J Immunol, 1975 Oct, 115(4), 988 - 92 Structural and genetic basis of the in vivo immune response to TNP-LPS; Jacobs DM; TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) is a potent T-independent antigen in vivo, inducing a TNP-PFC response in T-depleted animals . The structural integrity of the lipid A-KDO portion of the LPS carrier molecule appears to be required since the haptenated LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 is immunogenic whereas the haptenated derivative of base hydrolyzed LPS is not . The immune response is not associated with any of the common histocompatiblity types, but does depend on the ability of the host strain to respond to LPS . C3H/HeJ mice are not killed by low doses of LPS and give a poor PFC response to TNP-LPS . Lethality and immunogenicity are dominant responses in hybrids of C3H/HeJ and responder mice . The structural and genetic requirements for the response to TNP-LPS suggest an active role for the carrier in the immunogenicity of this T-independent antigen. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Oct, 75(2), 173 - 84 The isolation of salmonellas from British pork sausages and sausage meat; Roberts D et al.; Between 1969 and 1974, 1467 packets (3309 samples) of pork sausages and sausage meat produced by two large and two medium sized manufacturers and several local butchers were examined for the presence of salmonellas . Of these, 435 packets (786 samples) were found to contain salmonellas, but there was a wide variation in the isolation rates according to the producer . The salmonella incidence in samples from several small and two medium sized producers was low (0-11%) while the results from the two large producers investigated showed a striking difference, the rate of salmonella contamination in the product of one was low (about 2%) and in that of the other consistently high (40-60%) . A comparison of liquid enrichment media, incubation temperatures and selective agar media was also carried out to determine the most efficient combination for the isolation of salmonellas from minced meat products . The results showed that (a) incubation of enrichment cultures at 43 degrees C . yielded a consistently greater number of salmonella isolations that at 37 degrees C., regardless of plating medium, (b) tetrathionate broth A (Rolfe) was superior to selenite broth as en enrichment medium at both 37 and 43 degrees C . and (c) brilliant green agar gave better results than deoxycholate citrate sucrose agar and bismuth sulphite agar as a selective medium. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Oct, 233(2), 180 - 7 Unrelatedness between agglutinations of bacteria and the presence of anti-polysaccharides in sera of Salmonellae from groups B and D; Barber C et al.; Rabbits hyperimmunized with two strains of S . paratyphi B provided sera with high agglutinating titers, although the sera were deprived of antipolysaccharide antibodies . However, the polysaccharides of both strains of S . paratyphi B precipitated against anti S . typhimurium sera in which antipolysaccharide antibodies were induced . Antisera obtained with three S . enteritidis strains showed a comparable unrelatedness between the agglutinating titers and the presence of antipolysaccharide antibodies in the corresponding sera . One of the strains, repeatedly used for immunization, never induced antipolysaccharide antibodies, while the agglutinating titers of the sera were high; the polysaccharide of this strain precipitated strongly against anti-Salmonella typhi O 901 sera and against the antisera of the other S . enteritidis strains in which antipolysaccharide antibodies were induced . According to these results, there is no apparent relationship between agglutinations of bacteria and the presence of antipolysaccharide antibodies in the corresponding sera . Heated proteins, isolated from all the strains after previous exhaustive extraction at 37 degrees C, showed strong serological precipitations. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Oct, 233(2), 199 - 222 {Chemical and serological characterization of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides from different phases of growth (author's transl)}; Schlecht S et al.; Chemical and serological investigations were carried out on lipopolysaccharides of 4 Salmonella S-forms and of 1 SR-mutant, extracted from bacteria at different ages of culture (early exponential to stationary growth phase) . The results show that the fatty acid composition of Lipid A (lauric-, myristic-, palmitic-, and beta-hydroxy-myristic acids) does not undergo any significant change during the growth of the cultures . However, there are differences in the molar ratios of the fatty acids from strain to strain . In all phases of growth Lipid A is substituted by basaloligosaccharide, to the same extent, as can be seen from the constant ratios of beta-hydroxy-myristic acid: heptose . Serological experiments (haemagglutination inhibition tests, absorption of antibodies by LPS-coated erythrocytes) showed that in no case the basaloligosaccharide is completely substituted by O-specific chains and that basaloligosaccharide exhibits free R-antigen structures which are mainly of chemotypes Ra, Rb and Rc, for the SR-mutant only of types Ra and Rb . There is no demonstrable dependence upon the phases of growth . In the O-specific polysaccharide chains the sugars of the main chain and the side bound dideoxy sugars (abequose and tyvelose) show a constant 1:1 molar ratio in all phases . In the case of S . typhimurium, antigen factors 1, 4 and 12(2), the biosynthesis of which is controlled by modifying oaf genes and/or by a lysogenic phage, are of a somewhat weaker expression in the exponential phase than in the latter phases of growth . In the SR-mutant, lipopolysaccarides with (low) serological O1 and O12(2) activity are only extractable by the phenol/water method, but not by the PCP method . In three out of four S-forms, changes occur in the length of the O-specific polysaccharide chains, whereas the number of repeating units of the fourth strain remains almost unchanged . The lipopolysaccharides of the SR-mutant contain in all phases of growth about one repeating unit . In all strains the covering of the cell surface by lipopolysaccharide molecules changes during the course of growth, as can be seen by comparing the relative cell surface and the content of Lipid A fatty acids of the bacteria . Lipid A synthesis in the 4 S-forms is reduced in the exponential phase and/or in the phase of delayed growth acceleration . The extent of biosynthesis of the carbohydrate moiety of lipopolysaccharides is independent of that of Lipoid A . In the SR-mutant, Lipoid A and Polysaccharide are formed in increased amounts in the exponential growth phase. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Oct, (10), 88 - 94 {Study of the antigenic structure of Salmonella by means of immunoelectrophoresis}; Stepanova LK et al.; The method of immunoelectrophoretic analysis was applied to the study of the antigenic structure of 180 freshly-isolated and laboratory cultures of salmonellae belonging to 29 serological types . A complicated set of specific and common antigens of bacteria was revealed in direct and cross experiments with the use of homologous and heterogenous antisera; immunophoregrams were drawn for each of the serological type under study . General regularities in immunophoretic, diffuse and serological characteristics of the individual antigens of salmonellae were established . It was shown that different serological types of salmonellae possessed surface K antigens along with the O and H antigens . On immunophoregrams K-antigens of salmonellae were revealed in the form of a bright precipitation arch in the central or the anode zone; O antigens gave a characteristic two-component precipitation line in the cathode zone of the phoregram. Infect Immun, 1975 Oct, 12(4), 828 - 32 Effect of the quality of the lipopolysaccharide on mouse virulence of Salmonella enteritidis; Valtonen MV et al.; The cell wall O antigen is known to affect mouse virulence of Salmonella . We have shown earlier that S . typhimurium expressing somatic antigen 9,12 is less virulent than its 4,12 sister transductants in mice after intraperitoneal inoculation, suggesting that the 4,12-type O antigen is connected with high virulence in mice . In this report we show, in accord with this suggestion, that when the naturally occurring O-9,12 S . enteritidis is made O-4,12 by transduction, its virulence is increased . The difference between O-9,12 and O-4,12 sister transductants is highly significant, with P less than 0.001. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Oct, 83(5), 482 - 90 Quantification of the inhibitory effect of eriochrome black and sodium nitrite on non-specific immunofluorescent staining; Karlsson KA et al.; To evaluate non-specific staining (NSS) of animal tissues by FITC-labelled immunoglobulins a model system was developed . HeLa cells were treated with labelled antisalmonella globulins and the fluorescence intensity of the cells was determined quantitatively by means of a fibre optic probe system . This system was used to determine the optimal treatment conditions (adequate concentrations, duration of treatment) using the two NSS-reducing agents eriochrome black and sodium nitrite . Approximately the same inhibitory effects (40-50 per cent using nitrite; about 85 per cent using eriochrome black) were obtained by conjugates of different F/P ratio values . The fibre optic probe system was also used to determine the effects of the above-mentioned agents on the NSS of liver sections . In this system, the NSS was strongly reduced by eriochrome black whereas nitrite treatment did not induce any inhibitory effect . The applicability of nitrite and eriochrome black as NSS-reducing agents was further demonstrated by the fact that they had no influence on the specific fluorescence intensity of salmonella bacteria . The effect of eriochrome black was also studied in clinical specimens infected with salmonella or tularemia bacteria. Am J Vet Res, 1975 Sep, 36(9), 1379 - 80 Salmonella and Erysipelothrix infection in swine: a laboratory summary; Harrington R Jr et al.; The occurrence of salmonellas and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tissues of swine was determined by bacteriologic and fluorscent antibody examination of 5,297 specimens from herds investigated for hog cholera . Of the specimens examined, 35.5% were positive for salmonellas, 21.1% were positive for E rhusiopathiae, and 8.3% were positive for both salmonellas and E rhusiopathiae. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Sep, 233(1), 50 - 7 {Nine new Salmonella species belonging to sub-genera I, II, and III and a new serological variant of S . tornow (author's transl)}; Rohde R et al.; Between October 1971 and March 1972, 168 samples were collected from tank-water and faeces of amphibious animals and reptiles living in the Aquarium of the Berlin Zoo . They were examined for Salmonella and Arizona . Nine unknown Salmonella species and one new serological variant of S . tornow were isolated . Two of the new species were found to belong to sub-genus I, three to sub-genus II, and for to sub-genus III (Arizona) (see article). Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Sep, 233(1), 43 - 9 {Ten new serotypes of Salmonella subgenus I isolated from healthy carriers in Togo (West africa).}; Bockemuhl J et al.; The Salmonella strains described in this paper were isolated from stool specimens of healthy persons in epidemiological studies in Togo (West Africa) . All strains belong to the subgenus I of the genus Salmonella . (see article) Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Sep, 233(1), 38 - 42 {Activity of lysozymes in blood serum of rabbits with experimental salmonellosis (Salmonella agona) (author's transl)}; Prokopowicz D et al.; The authors have analysed the influence of experimental infection of rabbits with Salmonella agona on lysozyme activity in the blood serum of examined animals . 37 rabbits were used in the experiments; experimental salmonellosis was developed in 22 out of this number, the remaining ones (15 rabbits) served as controls A statistically significant increase of lysozyme activity has been found in the serum of sick animals in the acute stage of the disease . A significantly high activity of this enzyme was observed in the diluted blood serum of experimental animals . No correlation was founds between the number of leucocytes and the percentage of granulocytes, and the lysozyme activity. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 21(9), 1291 - 7 Biological activity of phthalated endotoxin; Pistole TG; Glycolipid (GL) was extracted from a heptoseless mutant of Salmonella minnesota by a mixture of phenol, chloroform, and petroleum ether . The GL was subjected to treatment with either acetic anhydride or phthalic anhydride; a portion of the GL was untreated . Both of the chemically treated preparations as well as the parent GL were examined for biological activity in the following systems: mouse lethality assays, rabbit pyrogenicity assays, and rabbit skin assays . The results of these studies indicated that both treated preparations were less toxic in mice than the parent GL . Compared with saline-treated controls, rabbits pretreated with either of the modified preparations exhibited a reduced pyrogenic response to a subsequent challenge dose of the homologous material but no reduction when challenged with the parent GL . Pretreatment with the unaltered GL rendered rabbits tolerant to the homologous material and to some degree to the modified preparations . Rabbits immunized witn any of the three Gl preparations exhibited dermal toxicity responses comparable with those in untreated animals . Based on these findings, it was concluded that treating GL with either phthalic anhydride or acetic anhydride results in a product which is less toxic in mice and less pyrogenic in rabbits than the parent GL, but which also exhibits a loss of ability to render rabbits tolerant to challenge with untreated GL. Am J Dis Child, 1975 Sep, 129(9), 1031 - 4 Breast abscess during the neonatal period . A review; Rudoy RC et al.; Thirty-nine infants ranging in age from 1 to 7 weeks had breast abscess . The lesion occurred more frequently in girls (girl/boy ratio, 1.8:1), but this was due to cases developing after 2 weeks of age . During the first two weeks, the sex incidence was equal . No bilateral lesions were recorded . Eighty-four percent of the abscesses developed during the first three weeks of life . In general, there was a lack of systemic manifestations; a body temperature of 38.3 C (101 F) or more was found in only 25.7% of the patients and constitutional signs were found in four patients . Abscess cultures were obtained in 36 cases: 32 yielded Staphylococcus aureus, two Salmonella, one Escherichia coli, and one yielded both S aureus and E coli . Of six patients available for follow-up, decreased breast tissue was noted in two. Poult Sci, 1975 Sep, 54(5), 1693 - 6 Interaction of T-2 toxin with Salmonella infections of chickens; Boonchuvit B et al.; A significant (P less than 0.05) interaction resulting in increased mortality occurred in chickens fed T-2 toxin (16 mug./g . of diet) and infected with either Salmonella worthington, S . thompson, S . derby, or S . typhimurium var . copenhagen, all species that cause paratyphoid . No interaction on growth rate or relative size of the bursa of Fabricus occurred, although T-2 toxin alone caused a significant (P less than 0.05) regression of that organ . The spleen size relative to the body weight was decreased (P less than 0.05) by T-2 toxin and increased (P less than 0.05) by the Salmonella infections . Interactions were observed on spleen size between the toxin and S . thompson (P less than 0.05) and S . derby (P less than 0.10) . Total serum proteins were not affected by T-2 toxin or Salmonella infections . Agglutinins were formed in response to the infections, but the titers were unaltered by T-2 toxin. Antibiotiki, 1975 Sep, (9), 803 - 6 {Transmissivity of drug resistance in Salmonella}; Zueva VS et al.; The experiments showed that among 110 Salmonella strains resistant to 1 or more antibiotics 54.5 per cent of the cultures transfered their resistance to E . coli when grown in vitro . The frequency of the transmissive drug resistance in Salmonella was directly proportional to the number of r-determinants in R-factor . The cultures resistant to ampicillin and kanamycin proved to be the most competent donors. Antibiotiki, 1975 Sep, (9), 800 - 2 {Sensitivity of bacterial flora to antibiotics according to data from a clinical hospital}; Zhil'tsov IuP et al.; Antibiotic sensitivity of E . coli O-124, Salmonella and Shigella sonnei isolated from patients during 1968-1972 was studied with the disc method . Increase in the resistance levels to monomycin and neomycin in E . coli O-124 was observed . Sensitivity of Salmonella and Shigella sonnei to some antibiotics did not practically change. Exp Hematol, 1975 Sep, 3(5), 289 - 96 Weakening of genetic resistance . I . The effect of injection of endotoxin, Freund's complete adjuvant and alloantiserum; Buurman WA et al.; A parent to F1 transplantation combination was used to study the weakening effect of endotoxin, Freund's complete adjuvant and alloantiserum on genetic resistance . The relationship between time of treatment with endotoxin, Salmonella typhosa, and Freund's complete adjuvant, and their weakening effect was assessed by use of the spleen colony technique . CFU growth studies revealed that both endotoxin and alloantiserum were capable of weakening genetic resistance in the spleen but were unable to induce weakening of the resistance in the femoral marrow cavity . These results led us to the conclusion that the agents might not have a direct effect on the effector cells of the resistance . The weakening induced by endotoxin and alloantiserum seemed to be related to a certain immunological phenomenon in the spleen . In this phenomenon macrophages are likely to play a role since a number of agents capable of weakening resistance were known for their capacity to influence the mononuclear phagocytic system. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1975 Sep, 46(9), 1152 - 4 Surveillance of some infectious diseases among aircrew personnel in Southeast Asia; Lee R et al.; A 2-year analysis of specimens among aircrew personnel in Southeast Asia is reported . Stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria, blood smears for blood parasites, and sera tested for transaminases (SGOT) and antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis viruses, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Leptospira sp . and Pseudomonas pseudomallei . One to four specimens each were obtained from 537 adult males and 20 females . There were 56 subjects with intestinal parasites as follows: Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Endolimax nana (2.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.9%), Entamoeba coli (0.7%), Trichiuris trichiura (1.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%), hookworm (0.9%), and Clonorchis sinensis (1.2%) . Two individuals had malaria, Plasmodium vivax (0.6%) . Pathogenic enteric bacteria were isolated from seven stool specimens; Shigella groups B and D (0.9%), Salmonella paratyphi (0.3%), and Arizona group (0.9%) . Significantly elevated SGOT levels were found in 0.9% and antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in 1.5%, to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in 1.2%, to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in 0.3%, to Entamoeba histolytica in 0.9% and to Toxoplasma gondii in 10.1% . No antibodies were found to Chikungunya virus or Leptospira sp. J Infect Dis, 1975 Sep, 132(3), 296 - 302 Transmissible drug resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from humans, animals, and their rural environments; Marsik FJ et al.; Isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species obtained from humans, animals, and their rural environments were tested for their ability to transfer multiple drug resistance to competent recipients . In all, 125 (52.9%) of 242 isolates of E.coli transferred all or part of their resistance to E.coli CSH-2, and 103 (44.4%) of 232 isolates of E.coli transferred all or part of their resistance to Salmonella choleraesuis var . kuzendorf 214 . The data suggest that the multiple drug resistance of E.coli transferred all or part of their resistance to Salmonella choleraesuis var kuzendorf 214 . The data suggest that the multiple drug resistance of E . coli in the gut of humans who work with livestock may be due to the transfer of resistance determinants from animal strains to the resident flora of the human gut . Such transfer could occur during transient passage through the digestive tract . Multiple drug-resistant Salmonella were isolated from all sources . In all, 48 (80%) of 60 isolates of Salmonella transferred all or part of their resistance to E . coli CSH-2, and isolates of Salmonella transferred all or part of their resistance to E.coli CSH-2, and 42 (82.4%) of 51 isolates of Salmonella transferred all or part of their resistance to S . choleraesuis var, kuzendorf 214 . Fifty-three (46.9%) of 113 antibiotic-sensitive isolates of E.coli possessed resistance transfer factor, and six (23.1%) of 26 isolates with resistance transfer factor mobilized resistance determinants in isolates unable to transfer drug resistance during conjugation experiments. Rev Epidemiol Med Soc Sante Publique, 1975 Sep, 23(6), 345 - 58 {Typhoid fever in south Vietnam to day (author's transl)}; Meyruey MH et al.; In South Vietnam, the first Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol were isolated at the end of 1971; this resistance spread rapidly to two-thirds of S . typhi isolated; it is due to resistance plasmids which parasite most strains of S . typhi identified in Vietnam . The typhoid endemy turned into an epidemic en 1972 . The clinical symptoms of typhoid fever remained just as few as before: often only a high temperature; splenomegaly is rare, hepatomegaly more frequent . Complications, specially associated ones, have been more frequently observed since 1972; the evolution of the disease is slower . Although costly, a high dose of ampicillin often proves clinically active . For the moment, an association of trimethoprime and sulfamethoxazole remains the least expensive of efficient treatments. Poult Sci, 1975 Sep, 54(5), 1567 - 73 Interaction of aflatoxin and paratyphoid infections in broiler chickens; Boonchuvit B et al.; There was a significant (P less than 0.05) interaction resulting in increased mortality in chickens fed aflatoxin and infected with Salmonella worthington, S . thompson, S . derby, or S . typhimurium var . copenhagen which cause paratyphoid . There was no interaction on body weight or spleen weight; however, there wan an interaction with all four Salmonella species resulting in enlarged livers from which Salmonella could be isolated with increased frequency . Aflatoxin caused a decrease in total serum proteins but a dramatic increase in anti-Salmonella agglutinins in infected birds . These results suggest that aflatoxin impairs some component of the immune system other than that forming humoral antibodies and perhaps other than the reticuloendothelial system which have been reported previously to be impaired during aflatoxicosis in the chicken. Eur J Toxicol Environ Hyg, 1975 Sep-Oct, 8(5), 291 - 7 {Effects in the rat of a weak dose of acrolein inhaled continuously}; Bouley G et al.; The results of an experiment on 173 S . P . F . rats inhaling 0.55 ppm of acrolein, compared to 173 control rats, are reported . In what concerns the respiratory apparatus, this dose of acrolein affects its defense mechanisms, leading to a greater susceptibility to the airborne Salmonella enteritidis infection, compared to the control group . These phenomena disappear spontaneously when intoxication is prolonged more than three weeks . On the contrary, the general toxic action, manifesting itself through diminished weight growth and under-nourishment, compared to control group, lasts as long as intoxication and disappears only after acrolein inhalation has stopped . These results are discussed. Med J Aust, 1975 Aug 9, 2(6), 214 - 8 A health and social survey of a group of children from rural New South Wales; Cripps A et al.; Between the middle of May and middle of July, 1972, 177 children aged up to 15 years were admitted to a nursing home in Sydney on referral from their doctors in country areas of New South Wales for specialized investigation and treatment mainly of respiratory infections, congenital malformations and orthopaedic and ophthalmic conditions . Specimens of faeces from these children were examined for bacterial pathogens and parasites . These tests revealed the presence of intestinal parasites (mostly Giardia lamblia) in 91 of the children and of bacterial pathogens in 14 (a salmonella in one and shigellas in 13) . The general health and development of the children and the socioeconomic status of their families were below the average for New South Wales. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Aug, 232(4), 545 - 8 {Bread beetle (Stegobium paniceum L.) as Salmonella vector in fodder and fodder mixture (author's transl)}; Cuturic S et al.; In 1965 Salmonella eimsbuettel was isolated from two samples of fodder mixture for poultry and one sample of fodder mixture for pigs . In these samples of fodder mixtures there were also numerous specimen of bread beetles (Stegobium paniceum L.) . The bread beetles remained in these fodder mixtures during more than 9 years (till June 1974), and by them S . eimsbuettel was proved in one sample of fodder mixture for chickens as well . From the other sample of fodder mixture for chickens Salmonella was isolated during 6 years and from the sample of fodder mixture for pigs S . eimsbuettel was isolated during seven and half years . In 1969 into 12 sterile samples of fodder 5-10 adult bread beetles were inserted . These bread beetles had been taken from fodder mixtures contaminated by S . eimsbuettel and bread beetles . The bread beetles multiplied in these fodder mixtures and from a year thereafter the fodders were searched for Salmonella every 6 months . In 4 samples of fodder (out of 12) S . eimsbuettel was proved till June 1974 . The same Salmonella was isolated from well-washed and mashed bread beetles . Therefore the bread beetles (Stegobium paniceum L.) should be included into Salmonella vectors. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1975 Aug, 53(4), 329 - 31 A comparison of strontium selenite broth and mannitol-selenite-cystine broth in the isolation of salmonellae from egg products; Chandler RA; Of 103 isolations of Salmonella sp from egg pulp and albumen, 92 were made using strontium selenite enrichment broth and 54 were made using mannitol-selenite-cystine enrichment broth . The results suggest that the former medium may be used successfully for enrichment and subsequent detection of salmonellae in egg products. J Physiol, 1975 Aug, 249(3), 601 - 15 Prostaglandins, endotoxin and lipid A on body temperature in rats; Feldberg W et al.; 1 . In unanaesthetized restrained rats kept at an ambient temperature of 21-23degrees C, rectal temperature was continuously monitored and the temperature effects of injections of prostaglandins, endotoxin from Salmonella abortus equi, lipid A, and antipyretics were examined . 2 . Fever occurred when prostaglandin E1, E2, F1alpha or F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, PGF2alpha) was injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 200 ng and 2 mug . PGE2 was the most potent prostaglandin followed in descending order by PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGF1alpha . The fever produced by 2 mug of PGE1 and PGE2 was short and followed by a fall in temperature to below the pre-injection level . 3 . I.V . injections of endotoxin and lipid A in doses of 3 or 10 mug usually caused a long lasting fall in temperature, but when injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 400 ng or 1 mug, they produced long lasting fevers . 4 . Injected I.V . or I.P., indomethacin and paracetamol had a hypothermic action of their own . Indomethacin was more potent than paracetamol and both were more potent than injected I.P . 5 . I.V . and I.P . injections of indomethacin and paracetamol did not reverse the hypothermia in response to I.V . endotoxin or lipid A, but the fever responses to their injection into the cerebral ventricles were prevented and abolished by the antipyretics . 6 . It is concluded that in rats endotoxin and lipid A, or the endogenous pyrogens produced by them, do not readily pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain tissue . If they do reach brain tissue, as when injected into the cerebral ventricles, they stimulate synthesis and release of prostaglandin in rats as they do in other species, and thereby produce fever . The hypothermia in response to I.V . endotoxin or lipid A, on the other hand, is thought to be independent of prostaglandin synthesis and to result from a direct toxic action on the skin vessels. Ann Rheum Dis, 1975 Aug, 34(4), 364 - 8 Reiter's disease in three boys; Iveson JM et al.; Three cases of Reiter's disease occurring in boys under the age of 16 are reported . One of these presented with a Salmonella enteritidis diarrhoea . This conforms to the 'dysenteric' form of Reiter's disease usually seen in Europe and rarely reported in England . Another presented with a monarticular arthritis of the knee, and the third has developed a chronic relapsing erosive arthritis as a result of sexually acquired Reiter's disease--an occurrence not previously reported in this age group . We draw attention to the frequency of diarrhoea in these children and the sex incidence of 1 female to 4--5 males, which agrees more with Reiter's disease of dysenteric origin than that acquired venereally. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1975 Aug, 72(8), 3190 - 3 Mutagenicity of chloroacetaldehyde, a possible metabolic product of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), vinyl chloride, and cyclophosphamide; McCann J et al.; We have previously described a very sensitive and efficient bacterial test designed to detect chemical carcinogens as mutagens . Chloroacetaldehyde is mutagenic in this system and is of interest because it is a possible metabolite in mammals of the large volume industrial chemicals 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) (3.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.) and vinyl chloride (2.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.), and of the antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide . Chloroacetaldehyde reverts a new Salmonella bacterial tester strain (TA100) . Chloroacetaldehyde is shown to be hundreds of times more effective in reversion of TA100 than is chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), a known metabolic precursor of chloroacetaldehyde and a possible metabolite of dichloroethane and vinyl chloride, or than vinyl chloride, which is itself mutagenic for TA100 . Chloroethanol is shown to be activated by rat (or human) liver homogenates to a more highly mutagenic form with reversion properties similar to chloroacetaldehyde . Reversion properties of cyclophosphamide after in vitro metabolic activation suggest that chloroacetaldehyde is not the active mutagenic form of this antineoplastic drug. Aust N Z J Med, 1975 Aug, 5(4), 364 - 6 Salmonella meningitis treatment with intravenous trimethoprim; Briggs AE et al.; Intravenous trimethoprim and sulphadiazine were used in the successful treatment of Salmonella meningitis in a four months old child . Pharmacological data are presented which show good penetration of the bloodbrain barrier by trimethoprim . This combination appears to be a useful alternative therapy for gram-negative meningitis. Immunology, 1975 Aug, 29(2), 307 - 18 The bursal origin of an immunocompetent cell for antibody formation in the chicken; Matsuda H et al.; Surgically bursectomized and irradiated chickens were given bursal, splenic, bone marrow or thymic cells taken from syngeneic donors, together with killed Brucella abortus and Salmonella pullorum . Blood samples were taken from those chickens 7 days later, and the serum agglutinin titres were determined . The cells of any lymphoid organ taken from 28-day-old chickens were more effective in restoring antibody response than those from 18-day-old ones . The restorative capacities of the bursa and splenic cells were greater than those of the bone marrow and thymic cells . On the other hand, splenic, bone marrow or thymic cells taken from bursa-less chickens, and lymphoid cells taken from normal chickens but treated with anti-bursa serum in the persence of complement, were virtually incapable of restoring the immune response . Bursal, splenic or bone marrow cells taken from neonatally thymectomized chickens, and bursal or thymic cells treated with anti-thymus serum were effective, being comparable with the corresponding cells taken from normal chickens or treated with normal sera, in restoring the suppressed immune response in chickens devoid of the lymphoid system . These facts clearly indicate that the primary and central agent crucial for development of the humoral immune response against the two bacterial antigens tested is the bursa . It is strongly suggested from the results of adoptive immunization using intrabursally primed cells that the cells recognizing Brucella abortus exist within the bursa of 4-day-old chicken. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Aug, 75(1), 151 - 71 The serological relationship between Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica serotype IX and Salmonella serotypes of Kauffmann-White group N; Corbell MJ; The serological relationship between Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica IX, and the group N salmonella serotypes S . godesberg, S . landau, S . morehead, S . neusdorf, S . soerenga and S . urbana was examined using agglutination, antiglobulin, complement fixation, immunodiffusion and fluorescent antibody methods . Antisera to the group N salmonella serotypes all reacted to significant titres in agglutination and complement fixation, but not antiglobulin or immunodiffusion tests with smooth brucella antigens . These antisera also reacted in agglutination, but not antiglobulin, tests with Y . enterocolitica IX . They did not react significantly in any tests with rough brucella antigens . Conversely, antisera to smooth Brucella spp . agglutinated group N salmonellas to low titre and Y . enterocolitica IX to titres similar to those given against the homologous strain . Antiserum to Y . enterocolitica IX on the other hand reacted with smooth brucella antigens to high titre in agglutination, complement fixation and antiglobulin tests, and with the group N salmonella antigens to substantial titres in agglutination tests . In direct fluorescent antibody tests, smooth Brucella strains and Y . enterocolitica IX reacted strongly with FITC-labelled antibody to Br . abortus whereas the group N salmonella strains reacted weakly . In tests with monospecific antisera to the A and M determinants of Br . abortus and Br . melitensis respectively, Y . enterocolitica IX reacted only with the antiserum to the A determinant whereas group N salmonellas reacted to low titre with both A and M antisera . The results of cross-absorption tests confirmed this relationship and suggested that the O30 antigens of group N salmonella serotypes contained antigenic determinants similar to, but not identical with, the antigenic structure shared by smooth Brucella spp . and Y . enterocolitica IX. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1975 Aug, 53(4), 315 - 24 Salmonella enteritidis infection in rats: antigens involved in cell-mediated immunity; Marks RM et al.; When rats are sub-lethally infected with S . entertidis by the intravenous route, there is a period of at least 14 days in which peritoneal exudate cells are unable to migrate from capillary tubes on to glass surfaces; thereafter they migrate as do macrophages from normal animals . The migration of peritoneal cells from rats infected 18-21 days previously is inhibited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from homologous and heterologous strains of Salmonella . The apparent non-specificity of LPS activity in the macrophage migration inhibition test has been resolved by demonstrating that lipid A, containing less than 0.01% protein amino acids, is also capable of eliciting this test of cell-mediated immunity. Genetics, 1975 Aug, 80(4), 753 - 9 Immune response and the B blood group locus in chickens; Pevzner I et al.; Chickens of three blood group genotypes, B1B1, B1B2 and B1B19, were compared in their ability to produce antibodies . The B locus is the major histocompatibility locus in this species . Homozygous B1 pullets had significantly higher adult mortality than did the B1 heterozygotes . In two separate experiments the B1B1 females produced significantly fewer antibodies to Salmonella pullorum than did the B1 heterozygotes . Also the B1B1 pullets responded with lower antibody titers following immunization with ferritin, bovine serum albumin and parainfluenza-3 virus, although the differences were not significant . The results of this study suggest that an immune response gene is associated with the major histocompatibility locus in chickens, paralleling the H-2 locus and Ir genes in mice. Infect Immun, 1975 Aug, 12(2), 364 - 77 Evidence for O antigens as the antigenic determinants in "ribosomal" vaccines prepared from Salmonella; Eisenstein TK; The nature of the protective substance in ribosomal ribonucleic acid and protein extracts of Salmonella has been investigated . The results of experiments in which vaccines were prepared from isogenic strains and strains with defects in lipopolysaccharide synthesis show that O antigens contaminate both ribonucleic acid and protein ribosomal extracts, and are responsible for at least part of their strain-specific protective activity . In addition, it was observed that a ribosomal ribonucleic acid preparation from S . adelaide contains a heat-stable immunogen which is not an O antigen or that gives cross-protection across species lines . The contribution of ribosomes to the immunity induced by "ribosomal vaccines" is discussed. Vet Rec, 1975 Jul 12, 97(2), 32 - 3 The Zoonoses Order, 1975; Lowes E; The coming into effect on July 14 of the Zoonoses Order 1975, marks a new and important step in veterinary public health . The Order makes available powers to investigate and control Salmonella and Brucella infections in animals and Salmonella infections in birds which present a threat to human health . Any Salmonella and Brucella infection becomes reportable in certaain species when organisms have been isolated by laboratory test . Veterinary surgeons and livestock owners may be involved in this obligatory procedure . The statutory powers to investigate incidents and apply restrictions on the movement of animals, birds and their products are not limited to reportable species: they cover a much wider range of animals and birds . They will be held in reserve and used only when necessary because of a hazard to public health; the use of restrictions will be limited to cases involving a very serious threat to man . The information collected from reports and investigations will add considerably to the epidemiological knowledge of these infections and so allow improved methods of control to be developed . Some of these measures already in operation are described, together with others possible for the future. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1975 Jul-Dec, 68(7-12), 183 - 7 {A new diphasic serotype of S . egusi:=41:d: {1,5}-sub genus I}; Orlandella V et al.; Description of a new serotype of Salmonella: S.egusi, var . diphasic=41:d:{1,5}, belonging to Subgenus I, from the lizard Lacerta sicula sicula, Raf., captured in Messina, Sicily, Italy. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Jul-Aug, 126B(1), 63 - 8 {Supplement No XVIII to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1974 by WHO International Salmonella Center . Twenty-six belong to the sub-genus I, 20 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III . A new O antigen (67) and a new H antigen phase 1 (Z60) have been approved . Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described. Klin Padiatr, 1975 Jul, 187(4), 323 - 30 {Quantitative changes of serum immunglobulins during infectous diseases in childhood (author's transl)}; Mietens C et al.; Immunelektrophoreses and quantitative determinations of serum immunglobulins were performed for 298 children with infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, chronic and recurrent infections, pyelonephritis and Salmonella infections . Minor changes were seen for IgG, 80% of the patients had levels within the normal range . Many patients, however had increased levels of IgA and IgM, while a decrease of these immunglobulins below the normal range were rarely detected . Children with upper respiratory tract infections had increased IgA in 28 per cent and increased IgM in 44 per cent, those with bronchitis in 21 per cent an IgA and in 45 an IgM increase . Most frequently immunglobulin elevations were seen in patients with pneumonia: IgA was in 50% and IgM in 67% increased above the normal range . Patients with recurrent infections had an IgA elevation in 34% and an IgM increase in 33% . 35% of children with pyelonephritis had an IgA and IgM increase . Children suffering from Salmonella infections had an increased IgA in 29 and IgM in 67% . The result of other authors and of factors leading to an elevation of serum immunglobulins are discussed. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 89(1), 113 - 23 Envelope proteins in Salmonella minnesota mutants; Parton R; Envelope proteins of one smooth (S) strain and seven rough (R) mutants of Salmonella minnesota were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . All strains gave similar band patterns although some consistent differences were detected . A major polypeptide band at 54k, which coincided with the flagellar component, was more prominent in S, Ra and Rb than in the Rc, Rd and Re chemotypes . The latter strains, however, showed more prominent bands at 48, 19 and 18k . The stage of growth at which the cultures were harvested was also found to affect the band patterns, particularly in the 54 and 40k regions . A closer examination of S, Ra and Re strains suggested that the levels of the major 40 and 37k bands were slightly reduced in Re . It is concluded that the progressive loss of lipopolysaccharide components which occurs from the S chemotype through various degrees of roughness to Re is accompanied by a change in the envelope protein composition, apparently between Rb and Rc. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 232 - 46 {Comparative studies of methods of salmonella enrichment (author's transl)}; Pietzsch O et al.; Eight different methods of salmonella enrichment were compared in two series of experiments involving 100 samples of whole-egg powder and 80 samples of frozen whole liquid egg, respectively . 66 out of a total of 100 samples of whole-egg powder had been artificially infected with varying numbers of S . typhi-murium; 60 out of 80 samples of frozen whole liquid egg were found to be naturally infected with various salmonella species . 3 of the 8 methods (Table 1) were compared within an international collaborative study with 14 laboratories in 11 countries participating . A reduction of the pre-enrichment period from 18 to 6 hours and of volumes used in pre-enrichment and selective enrichment from 10 and 100 ml, respectively to 1 and 10 ml, respectively were found to have adverse influence upon the result of isolations, in particular in the case of weakly infected samples . In contrast, extended incubation over 48 hours as well as preparation of two sub-cultures on solid selective media following incubation of enrichment cultures over 18-24 hours and 42-48 hours, respectively always resulted in a certain increase of salmonella yield which, however, exhibited gradual differences for the individual methods examined . Preparation of a 2nd sub-culture meant, in particular, a decisive improvement of the result of isolations from artificially infected samples if selenite-cystine enrichment volumes were 10 and 100 ml, respectively . The best results could be obtained by means of the following methods of enrichment: Pre-enrichment of material in buffered peptone water at 37 degrees C over 18 hours; pipetting of 10 ml inoculated and incubated pre-enriched material into 100 ml selenite-cystine or tetrathionate enrichment medium according to MULLER-KAUFFMANN; onward incubation of the enrichment culture at 43 degrees C over 48 hours; and preparation of sub-cultures on solid selective media after 24 and 48 hours . The method using tetrathionate enrichment medium was found to be most expensive, results, however, were the most consistent ones. Arthritis Rheum, 1975 Jul-Aug, 18(4), 339 - 45 Septic arthritis in sickle-cell thalassemia . Pathophysiology of impaired response to infection; Palmer DW; The knee of a boy with sickle-cell thalassemia became infected with Salmonella enteritidis, sensitive to ampicillin . Doses of ampicillin that achieved anti-bacterial titers of 32 in synovial fluid failed to eradicate the organism . The synovial fluid exhibited severe hypoxia, hypercapnia, and lactic acidosis . Methods were developed to estimate the oxygen saturation of blood in regional venous capillaries, the degree of periarticular sickling, changes in the viscosity of local blood, and the articular ratio of blood flow to oxygen utilization . The results suggest that local vascular insufficiency associated with sickling may affect host response to infection and efficacy of antibiotics . The Salmonella C1 readily transformed to an L form on hypertonic medium, thus acquiring resistance to ampicillin and other cell-wall inhibitors. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1975 Jul, 58(4), 828 - 44 Fluorescent antibody method for the detection of Salmonella: development, evaluation, and collaborative study; Fantasia LD et al.; In preliminary studies, several commercial polyvalent fluorescent antibody (FA) preparations were evaluated for specificity and crossreactivity and an FA method was developed for the screening of Salmonella in products . Approximately 4000 product samples were tested by the FA method and the results were compared to those from the official final action AOAC method, 46.013-46.026 . Only 4 FA false-negatives were found for a total of 619 confirmed positive Salmonella samples . The FA false-positive rate was 7% . The method was then subjected to a 2-phase collaborative study . In Phase I, 22 analysts tested 5 inoculated and 5 uninoculated samples of dried milk . In Phase II, 5 naturally contaminated and 5 presumably uncontaminated foods were analyzed . The study was designed to compare results from 11 analysts experienced in FA methodology with those from 11 analysts with little or no experience . Selenite cystine (SC) and tetrathionate (TT) broths were used for enrichment and both were inoculated into SC for post-enrichment . All 4 combinations (SC, TT, SC-SC, and TT-SC) were used with the FA method to determine the best technique . Results were compared to the analysis with TT and SC by the AOAC culture method . In all studies, FA analysis with SC-SC gave the highest correlation with the AOAC method . In a total of 200 samples, the experienced group found 125 AOAC positives and 127 FA positives; no FA false-negatives and only 2 false-positives were reported . The inexperienced group reported 9 FA false-negatives and 5 FA false-positives . All false-negatives occurred in only 3 of the inexperienced laboratories . These studies showed that enrichment and post-enrichment in SC gave the best FA results and that training in FA methodology is required for correlation with existing AOAC methodology . The FA method for the detection of Salmonella has been adopted as official first action. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1975 Jul, 24(4), 713 - 4 Nephrotic syndrome in Schistosomiasis mansoni complicated by chronic salmonellosis; Higashi GI et al.; Thirteen patients with concomitant chronic salmonellosis and schistosomiasis and with the nephrotic syndrome were studied . Of the seven patients' sera examined, all had markedly low complement C3 and near normal C4 levels . This indirectly suggests an active role of Salmonella endotoxin in the etiology of the nephrosis. J Immunol, 1975 Jul, 115(1), 199 - 203 Relation of structure to function in bacterial endotoxins . VIII . Biological activities in a polysaccharide-rich fraction; Nowotny A et al.; This is the first report describing in vivo biologic activities elicited by a non-toxic, polysaccharide-rich, water soluble fraction obtained by partial acidic hydrolysis from endotoxic lipopolysaccharide . The two activities present in this preparation were a) mouse bone marrow cell colony formation stimulation (CSF) and b) protection of mice against lethal irradiation . With polysaccharide-deficient rough mutants of salmonella minnesota, the CSF-inducing activity could be restricted to the "core" region of the LPS structure . Sixty-minute hydrolysis with 1 N HCl at 100 degrees C or 0.1 M sodium metaperiodate oxidation at cold room temperature completely abolished CSF-inducing activity of the preparation, whereas it showed considerable resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis . These findings indicate that the active component in this preparation is carbohydrate in nature . Lipid preparations from smooth LPS or from Re rough mutants are either much less active or completely inactive in the above two assays . The fully active polysaccharide rich preparation was found to be inert in seven other characteristic endotoxicity parameters. Immunology, 1975 Jul, 29(1), 87 - 102 Immunological responses to Salmonella R antigens . The bacterial cell and the protein edestin as carriers for R oligosaccharide determinants; Nixdorff KK et al.; Responses in rabbits to heat-killed Salmonella minnesota R mutants (chemotypes Ra, Rc and Re) were heterogeneous with respect to the amounts and specific haemagglutinin activities (SHAA) of IgM and IgG antibodies produced to each mutant . Amounts of antibodies in IgM and IgG fractions of sera were determined by quantitative precipitation . For comparison, antibodies were also isolated using an R oligosaccharide-specific immunoadsorbent and quantitated spectrophotometrically . SHAA (haemagglutinating units/mg antibody) of IgG antibodies were similar for all three mutants . In contrast, the Ra mutant induced IgM antibodies with the highest SHAA, while the Re mutant induced IgM antibodies 10-fold lower in activity . The ratio of the amount of IgM/IgG produced was approximately 1/1 for both the Ra and the Rc mutants, while the ratio for the Re mutant was about 1/2 . Salmonella R oligosaccharide-protein conjugates (chemotypes Rb2, Rc and Re) were prepared, and the responses to these antigens were compared with those to the heat-killed mutants . The conjugates were specific for the given chemotype, and they were strongly immunogenic when incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant and administered intramuscularly . Haemagglutinin titres were relatively high, but amounts of antibodies were considerably reduced when the conjugates were administered intravenously without adjuvant . Rabbits immunized with the conjugates in the same manner as with heat-killed R mutants produced predominantly IgM responses in all three cases. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Jun 27, 100(26), 1425 - 8 {Infection with "enteritis salmonella" at non-intestinal sites (author's transl)}; Opree W; So-called "enteritis Salmonella" was isolated in five cases from extra-intestinal specimens (about 3% of all primary Salmonella isolations in one year) . The organisms were: S . typhimurium, S . enteritidis, S . java, S . panama, and S . infantis . In four of the five cases the clinical picture was not that of a Salmonella infection . Focal manifestations were a knee-joint empyema after long-term treatment with glucocorticoids, pleuritis in Hodgkin's disease, osteomyelitis of the head of the tibia, and meningitis in a child . In a 72-year-old man, acute renal failure occurred after enteritis, following which the Salmonella was isolated from the respiratory tract for many weeks. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Jun 27, 100(26), 1429 - 31 {Treatment of healthy salmonella carriers with lactulose beta-galactosido-fructose (author's transl)}; Hoffmann K; Oral administration of lactulose (beta-galactosido-fructose) of 25 healthy Salmonella carriers cured 21, but failed in four. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Jun 15, 100(12), 648 - 53 {Quantitative studies for the presence of Salmonellae in deep frozen broiler chickens (author's transl)}; Notermans S et al.; When poultry carcasses were examined immediately prior to deep freezing those which were contaminated with salmonellae were generally found to contain about 17/100 g skin . In two instances more than 1400 salmonellae/100 g skin were found to be present . After deep freezing and thawing a 5 fold reduction had occurred in the numbers of salmonellae present . A high positive correlation was found between the number of Salmonella organisms on the skin and that in the thaw water. Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Jun 14, 112(13 Spec No), 28 - 32 Treatment of salmonella carriers with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; Clementi KJ; One hundred and two patients with salmonellosis were observed, as either acute cases or asymptomatic carriers, over a span of 6 years . Twenty-eight patients were treated with antibiotics only or received no treatment; those in the treated group became negative for the infecting organisms after a mean time of 160 days, as compared with a mean of 52.4 days for those who were not treated . Seventy-four other patients were treated with frimthoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) as the sole medication or after prior antibiotic therapy . Sixty of these patients (81.1%) were free from Salmonella in the mean time of 19.2 days, whereas 14 failed to respond and the condition cleared spontaneously in a mean time of 134.9 days . The poor response to treatment with TMP-SMX by children 2 years of age and younger is noted . The beneficial effects of treatment with TMP-SMX, as compared with antibiotics or no treatment at all, are examined in the light of the need to protect the public from this potentially dangerous infection. Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Jun 14, 112(13 Spec No), 33 - 4 Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastroenteritis in children; Marks MI; In vitro studies indicates that the constitutents of the drug combination co-trimoxazole are synergistic against Salmonella and effective against shigella isolated from children ill with gastroenteritis . The drug is well absorbed in children with gastroenteritis due to a variety of causes and is distributed, excreted and metabolized in a manner similar to that seen in normal adult volunteers . The drug is tolerated well by children with gastroenteritis even in very high dosages . Despite its in vitro and pharmacokinetic advantages, co-trimoxazole was not any more efficient than any other durg or no therapy in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis; it seems to have a role, however, in the treatment of typhoid fever and may be life-saving in patients infected with ampicillin- and chloramphenical-resistant strains . It is also effective in the treatment of shigella gastroenteritis and is recommended where ampicillin-resistant strains are encountered . Its potential usefulenss for the treatment of other bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in children must be evaluated by further controlled therapeutic trials. Blood, 1975 Jun, 45(6), 789 - 800 Tolerance to the granulocyte-releasing and colony-stimulating factor elevating effects of endotoxin; Quesenberry P et al.; Injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin into either CF1 or C57bl/6J mice leads to prompt increases in serum colony-stimulating factor (CSF) . Repeated injections of endotoxin result in a dose-related hyporesponsiveness or tolerance to this effect . Tolerance is seen after either intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes of administration or challenge and occurs after one to two preinjections . Cross-tolerance to heterologous endotoxin (Escherichia coli) was also shown . This cross-tolerance is complete immediately after cessation of preinjections, but partial at later time intervals . Levels of a serum inhibitor of colony growth were decreased in tolerant mice, although this decrease is not statistically significant . Tolerant mice injected with endotoxin release granulocytes from the bone marrow normally, in spite of the absence of a CSF response . This suggests that neutrophil releasing activity (NRA) and CSF are separate entities . A marked marrow granulocytic hyperplasia develops after 7 or 20 days of endotoxin injections, despite the tolerance to the CDF-elevating effect of endotoxin . This granulocytic hyperplasia could still be mediated by serum CSF increases . A negative medullary feed-back secondary to the repetitive release of marrow granulocytes, however, is an equally plausible mechanism for the stimulation of granulocyte production . It is also possible that the decrease in serum inhibitors played a role in the sustained increase in granulopoiesis seen here. Nouv Presse Med, 1975 Jun 7, (23), 1700 - 2 {Primary bacterial aneurysm of the aorta . 4 cases}; Dequirot A et al.; The causal agent was a Salmonella in three cases and a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in one case . In these four patients there was no evidence of endocardities and the causal germ was verified by the bacteriological cultures of the anevrysmal lesions and/or by the blood cultures . In one patient full recovery was obtained by surgical repair after complete bacteriologic cure. Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol, 1975 Jun, 18(2), 119 - 35 {Preparation of immunoglobulins G,A,M (IgGAM) for therapeutic use . Conditions for enrichment in IgA or in IgM}; Audran R et al.; Antibodies directed against viruses and bacteria are not equally distributed among the main classes of immunoglobulins, e.g . IgG, IgA and IgM . It has been found that IgM is mostly concerned with certain antibacterial activities (Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas) and IgA with high antibody titers for poliomyelitis virus I whereas antibody activities against many viruses such as influenza and measles virus occur preferentially in the IgG population . Furthermore, isolated immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes are actually well known . In the light of these findings, new concepts of immunotherapy have developed . Massive i.v . IgG-therapy is already widely used in congenital and acquired severe hypogammaglobulinemia . Preparations enriched in IgA and IgM are needed to complete the immunotherapeutical possibilities . Such a fraction called IgGAM has already been prepared in our Institute . Fraction III obtained during large scale fractionation is used as starting material and caprylic acid for the precipitation of most proteins other than the immunoglobulins present in fraction III . The immunoglobulin concentrate is finally obtained by ethanol precipitation of the caprylic acid supernatant . The present study is concerned with various modifications of the initial technique in order to obtain fractions more specially enriched in IgA or in IgM . In some cases the standard IgGAM fraction has been submitted to a further fractionation step, such as adsorption of IgG on DEAE-cellulose or precipitation of certain immunoglobulins achieved by Rivanol or by lowering the salt concentration . In other trials the fractionation procedure starting from fraction III has been modified . Rivanol has been used as a precipitating agent for the subfractionation of fraction III . It is well known that IgG is soluble in the presence of Rivanol . This technique was thus used in order to obtain preparations enriched mainly in IgM and IgA . The precipitate obtained after the addition of Rivanol was dissociated by NaCl and the solution further subfractionated by caprylic acid . In a similar way PEG was associated with the caprylic acid precipitation step . PEG precipitates proteins mainly in function of their molecular weight . However, the enrichment of IgM of the final fraction did not exceed 32% and much IgM was lost under the experimental conditions . It proved easiest to suspend fraction III in distilled water leaving IgM in the precipitate; it is dissolved and the solution submitted to a slightly modified caprylic acid precipitation step . This fraction contains 35-40% IgM, few (2-6%) IgA and about 50% IgG whereas an IgA (35%) enriched fraction is obtained when fraction III is solubilized with acetate at pH 6.2 and then submitted to precipitation by caprylic acid under slightly modified conditions as compared with our standard IgGAM . Thus, simple modifications of the standard procedure allow to prepare fractions enriched more specially in IgM or IgA . Fractions poor or almost devoid of IgG can also be obtained... Br J Exp Pathol, 1975 Jun, 56(3), 216 - 22 A comparative study of liver changes produced by inoculating pregnant rats with Salmonella dublin or with its endotoxin; Hall GA; Rats were inoculated with viable Salmonella cublin organisms or a crude Salm . dublin endotoxin at the 14th day of pregnancy . They were killed at intervals up to 96 h after inoculation and the pathogenesis of the liver lesions compared . The immediate effects on the liver of both inoculations were the same but there were differences in the later stages . In the endotoxin inoculated rats the initial liver lesions regressed but in the bacteria inoculated rats fat accumulated in the periportal and mid-lobular areas as the initial lesions regressed, and there was nuclear enlargement and mitosis . These lesions may represent the response of the liver to a continued bacteriaemia and endotoxaemia originating from the uterine lumen. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1975 Jun, 42(2), 63 - 9 Immunization of mice and guinea-pigs against Salmonella dublin infection with live and inactivated vaccine; Cameron CM et al.; The immunogenicity of a number of avirulent rough Salmonella dublin mutants was compared in mice and guinea-pigs . Live vaccine prepared from Strain HB 1/17 at doses of 5 X 10(7) per mouse usually gave an immunity of between 70 and 80% but in certain experiments the results were more variable and always poorer . This strain gave a cross protection of 28,5% to S . typhimurium in mice . In guinea-pigs it evoked an average protection of approximately 46% to homologous challenge and approximately 26% to challenge with S . tryphimurium . Strain 5765 protected up to 80% of mice against S . dublin infection and was generally superior to Strain HB 1/17 in this respect . It was, however, less effective in protecting mice against S . tryphimurium (20%) . In guinea-pigs it was also less effective than Strain HB 1/17, giving 34% protection against homologous and 20% against heterologous challenge . Other strains also produced immunity in mice but they were not studied in detail . Formalin-inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine prepared from avirulent smooth strain and containing 0,5% packed cells proved to be extremely effective in protecting mice against S . dublin infection . It produced an average immunity of 75% and was often 100% effective . It also protected 60% of mice against challenge with S . tryphimurium . In guinea-pigs it was, however, totally ineffective against challenge with both S . dublin and S . tryphimurium. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 29(6), 795 - 801 Salmonella survival on pecans as influenced by processing and storage conditions; Beuchat LR et al.; Survival of Salmonella senftenberg 775W, S . anatum, and S . typhimurium during exposure to currently practiced, as well as abusive, pecan processing and storage conditions was studied . Thermal treatments normally carried out during the processing of pecans are inadequate to consistently destroy salmonellae in highly contaminated inshell nuts . Pecan nut packing tissue was toxic to salmonellae, thus affording some protection against high initial contamination and subsequent survival of the organisms . Examinations of inoculated inshell pecans stored at -18, -7, 5, and 21 C for up to 32 weeks revealed that the extent of survival was inversely correlated to the storage temperature . S . senftenberg 775W and S . anatum were not detectable on inshell nuts after 16 weeks of storage at 21 C . Little decrease in viable population of the three species was noted on inoculated pecan halves stored at -18, -7, and 5 C for 32 weeks . Due to organoleptic quality deterioration in pecan nutmeats at elevated temperatures, sterilization methods other than thermal treatment appear to be required for the elimination of viable salmonellae from pecan nuts. Am J Dis Child, 1975 Jun, 129(6), 668 - 72 Enteroinvasive and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . Occurrence in acute diarrhea of infants and children; Rudoy RC; The abilities of Escherichia coli to induce diarrhea by enterotoxin production and by intestinal cell penetration have not been explored simultaneously in children with diarrheal disease . In this study, we investigated 36 infants and children with acute diarrhea and 17 healthy controls . From each patient's rectal swab culture, E coli colonies were tested for enterotoxin production by intragastric inoculation in suckling mice and screened for cell penetration with HEp-2 cells . Colonies showing invasiveness in HEp-2 cells were further tested by inoculation into guinea pig conjunctivae . Salmonella or Shigella strains were isolated from 42% of the patients with diarrhea . Enterotoxin-producing strains of E coli were found in 86% of the diarrhea group and in 41% of controls . Strains with capability to invade epithelial cells were found in 30% of the diarrhea group and in 12% of controls . In seven patients, E coli strains demonstrated both enterotoxin production and invasiveness . In an overall view, considering Salmonella, Shigella, and enteroinvasive or enterotoxigenic E coli, a possible etiologic agent was demonstrated in 94% of infants with diarrheal disease . However, the high frequency of enterotoxigenic strains in healthy controls suggest that in some patients with diarrhea there may be a coincidental carrier state with diarrhea actually due to another cause. Nord Vet Med, 1975 Jun, 27(6), 340 - 6 {The development of drug resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from animals in Sweden 1955-65 and 1973-4(author's transl)}; Franklin A et al.; 134 salmonella strains, isolated from animals in 1955-65 were compared to 133 salmonella strains isolated in 1973-74, with regard to their drug resistance and the frequentcy of R-factors . No significant changes were observed during the reference period . Salmonella typhi-murium in comparison with other serotypes harboured a significantly larger number of resistant strains . Of the recently isolated resistant strains that were searched for R-factors, about half the number were carriers . All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicole and neomycin. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Jun, 74(3), 375 - 84 Quality control tests of two salmonella enrichment media using different inocula; Harvey RW et al.; Inocula of polluted water naturally infected with salmonellas effectively distinguished six brands of selenite and six brands of tetrathionate enrichment media into satisfactory and unsatisfactory categories . Minimal inocula of pure cultures differentiated the tetrathionates, but not the selenites . Inocula of naturally infected chicken giblets suggested that there was a difference between two comparable brands of tetrathionate, but this was not statistically significant . The difference was, however, clearly demonstrated by minimal inocula of pure cultures . Intensive investigation of two inferior tetrathionates revealed inhomogeneity in the distribution of brilliant green in one bottle of one brand . The importance of the salmonella serotype and even the colonial variant used for the pure culture inoculum was also demonstrated. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Jun, 74(3), 369 - 74 Studies on the isolation of Salmonella dublin; Harvey RW et al.; Abattoir drain swabs, bovine faeces and a few other veterinary samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella dublin . Three selective agar media and four enrichment broths were investigated . The two most efficient plating media were deoxycholate citrate agar and brilliant green MacConkey agar . Wilson and Blair's bismuth sulphite agar (de Loureiro's modifications) was least successful . Selenite F broth, whether incubated at 37 or 43 degrees C., was better than the other enrichment broths used which contained a triphenyl methane dye as one of the selective ingredients. Jpn J Antibiot, 1975 Jun, 28(3), 320 - 30 {Bacteriological studies on fosfomycin . Antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo (author's transl)}; Miyauchi K et al.; We have examined the antibacterial activity of the new antibiotic, fosfomycin (FOM) in vitro and in vivo . The following results were obtained . 1 . FOM showed a broad antibacterial spectrum . 2 . The antibacterial activity of FOM was enhanced in the medium at pH 6 and pH 7, and was also influenced by the addition of rabbit serum, calf serum, glucose-6-phosphate or defibrilated sheep blood to the growth medium, and by the size of inoculum . 3 FOM showed especially strong bactericidal action upon the bacteria at the logarithmic phase . 4 . FOM showed remarkable therapeutic effect against most strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria tested in experimental infections of mice . 5 . The therapeutic effect of FOM was especially remarkable for infection with Salmonella . 6 . The therapeutic effect of FOM was more potent than the other drugs tested against infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 7 . It seems that FOM is more active in vivo than in vitro with respect to antibacterial activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1975 Jun, 72(6), 2320 - 4 Antigen-stimulated changes in cyclic nucleotide levels in the mouse; Yamamoto I et al.; Mice injected intravenously with sheep erythrocytes (sRBC) demonstrate a transient increase in splenic cAMP levels (4-fold), which peak at 2 min after injection and return to basal levels by 20 min . In addition to the change in cAMP, an increase in splenic cGMP levels (1.5-fold) occurs beginning 5-10 min after sRBC injection, and persists for up to 7 days . During this period cAMP levels remain at or below control levels in the spleen . There is no change in 3':5' cyclic nucleotide levels in the liver and a small increase (1.2- to 1.3-fold) in the thymus at the time when splenic cyclic nucleotide levels are elevated . The changes in splenic cyclic nucleotide levels appear to be dependent on the presence of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, since little change occurs in cAMP and changes in cGMP are absent in athymic nude mice . In addition, cAMP levels were increased by pretreatment of normal mice with cortisone acetate, which selects for mature T lymphocytes . Agents that block autonomic nervous system functions have no effect on the early sRBC-induced changes in cyclic nucleotide levels.Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, reduces the change in cAMP level by 50% and blocks the change in cGMP levels completely . Secondary stimulation with sRBC results in a larger increase in cAMP levels than that seen with a primary injection of sRBC, indicating the presence of specific antigen-sensitive memory cells . Changes in splenic cyclic nucleotide levels cannot be detected at early times after the injection of soluble protein antigens such as bovine serum albumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin . Salmonella H antigen stimulates a 2-fold increase in cAMP levels, the increase occurring more slowly than with sRBC . The in vivo changes incyclic nucleotide levels are correlated with known changes in cyclic nucleotide levels which have been documented in vitro in both T-cells and T-cell-dependent-B-cell (bone-marrow derived) antibody responses. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jun, 232(1), 61 - 72 {Growth and lipopolysaccharide content of salmonellae grown in submersed cultures according to the batch-method . 2 . Communication: influence of growth phases on lipopolysaccharide synthesis (author's transl)}; Schlecht S; The paper describes cultivations of 4 Salmonella S-forms and 1 SR mutant, performed in complex medium under constant conditions of temperature, pH and aeration . The experiments show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis underlies quantitative differences with the growth phases, resulting in changes in the LPS content of the cell masses . During the exponential phase a decline takes place in the percentage of LPS contained by the 4 S-forms . In addition, in the phase of delayed growth acceleration, 3 of these strains exhibit temporary, complete stagnation in LPS formation . When the cultures enter the stationary phase, LPS biosynthesis also discontinues . The SR-mutant differs from the S-forms especially in that the rate of LPS synthesis and with it, the percent lipopolysaccharide content of the cells, increase greatly in the exponential growth phase . The causes and effects of the changes observed are discussed. Clin Exp Immunol, 1975 May, 20(2), 273 - 85 Depression of immune competence by phenytoin and carbamazepine . Studies in vivo and in vitro; Sorrell TC et al.; Depression of one or more parameters of cellular and/or humoral immune responses was found in 60% of general hospital patients treated with phenytoin and 47% of patients treated with carbamazepine . Phenytoin-treated patients failed to manifest delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) reactions to common antigens, and to make antibody to Salmonella typhi and tetanus toxoid . Serum levels of IgA and IgM, DNA synthesis in circulating leucocytes, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis were also low . Depression of IgA, DHS reactivity and antibody responsiveness to S . typhi were shown to develop after the commencement of phenytoin therapy in a study of eleven patients . The presence of immunological defects was independent of the dosage of drug, its serum concentration, the duration of therapy and the sex of the subject . Studies in vitro provided evidence that immunosuppression was the result of a direct effect of phenytoin on the metabolism of lymphoid cells . Carbamazepine was shown to have a similar but less potent direct effect . Pharmacological concentrations of phenytoin caused a significant depression of DNA synthesis in PHA-stimulated and non-stimulated blood cell cultures in vitro . High concentrations in addition caused depression of cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis . Phenytoin was not cytocidal at concentrations of up to 125 mug/ml . Depression of DNA synthesis by phenytoin was maximal when phenytoin was added within 4-8 hr of the addition of PHA . PHA-induced DNA synthesis was not significantly affected by pre-incubation with phenytoin . In vivo, the presence of immunological defects was not related to phenytoin-induced folic acid deficiency . High concentrations of carbamazepine, but not phenobarbitone or diazepam caused a significant depression of PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis in blood cell cultures . The data show that immunosuppression is a common side-effect of phenytoin therapy, and that lymphoma is rare . They suggest that in the presence of phenytoin-induced immunosuppression another factor, or factors are required to induce the formation of lymphoma. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 104 - 8 {Some pathomorphological bases for the disorders of the tissue amino acid pool in Salmonella infection}; Usmanov MK et al.; Possible causes of disturbances of the amino acid pool of the blood serum and the tissue, as well as the presence of an association between these shifts and the changes in the ultrastructure of the striated columnar epithelium of the small intestine were studied . Investigations were conducted in 138 patients suffereing from salmonellosis and in 120 albino rats experimentally-infected with S . typhimurium culture . Free amino acids of the blood serum and the tissue were determined by paper chromatography and on the automatic amino acid analyzer; ultrastructure of the small intestinal mucosa was studied by electron microscopy . The height of salmonella infection was attended by dysproportional changes in the amino acid pool of the tissue and the blood caused by disturbance of absorption and intracellular transformation of amino acids . Ultrastructural changes in the microvilli of the absorbing cells of the small intestine underlied absorption disturbances: at the height of salmonella infection some of the microvilli of the striated columnar small intestine proved to show poor contours; reduction of mitochondrial cristae was observed in almost all the mitochondria. Anim Behav, 1975 May, 23(2), 323 - 30 Social interactions and antibody titres in young male chickens (Gallus domesticus); Siegel HS et al.; The influence of social interactions on established antibody titres to a Salmonella pullorum antigen was determined in several Athens Randombred families . In two experiments, a large-bodied, aggresive family and a small-bodied, relatively non-aggressive family were placed in three social environments: (1) Four-bird control groups with no changes in membership once formed; (2) three-bird resident groups to which a new fourth bird was introduced daily; (3) the single bird that had been moved to a new group each day . The normal rate of decline in antibody titres was significantly accelerated in birds that were introduced as new members daily (group 3), but only in members of the small non-aggressive family . In a third experiment, using families relatively close in size and aggressiveness, the effects of social grouping on antibody titres were not significant. Anim Behav, 1975 May, 23(2), 409 - 12 The meaning of the term "klinokinesis"; Gunn DL; The original definition of the term klinokinesis was based on an account by Ullyott (1936) of the behaviour of the flatworm, Dendrocoelum lacteum, an account recently shown to be unsound . Recently, the behaviour of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella typhimutium in chemical gradients has been found to conform to the definition, so the term can continue in use . But no uncomplicated case has been found in metazoans, though the manoeuvres of klinokinesis may make large contributions to the behaviour of some of them, even though it may be complicated and obscured by other types of reaction, such as orthokinesis . What is needed is mathematical treatment sufficiently thorough to enable the existence of the reaction in metazoans to be ascertained . There may well be other systems of manoeurvres using random changes of direction and these should be sought and investigated. Res Vet Sci, 1975 May, 18(3), 322 - 4 Villous atrophy in pigs orally infected with Salmonella cholerae-suis; Arbuckle JB; The macroscopic and microscopic appearance of villous atrophy in weaned pigs orally infected with Salmonella cholerae-suis is described . The other intestinal diseases of pigs in which villous atrophy occurs are discussed. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1975 May, 58(3), 579 - 8 Evaluation of a selective medium for hydrogen sulfide production by salmonella; Andrews WH; An evaluation was made of Padron-Dock-Stader sulfide (PDS) agar for the rapid detection of Salmonella and Arizona microorganisms in foods . Analysts from 9 Food and Drug Administration District laboratories determined the reaction of 638 Salmonella cultures, 30 Arizona cultures, and 1754 non-Salmonella and non-Arizona cultures isolated from 157 food samples in PDS agar . The degree of positive reactions of these cultures in this agar was scored on a scale of "-" to "+++" . The highest percentage of Salmonella isolates (64.1%) was in the category of +++ reactions . Progressively lower percentages of Salmonella isolates occurred in the more negative reaction categories . The highest percentage of Arizona isolates (66.7%) occurred in the intermediate ++ category . The majority of non-Salmonella and non-Arizona isolates occurred in the minus (41.0%) and plus or minus (44.8%) categories . Advantages of using the PDS agar are that it is simple to use, requires no specialized training or equipment, and alerts analysts to those Salmonella cultures which produce atypical reactions in triple sugar iron agar particularly the lactosepositive Salmonella . However, in this study the occurrence of false-negative reactions ranged from 4.3 to 13.9% for Salmonella and from 0 to 6.7% for Arizona, according to the criteria used to interpret the reactions in PDS agar. Immunology, 1975 May, 28(5), 959 - 72 Interactions between the immunological responses of a thymus-independent antigen (Salmonella adelaide O antigen) with a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the adult bird; White RG et al.; The bird's antibody response to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) (SRBC) and a thymus-independent antigen (SALMONELLA ADELAIDE O antigen) were characterized: whereas the former proceeded through a brief 19S response to a declining 7S response, the latter failed to switch from 19S TO 7S for several weeks and consisted in repeated excursions of 19S antibodies . When injected intravenously and simultaneously an injection of S . adelaide-killed organisms and SRBC interact, so that the response to the latter fails to switch from 19S TO 7S and consists of repeated excursions of 19S antibodies . The changed character of the SRBC response is interpreted to be due to the relative lack of 7S antibody: passive 7S antibody to S . adelaide O antigen or 7S anti-SRBC produces a negative feedback inhibition of their respective responses, so that only one excursion of 19S antibody is observed . The effect is not, however, symmetrical; the thymus-independent antigen is dominant . Thus, whereas 7S antibody to S . adelaide produces the same negative feedback inhibition on the response to S . adelaide and the response to SRBC (when injected with adlaide), 7S antibody to SRBC inhibits only the response to SRBC and not the response to S . adelaide . These results are discussed relation to current hypotheses of antibody biosynthesis and mechanisms of adjuvant action . They are also discussed in relation to the function of the germinal centres of the spleen which may function to mediate the negative feedback of 7S antibody on the antibody response. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 May-Jun, 126A(4), 435 - 48 {Genetic map and structure in "Escherichia coli" K12 of a resistance plasmid isolated from "Salmonella ordonez" (author's transl)}; Lesage DD et al.; A resistance plasmid called R IP173 has been transferred into E . coli K12 from a multiresistant strain of S . ordonez isolated during an epidemic in Dakar . This plasmid mediates for colicine Ib production and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfonamides . It is transducible "en bloc" by the phage P1-kc between strains of E . coli K12 . Compatibility studies have shown that R IP173 belongs to the fi- class, I1 group . It is transferred "en bloc" in conjugation experiments between E . coli K12 strains . But during transfers from S . ordonez into E . coli, incomplete variants are obtained, lacking different markers . A deletion map was obtained after analysis of 19 different variants, and it is suggested that the loss of markers results from the loss of genetic material during transfer . In this particular case, the deletions observed in transduction or conjugation experiments lead to identical genetic maps. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 May, 160(3), 246 - 67 {Qualitative und quantitative salmonella investigations and their hygienic valuation in connection with the E . coli titre, demonstrated with examples from the coastal waters of Kiel bight (Western Baltic Sea) (author's transl)}; Gartner H et al.; Qualitative salmonella investigations and E . coli titre determinations were carried out in about 4,000 water samples taken from the coastal region of Kiel Bight (Western Baltic) in 1972 and 1973, and evaluated in connection with epidemiological data . Further, about 100 samples were determined quantitatively by the MPN method and set in relation to the E . coli titre . The significance to be attributed to positive salmonella findings particularly in relation to the assessment of risk of infection and as impurity indicators was investigated with reference to this material . A comparison of salmonella findings and E . coli titre showed that with increasing E . coli contamination the proportion of positive salmonella findings also increased (paraboloid curve) . Salmonella frequencies and the frequency with which the limiting values of the E . coli titre is exceeded run approximately parallel; the frequency of exceeding a limiting value of E . coli titre of 1.0 and the frequency of salmonella (determination in 100 ml) in sewage laden areas largely coincide . The quantitative salmonella investigations (MPN method) also showed that up to an E . coli titre of 1.0 extremely low salmonella counts only are to be expected (on the average, less than 2/100 ml) . With an E . coli titre of 0.1, a marked increase can be seen . A limiting value of 1.0 is proposed for the E . coli titre in coastal waters . Epidemiological data have also shown that an increased risk of infection could not be deduced from positive salmonella findings . According to the present investigations, the value of the information obtained from salmonella findings is small compared with the E . coli titre . Considering the great expense of laboratory investigations, tests for salmonella should be dispensed with in routine examination of water. J Infect Dis, 1975 May, 131(5), 570 - 4 Involvement of the upper respiratory tract in orally induced salmonellosis in mice; Carter PB et al.; The possible involvement of the tissues of the head and neck during the early pathogenesis of orally or intragastrically induced murine salmonellosis was examined . Viable counts of Salmonella in the local lymphoid tissues and draining nodes indicated that the ileal Peyer's patches were primarily involved in the development of a subsequent enteric fever, irrespective of the method of oral challenge . Contamination of drinking water with a high concentration of salmonellae produced infection of the ileal Peyers patches and the eventual development of systemic disease . The cervical lymph nodes were sporadically involved early in the infection, but this involvement soon became general, with large numbers of salmonellae in the cervical nodes by 36 hr . A lower concentration of salmonellae in drinking water led to primary involvement of the ileal Peyers patches; upper respiratory tract involvement was detected much later in the infection . Intragastrically invected mice exhibited the same low-level infection of the cervical lymph nodes as that in mice infected via drinking water . Thus systemic infection apparently results from infection of the ileal Peyers patches; a small percentage of the animals develop a concurrent upper respiratory tract infection that may be responsible for the development of carrier states after enteric infection. J Bacteriol, 1975 May, 122(2), 401 - 6 Characterization of transmissible genetic elements from sucrose-fermenting Salmonella strains; Wohlhieter JA et al.; Two of seven sucrose-fermenting Salmonella strains obtained from clinical sources were found capable of conjugal transfer of the sucrose fermentation (Scr+) property to the Escherichia coli K-12 strain WR3026 . The genetic elements conferring this Scr+ property, designated scr-53 and scr-94, were then conjugally transmissible from Escherichia coli WR3026 Scr+ exconjugants to other strains of Escherichia coli at frequences of 5 times 10- minus 6 to 5 times 10- minus 3 for the scr-53 element and 10- minus 6 to 10- minus 5 for the scr-94 element . In Escherichia coli hosts, both of these elements were compatible with F-lac and with each of six previously characterized transmissible lac elements . No antibiotic resistance characteristics or colicin production were discovered to be associated with either scr-53 or scr-94 . Neither scr element generated a male host response to the female-specific phage phiII, but the scr-53 element rendered its Escherichia coli host sensitive to the male-specific phage R-17 . Escherichia coli hosts containing scr-53 were susceptible to lysis by P1vir, and transduction of the scr-53 element was accomplished with this phage . The scr-53 element was isolated from Escherichia coli WR3026, Scr+ transductants, and Escherichia coli WR2036 Scr+ exconjugants as a covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with a molecular weight (determined by electron microscopy) of approximately 52 times 10-6 . Receipt of the scr-94 element rendered Escherichia coli hosts of this element unsusceptible to lysis by P1vir, although adsorption of the phage by an Escherichia coli WR3026 exconjugant containing scr-94 occurred as efficiently as it did on WR3026 itself . Repeated examination of Escherichia coli strains harboring scr-94, as well as of the Salmonella strain which initially contained it, did not reveal the presence of circular deoxyribonucleic acid . The synthesis of the sucrose cleaving enzyme was inducible in Escherichia coli exconjugants containing either scr-53 or scr-94. N Engl J Med, 1975 May 1, 292(18), 933 - 6 Travelers' diarrhea and toxigenic Escherichia coli; Gorbach SL et al.; In a group of 133 United States students studied for 18 days after arriving in Mexico, diarrhea developed in 38 (29 per cent) . Diarrhea rarely began before the fourth day, and the mean onset was 13 days after arrival . Symptoms lasted an average of 3.4 days but persisted in 21 per cent of sick students . Heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escheria coli was found in the stools of 72 per cent of sick and 15 per cent of healthy students . None had heat-labile Esch . coli when they entered Mexico . The incubation period was short, generally 24 to 48 hours, and the carrier state was five days or less in 82 per cent of students surveyed . Entamoeba histolytica was found in 6 per cent of cases of diarrhea, but not salmonella, shigella or penetrating Esch . coli . These studies suggest that approximately 70 per cent of travelers' diarrhea in Mexico is associated with heat-labile toxigenic strains of Esch . coli. Lancet, 1975 Apr 5, 1(7910), 788 - 92 International outbreak of Salmonella Eastbourne infection traced to contaminated chocolate; Craven PC et al.; Between Dec . 4, 1973, and Feb . 15, 1974, 80 cases of infection due to Salmonella eastbourne, previously a rare isolated serotype in the United States, were reported from twenty-three States . An additional 39 cases were reported from seven Provinces in Canada during a similar period . A telephone case-control study implicated Christmas-wrapped chocolate balls manufactured by a Canadian company as the vehicle of transmission . S . eastbourne was subsequently isolated from several samples of leftover chocolate balls obtained from homes where cases occurred . Investigation of the factory revealed that the contaminated Christmas and Easter chocolates, and a few chocolate items for year-round sale, had been produced between May and October, 1973 . Bacteriological testing of samples taken at the plant implicated cocoa beans as the probable source of the salmonella organisms which, in the low-moisture chocolate, were able to survive heating during production . This outbreak and the finding of salmonella of other serotypes in chocolates produced by another manufacturer suggest that chocolate-related salmonellosis may be a significant public-health problem. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Apr, 126(3), 327 - 31 {Sensitivity to bacteriophage ES18 of strains of "S . dublin", "S . enteritidis" and "S . blegdam" and related serotypes (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; Sensitivity to bacteriophage ES18 may be used as an additional test for identification of strains of some serotypes of Salmonella . In the D group, the great majority (100/103) of the strains of S . enteritidis (H = g,m:-) and 7/7 strains of S . blegdam (H = G,m,q:-) are resistant . On the contrary, all the studied strains (111) of S . dublin (H = g,p:-) either Vi+ or Vi- are sensitive, as those of S . gallinarum-pullorum (61) . Two strains of S . kiel (possibly derivated from S . dublin) are sensitive as that serotype, whereas 20 strains of S . paratyphi A, possessing the same O factors, are resistant. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Apr, 126(3), 315 - 26 {Construction of Hfr strains in "Salmonella montevideo" (author's transl)}; Dassa E; Lac+ variants of Salmonella montevideo were recovered from mating with an Escherichia coli strain harbouring the thermosensitive sex-factor Ft114-lac+ . The properties of these variants suggest that this F' factor behaves identically in Salmonella and Escherichia . From these variants, it is possible to select mutants in which lac expression is stable at high temperature (42 degrees C) and it was proved that they behave as Hfr's . Twelve independently isolated Hfr's were similar with respect to both point of origin and sequence of markers transferred . These results suggest that our strain of S . montevideo carries an F-factor affinity site near met C gene. Am J Vet Res, 1975 Apr, 36(4 Pt 2), 591 - 2 Avian salmonellosis: detection and characterization of serologic response to major serogroup infections; Williams JE; Serologic procedures for the diagnosis of salmonella infections in poultry flocks have evolved from laboratory and field macrotest procedures to recently reported microtests with savings of cost, time, and space . Microtest methods when used as the sensitive and specific microantiglobulin test provide a means of effectively detecting birds exposed to salmonella serogroup B, C, and D infections . Progress will be made in the better detection and control salmonella infections in poultry when attention is given to all major salmonella serogroups rather than a few selected serotypes. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Apr, 74(2), 183 - 94 Diarrhoea in general practice: a sixteen-year report of investigations in a microbiology laboratory, with epidemiological assessment; Thomas ME et al.; Results are presented of the laboratory examination of faeces specimens from 20,273 patients with acute diarrhoea . These were household index cases seen in general practice in a London borough during the years 1953-68 . An annual average of about 2 per cent of households in the area were affected, but there was considerable fluctuation with year and season . Half the patients were children although only one-fifth of the population at risk was under 15 years of age . The greatest incidence of diarrhoea was among children under 5 years old . Male children, but female adults predominated . Specimens were sent for laboratory diagnosis at the discretion of the general practitioner . The laboratory found some abnormality in nearly a third and there were indications that transmissible infection was involved in about one-fifth of patients . The most common diagnosis was Sonne dysentery (9 per cent) which came in epidemic waves and made its greatest impact among young school children . Microscopy was useful, and giardiasis was diagnosed in 1-4 per cent of index patients . Other parasites were less commonly found . Fatty globules characteristic of an infectious condition we have called 'fatty diarrhoea' were frequently observed by microscopy in stools from young children and occasionally from older persons . Blood or pus cells were seen in less than half the shigella and salmonella infections and in a much smaller proportion of the remainder . A test for occult blood performed on specimens from all patients of 40 years or older was positive, in the absence of visible red cells, in a tenth of these cases . Other studies on the bacteriology of diarrhoea in general practice are referred to and some epidemiological comparisons made . The possible place of unidentified infective agents in the aetiology of undiagnosed diarrhoeas and of 'fatty diarrhoea' is discussed. J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Apr, 74(2), 271 - 82 Trends in salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales 1941-72; McCoy JH; Cattle and pig herds and flocks of domestic fowl have formed the main reservoir of human salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales from 1941 to 1972 . Changes in the incidence of human salmonella food poisoning and in the serotypes of salmonellas isolated from human infections are shown to have been associated with the introduction of new foods, with changes in animal husbandry, and with changes in the relative proportions of flesh food from different species consumed . New foods, dried powdered egg, liquid egg and frozen liquid egg were introduced during the period of food rationing which extended from 1940 to 1953 . Changes in animal husbandry, in particular the intensive production of pigs, poultry and eggs, followed the re-establishment of pig herds and fowl flocks after the derationing of animal feed in 1953 . The changes in the proportions of flesh foods consumed followed the introduction of frozen oven-ready fowl in the late 1950s and early 1960s which by 1964 became cheaper than traditional flesh foods. Immunology, 1975 Apr, 28(4), 635 - 51 A study of idiotypic suppression in adult rabbits immunized with Salmonella abortus-equi; Bordenave GR; It is possible to induce idiotypic suppression in adult rabbits immunized with Salmonella abortus-equi (S.a.e.) . Ten months after priming we injected the rabbit with anti-idiotypic serum prepared against its own antibodies to S.a.e . and, 3 weeks later, gave it a booster injection of bacteria . A new anti-idiotypic serum was preparedwith the serum to S.a.e . collected after this boost and was used for the following isiotypic suppression attempt made 10 months after the first one . Using this procedurewe succeeded in two successive idiotypic suppression attempts in the same rabbit . Inthe three attempts we carried out, idiotypic suppression was totally effective, i.e . idiotypes detected by the serum used for the suppression totally disappeared after thesuppression, and the suppression lasted during the life of the rabbits (maximum 10 months) . This observation is consistent with a suppression resulti-g from an interaction of anti-idiotypic antibodies with the complementary receptors at the surface of memory cells . This suppression was without effect on antibody to S.a.e . titre and on IgG concentration . Idiotypes detected by the anti-idiotypic serum prepared withthe serum to S.a.e . collected after the suppression . These idiotypes were different from those detected by the anti-idiotypic serum used for the suppression . This observation confirms that idiotypic recognition is confined to a limited number of clonal products, despite the fact that a very heterogeneous antibody population was used forthe anti-idiotypic immunization . Thus we did not observe the appearance of new idiotypes produced previously silent cell clones . All the different idiotypes we detected during the successive idiotypic suppression attempts carried determinants shich remained peculiar to each individual rabbit. South Med J, 1975 Mar, 68(3), 363 - 6 Salmonella empyema and Hodgkin's disease; Lenhard RE Jr et al.; Bilateral Salmonella empyema was diagnosed in a 34-year old woman with active stage IV-B Hodgkin's disease and marked depression of immunologic function . Factors which might have predisposed to her infectious complication are discussed . The patient's dramatic response to treatment is stressed. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1975 Mar-Apr, 68(2), 151 - 2 {New serotype of Salmonella of sub-strain II isolated in Greece: Salmonella 3,10 : 1,z-28 : 1,5}; Papadakis JA et al.; A new Salmonella serotype, of sub-genus II, Salmonella 3,10 : 1,z28 : 1.5, has been isolated in Greece from refrigerated minced meat imported from South America. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1975 Mar, 46(1), 111 - 4 Monitoring and evaluating the physiological changes in the horse with acute abdominal disease; Coffman JR; Initial examination and therapy, and the avoidance of maltreatment are emphasized . Gastric decompression is of prime importance, after which no compound should be administered via stomach tube . Where large amounts of high starch grains are fed, primary acute gastric dilatation must be differentiated from that secondary to small bowel dilatation, by immediate gastric intubation and irrigation of the cardia with lidocaine . If cessation of pain and improvement of peristalsis and general attitude follow, the former state may be assumed . If pain persists and peristalsis does not improve markedly, one should assume small bowel displacement . Rectal examination is helpful in initial evaluation: impactions, inguinal herniation and ileocaecal intussusception may be diagnosed and small bowel displacement suspected . Palpation of one or more distended loops of bowel in the ventral middle third of the abdomen indicates small bowel displacement or ileus and flaccid distension . Distinction by rectal palpation alone is difficult . Palpation of the gas-distended apex of the caecum in the middle third of the abdomen is virtually pathognomonic for 180 degrees rotation of the large bowel . Abdominal paracentesis yielding true sanguineous effusion indicates a necrotizing segment of the bowel . If negative, such a segment is absent, or there is an infarcted segment, not yet damaged to the point of leaching whole blood, or the necrotizing segment is outside the peritoneal cavity, i.e., in the thorax, intussuscepted into the caecum, or herniated into the inguinal canal . Recurrent colics frequently may be due to verminous arteritis but the relationship to diet should be investigated . Recurrent colics after grain ingestion with occult blood in the faeces may be due to ulcers; such cases respond well to grain withdrawal . The advantages and disadvantages of phenothiazine-derived tranquillizers are discussed . They are contra-indicated if there is any evidence of circulating volume insufficiency but are benefical in many instances through improved peripheral perfusion of organs provided circulating volume is adequate, i.e., early in acute abdominal disease prior to development of circulatory insufficiency . They should not be administered if immediate surgery is contemplated because of hypotensive effects . The administration of oral antibiotics (Neomycin) early in the course of the disease is encouraged . This is contra-indicated if the horse is already toxic, when it should receive parenteral antibiotics, preferably chloromycetin . Tetracyclines may predispose to the later development of salmonella diarrhoea . Absolute analgesia should be provided; our preference is the magnesium sulphate-chloral hydrate solutions . Administration of mineral oil is desirable in initiation of peristalsis, depression of Gram-negative overgrowth and softening of impactioning obstructions but nothing should be administered per os if the stomach has required decompression. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Mar 1, 100(5), 259 - 64 {Contamination of broiler chickens by Salmonella during processing in a number of poultry-processing plants (author's transl)}; Notermans S et al.; The mechanism of cross examination with Salmonella during processing was studied . For this purpose, various flocks were examined for the presence of Salmonella at various points in the slaughter-line during processing . The results show that not all Salmonella organisms present on the skin are killed during scalding at 55 degrees C . Contamination with Salmonella shows a marked increase during plucking . This increase is due, among other things, to the ways of processing . Evisceration did not cause a considerable change in contamination with Salmonella . It is apparent from the results that chillers may be used in a variety of ways, which has a markedly different effect on contamination . The studies show that the effect of a spinchiller is closely associated with that of processing on the whole slaughter line. Carbohydr Res, 1975 Mar, 40(1), 13 - 22 {Synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-0-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-galactopyranose and its p-aminophenyl-alpha-glycoside}; Petitou M et al.; Benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside was condensed with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-methoxybenzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in benzene at 50 degrees in the presence of pyridine, to give benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-6-O-{2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-nitro(or methoxy)benzoyl}-alpha-D galactopyranoside in excellent yield . The title disaccharide was obtained in crystalline form after deacylation and catalytic hydrogenation . It proved identical with a disaccharide isolated from Salmonella johannesburg 5.58 (40) converted by phage phi 1 (40) . In order to bind this disaccharide covalently onto various proteins, p-aminophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside has been obtained in an analogous way, starting from p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. Cancer Res, 1975 Mar, 35(3), 628 - 33 Effect of core lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota R mutants on the survival times of mice bearing Ehrlich tumor; Nigam VN; Injection of a homologous series of bacterial core lipopolysaccharides obtained from Salmonella minnesota R mutants to Ehrlich solid tumor-beating mice results in an increase of survival times of treated animals . Lower chain length favors greater antitumor activity . Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharides were found to be ineffective in increasing survial time of tumore-bearing mice . Smaller-sugar-chain-length core lipopolysaccharides were found to be better adjuvant than were those with longer sugar chains . Implication of adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides in the elicitation of antitumor activity is suggested. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 29(3), 328 - 30 The moroccan food snail, Helix aspersa, as a source of Salmonella; Andrews WH et al.; A total of 270 samples, nine lots of 30 samples each, of imported Moroccan food snails was examined for the presence of Salmonella . Eighty-four samples (an overall incidence of 31.11%) and all nine lots contained Salmonella . No significant difference (P greater than 0.25) in the number of positive samples was observed by using either selenite cystine both or tetrathionate broth when the samples had been pre-enriched in lactose broth . When used as direct selective enrichments with samples not pre-enriched in lactose broth, tetrathionate broth was significantly (P less than 0.05) more productive than selenite cystine broth . The overall detection of Salmonella-positive samples by direct enrichment was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than by pre-enrichment . A variety of uncommon serotypes occurrence and incidence, and the concomitant human health potential, of Salmonella in one species of live, imported food snails. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1975 Mar-Apr, 68(2), 152 - 9 {Digestive salmonellosis in South Vietnam}; Nguyen-Van-Ai et al.; During the period January 1969 through October 1973, rectal swabs from 13,947 diarrhea patients of all ages at infectious disease hospital and children hospital in Saigon were examined . From these specimens 610 strains of Salmonella of all group were isolated . A total of 46 serologic types were encounted . The most commonly encounted were S . paratyphi B, S . java and S . typhimurium (group B) . Most of Salmonella isolated were obtained from adult gastroenteritis . We have also studied the possible relation between human and animal salmonellosis . The rodents trapped from different aera in Saigon, fish and clams collected from different markets were examined by bacteriological surveys . From these specimens, 42 strains of Salmonella were isolated for a 2,2 percent isolation rate . Our study showed that Salmonella types which were isolated frequently