C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1978, 172(5), 879 - 84 {Effect of haemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells}; Borderon E et al.; Haemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exerts toxic effects upon the metabolism of Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells : morphological changes appear readily ; respiration is inhibited more slowly ; the lethal effect determined by intraperitoneal injection of tumor cells is neutralized . Inhibition with human normal sera is complete for the hemolytic action, but incomplete for the cytopathic action. Chemotherapy, 1978, 24(2), 81 - 6 Synergistic effects of chlorpromazine and perphenazine on several chemotherapeutic agents . I . General profile of the effects measured by the filter paper strip-agar diffusion method with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Yamabe S; The combination effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and periphenazine (PPZ) with beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin) and nalidixic acid group compounds (nalidixic acid, piromidic acid and pipemidic acid) have been estimated to be synergistic by the filter paper strip-agar diffusion method (Dye's method) with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms . The observed synergism might be associated with their inhibition of various enzymes including ATPase and DNAase as well as with their specific binding to DNA . Similar synergistic effects of CPZ and PPZ have been shown by the broth dilution method . Based on these findings, it seems to be a fascinating project to devise a new phenothiazine drug without influence in mental disease that will have a greater measure of synergistic effect when combined with the above-studied antibacterial agents. Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1978, 14(4), 735 - 52 {Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in an Oncological Center (author's transl)}; Ameglio F et al.; Distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed, both in cancerous hospitalized and ambulatorial patients, through Uroculture or by Screening at the time of admission in Hospital . The data have been statistically evaluated according to the specific sectorial activities . The chemiosensitivity of isolated strains was evaluated for eight antibiotics, selected among the most active ones . Minimal Inhibent Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also evaluated for Gentamicin and Colistin . The results obtained are relevant to the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in neoplastic diseases. Acta Biol, 1978, 29(1), 67 - 74 Cell wall characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its carbenicillin-induced L-form; White CJ et al.; L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were induced and cultured on a medium supplemented with carbenicillin . Morphological studies of the passaged variant revealed the presence of a triple-layered cell wall similar to that found in the parent species . Furthermore, the L-form was found to be more susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline and colistin sulphate . Chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharide fraction showed a difference in phosphorus content, and changes in cell wall envelope fatty acid content were also exhibited . It is suggested that these differences may influence the transport of certain antibiotics through the cell wall. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1978, 26(1-6), 255 - 60 Some biological and immunological properties of extracellular slime from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Maresz-Babczyszyn J et al.; Extracellular slime from 8 different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was extracted and purified . All slime-preparations exhibited immunogenic properties in rabbits vaccinated with detoxified or not detoxified slime . The antisera of both groups of immunized animals possessed strong hemagglutination activity against homologous slime . Immune hemagglutinins were present in the IgM and IgG fractions of serum globulins . The high value of these antibodies was found in rabbit's sera short after injection of slime-extract . The hemagglutinins quickly reached the peak value and maintained in serum over 60-70 days . Biological properties of lyophilized slime-preparations were defined in rabbit-skin test, local Shwartzman test, pyrogenic reaction and measured as LD50 for mouse . Intravenous injection of slime elicited marked changes in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of rabbit . The animals responded to slime either with leukopenia passing into leukocytosis or with leukocytosis without leukopenia. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(6), 543 - 50 Hemolysin of Myxococcus fulvus NK 35 i . production and isolation; Varghese KV et al.; Myxococcus fulvus NK 35 has been shown to produce a soluble hemolysin which lysed rabbit, human, horse, and sheep erythrocytes . A medium (Varghese's medium) was devised in which a maximum of hemolysin was produced in 6 days at 28 degrees C under static conditions . The lysin was precipitated by complete saturation of the culture filtrate with ammonium sulphate, followed by dialysis against saline . Other enzyme systems were destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C . Further purification was achieved by passing through a Sephadex G-25 column, giving a single peak with 0.01 M of phosphate buffer, pH 6.6 . Like the hemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this hemolysin is non-proteinic and withstands 100 degrees C for 30 minutes. Scand J Infect Dis, 1978, 10(4), 307 - 11 Recurrent Pseudomonas infection associated with neutrophil dysfunction; Shigeoka AO et al.; A 72-year-old male is described with a history of 4 episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis and chronic otitis media caused by pseudomonas species . In vitro testing of the patient's polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) revealed profoundly abnormal chemotactic responses and defective intracellular killing of Ps . aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Chemiluminescence production by the patient's PMNs in response to opsonized zymosan as well as endotoxin stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction were markedly depressed . These data indicate the presence of a profound, apparently acquired, defect in PMN function in an elderly male . Detailed evaluation of adult patients with recurrent infections may reveal similar, apparently acquired defects in PMN function. Med Trop (Mars), 1978 Jan-Feb, 38(1), 65 - 8 {A study of serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in man in Saigon (Vietnam) (author's transl)}; Doury JC et al.; The authors study the serological distribution of 143 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in hospital Grall (Saigon-Vietnam) according to the country (South Vietnam), the kind of pathological specimens and the various departments of the hospial . They describe a special distribution of serological groups in Vietnam with a large predominance of groups 0 = 6 and 0 = 11 . They consider the possibility of adapting a polyvalent vaccine including the 10 serological groups now prevailing in Vietnam. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1978 Jan-Feb, 71(1), 48 - 54 {Pseudomonas aeruginosa epidemiology in Egypt: study of 80 hospital strains isolated at Alexandria}; Vieu JF et al.; Eighty hospital strains of P . aeruginosa, isolated in Alexandria, were examined with the aid of three epidemiological markers (serotype, lysotype and O . N . P . G.-test) . The most frequent serotypes in Alexandria are 0:11, 0:12, 0:2, 0:4, 0:6 et 0:1; this situation is different from those reported in European countries and in U . S . A . Sixty-five lysotypes were found and the strains of serotype 0:11 fall in fifteen lysotypes . One strain 0:12 was found O . N . P . G . positive. J Int Med Res, 1978, 6(5), 418 - 9 A comparison of the antibiotic activities of sisomicin, gentamicin and aminosidine sulphate against pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pitzus E et al.; Sisomicin, gentamicin and aminosidine sulphate were compared for their antibiotic activity against Pseudomonas strains freshly isolated from clinical material . The activity of the three agents, expressed as a minimum inhibitory concentration, was determined using the same automatized system. Chemotherapy, 1978, 24(6), 343 - 6 In vitro activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Watanakunakorn C et al.; The in vitro activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination against 35 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated . Ticarcillin was more active than carbenicillin and sisomicin was more active than netilmicin . There was enhanced killing of many strains of P . aeruginosa by the combination of carbenicillin or ticarcillin with sisomicin or netilmicin. Chemotherapy, 1978, 24(5), 283 - 9 Synergy studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin; Klein RA et al.; The predictability of synergy with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant to gentamicin in combination with carbenicillin has been controversial . 30 clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin were tested by checker-board technique . 14 were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration MIC greater than or equal to 128 microgram/ml) and/or carbenicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 512 microgram/ml) . Of these 14, 4 isolates showed synergy . 10 of 16 isolates with moderate resistance demonstrated synergy . It is concluded that the level of resistance to gentamicin with P . aeruginosa cannot be used in predicting whether synergy will occur. S Afr Med J, 1977 Dec 24, 52(27), 1095 - 8 Respiratory infection in an intensive care unit; Hallett AF et al.; A postmortem bacteriological study of Black children in a respiratory intensive care unit showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common opportunistic pathogen and that it usually complicated a viral infection . In a parallel study of non-debilitated patients in general hospital wards Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated organisms . Counter-immuno-electrophoresis was used for the identification of Pseudomonas-precipitating antibody in serum and tracheal secretions, and also of Pseudomonas antigen in the latter. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 Dec 19, 285(16), 1565 - 8 {Isolation of a new plasmid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by chromatography on coupled Sepharose 4B-nitrocellulose}; Chardon-Loriaux I et al.; A new plasmid has been isolated by chromatography on coupled columns of Sepharose 4B-Nitrocellulose from the auxotrphic strain PAO8 56 Be of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This strain has been shown by genetic tests to be resistant to carbenicillin. S Afr Med J, 1977 Dec 17, 52(26), 1049 - 55 Gram-negative bacillary infections in cancer patients; Bodey GP et al.; The majority of infectious complications in cancer patients are caused by Gram-negative bacilli . The most common organisms are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp . and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Sites of infection are related to the patients' underlying malignancies, but pneumonia and septicaemia occur most often . Important newer antibiotics for the therapy of these infections are aminoglycosides and semisynthetic penicillins . It is advisable to utilize combinations of antibiotics for serious infections in cancer patients, and therapy should be instituted promptly at the onset of infection. Chest, 1977 Dec, 72(6), 794 - 6 Endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a heroin addict . Successful treatment with trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole mixture plus colistin; Yoshikawa TT et al.; Endocarditis of the tricuspid valve due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a heroin addict failed to respond to therapy with gentamicin, carbenicillin, and amikacin . Clinical and bacteriologic cure was achieved with oral administration of a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole mixture plus parenteral therapy with colistin . In vitro synergism was demonstrated for the three drugs at concentrations achievable in the serum . Therapy for endocarditis due to Pseudomonas continues to be a major problem; however, the successful treatment of this patient warrants consideration for instituting therapy with a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole misture plus colistin in individuals with this infection who fail to respond to standard therapeutic regimens for severe infections with Pseudomonas. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1977 Dec, 165(5-6), 458 - 63 {Automatic disinfection of fiberendoscopes (author's transl)}; Baas EU; Bacteremia following endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with impaired resistance even fatal septicemia has been reported . Transmission of pathogenic bacterias via endoscopes has been described . We could demonstrate a considerable high number of gramnegative bacteria obtained from biopsy channel of fiberendoscopes after conventionell cleaning of the instruments . In seven different endoscopy units we found high bacterial contamination of all 22 fiberendoscopes . Pseudomonas aeruginosa in concentrations up to 4 X 10(6)/ml was cultivated on the instruments including cleaning utilities (flasks etc., Table 1) . The new apparatus we demonstrate here has the advantage of cleaning and disinfecting the endoscopes . One or two endoscopes are placed into a U-shaped pipe which is interconnected with a pumping system . In this automatic apparatus a disinfectant which recycles through all channels is used (Fig . 1) . We investigated solutions of 2% glutardialdehyde, of 5% succindialdehyde respectively 1% peracetic acid . Disinfection of instruments was effective . No bacteria could be detected in material obtained from biopsy channels, HBsAg also could not be detected on the instruments after this procedure . The use of dialdehyde is recommended. Jpn J Exp Med, 1977 Dec, 47(6), 495 - 500 Effects of elastase, protease and common antigen (OEP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against burns in mice; Kawaharajo K et al.; For the purpose of studying the role of elastase and protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial infection in burns, the effects of the vaccines made from each enzyme, their toxoids and OEP on protection against infection in burned mice were studied . Elastase, protease, toxoids of the enzymes, two- or three-component-mixed vaccines and OEP demonstrated significant protection . Toxoids of elastase and protease produced effects similar to those of the enzymes themselves but no synergistic effect in mixed vaccine was detected . Elastase was significantly more effective than protease, the three-component-mixed vaccine or OEP in protecting mice against P . aeruginosa infection in burns. Biomedicine, 1977 Dec, 27(9-10), 368 - 73 Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a systemic adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy; Mathe G et al.; The effect of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 serotypes) on antibody formation, macrophage activation and leukemia growth was investigated in relation to the dose injected and to the time and the route of administration . It appeared that intravenous administration of the preparation (10(9) bacteria per ml) was the most efficient at the dose of 0.1 ml since: 1) it increased the number of PFC against SRBC when injected 10 days before the antigen (higher doses and shorter time intervals resulted either in no modification or an significant inhibition of the PFC response; 2) it induced a slight activation of peritoneal macrophages as measured by their cytostatic activity for tumor cells in vitro, when injected 3 or 7 days before testing whereas higher doses were ineffective; 3) it increased the survival time of leukemic mice when administered 2.5 days before the injection of L1210 tumor cells, and higher doses were also effective in this immunoprophylaxis assay . When the subcutaneous route was used, large doses appeared to be the most effective: 1) potentiation of the PFC response was obtained only when 0.5 or 0.2 ml were given 10 days before the antigen; 2) macrophage activation was demonstrated 7 and 10 days after 0.5 ml; 3) leukemia growth was retared when 0.5 or 0.2 ml was injected 2.5 days prior to L1210 tumor cell inoculation and also when 0.2 and 0.1 ml were injected 7 days before tumor cells . No correlation between macrophage activation and the inhibition of tumor growth could be found. Biomedicine, 1977 Dec, 27(9-10), 328 - 30 Comparison of the restoration effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, BCG and poly I: poly C on cancer patients non responsive to recall antigen delayed hypersensitivity; Mathe G et al.; A preparation of 10 serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has restored skin delayed hypersensitivity reactions to recall antigens in about fifty per cent of cancer patients not previously immunodepressed by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, but anergic . This proportion is similar to that obtained by given modalities of administration of BCG, C . parvum or levamisole, while other modalities of application of BCG or administration of poly I: poly C do not induce such an immuno-restoration in a significant number of patients. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 103(2), 329 - 36 Protease-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pleiotropic changes in activity of other extracellular enzymes; Wretlind B et al.; Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAKS-I which are defective in the formation of extracellular protease activity have been characterized . The mutants produced between approximately 1 and 25% of the protease activity of the wild type and no strains completely lacking extracellular protease were found, even after repeated mutagen treatment . Most mutants also had changed activities of extracellular staphylolytic enzyme, lipase and lecithinase . Four of 13 mutants were unable to release alkaline phosphatase and staphylolytic enzyme into the medium in contrast to the wild type . Serotype, phage type and biochemical reactions were essentially unchanged . The results indicate that some of the mutations affected the cell envelope structure of function leading to decreased ability to release extracellular proteins, and that other mutations possibly affected a common regulatory mechanism for extracellular enzymes. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 103(2), 319 - 27 Purification and properties of a protease with elastase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Wretlind B et al.; The isoelectric points of three proteases (I, II and III), separated from culture supernatants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAKS-I by isoelectric focusing, were 8.5, 6.6 and 4.5 respectively . Collagenase activity was not detected . More than 75% of the extracellular protease activity of this strain was due to protease II . This enzyme also possessed elastase activity . When purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, isoelectric focusing and gel chromatography, protease II showed one band on disc electrophoresis and one band on conventional immunoelectrophoresis . The pH optimum, stability and effect of inhibitors and substrate concentration were examined . The molecular weight was 23000 +/- 5000 . Protease II was lethal for mice when injected intraperitoneally at a high dose (minimum lethal dose 0.1 mg) . Dermonecrosis and subcutaneous haemorrhages were produced in new-born mice upon subcutaneous injection of 10 microgram protease II . A sensitive test for cytotoxicity showed no evidence of cytoplasmic membrane damage to HeLa cells or human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts by protease II . Morphological changes similar to those produced by trypsin were found. Mayo Clin Proc, 1977 Dec, 52(12), 802 - 5 Antimicrobial susceptibility of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Yu PK et al.; The susceptibility of 41 strains of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, and carbenicillin was determined . Amikacin and carbenicillin exhibited the greatest activity against these strains and especially against those with a high level of resistance to gentamicin . Netilmicin exhibited little activity, whereas tobramycin and sisomicin were active against approximately two-thirds of the strains . Cross-resistance to tobramycin, sisomicin, and netilmicin was frequent. Mayo Clin Proc, 1977 Dec, 52(12), 797 - 801 Gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mayo Clinic Experience, 1970-1976; Keys TF et al.; During the period 1970 through 1976, there were 144 patients from whom gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentration {MIC}, more than 5 microgram/ml) was isolated . In 20(21 percent) of the 95 patients who acquired such organisms within our institutions, the occurrence was considered clinically significant . Factors that favored the appearance of gentamicin-resistant P . aeruginosa included prolonged hospitalization, previous antibiotic treatment, increased gentamicin usage, underlying disease, and instrumentation (70 percent) . Virulence of gentamicin-resistant isolates appeared less than that of susceptible organisms, with bacteremia due to these isolates occurring in only three cases . Resistant isolates with MICs for gentamicin of 8 to 16 microgram/ml were more susceptible to tobramycin than to amikacin, whereas isolates with MICs for gentamicin of 64 microgram/ml or greater were more susceptible to amikacin than to tobramycin . Eighty percent of all strains were susceptible to 128 microgram/ml or less of carvenicillin . Favorable results occurred in 12 or 13 cases treated with gentamicin plus carbenicillin, whereas treatment with either of these agents alone resulted in failure or relapse in 7 of 14 cases. Infect Immun, 1977 Dec, 18(3), 596 - 602 Passive protection by antitoxin in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections; Pavlovskis OR et al.; The protective effect of intravenously administered rabbit antitoxin serum was studied in lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections in mice . Survival after infection with 2 median lethal doses of a toxigenic, low-protease-producing strain (PA103) was enhanced in antitoxin-treated mice, as compared with controls that had received anti-bovine serum albumin serum (P = 0.0004) . Survival time was prolonged in other antitoxin-treated mice infected with toxigenic, high-protease-producing strains (PA86 and PA220, P = 0.0003 and P = 0.01, respectively) . In contrast, antitoxin had no protective effect in mice challenged with a nontoxigenic strain (WR 5, P = 0.57) . There were fewer viable bacteria in blood and liver of antitoxin-treated mice than in those of anti-bovine serum albumin-treated controls after infection with toxigenic organisms, whereas there were no significant differences between the two groups after challenge with the nontoxigenic strain . These data suggest that P . aeruginosa exotoxin A contributes to lethality in this burn infection model, and this effect is diminished by passive immunization with antitoxin. Arch Ophthalmol, 1977 Dec, 95(12), 2222 - 5 Corneal rings with gram-negative bacteria; Mondino BJ et al.; Corneal rings have been described with corneal ulcerations caused by Gram-negative bacteria . Corneal rings were produced by intracorneal injections of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as heat-inactivated suspensions of Gram-negative bacteria (P aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) but not Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) or Freund's adjuvant . It is suggested that endotoxin is the factor responsible for their production since purified endotoxin produced corneal rings after intracorneal injection . Histopathological examination of the areas corresponding to the corneal rings disclosed that the rings represented accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Direct immunofluorescent studies of the corneal rings revealed staining for properdin and C3 complement but not for immunoglobulins . The present report suggests that endotoxin has the ability to stimulate the alternate pathway of complement through properdin activation with the production of chemotactic fragments that attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the cornea. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Nov 23, 485(1), 60 - 74 Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase . Inhibitor studies and mechanistic implications; Que L Jr et al.; Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyzes the cleavage of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (protocatechuate) into beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate . The inhibition constants, Ki, of a series of substrate analogues were measured in order to assess the relative importance of the various functional groups on the substrate . Though important for binding, the carboxylate group is not essential for activity . Compounds with para hydroxy groups are better inhibitors than their meta isomers . Our studies of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes indicate that the 4-OH group of the substrate binds to the active-site iron . Taken together, Mossbauer, EPR, and kinetic data suggest a mechanism where substrate reaction with oxygen is preceded by metal activation of substrate. Eur J Biochem, 1977 Nov 15, 81(1), 185 - 92 Purification and characterization of two aldehyde dehydrogenases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Guerrillot L et al.; Two soluble aldehyde dehydrogenases isoenzymes have been purified and separated from extracts of a paraffin-assimilating bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The first one, obtained at an estimated purity of 20% (spec . act . with butanal 0.33 kat/kg) was NAD-dependent . It was rapidly inactivated at pH 8.6 but was efficiently protected by NAD . It had a molecular weight of 225000 and presented a high affinity for aldehydes of short and middle chain lengths . The second enzyme, obtained in a nearly homogenous state (spec . act . with pentanal 0.62 kat/kg) was NADP-dependent . It was activated by ions, in particular potassium ions, and had a good affinity for aldehydes of higher chain lengths . Both enzymes were stabilized by thiols and glycerol and were inactivated by reagents of sulfhydryl groups . These enzymes are 'constitutive' and their physiological function is uncertain . When the bacteria were grown on n-paraffin a new membrane-bound NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was produced. Neurology, 1977 Nov, 27(11), 1034 - 7 Spinal cord compression due to pseudomonas in a heroin addict . Case report; Jabbari B et al.; Involvement of the spinal cord has not been reported in osteomyelitis of the spinal column caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Cerebrospinal fluid findings have been reported only once in osteomyelitis of the spine by this agent . Our patient had persistently increased cerebrospinal fluid protein during an acute episode of cervical spine osteomyelitis, characterized by fever and neck pain . Roentgenograms of the cervical spine and neurologic examination did not show any definite abnormality . He became paraplegic 18 months later, after having symptoms of numbness of the feet and progressive weakness of the legs for 1 month . A surgical procedure and antibiotic treatment resulted in remarkable recovery . A bone specimen grew P . aeruginosa. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Nov-Dec, 128B(4), 487 - 94 {Four new pyocine types of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa": epidemiological significance (author's transl)}; Santos-Ferreira MO et al.; The pyocin-typing of 448 Ps . aeruginosa from several Hospitals in Lisbonne has been done with the Gillies and Govan method; 69% Portuguese strains are in pyocinotypes n degrees 1, 3, 5 and 7; 16 % are in 24 other pyocinotypes . Four new pyocinotypes were found in a group of 34 atypical strains . The relationship between serotype and pyocinotype was investigated and the most frequent serotypes in Portugal (0:11; 0:6; 0:3) has been subdivided into numerous pyocinotypes with epidemiological significance. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Nov, 239(3), 361 - 4 Transduction, by phases F116 and G101, of gentamicin-tobramycin resistance, and of "autoplaque formation" property in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Krcmery V et al.; Pseudomonas aerugionsa phages F 116 and G 101, propagated on ML 4262 strain into which gentamicin-tobramycin resistance determinants have been increased by means of conjugation, from wild-type strains Vy 28, 29 and 34, were capable to transduce R determinants to PAO 1670 strain . Transfer ability was co-transduced as well, with exception of transductants selected with streptomycin . "Autoplaque formation" ability, occurring in original wild-type strain Vy 28, could be co-tranduced with all tobramycin-resistant determinants by F116 but not G 101 phage. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Nov-Dec, 46(6), 1027 - 33 {Alkane-induced protein biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Illarionov EF et al.; Protein disc-electrophoregrams of cell-free homogenates have been compared in the "non-adapted" and "preliminarily-adapted" to n-hexane strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . A statistically reliable increase in the content of protein by 60 per cent was found in fractions a (M . W . 70,000) and b (M . W . 130,000) when the cells of both strains were gorwn on hexane as compared to the cells cultivated on glucose . The content of protein in each a and b band was about 4 per cent of the total cell protein before the induction by hexane . No differences were found when the cells of the two strains were grown on identical substrates . The induced proteins are supposed to belong to the system of primary oxidation of n-alkanes with short chains and to be localized in the cytoplasm of Ps . aeruginosa. Infect Immun, 1977 Nov, 18(2), 304 - 9 Glycolipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a protective antigen against P . aeruginosa infection in mice; Sensakovic JW et al.; After primary subcutaneous immunization of rabbits with glycolipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BI, indirect hemagglutinating and bacterial agglutinating activities appeared in the antiserum 6 days after immunization and reached a peak between 15 and 20 days . Both these in vitro activities paralleled in vivo antipseudomonas-induced leukopenia and mouse passive-protection activities . Further experiments indicated that a functional association exists between the hemagglutinating and passive-protection activities, and that passive protection depends on activity levels in the plasma rather than in the peritoneum . After intraperitoneal injection in mice, in vitro and in vivo activities of antiglycolipoprotein serum declined in the peritoneal cavity as the plasma levels increased . After intravenous injection of the antiglycolipoprotein serum, initially high levels of in vitro and in vivo activity declined at approximately equal rates . Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions from 15-day antiglycolipoprotein serum were assayed for biological activity . Most of the hemagglutinating and bacterial agglutinating activity and all of the mouse passive-protection activity were found in the IgM fraction . Assay of antiglycolipoprotein serum after 2-mercaptoethanol inactivation of IgM showed that most of the in vitro and all of the passive-protection activities had been destroyed, again locating these activities principally in the IgM fraction of the original antiserum. J Med Microbiol, 1977 Nov, 10(4), 447 - 59 Epidemiological information from active and passive pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Falkiner FR et al.; An investigation was carried out to determine the value of active and passive pyocine typing in the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections acquired in hospital . Active typing was a more reliable and reproducible method than passive typing . Both methods were used in studies of nine outbreaks of infection . In six of these episodes there was good agreement between the two methods . Less clear-cut results were achieved in the remaining three episodes . In one of these, active typing gave more valuable information . However, both methods are easy, convenient and of value in epidemiological studies. J Infect Dis, 1977 Nov, 136(5), 679 - 83 Mechanism of action of tetracaine hydrochloride against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Leung YW et al.; The mode of action of tetracaine hydrochloride in vitro on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigates . The inhibitory and bactericidal action of tetracaine hydrochloride in vitro was adversely affected by magnesium ions . Observation of cellular lysis, leakage of intracellular materials, dehydrogenase activity, and a higher sensitivity of spheroplasts than of whole cells to tetracaine led to the conclusion that tetracaine acts by damaging the cell membrane . The lytic action of lysozyme was potentiated by tetracaine; this finding indicates enhanced permeability of the cell wall . Alteration of cell wall permeability was demonstrated by the finding that the cells exposed to subinhibitory amounts of tetracaine became susceptible to otherwise ineffective erythromycin. J Bacteriol, 1977 Nov, 132(2), 377 - 84 Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants resistant to urea inhibition of growth on acetanilide; Gregoriou M et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa AI 3 was able to grow in medium containing acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) as a carbon source when NH4+ was the nitrogen source but not when urea was the nitrogen source . AIU mutants isolated from strain AI 3 grew on either medium . Urease levels in bacteria grown in the presence of urea were 10-fold lower when NH4+ or acetanilide was also in the medium, but there were no apparent differences in urease or its synthesis between strain AI 3 and mutant AIU 1N . The first metabolic step in the acetanilide utlization is catalyzed by an amidase . Amidases in several AIU strains showed altered physiochemical properties . Urea inhibited amidase in a time-dependent reaction, but the rates of the inhibitory reaction with amidases from the AIU mutants were slower than with AI 3 amidase . The purified amidase from AIU 1N showed a marked difference in its pH/activity profile from that obtained with purified AI 3 amidase . These observations indicate that the ability of strain AIU 1N and the other mutants to grow on acetanilide/urea medium is associated with a mutation in the amidase structural gene; this was confirmed for strain AIU 1N by transduction. Mayo Clin Proc, 1977 Nov, 52(11), 675 - 9 Antimicrobial agents--Part II . The aminoglycosides: streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin; Brewer NS; Aminoglycoside antibiotics are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, do not penetrate well into the cerebrospinal fluid, are minimally bound to plasma proteins, and are rapidly excreted by the normal kidney . Neomycin is limited by its toxicity to irrigating and topical preparations or to oral medication for surgical bowel preparations or hepatic coma . Streptomycin has only a few specific indications, because newer agents are available that have broader spectrums of activity . Kanamycin is indicated in serious gram-negative infections in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not a likely causative agent . Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are effective against a broad spectrum of gram-negative organisms including P . aeruginosa . In general, both gentamicin and tobramycin are more active in vitro than amikacin on a weight basis; however, higher serum levels are achievable with amikacin than with the two others . Amikacin is probably the aminoglycoside of first choice when gentamicin resistance is strongly suspected. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1977 Nov, 145(5), 702 - 4 The time at which infected postoperative wounds demonstrate increased strength; Oloumi M et al.; It was again shown in this study that laparotomy wounds purposely infected with a known inoculum of live gram-negative bacteria exhibited greater tensile strength than did those in the normal control group . The organisms used were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The phenomenon was not present during the first ten days after wounding but was quite evident in wounds tested at 14 and 21 days . By histologic examination, there was evidence of much more new collagen in the wounds that exhibited increased strength. Biochem J, 1977 Nov 1, 167(2), 447 - 55 The electron-transfer reaction between azurin and the cytochrome c oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Parr SR et al.; A stopped-flow investigation of the electron-transfer reaction between oxidized azurin and reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 oxidase and between reduced azurin and oxidized Ps . aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 oxidase was performed . Electrons leave and enter the oxidase molecule via its haem c component, with the oxidation and reduction of the haem d1 occurring by internal electron transfer . The reaction mechanism in both directions is complex . In the direction of oxidase oxidation, two phases assigned on the basis of difference spectra to haem c proceed with rate constants of 3.2 X 10(5)M-1-S-1 and 2.0 X 10(4)M-1-S-1, whereas the haem d1 oxidation occurs at 0.35 +/- 0.1S-1 . Addition of CO to the reduced enzyme profoundly modifies the rate of haem c oxidation, with the faster process tending towards a rate limit of 200S-1 . Reduction of the oxidase was similarly complex, with a fast haem c phase tending to a rate limit of 120S-1, and a slower phase with a second-order rate of 1.5 X 10(4)M-1-S-1; the internal transfer rate in this direction was o.25 +/- 0.1S-1 . These results have been applied to a kinetic model originally developed from temperature-jump studies. Laryngoscope, 1977 Nov, 87(11), 1836 - 40 Progressive necrotizing external otitis: treatment with ticarcillin and tobramycin; Horwitz MJ et al.; The history of necrotizing external otitis, its diagnosis and management are reviewed . A case history is presented of a patient who was diagnosed as having progressive necrotizing external otitis with facial paralysis . In spite of standard medical treatment and aggressive surgical management, the disease process continued with progressive involvement of Cranial nerves IX and X . The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria developed an increased minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to carbenicillin and gentamicin by requiring near toxic blood levels to be effective . Investigational ticarcillin (alpha-carboxy-3-thienylmethylpenicillin) and tobramycin were used successfully in resolving the infection. Br Med J, 1977 Oct 29, 2(6095), 1121 - 2 Noxythiolln-resistant organisms in a district general hospital; Chattopadhyay B; Twelve strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three strains of Klebsiella aerogenes, and two strains of Escherichia coli were found to be resistant to noxythiolin . Some of the pseudomonads were isolated from patients in the same ward, not all of whom were on noxythiolin treatment . The strains from these patients were indistinguishable from each other on phage typing, which suggested cross-contamination . No Gram-positive organism was found to be resistant to noxythiolin . Noxythiolin should not be used before a disc diffusion sensitivity test has been performed to determine whether the organisms are sensitive to it . This is particularly important when pseudomonads are the offending organisms. Med Klin, 1977 Oct 28, 72(43), 1803 - 7 {Hospital infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa: I . Technical devices and wet areas as sources of infection in intensive care units (author's transl)}; Kruger H et al.; In an intensive care unit system comprising three surgical intensive care wards bacteriologic investigations on the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were carried out over a period of 7 months (as an example for the aetiology of hospital infections) . Centers of contaminations were found to exist in wet areas and in technical devices (ultrasonic nebulizers, respirators etc.) . In many cases, the bacterial strains isolated from patients were found by means of phage-typing to be identical with strains isolated from devices and wet areas . Additional experimental investigations showed the predominant role of ultrasonic nebulizers for germ dissemination . On the basis of the results obtained a patient oriented scheme of probable infection chains was tried to establish . Hereby the wet areas play a central role as reservoirs of germs and therapeutical devices as vectors . The results obtained were evaluated in order to define a catalogue of practical measures for interruption of infection chains. Microbiol Immunol, 1977 Oct 20, 21(10), 545 - 51 Biochemical properties of a penicillinase from Escherichia coli carrying Rms 298; Sawada Y et al.; We obtained two R plasmids, i.e., Rms195 and Rms298, from a clinical isolate, E . coli GN5503 . Penicillin beta-lactamase (PCase) was extracted from ML1410 Rms195+ and Rms298+, and was purified by chromatography . Rms195 PCase was identical to the type I PCase mediated by R-TEM, RI and Rms212 . The isoelectric point of Rms298 PCase was 5.9 and its molecular weight was 21,000 +/- 1,000 . The substrate profile and physiochemical properties indicate that Rms298 PCase belongs to the type IV PCase mediated by Rms139 isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Med J Aust . 1977 Oct 8;2(3 Pt 2 Suppl):29. Tobramycin in the treatment of peritonitis; Stone HH; Tobramycin is a new aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotic which has a broad spectrum of activity against aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli . It is particularly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including some strains of this organism which are resistant to gentamicin . The newer aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics all consist of a "backbone" of 2-deoxystreptamine, to which are attached several amino-containing sugar groups . These agents inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria at the level of the ribosome and are bactericidal although the precise mechanism by which they kill bacteria is still not known . There are a number of processes by which bacteria can become resistant to the action of the aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics . Among these, the ability of bacteria to produce inactivating enzymes (usually mediated by R-factors or plasmids) appears to be the most important in current clinical isolates of bacteria . Aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics which are resistant to these enzymes may have an enhanced spectrum of activity. Med J Aust, 1977 Oct 1, 2(3 Pt 1 Suppl), 13 - 6 The pharmacology of newer aminoglycosides, with a consideration of the application to clinical situations; Neu HC; This has been an overview of the pharmacology of tobramycin, a new potent aminoglycoside, particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Close attention must be given to the administration of this compound, and to the administration of all aminoglycosides, if one is to achieve adequate serum and tissue concentrations without provoking a toxic renal or otic reaction . Differences in methods and dosage of administration depending upon age, status of renal function, and route of administration are discussed . The basic principles reviewed can be applied to all the agents in this class. Jpn J Exp Med, 1977 Oct, 47(5), 393 - 402 Infection protective property of the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its chemical composition; Abe C et al.; The protein moiety (OEP) of the endotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a proteinaceous compound composed of possessing 77% protein and a small amount of lipid and sugar . The antigen has been proved to possess a common protective property against P . aeruginosa infections regardless of serotype and also to possess an antigen common to all the serotype strains of P . aeruginosa . When OEP was subjected to protease digestion, (protease-treated OEP) the protein content was reduced to 17% without a change in the lipid and sugar composition . The protease-treated OEP was no longer found to possess a serologically common antigen and was also found to have lost the common protective property against infections due to all the serotypes of P . aeruginosa . In conclusion, a serologically common antigen (OEP) as well as a common infection protective property was found to reside in a protein portion of the antigen. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 23(10), 1456 - 64 Physiological control of alkylsulfatase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of glucose, glucose analogs, and sulfur; Fitzgerald JW et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolated from soil) synthesizes an alkylsufatase allowing this bacterium to utilize sodium hexan-1-yl sulfate as a source of carbon and sulfur for growth . The formation of the enzyme was induced by this and by other (C4-C16) primary alkylsulfate esters as well as by some (C-8 and C-9) primary alkylsulfonates . Secondary (2-yl) alkylsulfate esters did not act as inducers . The induction of alkylsulfatase was markedly inhibited by L-cysteine, L-methionine, sodium sulfide, and by high (greater than 2mM) concentrations of D-glucose and other related monosaccharides . Similar inhibitory effects by four glucose analogs which will not support growth suggest that prior metabolism was not a requirement for glucose-mediated inhibition . The inhibition by D-glucose of the same inducible system in P . aeruginosa (PAO-57) supported this conclusion since this glucose transport-positive mutant is deficient in the further metabolism of the monosaccharide . At low (0.1-1.0 mM) concentrations, D-glucose or D-glucose 6-O-phosphate (20 mM) caused a marked enhancement of alkylsulfatase induction in the isolate . This novel enhancement was reproduced using P . aeruginosa strain PAO . However, both monosaccharides acted as potent inhibitors of alkylsulfatase formation occurring in mutant PAO-57 which, unlike the parent strain PAO, exhibits low glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity . These results suggest that D-glucose (0.1-1.0 mM) must be metabolized to enhance the synthesis of the enzyme. J Virol, 1977 Oct, 24(1), 135 - 41 Secondary structure of RNA from bacteriophages f2 Qbeta, and PP7; Edlind TD et al.; Electron microscopy of RNA-protein monolayers prepared under partial denaturing conditions has been used to compare the secondary structure of coliphage f2 and Qbeta and Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNAs . The secondary structure map of f2 RNA contains a central open loop and four symmetrically placed hairpins, which is similar to the pattern reported by Jacobson (A . B . Jacobson, Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U.S.A . 73:307-311, 1976) for the closely related phage MS2 . With the same denaturing conditions, Qbeta RNA, which is 20% larger than f2 or PP7 RNA, has a central open loop and a smaller terminal loop . PP7 RNA has two large, closed secondary structures, one of which is nearly central . The base composition of PP7 RNA was determined and is similar to that of the group I coliphage RNAs . Thus, the greater amount of large base-paired structure is not related to an increased guanine-plus-cytosine content of PP7 RNA . With increased denaturing conditions, the central, closed structure of PP7 RNA is converted into an open loop . The central structures of all three phages include about 700 nucleotides . The relevance of these findings to the genetic maps of the coliphage RNAs is discussed. J Med Chem, 1977 Oct, 20(10), 1277 - 82 Effect of colloidal association on the measured activity of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tomlinson E et al.; The antibacterial activities of a homologous series (C8-C18) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium cholorides (ABDAC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been measured using both a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure and a sterilization kinetics test carried out in deionized water . There was a log-linear relationship between activity measured by kinetics and carbon number . With MIC there was a log-linear relationship up to C14, when there was a turndown in activity . Consideration of the colloidal association of ABDAC in deionized water and in a simple salts growth media leads us to suggest that use of high concentrations of nutrient salts in MIC tests will lower the effective concentration of the surface active agents . This change may be responsible for the turndown in activity observed in MIC tests, and that in such circumstances the MIC test does not give a true reflection of the intrinsic activity of the compounds . Literature reports of parabolic relationships between ABDAC alkyl chain length and antimicrobial activity are reinterpreted on this basis. J Infect Dis, 1977 Oct, 136(4), 555 - 61 Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: direct evidence for toxin production during Pseudomonas infection of burned skin tissues; Saelinger CB et al.; Direct evidence is presented for the production of an exotoxin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiplying at the burned site in an infected mouse . Pseudomonas toxin was assayed by measurement of its ability to catalyze the transfer of radioactivity from {14C}adenine-labeled nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to elongation factor 2 (adenosine diphosphate ribosylation activity) . This enzyme activity was found in saline extracts of burned infected skin but was not present in similar extracts of burned uninfected skin . It was detected in the serum of infected animals by 26 hr after infection . The level of active elongation factor 2 in the livers of infected mice was reduced significantly after infection . These data suggest that pseudomonas exotoxin, produced by bacteria multiplying at the burn site, enters the circulation and is disseminated to different organs where it acts by depletion of elongation factor 2 and thus causes a reduction in protein synthesis. J Infect Dis, 1977 Sep, 136(3), 327 - 35 Experimental endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . II . Therapy with carbenicillin and gentamicin; Archer G et al.; Rabbits with left-sided endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with a high dose (7.5 mg/kg) of gentamicin for six days, a low dose (5 mg/kg) of gentamicin for six days or two weeks, carbenicillin (400 mg/kg) for six days or two weeks, or a combination of the lower dose of gentamicin and carbenicillin (400 mg/kg) for six days or two weeks . Sterilization of cardiac vegetations was accomplished more effectively in rabbits given the higher dose of gentamicin for six days (44% with sterilized vegetations) or combination therapy for 14 days (64%) than in rabbits given the lower dose of gentamicin or carbenicillin alone for two weeks (23.5% and none, respectively) . Combination therapy for two weeks prevented relapse in all of six treated rabbits that were followed after treatment; in contrast, all four animals treated with carbenicillin and four of six animals treated with the lower dose of gentamicin relapsed after two weeks of treatment . Levels of creatinine in serum became elevated in four of nine rabbits that received gentamicin along for two weeks . Therapeutic success was associated with a synergistic antibiotic combination, a peak bactericidal titer in serum of greater than or equal to 1:16, and a high level of gentamicin in serum. Am J Med Sci, 1977 Sep-Oct, 274(2), 179 - 88 A comparative trial of sisomicin therapy by intermittent versus continuous infusion; Feld R et al.; One hundred and thirty-nine febrile episodes in 120 patients were treated with sisomicin after a combination of carbenicillin and a cephalosporin antibiotic had failed . These patients were randomized to receive sisomicin either by continuous or by intermittent infusion . The response rate for patients treated with sisomicin was 61 percent by continuous infusion and 46 percent by intermittent infusion, which was not statistically significant . Pneumonia, septicemia, and soft tissue infections were the most frequent infections . Most (96 percent) of the identified pathogens were gram-negative bacilli with the most frequent being Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The response rate was higher in those patients whose neutrophil count increased or remained the same while on therapy . The worst response was obtained if there was a decrease in the neutrophil count during therapy . The major toxicity of sisomicin was found to be azotemia and occurred in 17 percent of episodes treated by continuous infusion and in 21 percent treated by intermittent infusion . Hearing loss in the high frequency range occurred in five patients . Sisomicin is effective in the treatment of gram negative infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1977 Sep, 10(3), 60 - 6 Pyocyanine production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ding MJ et al.; Dextrose enhanced the growth of P . aeruginosa but suppressed the biosynthesis of pyocyanine . The preformed pigment could be released from dead cells . Pigmentation was not correlated directly with number of viable organisms in the culture . High concentration of maltose likewise inhibited pyocyanine production . Maltose contained in medium used for pyocyanine production by P . aeruginosa should be kept in low concentration or omitted. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Sep, 239(1), 59 - 61 Conjugation in lysogenic, multiple-drug resistant, nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing a hemolytic toxin; Hust'avova H et al.; From incubators and children in a premature-born unit, a number of red-pigmented Ps . aeruginosa strains, resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin and lividomycin and producing haemolytic toxin II, were isolated and investigated for transfer of resistance in mixed cultures . Streptomycin, kanamycin and lividomycin resistance was co-transferred, from some strains, together with the ability of toxin production . Transfer ability was also co-transferred which might have genetic as well as epidemiological significance . Strains do produce "Autoplaques" and transferability of this property as well as of lysogeny is under investition. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1977 Sep, 165(1), 102 - 12 Factors influencing the assessment of the pseudomonacidal activity of disinfectants by a quantitative suspension test . I . Influence of the growth conditions of the test organism; Reybrouck G; A matter of special concern in disinfectant testing is the preparation of the bacterial suspension that shall be exposed to the action of the disinfectant . In the present paper attention is drawn to three details of the testing method being determinative for the resistivity of the test organism and for the degree of standardization of the test results . - In the first place the influence of the nutrient medium used in the cultivation of the test organism has been investigated . Sixteen culture media (Table 1) have been compared . The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to phenol depends on the formulation of the preparatory medium: significantly more bacteria survive if the test organism is grown on the nutrient agar following the German pharmacopoeia (Table 2) . Further the author has investigated the effect of the temperature and the length of the initial culture incubation period (Tables 3 and 4) . Here also the differences among temperatures (37, 32 and 22 degrees C) or incubation periods (48, 24 and 18 h) are statistically significant . The highest numbers of survivors are found when the initial culture is incubated at 37 degrees C and for 48 h . Whereas the resistance of the test culture is determined by these three factors, the variability of the test results is not . The coefficients of variation calculated for the different initial culture media, the three incubation temperatures or the three incubation periods show no differences among these test conditions. J Med Chem, 1977 Sep, 20(9), 1164 - 9 Synthesis and biological activity of some broad-spectrum N-acylphenyglycine cephalosporins; DeMarinis RM et al.; The synthesis and the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a series of N-acylated phenylglycine cephalosporins are described . These compounds exhibit activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial species normally insensitive to the cephalosporin antibiotics . The cephalosporins were prepared by acylation of cephaloglycin or its 3-tetrazolylthiomethyl analogue . In several cases, the acylations produced mixtures of diastereomeric cephalosporins, the components of which, when separated, showed different levels of antibiotic activity . Optimum activity was obtained when the acyl moiety on the phenylglycine nitrogen contained an oxygen atom centrally located between the amide carbonyl and a carboxyl substituent, preferably in a three- or five-membered ring . Replacement of acetoxymethyl by (1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thiomethyl at the 3 position resulted in overall improvement in activity both in vitro and in vivo . Against a group of P . aeruginosa strains, the best compounds of this series showed activity on the order of carbenicillin. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1977 Sep, 84(9), 360 - 2 {Transgenosis with participation of plasmid RP1; indications of the presence of a "composit plasmid" in an interspecies hybrid of Escherichia coli}; Fil'kova EV et al.; One of the transconjugants (1-7) obtained by the authors earlier in the conjugation of Escherichia coli J-62 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1822, besides the plasmic RP1 has acquired the ability to grow without proline and tryptophan . The detailed analysis has shown that in the conjugation of the transconjugant 1-7 with different strains of E . coli the plasmic RP1 and chromosomal genes were transmitted together, but in transduction--by means of bacteriophage P1, independently of each other . The fertility was found only in the transductants carrying the plasmid RP1 . This suggests that in the intergeneric conjugations the transmission of chromosomal genes may occur without any firm link with the plasmid (as in the case of "aggregated plasmids") . In E . coli cells these chromosomal fragments of Ps . aeruginosa apparently formed small nontransmissible replicons. Can J Biochem, 1977 Sep, 55(9), 975 - 81 Mannose-binding hemagglutinins in extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gilboa-Garber N et al.; Mannose-binding hemagglutinins were found in the extracts of a pyocyanin-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which contain galactose-specific hemagglutinins . They were purified simultaneously with the latter proteins by heating to 70 degrees C, precipitating with ammonium sulfate, application to a Sepharose 4B column, and elution from it by 0.05 M mannose . The mannose-specific hemagglutinins were shown to be similar to the galactophilic ones in (a) being glycoproteins of very low molecular weight (about 11 000 by SDS gel electrophoresis), (b) their tendency to aggregate, and (c) their ability to effect stronger agglutination of erythrocytes treated with papain than of untreated ones . They were found to resemble them also in their reaction with simple sugars and interactions with divalent cations, which are essential for their activity . In these properties, as well as in their relative resistance to heat and to proteolytic enzymes, these two types of bacterial hemagglutinins are like most of the plant, contrasted with the animal, hemagglutinins . The reactions with mannose and mannose-bearing compounds (yeast mannan, horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and serum globulins), which are not shared with the galactophilic Pseudomonas hemagglutinins, indicate a relationship of the mannose-binding protein of Pseudomonas to the plant lectin concanavalin A . The mannose-binding hemagglutinins do not exhibit identical cell-agglutinating spectra owing to difference in profiles of sugar specificity and relative affinity to mannose derivatives compared with free mannose. Pediatrics, 1977 Sep, 60(3), 372 - 7 Amikacin therapy of exacerbations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis; Lau WK et al.; Amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to treat 22 acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary infections in 18 patients with cystic fibrosis . Patients ranged from 5 to 32 years of age and had mucoid P . aeruginosa isolated from sputum . The amikacin dose was usually 7.5 mg/kg every eight hours but was increased to 10 mg/kg and/or carbenicillin was added in selected cases depending on clinical course . Although P . aeruginosa was not eliminated from our patients' sputum except in two cases, there was a good clinical response in 19 of 22 courses . Significant improvement in chest x-ray films, spirometry, or arterial oxygen tension was documented in 11 of 17 courses . One instance of serum creatinine level elevation could not be attributed to this antibiotic . Two patients showed minimal (15 dB) unilateral high-frequency hearing loss on serial audiograms . Activity against many gentamicin-resistant strains and high blood levels are among the attractive properties of amikacin . Amikacin is clinically effective in treating Pseudomonas-associated pulmonary infections complicating cystic fibrosis. J Virol, 1977 Sep, 23(3), 461 - 6 Identification of the cell wall receptor for bacteriophage E79 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO; Jarrell K et al.; Bacteriophage E79 was shown to interact with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO . LPS isolated from an E79-sensitive, smooth strain inactivated the phage, exhibiting a Phl50 value (concentration of LPS that caused a 50% decrease in the titer of phage during 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C) of 0.04 microgram/ml, whereas the LPS isolated from a rough mutant derived from the wild type showed no neutralizing activity towards E79 . EDTA and sodium deoxycholate were demonstrated to abolish the neutralizing capacity of the smooth LPS . One E79 receptor site was shown to be equivalent to 10(-16) g of LPS. J Bacteriol, 1977 Sep, 131(3), 765 - 9 Inhibition and facilitation of transfer among Pseudomonas aeruginos R plasmids; Sagai H et al.; Esamining 12 plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found two types of interaction in their transfer (inhibition and facilitation), using donor cells carrying two compatible plasmids . (i) Ten plasmids representing incompatibility groups P-1, P-2, P-5, P-6, and P-7 were all transmissible at a high frequency, 10-2 to 10-1, except for one with a lower frequency of about 10-3 . The transfer of P-5 plasmids was inhibited by P-2 plasmids reciprocally or unilaterally, and the unilateral transfer inhibition was observed in other combinations between plasmids belonging to groups P-1, P-2, P-6, and P-7 . It was characteristic of Pseudomonas plasmids that most plasmids with high transferability inhibited the transfer of other coexisting plasmids without distinct inhibition of their own transfer . (ii) Two plasmids, Rms149 of P-8 group and Rlb679, which was not classified, were transmissible at an exceptionally low frequency of 10-7 to 10-6, but their transfer was facilitated by plasmids with high transferability. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Aug 26, 102(34), 1211 - 6 {Treatment of pseudomonas infection with the new ureidopenicillin, azlocillin (author's transl)}; Helm EB et al.; Azlocillin, in vitro four to eight times more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than carbenicillin, was administered to 30 patients severely ill and having an additional pseudomonas infection . The drug was given at a dose of 4-6 g, in one case 8 g, per day, sometimes together with an aminoglycoside . Treatment was effective in 20, improvement occurred in five and failure only in four . In one instance the effect of the drug could not be evaluated . Results were particularly striking in septicaemia and necrotising external otitis . Pulmonary and wound infections in patients with circulatory disturbances did not respond so well . There were no serious side effects . The drug should not as yet be used at too high a dosage. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Aug 25, 499(1), 111 - 8 Purine degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni; Bongaerts GP et al.; 1 . Adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and guanine are broken down in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni to allantoin by the concerted action of the enzymes adenine deaminase, guanine deaminase, NAD+-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase and uricase . 2 . Uric acid is broken down by an unstable, membrane-bound uricase with an unusually low pH optimum . 3 . In both strains adenine inhibits growth and xanthine dehydrogenase . A second type of inhibition is manifest only in Ps . testosteroni and concerns the regulation of the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family . Enzymic studies showed that in this strain aspartate kinase is inhibited by AMP. Experientia, 1977 Aug 15, 33(8), 1002 - 3 Immunochemical studies on acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Voellmy R et al.; Mouse antibodies with specificity towards acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to study the structural similarities of several isofunctional enzymes from different sources . With the antibody directed against ACOAT, the amounts of enzyme present in cells grown under different conditions were determined . These experiments established that the enzyme is induced by arginine and is subject to repression by carbon sources. Experientia, 1977 Aug 15, 33(8), 1000 - 2 Immunological studies on the key enzyme of arginine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Utzinger R; A method to manufacture specific antisera with a minute amount of prue enzyme is presented . The influence of antibodies on activity and inhibition of an allosterically regulated enzyme was studied. Ann Intern Med, 1977 Aug, 87(2), 188 - 91 Cystic fibrosis diagnosed after age 13 . Twenty-five teenage and adult patients including three asymptomatic men; Stern RC et al.; Cystic fibrosis was diagnosed after age 13 in 25 patients . All had an elevated sweat chloride and either a sibling with cystic fibrosis or typical pulmonary infection or digestive symptoms caused by exocrine pancreatic deficiency . Fourteen had long-standing pulmonary or digestive symptoms . In contrast, four of eight patients whose symptoms began after age 13 presented with biliary cirrhosis . Three male patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis . Opacification of all paranasal sinuses was found in all patients examined radiologically . At diagnosis, pulmonary-function testing showed obstructive changes in 19 patients and sputum cultures showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 15 patients . Delayed menarche in five of seven female patients and infertility in the asymptomatic male patient (two of whom were found to have aspermia) could have led to earlier diagnosis . Teenagers and young adults with long-standing pulmonary or digestive symptoms, unexplained cirrhosis, aspermia, or a sibling with cystic fibrosis should be sweat-tested by pilocarpine iontophoresis. Arch Intern Med, 1977 Aug, 137(8), 1036 - 40 Sternoarticualr pyoarthrosis due to gram-negative bacilli . Report of eight cases; Bayer AS et al.; Of eight patients with Gram-negative bacillary sternoarticular pyoarthrosis, seven were long-term intravenous heroin abusers . Clinical onset was insidious and a long delay (one month or more) in seeking hospitalization was usually noted . Anterior chest discomfort and painful, restricted homolateral shoulder motion were the chief complaints . Fever and monoarticular arthritis were universally present, Open synovial biopsy examination was frequently required for etiologic diagnosis . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common pathogen isolated . Roentgenographic evidence of associated osteomyelitis was usually seen, but tomography was often necessary to delineate this lesion . Intraoperatively, associated osteomyelitis of the clavicular head and/or sternum was present in all eight cases and a perisynovial and/or retrosternal abscess was found in five patients . Early surgical exploration and prolonged antimicrobial therapy yielded excellent results. Aust J Biol Sci, 1977 Aug, 30(4), 345 - 55 Apparent fusion of the TOL plasmid with the R91 drug resistance plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; White GP et al.; The TOL catabolic plasmid was shown to be compatible with the R91 drug resistance plasmid . However, the TOL plasmid was extremely unstable in mutant PA03 of P . aeruginosa . By selecting for stabilization of the TOL plasmid in PA03 harbouring R91, it was possible to isolate a strain in which markers from both R91 and TOL appeared to exist in a single recombinant plasmid . This plasmid, pND3, encoded resistance to carbenicillin, was able to transfer at the same frequency as the R91 plasmid and encoded the ability to grow on m-toluate, p-toluate, m-xylene, p-xylene and toluene . In addition, it was shown to be incompatible with the NAH catabolic plasmid and it could be transferred by transduction . The TOL plasmid could stabilize in PA03 harbouring R91 without fusion with R91, and could stabilize in PA03 in the absence of R91 . PA03 harbouring either the recombinant plasmid or the stable TOL plasmid in the absence of R91 could promote bacterial chromosome transfer between mutant derivatives of P . aeruginosa strain PA0. J Clin Pathol, 1977 Aug, 30(8), 738 - 44 Aminoglycoside cross-resistance patterns of gentamicin-resistant bacteria; Houang ET et al.; Ten strains each of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were habituated to gentamicin by serial passage in antibiotic containing medium . Complete cross-resistance to streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and tobramycin in a linear proportional fashion was demonstrated at all stages of habituation . Most strains of Staph . aureus and Ps . aeruginosa showed a greater increase in resistance to gentamicin than to the other three aminoglycosides . E . coli required more transfers to reach the same degree of resistance than did the other two species . Reversion to greater susceptibility to gentamicin took place after serial passage on antibiotic-free media . 'Wild' gentamicin-resistant strains showed no such proportionality of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, or streptomycin . But many of these strains showed a proportional increase in resistance to tobramycin. Jpn J Exp Med, 1977 Aug, 47(4), 249 - 54 Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas; Hirao Y et al.; Serotyping of 30 mucoid strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients was carried out by slide agglutination tests with both live and heat-killed cells and by tube agglutination test with heat-killed cells . Comparison of the results obtained by these 2 methods revealed that tube agglutination with heat-killed cells was the superior method . More than half the strains were found to be Homma's serotype 15 (group M in the new schema {2}) . Slide agglutination with live cells did not give clear results: some strains showed occasionally positive or negative agglutinations against the same serotype serum . Changes in serotypes (groups in the new schema {2}) were found in some strains, although the number was very small. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Aug, 79(1), 103 - 6 Water beds - a potential source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Elhag KM et al.; Water beds in use in this hospital were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The addition of sodium hypochlorite, giving a final concentration of 200 parts/10(6) available chlorine, was found to be effective in preventing microbial contamination over a 6-month study period. J Bacteriol, 1977 Aug, 131(2), 526 - 32 Transfer of chromosomal genes mediated by plasmid r68.45 in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides; Sistrom WR; Plasmid R68.45 was transferred from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO25 to the photosynthetic species Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by selection for resistance to antibiotics . R . sphaeroides strains carrying the plasmid could transfer the plasmid and also chromosomal genes to other strains of R . sphaeroides. J Infect Dis, 1977 Aug, 136 Suppl, S167 - 73 Antibody to cell wall glycolipid of Gram-negative bacteria: induction of immunity to bacteremia and endotoxemia; Braude AI et al.; Antiserum to the core glycolipid of gram-negative bacteria was prepared by immunization of rabbits with vaccine composed of killed cells of the uridine diphosphate galactose-deficient mutant (J5) of Escherichia coli O:111 . Antiserum to J5 not only prevented death of animals from endotoxin but also prevented the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions . Antiserum to endotoxin also prevented renal cortical necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation during the evolution of the generalized Shwartzman reaction . Antiserum to be J5 mutant was successful in the treatment of overwhelming bacteremia produced by other gram-negative bacteria; in addition to bacteremia cause by coliform organism, antiserum to J5 was dramatically effective in treatment of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . One injection of rabbit antiserum to J5 improved the survival rate from 15% in controls to 59% in treated animals (P less than 0.002) . Active immunization with J5 vaccine was even more effective against pseudomonas bacteremia: such immunization improved the survival rate from 13% in controls to 92% in vaccinated rabbits . Since an antiserum effective against the J5 mutant of E . coli can be prepared safely in human subjects, such immunotherapy should be considered for patients with gram-negative bacteremia. Can J Biochem, 1977 Aug, 55(8), 796 - 803 The oxidation of ferrocytochrome c in nonbinding buffer; Peterman BF et al.; The apparent equilibrium constant and rate of oxidation was investigated for the reaction of cytochrome c with iron hexacyanide . It was found that if horse heart ferricytochrome c was exposed to ferricyanide (to oxidize traces of reduced protein) the cytochrome subsequently, even after extensive dialysis, had an apparent equilibrium constant different from that of electrodialyzed protein . The effect of ferricyanide ion apparently cannot be removed by ordinary dialysis . The ionic strength dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant and bimolecular oxidation rate constant was measured in the range 1--200 mM using Tris--cacodylate or potassium phosphate buffers at pH 7.0, and electrodialyzed horse heart cytochrome c . The oxidation reaction proceeded very rapidly . Extrapolated to zero ionic strength, kox (approximately 9 X 10(9) M-1 S-1) was about 7% of that calculated for a diffusion-limited reaction . Since the exposed heme edge occupies only the order of 3% of the surface area, electron transfer apparently results at nearly every collision with the active-site region . An effective charge of + 7.8 units was estimated for the oxidation reaction . The rate of oxidation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa c551 was much slower (kox at mu = 0 was the order of 6 X 10(3)), and was not consistent with diffusion-limited kinetics. Arch Microbiol, 1977 Jul 26, 114(1), 51 - 4 The effect of inorganic phosphate on cyanogenesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Meganathan R et al.; The biosynthesis of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found to be significantly influenced by inorganic phosphate . Optimum HCN production occurs when the phosphate concentration is between 1 and 10 mM . Above and below this concentration the amount of HCN produced decreases sharply and at 0.1 and 100 mM phosphate low HCN production occurs . If a culture growing at 0.1 mM phosphate and producing low HCN is shifted to 10 mM phosphate, HCN biosynthesis resumes . Experiments with chloramphenicol indicate that de novo-protein synthesis is required for the process. Med J Aust, 1977 Jul 23, 2(4), 116 - 9 Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian hospitals having R-plasmid determined antibiotic resistance; Dean HF et al.; Six hundred and fifty hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian sources have been examined for high-level resistance to a number of antibiotics . Fifty-four strains were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics, and four of these strains carried as R-plasmid conferring resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphanilamide, and belonging to incompatibility group P-2 . Possible reasons for the low incidence of R-plasmids in P . aeruginosa from Australian sources are discussed. Fortschr Med, 1977 Jul 7, 95(25), 1635 - 40 {Central hemodynamics and left ventricle contractility in experimental septicemia}; Gay B; A well-defined septicaemia in dogs was induced using different initiating causes, such as abscess of thigh and peritonitis . The determination of the septicaemia was based upon both quantitative (number of bacteria) and qualitative criteria (staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa) . The hemodynamic changes lead to the classification of three time intervals, which occur constantly . There are correlations between the general infection and the reaction of blood circulation . There is no evidence of specific types of shock corresponding to the type of bacteria . Correlations exist between the moment when endotoxin is present and the occurrence of low-cardiac-output shock-syndrome . A disturbance of myocardial contractility develops in all types of shock in septicaemia . The decrease of contractility correlates in time with the first duration of the presence of the endotoxin . Several causes of the negative inotropic effects are discussed . Some of these are possible cardiotoxic effects of endotoxin shock mediators, lactate acidosis, and the decrease of coronary perfusion pressure. Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Jul 7, 154(1), 7 - 22 The genetic organization of arginine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Haas D et al.; Six loci coding for arginine biosynthetic enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were identified by enzyme assay: argA (N-acetylglutamate synthase), argB (N-acetylglutamate 5-phosphotransferase), argC (N-acetylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase), argF (anabolic ornithine carbamoyl-transferase), argG (argininosuccinate synthetase), and argH (argininosuccinase) . One-step mutants which had a requirement for arginine and uracil were defective in carbamoylphosphate synthase, specified by a locus designated car . To map these mutations we used the sex factor FP2 in an improved interrupted mating technique as well as the generalized transducing phages F116L and G101 . We confirmed earlier studies, and found no clustering of arg and car loci . However, argA, argH, and argB were mapped on a short chromosome segment (approx . 3 min long), and argF and argG were cotransducible, but not contiguous . N-Acetylglutamate synthase, the enzyme which replenishes the cycle of acetylated intermediates in ornithine synthesis of Pseudomonas, appears to be essential for arginine synthesis since argA mutants showed no growth on unsupplemented minimal medium. Jikken Dobutsu, 1977 Jul, 26(3), 259 - 62 Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in laboratory mice with gentamicin; Urano T et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in laboratory mice was successfully eradicated by oral treatment of gentamicin, 1.0 g per liter of drinking water for 3 days. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Jul, 128B(1), 61 - 71 {An acellular vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . II . -- Estimate of immuneserum protective effect by measure of bacterial clearance (author's transl)}; Daoulas-Le Bourdelles F et al.; The protective antibodies obtained in mice with an acellular vaccine P2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been titered in vivo by a bacterial clearance technique . The kinetics of the bacterial disappearance from the circulating blood were compared in mice which had been vaccinated or had received injection of specific serum, and in normal mice . The following results were obtained; (a) the disappearance of the bacteria from the blood is quicker in immunized animals; (b) the rate of bacteria in the blood depends on doses of injected serum; (c) the titers of protective antibodies expressed by 99% clearance dose is directly in relation with the vaccinating dose. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Jul, 238(3), 402 - 12 {Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates . 1 . (Communication:) Symmetrically substituted animals of formaldehyde (author's transl)}; Rehn D et al.; In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of aldehyde-amin-condenates a number of partly new aminals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with various secondary amines . Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2 . The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, talbe 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting test following the method of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6) . Standardized formulations were developed to eliminate the different solubility effects of the various aminals . These formulations do not influence the test results . It may be shown, that aminals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glaucum and germicidal activity especially versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporium gypseum. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1977 Jul, 3 Suppl B, 29 - 39 In vitro studies with mecillinam on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Richmond MH; The ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria depends on three main properties: ting sites in the bacterial cell; the ability to penetrate through the outer layers of the bacterial envelope to these sites; and the ability to resist destruction by beta-lactamases that may be encountered on the way to the target . This article describes the properties of mecillinam with respect to the last two of these properties . Although able to hydrolyse mecillinam under some conditions, the beta-lactamases present in many Gram-negative species are unlikely to be very effective at protecting the bacteria in vivo because of their relatively low affinity for this penicillin and the good penetrative properties of the antibiotic. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1977 Jul-Aug, 86(4 Pt 1), 417 - 28 Malignant external otitis: further considerations; Chandler JR; Malignant external otitis is an infection which begins in the external auditory canal . It is uniformly caused by the Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa organism and mainly affects elderly diabetics . It spreads to the soft tissues beneath the temporal bone and, if not properly treated leads to facial nerve palsy, mastoiditis, sepsis, osteomyelitis of the base of the skull, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, multiple cranial nerve palsies and death . Experience with 72 patients in varying stages of the disease is summarized . Stressed are the diagnostic criteria of nonresponsiveness to the usual methods of treatment, continued suppuration, and the continuing reformation of granulation tissue in the floor of the external auditory canal . Medical treatment is recommended with hospitalization and intravenous carbenicillin and gentamicin . Minor surgical debridement is helpful . All patients should be treated medically for as long as improvement continues, reserving surgical intervention only in the event a plateau is reached or symptoms and signs become worse under treatment . With or without a major surgical procedure, it is imperative to continue treatment for at least seven days after apparent cure in order to avoid recurrent disease possibly at a site distant from the canal. J Infect Dis, 1977 Jul, 136(1), 112 - 6 Detection of IgG antibodies to type-specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides by solid-phase radioimmunoassay; Kohler R et al.; Previous studies have suggested that IgG serotype-specific antibodies are protective against infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa . In the present study, type-specific IgG antibodies to P . aeruginosa were detected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in sera from 15 volunteers before and after vaccination with lipopolysaccharides from P . aeruginosa and from four patients with endocarditis due to P . aeruginosa . Significant type-specific increases in IgG antibody occurred after both vaccination and infection . The correlation coefficients comparing net counts per minute by solid-phase radioimmunoassay with hemagglutination titers in the 15 vaccinees were 0.940, 0.874, 0.792, 0.903, 0.882, 0.869, and 0.704 for serotypes 1--7, respectively. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Jul, 6(1), 58 - 61 Serum antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin measured by a passive hemagglutination assay; Pollack M et al.; A passive hemagglutination (PHA) assay for antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin is described which utilizes chromic chloride-treated ovine erythrocytes coated with purified toxin . PHA antitoxin titers correlated well with those obtained by a cytotoxicity neutralization assay (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001), whereas the PHA assay was four to eight times as sensitive . The mean serum PHA titer of 16 patients convalescing from recent pseudomonas infections (log2 = 9.4 +/- 3.9) was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that of 17 healthy controls (2,7 +/- 2.6), and fourfold or greater rises were demonstrated in 5 of 7 patients examined sequentially . The lower levels of PHA antibody in sera from 11 of 17 controls suggested the acquisition of antitoxin secondary to asymptomatic infection. Arch Dermatol, 1977 Jul, 113(7), 952 - 3 Pseudomonal balanitis; Petrozzi JW et al.; Significant ecologic changes in the cutaneous flora during treatment may present a challenge both diagnostically and therapeutically . The development of an erosive balanitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa presented an example of such a microbiologic shift in the case reported . The eruption developed during treatment with topical antibacterial, antifungal, and corticosteroid agents . The sudden exacerbation of any balanitis while under treatment should alert the physician to the possibility of superinfection. J Bacteriol, 1977 Jul, 131(1), 259 - 69 Composition and molecular weight of pili purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K; Frost LS et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K (PAK) bears polar pili that promote infection by at least six bacteriophages . Moreover, a recently isolated mutant of strain K (PAK/2PfS) is many times more piliated than the wild-type strain and facilitates the preparation of large amounts of pure pili for biochemical studies . The present investigation was carried out to establish the structural relatedness of PAK and PAK/2PfS pili and to determine their biochemical composition . A purfication procedure is described for PAK and PAK/2PfS pili that yields about 8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK/2PfS cells and 0.8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK cells . PAK and PAK/2PfS pili were found to be free from phosphate, carbohydrate, and lipid and to contain a single polypeptide subunit of 17,800 daltons . Isopycnic centrifugation studies revealed that PAK and PAK(2PfS pili have the same buoyant density in sucrose (1.221) and CsC1 (1.295) . Both types of pili banded at pH 3.9 when subjected to isoelectric focusing . Amino acid analyses showed that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili have identical amino acid compositions, whereas microimmunodiffusion studies revealed that the two types of pili are immunologically indistinguishable . It was concluded that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili are identical and that the mutation responsible for producing the multipiliated state in PAK/2PfS is probably located outside the structural gene for PAK pili. Eur J Biochem, 1977 Jul 1, 77(1), 53 - 60 Nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551; Moore GR et al.; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 . Assignments of resonances to specific residues have been made . A low-resolution X-ray structure was used to aid assignments . A structural comparison was made between P . aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 and mammalian cytochrome c, based on comparisons of NMR data. Postgrad Med J, 1977 Jun, 53(620), 334 - 7 Successful treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia and meningitis with neutropenia--the presenting feature of hypogammaglobulinaemia; Johnston PG et al.; A neutropenic child of 20 months suffered generalized infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, involving the bloodstream and the meninges . This was successfully treated with intravenous and intrathecal antibiotics and granulocyte transfusions before granulopoiesis recovered spontaneously . No immunoglobulin replacement was given during the acute episode, as the diagnosis of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia was made subsequently. Postgrad Med J, 1977 Jun, 53(620), 347 - 8 Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Denham MJ et al.; A case of vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described and the problems of diagnosis and treatment discussed. Carbohydr Res, 1977 Jun, 56(1), 129 - 38 Characterization of 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose as a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide antigen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 4; Horton D et al.; The title lipopolysaccharide was freed from its lipid A component by mild, acid hydrolysis, to give a polysaccharide fraction that was subsequently hydrolyzed completely to afford a mixture of neutral sugars and amino sugars . The amino sugars were separated, and identified as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-galactose as a 2:1 mixture of the D and L enantiomers, and 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose . A reference sample of 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose was synthesized by an improved preparative route . Among the lipopolysaccharide antigens of the seven recognized immunotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxyglucose is also characterized as a constituent of two others, types 3 and 5. Am J Physiol, 1977 Jun, 232(6), H682 - 9 Cardiorespiratory effects of Pseudomonas and E . coli endotoxins in the awake dog; Miller TH et al.; A comparison of the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli endotoxins was investigated in the unanesthetized dog . Animals were anesthetized with halothane for placement of cardiovascular catheters and then allowed to awaken prior to collection of control data and experimentation . One group of 12 animals was given E . coli endotoxin (5 mg/kg), another group of 13 received Pseudomonas endotoxin (8 mg/kg) . Variables were collected for 6 h after endotoxin injection . A third group of 13 animals serving as sham animals received no endotoxin . When major cardiovascular variables, such as arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, right atrial pressure, and left ventricular pressure and dP/dt were monitored, it was seen that the basic patterns of response to endotoxins were quite similar, with differences between groups being primarily quantitative . Analysis of respiratory data showed that animals receiving Pseudomonas developed an earlier respiratory response . Nevertheless, blood gas data were similar in the two groups. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 23(6), 823 - 6 Experimental pulmonary infection of mice by tracheal intubation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the use of antineoplastic agents to overcome natural resistance; Schook LB et al.; Tracheal intubation of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19660 into the lungs of mice had no significant effect on the animals even with administration of organisms as high as 5.0 X 10(9) CFU . Animals treated with a single injection of an antineoplastic drug were, however, susceptible to bacterial challenge into the lungs . LD50 values of 4.1 X 10(7), 4.8 X 10(7), and 1.0 X 10(8) CFU were obtained when animals were simultaneously infected and treated with methotrexate, vincristine sulfate, or cytosine arabinoside, respectively. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 23(6), 798 - 810 The orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0: 11 serotypes) is a superficial enzyme; Poindron P et al.; About 95% fo the 0: 11 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was able to hydrolyze orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), but was unable to use lactose . The ONPG-hydrolyzing enzyme was located essentially in the periplasm, as seen by biochemical and ultrastructural studies. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 23(6), 653 - 8 The nature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO bacteriophage receptors; Kropinski AM et al.; Receptors for phages specific to Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were studied . Phages 16, 44, 109, F8, and PBI are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific as shown by neutralization tests . The PhI50's of the LPS, adsorption rate constants with strain PAO and the plaque morphologies of these five phages were quite similar . Phages 1214 and 7 also appear to be LPS-specific on the basis of host-range studies . Phage 73 is pilus-specific, while phages 21 and 68 fall into a group which does not attach to pili, flagella, or LPS . A theoretical approach to the interpretation of phage-cell interactions is presented. Am J Surg, 1977 Jun, 133(6), 710 - 2 Cell-mediated immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Munster AM et al.; Of six healthy laboratory workers with no history of illness caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, four exhibited positive skin responses at 24 hours, strong inhibition of leukocyte migration, and marked stimulation of blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes when exposed to a "cocktail" of three phenol-killed strains of P aeruginosa . There was no correlation between the extent of these responses with serum hemagglutinin titers . It is postulated that cell-mediated immunity against P aeruginosa may have a biologic role in host defense. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Jun, 78(3), 395 - 409 Acute otitis externa in divers working in the North Sea: a microbiological survey of seven saturation dives; Alcock SR; Saturation diving is an important and widely used technique in the Offshore Oil Industry . During 1974-5 two saturation dives in the North Sea were terminated because of outbreaks of incapacitating otitis externa, and others were disrupted . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was consistently isolated from the ears of affected divers . Because complex work schedules were threatened seven subsequent dives were subjected to microbiological monitoring and control . Colonization of ear canal with P . aeruginosa or with other gram-negative bacilli occurred in 39 (67%) of the 58 divers studied, usually within 7 days of starting the dive . Data obtained by serotyping this isolations of P . aeruginosa suggested that a single infected diver may be the source of organisms which rapidly spread to his colleagues and throughout the living chambers, that the living chambers may constitute a reservoir of infection during and between dives, and that certain serotypes of P . aeruginosa are more likely than others to colonize the ear canal in the conditions of a saturation dive . The control measures used during the dives were only partially effective, but none of the divers suffered severe pain and all the dives were an operational success. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1977 Jun, 16(6), 488 - 97 Pseudomonas protease . Purification, partial characterization, and its effect on collagen, proteoglycan, and rabbit corneas; Kessler E et al.; The extracellular protease of a virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in two steps . SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme revealed a single band, and the enzyme was shown to be the major component of the bacterial filtrate . The protease was fully inhibited by Na2 EDTA, 1,10-orthophenanthroline, L-cysteine and Zn+2 ions but was insensitive to dissopropylphosphofluoridate . The elastase substrates orcein-elastin and acetyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alamine-methyl ester were degraded by the enzyme . The protease activity toward soluble and insoluble collagen was found to be limited to the telopeptide region of the collagen molecule . With soluble collagen, conversion of the beta and gamma chains into monomeric alpha chains was observed . About 60% of the total proteoglycans and 1.5% of the total collagen were solubilized from rabbit corneas following incubation with the enzyme, and the solubilized products were nondialyzable . It was concluded that the purified protease has little or no collagenolytic activity and that dissolution of the cornea by Pseudomonas protease infection results essentially from the degradation of the protein backbone of the corneal proteoglycans. Biochem J, 1977 Jun 1, 163(3), 629 - 32 The reduction of Pseudomonas cytochrome c551 oxidase by chromous ions; Barber D et al.; The reduction of cytochrome c551 oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Cr2+ ions was followed in the stopped-flow apparatus at a number of wavelengths . The c-haem reduction proceeded in a biphasic fashion with second-order rate constants of 2.6 X 10(5)M-1-S-1 and 4.8 X 10(4)M-1-S-1 at 25 degrees C, whereas the biphasic reduction of the d1-haem appeared to be independent of reductant concentration with rate constants of approx . 1.0S-1 and 0.25S-1 respectively . The kinetically determined difference spectra (reduced minus oxidized) for the c- and d1-haems are presented. Jpn J Exp Med, 1977 Jun, 47(3), 195 - 201 Serological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa--comparison of various antigenic schema; Homma JY et al.; Serotyping sera for both the agglutination (using IMSUT sera) and slide agglutination (using TIBS sera) were succesfully prepared using Homma's serotype strains . They were proved to be type specific and distinct . The two typing sera (IMSUT and TIBS) were used to determine the correspondence of major O-antigens among the different kinds of serotype schema which are used at present throughout the world . The serotype sera of Lanyi, Liu and Meitert were also used for the same purpose . The relationships among serotypes of the seven schemata were clarified as shown in tables in the text . Cross-reactions were found among several serotypes in each of several serotype schemata was suggested. Infect Immun, 1977 Jun, 16(3), 832 - 41 Enzymatically active peptide from the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylating toxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chung DW et al.; A nontoxic peptide (molecular weight, 26,000), which is active in catalyzing the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, has been isolated from the culture supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 103 in stationary phase . Like fragment A from diphtheria toxin, the active peptide catalyzed the hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as well as the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 and showed similarities to fragment A in specific activity, kinetic constants, pH optimum, and ionic sensitivity . These results provide strong evidence for a high degree of homology in the structures of their active sites . That the peptide is not identical to fragment A is shown by the fact that it was not neutralized by fragment A-specific antiserum and was different in amino acid composition and pH and thermal labilities . Although definitive evidence is lacking, there are data suggesting that this peptide is a proteolytic fragment from the ADP-ribosylating toxin (exotoxin A; molecular weight, 66,000) produced by the same strain of P . aeruginosa. Am J Med, 1977 May, 62(5), 731 - 42 Bacteremia and fungemia complicating neoplastic disease . A study of 364 cases; Singer C et al.; During a 14 month period there were 364 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center . The first nine months of the study were retrospective, and the next five prospective . In patients with leukemia or lymphoma (group 1), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently isolated organisms . The mortality in this group was 40.5 per cent . In the patients with solid tumor (group 2), Esch . coli, Staph . aureus, Bacteroides sp . and Candida sp . were most frequent . Mortality was 27.8 per cent . The source of infection in both groups was often indeterminate . High mortality was associated with pulmonary and intraabdominal infection and with Ps . aeruginosa, K . pneumoniae or polymicrobic sepsis . Factors of prognostic significance were the causative microorganism, source of infection and shock . Although mortality was higher in patients with leukopenia than in those with normal leukocyte counts, the differences were not significant . The mortality in this series was low considering the severity of the underlying diseases and the immunosuppressed state of many of the patients . In a prospective, randomly controlled study, mortality was further diminished by infectious disease consultation at the time the positive blood culture was reported . Severe fungal superinfection, predominantly aspergillosis and candidiasis, was found in 52 per cent of the autopsy patients with leukemia or lymphoma (group 1), but in only 8 per cent of those with solid tumors (group 2). JACEP, 1977 May, 6(5), 184 - 6 The use of silver-zinc-allantoin powder for the prehospital treatment of burns; Klippel AP et al.; We describe our experimental studies of a powder formulated to treat serious burn wounds on-the-scene . The wound powder comprises two parts silver-citro-allantoinate, two parts zinc allantoinate and 96 parts pure allantoin . The back skin of 62 rats was shaved and exposed to actively boiling water for ten seconds, resulting in third degree burns of 20% of the total body surface . Immediately, 1 ml of a culture containing 2 X 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was applied to the burn . The animals were isolated . Of the 30 control rats, six were powdered with allantoin only . Thirty-two rats were dusted with the silver-zinc-allantoin powder within 15 minutes of burning . Cultures were taken at 48 hour intervals . Eighty-seven percent of the control animals died an average of six days postburn . In the treated animals, the mortality was 15% . A mean of 27% of the applied silver (0.35 gm) became incorporated in the eschar . In all control rats, sepsis was detected under the eschar . In treated animals, bacterial concentration fell from an initial average of 5 X 10(4) at 4 hours postburn to 6 X 10(2) at 96 hours. Ann Sclavo, 1977 May-Jun, 19(3), 437 - 45 {"In vitro" activity of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin against "pseudomonas aeruginosa" strains from hospital sources (author's transl)}; Campello C et al.; The in vitro activity of two amynoglicosidic antibiotics, tobramycin and sisomicin, against 215 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens during the years 1972-1975, was evaluated in comparison with that of gentamicin . Tobramycin showed a greater activity than sisomicin and gentamicin . At the concentration of 5 mu/ml tobramycin resulted inhibitory on 94% of strains and sisomicin and gentamicin on 78.6% and 49.8% of strains respectively . The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to gentamicin decreased from 1972 to 1975, with an increasing of resistant strains of 23% . In an evaluation of possible cross-resistance of 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 25 gamma/ml) to gentamicin, 13 showed a high degree of resistance also to sisomicin; on the other hand 7 strains highly resistant to gentamicin was sensitive to tobramycin at concentration less than or equal to 10 gamma/ml. Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1977 May-Aug, 9(2), 68 - 73 {Study of various constituents of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Stefanini de Guzman AM et al.; Using a strain of Ps . aeruginosa (A.T.C.C . 10.145), several preparations were obtained: cytoplasm, cellular wall, extract with veronal buffer and carbohydrates . A morphologic and biochemical study of the bacterium was performed and the soluble fractions were analysed by electrophoresis in poliacrilamide gel with strains for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids . The results led the following conclusions: 1 . -Electrophoresis of cytoplasm in poliacrilamide gel made it possible to recognize 17 proteic, 9 carbohydrate and 3 lipid fractions . 2 . -Eight of the protein fractions were combined with carbohydrates and 9 were proteins . 3 . -The extract obtained with veronal buffer showed 12 protein, 7 carbohydrate and 4 lipid fractions . 4 . -The seven carbohydrate fractions were combined with proteins . 5 . -Five of the cytoplasm proteins fractions were not extracted with veronal buffer; two protein fractions extracted by veronal buffer were not from cytoplasm . 6 . -Heating the extract obtained with veronal buffer determined the loss of most of the fractions extracted probably due to denaturalizations of the proteins . 7 . -The heated extract obtained with veronal buffer showed diffuse bands coloured with protein, carbohydrate and lipid strains. Can J Microbiol, 1977 May, 23(5), 633 - 7 Allantoinase and allantoicase synthesis in Pseudomonas aerguinosa; Rijnierse VF et al.; Allantoinase (allantoin amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.2.5.) and allanoicase (allantoate amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.4) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are inducible enzymes, whose syntheses are enhanced by the presence of allantoin, allantoate, ureidoglycolate, N-carbamoyl-L-asparagine, N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate, hydantoate, and diureidomethane . For each compound a specific ratio between the activities of allantoinase and allantoicase was obtained . The synthesis of these enzymes is not coordinately controlled . N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate, hydantoate, and diureidomethane are gratuitous inducers. Transfusion, 1977 May-Jun, 17(3), 227 - 32 The opsonic activity of stored blood; McClellan MA et al.; Experiments were performed to measure the stability of opsonins during storage of whole blood collected in CPD solution and stored at 4 C . Three units were collected, and aliquots removed and recalcified on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 . Reconstituted serum was immediately frozen and stored at -70 C . The ability to opsonize Escherichia coli 075 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1, both of which require activation and utilization of the alternative pathway of complement for opsonization, were performed simultaneously for each organism and for each unit . Results showed that there was a slight but insignificant reduction in opsonic strength during storage for up to 28 days . The results indicate that standard collection and storage conditions using CPD as the anticoagulant retains functional activity of the alternative pathway . C3 measured by radial immunodiffusion using antisera against the B antigenic determinant showed that C3 had not been converted during storage. Carbohydr Res, 1977 May, 55, 35 - 47 Analytical characterization of lipopolysaccharide antigens from seven strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Horton D et al.; Lipopolysaccharide antigens from seven different serotype strains (antigen immunotypes Nos . 1-7 in the classification of Fisher et al.3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been analyzed for neutral carbohydrate, amino sugars, lipid, protein, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid, and phosphorus . The individual amino sugars were determined for each antigen type; all contained 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and -D-galactose, together with 2-amino-2,6-dideoxygalactose; the latter as isolated from the type 2 antigen was identified as the DL form . In addition, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose was present in the types 3, 4, and 5 antigens . Mild, acid hydrolysis of the antigens gave the lipid A component containing all of the lipid and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, together with lipid A-free polysaccharides that contained principally carbohydrate . The lipid A-free polysaccharides all contained L-rhamnose and D-glucose, together with 2-amino-2,6-dideoxygalactose in all except those from types 1, 5, and 7; that from type 6 also contained D-xylose. Am J Med, 1977 May, 62(5), 672 - 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a dialysis unit . 11 . Relationship to reuse of coils; Wagnild JP et al.; Blood for culture was obtained over a six week period from 17 patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis . Bacteremia was detected during 18 of 201 dialyses . Blood drawn during fifteen of these dialyses contained pseudomonas aeruginosa . Ten of the 17 patients (59 per cent) had a Pseudomonas bacteremia some time during the study . Only one patient was symptomatic . The frequency of positive cultures was related to reuse of coils . No cultures were positive until after the fifth use, but by the tenth use, 41 per cent of the dialyses were associated with bacteremia . All coils that were used repeatedly and 32 of 48 of those used only once, grew Ps . aeruginosa when filled with media and incubated . This suggests that the coils were inoculated during dialysis and that benzalkonium chloride, the sterilizing agent, was unable to eradicate this organism . With repeated uses, the number of residual bacteria in the coil became large enough to cause detectable bacteremia during dialysis. Am J Med, 1977 May, 62(5), 667 - 71 Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a dialysis unit . 1 . Recognition of cases, epidemiologic studies and attempts at control; Uman SJ et al.; Infections commonly occur in patients undergoing dialysis and have been related to diminished host resistance of uremic patients, the arteriovenous fistulas and bacteriologic contamination of dialysis fluids . The occurrence of four cases of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas, three of which were type 7, and the presence of this serotype in the dialysis fluids suggested an important association between infection and growth of bacteria in the fluids . Attempts to reduce levels of bacteria in the dialysis fluid were unsuccessful using dialysate free of glucose in clinical trial, despite in vitro studies demonstrating poor growth of Pseudomonas in this medium . A filter placed with the recirculating system was only partially successful . The second paper of this series traces the portal of entry of bacteria from dialysate to the blood through reutilized coils. J Bacteriol, 1977 May, 130(2), 826 - 31 Glycine metabolism by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: hydrogen cyanide biosynthesis; Castric PA; Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a synthetic medium is stimulated by the presence of glycine . Methionine enhances this stimulation but will not substitute for glycine as a stimulator of cyanogenesis . Threonine and phenylalanine are ef