence seems to be a combination of two or more of these mechanisms, as there are reasons to believe that presence of the pathogen in situ is not required for the persistence of the inflammatory process . Reactive arthritis was first reported in adults following either sexually transmitted urethritis due to chlamydiae, mycoplasma or gonococci, or hepatitis B or an intestinal infection due to Yersinia, Campylobacter, Shigella, Klebsiella or Salmonella . Later, it was described in pediatric patients, particularly in Scandinavia where, for genetic reasons, the HLA B27 group is prevailing . Reactive arthritis seems less frequent in caucasian ethnic groups and above all in Latin Americans among whom HLA B27 carriers are more uncommon; however, it must be pointed out that they have not been as extensively studied and that other etiologic factors may still remain to be discovered . The course and etiology of the different forms of arthritis share certain characteristics which have been determined through a better knowledge of these conditions: onset occurs one or several weeks after a respiratory, urinary or, most often in children, digestive infection . This episode is unremarkable or latent and often overlooked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Mikrobiyol Bul, 1984 Jan, 18(1), 23 - 8 {Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis}; Tezcan I et al.; Acute gastroenteritis is a major cause of hospital admission with attendant morbidity and occasional mortality . Campylobacter jejuni recently has been recognized as a common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in children and adults . Its frequency of isolation is comparable to and in many studies exceeds that of Salmonella isolations from diarrheal stools of hospitalized patients . Medical workers in many parts of the world confirmed that Campylobacter jejuni was found more commonly in feces in diarrheic than in non-diarrheic people . The feces is loose to watery and commonly contains blood and leukocytes . Although, Campylobacter jejuni has been isolated from feces and gallbladder of healthy and diarrheic animals, until now, to our knowledge, there is no report on the isolation of the microorganism from healthy or diarrheic subjects in Turkey . This paper reports three human infections found to have Campylobacter jejuni in their stools as part of our ongoing investigation of the incidence of diarrheal disease due to this organism. Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 139 - 46 Comparative studies on competitive exclusion of three isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni in chickens by native gut microflora; Soerjadi-Liem AS et al.; Resistance of young chicks to Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni was substantially increased by early exposure to native gut microflora . Protection was demonstrated against two human isolates and a chicken isolate of C . fetus subsp . jejuni . Significant protection against the chicken isolate was observed throughout a 91-day test period . Infection reached 100% (25/25) in the untreated group at 56 days of age and only 4% (1/25) in the group treated with native gut microflora . Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni was isolated from the ceca and less frequently from the gall bladder and liver of chicks that actively shed the bacteria . Cultures of feces from chicks reared on wood-shavings litter were often negative, suggesting that culturing litter as an indicator of infection has limited value. Infection, 1984 Jan-Feb, 12(1), 36 - 9 Antibacterial effects of niridazole: its effect on microaerophilic campylobacter; Hof H et al.; Niridazole, a nitrothiazole derivative, exhibited marked antimicrobial activity against a group of microaerophilic campylobacter . MICs ranged from 0.0037 to 2.0 mg/l, with an average of 0.25 mg/l . The activity of niridazole was compared to that of chemically related compounds (metronidazole, ornidazole, tinidazole) . Although their activities ran parallel, niridazole was found to be markedly more potent . Thirteen other common antibiotics were also inferior to niridazole with respect to their inhibitory effect . The antibacterial activity of niridazole was bactericidal . Its in vivo activity was also tested in mice infected orally with campylobacter . The organisms, which caused a chronic colonization of the gut in untreated animals, disappeared rapidly from the faeces after treatment with niridazole, at least in the case of a highly susceptible campylobacter strain. Cornell Vet, 1984 Jan, 74(1), 8 - 20 Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from 265 bovine abortions; Jerrett IV et al.; During 1981, the fetus, placenta and maternal serum were received from each of 265 bovine abortions . These specimens were examined using histopathological, histochemical, bacteriological, mycological, endocrinological, immunological, serological and virological techniques . The cause of abortion was identified in 98 (37%) cases . Of these diagnosed abortions 27 (28%) were due to infection with fungi, 17 (17%) to Salmonella spp, 11 (11%) to Campylobacter fetus and 10 (10%) to Corynebacterium pyogenes infection . Of the remaining 33 (34%) diagnosed abortions 8 were due to Leptospira sp, 5 due to protozoan (probably Sarcocystis) encephalitis and 20 due to miscellaneous bacterial infections (including Brucella abortus) and fetal deformities . Bovine virus diarrhoea virus was isolated in 5 (2%) abortions, however the significance of the isolations was not known . Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and chlamydia were not identified as causal agents in any abortion . In 18 (7%) abortions no definite etiologic agent was identified despite pathological findings suggestive of infection . Fetal heart blood serology and immunoglobulin values were not reliable indicators of infectious abortion . Of the remaining 149 (56%) abortions, 17% had high maternal serum cortisol levels and twin fetuses occurred in 9%. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Jan, 25(1), 145 - 6 In vitro susceptibilities of 40 Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni strains to niridazole and metronidazole; Freydiere AM et al.; The activities of niridazole and metronidazole were compared by an agar dilution method against 40 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni of human origin . Niridazole had a markedly higher activity than metronidazole. Scand J Infect Dis, 1984, 16(1), 127 - 8 Infection with Campylobacter fetus; Ponka A et al.; Over a 4-yr period (1978-1982) about 1 000 cases of campylobacter infection were diagnosed at our laboratory in Helsinki, but only 4 proved to be due to Campylobacter fetus . All these 4 patients had fever, 3 had diarrhoea and 1 arthritis and thrombophlebitis . The diagnosis was made from blood cultures in all cases; in 1 case the bacterium was also isolated from stools. J Infect Dis, 1984 Jan, 149(1), 58 - 66 Characterization of Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from homosexual men; Fennell CL et al.; Thirteen Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) isolated from rectal cultures from homosexual men were studied . Like catalase-positive Campylobacter species, CLOs were curved gram-negative rods that did not grow aerobically, were motile, were oxidase- and catalase-positive, and did not utilize glucose . However, CLOs could not be classified within any of the Campylobacter species because they grew slowly and had unusual colony morphology; did not grow at 25 C, hydrolyze hippurate, produce H2S in triple sugar-iron agar, or tolerate 2% NaCl; were inhibited by 30-micrograms disks of nalidixic acid; and tolerated 1% glycine and 0.04% triphenyltetrazolium chloride . Three groups of CLOs were identified based on differences in nitrate reduction, growth at 42 C, and sensitivity to cephalothin . By the colony hybridization technique, whole-cell DNA isolated from a strain in each CLO group hybridized with DNA from other strains in the same group, but not with strains in other groups or with reference strains of catalase-positive Campylobacter species. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 1984, 86, 97 - 106 Morphological and chemical characteristics of anaerobic curved rod-shaped bacteria from the female genital tract; Taylor AJ et al.; Twenty-eight strains of anaerobic curved rod-shaped (ACR) bacteria isolated from the female genital tract were examined and compared with reference strains of Bacteroides, Campylobacter and Wolinella and with 5 anaerobic strains associated with urethritis in male patients . The isolates were received from seven laboratories in Britain and Sweden during the past 12 months . The vaginitis isolates were divided into two groups according to the Gram staining reaction, cell morphology as studied by electron microscopy, biochemical activity tested by conventional and API ZYM tests, electrophoretic mobilities of cellular proteins and chemical compositions of chromosomal DNA . A number of important differences were revealed between the two groups, and between them and allied bacteria . The short Gram-positive (SCR), slightly curved rods had 1 to 3 subterminal lateral flagella and were biochemically more active than the long Gram-negative (LCR) strains, which were more curved and had 3 to 8 flagella . Both ACR groups were different from allied bacteria in their protein profiles and DNA base compositions: the Gram-positive strains had mol%G+C contents of 55.1 +/- 0.6, whereas those of the Gram-negative strains were 53.5 +/- 0.6 mol% . The protein profiles also indicated some heterogeneity within each of the ACR groups . We suggest these ACR strains comprise two distinct species, which are unrelated to the urethritis isolates with G+C contents of 29.9 +/- 0.9 mol% and to the reference strains. Arch Oral Biol, 1984, 29(11), 941 - 4 The effect of storage in liquid nitrogen on the recovery of human dental plaque bacteria; Wilson RF et al.; Centrifuged deposits of various individual bacteria from type-culture collections and dental plaque samples were immersed in liquid nitrogen for periods of up to 2 years . All the organisms were recovered after storage in liquid nitrogen but Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953) and Campylobacter fetus (NCTC 10354) consistently showed a reduction in the number of colony-forming units after freezing . The main effect on bacterial proportions in plaque samples was a reduction in aerobic Gram-negative cocci . Thus, storage in liquid nitrogen may be useful for comparative studies of dental plaque and as a means of storing individual organisms. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1984 Jan-Jun, 77(1-6), 63 - 85 {Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni: etiological, epidemiological and preventive aspects}; Serafini G et al.; The Authors, after a brief introduction, examine on the basis of the most recent literature, the taxonomy and the microbiological features of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni, giving a detailed description of the chemical composition, of the biochemical, physiological and nutritional characters, of the antigenic composition and of the cultural methods . Later on, they state the problems arising from the epidemiology of the infections caused by this germ either in man or in animals, examining the most relevant sources of infection . Finally, the Authors describe the most recent laboratory diagnostic methods, the pathogenesis, the clinical manifestations and the prevention of infection, concluding with some therapeutical remarks. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1984, 78(2), 173 - 4 A study of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni strains isolated from the stools of diarrhoeic children in Sri Lanka; Palasuntheram C et al.; Nine strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni were isolated from the stools of diarrhoeic children in Colombo (Sri Lanka) . The morphology of most of the strains was typical but three strains produced a spreading film of growth . No discrete domed colonies were seen . All were able to grow in a candle jar, and in a medium containing 1% glycine . All produced hydrogen sulphide . All were susceptible to ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin and furoxone . Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1984, 91, 87 - 94 The role of anaerobic bacteria in some extra-abdominal infections including person-to-person contamination; Willis T; With the possible exception of campylobacter enteritis, anaerobic infections are not transmitted from person to person, and do not present problems of hospital cross-infection . There are a number of situations, however, in which non-clostridial anaerobic infections may develop as result of person to person contamination of a compromised "recipient" with normal anaerobic bacterial flora from a healthy "donor" . Some of these are briefly discussed. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1984, 50(1), 63 - 73 Localization of hydrogenase and nitrate reductase in Campylobacter sputorum subsp . bubulus; de Vries W et al.; Campylobacter sputorum subsp . bubulus contained hydrogenase activity after growth with lactate and nitrate and after growth with hydrogen and nitrate . After growth with hydrogen and nitrate a molar growth yield (g dry cells/mol hydrogen) of 5.6 was measured . Hydrogenase and nitrate reductase were membrane-bound enzymes . In cells with high hydrogenase activity the----H+/O,----H+/NO2- and----H+/NO3- values with hydrogen as the electron donor were 3.74, 2.61 and 4.36 respectively . In cells with low hydrogenase activity these values were 2.33, -0.86 and 1.31 respectively . These values and the stoichiometry of respiration-driven proton translocation (----H+/2e = 2) led to the conclusion that hydrogenase is located at the periplasmic side of the cytoplasmic membrane . In cells with low lactate dehydrogenase activity or low hydrogenase activity the reduction of nitrate to nitrite could be separated from the reduction of nitrite to ammonia . Positive----H+/NO3- values (between 0.9 and 1.7) with lactate or hydrogen as the electron donor were measured in these cells whereas----H+/ NO2- values were negative . From this result it was concluded that nitrate reductase is located at the cytoplasmic face of the cytoplasmic membrane . The results explain the previous observation that molar growth yields with nitrate were somewhat higher than those with nitrite. Schweiz Med Wochenschr Suppl, 1984, 17, 5 - 6 {Epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea in Switzerland (endemic diarrhea)}; Loosli J; Acute infectious diarrhoea and its etiology are described . Toxin-induced diarrhoea, usually caused by foodstuffs, and travellers' diarrhoea (etiologically different from endemic diarrhoea) are mentioned . The epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in adults in Switzerland, which has so far not been investigated extensively, is documented from results of our own prospective study . These results demonstrate that 30% of endemic diarrhoea cases in Switzerland are caused by Salmonella and Campylobacter and 10% by Clostridium difficile and Rotavirus . Shigella and Protozoa are rarely sole agents in endemic diarrhoea. Scand J Infect Dis, 1984, 16(2), 199 - 202 Intestinal parasitic infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in asymptomatic homosexual men; Hakansson C et al.; 76/133 (57%) asymptomatic homosexual men harboured intestinal parasites . Of these, 40 had Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia, or both . In a control group of heterosexual men, no pathogenic protozoa were found . Stool specimen cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter were negative . 7% of the homosexual men were infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the pharynx or rectum, or both, and 5% with Chlamydia trachomatis in the urethra or rectum . Serological evidence of syphilis was detected in 18 men (13.5%) of whom 2 were untreated . Serological markers of hepatitis A were found in 20% and of hepatitis B in 48% . The prevalence of antibodies to cytomegalovirus was higher in homosexual than in heterosexual men (88% versus 59%). Antibiotiki, 1984 Jan, 29(1), 29 - 32 {Bacteriocinogenicity of brucellae isolated in foci in the Caucasus and their evaluation from taxonomic viewpoints}; Tiumentseva IS et al.; The aim of the study was to elucidate the possibility of using bacteriocinogenicity of Brucella as taxonomic feature, to determine their phylogenetic relation to other microorganisms by their bacteriocinogenic properties and to investigate the physicochemical properties of brucellacin and conditions for its stable detection . The Brucella cultures were isolated in the Caucasus . Investigation of their capacity for production of bacteriocin according to the procedure described by M.A . Konstantinova and A.D . Garmazova (1979) revealed that 62.1 per cent of the 216 cultures tested produced brucellacin . Isolation of bacteriocin with the methods developed was shown possible in all of the tested strains of B . melitensis, B . abortus, B . suis and in most of the strains of B . ovis . The methods also provided an increase in the synthesis and activity of brucellacin . The analysis of the characteristic features of bacteriocinogenicity and the properties of bacteriocin allowed recommending the use of additional taxonomic features for identification and differentiation of Brucella . Sensitivity of the indicator strains of Brucella to bacteriocins of other species (F . tularensis, Campylobacter fetus intestinalis B-8833, Y . enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae and E . coli Fredericq) was noted which was additional evidence of the phylogenic relation between the above organisms . Investigation of the physicochemical properties of brucellacin confirmed the suggestion of the protein nature of the active principle of brucellacin and its similarity in different Brucella species. Sem Hop, 1983 Dec 29, 59(49), 3417 - 20 {Campylobacter fetus fetus bacteremia . Review of the literature apropos of 2 cases}; Raoult D et al.; The authors report two cases of bacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus fetus (also called C . fetus intestinalis) . One was a 22-year-old female, under treatment for active systemic lupus erythematosus, who died . The other was a fifty-year-old male, in a poor general condition, who had a self-limited acute febrile dysentery . In this patient, C . fetus fetus was found in stools after apparent recovery, raising the problem of healthy carriers . A review of the literature shows 64 other such cases. Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 1983 Dec, 36(6), 337 - 42 Adenomatous intestinal hyperplasia in guinea pigs associated with Campylobacter-like bacteria; Muto T et al.; Adenomatous intestinal hyperplasia was diagnosed in two dams and five young guinea pigs . The pathological condition was characterized by diarrhea and the thickened, rugose jejunum and ileum . Adenomatous proliferation of immature crypt epithelial cells was observed primarily in the ileum and the distal part of the jejunum . Immature epithelial cells contained various numbers of intracytoplasmic, non-membrane bound, curved organisms resembling Campylobacter sp . bacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Dec, 2(6), 588 - 90 Waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis; Rogol M et al.; A report is given on an outbreak of enteritis which occurred in July 1982 in a kibbutz near Jerusalem . About 150 of the 512 inhabitants were affected . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from ten out of 42 stool samples examined toward the end of the outbreak . No other enteric pathogen was found . Strong circumstantial evidence indicated an association between the outbreak and the use of water from an unprotected reservoir, but no bacteriological confirmation was obtained. An Esp Pediatr, 1983 Dec, 19(6), 452 - 8 {Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis . 1 year's case review}; Cabrerizo Portero D et al.; This paper reports the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni isolation (19,21%) among 229 samples of diarrheal stools examined during a period of 12 months and which corresponded to children whose ages were between 1 and 18 months . Campylobacter gastroenteritis is more common than salmonella gastroenteritis . A peak incidence was observed in the first year of life . The various clinical aspects of the infection are examined: Diarrhea was the most frequent symptom (100%) with macroscopic blood in stools in 25% of the cases . Some epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are commented upon . Clinical course with or without antibiotic treatment was favorable . Microbiological search of Campylobacter must be carried out as a routine in every child that presents diarrheal symptomatology. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Dec, 91(3), 445 - 50 A comparison of procedures for the isolation of campylobacters from seagull faeces; Fricker CR et al.; Two enrichment broths (Preston and Roman & Doyle's) and four solid media (Preston, Skirrow's, Butzler's and Blaser's) were compared to determine their relative efficiencies in recovering campylobacters from 389 freshly voided seagull faeces, 276 of which were found to contain campylobacters by one or more of the procedures used . A combination of enrichment in Preston medium followed by plating on to Preston agar gave the highest number of isolates (263) . Enrichment in fluid media was shown to be an important part of the technique, as only 85 (30.8%) of the 276 isolations were made as a result of direct plating . Very little difference was seen between the two forms of enrichment (P greater than 0.5) but of the four selective media, Butzler's was significantly less efficient than any of the other three (P less than 0.01), because it failed to grow more than a few strains of Campylobacter coli and the NARTC group, which together made up nearly two-thirds of the total number od Campylobacter spp . isolated. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Dec, 18(6), 1362 - 5 Investigation of a waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis with a serotyping scheme based on thermostable antigens; Penner JL et al.; Serotyping of 11 human and 2 water isolates of Campylobacter jejuni associated with a waterborne outbreak revealed two serotypes among the human isolates . One of these (serotype 58) was a new serotype and was added to the serotyping scheme . Serotypes were defined by using extracted thermostable antigens and passive hemagglutination titrations of both unabsorbed and cross-absorbed antisera . Two water isolates of the same serotype as six human isolates provided evidence to link a contaminated water supply to the outbreak. Infect Immun, 1983 Dec, 42(3), 1176 - 82 Simple adult rabbit model for Campylobacter jejuni enteritis; Caldwell MB et al.; We tested the usefulness of the Removable Intestinal Tie Adult Rabbit Diarrhea model to establish Campylobacter jejuni infection in rabbits . The procedure involved ligation of the cecum, placement of a slip knot at the terminal ileum, and injection of the test inoculum into the mid-small bowel . The ends of the slip knot were externalized, and the tie was released 4 h later . Fifty-five rabbits received C . jejuni, and 16 received uninoculated medium as controls . Daily rectal swabs were positive for 2 weeks in infected rabbits . The diarrheal attack rate was 64% in infected rabbits and 0% in controls . Diarrhea was characterized by loose, mucus-containing stools after an incubation period ranging from 24 h to 6 days . When blood was obtained daily for culture from 30 rabbits for 4 days post-challenge, bacteremia was present in 96.3% 24 h after challenge but diminished to 5 of 19 (26.3%) at 96 h . Death occurred in 53% of rabbits and was always preceded by diarrhea . No control animal died . Only 5 of 35 animals experiencing diarrhea recovered . An indirect whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine serum immunoglobulin G responses . Mean titers rose from 1:198 preoperatively to 1:9,087 on day 28 . Necropsy on eight infected and two control animals showed inflammatory lesions with ulceration in 62.5% and goblet cell hyperplasia in 75% of infected rabbits . We conclude that the Removable Intestinal Tie Adult Rabbit Diarrhea procedure is a simple, effective method to establish C . jejuni infection which mimics human disease. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Dec, 256(2), 196 - 201 {In vitro activity of 23 chemotherapeutic agents against Campylobacter jejuni/coli strains isolated from feces}; Hollander R; In vitro susceptibility of 256 C . jejuni/coli-isolates to 23 antimicrobial agents were tested by an agar-diffusion technique and by determination of the minimal inhibition concentrations . The isolates tested were highly susceptible to tetracycline, the aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and pipemic acid . They were resistant to cephalosporins (except Cefotaxime) and penicillin and its derivatives . About 6% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin (MIC 4 micrograms/ml) and about 15% to nalidixic acid (MIC 40 micrograms/ml) . The significance of the resistance patterns of C . jejuni/coli strains for therapy and taxonomic problems was discussed. J Infect Dis, 1983 Dec, 148(6), 986 - 97 Prospective study of diarrheal illnesses in northeastern Brazil: patterns of disease, nutritional impact, etiologies, and risk factors; Guerrant RL et al.; Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in tropical countries . One of the highest childhood mortalities is in northeastern Brazil, where little is known about the morbidity, etiology, and risk factors of diarrhea . Prospective village surveillance over 30 months revealed diarrhea attack rates of more than seven episodes per child-year at six to 11 months of age among the children of the poorest families . Other risk factors included early weaning and the lack of toilets . Diarrhea led to weight loss and stunted growth . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotaviruses were the most common pathogens, accounting for 21% and 19% of cases, respectively, followed by Shigella species (8.0%), Campylobacter jejuni (7.5%), Giardia species (6.7%), Strongyloides species (5.3%), and enteropathogenic E coli serotypes (4.6%) . Most (84%) enterotoxigenic E coli were isolated during the rainy season of October to March (P less than 0.03), whereas 71% of rotaviral illnesses occurred during the drier months of June to October (P less than 0.03) . In the present study, the early occurrence and nutritional impact of diarrhea and weaning, as well as the major etiologic agents of diarrhea and their different seasonal patterns have been defined for this region in which life-threatening diarrhea is endemic. J Clin Pathol, 1983 Dec, 36(12), 1350 - 2 Is enrichment culture necessary for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from faeces? Hutchinson DN, Bolton FJ. The role of enrichment culture for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from faeces is discussed . It is concluded that enrichment culture is only necessary for those specimens where it is anticipated that the number of organisms is likely to be low . In a trial of a blood free enrichment broth (CCD broth) and the modified Preston enrichment broth the latter gave significantly superior results. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Dec, 24(6), 930 - 5 Characterization of tetracycline resistance plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Taylor DE et al.; Tetracycline resistance in strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was mediated by plasmids . Intra- and interspecies transfer was demonstrated within the genus Campylobacter . Buoyant densities of plasmid DNAs ranged from 1.691 to 1.694 g/cm3 (31 to 33% guanine plus cytosine) . Restriction enzymes AccI, BclI, BglII, and PstI were found to be most useful for comparing the plasmids . The molecular weight of C . jejuni plasmid pMAK175 was 44.7 kilobases (29 X 10(6), and the other plasmids had similar sizes . Two plasmids from Belgian isolates of C . coli of human origin had very similar restriction enzyme profiles and are probably identical . Plasmids from human isolates of C . jejuni originating in Canada and the animal isolate of C . coli showed greater diversity . DNA homology among the campylobacter plasmids was assessed by probing the digests with a nick-translated campylobacter plasmid, pMAK175 . All restriction fragments showed significant homology with pMAK175 probe DNA . No homology was noted between campylobacter plasmid DNA and plasmids specifying the four classes of tetracycline resistance determinants found in Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Dec, 18(6), 1427 - 8 Application of serotyping and chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest analysis in investigating a laboratory-acquired case of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis; Penner JL et al.; A frequently passaged laboratory strain of Campylobacter jejuni was confirmed by serotyping on the basis of thermostable antigens and by bacterial chromosomal restriction endonuclease digests to be the causative agent of enteritis in a laboratory worker. J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 129 ( Pt 11), 3385 - 93 Detection of menaquinone-6 and a novel methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus; Carlone GM et al.; Menaquinone-6 (2-methyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and a methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 (2,{5 or 8}-dimethyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) were the major isoprenoid quinones found in membrane preparations of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus . By reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) the faster-eluting menaquinone-6 co-chromatographed with a menaquinone-6 standard . The identity of menaquinone-6 was confirmed by UV spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis . The slower-eluting methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 co-chromatographed with a menaquinone-7 standard by reverse-phase TLC but eluted between menaquinone-6 and menaquinone-7 standards by HPLC . The UV spectrum of the methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 did not correlate with either authentic menaquinone or demethylmenaquinone . Mass spectra showed an increase of 14 mass units when compared to menaquinone-6, and indicated that a methyl substituent was on the naphthoquinone nucleus . NMR spectra confirmed the presence of a methyl substituent at a peri position (carbon-5 or -8) on the benzenoid ring. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 46(5), 1097 - 102 Isolation and enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry products by a selective enrichment method; Wesley RD et al.; A direct selective enrichment procedure was developed for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry products . The selective enrichment medium (ATB) consisted of (per liter) tryptose (20 g), yeast extract (2.5 g), sodium chloride (5 g), FBP supplement (ferrous sulfate {0.25 g}, sodium metabisulfite {0.25 g}, sodium pyruvate {0.25 g}), bicine (10 g), and agar (1 g) . Hematin solution (6.25 ml; prepared by dissolving 0.032 g of bovine hemin in 10 ml of 0.15 N sodium hydroxide solution and autoclaving at 0.35 kg/cm2 for 30 min), rifampin (25 mg), cefsulodin (6.25 mg), and polymyxin B sulfate (20,000 IU) were added after the medium was sterilized . The pH was adjusted to 8.0 . Samples were enriched in the above medium at 42 degrees C for 48 h under an atmosphere of 5% O2, 10% CO2, and 85% N2 . Enrichment cultures were streaked on a plating medium composed of Brucella agar, hematin solution, FBP supplement, and the above antibiotics . Plates were incubated under the same conditions as above . Suspect colonies from the plates were confirmed to be C . jejuni by morphological examination, growth characteristics, and biochemical tests . The above method yielded 25 isolates of C . jejuni from 50 samples of retail cut-up chicken and chicken parts, whereas a more complex method involving filtration, centrifugation, selective enrichment under a flowing atmosphere, and membrane filtration yielded only 6 positives from the same samples . The new isolation procedure was particularly effective in isolating C . jejuni in the presence of large numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Am J Vet Res, 1983 Nov, 44(11), 2175 - 8 Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model; SultanDosa AB et al.; Pathogenicity of 17 Campylobacter isolates for pregnant guinea pigs was investigated . Of 14 isolates, 12 (86%) produced rates of abortion ranging from 13% to 87% . Two isolates did not produce abortion . Reference strains of C fetus subsp venerealis produced abortion in 60% to 87% and C fetus subsp fetus produced abortion in 60% of the guinea pigs . Inoculated organisms were recovered from uterus, blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and gallbladder of the guinea pigs at rates as high as 83% for 2 ovine isolates and as low as 13% for 2 bovine and 1 human isolates . Most isolations were from the uterus . Two avian isolates were not recovered . Within the C jejuni and C coli group, the ovine and the human isolates appear to be more pathogenic . Swine, bovine, and avian isolates were less pathogenic . Seemingly, the pregnant guinea pig was a suitable and practical model for evaluating the pathogenicity of Campylobacter organisms, regardless of their host of origin. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1983 Nov 1, 108(21), 831 - 6 {Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella in game and poultry}; de Boer E et al.; Samples of various sorts of game and poultry (other than chicken), obtained from poulterers, hunters, rearing-farms and slaughterhouses, were surveyed for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella . These pathogens were isolated from hare, wild boars, pheasants, guinea-fowl, turkeys, mallards and domestic ducks . Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella were also cultured from wild and domestic rabbits . Moreover, Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from wood pigeons . The possible origins of contamination of game and poultry with these pathogenic bacteria and the risks of food-borne infection caused by these products are discussed. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 18(5), 1278 - 9 Probable Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus gastroenteritis; Harvey SM et al.; Three strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus isolated from cases of gastroenteritis are reported . DNA-DNA hybridizations in addition to biochemical tests were used to confirm the identification of the isolates as C . fetus since all strains grew at 42 degrees C . These isolates, like other C . fetus strains, are susceptible to cephalothin and thus would not have been detected in laboratories with Campylobacter isolation media containing this component. J Clin Pathol, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 1237 - 40 Demonstration of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni; Yeen WP et al.; A 48-hour culture filtrate of Campylobacter jejuni was found to produce cytopathic effects on three human cell lines--that is, HeLa, MRC-5 and Hep-2 . The cytopathic effects observed include cell rounding, loss of adherence and cell death after 24-48 h of incubation . Such morphological changes were observed with eight of the eleven strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from the blood/stools of patients who suffered from either acute gastroenteritis or septicaemia . The toxic factor did not retain its activity after treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 min . Trypsinisation of the filtrate totally abolished its toxic activity thus indicating that it was probably protein in nature . It is most probably an extracellular toxin as bacterial sonicates did not produce any toxic effect . This study reports the finding of toxic factor(s) in the culture filtrate of Campylobacter jejuni which is cytotoxic to human tissue culture cells. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1983 Nov, 50(11), 759 - 61 {Reactive arthritis caused by non-Yersinia intestinal infections}; Lemaire V; Aseptic arthritis can occur following intestinal infections due to Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium difficile . These rheumatisms are rare, only occurring in about 1 p . cent of cases, generally in patients with the HLA-B27 antigen . Whatever the causative organism, the arthritis has features in common with all reactive arthrites . They generally have a favourable course. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1983 Nov, 50(11), 745 - 52 {The reactive arthritis syndrome . Rheumatological limits}; Delcambre B et al.; The term reactive arthritis (RA) refers to an inflammatory joint disease in the absence of bacteria in the joint, but which is caused by a distant extra-articular infection . They occur as a result of a variety of infections, which are essentially genital or gastro-intestinal in subjects with a particular genetic predisposition characterized by the presence of the HLA-B27 antigen or one of the CREG group of antigens (B7 - B27 - BW22 - BW42) . The most complete clinical expression of reactive arthritis is the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome . Apart from the reactive arthritis with a generally accepted aetiology such as those following infections of the genital tract (Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum or of the gastrointestinal tract: Yersinia enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella minor, Campylobacter jejuni), the authors discuss the possibility of including, in a broader definition of RA, post-streptococcal arthritis and cases of arthritis following gonococcal, meningococcal and Brucella infections . RA does not always have a favourable clinical course . It is not exceptional to see a picture of recurrences with progression towards chronic inflammatory rheumatism. Br J Rheumatol, 1983 Nov, 22(4 Suppl 2), 67 - 74 Gram-negative bacteria and B27 disease; Eastmond CJ; The role of infection in ankylosing spondylitis is speculative and different studies by several groups have yielded conflicting results . The role of infection, however, in reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome is well established . The Grampian region has experienced three outbreaks of gastroenteritis, two due to Campylobacter jejuni and one due to Salmonella typhimurium . These outbreaks have allowed a study of reactive arthritis in the affected population following these infections . These studies do not allow accurate estimate of the frequency of reactive arthritis, largely because of difficulties in defining the infected population accurately . They do, however, suggest that in the population milder cases occur than in a population referred to hospital rheumatology clinics . These milder cases have a lower frequency of HLA-B27 than patients seen in a rheumatology clinic and suggest that there may be an association between HLA-B27 and the severity of reactive arthritis . An association between gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium and erythema nodosum both with and without arthritis was observed . No difference was detected in the immunoglobulin responses of immunoglobulins A, G and M between patients with reactive arthritis due to Salmonella typhimurium and patients with gastroenteritis alone. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 46(5), 985 - 7 Evaluation of filters for recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from water; Mathewson JJ et al.; Campylobacter jejuni has been incriminated in several large waterborne outbreaks, but it has rarely been isolated from water itself . Better methodology is needed for the isolation of C . jejuni from water . We evaluated three types of 0.45-micron microporous filters and three different pore sizes of positively charged depth filters for their ability to recover C . jejuni from seeded, sterile tap and surface water . The microporous filters tested were Millipore HA, Gelman GN6, and Zetapor . Three pore sizes of Zeta Plus depth filters (05S, 30S, and 50S) were evaluated by using an adsorption-elution technique . The overall percent recovery in both tap and surface water by microporous filters was: Zetapor, 66%; Millipore HA, 33%; and Gelman GN6, 33% . Adsorption-elution with Zeta Plus 50S allowed 89% recovery of C . jejuni . These data suggest that both the positively charged Zetapor microporous filter and the Zeta Plus 50S depth filter are effective filters for the recovery of C . jejuni from water. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 18(5), 1064 - 9 Correlation of an expanded direct fluorescent-antibody system with an established passive hemagglutination system for serogrouping strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Hebert GA et al.; Rabbits were inoculated with whole, formalinized cells from eight passive hemagglutination reference strains of Campylobacter . Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled immunoglobulin G from these antisera defined seven new direct fluorescent-antibody serogroups of C . jejuni and one new serogroup of C . coli . This expanded the Campylobacter direct fluorescent antibody system to include 17 serogroups of C . jejuni, 3 serogroups of C . coli, and 2 serogroups of C . fetus . We then compared the passive hemagglutination method (57 serotypes) and the direct fluorescent-antibody method (20 serogroups) for typing strains of C . jejuni and C . coli . The data obtained by testing 101 strains by both methods revealed that the two test systems were measuring completely different sets of antigen complexes . The two serogrouping methods were complementary, and their combined use discriminated among strains more effectively than did either method individually. Vet Rec, 1983 Oct 15, 113(16), 372 - 4 Association of Campylobacter jejuni with enteritis in dogs and cats; Fleming MP; Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 59 of 505 (11.7 per cent) dogs with diarrhoea as compared with only two of 122 (1.6 per cent) dogs without diarrhoea . However, there was no significant difference between campylobacter isolations from 142 cats with and without diarrhoea . C jejuni infections were commonly associated with chronic diarrhoea in both species and appropriate therapy abolished clinical signs and excretion of the organism in faeces in most cases . C jejuni may be responsible for some forms of enteritis in dogs and cats and is a zoonosis in which the companion animal may be the vector. Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Oct, 36(10), 2849 - 55 {Evaluation of fosfomycin in Campylobacter jejuni enteritis}; Fuchigami T et al.; Out of 1,219 pediatric patients who were brought to our hospital with chief complaint of diarrhea and abdominal pain and in whom stool cultures were obtained for bacteriological studies in the 17 month period from May 1 in 1981 to September 30 in 1982, Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in 203 patients (16.7%) . In this study we assessed the efficacy of fosfomycin (FOM) for C . jejuni enteritis . Results of antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that C . jejuni is highly sensitive to FOM . The efficacy of FOM was confirmed both clinically and bacteriologically . Moreover, improvement in diarrheal symptoms and the duration required for cultural conversion under FOM treatment were assessed . From the results obtained, it was considered that FOM is an antibiotic with high efficacy for the treatment of C . jejuni enteritis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Oct, 24(4), 509 - 13 Comparative in vitro activities of ten antimicrobial agents against bacterial enteropathogens; Carlson JR et al.; The in vitro susceptibilities of 50 strains of Salmonella spp., 80 strains of Shigella spp., and 50 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 14 Yersinia enterocolitica, 6 Aeromonas hydrophila, 4 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 9 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 30 Campylobacter jejuni strains that were recently isolated from worldwide sources were determined for 10 antimicrobial agents . The antimicrobial agents tested included ampicillin, bicozamycin, doxycycline, enoxacin (CI-919), erythromycin, furazolidone, amdinocillin, norfloxacin, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Ampicillin resistance occurred frequently in strains of Salmonella and Shigella spp . and enterotoxigenic E . coli strains . The most active agents against all of the bacteria tested were enoxacin and norfloxacin . Furazolidone and amdinocillin were also highly active against the majority of strains . Trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were inhibitory at low concentrations against all test except C . jejuni isolates . The in vitro results of this study confirm the high prevalence of bacterial resistance to ampicillin . However, this work also identifies four antimicrobial agents, enoxacin, furazolidone, norfloxacin, and amdinocillin, that would be appropriate for further testing in clinical trials. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Oct, 91(2), 227 - 33 Milk-borne campylobacter enteritis in a rural area; Wright EP et al.; During November and December 1981 more than 50 residents in a village in Derbyshire had an acute gastrointestinal illness . One month later a second outbreak occurred affecting another 22 people . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 12 patients; no other gastrointestinal pathogens were identified . A case-control study showed an association with the consumption of unpasteurized milk from one particular farm . No new cases were identified for 6 months following the application of a Pasteurization Order from 26 January to 23 February 1982. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Oct, 91(2), 223 - 6 The isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from flies; Wright EP; Living flies collected from three locations were cultured on selective medium for Campylobacter spp . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from five (2.4%) of 210 flies examined . These results suggest that the potential hazard to health from the transmission of campylobacters from animals to human food by flies is small. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 999 - 1000 Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus in homosexual males; Devlin HR et al.; Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus was isolated from the stools of two homosexual males . One was asymptomatic at the time of isolation . The other presented with diarrhea . Both isolates were initially grown at 42 degrees C . This organism should be included among the list of organisms that are found in homosexual males. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 986 - 7 Effect of ferrous sulfate, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium pyruvate on survival of Campylobacter jejuni; Chou SP et al.; A combination of ferrous sulfate, sodium metabisulfite and sodium pyruvate, incorporated in solid medium, maintained the characteristic morphology, motility, and viability of six isolates of Campylobacter jejuni stored at room temperature and 4 degrees C for up to 20 and 30 days, respectively, under normal atmospheric conditions. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 877 - 81 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli serotypes isolated from chickens, cattle, and pigs; Munroe DL et al.; A total of 191 Campylobacter jejuni and 125 Campylobacter coli were isolated from the intestinal content of 398 chickens, 421 cattle, and 203 pigs . All 108 chicken isolates and 73 of 80 cattle isolates were C . jejuni, but 115 of the 118 pig isolates were C . coli . A total of 84% of the C . jejuni and 64% of the C . coli isolates were typed on the basis of thermostable antigens with 20 antisera prepared against frequently occurring serotypes in Campylobacter enteritis in man (15 C . jejuni, 6 C . coli serotypes) . A total of 96% of the chicken isolates and 67% of the cattle isolates belonged to 11 C . jejuni serotypes that occur most frequently in human cases of enteritis (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13/16, 18, 21, 23, 31, and 36) . Serotype 8, a relatively common human isolate, was not recovered . The C . coli isolates from pigs belonged to serotypes uncommon among human isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 1008 - 10 Enhanced isolation of Campylobacter jejuni by cold enrichment in Campy-thio broth; Rubin SJ et al.; Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from human feces by direct inoculation to Campy-BAP (Scott Laboratories, Inc., Fiskeville, R.I.) was compared with isolation after overnight enrichment at 4 degrees C in Campy-thio broth followed by subculture to Campy-BAP . Of 54 positive specimens, 19 were positive only after enrichment, and 5 were positive only on the direct plate . Among 36 positive patients, 10 were detected by enrichment only and 2 by direct plating only . Laboratories using Campy-BAP should include cold enrichment in Campy-thio broth for optimum recovery of C . jejuni. Am J Gastroenterol, 1983 Oct, 78(10), 621 - 6 Campylobacter jejuni enteritis: efficacy of antimicrobial and antimotility drugs; Nolan CM et al.; We analyzed retrospectively the illnesses of 82 patients with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis to ascertain the efficacy of antimicrobials and drugs that inhibit gastrointestinal motility . Forty-four patients were treated with only supportive measures consisting of diet modification and fluids; 22 others received an antimotility agent for at least 48 h; the remaining 16 were given an antimicrobial at or near the time of therapeutic intervention . The three groups were similar in terms of severity of symptoms and signs . There was a greater need for secondary antimicrobial therapy because of static or worsening illness in the group treated with antimotility agents (8/22, 36%) than in the others (4/44,9%; 2/16, 13%: p less than 0.02) . Furthermore, six patients treated initially and 10 treated secondarily with erythromycin or tetracycline had illnesses of shorter duration than did untreated controls paired by age, sex, length and severity of symptoms and signs, hematochezia, and antimotility therapy (p less than 0.05) . Thus treatment of C . jejuni enteritis with erythromycin or a tetracycline shortened the illness, but antimotility agents impeded the resolution of the infection. J Clin Pathol, 1983 Oct, 36(10), 1097 - 101 Anaerobiospirillum species isolated from humans with diarrhoea; Malnick H et al.; Flagellated anaerobic motile spiral bacteria were isolated from the faeces of two patients with diarrhoea . They were recovered by the microaerophilic culture method used to detect campylobacters but demanded anaerobic conditions for subculture . Electron microscopy and other investigations showed them to be closely related to Anaerobiospirillum succiniproducens first described in beagle dogs and subsequently in three humans with bacteraemia. Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Oct, 36(10), 2757 - 62 {MIC test of Campylobacter jejuni/coli}; Saku K et al.; Using 3 kinds of medium, Mueller-Hinton (M-H) agar, M-H agar added with defibrinated horse blood and lysed horse blood, susceptibilities of Campylobacter were tested quantitatively to 12 antibacterial agents . The result showed no remarkable difference between them . MIC was examined with the cell concentration of McFarland unit 0.5 and 100-times dilution, and there was no significant difference between them except for 2 strains, on which erythromycin showed MIC of 6.25 micrograms/ml at McFarland unit 0.5 and 0.39 micrograms/ml at 100-times dilution . Eighty-two clinical isolates of C . jejuni and 6 of C . coli were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antibacterial agents . These strains were most susceptible to gentamicin and amikacin and less susceptible to benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin and cephaloridine with the MIC of 25 micrograms/ml . There were 2 peaks of susceptibility distribution to minocycline (0.2 and 50 micrograms/ml) . In tests for beta-lactamase of C . jejuni and C . coli, 3 strains obtained from 1 patient were positive. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1983 Oct, 8(5), 437 - 54 Food microbiology update . Emerging foodborne pathogens; Bryant RG; A review of three "emerging" foodborne pathogen groups is presented, including Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and foodborne Vibrio sp. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 972 - 3 Evaluation of the Cult-a-Box gas generator system for isolation of Campylobacter spp . from stool specimens; Kosunen TU; The Cult-a-Box gas generator tablet method for isolating Campylobacter spp . from stool cultures was evaluated by comparison with a standard gas mixture of 5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 85% nitrogen . Of the 186 positive cultures, 90.3% were found by both methods . Of the remaining 9.7% which were positive in one system only, 11 were found by the tablet method and 7 by the standard gas method. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 825 - 9 Hydrogenase activity in catalase-positive strains of Campylobacter spp; Goodman TG et al.; A rapid hydrogenase assay has been developed which may be useful in separating the species Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli from the subspecies C . fetus subsp . fetus and C . fetus subsp . venerealis . This assay employs the impermeant redox dye benzyl viologen, and positive determinations can be made within 20 min . All strains of C . jejuni and C . coli were found to be strongly hydrogenase positive . All strains of C . fetus subsp . fetus and C . fetus subsp . venerealis were negative for hydrogenase when the assay was performed at a benzyl viologen concentration of 2 mM and an incubation temperature of 30 degrees C . Some strains of C . fetus had low levels of hydrogenase as determined with cell extracts but were hydrogenase negative by the benzyl viologen assay . Since there are few rapid diagnostic tests available for screening Campylobacter isolates, we hope that the rapid hydrogenase assay will prove useful. N Engl J Med, 1983 Sep 8, 309(10), 576 - 82 The polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men; Quinn TC et al.; To determine the microbial cause and the clinical and pathologic correlates of anorectal and intestinal symptoms in homosexually active men, we performed comprehensive microbiologic studies, anoscopy, sigmoid-oscopy, and rectal biopsy in men examined in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases . Enteric pathogens were found in 95 of 119 consecutive homosexual men with anorectal or intestinal symptoms and in 29 of 75 randomly selected homosexual men without such symptoms (P less than 0.001) . The syndromes of proctitis, proctocolitis, and enteritis were differentiated on the basis of predominant symptoms and findings on anoscopy and sigmoidoscopy . Neisseria gonorrhoeae, herpes simplex virus, Chlamydia trachomatis (non-lymphogranuloma venereum serotypes), and Treponema pallidum were associated with 80 per cent of cases with symptomatic proctitis . Known causes of colitis, including Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus fetus, Shigella flexneri, Chl . trachomatis (lymphogranuloma venereum serotypes), Entamoeba histolytica, and Clostridium difficile, were identified in 60 per cent of the cases of proctocolitis . Giardia lamblia was the only agent significantly correlated with enteritis . These data demonstrate that intestinal symptoms in homosexual men are attributable to a complex spectrum of microorganisms, but that careful clinical classification can serve as a guide to the selection of microbiologic studies and to a rational initial choice of therapy. Immun Infekt, 1983 Sep, 11(5), 193 - 6 {Serologic demonstration of antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni/coli in man}; Hollander R; Antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni/coli infections in man was studied by microagglutination assay against homologues organisms isolated from patients and by complement fixation test against a commercially available group-specific antigen of C . jejuni/coli . Titers of agglutinating antibodies raise within 1-2 weeks post infectionem (p.i.) to an extent of about 320 (reciprocal titer) and persist about 3-4 months . CF-antibody titers raise only to about 40 but they persist for a long time . Because of the low titers in the CF-test and because of a missing seroconversion the CF-test is not suitable for the diagnosis of an acute infection . On the other hand the persisting CF-antibodies allow the diagnosis of reactive arthritis caused by C . jejuni/coli, particularly if the causative bacteria could not be cultivated. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1983 Sep, 72(5), 659 - 63 Symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infections in hospitalized children; Walther FJ et al.; During one year, 871 infants and children admitted to a Dutch paediatric ward were examined weekly for rotavirus . Rotavirus was detected in the stools of 64/129 (49.6%) children with diarrhoea and in 283/742 (38.1%) controls . The incidence of asymptomatic rotavirus excretors increased from 14.5% in infants 0 to 6 months of age to 65.8% in children of 6 years and over, a feature not yet reported . Possible explanations may be the methodology used, the age groups studied, the local hospital (and community) situation and the geographical location . Routine bacteriology revealed enteropathogens in 25.6% of the children with diarrhoea: Salmonellae in 20.9%, Campylobacter jejuni in 3.9%, Yersinia enterocolitica in 1.5%, Shigella sonnei in 0.8% and enteropathogenic E . coli in 0.8% of the patients. Res Vet Sci, 1983 Sep, 35(2), 217 - 21 Swine dysentery: protection against experimental challenge following single dose parenteral immunisation with inactivated Treponema hyodysenteriae; Fernie DS et al.; Groups of five pigs were vaccinated at three to four weeks old with either formolised Treponema hyodysenteriae in oil adjuvant alone, formolised T hyodysenteriae in oil adjuvant plus formolised Campylobacter coli in oil adjuvant, or sterile medium in oil adjuvant (as a control) . Each group was challenged four weeks after vaccination by oral dosing on two consecutive occasions with pure cultures of the homologous strain of T hyodysenteriae plus direct contact with two pigs exhibiting severe swine dysentery . The disease was observed in two of five pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae alone, three of five pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae plus C coli and all five controls; haemorrhagic diarrhoea was exhibited only by the control group . Each pig immunised with T hyodysenteriae (alone or with C coli) recovered spontaneously, whereas four controls died . Vaccination with T hyodysenteriae also markedly reduced the severity and duration of clinical signs and of weight loss . No differences were observed in response to challenge between pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae alone and pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae plus C coli. Am J Gastroenterol, 1983 Sep, 78(9), 557 - 9 Campylobacter-induced toxic megacolon; Kalkay MN et al.; A case of a compromised host with myeloproliferative syndrome who presented with severe, relentless but nonbloody diarrhea, fever, severe colitis, and toxic megacolon is presented . Blood cultures grew out Campylobacter fetus ssp . fetus . Specific treatment with erythromycin reversed the grave clinical picture to normal in a 5-day period. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Sep, 1(3), 193 - 204 A longitudinal study of the prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens among adults with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand; Echeverria P et al.; Six hundred sixty adults with diarrhea treated at Bamrasnaradura hospital, Bangkok, Thailand were investigated to determine the prevalence, seasonality, and severity of diarrhea associated with bacterial enteric pathogens in 1980 and 1981 . Shigella were isolated from 27% and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from 19% of the patients studied . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (5%), Salmonella (3%), non-01 Vibrio cholerae (3%), Campylobacter jejuni (1%), and Group F vibrio (less than 1%) were isolated from a smaller proportion of the patients . Shigella infections were most common in July-September, during the period of maximum rainfall in Thailand, while V . parahaemolyticus was isolated most frequently in September and October at the end of the rainy season . 0-1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from 25% of 104 patients studied in the hot, dry spring of 1980, but was not isolated throughout 1981 . Patients with cholera passed more watery stools, while those with Salmonella and Shigella most frequently had headaches, and those with Shigella more often had blood in their stools than those with other infections, or in whom no bacterial enteric pathogens were identified . Annual, seasonal, and, from a comparison with other reported surveys, geographical differences exist in the prevalence of bacterial enteric pathogens in adults with diarrhea in tropical developing countries. Infect Immun, 1983 Sep, 41(3), 935 - 41 Possible role of enteric organisms in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and other seronegative arthropathies; Prendergast JK et al.; One-hundred eighty-five clinical isolates of Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter sp . were tested for their ability to absorb the lymphocytotoxic activity of an antiserum (anti-Klebsiella sp . K43) directed against a specific HLA-B27-associated cell surface determinant on the lymphocytes of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) . Seven of these isolates (three Salmonella sp., two Shigella sp., one E . coli, and one Campylobacter sp.) were found to cross-react with the B27-positive cells of AS patients (B27+ AS+); an E . coli organism isolated from the rectal swab of an HLA-B27-negative clinically normal individual also cross-reacted with B27+ AS+ cells . These cross-reactive enteric organisms elaborate a factor (modifying factor) which specifically modifies the B27-positive lymphocytes of normal individuals; this factor is structurally and antigenically related to a functionally similar factor secreted by certain isolates of Klebsiella sp . These data suggest that certain enteric organisms share a common determinant which cross-reacts with B27+ AS+ cells . It is suggested that this cross-reactivity is somehow related to an early event in the pathogenesis of AS and possibly of other seronegative arthropathies. Am J Clin Pathol, 1983 Sep, 80(3), 388 - 90 A rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter enteritis by direct smear examination; Park CH et al.; Diagnosis of Campylobacter enteritis by direct smear examination of stool specimens, using 1% aqueous basic fuchsin, was compared with a conventional cultural method (Campy-BAP) . After examination of 485 stool specimens the direct smear method produced a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 99.5%, respectively. S Afr Med J, 1983 Aug 6, 64(6), 197 - 201 Erythromycin--three decades later; Straughan JL et al.; This article reviews some of the more recent developments relating to the clinical usage of erythromycin . The bactericidal and tissue-penetrating properties of this antibiotic are described and the suggestion that erythromycin has a very useful spectrum of activity in respiratory tract infections is supported by a variety of studies . We examine the increasing application of erythromycin in an extending number of problems such as sexually acquired disorders, a variety of diseases produced by infection with Legionella species and the enteritides associted with Campylobacter and Shigella species . The influence of erythromycin in particular, and of antimicrobial agents in general, on the immune system of the host is discussed . The immunomodulatory capacity of the antibiotics used deserves more attention . The interactions of erythromycin with theophylines and with carbamazepine are noted and amplified, and the consequences of the binding of erythromycin to plasma alpha 1-glycoprotein are examined . After some 3 decades of use, this remarkably safe antibiotic continues to display activities which deserve the attention of the clinician. J Infect Dis, 1983 Aug, 148(2), 292 - 6 Epidemiologic and clinical features of endemic Campylobacter jejuni infection in Bangladesh; Glass RI et al.; Epidemiologic and clinical features of infection with Campylobacter jejuni in Bangladesh were examined in (1) diarrheal patients infected with C jejuni, (2) healthy control subjects, and (3) village children who were cultured monthly and at each diarrheal episode during a 10-month period . C jejuni was isolated from 437 (14%) of 3,038 outpatients with diarrhea . These patients had no distinct clinical presentation and were more likely to have a mixed infection than were patients infected with other pathogens (59% vs 42%, P less than 0.01) . Age-specific infection rates were greatest in infants and did not differ significantly from those in control subjects . C jejuni was isolated less frequently from village children with diarrhea than from those cultured routinely (5% vs 9%, P less than 0.05) . Forty percent of 47 patients with C jejuni vs 23% of 48 control subjects (P less than 0.01) had an elevated convalescent-phase antibody titer as determined by complement fixation test . In Bangladesh, enteric infection with C jejuni is common but often asymptomatic, although pathogenicity is suggested by serologic response in some patients. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 77 - 80 Campylobacter jejuni as a bacterial cause of diarrhoea in Ile-Ife, NIgeria; Olusanya O et al.; A total of 495 diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea patients whose ages ranged between 5 and 39 years were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella and Shigella species . About 12% of the specimens from diarrhoea patients were positive for Campylobacter jejuni compared with 6% and 10% for Salmonella and Shigella species . In contrast 2%, 0% and 1% of the samples from non-diarrhoea patients were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella and Shigella species respectively . Most (62%) of the Campylobacter jejuni from diarrhoea patients were isolated from children under the age of 10 years . This compared with 26% and 37% for Salmonella and Shigella species in this age group . The frequency of isolation of Campylobacter jejuni in diarrhoea patients was highest during the dry months of the year . This study demonstrates the importance of Campylobacter jejuni as a major bacterial cause of diarrhoea in this part of the world. J Med Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 16(3), 333 - 40 Role of DNA and bacteriophage in Campylobacter auto-agglutination; Ritchie AE et al.; Auto-agglutinated and non-agglutinated cells of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli were examined by transmission electronmicroscopy in phosphotungstate negative stain . Agglutination was induced by three factors (1) extracellular DNA, (2) an aggregated protein, probably a bacteriophage precursor, and (3) free phage-tail sheaths . Auto-agglutinated cells were often "leaky," with a mantle of adhering DNA . About 80% of the auto-agglutinated cells could be resuspended after treatment with DNAase . Flagella were loosely embedded in protein aggregates, especially in phage-infected cultures . They were clumped in a side-by-side arrangement by free phage-tail sheaths . These findings suggest that auto-agglutination could be minimised in suspensions of organisms intended for use in agglutination tests by harvesting early logarithmic-phase cells containing no more than a low phage population . The most common C . jejuni phage had a contractile tail, a head diameter of 60-70 nm, and an overall length of 180-210 nm . A phage isolated from C . jejuni strain 1590 was morphologically identical with C . coli phage. Am J Dis Child, 1983 Aug, 137(8), 752 - 3 Campylobacter enteritis in normal and immunodeficient children; Melamed I et al.; Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni (CBJ) has been recently recognized as a common pathogen in bacterial gastroenteritis in children . During a period of 16 months, 51 cases of C fetus subspecies jejuni gastroenteritis were diagnosed . Five of the children in whom the cases were diagnosed were previously known to be immunodeficient: two had X-linked agammaglobulinemia, one had agammaglobulinemia, one had combined immunodeficiency, and one had transient hypogammaglobulinemia . Average duration of fever and diarrhea was longer in the five immunodeficient children (15 and 23 days, respectively) compared with the normal children (four and five days, respectively) . Excretion of C fetus subspecies jejuni in stool persisted for 20 to 27 days in four of the immunodeficient children and for one year in the fifth, whereas normal children excreted C fetus subspecies jejuni for only four to 16 days . Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni may be added to the list of bacterial pathogens most likely to infect immunodeficient children, especially those with a defect of the humoral system. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 2(4), 384 - 8 Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the presence of bisulfite and different atmospheres; Koidis P et al.; The effects of bisulfite, atmospheric oxygen content, and temperature on death of Campylobacter jejuni were studied to more fully define the optimum conditions for survival . Temperature was the most influential factor affecting survival, death occurring up to eight times more rapidly at 25 degrees C than at 4 degrees C . Survival was greater in an oxygen-free environment (100% N2) than in the presence of any level of oxygen, i.e . 5, 21 or 100% O2; however, factors other than oxygen concentration appeared to have a much greater influence on death of Campylobacter jejuni at 25 degrees C than at 4 degrees C . Greater survival at each temperature and oxygen concentration occurred in the presence of 0.01% sodium bisulfite than in no or 0.05% sodium bisulfite . In most instances, 0.05% sodium bisulfite was toxic to Campylobacter jejuni, as the organism died more rapidly in medium containing this level of bisulfite than no bisulfite . Results indicate that cultures to be transported and/or assayed for Campylobacter jejuni at a later date would best be suspended in a medium containing 0.01% sodium bisulfite, held in an anaerobic environment, and maintained at 4 degrees C. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 2(4), 378 - 83 Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on the basis of thermostable antigens; Penner JL et al.; Hippurate hydrolysis tests performed on the serotype reference strains of the serotyping scheme based on thermostable antigens under development for Campylobacter jejuni showed that 42 strains were Campylobacter jejuni and 17 were Campylobacter coli . Moreover, only four (0.2%) of 2025 hippurate positive Campylobacter jejuni isolates reacted in Campylobacter coli antisera and 12 (4.3%) of the 282 Campylobacter coli reacted in Campylobacter jejuni antisera . Evidently each species has its own array of antigenic specificities . Separate schemes for serotyping Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are advocated. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 46(2), 459 - 62 Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk; Lovett J et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from raw milk by a method that can routinely detect less than or equal to 1 organism per ml . This procedure was used in a survey of 195 separate farms and showed a 1.5% incidence of C . jejuni in milk from bulk tanks. Am J Vet Res, 1983 Aug, 44(8), 1605 - 6 Inhibitory and lethal activities of rosaramicin, erythromycin, and clindamycin against Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni and intestinalis; Smith JA et al.; In a comparative study of the inhibitory and lethal effects of rosaramicin, erythromycin, and clindamycin on strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni and C intestinalis, C jejuni was more readily killed by rosaramicin and clindamycin than was C intestinalis . Erythromycin exhibited an equally lethal effect against both subspecies . However, it was the least active of the macrolides tested against both C jejuni and C intestinalis. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 18(2), 420 - 1 Electron microscopy of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni; Buck GE et al.; Confluent cultures of Campylobacter jejuni incubated for 24 and 48 h each were examined by electron microscopy . Although the 24-h-old cells exhibited typical curved morphology, the 48-h-old cells showed rounded morphology with a loss of cell integrity . This appeared to be an autolytic process that occurred very rapidly after the culture became mature . These results confirm previous evidence that the coccoid form of this organism is a degenerate state. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 18(2), 283 - 6 Extended scheme for serotyping Campylobacter jejuni: results obtained in Israel from 1980 to 1981; Rogol M et al.; The serotyping scheme for Campylobacter jejuni previously developed in the National Center for Campylobacter, Jerusalem, was extended by the use of 20 new sera and modified by the absorption of the sera, when necessary, with homologous boiled cultures or heterologous live cultures . The extended scheme is based on slide agglutination of live suspensions and is performed in two stages: pretesting with four pooled sera and final testing with monovalent sera . So far, 34 serotypes have been recognized . Among 442 isolates of C . jejuni, 86.4% could be typed with this scheme . Of the 382 cultures typed, 90% reacted with one single serum, and the remainder showed a complex antigenic structure . The frequent serotypes identified were: 11 (12.9%), 12 (8.2%), 18 (6.3%), and 3 (6.1%) . When epidemiological data were available, the results of the serotyping corresponded with the epidemiological evidence. Gastrointest Endosc, 1983 Aug, 29(3), 195 - 7 Infectious colitis endoscopically simulating inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective evaluation; Tedesco FJ et al.; This prospective evaluation of patients presenting with mucoid bloody diarrhea and suspected idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated a 38% incidence of infectious colitides . The infectious agents detected were Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Amoeba, and Clostridium difficile . An increased awareness and the utilization of selective culture media should allow the clinician to definitively diagnose patients who present with signs and symptoms suggestive of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child, 1983 Aug, 58(8), 616 - 9 Age related susceptibility to Campylobacter jejuni infection in a high prevalance population; Richardson NJ et al.; In a year long prospective study of diarrhoea in children under 2 years of age in Soweto, South Africa, Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in 18 of 60 children under 9 months of age with diarrhoea, compared with 4 of 60 age matched controls . In the older children, 16 of 51 children with diarrhoea and 17 of 51 control children excreted this organism in their faeces . These results indicate a change in susceptibility to C jejuni in children over 9 months of age . Campylobacter enteritis in the young children was usually mild, without macroscopic blood in the faeces, and prolonged excretion of the organism after acute attacks was not infrequent . Breast feeding did not seem to protect against colonisation with C jejuni. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 18(2), 422 - 4 Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from an appendix; Chan FT et al.; Campylobacter jejuni Skirrow biotype 1, Lior serotype 8 was isolated from the appendix of an 11-year-old boy who had a 6-h history of acute abdominal pain . Histological diagnosis on the appendix section was early acute appendicitis . Dilute carbol fuchsin stain and indirect fluorescent antibody test performed on the appendix section also revealed the presence of Campylobacter sp . The patient developed a significant bactericidal antibody titer of 1,024, providing substantial clinical evidence of the pathogenicity of the isolate . This case indicated that not only may abdominal pain caused by Campylobacter enteritis mimic appendicitis, but the organism may actually be recovered from the infected appendix. Am J Vet Res, 1983 Aug, 44(8), 1553 - 7 Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (vibriosis): vaccination of experimentally infected bulls; Vasquez LA et al.; The therapeutic efficacy of a Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis bacterin was determined in experimentally infected bulls . Ten of twelve 5-year-old Angus bulls became infected after being infused intrapreputially with C fetus subsp venerealis . Of the 10 bulls, 6 were vaccinated with 5 ml of C fetus subsp venerealis vaccine on 2 occasions 4 weeks apart . Preputial washings of the vaccinated bulls were culturally negative by the 8th week after primary vaccination . None of the 18 heifers exposed to the vaccinated bulls became infected . The 4 infected, nonvaccinated bulls remained culturally positive to C fetus (P less than 0.002), and each bull infected at least 1 heifer (P less than 0.001) . Two noninfected, nonvaccinated bulls remained culturally negative and did not infect any heifer . The 4 infected, nonvaccinated bulls were then vaccinated . Two bulls remained infected 9 weeks after primary vaccination, as determined by the virgin heifer test and cultural examination of preputial washings . Serologic data from 7 sampling periods were different (P less than 0.001) for vaccinated vs nonvaccinated bulls at 4 (against K antigen) or 6 (against O antigen) weeks after primary vaccination . Vaccination was effective in eliminating the infection in most of the infected bulls, but cannot be recommended as the sole measure of control in infected herds. Lancet, 1983 Jul 30, 2(8344), 250 - 3 Cholera-like enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni . Characterisation and clinical significance; Ruiz-Palacios GM et al.; The presence and clinical significance of enterotoxins produced by Campylobacter jejuni were investigated . The supernatant of a prototype virulent strain grown in supplemented medium induced intraluminal fluid secretion in rat ileal loop but not in rabbit ileal loop or the infant mouse assay . It induced elongation and increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels in Chinese hamster ovary cells . Toxin activity was blocked by cholera antitoxin and was destroyed by heat and high or low pH; its molecular weight is in the range 10(4)-10(5) daltons . Toxin production was detected in 24 of 32 C jejuni strains from patients with diarrhoea and 1 of 6 from carriers . Antibody response to autologous C jejuni somatic antigen was investigated in 19 subjects for whom serial serum specimens were available . A fourfold rise was observed in all 10 patients with enterotoxigenic C jejuni diarrhoea, in 1 of 3 patients with non-enterotoxigenic C jejuni, and in none of the symptomless carriers of non-enterotoxigenic strains . These findings demonstrate that C jejuni produces an enterotoxin that may be important in pathogenesis of diarrhoea. Pediatr Infect Dis, 1983 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 298 - 301 Experience with the microbiologic diagnosis of Campylobacter enteritis in an office laboratory; Schwartz RH et al.; Campylobacter jejuni has been recognized as a frequent cause of bacterial diarrhea in infants and children . C . jejuni is a fastidious, Gram-negative, comma-shaped or sea gull-shaped, curved rod which is capable, particularly during the summer months, of causing slimy mucoid, blood diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever . In our pediatric office laboratory we found over a 12-month period that 14 (10%) of 126 stool specimens contained this pathogen . All but two children were diagnosed during the late spring and summer . There was no common source for Campylobacter infections in the patients . In 8 (66%) of 12 patients, C . jejuni infection was immediately detected by examining a 1% aqueous basic fuchsin-stained stool smear . Uncontrolled observations from this study suggest that erythromycin therapy, if started within 2 to 3 days of the onset of illness, is clinically effective. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 18(1), 1 - 4 Serum antibodies in Campylobacter enteritis; Kaldor J et al.; A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay method for the measurement of total and class-specific serum antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni was developed . The test was found to be both sensitive and specific . Immunoglobulin M, G, and A antibodies were detected in about 90% of sera collected from patients recovering from Campylobacter enteritis, with the pattern of appearance and decline of these antibodies conforming to that usually seen in an acute infection . A poor antibody response was noted in patients with intermittent or prolonged enteritis . The clinical implications and diagnostic value of this test are discussed. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1983 Jul 1, 183(1), 90 - 2 Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from an aborted caprine fetus; Anderson KL et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in pure culture from the tissues and stomach contents of an aborted fetus from a mixed-breed Illinois goat herd . In the herd, 5 of 21 does aborted in late gestation . The does had diarrhea before or concurrent with the abortions . Does that did not abort were vaccinated with ovine C fetus bacterin and were given chlortetracycline orally at the rate of 75 mg/day for 2 weeks . Further abortions did not occur. South Med J, 1983 Jul, 76(7), 948 - 9 Profuse diarrhea induced by Campylobacter; Miner PB Jr et al.; A 31-year-old woman with a five-day prodrome of fever, chills, and diarrhea was hospitalized with severe dehydration and profuse diarrhea due to infection with Campylobacter jejuni . Stool volumes were as high as 8,800 ml per 24 hours . Treatment with intravenous fluids, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and an oral isotonic glucose-sodium solution produced rapid improvement, suggesting a possible role for oral fluid and electrolyte replacement in Campylobacter enteritis. South Med J, 1983 Jul, 76(7), 855 - 8 Campylobacter enterocolitis in New Orleans; Gordon K et al.; Campylobacter is being increasingly recognized as a common pathogen producing acute diarrheal illness . During 1981, all stool cultures at Charity Hospital were routinely screened for Campylobacter . Twenty-nine of 2,233 total cultures were positive . We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the disease's clinical picture and epidemiologic features . Campylobacter-positive cultures comprised 1.3% of all stool specimens and 21.6% of all positive cultures . Age, sex, and race in the Campylobacter group did not differ significantly from a comparison group . The distribution of the rates of Campylobacter-positive cultures did not show temporal trends . The clinical symptoms were nonspecific and the disease was usually self-limited, with diarrhea lasting from seven to ten days in untreated patients . The disease may occasionally be confused with a nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease . Thus, it is important that stool cultures be routinely screened for Campylobacter so that appropriate therapy can be administered. Ann Intern Med, 1983 Jul, 99(1), 38 - 40 Campylobacter enteritis from untreated water in the Rocky Mountains; Taylor DN et al.; During the summers of 1980 and 1981 Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 23% and Giardia lamblia was isolated from 8% of persons with diarrheal disease acquired in the area of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming . Campylobacter enteritis occurred most frequently in young adults who had been hiking in wilderness areas and was significantly associated with drinking untreated surface water in the week before illness (p less than 0.02 in 1980; p less than 0.005 in 1981) . Penner serotype 4 was the commonest serotype isolated from humans and the only serotype isolated from an implicated mountain stream . These studies show that backcountry surface water can be an important source of C . jejuni and that infection with Campylobacter, as well as G . lamblia, should be considered as a cause of diarrhea in those who have recently returned from wilderness areas. Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 29(7), 803 - 6 Effect of temperature, duration of incubation, and pH of enrichment culture on the recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from eviscerated market chickens; Park CE et al.; To establish an enrichment system of high efficiency for recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from market chickens, the effects of the temperature, duration of incubation, and pH of the enrichment culture on the isolation of the bacterium were evaluated . Whole chickens or chicken parts in plastic bags were individually rinsed, and the washings filtered through cheesecloth . The cells were separated from the washings by centrifugation, and the pellet was inoculated into 100 mL of enrichment broth . Isolation of C . jejuni from poultry samples was significantly increased by incubating these samples in an enrichment medium at 42 degrees C as opposed to 35 degrees C; for 48 h as opposed to 24 h or 72 h; and at pH 7.0 as opposed to pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.5, or 8.0. J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 82 - 92 Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for routine detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni; Svedhem A et al.; A diagnostic serologic test for antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni is presented . A diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a surface antigen pool from two C jejuni strains was used . In testing serum samples for antibodies to C jejuni this system possessed high specificity, reliability, sensitivity, and capacity . It is easy to perform and there is no demand for expensive equipment . IgG and IgM antibodies can be quantitated separately, which allows for discrimination between individuals with acute infections and those with antibodies remaining after recovery . One serum sample is often sufficient to obtain such information . Seven groups of individuals were investigated . Serum samples from a total of 159 patients in three different groups and from 306 healthy individuals in four different groups were tested. Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jul, 47(3), 336 - 40 Detection of Campylobacter fetus in artificial insemination bulls with a transport enrichment medium; Garcia MM et al.; One hundred and five bulls from an artificial insemination unit were tested for the presence of Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis . The method involved the inoculation of preputial samples into a new transport enrichment medium prior to culture and immunofluorescence tests . Seventeen bulls (16%) were found to be either positive or suspected carriers of C . fetus at one or more sampling times . The average age of these 17 bulls was about two years greater than the average age of all the bulls in the unit . A combined treatment of vaccination and dihydrostreptomycin sulfate injection suppressed or eliminated the organism from carrier bulls . The use of transport enrichment medium has increased our capability and effectiveness to monitor the presence of C . fetus in artificial insemination bulls. Infection, 1983 Jul-Aug, 11(4), 189 - 91 Antibodies against an acid extract from a single campylobacter strain in hospitalized campylobacter patients; Kosunen TU et al.; An acid glycine extract from a single Campylobacter jejuni strain was used as the antigen in the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) . Elevated values indicating the presence of specific IgM and/or IgG antibodies were found in 73% of 52 patients hospitalized for campylobacter infection . A further 6% of the patients who had lower EIA values in paired serum samples showed at least a 20% change in EIA values . The same sera had been studied earlier for agglutinating antibodies using four reference campylobacter strains . 74% of the patients had shown elevated titres and a further 17% four-fold changes of lower titres in paired sera. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1983 Jul, 32(4), 886 - 90 Treatment of acute nonspecific gastroenteritis of infants and young children with erythromycin; Robins-Browne RM et al.; A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin ethylsuccinate was conducted in 65 infants and young children hospitalized with acute nonspecific gastroenteritis . Etiologic agents included rotaviruses (29%), Campylobacter jejuni (17%), "classical" enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (12%), enterotoxigenic E . coli (11%), Salmonella (9%), Shigella (2%), and Giardia lamblia (2%) . No pathogens were obtained from 25 (38%) children . Treatment with erythromycin had no effect on the course of the illness in terms of the time required for hydration, stool frequency and temperature to return to normal, or for vomiting to be abolished . Children treated with erythromycin, however, experienced a marginally, but significantly (P less than 0.05), shorter period of abnormal stool consistency compared with control subjects . This effect was most pronounced in children from whom no enteropathogens were isolated. Lab Anim Sci, 1983 Jun, 33(3), 303 - 5 Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patas monkeys with diarrhea; Bryant JL et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 11 (46%) of 24 patas monkeys with chronic diarrhea . Eight of these 11 (73%) monkey were characterized clinically by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea for periods up to a month followed by loose, semi-formed feces for a 12-month period . Half of the monkeys were treated with erythromycin for 10 days and the other half with tetracycline for 10 days, with all responding to treatment . Despite treatment, all monkeys again had an outbreak of mucohemorrhagic diarrhea . Biopsy specimens were taken from all eight monkeys over a period of 3 months . The clinical signs, treatment, and the gross and microscopic lesions seen in these monkeys were similar to those reported in humans and animals infected with Campylobacter jejuni. Am J Vet Res, 1983 Jun, 44(6), 1049 - 52 Ferret as a potential reservoir for human campylobacteriosis; Fox JG et al.; A survey was conducted to determine the frequency of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni in feces of ferrets purchased for use in biomedical research . Over a 12-month period, 168 ferrets from 2 commercial breeders were examined by bacteriologic cultural procedures for Campylobacter spp; 61% were culturally positive for C fetus subsp jejuni . In a therapeutic trial with 16 ferrets shedding C fetus subsp jejuni in feces, erythromycin given orally failed to eliminate intestinal carriage of the organism in 15 of the animals. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1983 Jun, 5(3), 259 - 62 Acute hepatitis associated with campylobacter colitis; Reddy KR et al.; A patient with proven campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni acute colitis developed hepatocellular dysfunction, which paralleled the course of the colitis . Liver biopsy showed nonspecific reactive hepatitis . Other causes of acute hepatocellular damage were excluded . The patient made a complete recovery. J Clin Pathol, 1983 Jun, 36(6), 667 - 9 Attempts to isolate Campylobacter jejuni from various body sites; Wright EP; Clinical material collected from various body sites, but excluding faeces, was cultured on either selective or non-selective media for Campylobacter spp . Campylobacter jejuni was found in only two (0.18%) of 1100 specimens; both positive specimens were urine . From these results it is suggested that C jejuni is an uncommon finding in clinical material other than faeces. Trop Geogr Med, 1983 Jun, 35(2), 189 - 91 A case of a double infection with Salmonella typhi and Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni; Eustatia JM et al.; A case of a double infection with Salmonella typhi and Campylobacter subspecies jejuni proven by isolation and serology is reported . The patient was effectively treated with erythromycin and chloramphenicol. Cutis, 1983 Jun, 31(6), 649 - 50, 653-4, 656 The microbial evaluation of acute cellulitis; Goldgeier MH; Twenty consecutive patients with acute cellulitis were studied by retrospective chart review . Patients with suffusion and edema, with or without vesicles, were included . Patients with breaks in the skin, with focal suppurations or with concurrent antimicrobial therapy were excluded . In nineteen of the twenty patients, aspirates (95 percent) failed to grow organisms . Pasteurella multocida was grown from subcutaneous aspirate and blood cultures of a single patient; he was immunocompromised by Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and chlorambucil therapy . Two of the nineteen patients with negative aspirate cultures had positive blood cultures, one for type B Hemophilus influenzae and the other for a probably spurious Campylobacter fetus . All twenty patients, including the two immunocompromised patients, responded completely to appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy . There were no complications of the needle aspirate technique observed . Needle aspiration is indicated early in the course of acute cellulitis in the immunocompromised, the young child with facial cellulitis, those with open wounds, and those who fail to respond to conventional antimicrobial therapy . For the otherwise well patient with intact host defenses, it is of extremely low sensitivity. Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jun, 36(6), 1219 - 32 {Experimental and clinical evaluation of a new cephamycin antibiotic, cefotetan, in pediatrics}; Nakazawa S et al.; A series of studies was performed on the use of cefotetan (CTT) in the field of pediatrics . The results that were obtained are described below . The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CTT against strains of E . coli and K . oxytoca that were recently isolated from child patients were found to mostly be 0.78 micrograms/ml or less . Even strains that were highly resistant to the action of ABPC were sensitive to CTT . CTT was administered to pediatric patients by intravenous drip infusion or by one shot intravenous injection, and then the concentration of the drug in the serum was monitored . The same procedures and dosages were employed for CFX and CMZ . In comparison with these 2 antibiotics, CTT showed a higher peak concentration in the serum, and it was retained in the blood for a longer time . The half-life of the CTT serum concentration was 2 hours or more in most of the subjects . When CTT was administered in a dosage of 10 mg/kg by intravenous drip infusion, the drug could still be detected in the serum as long as 12 hours later in some cases . Repeated intravenous drip infusion administration of CTT was not found to result in any accumulation of this antibiotic in the serum . During the 8-hour period following intravenous injection of CTT, about 50 to 80% of the administered dose was found to be excreted in the urine in its active form . During the acute phase of meningitis, intravenously injected (one shot) CTT was found to be transferred to the cerebrospinal fluid in a concentration that was sufficient to kill those bacteria that were sensitive to the action of this antibiotic . It was proven that, following the intravenous injection of CTT, the concentration of this drug in the feces was sufficient to inhibit the growth of Salmonella, Campylobacter, etc . CTT was administered by intravenous drip infusion as therapy to a total of 37 child patients diagnosed as having acute infections; these infections consisted mainly of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, intestinal tract infections and suppurative diseases . The dosage of CTT used in the treatment of these diseases ranged almost from 20 to 40 mg/kg/day, given as 2 doses per day (at intervals of 10-12 hours) . The efficacy rate of this therapeutic regimen was 97%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 2(3), 200 - 5 Antibody response to Shigella sonnei infection determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ekwall E et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for determination of the IgA, IgM and IgG antibody responses against a lipopolysaccharide antigen representing Shigella sonnei phase I bacteria . Two or more sera from 33 patients infected with Shigella sonnei were collected during a 12 month period after onset of the disease . Convalescent sera from 56 patients with other enteric infections (salmonellosis, yersiniosis, campylobacteriosis) and sera drawn from 40 healthy blood donors served as controls . Twenty-eight of the 33 patients (85%) had at least one serum specimen where two or three of the immunoglobulin titres were classified as positive (greater than + 2SD above mean titres seen in healthy blood donors), whereas only ten of 56 patients (18%) with other enteric infections had similarly elevated titres (p less than 0.001) . The Shigella sonnei ELISA using purified lipopolysaccharide as antigen is considered more sensitive and specific than the formerly used agglutination tests. J Appl Bacteriol, 1983 Jun, 54(3), 313 - 27 Quality assurance of selective culture media for bacteria, moulds and yeasts: an attempt at standardization at the international level; Mossel DA et al.; To facilitate monitoring of culture media, a simple quantitative streaking technique, implying ever-decreasing numbers of colony-forming units per surface area, as in spiral plating, was developed . The procedure evaluates, in quantitative terms, the ability of media (1) to support the formation of colonies by organisms that it was designed to grow and (2) to resist colonization by organisms that it is expected to suppress . The procedure was therefore termed ecometric evaluation . The ecometric results appeared to agree well with observations made