Res Vet Sci, 1984 Jan, 36(1), 21 - 3 Influence of digestive microflora on parasite development and the pathogenic effect of Eimeria ovinoidalis in the axenic, gnotoxenic and conventional lamb; Gouet P et al.; The interaction between the digestive microflora and the development and pathogenic effect of Eimeria ovinoidalis was studied in lambs . All animals were reared and fed in the same conditions and were infected on the second day after birth with 150,000 sterilised oocysts . Two conventional lambs that had absorbed colostrum had haemorrhagic diarrhoea for several days and excreted 10(5) to 10(6) oocysts g-1 faeces . One lamb died . Similar results were recorded in two gnotoxenic lambs inoculated with 63 pure bacterial strains representative of the dominant digestive microflora and free of all pathogenic organisms . By contrast, no clinical signs and, in particular, no diarrhoea were observed in nine axenic lambs . OOcyst excretion in these only started on the 16th day, and the number of oocysts was between 10(2) and 10(3) g-1 . The presence of digestive microflora is thus essential to the development of the parasite's pathogenic expression. Pol Arch Weter, 1984, 24(1), 51 - 64 {Characteristics and variability of microflora in steamed common sausage during the post-production storage period}; Libelt K; The quantitative level and variability of microorganism groups of sanitary character, occurring in common sausage in the post-production period of storing at different temperatures was determined . Eleven microorganism groups were determined, taking into consideration the following variation factors: three storing temperatures (4 degrees, 10 degrees and 20 degrees C), progressing storing periods up to 120 hr, two different production sites, two year's seasons . With the time of storing the number of microorganisms was found to increase the faster the higher the temperature was . Significant differences in contamination between the temperatures were observed after 24 hr for 20 degrees C, and after 96 hr for 10 degrees C . A similar relationship was found for proteolytic, psychrophilic, greening microorganisms and fungi . On analysing the effect of the storing period it was found: for 4 degrees--absence of variation of total contamination till 96 hr, for 10 degrees--till 48 hr, and for 20 degrees C--till 24 hr . At 4 degrees C a slow growth, frequently insignificant even up to 120 hr, of other microorganisms was found . At 10 degrees C differences were observed after 48-78 hr, and at 20 degrees C frequently as early as after 24 hr . From the summary of the per cent number, the individual groups of microorganisms in general contamination after 120 hr of storing, a considerable increase in the number of proteolytic microflora can be concluded . The correlation of quantitative variations in storing between total contamination and some selected microorganisms groups was significant in all cases. Nahrung, 1984, 28(6-7), 727 - 33 {Anaerobic lumen and mucosal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract}; Mikel'saar ME et al.; With the model of one-egg twins the importance of the genotype for the development of an individual constant composition of the anaerobic and total microflora of the gut has been shown . Individual characteristics of the mucosal flora have been proved by experimental results of rectum mucosal microflora on normal conditions as well as with appendicitis . In individuals the microflora of the lumen corresponds with that of the mucosa. Pol Arch Weter, 1984, 24(1), 51 - 64 {Characteristics and variability of microflora of popular steamed sausage during post-production preservation}; Libelt K; The quantitative level and variability of microorganism groups of sanitary character, occurring in common sausage in the post-production period of storing at different temperatures was determined . Eleven microorganism groups were determined, taking into consideration the following variation factors: three storing temperatures (4 degrees, 10 degrees and 20 degrees C), progressing storing periods up to 120 hr, two different production sites, two year's seasons . With the time of storing the number of microorganisms was found to increase the faster the higher the temperature was . Significant differences in contamination between the temperatures were observed after 24 hr for 20 degrees C, and after 96 hr for 10 degrees C . A similar relationship was found for proteolytic, psychrophilic, greening microorganisms and fungi . On analysing the effect of the storing period it was found: for 4 degrees - absence of variation of total contamination till 96 hr, for 10 degrees - till 48 hr, and for 20 degrees C - till 24 hr . At 4 degrees C a slow growth, frequently insignificant even up to 120 hr, of other microorganisms was found . At 10 degrees C differences were observed after 48-78 hr, and at 20 degrees C frequently as early as after 24 hr . From the summary of the per cent number, the individual groups of microorganisms in general contamination after 120 hr of storing, a considerable increase in the number of proteolytic microflora can be concluded . The correlation of quantitative variations in storing between total contamination and some selected microorganisms groups was significant in all cases. Sov Med, 1984, (11), 108 - 10 {Prevention of post-abortion complications}; Radionchenko AA et al.; PIP: A study was conducted on the effectiveness of vibratory massage of the uterus in preventing post-abortion complications . Observations were made on 303 pregnant women, ages 20-40, admitted to the gynecology clinic for induced abortions . The base group consisted of 168 women who received vibratory massage of the uterus after the abortion; the control group consisted of 135 women not given vibromassage . The base group included 28 (17%) primiparae, 9 (5.3%) parae and 27 (17%) nulliparae; 60 (36%) had each had 3 abortion, and 27 (17%) had had 4 or more; 43 (25.5%) of the women had their fit menstruation by the age of 15 and later; painful menstrual function (algodysmenorrhea) was noted in 44 (26%) of the women; 41 (32%) had sex for the first time at an early age (14-16 yrs) . Histories showed chronic inflammation of adnexa for 20 (12.5%) and cervical erosion for 6 (3.5%) . Similar data were obtained in the control group . In the base group, 28 of the women were 6-8 weeks pregnant, 92 were 8-10 weeks and 48 were 11-12 weeks, in the control group, the numbers were 44, 56 and 35, respectively . Induced abortions were performed by curettage (126 in the base group, 110 in the control group) and vacuum-aspiration (42 and 25, respectively) . Vibromassage of the uterus was performed immediately after the abortions and on the 1st and 2nd days of the post-abortion period . The effect of the vibromassage was evaluated by clinical observation of the women, uterine probing, amount of blood loss, examination of vaginal discharge for microflora, clinical blood analysis, and immediate and late post-operative complications . In the group with abortions preformed by vacuum-aspiration with vibromassage, no heavy blood loss was detected, and the number of women with little or no discharge increased significantly compared to the control group . In the group receiving vibromassage, hematometra was detected in 2.4% of the women, endometritis on 6%, exacerbated chronic inflammation of adnexa in 4% . In the control group, the figures were 6, 13.3 and 17.6%, respectively . In observations for 12-24 months after the abortions, among 100 women who received vibromassage, disturbance of menstrual function was noted in 19.3% and sterility in 8.2%, while in the control group 14.1 and 16.2%, respectively . In the first 6 months after abortion, women not using contraception became pregnant in 7% of the cases, and in 9.1% of the cases among those who received vibromassage . Thus, studies showed that vibratory massage of the uterus, employed immediately after the induced abortion and the next two days of the post-abortion period, has a stimulating effect on the contracting activities of the uterus and contributes to a decrease in immediate and late complications . Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1984, 7(2), 75 - 80 Effects of tobacco smoke inhalation on the tracheo-bronchial microflora of rats; Pesti L et al.; The purpose of work was to study the effects of tobacco smoke on the airway flora in rats . A study on the regional distribution, total numbers and composition of the flora suggested the following: (a) Subacute smoke exposure intensified the penetration of the flora into deeper, normally sterile portions of the airways . (b) On smoking, the predominantly D . pneumoniae type flora of normal rats was found to shift to a form in which Hemophilus sp . was most frequent . (c) Exposure to low or high nicotine content cigarettes did not particularly modify these results. Br J Nutr, 1984 Jan, 51(1), 1 - 6 Biochemical aspects of malabsorption in marasmus; Mehta HC et al.; Sixty marasmic children and fifteen normal age-matched controls were investigated for the absorption of fats and proteins . Their duodenal juice samples were also analysed for bile salts and microflora . A significant amount of malabsorption, with respect to both the dietary ingredients, was observed in the majority of the marasmic children . The levels of conjugated bile acids in the duodenal juice samples of marasmic children were significantly lower as compared with those of normal controls, while the reverse was true for free bile acids and bacterial counts . Significant correlations were observed between bile acid levels and fat absorption and also between microflora and free bile acids . The pathophysiology of malabsorption in marasmus is discussed in the light of these findings. Acta Otolaryngol, 1984 Jan-Feb, 97(1-2), 117 - 26 The nasopharyngeal microflora of otitis-prone children, with emphasis on H . influenzae; Freijd A et al.; The nasopharyngeal microflora was monitored during a prospective study of 52 otitis-prone children and 33 age-matched controls up to the age of 30 months . The relation between nasopharyngeal culture results and corresponding otoscopic findings was investigated . In contrast to pneumococci, the rate of H . influenzae isolation was correlated to the degree of otologic disease, thus it was found more often in connection with AOM than with a normal otologic status, with OME in an intermediate position . Also in contrast to pneumococci, in children with AOM, H . influenzae was commoner in the otitis-prone group than in the control group . H . influenzae biotype II was found in 77% in association with AOM in the control group . In the otitis-prone group the difference in frequency of biotypes I, II and III causing AOM were less pronounced . Turnover of H . influenzae strains as judged by change in biotype was found to occur more often in connection with treatments with penicillin-V than treatments with amoxicillin. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 1984, 86, 13 - 22 Host defences and the vaginal mucosa . A re-evaluation; Cohen MS et al.; The portal of entry for most pathogens is at the mucosal surface, and mucosal defences afford the host the earliest opportunity to ward off infection . The vagina is exposed to considerable trauma, and harbours a complex microflora, but only a small number of microorganisms are associated with disease . It seems likely that mucosal defenses are important in this process . Mucosal secretions contain mucus, lysozyme, lactoferrin, zinc, fibronectin, and complement, all of which afford non-specific protection . In addition, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in these secretions increases in response to specific pathogens . Blood leukocytes migrate onto mucosal surfaces during infection with some microorganisms, and the interaction between phagocytic cells and genital pathogens has been the focus of intense investigation . Improved understanding of mucosal defences is crucial for prevention of infection. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1984, 24(9), 649 - 53 Occurrence of gentamicin-producing micromonosporae in Lake Balaton (W . Hungary); Szabo Z; The total number of platable bacteria in the wet mud material characterized by the predominant occurrence of high-magnesian calcite and protodolomite of the Lake Balaton fluctuates between 3.5 X 10(4) and 2.3 X 10(5) g-1 . Actinomycetes constitute about 25-30 per cent of this mud-community and not more than half of them belong to the genus Micromonospora . The presence of 10 species of this genus was detected among the isolated and studied strains identified by means of conventional methods and computer aided numerical analysis in which 20 authentic, mostly type strains of Micromonospora spp . were also involved . All of the three species of gentamicin-producing Micromonospora (M . echinospora, M . purpurea and M . sagamiensis) known so far were found in mud samples . These three species form stable but less numerous populations (less than 0.5 per cent of the total platable microflora) in the Balaton's mud, the members of which are capable to produce gentamicins at about 40-50 micrograms ml-1 level at most. Acta Chir Scand, 1984, 150(3), 239 - 44 The effect of one prophylactic dosage of antibiotics on experimentally induced lethal intraabdominal sepsis; Brolin J et al.; In order to study the effect of one preoperative dosage of antibiotic on the mortality rate, incidence of abscesses, adhesions and intraperitoneal fluid, a previously described reproducible experimental model of intraabdominal infections in rats has been used . Preoperatively, the rats were fed with lean ground beef for two weeks in order to change the intestinal microflora into a microflora similar to humans . The antibiotics tested were: doxycycline (1 mg), cefoxitin (40 mg), tinidazole (8 mg) + netilmicin (5 mg), clindamycin (150 mg) + netilmicin (5 mg) and trimethoprimsulfa (76.8 mg) + tinidazole (8 mg) . The results indicate that one preoperative dosage of the antibiotic(s) significantly reduces the mortality rate in rats with intraabdominal sepsis . Intraperitoneal fluid was observed in all non-surviving rats, whereas in the surviving animals no fluid was present regardless of the type of antibiotic . The rate of intraabdominal abscesses was significantly higher in the doxycycline group compared with the other treated groups, indicating an inadequate anaerobic cover of doxycycline . The incidence of intraabdominal postoperative adhesions was similar in all groups except the trimethoprimsulfa + tinidazole group, which had a significantly lower number of rats with adhesions. Arkh Patol, 1984, 46(3), 52 - 9 {Morphology of healed burns treated by different methods}; Muzykant LI et al.; The dynamics of burn wound healing was studied on biopsies from the wound area in 30 patients treated by open methods (treatment under conditions of abacterial environment and in a cabinet with laminar air) . Twenty patients were treated by applications on the wound of ointment bandages . Under the bandages, the crust formed on the burn surface was infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes . When patients with burns over 10-25% of the body surface were treated in abacterial environment, a thin dry crust developed on the burn wound surface with small accumulations of microflora in its external layers . The granulation tissue filling the wound after early necrectomy contains numerous vessels and cell elements . In extensive burns (35-50% of the body surface) the granulation tissue fills the wound cavity incompletely, as separate islets. Environ Mutagen, 1984, 6(1), 103 - 16 Review: putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods . V . Cycad azoxyglycosides; Hoffmann GR et al.; Cycasin is a member of a family of azoxyglycosides produced by cycads . It is mutagenic and carcinogenic only when deglucosylated to release its principal metabolite, methylazoxymethanol (MAM) . Methylazoxymethanol is also the aglycone of other cycad azoxyglycosides and is responsible for their toxicologic properties . The way in which people can be exposed to cycad azoxyglycosides is through the consumption of foods prepared from cycads . MAM induces genetic alterations in various test systems in bacteria, yeast, plants, Drosophila, and mammalian cells . An important aspect of the biological activities of cycasin and MAM is the intimate connection between their metabolism and their toxicologic effects . In adult mammals, the deglucosylation of cycasin is catalyzed only by enzymes of the microflora of the gut . Cycasin is therefore active when administered orally but not when administered parenterally . In contrast, MAM is active regardless of the route of exposure . Major uncertainties remain regarding the intermediates generated from MAM spontaneously and metabolically . More knowledge of these intermediates is required for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of cycasin, MAM, and related compounds. Digestion, 1984, 29(1), 37 - 41 Effect of wheat bran upon gastro-intestinal transit in germ-free and conventional rats; Riottot M et al.; Germ-free and conventional rats were fed a semi-synthetic diet including 10% wheat bran for 1 month . They were compared to similar rats fed the same diet without bran . Transit of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 was studied in giving the marker either in saline or in the diet . The presence of a bacterial flora was found to accelerate small intestine transit and total transit . The ingestion of solid food slowed gastric emptying but had little effect on small intestine transit . Wheat bran slowed gastric emptying of PEG in most of the experimental groups . It had no significant effect on small intestine transit except in germ-free rats having received the marker in solid food . It accelerated total transit in germ-free and conventional rats . The results suggest that bran mainly exerts its action in the hindgut . The role of microflora in this action of bran is discussed. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1984, 43, 76 - 81 Impact of topical clindamycin and systemic tetracycline on the skin and colon microflora in patients with acne vulgaris; Borglund E et al.; In a double-blind study on 20 patients with acne vulgaris, 10 patients were treated with topical clindamycin and 10 patients with oral tetracycline for eight weeks . The skin and colon microflora were determined before, during and up to eight weeks after treatment . All patients improved markedly to the same extent . Topical clindamycin caused no changes in the colon flora, whereas oral tetracycline significantly suppressed the numbers of colon bacteria and four patients were colonized by new tetracycline resistant bacteria . In patients receiving tetracycline, 40% of the skin bacteria became resistant during therapy, while the corresponding figure for clindamycin was 60% . The skin flora was normalized in most patients after the treatment had stopped. Nahrung, 1984, 28(6-7), 615 - 7 {Intestinal flora under conditions of stress}; Meng W et al.; In healthy probands influenced by endocrinic stress (application of ACTH, growth hormone, and triiodothyronine) the microflora of the content of the duodenum and of the feces is examined . After three weeks, only, rising numbers of bacteria could be detected in the duodenal content . The number of the aerobic bacteria, mainly of the coliforms in the feces, decreased whereas the number of the anaerobic germs increased . This stress model seems to be suitable for such researches. Acta Microbiol Pol, 1984, 33(3-4), 277 - 83 Bacterial microflora of nitrogen industry wastewaters; Bisz-Konarzewska A et al.; The quantitative and qualitative composition of heterotrophic bacteria found in two types of wastewaters from the nitrogen industry was determined . The number of bacteria in the wastewaters was 10(4) to 10(6) cells/ml . Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 57% of the bacteria in the final retention reservoir whereas their number in the wastewaters discharged into surface waters was 90% . The dominating species among the Gram-negative bacteria was Pseudomonas, irrespective of the composition of the wastes and means by which they were discharged into the Wisla . The studied microflora utilized in different metabolic processes nitrogen compounds present in the wastes. Arch Surg, 1983 Dec, 118(12), 1413 - 5 The effect of antisecretagogues on gastric microflora; Long J et al.; We examined the effect of cimetidine in altering gastric microflora in patients undergoing gastric resection for peptic ulcer disease . Ten patients had administration of cimetidine stopped at least six hours before surgery . Their mean gastric pH was 2.02 +/- 1.51, and 0.4 +/- 0.97 organisms were isolated per patient . Ten patients were maintained on a regimen of cimetidine and their mean gastric pH was 5.69 +/- 1.80, with 3.2 +/- 1.62 organisms isolated per patient . We reached the following conclusions: cimetidine alters the gastric pH of preoperative patients; cimetidine therapy is associated with an increase in gastric flora; stopping administration of cimetidine six hours before surgery reacidifies the stomach, decreases the number of organisms isolated from the stomach, and decreases the risk of septic complications. Am J Dis Child, 1983 Dec, 137(12), 1177 - 8 Evaluation of the string test in intestinal bacterial overgrowth; Liebman WM et al.; To determine the efficacy in assessing bacterial overgrowth, the string test (EnteroTest-Pediatric) and duodenal aspiration were compared in 18 children with chronic diarrhea . Isolation and significance of organisms in the small intestine were identical with both methods in all patients . These data suggested that the string test is an accurate, simple, and safe method for assessment of small-intestinal microflora. J Nutr, 1983 Dec, 113(12), 2432 - 41 The effect of pectin on the utilization of marginal levels of dietary protein by weanling rats; Delorme CB et al.; The effect of dietary pectin levels on protein utilization was studied in weanling rats . Levels of 0, 4.8, 16.7 and 28.6% pectin were used in diets containing 10% protein from casein, bread or bread supplemented with lysine or lysine and threonine . Food intake, energy digestibility and protein digestibility were lowered by dietary pectin, resulting in very strong decreases in digestible energy and digestible protein intakes, protein being affected relatively more than energy . The weight gain of the experimental animals was also incrementally inhibited, with a net loss of weight occurring at the 28.6% pectin level . At this level of pectin addition, the mortality of the experimental groups averaged 50%, death occurring within the first 2 weeks of feeding the experimental diets . Dietary pectin worsened the animal's feed conversion and affected negatively the efficiency with which dietary protein was utilized for growth as measured by the net protein ratio, this effect being much more severe for the higher quality protein diets . It seems to have brought the animals' net protein utilization (NPUs) toward intermediate values, increasing the NPUs of the groups fed the bread-based diets and diminishing those of the other protein groups . The cause of these effects is not clear, although they may be due in part to a lower ratio of digestible protein to digestible energy with increasing dietary pectin . Other participating mechanisms may be the development of adverse intestinal microflora or binding of some essential amino acids to a greater extent than others. J Surg Oncol, 1983 Nov, 24(3), 209 - 11 Induction of colon mucosal beta-glucuronidase production as a mechanism for 1,2-dimethylhydrazine colon carcinogenesis; Celik C et al.; Although early studies in germ-free rats showed almost complete dependence on dimethylhydrazine (DMH) colon carcinogenesis upon the presence of colon bacteria, no adequate explanation was given for the 20% tumor incidence observed in germ-free animals . Bacterial activation of liver microsomal products releasing active proximate carcinogens has been the accepted reason for the exquisite specificity DMH has for the colon . Recent work, including the present study, show the colon mucosa is capable of metabolizing carcinogens and activating conjugating forms metabolized in the liver independent of the intestinal microflora . Mucosal beta-glucuronidase production was assayed in coded, scraped mucosa samples from the duodenum/jejunum, ileum, right colon, and left colon of normal and DMH-treated rats . Normal mucosal beta-glucuronidase production was highest in the left colon followed by the right colon, duodenum, and ileum, respectively . Enzyme production in the left colon was significantly increased 24 hours after injection of 25 mg/kg body weight DMH . No elevation was seen in other mucosal samples . Metabolism of DMH to oxidated forms conjugated to glucuronic acid is well established . Thus, this study offers a possible role for carcinogen, induction of a metabolic enzyme in its target tissue. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm, 1983 Oct, 11(5), 529 - 45 Nonlinear assessment of nitrofurantoin bioavailability in rabbits; Watari N et al.; The influence of route of administration on the absolute bioavailability and GI tract absorption of nitrofurantoin was investigated in rabbits . The disposition of nitrofurantoin was described by a one-compartment model with simultaneous first-order and Michaelis-Menten type elimination kinetics, and bioavailability was estimated by nonlinear assessment . The plasma levels following oral administration were significantly lower than those after intravenous administration, and absolute F values for oral administration were approximately 0.3 . However, F values following intraduodenal administration and portal vein infusion were nearly unity, and it was concluded that the reduction of bioavailability following oral administration could not be attributed to metabolism by intestinal microflora or to the hepatic first-pass effect . Thus, reduction of F values following oral administration is probably due to gastric degradation of the drug . The effects of factors influencing bioavailability, such as water volume taken with the drug, change of gastric emptying rate and effect of particle size, were also investigated . Increase of volume of water administered tended to improve the bioavailability, and a particle size dependency was also observed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 46(4), 894 - 900 Relationship between lactic acid concentration and bacterial spoilage in ground beef; Nassos PS et al.; Lactic acid concentration correlated with organoleptic spoilage of refrigerated, coarsely ground beef stored in casings with low oxygen permeability . The samples were assayed over time for lactic acid concentration, total aerobic plate count, percentage of gram-positive organisms, and pH . Lactic acid increased in all samples, as did the bacterial counts and percentage of gram-positive organisms in the total microflora, the latter representing an increase in the lactic acid-producing bacteria . pH was found to decrease in all samples, with the smallest decrease in pH being observed in the meat sample which maintained the lowest proportion of gram-positive organisms . With samples evaluated by a sensory panel, lactic acid levels were found to correlate inversely with odor acceptability. Antibiotiki, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 693 - 8 {Aminoglycoside activity in relation to gram-negative microflora isolated from heart surgery patients}; Ostrovskaia EA et al.; Sensitivity of 130 clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria isolated from cardiosurgical patients was studied comparatively with respect to 5 aminoglycosides: monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin and sisomicin . The strains were mainly isolated from purulent wounds and the respiratory tract of patients in the postoperative period . All the patients were operated on with the use of artificial circulation . Analysis of the antibioticograms revealed that 30 per cent of the strains were resistant to all the aminoglycosides and 58 per cent showed selective sensitivity . Sisomicin was the most active antibiotic with respect to the clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria. Z Hautkr, 1983 Sep 1, 58(17), 1268 - 72 {Observations on pityriasis rosea patients}; Vigh G; In the Institute of Skin and Veneral Diseases 252 patients suffering from pityriasis rosea were treated yearly since 1970 . As opposed to descriptions published so far several differences were observed . The disease occurs not only in young adults, but also in infants and in old age . It may be observed not only in certain months, but throughout the year . The disease becomes manifest more frequently in workers of larger collectives . It does not leave behind prolonged immunity, but may return after an intervall of 1-12 years with milder symptoms . The repeated incidence was 3,57 per cent . Recurrence was observed in two cases within one family . P.r . was followed by herpes zoster in 3 cases, which is indicative of increased susceptibility for viral infection . The point of attack of the supposed pathogen is the pharyngeal mucous membrane, which may explain the difficulty of isolation of the unknown virus as this region has a rich microflora. J Clin Periodontol, 1983 Sep, 10(5), 465 - 86 Suppression of the periodontopathic microflora in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline; Slots J et al.; Since recent studies have implicated Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis, this investigation determined the effectiveness of subgingival debridement, topical Betadine Solution, and systemic tetracycline in suppressing subgingival A . actinomycetemcomitans and other microorganisms . A total of 20 deep periodontal pockets and 10 normal periodontal sites of 6 localized juvenile periodontitis patients was included in the study . Each patient was treated in 3 stages over a period of 22 weeks, and the result of treatment was monitored for an additional 38 weeks . The first stage of treatment included plaque control, as well as thorough scaling and root planing, composed of at least 6 h of debridement . No concomitant periodontal surgery was performed . In the second stage, Betadine saturated cotton gauze was inserted into the periodontal pockets for 10 min . Stage 3 involved systemic tetracycline therapy (1 g/day) for 14 days . The subgingival microflora was determined at frequent intervals by selective culturing of A . actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga and by direct microscopic examination . The clinical effect was assessed by measuring changes in probing periodontal attachment level, probing periodontal pocket depth, radiographic alveolar bone mass, and other relevant clinical parameters . Scaling and root planing reduced the total subgingival bacterial counts and the proportions of certain Gram-negative bacteria, but no periodontal pocket became free of A . actinomycetemcomitans . Betadine application had little or no effect on the subgingival microflora . In contrast, tetracycline administered via the systemic route suppressed A . actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga, and spirochetes to low or undetectable levels in all test periodontal pockets . A . actinomycetemcomitans reappeared in 9 of the deep periodontal pockets after the administration of tetracycline . Most of these 9 pockets became free of detectable A . actinomycetemcomitans during the second week of tetracycline administration, whereas pockets which yielded no A . actinomycetemcomitans after tetracycline therapy became free of the organisms during the first week of tetracycline treatment . This data suggests that systemic tetracycline therapy of localized juvenile periodontitis should, as a practical rule, be continued for 3 weeks . Periodontal destruction continued in 4 deep pockets which all showed high posttetracycline A . actinomycetemcomitans counts . All 6 pockets which demonstrated a marked gain in periodontal attachment yielded no cultivable A . actinomycetemcomitans . No association was found between periodontal disease status and subgingival Capnocytophaga, spirochetes or motile rods . The present study indicates that A . actinomycetemcomitans is an important etiologic agent in localized juvenile periodontitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) J Clin Periodontol, 1983 Sep, 10(5), 515 - 23 Effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on periodontitis in humans . A review; Garrett JS; Root planing is an effective method of treating both moderate and severe periodontitis . Predictable and significant improvement in bleeding scores, probing pocket depths and probing attachment levels have been demonstrated by a number of different research groups . Significant positive changes in the subgingival microflora are induced . These improvements can be sustained for longer periods of time if adequate supragingival plaque control is achieved . It is important to realize that the research to date excludes the effects of therapy on furcation pockets . Results of conservative therapy in this critical area remain to be studied. Poult Sci, 1983 Aug, 62(8), 1626 - 32 Effects of diet, bacitracin, and body weight restrictions on the intestine of broiler chicks; Stutz MW et al.; Six experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet, bacitracin, and body weight restrictions on the intestine of the broiler chick . Bacitracin, at levels of 11 and 55 ppm, significantly increased body weight, significantly reduced small intestine weight, but had no significant effect on liver weight of chicks fed a soybean protein and sucrose-based diet . The greatest effects were observed in the ileum where weight, moisture, length per unit of body weight, and dry matter per unit of length were all significantly reduced . The least effects were observed in the duodenum where weight and length per unit of body weight were significantly reduced and dry matter per unit of length was significantly increased . Intestinal weight, as a percent of body weight, was not significantly affected when body weight was suppressed with a high level of nicarbazin added to a practical diet, but it was significantly reduced when bacitracin was added to the semipurified diet and chicks were restricted in food intake to 70% of controls . A level of 55 ppm of bacitracin added to the practical diet had no significant effect on body weight, intestinal weight, or liver weight . As discussed, the observed changes in the intestine, due to bacitracin, are probably indirect and most likely reflect the action of the antibiotic on the intestinal microflora. J Environ Sci Health B, 1983 Aug, 18(4-5), 445 - 63 Environmental research on potential pesticides: indispensability and scope under conditions of Poland; Gwiazda M et al.; In consideration of the ubiquitous presence of pesticides in the environment, research should be done for each new compound aimed at evaluation of the hazard resulting from its application . Environmental investigations conducted in Poland encompass research on: (a) abiotic transformations (hydrolysis, photodegradation), (b) metabolism in plants and animals, as well as the fate in aquatic and soil environments; (c) influence on biota (including microflora, honey-bee and other beneficial arthropoda, aquatic organisms, birds); (d) side effects (bioaccumulation, resistance, subsequent action of sublethal amounts on populations); (e) mechanisms of action; (f) biological survey of sewage . The data obtained make possible an evaluation of risk connected with application of the investigated compound. Am J Vet Res, 1983 Aug, 44(8), 1451 - 5 Role of predominant rumen bacteria in the cause of polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) in cattle; Haven TR et al.; Rumen contents of 2 heifers with acute polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were compared with rumen contents from a healthy steer fed a fibrous diet . Also examined were (i) the quantitative nature of the predominant rumen microflora, (ii) the distribution of morphologic types of bacteria in the rumen contents, (iii) the extent that morphologic groups produced or degraded thiamine, and (iv) the cumulative effects of metabolic activities of the predominant rumen bacteria concerning the net production or degradation of thiamine . The differences in the frequency of occurrence of particular bacterial morphologic groups, the extent of growth, and the amount of thiamine metabolism in relationship to growth were also evaluated . The cumulative thiamine metabolism of the predominant bacteria associated with the rumen of polioencephalomalacia-affected heifers led to substantial net thiamine destruction, whereas metabolism associated with the rumen of a normal steer led to thiamine production . Polioencephalomalacia may occur as a consequence of alteration of the metabolic activities of the predominant resident ruminal bacteria associated with diseased cattle. J Appl Bacteriol, 1983 Aug, 55(1), 57 - 63 The microflora of stored coleslaw and factors affecting the growth of spoilage yeasts in coleslaw; Brocklehurst TF et al.; Saccharomyces dairensis and Sacch . exiguus were isolated as the spoilage flora of coleslaw stored at 5 degrees and 10 degrees C . The growth of these yeasts in mixtures of mayonnaise with vegetable was inhibited by onion . Mayonnaise alone killed the yeasts, primarily because of its content of acetic acid and this effect increased as the temperature was increased and as the pH was decreased . Addition of cabbage or carrot tissue removed the lethal effect of mayonnaise and allowed spoilage, by absorbing acetic acid and increasing the pH. Carcinogenesis, 1983 Aug, 4(8), 985 - 90 Reduction of the carcinogen 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene by rat intestinal bacteria; Howard PC et al.; The microbial metabolism of the mutagenic and carcinogenic polycyclic nitroaromatic hydrocarbon, 1-nitropyrene, has been studied . Under anaerobic conditions, bacterial suspensions from rat intestinal contents converted 1-nitropyrene to one major and two minor metabolites . The rate of metabolism by rat intestinal microflora (10(9) bacteria/ml) was rapid with greater than 90% conversion occurring within 1 h . The major metabolite was identified as 1-aminopyrene through high pressure liquid chromatographic and mass spectral comparisons with an authentic standard . The suspected metabolites, N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene, 1-nitrosopyrene, N-hydroxy-1-aminopyrene, and 3-, 6-, and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene were synthesized, but these derivatives were not detected in culture extracts from rat intestinal contents incubated anaerobically with 1-nitropyrene . Nine genera of anaerobic and facultative bacteria normally associated with the intestine also converted 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene . These data indicate that a wide range of intestinal bacteria are able to reduce 1-nitropyrene . The results are discussed in relation to the in vivo metabolism of this polycyclic nitroaromatic hydrocarbon. J Steroid Biochem, 1983 Jul, 19(1C), 821 - 5 Drug effects on the intestinal absorption of estrogens; Dada OA et al.; It is now recognized that intestinal metabolism is one of the major factors affecting the bioavailability of orally administered, natural and synthetic estrogens . Other drugs and dietary constituents taken concomitantly may modify the intestinal metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of these steroids . Various antibiotics, phenobarbitone and large doses of ascorbic acid have been reported to modify the clinical efficacy of steroidal oral contraceptives . Experimental and other evidence indicate that antibiotics, by modifying the intestinal microflora, affect the intestinal metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of estrogens . Phenobarbitone and ascorbic acid on the other hand probably influence intestinal metabolism through an effect on intestinal mucosal enzymes . Further experimental evidence in rats suggest that such commonly used drugs as analgesic acetylsalicylic acid, antimalarial chloroquine phosphate and alcohol also alter the intestinal mucosal metabolism of estradiol and estrone sulphate and may thus alter the bioavailability of these estrogens . Further studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical significance of these observations. Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Jul 1, 45(1), 7 - 14 Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitro-imidazole . IV . The role of the microflora; Wolf FJ et al.; When radioactive 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-2-methanol carbamate, ronidazole, labeled at the 4,5-ring positions was administered orally to germ-free and conventional rats, a much larger fraction of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces of the conventional animals . Determination of the total radioactive residues present in the carcass, blood, plasma, liver, fat and kidney 5 days after dosing indicated that the carcass of the germ-free animals contained a greater quantity of residue than that of conventional rats . On the other hand, the blood of the conventional animals contained a much higher level of radioactivity than that of the germ-free animals . These results show that while the microflora influence the distribution of the drug their presence is not obligating for the formation of persistent tissue residues in rats dosed with ronidazole. Br J Surg, 1983 Jul, 70(7), 428 - 30 A physiological appraisal of polyethylene glycol and a balanced electrolyte solution as bowel preparation; Ambrose NS et al.; Seventy-seven patients undergoing bowel preparation with either sennosides and rectal washout (S + RWO; n = 26) or polyethylene glycol and a balanced electrolyte solution (PEG + E) given orally (n = 25) or by nasogastric infusion (n = 26) have been studied . PEG + E was not associated with significant physiological change in electrolytes or blood gases . Patients tolerated PEG + E well and it provided a moderate to good bowel preparation in over 80 per cent of cases . PEG + E was not associated with a change in colonic microflora and was not associated with explosive mixtures of colonic gas due to hydrogen . It is therefore a safe, quick and efficient bowel preparation and provides a safer alternative to mannitol . The solution (PEG + E) man be used orally or by nasogastric infusion and does not require an accompanying intravenous infusion. Can J Surg, 1983 Jul, 26(4), 370 - 2 Septic complications of perforated peptic ulcer; Fong IW; The septic complications of peptic ulcer perforation have not been adequately described in the literature because the sparse microflora usually present in the upper gastrointestinal tract is generally believed to represent a minimal risk . One hundred and eighty-two peptic ulcer perforations (150 duodenal, 32 gastric), seen over 15 years, are reviewed . The septic complications relating to intestinal perforation included intra-abdominal abscess (22 cases), wound infection (26 cases) and generalized bacterial peritonitis (18 cases) . The incidence of postoperative abscesses was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater in patients with gastric than with duodenal perforation . In both groups, abscesses were much more frequent when perforation occurred more than 24 hours before operation . The risk of intra-abdominal sepsis following acute peptic perforation is substantial . In such cases, routine anaerobic and aerobic cultures should be done of fluid taken from the peritoneal cavity at operation. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1983 Jul-Aug, 11(4), 251 - 4 {Relation between meteorological conditions and the atmospheric microflora of the city of Barcelona}; Calvo MA et al.; This work deals with a study of the changes observed throughout the four seasons of the year concerning the number of fungi which can be found in the atmosphere of Barcelona . The results obtained will bring us to the conclusion that during the autumn and winter months the number of conidia per m3 is greater than in spring and summer . This observation would confirm the fact that generally speaking in autumn and winter, temperature decreases and humidity increases, while the opposite occurs in spring and summer . These phenomena would be directly related to our findings where we have established that an increase in temperature implies a reduction on the airborne fungi, while the remaining climatic factors taken into account would indicate an increase in the total fungal population . The same relation - phenomena were observed for the strains of the genus Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aureobasidium, Aspergillus and Alternaria, though with some modifications in the three later. J Wildl Dis, 1983 Jul, 19(3), 248 - 52 Polioencephalomalacia-like disease in pronghorns (Antilocapra americana); Wobeser G et al.; A disease resembling thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia of domestic ruminants is described in four wild pronghorn from Saskatchewan . One animal was found dead, two were recumbent and unable to rise and the fourth was staggering and ataxic . Lesions were confined to the brain and consisted of brain swelling with herniation, symmetrical hemorrhagic foci in the thalamus and brainstem, and laminar necrosis of cortical neurons . All animals had been eating grain prior to their death . Possible pathogenetic mechanisms including changes in rumen microflora resulting in thiamine deficiency, plant and salt intoxication are discussed. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983 Jun 30, 409, 564 - 79 Novel mucosal anti-microbial functions interfering with the plasmid-mediated virulence determinants of adherence and drug resistance; Porter P et al.; Mucosal antibodies in vivo and in vitro interfere with the stability of plasmids coding for important virulence determinants in porcine enteropathogenic E . coli (EEC), such as the adhesion determinants K88ab and K88ac . The effector antibody is not directed against K88 antigens and is not serotype specific, but an antigen common to K88+ strains is implicated . Further lack of pathogen specificity is exemplified by antibody elimination of the more recently discovered K88ad plasmid . Antibodies that interfere with K88 plasmids do not affect K99, which now appears as an alternative adhesion factor in porcine enteropathogenic E . coli . This plasmid can be eliminated, however, by antibodies having K99 specificity . In extending the studies to drug-resistance plasmids, further evidence has emerged that mucosal antibodies may assist in host control of the reservoir of R factors in the intestinal microflora . A major effector mechanism is that secretory IgA and IgM antibodies from orally immunized pigs can block the transfer of R factors between donor and recipient strains of E . coli. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1983 Jun 15, 69(1), 143 - 8 A comparison of the activity of five microbial enzymes in cecal content from rats, mice, and hamsters, and response to dietary pectin; Rowland IR et al.; Rats, mice, and hamsters were fed a fiber-free purified diet for 30 days and the activity of a number of cecal microbial enzymes was determined . Expressed per gram cecal content, azoreductase activity was greatest in preparations from the hamster and least from the mouse, and beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase activities were least active from the rat . Nitroreductase was less active and nitrate reductase more active from the hamster in comparison to the other species . When expressed per kilogram body weight, bacterial activities were always greatest from the hamster . When the basal diet was supplemented with pectin (50 g/kg diet), nitrate reductase activity was increased six- to sevenfold per gram cecal content for rats and mice (tenfold when expressed per kilogram body weight), but there was no effect on the nitrate reductase activity of hamster microflora . Pectin also significantly increased beta-glucuronidase activity in rats, but significantly reduced the activities of the other enzymes in at least one of the three species. Cancer Res, 1983 Jun, 43(6), 2942 - 6 Susceptibility of germ-free rats to the hepatotoxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine or dimethylamine plus sodium nitrite administered orally; Sumi Y et al.; The influence of intestinal microflora on the hepatotoxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or dimethylamine (DMA) plus NaNO2 was studied by comparing the degree of liver necrosis and the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) in germ-free and conventional male Wistar rats (320 to 340 g) . In one experiment, both germ-free and conventional rats were intubated with DMN in respective doses of 8, 9, and 10 mg/kg of body weight, while in another experiment, both groups were intubated with DMA (1500 mg/kg) plus NaNO2 (100 mg/kg) . In both experiments, 48 hr after intubation, there was a marked difference in the degree of liver necrosis and the levels of serum GPT and GOT between the groups . In particular, a dose of 8 mg of DMN or 1500 mg of DMA plus 100 mg of NaNO2 produced severe liver necrosis in the majority of germ-free rats, while the same dose did not produce any detectable liver necrosis in the majority of conventional rats . At a dose of 8 mg, serum GPT and GOT levels were raised to 22 and 15 times normal values, respectively, in germ-free rats, but only to about twice the normal values for both levels in conventional rats . At the combination dose of DMA plus NaNO2, the levels of serum GPT and GOT were raised to 40 and 30 times normal values, respectively, in germ-free rats, while both levels remained almost normal in conventional rats . Thus, the results indicated that the liver of the germ-free state was far more susceptible to the acute toxic effects of DMN as well as DMA plus NaNO2 administration at a certain dose range than was the liver of the conventional state, suggesting the influence of the absence of microflora. Cancer Res, 1983 Jun, 43(6), 2836 - 42 Influence of intestinal bacteria, sex of the animal, and position of the nitro group on the hepatic genotoxicity of nitrotoluene isomers in vivo; Doolittle DJ et al.; The nitrotoluenes failed to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in in vitro cultures of rat hepatocytes . Because intestinal bacteria are known to be involved in the metabolic activation of other nitroaromatic compounds, the genotoxicity of the nitrotoluenes was evaluated using an in vivo-in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay . 2-Nitrotoluene (2NT), 3-nitrotoluene, or 4-nitrotoluene was administered by gavage to male F344 rats . At selected times after treatment, primary hepatocyte cultures were prepared and incubated with {3H}thymidine, and unscheduled DNA synthesis was assessed by quantitative autoradiography . Corn oil controls ranged from -6 to -3 net grains/nucleus (NG) . Only 2NT at 12 hr after treatment induced DNA repair (200 mg/kg: 15.4 NG) . Twenty-four hr following treatment with 2NT, a 50-fold increase in the number of hepatocytes in S phase was observed and indicated that 2NT induces cell division in addition to DNA repair . To examine the influence of intestinal bacteria on the hepatic genotoxicity of 2NT, germ-free rats and germ-free rats inoculated with Charles River Altered Schaedler Flora were gavaged with 2NT . The cecal bacterial status was confirmed at sacrifice . 2NT did not induce DNA repair in germ-free animals (200 mg/kg: -3.8 NG), whereas DNA repair was induced in Charles River Altered Schaedler Flora-associated animals (200 mg/kg: 5.4 NG) . When F344 females with conventional intestinal microflora were gavaged with 2NT and primary hepatocyte cultures were prepared, no unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed (200 mg/kg: -2.6 NG) . Male and female F344 rats were shown to have similar populations of intestinal bacteria . These results demonstrate that the mononitrotoluenes display marked isomeric differences in their genotoxic potential, indicate the obligatory role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolic activation of 2NT, and show that the genotoxic potential of 2NT is dependent upon the sex of the animal under study. Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 29(6), 676 - 80 Association of methanogenic bacteria with rumen protozoa; Krumholz LR et al.; Methanogenic bacteria superficially associated with rumen entodiniomorphid protozoa were observed by fluorescence microscopy . A protozoal suspension separated from strained rumen fluid (SRF) by gravity sedimentation exhibited a rate of methane production six times greater (per millilitre) than SRF . The number of protozoa (per millilitre) in the protozoal suspension was three times greater than that of SRF; however, the urease activity of this fraction was half that of SRF . The methanogenic activity of SRF and the discrete fractions obtained by sedimentation of protozoa correlated with the numbers of protozoa per millilitre in each fraction . Gravity-sedimented protozoa, washed four times with cell-free rumen fluid, retained 67-71% of the recoverable methanogenic activity . Thus it is evident from our observations that many methanogens adhere to protozoa and that the protozoa support methanogenic activity of the attached methanogens . When protozoa-free sheep were inoculated with rumen contents containing a complex population of protozoa, methanogenic activity of the microflora in SRF samples was not significantly enhanced. Int Dent J, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 119 - 26 Principles of aetiology and pathogenesis governing the treatment of periodontal disease; Loe H; Modern periodontal therapy is based on the fundamental realization that accumulation of bacterial plaque at the gingival margin causes the incipient lesion in periodontal disease . Without interference, most lesions will progress to involve deeper parts of the periodontium . Recent research has revealed that dental plaque comprises a multitude of bacteria in various combinations with a variety of pathogenic potentials, that supragingival plaque is significantly different from the subgingival variety and that particular bacterial species are associated with different periodontal disease states . However, studies have not yet clearly defined a group of bacteria, much less one species, that is responsible for the different forms of periodontal disease . Therefore, the concept of specific pathogenesis is still not ready for clinical application in the prevention and treatment of these diseases, and dental plaque must be dealt with as an entity . Investigators have failed to demonstrate local or systemic factors, other than local aggregates of micro-organisms, that cause gingivitis and periodontitis . As in any other infections, the pathological events and final outcome are determined by the relationship between the microflora and host resistance . Presently, there are no known means by which the host factors can be manipulated to enhance the defense of the periodontium . Therefore, the only rationale for the clinical management of periodontal diseases is to interfere with the microbiological events . Since it is known that gingivitis precedes periodontitis, the only useful approach to preventing the development of periodontitis is to control gingivitis . The treatment of moderate and severe periodontitis also focuses on the elimination of subgingival bacteria and inhibition of recolonization . The target for this is the root surface, which must be detoxified . Surgical elimination of periodontal pockets is still a valid approach to the treatment of the advanced periodontal lesion but only in so far as it provides access to the subgingival accumulations of plaque . The key to success in periodontal therapy is to prepare the tooth surfaces in such a way as to make them biologically acceptable to the gingival tissues . This may be achieved with or without gaining surgical access. Arch Dis Child, 1983 May, 58(5), 330 - 4 Duodenal microflora in infants with acute and persistent diarrhoea; Hill ID et al.; The duodenal bacterial population was determined qualitatively and quantitatively in 3 groups of infants with diarrhoeal disease of varying duration . Infants with acute self limiting diarrhoea (group 1) had an abnormal overgrowth of organisms in the upper small bowel which was similar to that found in infants whose diarrhoea persisted after 4 days in hospital (group 2) . The total duodenal organism count in infants with diarrhoea persisting after 7 days in hospital (group 3) was almost 100 times greater than either of the other groups . The findings may have important implications in preventing persistent diarrhoea from becoming protracted. Vopr Virusol, 1983 May-Jun, (3), 362 - 4 {Enterovirus pollution of seawater in a health resort area}; Bondarenko VI et al.; Virological examinations of sea water specimens from the littoral zone were carried out for 5 years . The specimens studied had been collected in the areas of municipal and therapeutic beaches, port, and rivers falling into the sea . Examinations of 603 specimens demonstrated enterovirus strains in 166 (27.5%) and untypable agents in 6.4% of the specimens . Enteroviruses were most frequently isolated from unpurified sewage discharged into the sea (59.4% of the specimens) . The serological spectrum of the isolates was variable, yielding 28 virus serotypes . Introduction of the deepwater discharge of sewage resulted in a decrease of contamination with enteric microflora by 95%, enterophages by 73.7%, enteroviruses by 41.3%. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1983 May, 18(3), 353 - 7 Comparison of an open and a closed tube system for collection of jejunal juice; Norby Rasmussen S et al.; When jejunal juice is obtained by means of open pernasal tubes, the risk of the aspirates being contaminated is presumably high . The present study compares jejunal aspirates obtained from an open and from a closed tube system . Ten patients suspected of having abnormal jejunal flora and five healthy human volunteers were investigated . The pH values of aspirates obtained from the open tubes were significantly lower than the values registered in aspirates from the closed tube system, with a median difference of 0.70 (p less than 0.02) . No differences between the two types of aspirate were registered with regard to total number of bacteria, number of bacterial species, lipase, total protein, total amylase or its fractions of pancreatic and salivary isoamylases . For the investigation of pH-sensitive substances in jejunal juice, a closed tube system is therefore recommended, whereas the use of such a device does not seem necessary for the study of bacterial microflora and pancreatic enzymes. Br J Nutr, 1983 May, 49(3), 453 - 62 The influence of the gut microflora on protein synthesis in liver and jejunal mucosa in chicks; Muramatsu T et al.; Protein synthesis in liver and jejunal mucosa was measured in 19-d-old germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks fed on a semi-purified casein-gelatin (SCG) diet using a massive-dose single injection of {U-14C}phenylalanine . The effect of subsequent feeding for 9 d either a nitrogen-free (NF) diet or an NF diet supplemented with L-methionine (5 g/kg) and L-arginine hydrochloride (2 g/kg) (MA diet) was investigated in both types of chick . In the liver, apart from the amount of DNA, the values for wet weight, protein, RNA, fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and the amount of protein synthesized were reduced after feeding the NF diet and, to a lesser extent, the MA diet . Except that the total amount of liver DNA was higher in the CV chicks than in their GF counterparts (P less than 0.01), no environmental effect was significant . When expressed on a unit body-weight basis, liver weight, protein, RNA and DNA were significantly higher in the CV than in the GF chicks . In the jejunal mucosa, the values for wet weight, protein and RNA tended to be reduced after the NF treatment but increased after the MA treatment . Mucosal DNA and the amount of protein synthesized (microgram/mm per d) were significantly reduced after the NF diet but were less affected after the MA diet . Mucosal protein FSR and the amount of protein synthesized per mg RNA were significantly reduced after both dietary treatments . No difference was found among dietary treatments in the amount of protein synthesized per mg DNA in jejunal mucosa . Mucosal DNA was significantly higher in the CV chicks and the reverse was true for mucosal protein: DNA . It was suggested that the increased protein synthesis in jejunal mucosa and possibly in liver on supplementation of an NF diet with methionine and arginine would partly, if not completely, account for the N-sparing effect of these amino acids . Although the protein: DNA value was smaller in CV chicks, the FSR and the amount of protein synthesized tended to be higher than in their GF counterparts irrespective of nutritional status . This might imply that protein degradation rate is greater in the CV state. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1983 Apr 13, 751(2), 162 - 5 Formation of catechol estrogens by intestinal bacterial demethylation of 2-methoxyestrone; Axelson M et al.; The intestinal bacterial metabolism of 2-methoxyestrone was studied by incubation in the isolated coecum from rats . Following isolation of estrogens by a combination of ion-exchange and ligand-exchange chromatography, the metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The two main reactions were oxidoreduction at C-17 and extensive demethylation at C-2 . Thus, the demethylation of 2-methoxyestrogens known to occur in vivo may be due to the action of microbial enzymes . The study also shows that the intestinal microflora is capable of converting biologically inactive into active steroid hormones. Xenobiotica, 1983 Apr, 13(4), 251 - 6 Effect of dietary carrageenan and pectin on the reduction of nitro-compounds by the rat caecal microflora; Rowland IR et al.; Rats were fed either a basal purified diet, or that diet supplemented with 50 g/kg pectin or iota carrageenan for 50 days, and caecal microbial nitroreductase activity determined using p-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, nitrofurantoin and metronidazole as substrates . Both pectin and carrageenan increased the weight of caecal contents, and pectin also increased the number of bacteria per caecum . In contrast, carrageenan decreased the caecal bacterial population . Pectin significantly increased the rate of reduction of metronidazole and the rate of conversion of p-nitrobenzoic acid to p-aminobenzoic acid, while carrageenan significantly decreased the rate of reduction of every compound studied . The results demonstrate that microbial reduction of the nitro-group may be altered by diet, although the response found with one nitro-compound may differ from that seen with another substrate. Mutat Res, 1983 Apr, 114(3), 269 - 81 The significance of azo-reduction in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of azo dyes; Chung KT; Azo dyes are widely used in textile, printing, cosmetic, drug and food-processing industries . They are also used extensively in laboratories as either biological stains or pH indicators . The extent of such use is related to the degree of industrialization . Since intestinal cancer is more common in highly industrialized countries, a possible connection may exist between the increase in the number of cancer cases and the use of azo dyes . Azo dyes can be reduced to aromatic amines by the intestinal microflora . The mutagenicity of a number of azo dyes is reviewed in this paper . They include Trypan Blue, Ponceau 3R, Pinceau 2R, Methyl Red, Methyl Yellow, Methyl Orange, Lithol Red, Orange I, Orange II, 4-Phenylazo-Naphthylamine, Sudan I, Sudan IV, Acid Alizarin Violet N, Fast Garnet GBC, Allura Red, Ponceau SX, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine, Citrus Red No . 2, Orange B, Yellow AB, Carmoisine, Mercury Orange, Ponceau S, Versatint Blue, Phenylazophenol, Evan's Blue and their degraded aromatic amines . The significance of azo reduction in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of azo dyes is discussed. Arch Toxicol, 1983 Apr, 52(4), 311 - 7 Effect of dietary cellulose on the metabolic activity of the rat caecal microflora; Mallett AK et al.; Alpha-cellulose, added to a purified diet at six levels {0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% (w/w)} and fed to weanling rats for 3 weeks, had no effect on body weight, but it increased the weight of caecal contents and decreased the numbers of bacteria per total caecal contents . Caecal microbial azoreductase, nitroreductase, beta-glucosidase and nitrate reductase activities per total caecal contents were also significantly decreased by 10% dietary cellulose and above, yet beta-glucuronidase activity was only affected significantly by 40% dietary cellulose . Azoreductase and nitroreductase activities were highly correlated with one another and showed a similar response to cellulose. J Steroid Biochem, 1983 Apr, 18(4), 499 - 503 Gastrointestinal absorption of estrone sulfate in germfree and conventional rats; Sim SM et al.; Steroids are extensively excreted in the bile of rats . There was no significant difference in biliary excretion of steroid following administration of {3H}-estrone sulfate into the proximal small intestine (PSI) of conventional (CVL; 17.8 +/- 62%; mean +/- SD) or germfree (GF; 28.2 +/- 5.3) rats . A similar finding resulted from administration into the distal small intestine (DSI)-CVL, 22.3 +/- 11.8%; GF, 11.4 +/- 3.7% . However, when the drug was given into the caecum, excretion in the bile of CVL rats after 5 h was 59.1% whereas in GF rats it was only 1.7% . When estrone was injected into the PSI and DSI of CVL and GF rats, absorption (as judged by excretion in bile) was more rapid than that seen with estrone sulfate . Five hours after injection into the PSI, biliary excretion was, in CVL 88.2% and in GF 81.7% and after injection into the DSI excretion was, in CVL 84.7% and in GF 83.6% . Absorption of estrone from the caeca of GF rats was apparently reduced (49.0% and 25.3% excreted in the bile of CVL and GF rats respectively) . There was no significant difference in bile flow rate between CVL and GF rats . These results give unequivocal evidence of intact absorption of estrone sulfate from the small intestine of the rat . The rate of absorption is however very much reduced compared to the non-sulphated steroid . Estrone sulfate is not absorbed intact in the caecum but is hydrolysed by the gut microflora prior to absorption. Gastroenterology, 1983 Mar, 84(3), 506 - 15 Phytohemagglutinin derived from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): a cause for intestinal malabsorption associated with bacterial overgrowth in the rat; Banwell JG et al.; Plant lectins or carbohydrate binding proteins interact with membrane receptors on cellular surfaces but their antinutritional effects are poorly defined . Studies were conducted to determine the effects of phytohemagglutinin, a lectin derived from raw red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), on small intestinal absorptive function and morphology, and on the intestinal microflora . Phytohemagglutinin was isolated in purified form by thyroglobulin-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography . Red kidney bean and phytohemagglutinin (6% and 0.5%, respectively, of dietary protein) were fed in a purified casein diet to weanling rats for up to 21 days . Weight loss, associated with malabsorption of lipid, nitrogen, and vitamin B12, developed in comparison with animals pair-fed isonitrogenous casein diets . Antinutritional effects of red kidney bean were reversible on reinstitution of a purified casein diet . An increase in bacterial colonization of the jejunum and ileum occurred in red kidney bean- and phytohemagglutin-fed animals . When antibiotics were included in the diet, malabsorption of {3H}triolein and 57Co-vitamin B12 in red kidney bean-fed animals was partially reversed and, in germ-free animals, purified phytohemagglutinin had no demonstrable antinutritional effect . Mucosal disaccharidase activity was reduced in red kidney bean- and phytohemagglutinin-fed animals, but intestinal mucosal morphology was unchanged . Dietary administration of phytohemagglutinin, alone or as a component of red kidney bean, caused intestinal dysfunction, which was associated with, and dependent upon, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth . Adherence of enteric bacteria to the mucosal surface was enhanced by phytohemagglutinin which may have facilitated small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1983 Mar, 19(1), 38 - 46 {Statistical evaluation and diagnostic consideration on trichomoniasis and candidiasis in vaginal pathology}; Perini M et al.; From 1980 to 1982, we studied 1,827 cases of vaginal smears with particular interest in positive cases of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida sp . Moreover, we studied the statistical incidence of these microorganisms, and also some diagnostic problems, and the effects of these agents on vaginal microflora. Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1252 - 9 Relationship between cecal population levels of indigenous bacteria and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes; Steffen EK et al.; Translocation is defined as the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and other organs . The extent of translocation of certain indigenous, oxygen-tolerant bacteria from the cecum to the MLN, spleen, liver, kidney, and peritoneal cavity were determined in diassociated or triassociated gnotobiotic mice . Minimal bacterial translocation occurred to the spleen, liver, kidney, or peritoneal cavity . However, most bacterial strains readily translocated to the MLN . The percentage of the total population of each bacterial strain in the ceca was compared with the percentage of the total population of that strain in the MLN . There was a direct relationship between the numbers of a particular bacterial strain populating the ceca of diassociated or triassociated mice and the numbers of viable bacteria of this strain present in the MLN . Thus, the cecal population level of a particular bacterial strain determined the numbers of viable bacteria of this strain translocating to the MLN . The translocation of these bacterial strains from the gastrointestinal tract is an important first step in the pathogenesis of infection caused by members of the normal intestinal microflora. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1983 Mar, 95(3), 31 - 5 {Role of a microbial factor, necrotic tissue and a foreign body in the development of wound suppuration}; Danilina EM et al.; The effect of microorganisms, necrotic tissues and a foreign body on the development of festering process in rat wounds was studied . It was found that the presence of necrotic tissues is the necessary and sufficient condition for a clinical manifestation of infection in rat wounds . Additional infection of the wounds and introduction of a foreign body did not appreciably change the clinical picture . A model is suggested of a festering wound in rats without artificial infecting . In the festering wound, one could observe the replacement of the gram-positive coccal microflora by the gram-negative one . Meanwhile the gram-positive coccal microflora was predominant in the non-festering wound . The level of potential biochemical indicators of infection in the blood of animals with festering wounds was higher than in the blood of those with non-festering wounds . The morphology, and the content of microbial cells, the content of nucleic acids, and total proteolytic activity in festering wound tissues were examined over time. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, 1983, (6), 78 - 83 {Factors affecting the participation of bacteria of the genus Bdellovibrio in the self-purification processes in the Syr Darya River}; Lambina VA et al.; The effect of season, temperature and abundance of microflora on the interrelations between bdellovibrions and host-bacteria in the syr Daryo river compared with the Oka has been studied . These factors and composition of allochthonic gram-negative bacteria in the river influence on the abundance of Bdellovibrio and extent its participation in the self-purification of basins. J Environ Sci Health B, 1983, 18(2), 229 - 52 {Effect of application of a herbicide propyzamide into the soil by study of mineralization of glucose 14C(U) and distribution of radioactivity in various fractions of the soil (laboratory and open field tests)}; Thibaud MC et al.; The effects of the herbicide PROPYZAMIDE are studied in laboratory and field conditions . The modifications involved are characterized by measurement of 14C-glucose mineralization and radioactivity incorporation into the soil fractions . In laboratory conditions, temperature and moisture are kept stable and the experiment is performed during less than 24 hours . In these conditions, Kerb 50 (commercial formulation of propyzamide) and the emulsifier (material used in propyzamide formulation) exert little effect on 14CO2 evolution . In field conditions, propyzamide andKerb 50 are applied once at two different doses: at field rate (1,5 kg/ha) and twentyfold this rate . Essays are duplicated . The herbicide (propyzamide in Celanol and Kerb 50) and the emulsifiers alone (Celanol and the material used in propyzamide formulation) are applied on the soil surface (application date: 3.02.81) . Two weeks later and then every month during four months, samples are taken to the depth of about 5 cm (Propyzamide migrates very slowly in the first centimeters of the soil) . The characterization experiment is performed on 10 g soil samples by 14C-glucose incubation at 28 degrees C during two hours . 14CO2 evolved is measured after incubation and acidification with HCl . Then radioactivity distribution in the soil is counted after chemical fractionation of soil . This distribution is about 10-16.5% as 14CO2, 22-37% in the acid-soluble fraction, 10-25% in the alkali-soluble fraction and 15-45% in the human fraction (measured as 14CO2 evolved after combustion) . This distribution is little modified by the herbicides or the emulsifiers but its evolution is significantly related to environmental conditions (temperature) . Nevertheless a few modifications are observed . They can be due to the herbicide propyzamide itself but the emulsifiers and the degradation products of propyzamide can also influence the measurement (After forty days in the soil, 70-95% of the starting active ingredient have disappeared) . They can also be a result of the initial effects of the products (modification of the microflora and of the environment). Ann Surg, 1983 Jan, 197(1), 84 - 90 Neutropenic colitis and aplastic anemia: a new association; Mulholland MW et al.; Colitis is a life-threatening complication of aplastic anemia which occurs during periods of profound neutropenia . Four cases of this previously unreported association are described here . A syndrome of fever, watery diarrhea, and generalized abdominal pain and tenderness occurred in close temporal relationship to development of severe neutropenia (less than 50 neutrophils per cu mm) . None of the patients had received antibiotics, nor had a history of previous episodes of colitis . Three had cultures positive for colonic organisms during the episodes . In only one instance was the correct diagnosis made without operation . Gross evidence of disease was found in the cecum, the transverse colon, and rectosigmoid in three patients, but the true extent of disease was underestimated . Microscopic examination of the two resected specimens showed extensive mucosal and variable submucosal necrosis with invasion of the colonic wall by bacteria . Acute inflammatory changes were absent . With profound neutropenia, the colon wall lacks resistance to invasion by the resident microflora . The condition is probably best treated without operation . If first recognized at laparotomy, resection should be avoided. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1983, 23(2a), 259 - 71 Effect of microflora and lactose on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the hindgut of the rat; Andrieux C et al.; For 4 weeks, 3-month old germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) rats were given a semi-synthetic diet sterilized by irradiation with or without 10% of lactose . During the 5th week, 0.2% of titanium oxide (TiO2) was added to the diet and the rats were killed at regular intervals throughout the light/dark cycle . The patterns of TiO2 and 45Ca excretion were similar, indicating that TiO2 was a good marker of unabsorbed calcium transit . The apparent absorption coefficient of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was determined in the ileum, caecum, large intestine and faeces by the mineral/TiO2 ratio . The effects of microflora and lactose varied with the mineral and the digestive tract level studied . --In the small intestine, microflora had no effect on the apparent absorption of calcium and magnesium but did have an unfavorable influence on phosphorus absorption . Lactose increased calcium and magnesium absorption, and this increase was similar in GF and CV rats, but lactose had a favorable effect on phosphorus absorption only in CV rats . --In the caecum, microflora had an unfavorable effect on the apparent absorption of calcium and magnesium and a favorable effect on phosphorus absorption . The ingestion of lactose reduced calcium and magnesium absorption in the caecum of GF rats and phosphorus absorption in the caecum of CV animals . --In the colon, mineral absorption was not significant in either CV or GF rats receiving the lactose-free diets . Lactose ingestion caused the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus to rise significantly only in GF rats . This absorption contributed to the stronger effect of lactose on total calcium and phosphorus absorption in GF rats. Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jan, 47(1), 23 - 6 Mycotoxins and mycoflora in animal feedstuffs in western Canada; Abramson D et al.; Feed samples associated with 51 cases of suspected or potential mycotoxicoses of farm animals in western Canada were examined during a three year study . Ochratoxin A was detected in four cases, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in one, and sterigmatocystin in one . Samples examined for microflora associated with production of these mycotoxins contained Penicillium spp., Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium spp . and fungi of the Aspergillus glaucus group . Samples were analyzed for T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol only if Fusarium spp . were present . The first known incidence of suspected sterigmatocystin poisoning of poultry through feed ingestion has been encountered. Arkh Patol, 1983, 45(7), 13 - 20 {Infectious complications of leukemias and other tumors of the hematopoietic system}; Ageev AK; In 1975-1982, autopsies of 201 patients dying with leukemias and other tumors of hemopoietic system revealed infectious complications in 68.6%, among them pneumonias in 46.8%, sepsis in 10.9%, and inflammatory-necrotic processes of the digestive tract in 19.4% . More frequent occurrence of infectious complications in acute leukemias (68-75%) as compared with chronic (61-70%), in lympholeukemias (70-75%) as compared with myeloleukemias (61-68%), and virus infections including generalized forms of herpes in lymphogranulomatosis (30.8%) was noted . The importance of immunodeficiency conditions and granulocytopenia in the development of infectious complications which were the immediate cause of death of 56.7% of those dying with leukemias and other tumors of the hemopoietic system is discussed . The increased role in the etiology of these complications of the opportunistic intestinal microflora frequently present in various associations and in combinations with other microbes and fungi is noted. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 45(1), 116 - 21 Interaction between pectin and rat hindgut microflora; Mallett AK et al.; The contents of the lower alimentary tract from rats fed a semisynthetic, pectin-supplemented diet showed increased nitrate reductase activity and an increase in the amount of luminal contents in the intestine and cecum . Nitrate reductase activity was associated with the insoluble fraction of the gut contents which was sedimented by centrifugation (5,100 X g,20 min) and was abolished after treating the animals with streptomycin, neomycin, and bacitracin for 7 days . The pectin-dependent increase in cecal size and microbial nitrate reduction were reversed when animals were transferred from a pectin-supplemented onto a control semisynthetic diet . Polygalacturonic acid (pectic acid) was without effect on either cecal size or cecal microbial nitrate reductase activity . The studies demonstrate that pectin influences microbial metabolism in the alimentary tract. Drug Nutr Interact, 1983, 2(2), 145 - 51 Microbial metronidazole metabolism: rat diets for safety testing procedures; Wise A et al.; High concentration of metronidazole decrease the nitroreductive activity of the rat's cecal microflora, and preincubation with the drug lowers metabolic activity in vitro . Therefore high doses of metronidazole may lead to a lower yield of potential carcinogenic intermediate(s) in vivo . Since diet influences cecal microbial nitroreductive activity, a combination of diet and dose control may be used to maximize the potential carcinogenicity of the drug in safety evaluation procedures. Probl Khig, 1983, 8, 116 - 20 {Toxicologic characteristics of several pesticides and standards for them in water}; Novakova S et al.; The progressive increase of production and application of chemicals for plant protection transmuted the problem of protection of water cleanliness into an international and national problem . The cases with incidental pesticide pollution of water-reservoirs became more numerous . A necessity arose of the supplement of our sanitary legislation with hygienic standards (MAC) for the water for the newly implemented chemicals for plant protection in the country . During the last several years, some of the most frequently used and formulated in our country pesticides were experimentally studied: Afalon and Patoran (from chemical group of carbamates and dithiocarbamates) and amide herbicide: Dimid, Ramrod, Lasso, Treflan . Complex hygienic-toxicological studies were carried out in order to study the toxicological effect of the pesticides mentioned and to elaborate hygienic norms (MAC) of the same in the water . The effect on the organoleptic qualities of water was determined as well as on the sanitary regime of waterreservoirs (according to BON5, sanitary-indictory microflora and toxicity for fishes) . Toxicological studies were performed under the conditions of acute, subacute and chronic experiment . The results obtained allowed the hygienic-toxicological characteristics and the proposal of hygienic standards (MAC) for the pesticides studied in water. Folia Biol (Praha), 1983, 29(6), 412 - 8 Effects of microflora antigens on lymphocyte migration patterns in germfree and conventional rats; Vetvicka V et al.; The aim of this work was to help to explain the role of antigen in the migration pattern of lymphoid cells by using the possibility to work with GF and CONV inbred rats . Our findings indicate that: The homing of 51Cr-labelled cells from PP into different organs of GF and CONV rats was comparable . The homing of MLN cells into the gut and salivary glands was three times higher than homing of PLN cells . The homing of MLN cells of CONV rats into the gut of CONV rats is higher in comparison with the homing into the gut of GF rats . The changes in blood flow do not seem to have any influence on the homing activity because MLN cells from GF rats migrate comparably to the gut of GF and CONV animals . Higher localization of MLN cells from CONV rats in the gut of CONV rats (as compared with these cells from GF donors) seems to be a result of antigen activation of these cells . Our results imply that antigens of microflora present in the intestine enhance the homing of MLN cells into the gut provided that these cells were activated by microflora antigens. Ann Nutr Metab, 1983, 27(6), 457 - 69 Methods of comparing amino acid composition of proteins: application to undigested proteins in the preruminant calf; Guilloteau P et al.; The digestive utilization of dietary proteins at different sites along the digestive tract and the effects of their ingestion on the function of the digestive tract (secretion of endogenous proteins, development of microflora) can be inferred from the proportions of dietary, endogenous or microbial proteins . A first approach was to examine the proportions of some characteristic amino acids . A more accurate interpretation could be made by studying the additional undigested protein provided by the ingestion of an 'experimental' diet whose composition was calculated, for example, with regard to the undigested protein obtained with a very digestible diet (milk in the calf) . These interpretations were often insufficient and did not extract all of the possible information . Thus, more global methods with statistical criterions had to be used . Some allowed two proteins (correlation and linear regression, average relative difference, chi 2) to be compared . Others made it possible to take many proteins into consideration (factorial correspondence analysis) . Finally, examples were given to seek the respective proportions of many proteins in a complex mixture or to estimate the most probable amino acid composition of the 'microbial + endogenous' proteins which escaped digestion in the small intestine . These various approaches have been discussed, with examples taken from our experimental results obtained in the preruminant calf, to show their advantages and limitations . In any case, the quality of the interpretation depends on the quality of the available results on the amino acid composition of endogenous, microbial and undigested dietary proteins. Pol Arch Weter, 1983, 23(4), 73 - 86 {Characteristics and variability of microflora of Polish sausage kielbasa during its production including steaming}; Libelt K; The level and variability of nonspecific microflora of steamed sausage was determined in the course of its production . The microbiological characteristics was based on determinations of 11 groups of microorganisms, taking into consideration three production phases, two different meat works and two seasons of the year as variation factors . A high contamination of the sausage meat, on average 10(6) microorganisms/g, was found just before putting it into tubes . These amounts were reduced in the course of technological processes, which averaged 10(4)/g in the product . Statistically significant variation of the quantitative level was found between the production phases in most of the microorganism groups studies, a significant influence of the individual meat works and seasons of the year being absent . Quantitative percentage of the particular microorganism groups in total contamination was determined . The correlations calculated for quantitative variability of the total bacterial contamination in relation to the individual microorganism groups were shown to be significant. Vet Med (Praha), 1983 Jan, 28(1), 37 - 44 {Determination of the nutritional value of lignocellulose materials}; Jalc D et al.; The determination of the nutritive value of various secondary wood products was conducted by the method of the in-vitro digestibility of dry matter (Mellenberger et al., 1970) and by detergent analyses of fibre (Goering and Van Soest, 1970) . Rumen contents for trials in vitro were obtained from adult wethers having a permanent rumen fistula and fed good meadow hay ad lib . The animals also had free access to water and mineral lick for sheep . Out of the 11 lignocellulose materials tested, digestibility in vitro higher than 60% (equivalent to the digestibility of high-quality meadow hay) was only found in three samples . These are: a) beech sawdust II treated with 0.1M sulphuric acid at the hydromodulus of 1:8, temperature 100 to 130 degrees C for two hours, and pressure of 0.25 MPa and then with 0.47M nitric acid at the hydromodulus of 1:13, temperature 100 degrees C for two hours and pressure of 0.25 MPa; b) beech sawdust III treated as beech sawdust II and then neutralized with ammonia to pH 8; c) aspen sawdust treated hydrobarothermically at a temperature of 280 degrees C and pressure of 7 MPa in saturated vapour medium (Canon system) . The high digestibility of these samples was due to a low lignin content so that the polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses) of these secondary wood sources could be sufficiently utilized by rumen microflora. Prog Lipid Res, 1983, 22(3), 221 - 33 Trans unsaturated fatty acids in natural products and processed foods; Sommerfeld M; Various representatives of trans unsaturated fatty acids have been detected in plants . The main trans monoenoic acids in ruminants, elaidic acid and vaccenic acid are not found in plants . Most oil seeds used for production of edible fats do not contain any trans fatty acids . Trans fatty acids in non-ruminant animals are derived from food . In adult ruminants, however, trans fatty acids are produced by microbial hydrogenation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the rumen; in consequence, a variety of positional and stereoisomers of both cis and trans fatty acids appear in both meat and milk . The total trans content of 5-10% in beef fat is largely trans monoene, mainly 9-trans (elaidic acid), 10-trans and 11-trans (vaccenic acid) . The trans fatty acid content of human fat is dependent on the uptake of trans fatty acid from food . The usual content is about 2%, though up to 15% has been recorded . The isomer distribution is similar to that of the trans isomers of butter and margarine . The trans fatty acid content in ruminant products such as milk, butter, cheese, curds and tallow is 5-10% . These products contain nearly all possible stereo- and positional isomers of oleic and linoleic acid . The trans fatty acid content of margarines fluctuates widely according to raw material and process conditions . According to one investigation, an average of 16% of all unsaturated fatty acids in margarines consists of geometrical and positional isomers of the "natural" acids, a similar percentage to that in butter . Diet and health margarines have much lower contents of trans fatty acids . The total trans content of margarines is largely due to trans-18:1 monoenes . The positional isomers of the trans-monoenes are more evenly distributed in margarine than in butter . Hardened oils do not contain trans fatty acid isomers other than those produced by the microflora of ruminants . Therefore, claims that trans fatty acid isomers are "synthetic", "nonphysiological" or "unnatural" are unjustified if these words are used to imply "not produced by the living organism". Br J Nutr, 1983 Jan, 49(1), 145 - 52 Adaptive increase in phytate digestibility by phosphorus-deprived rats and the relationship of intestinal phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) to phytate utilization; Moore RJ et al.; 1 . The effects of phosphorus deprivation on phytate digestibility, phosphorus utilization and intestinal phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) in rats were investigated . 2 . P deprivation was achieved by giving rats a diet containing 3 g P/kg and resulted in hypophosphataemia, hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, and lower levels of P absorbed and retained, and calcium retained . 3 . Rats adapted to P deprivation by increasing the digestion of total dietary-P and phytate-P . 4 . Levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phytase were not different between the two treatment groups . 5 . P deprivation in the rats given the marginal-P diet may be a result of a lower absorption of total dietary-P or increased absorption of inositol phosphates formed during the enzymatic hydrolysis of phytate which are not readily utilized by the rat . 6 . These results suggest that intestinal phytase and alkaline phosphatase do not play a role in the adaptive increase in phytate digestibility by rats given marginal-P diets . The adaptation may result from enhanced phytase or alkaline phosphatase synthesis by the gastrointestinal microflora stimulated by a lower level of P in the digesta. Lab Anim Sci, 1982 Dec, 32(6), 603 - 8 Prolonged exposure to acid, chlorine, or tetracycline in the drinking water: effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity, hemagglutination titers, and reticuloendothelial clearance rates in mice; Hermann LM et al.; Water treated with hydrochloric acid, alkaline and acidic solutions of sodium hypochlorite, or tetracycline was given to outbred mice for 120 days . Significant experimental variability was found in the delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in the mice drinking tetracycline treated water (1 mg/ml) . One group of mice consuming tetracycline treated water had suppressed foot pad responses to sheep erythrocytes which may have been related to a change in the enteric microflora or a variation in tetracycline resistance . There was a significant reduction in uncorrected reticuloendothelial clearance rates (K) in the mice consuming acidified water (pH 2.0), and this appeared to be a result of reduced spleen weight and spleen to body weight ratios . However, there were no significant differences in the carbon clearance rates that were corrected for spleen, liver, and body weights . Responses in other treatment groups were not significantly affected . The findings of this study suggest that the routine use of additives in drinking water for rodents should be considered as a potential source of variation in immune responses. J Lab Clin Med, 1982 Dec, 100(6), 908 - 16 Origin of breath acetaldehyde during ethanol oxidation . Effect of long-term cigarette smoking; Jauhonen P et al.; Oropharyngeal microflora and lung microsomes can produce acetaldehyde from ethanol . Therefore we evaluated the suitability of breath acetaldehyde analysis to estimate blood acetaldehyde . We found that in individuals who develop high acetaldehyde concentrations (over 50 micro M) after alcohol ingestion (such a s oriental "flushers"), the acetaldehyde concentration in end-expiratory air reflects the blood levels . However, in the majority of non-Oriental subjects who develop very small concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood (less than 5 micro M), the production of acetaldehyde in the respiratory tract accounted for most of the acetaldehyde present in end-expiratory samples . Under the latter conditions, breath acetaldehyde did not correlate with blood levels . The production of acetaldehyde from ethanol in the respiratory tract was markedly exaggerated in long-term cigarette smokers . Rinsing the oropharyngeal cavity with pyrazole (an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) prior to sampling reduced, but did not eliminate, the local contribution to breath acetaldehyde, especially in smokers . In baboons, blood acetaldehyde could be accurately estimated from breath analysis only when the upper respiratory tract was completely excluded by collecting the expired air through an endotracheal tube . Thus, to assess blood acetaldehyde, breath acetaldehyde measurements cannot be substituted for direct measurements, except for those few conditions known to be associated with very high blood levels. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Nov, 44(5), 1205 - 11 Absence of surface-associated microorganisms in adult oysters (Crassostrea gigas); Garland CD et al.; Healthy, actively feeding intertidal oysters were removed from an estuarine environment (Pipeclay Lagoon, Tasmania) . The epithelial surfaces of various organs of the mantle cavity and alimentary tract were explored by scanning and transmission electron microscopy . All epithelial tissues examined were ciliated, and nearly all were partly covered with secreted mucus . However, microorganisms were seen rarely in the adhesive mucus and never attached to the epithelium . Electron microscopy also failed to demonstrate a surface microflora in emersed oysters which had been incubated at 5 to 25 degrees C for 6 or 24 h . The absence of an internal surface microflora did not vary on a seasonal basis . In laboratory experiments, oysters were allowed to filter feed from seawater containing diverse types of marine bacteria at concentrations of 10(3) to 10(7)/mL . However, no surface microflora could be found within actively feeding oysters or in emersed animals incubated at 20 degrees C for 6 or 24 h . In contrast, surface-associated microorganisms were detected readily by scanning electron microscopy on the external shell of healthy oysters and on various internal tissues in spoiled oysters . It is suggested that the major mechanisms restricting microbial growth within oysters are ciliary movement and mucus secretion. J Dairy Res, 1982 Nov, 49(4), 619 - 30 Effect of psychrotrophic post-pasteurization contamination of the keeping quality at 11 and 5 degrees C of HTST-pasteurized milk in the UK; Schroder MJ et al.; The keeping quality of commercial HTST-pasteurized milk and laboratory pasteurized milk from a common bulk raw supply has been investigated for 5 dairies . Spoilage occurred at levels of total bacterial counts around 10(7) colony forming units/ml, but with a slightly higher off-flavour threshold for the commercial milks than the laboratory pasteurized milks . The predominant microflora at spoilage and the type of off-flavour produced differed between the 2 types of milk . Raising the storage temperature from 5 to 11 degrees C caused a slight shift in the spoilage microflora and led to an average reduction in the shelf life of the laboratory pasteurized milk from 28 to 6 d and of the commercial pasteurized milk from 13 to 5 d . Changes in the level of post-pasteurization contamination (PPC) were reflected in changes in keeping quality, particularly at 5 degrees C . However, the greatest improvements were found in the absence of PPC. Poult Sci, 1982 Nov, 61(11), 2218 - 23 The effects of endogenous energy, type of diet, and addition of bile salts on true metabolizable energy values in young chicks; Kussaibati R et al.; A trial was carried out using 3-week-old chickens of a commercial breed to study the effects of either a fat-free diet or a diet containing 150 g/kg of animal fat on the endogenous energy losses measured with starved birds . The effects of the addition of different levels of bile salts to such diets and the accuracy of true metabolizable energy (TME) with respect to the other modes of expression of metabolizable energy were also examined . The excreted endogenous energy values were shown to vary not only according to the type of diet (P less than .01) but also in relation to the dietary intake level (P less than .01) . Because it is directly related to endogenous energy, TME proved to be an inaccurate parameter in young chicks unless values were corrected for N-balance . If the values of both apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and TME are corrected for N-balance, they are normally comparable and independent of the dietary intake level if the diet contains virtually no added fat . These findings indicate that most of the endogenous excreta are composed of nitrogenous metabolites . However, neither AME nor TME values of fat-rich diets are independent of dietary intake . The addition of bile salts had no effect on the metabolizable energy values of the fat-free diet . However, in the case of the diet rich in saturated fats, they compensated either for insufficient bile secretion or for endogenous bile salts degraded by the intestinal microflora . Thus, the digestive utilization of dietary fat, especially that of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, was increased . In addition, metabolizable energy was significantly improved (P less than .01) by the addition of bile salts when the dietary intake level increased to the ad libitum level. Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Nov-Dec, 51(6), 932 - 6 {Effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the viability of cyanobacteria in association with oil-oxidizing bacteria}; Gusev MV et al.; An important aspect in the problem of interactions between microorganisms in the conditions of oil pollution is how to preserve the viability of phototrophic organisms if active oil-oxidizing microflora is present in the environment . As was illustrated using a closed model ecosystem, the association 'cyanobacteria--oil-oxidizing bacteria' is capable of withstanding the negative effect of oil pollution, but within the range of hydrocarbon concentrations which can be oxidized by oil-oxidizing bacteria during a very short time . The biological equilibrium in the ecosystem was maintained and the number of viable cells of the phototrophic component in the ecosystem increased if the oil-oxidizing bacteria started to function at the same time as toxic compounds commenced to produce their effect on the microorganisms. J Periodontol, 1982 Oct, 53(10), 604 - 10 The effect of long-term low-dose tetracycline therapy on the subgingival microflora in refractory adult periodontitis; Kornman KS et al.; Twenty patients were selected for antibiotic treatment due to poor response to conventional therapy . Ten patients were evaluated after taking 250 mg/day of tetracycline for 2 to 7 years . Ten other patients who had been on tetracycline for at least 2 years were evaluated 6 months to 2 years after stopping the antibiotic . Subgingival plaque was cultured anaerobically on nonselective media (ETSA) and ETSA with 1 microgram/ml of tetracycline HCl . Pocket depth, plaque and gingivitis were scored . Those patients on tetracycline had no bleeding on probing despite residual pockets ranging from 3 to 7 mm . Gram-negative anaerobic rods made up to 49.8% of the microflora of these patients, with Fusobacterium nucleatum dominating . B . melaninogenicus, and B . gingivalis were not detected in the samples . Five of ten patients off tetracycline bled on probing and had pocket depths in the same range as those on tetracycline . The microflora of tetracycline-off sites was predominately Gram-negative rods (63.1% with B . gingivalis and F . nucleatum 7.3% and 3.1% of the flora respectively) . In tetracycline-on samples 76.6% of the isolates were resistant to 1 microgram/ml of tetracycline compared to 25.9% in the patients off tetracycline and 7.1% resistant organisms in 14 untreated control samples from periodontitis patients not exposed to any long-term tetracycline therapy . Long-term, low-dose tetracycline was associated with a healthy clinical condition and diverse Gram-negative anaerobic flora resistant to the antibiotic . After discontinuing tetracycline the clinical and bacterial status was more characteristic of disease. Vopr Pitan, 1982 Sep-Oct, (5), 51 - 6 {General and local humoral immunity and intestinal microflora in children with skin manifestations of food allergy}; Shaternikov VA et al.; The authors describe the results of studies into the common and local humoral immunological system in 60 children under one year of age suffering from atopic dermatitis of varying severity . The passive hemagglutination test with the use of a kit of erythrocytic diagnosticums devised at the Institute of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, was used to study the degree of the child's body sensitization with cow's milk antigens and the content of IgG, IgM and IgA in the blood and that of secretory IgA in coprofiltrates . Polyvalent sensitization of the body with food antigens was found in 50% of the children examined to reveal an interplay between the degree of sensitization with the severity of the pathological process . It was demonstrated that penetration of food antigens through the epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal tract was not related to the deficiency of the secretory IgA, since this class of immune proteins was detectable in the coprofiltrates from all the children . Besides, the content of these proteins was not reduced during the severe form of the disease . In this case, the intestine of all the children examined showed dysbacteriosis which needed correction . The blood serum manifested a decrease in the level of IgM and IgG which was more pronounced in the patients with a severe disease course. Physiol Behav, 1982 Sep, 29(3), 519 - 25 Anorexigenic substance isolated from feces of rat and mouse; Tsuda TT et al.; A substance was isolated from the feces of conventional rats and mice which were fed laboratory diets . Marked reduction in food intake occurred for a few hours after intraperitoneal administration of this substance, while water intake also decreased . Two hr after the injection, when the anorectic effect appeared to be the strongest, no change was found in body temperature or blood glucose, but free amino acids in plasma were decreased . A comparative study using germfree and conventional mice indicated that the anorexigenic substance was produced by gastrointestinal microflora, since the yields of the anorexigenic substance from germfree mice was less than one tenth of that from conventional mice . A partially purified form of the substance, with large molecular weight, was isolated by Sephadex G-150 fractionation . It contained protein but the anorexigenic activity was not diminished by protein digestion. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1982 Sep, 94(9), 122 - 5 {Morphological characteristics of healing of extensive purulent wounds during treatment in the controlled bacteria-free environment}; Kostiuchenok BM et al.; Histological, histochemical and cytological techniques were used to examine the healing of extensive purulent wounds treated in a controlled abacterial medium (an open-type method of treatment) . Biopsies were taken from 25 patients and explored throughout the entire treatment course (from 1 to 26 days) . It was shown that the treatment brought about acceleration of wound purification and reparation . Wound tissues manifested a drastic lowering of the content of microflora and polymorphonuclear neutrophils . On days 3-5 of the treatment in the wound cavity there appeared close-grained granulations containing mature macrophages with high phagocytic activity and proliferating fibroblasts . On days 7-10 there emerged mature granulation tissue well fit for autodermoplasty. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1982 Sep, 17(6), 715 - 20 The aerobic and anaerobic microflora of the gastric remnant more than 15 years after Billroth II resection; Enander LK et al.; The bacteriology of the gastric remnant contents was examined in 150 patients 15-20 years after Billroth II resection for duodenal ulcer disease . Samples of gastric contents were aspirated through a gastroscope, and aerobic and anaerobic microflora were cultured and analyzed semiquantitatively . All patients but one had bacterial growth, with a mean number of 6.8 strains per remnant . One third of the bacterial strains were anaerobic, and many of them had their normal habitat in the colon . The role played by bacteria of the gastric remnant in the etiology of mucosal pathology and gastric remnant disease is discussed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Sep, 44(3), 561 - 9 Proteolytic activity of rumen microorganisms and effects of proteinase inhibitors; Brock FM et al.; Proteolytic activity of the bovine rumen microflora was studied with azocasein as the substrate . Approximately 25% of the proteolytic activity of rumen contents was recovered in the strained rumen fluid fraction, and the balance of the activity was associated with the particulate fraction . The proportion of proteinase activity associated with particulate material decreased when the quantity of particulate material in rumen contents was reduced . The specific activity of the proteinase from the bacterial fraction was 6 to 10 times higher than that from the protozoal fraction . Proteinase inhibitors of synthetic, plant, and microbial origin were tested on proteolytic activity of the separated bacteria . Synthetic proteinase inhibitors that caused significant inhibition of proteolysis included phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, N-tosyl-1-lysine chloromethyl ketone, N-tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, EDTA, cysteine, dithiothreitol, iodoacetate, and Merthiolate . Plant proteinase inhibitors that had an inhibitory effect included soybean trypsin inhibitors types I-S and II-S and the lima bean trypsin inhibitor . Proteinase inhibitors of microbial origin that showed an inhibitory effect included antipain, leupeptin, and chymostatin; phosphoramidon and pepstatin had little effect . We tentatively concluded that rumen bacteria possess, primarily, serine, cysteine, and metalloproteinases. J Periodontol, 1982 Sep, 53(9), 557 - 61 The effect of short-term administration of minocycline HCl on gingival inflammation and subgingival microflora; Ciancio SG et al.; The purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of minocycline hydrochloride in the management of subgingival microorganisms and periodontal disease . In a double-blind, split-mouth study, minocycline or placebo was administered systemically for 7 days to 26 adults with moderate-to-serve periodontitis . Four study groups were examined: (i) minocycline-scaled, (ii) minocycline-unscaled, (iii) placebo-scaled, and (iv) placebo-unscaled . The minocycline-scaled group responded most favorably, with improved gingival health for at least 49 days and with marked reductions in total bacterial counts and proportions of spirochetes for at least 70 days (termination of the study) . Minocycline administration with no periodontal scaling and root planing also resulted major, long-lasting shifts in the subgingival microflora . Scaling alone was least effective in changing the microflora . The data indicated that minocycline may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of periodontal disease . Further studies are needed, however, to determine the long-term effect of minocycline therapy on the periodontal attachment level. Mycopathologia, 1982 Aug 20, 79(2), 87 - 92 Mycotoxin formation in moist wheat under controlled temperatures; Abramson D et al.; One-kilogram parcels of wheat with 20.5% moisture content were maintained at 15 degrees and 22 degrees C for 10 weeks to study quality changes . Temperature, moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, microflora incidence and abundance, seed germination, fat acidity values, aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, citrinin and zearalenone were monitored . By two weeks, trace levels of ochratoxin had formed at both temperatures . By 10 weeks, the wheat contained at least three times more ochratoxin A at 22 degrees C than at 15 degrees C . Strains of Penicillium verrucosum var . cyclopium were associated with ochratoxin A production . No other mycotoxins were detected . The effect of temperature was significant for all variables (greater effect at 22 degree C) except A . glaucus gr . and Penicillium (P less than .01) . The effect of time was significant for all variables except bacteria (P less than .01) . The shape of the response was fully characterized by the linear and quadratic terms, except for % moisture which was linear only, and for bacteria for which time was not significant . The interaction between time and temperature was significant (P less than .01) for total fungal propagule count, % moisture, and Aspergillus versicolor, indicative of the steeper rise in slope for 22 degrees C. Biochem J, 1982 Aug 15, 206(2), 373 - 8 The metabolism of 5-methyltetrahydropteroyl-L-glutamic acid and its oxidation products in the rat; Kennelly JC et al.; Folate metabolism in the rat was investigated using radiolabelled 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamate (5-CH3-H4PteGlu) and its oxidation products . 5-CH3-H4PteGlu is absorbed completely from the intestine, although in some prepara