Gut, 1985 Nov, 26(11), 1183 - 8 Campylobacter pyloridis in peptic ulcer disease: microbiology, pathology, and scanning electron microscopy; Price AB et al.; After the recent successful isolation of spiral organisms from the stomach this paper presents the bacteriological and pathological correlation of gastric antral biopsies from 51 patients endoscopied for upper gastrointestinal symptoms . Campylobacter pyloridis was cultured from 29 patients and seen by either silver staining of the biopsy or scanning electron microscopy in an additional three . The organism was cultured from 23 of the 33 (69%) patients with peptic ulcer disease and from within this group 17 (80%) of the 21 patients with duodenal ulceration . It was cultured only once from the 12 normal biopsies in the series but from 27 of the 38 (71%) biopsies showing gastritis . C pyloridis was also cultured from five out of seven of the 14 endoscopically normal patients, who despite this had biopsy evidence of gastritis . It was the sole organism cultured from 65% of the positive biopsies and scanning electron microscopy invariably revealed it deep to the surface mucus layer . C pyloridis persisted in the three patients with duodenal ulcers after treatment and healing . The findings support the hypothesis that C pyloridis is aetiologically related to gastritis and peptic ulceration though its precise role still remains to be defined. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Nov, 22(5), 799 - 802 Bacteroides gracilis, an important anaerobic bacterial pathogen; Johnson CC et al.; Clinical isolates of agar-pitting, formate-fumarate-requiring, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli were recharacterized in consideration of the species descriptions of Bacteroides ureolyticus and the newly described B . gracilis, Campylobacter concisus, and Wolinella sp . During an 11-year period, 7.5% (101 of 1,341) of all specimens yielding anaerobes were found to contain an organism in this group . Of the 71 isolates that were available for study, 43 were B . ureolyticus, 23 were B . gracilis, and 5 were in the Wolinella-C . concisus group . The role in infection and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility for B . ureolyticus and B . gracilis were studied . Review of the clinical data indicated that 83% of B . gracilis strains were recovered from patients with serious visceral or head and neck infection, whereas 73% of B . ureolyticus isolates were recovered from superficial soft-tissue or bone infections . The strains of B . ureolyticus were uniformly susceptible to the tested antimicrobial agents . B . gracilis, however, showed some striking resistance, with penicillin active against only 67% and the cephalosporins active against 67 to 84% of the isolates tested . The association of B . gracilis with serious deep-tissue infection, coupled with the relatively high frequency of antibiotic resistance, indicates that it is an important, previously unrecognized, pathogen. Am J Epidemiol, 1985 Nov, 122(5), 884 - 9 Epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of an outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with raw milk; Kornblatt AN et al.; An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in March-April 1981, in Wichita, Kansas, and involved more than 250 persons who drank raw milk from a single local dairy . Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 60 of 116 (52%) persons in households that had one or more ill family members . A cohort study of families that belonged to a food cooperative that purchased raw milk from the implicated dairy showed a significant association between illness and having drunk raw milk . Thirty-nine of 55 (71%) persons who drank raw milk became ill compared with four of 36 (11%) persons who did not drink raw milk (p less than 0.01, t test, accounting for clustering) . Peak (convalescent) antibody titers to C . jejuni, determined by indirect immunofluorescence, in 20 raw-milk drinkers showed a geometric mean of 1:27 in contrast to geometric mean titer of 1:6 in 10 well persons from the cohort who did not drink raw milk (p less than 0.002, t test) . C . jejuni was recovered from 21 of 34 (66%) raw-milk drinkers, versus none of 26 people who did not drink raw milk (p less than 0.001, Fisher's exact test, one tailed) . C . jejuni of the same serotype was isolated from the case-patients and from rectal swabs of cows in the dairy . These findings indicate that raw milk contaminated by Campylobacter was the vehicle for this outbreak. Rev Biol Trop, 1985 Nov, 33(2), 143 - 6 {Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, helicoidal bacteria and coronavirus in the murine intestine}; Hernandez F et al.; Intestinal contents of 28 laboratory-bred white mice and 6 wild-caught rats were extracted and observed with phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy; cultures were made in Butzler agar and aeromonas, incubated in microaerobiosis, at 37 degrees C for 5 days . In three mice and two rats, helicoidal bacteria were observed, with 8 to 11 periplasmic fibers and terminal branches of 8 to 11 structures, similar to flagella . In one of the rats, coronavirus-like particles were observed . Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni was isolated in cultures from two mice and Aeromonas hydrophila from two rats. Can J Microbiol, 1985 Nov, 31(11), 1064 - 7 Expression of Campylobacter genes for proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli; Lee EC et al.; Cloned DNA from Campylobacter jejuni was found to complement auxotrophic defects in proline metabolism in several strains of Escherichia coli . A 4.4-kilobase fragment of Campylobacter DNA encodes the genes analogous to the proA and B genes of E . coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Nov, 28(5), 708 - 10 Susceptibility of Campylobacter species to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and other DNA gyrase inhibitors; Taylor DE et al.; Nalidixic acid-resistant mutants of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli as well as "C . laridis" strains showed cross-resistance to another DNA gyrase subunit A inhibitor, enoxacin (MIC, 32 micrograms/ml), whereas C . fetus subsp . fetus, C . fetus subsp . venerealis, and "C . hyointestinalis" strains were all susceptible to enoxacin (MIC, less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml) . All Campylobacter species were resistant to novobiocin (MIC, 32 to 512 micrograms/ml), but most strains were susceptible to the other DNA gyrase subunit B inhibitors coumermycin A1 and clorobiocin. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 50(4), 934 - 9 Efficacy of media and methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in refrigerated chicken meat; Beuchat LR; A study was undertaken to compare several enrichment and direct isolation media for their suitability to detect and enumerate five strains of Campylobacter jejuni in refrigerated (5 degrees C) chicken meat . The influence of CO2 on survival at 5 degrees C was also investigated . Selective enrichment media evaluated included Preston broth (PB), selective semisolid brucella medium (SSBM), Campylobacter enrichment broth (CEB), VTP brucella-FBP broth (VTP), Rosef and Kapperud Campylobacter enrichment broth (RKCEB), and Doyle and Roman enrichment broth (DREB) . Direct isolation agars included Campy brucella agar (CBAP), blood-free Campylobacter medium (BFCM) and modified Butzler agar (MBA) . Comminuted chicken meat was inoculated with C . jejuni, sealed under atmospheric gas or CO2, and stored at 5 degrees C for up to 21 days . Viable population was determined by the most-probable-number technique (PB, SSBM, CEB, VTP, and RKCEB, followed by plating on CBAP, BFCM, and MBA), enrichment on DREB, followed by plating on CBAP, BFCM, and MBA, and direct isolation on CBAP, BFCM, and MBA . Without exception, direct plating of samples was superior to the most-probable-number technique for enumerating C . jejuni; MBA was inferior to CBAP and BFCM, and DREB performed at least as well as other enrichment media evaluated . Carbon dioxide afforded protection against death of three of the five strains of C . jejuni tested. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Oct, 93(5), 377 - 8 Genetic relationship between "Campylobacter fecalis" and Campylobacter sputorum subsp . bubulus; Ursing J et al.; Nine strains of "Campylobacter fecalis" were compared with two references strains of C . sputorum subsp . bubulus considering DNA base composition and DNA-DNA-hybridization . The results showed that the two taxa could not be separated by these methods, their mol%(G+C) being 31-32 and DNA relatedness 79% or more . It is suggested that the catalase-positive "Campylobacter fecalis" should be regarded as a subspecies of the catalase-negative C . sputorum. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 22(4), 558 - 65 Comparison of the Penner and Lior methods for serotyping Campylobacter spp; Patton CM et al.; We compared two Campylobacter serotyping systems by using 1,405 isolates of Campylobacter collected from human, animal, and environmental sources during epidemiologic investigations and special studies . We found 96.1% of isolates to be typable by the Penner method for heat-stable antigens, which involved the use of an indirect hemagglutination technique, and 92.1% of isolates to be typable by the Lior method for heat-labile antigens, which involved the use of a slide agglutination technique and absorbed antisera . Absorbed antisera were not required for the Penner method, making that method less difficult to implement . The Lior method was simpler to perform and gave more rapid results than did the Penner method . Cultures frequently reacted in multiple antisera with the Penner method, whereas multiple reactions were rare with the Lior method . Thus, results were easier to interpret with the Lior system . Strains of a single serotype in one system were sometimes found to be multiple serotypes in the other system; hence, the two methods have the potential to be complementary . Both systems were comparable in serotyping isolates from human and nonhuman sources and for evaluating the relationship of strains collected during outbreak investigations. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 22(4), 510 - 4 Inhibition of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by antibiotics used in selective growth media; Ng LK et al.; The ability of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni to grow in the presence of antibiotics used in selective growth media was compared . MIC data for C . coli indicated that some strains were more susceptible to the antibiotics than were the C . jejuni strains tested . A reduction of greater than 1 log cycle in the numbers of cells growing on plates containing antibiotics was considered to be a marked level of inhibition . Only one of nine of the antibiotic combinations studied did not markedly inhibit most of the C . coli strains tested . Although one C . coli strain was not inhibited by any of the antibiotic combinations, the other six strains were inhibited for up to 7 log cycles . The addition of blood or growth supplements reduced but did not eliminate the inhibitory effect . The inhibition of laboratory strains of C . coli on media developed for the isolation of Campylobacter spp . indicates that the incidence of C . coli may be underestimated. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 217 - 27 Investigations on the role of flagella in the colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni and attachment of Campylobacter jejuni to human epithelial cell lines; Newell DG et al.; The biochemical and biological properties of the flagella of Campylobacter jejuni have been investigated using two variants selected from a flagellate, motile clinical isolate (strain 81116): a flagellate, non-motile variant (SF-1) and an aflagellate variant (SF-2) . Phenotypic and biochemical analysis of the strains and amino acid analysis of the isolated flagella suggest that the variants differed from the wild-type strain only in the absence of flagella and/or motility . The aflagellate variant poorly colonized the gastrointestinal tract of infant mice but the flagellate, non-motile variant colonized the mice as successfully as the wild-type strain . 35S-labelled organisms were used to investigate the attachment of the variants to human epithelial cell monolayers in vitro . The flagellate, non-motile strain attached more efficiently to the cells than the wild-type strain or the aflagellate strain . Differences in attachment suggest that an adhesin is intimately associated with flagella of C . jejuni and that active flagella mediate only a tenuous association with host cells . This adhesin attached most efficiently to cells of intestinal epithelial origin and was not specifically inhibited by various sugars. Am J Vet Res, 1985 Oct, 46(10), 2152 - 6 Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis infections in the intestine of gnotobiotic pigs; Boosinger TR et al.; At 4 days of age, 7 gnotobiotic pigs were orally inoculated with broth cultures of both Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis (CSM) and Campylobacter hyointestinalis (CH) . One pig was killed and evaluated each week for 7 weeks . Forty-eight hours after inoculation, CH and CSM were recovered from the feces of the pigs; thereafter, only CH was recovered . Organisms morphologically typical of Campylobacter sp were observed on the mucosal surface and on the crypt epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon from post-inoculation weeks (PIW) 2 through 7 . Bacteria were clustered around the surface opening of goblet cells in pigs at PIW 6 and 7 . Crypt epithelial cell proliferation and intracellular bacteria were not seen, except in 1 pig (killed at PIW 7) in which intracellular bacteria were seen only in the cecum . Therefore, CSM and CH did not induce porcine proliferative enteritis in gnotobiotic pigs. Ann Rheum Dis, 1985 Oct, 44(10), 701 - 10 Lymphocytes from the site of disease but not blood lymphocytes indicate the cause of arthritis; Ford DK et al.; The {3H}thymidine uptake procedure for measuring lymphocyte responses was applied to lymphocytes derived concurrently from synovial effusions and from peripheral blood . The stimulating antigens were crude preparations of those micro-organisms that are related to the enteritis and the non-gonococcal urethritis that precipitate reactive arthritis . Salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter antigens stimulated synovial but not peripheral blood lymphocytes in eight cases of enteric reactive arthritis . Ureaplasma or chlamydia antigens, or both, stimulated synovial lymphocytes in all 12 cases of sexually transmitted reactive arthritis, whereas peripheral blood lymphocytes were only stimulated in four of the 12 cases . In 14 cases of rheumatoid arthritis reactions to either enteric or ureaplasma/chlamydia antigens were minimal from either synovial or peripheral blood lymphocytes . It is concluded that synovial rather than peripheral blood lymphocytes indicate the microbiological cause of reactive arthritis and that similar studies of lymphocytes from the site of local disease might be productive in other diseases. J Med Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 20(2), 215 - 24 Experimental infection of gnotobiotic mice with Campylobacter jejuni: colonisation of intestine and spread to lymphoid and reticulo-endothelial organs; Fauchere JL et al.; Axenic and monoxenic C3H mice were used to develop an animal model for enteroinvasiveness and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni . After oral administration of 10(7)-10(8) viable cells of C . jejuni on day 0 (D0), bacterial colonisation was followed quantitatively during 23 days by counting free luminal bacteria and tissue-associated bacteria in the duodenum, ileum and colon . The kinetics of bacterial colonisation were the same in axenic and monoxenic mice; bacteria were more numerous in distal than in proximal intestinal segments . Electronmicroscope studies of axenic infected mice showed C . jejuni free in the intestinal lumen on D2 and D7, and adhering to microvilli or included in enterocyte vacuoles in the colon on D2 without inflammatory reaction; C . jejuni was isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes until D23, but from blood, spleen, liver and bile until D1 only . In monoxenic infected mice, C . jejuni was found from D1 to D4 in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, whereas the associated bacterium (Clostridium perenne) was never cultured from any organs . On the basis of our observations in this gnotobiotic model, C . jejuni appears to be an enteroinvasive bacterium with a particular affinity for lymphoid organs. J Bacteriol, 1985 Oct, 164(1), 338 - 43 Morphological forms and viability of Campylobacter species studied by electron microscopy; NG LK et al.; Electron microscopic studies of Campylobacter revealed that different morphological forms predominate at different parts of a colony . At the periphery, cells were almost all spirals, while in the center of the colony cells were mainly coccus shaped . Unusual ring-shaped cells, "donuts", were observed in the raised, peripheral region of the colony . Donut or ring forms have not previously been reported for Campylobacter organisms . Our data indicate that young or actively growing cells are mainly spiral shaped . Older cells undergo a degenerative change to coccoid forms . The donut shape appears to be an intermediate stage between spirals and cocci . Comparisons of plate counts of actively growing and inactive cells confirmed that coccoid cells are probably nonviable. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1985 Oct, 93(5), 211 - 6 In vitro blastogenic response and immunoglobulin synthesis in murine spleen cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Naess V; Lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were mitogenic for spleen cells as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation . The incorporation was dose dependent with an increase with increased concentration of LPS . Addition of LPS beyond 500 micrograms/ml gave inhibition of incorporation . Stimulation of the spleen cells for 3 days with LPS led to a polyclonal activation of immunoglobulin synthesis . The amount of immunoglobulins synthesised showed a maximum between the 9th and 11th day of incubation, and another maximum between the 15th and 17th day . The immunoglobulins produced were IgM antibodies . Specific antibodies against the LPS used for the stimulation were not detected. Microbiologica, 1985 Oct, 8(4), 329 - 37 Acute childhood diarrhoea in Naples: an aetiologic study; Caprioli A et al.; A potential aetiologic agent was detected in the stools of 56% of 118 children hospitalized in Naples for acute diarrhoea . Rotavirus and Salmonella were the agents most commonly associated with disease, accounting for 23 and 17 percent of cases, respectively . Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Yersinia and Shigella were less frequently isolated (total, 11% of cases) . These findings fit well with the epidemiological picture described for other developed countries, except for the isolation rate of Salmonella which widely exceeds that reported in other investigations . Cytotoxic strains of E . coli and other Gram-negative bacilli were identified in the stools of 18 children; the possible pathogenic role of these strains is unknown and needs further investigation. J Clin Pathol, 1985 Oct, 38(10), 1127 - 31 Evaluation of cultural techniques for isolating Campylobacter pyloridis from endoscopic biopsies of gastric mucosa; Goodwin CS et al.; One hundred and three gastroscopic biopsies from 80 patients were cultured for Campylobacter pyloridis and studied histologically . Active chronic gastritis, as shown by the presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, was diagnosed in 51 biopsies and C pyloridis was found in 47 . Sixteen gastric biopsies showed normal histology (no inflammation); C pyloridis was detected in only one of these, and a second biopsy taken from this patient at the same time showed active gastritis . Biopsies could be kept at 4 degrees C for five hours without loss of viability of C pyloridis . An inoculum made by grinding the biopsy in a ground glass grinder consistently gave a much heavier growth of C pyloridis than one made by mincing the specimen . The campylobacter supplement ferrous sulphate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium pyruvate (FBP) (Oxoid) was inhibitory for some isolates; the inhibitory component was found to be sodium metabisulphite . Contaminants, but not C pyloridis, were inhibited by the incorporation of vancomycin 6 mg/l, nalidixic acid 20 mg/l, and amphotericin 2 mg/l, but higher concentrations inhibited C pyloridis . Undried plates kept in a plastic container at room temperature for up to two weeks were as satisfactory as freshly poured plates for the isolation of C pyloridis. Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 43 - 9 Pathogenic properties of Campylobacter jejuni: assay and correlation with clinical manifestations; Klipstein FA et al.; The pathogenic properties of 20 strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from persons with clearly defined clinical manifestations were determined . Cell-free broth filtrates were examined for (i) enterotoxin production by Chinese hamster tissue culture assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing GM1 ganglioside and affinity-purified antiserum to Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, (ii) cytotoxin production by Vero and HeLa cell tissue culture lines, and (iii) their ability to cause fluid secretion in rat ligated ileal loops . Viable bacteria were examined for invasive properties by an ELISA with the immunoglobulin fraction of antiserum to Formalin-killed bacteria of an invasive strain, and by their effect on fluid secretion and morphology in rat ligated ileal loops . None of the eight isolates obtained from asymptomatic carriers had any detectable pathogenic properties . All six strains isolated from persons with bloody invasive-type diarrhea elaborated a cytotoxin; their viable bacteria had high titers in the ELISA for invasive properties and caused fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops, although consistent morphologic abnormalities and evidence of mucosal invasion, examined by immunofluorescence techniques, were not detected . All six strains isolated from persons with watery secretory-type diarrhea produced an enterotoxin, one elaborated a cytotoxin, and broth filtrates of all strains caused fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops; viable bacteria had low titers in the ELISA for invasive properties and evoked fluid secretion in ligated loops by means of enterotoxin production . These observations show (i) that a correlation exists between the pathogenic properties of the infective C . jejuni strain and gastrointestinal manifestations in the infected host, and (ii) that these pathogenic properties can be identified by in vitro assays, including ELISAs. J Clin Periodontol, 1985 Oct, 12(9), 736 - 49 The microbial morphotypes associated with periodontal health and adult periodontitis: composition and distribution; Offenbacher S et al.; Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 162 sites in 27 adult periodontitis patients and 162 sites in 27 healthy patients using a standardized lavage technique . The distribution of 10 different microbial morphotypes was determined by darkfield microscopy . The lavage technique selectively samples the loosely adherent plaque at the base of the periodontal pocket and not the tooth-associated, adherent plaque . This standardized technique permits quantitative comparisons of numerical density of morphotype composition at different sites, in addition to qualitative comparisons or relative proportions . There was a significant positive association between the numerical density of each morphotype within the non-adherent plaque and the number of sites at which the organism was detected in both healthy and diseased subjects . A previously undescribed darkfield morphotype, has been detected with this method . This morphotype, a small motile coccobacillus (S-MO-CB) has been found to be the numerically dominant species in both health and disease . This morphotype has been recovered in pure culture following passage through a 0.4 mu filter and includes organisms of the Wollinella and Campylobacter genus . Non-motile organisms comprised less than 1-2% of the sample from healthy and diseased sites . Motile forms, such as spirochetes, had a high frequency of detection in healthy individuals . Analysis of pooled plaque samples revealed that the prevalence of cocci and fusiforms was significantly elevated in patients with healthy periodontium, as compared to patients with adult periodontitis . In adult periodontitis patients, the frequency of occurrence of medium spirochetes, filaments and small nonmotile rods was significantly elevated in pooled plaque . Analysis of individual sites indicated that the proportion and numerical density of most morphotypes within the non-adherent plaque were not significantly different in disease as compared to health . Disease is characterized by an increased % of small spirochetes and fusiforms at each site . At diseased sites which harbor small spirochetes, the numerical density is elevated four-fold, as compared to healthy sites which have small spirochetes . The numerical density of other morphotypes is not significantly different comparing healthy sites to diseased sites . Thus, the increase in the % of small spirochetes in disease in due to a site-localized four-fold increase in numerical density within the non-adherent plaque. J Pediatr, 1985 Oct, 107(4), 495 - 502 Diarrheal illness among infants and toddlers in day care centers . I . Epidemiology and pathogens; Bartlett AV et al.; We conducted a 2-year prospective study of diarrheal illness in children ages 0 to 36 months in 22 day care centers in Maricopa County, Arizona . In 7464 child-months of observation, 465 sporadic cases and 170 outbreak-associated cases of diarrhea were identified . Enteric pathogens were identified in 20% of diarrhea episodes . Giardia lamblia, rotavirus, and Campylobacter jejuni were the most common pathogens . Giardia was significantly more common in toddlers than in infants and was found in 19% of asymptomatic child contacts of symptomatic infected children . Rotavirus was significantly more common in infants than in toddlers . In outbreaks, shorter duration of child enrollment was associated with illness . Comparison of day care center characteristics revealed that only a lower score in standardized observations of hygiene and child-handling practices was associated with greater risk of diarrhea . Infectious diarrhea appears to be common in diaper-age children in day care centers, but the patterns of disease differ for different pathogens and for the infant and toddler age groups. J Bacteriol, 1985 Oct, 164(1), 401 - 9 Participation of cytochromes in some oxidation-reduction systems in Campylobacter fetus; Lascelles J et al.; Campylobacter species are rich in c-type cytochromes, including forms which bind carbon monoxide . The role of the various forms of cytochromes in Campylobacter fetus has been examined in cell-free preparations by using physiological electron donor and acceptor systems . Under anaerobic conditions, NADPH reduced essentially all of the cytochrome c in crude cell extracts, whereas the reduction level with succinate was 50 to 60% . The carbon monoxide spectrum with NADPH was predominated by the cytochrome c complex; evidence of a cytochrome o type was seen in the succinate-reduced extracts and in membrane fractions . Succinate-reduced cytochrome c was oxidized by oxygen via a cyanide-sensitive, membrane-associated system . NADPH-reduced cytochrome c was oxidized by a cyanide-insensitive system . Partially purified carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome c, isolated from the cytoplasm, could serve as electron acceptor for NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; the reduced cytochrome was oxidized by oxygen by a cyanide-insensitive system present in the cytoplasmic fraction . Horse heart cytochrome c was also reducible by NADPH and by succinate; the reduced cytochrome was oxidized by a cyanide-sensitive system in the membrane fraction . NADPH and NADH oxidase activities were observed aerobically and under anaerobic conditions with fumarate . NADPH was more active than NADH . NADP was also more effective than NAD as an electron acceptor for the coenzyme A-dependent pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities found in crude extracts . These dehydrogenases used methyl viologen and metronidazole as electron acceptors; they could be loci for oxygen inhibition of growth . It is proposed that energy provision via the high-potential cytochrome c oxidase system in the cytoplasmic membrane is limited by oxygen-sensitive primary dehydrogenases and that the carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome c may have a role as an oxygen scavenger. Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 284 - 91 Basis for serological heterogeneity of thermostable antigens of Campylobacter jejuni; Mills SD et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from eight strains of Campylobacter jejuni and purified by enzyme treatment to remove traces of RNA, DNA, and protein . This material was used to sensitize sheep erythrocytes for the passive hemagglutination assay that is presently used to serotype C . jejuni . The results confirmed that the thermostable antigen typing scheme is based on LPS (O) antigens . The LPS after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining was found to consist of a series of slow migrating bands which could not be eliminated by treatment with NaOH, urea, or EDTA . However, the use of LPS double labeled with 14C and 32P yielded evidence that the bands of high molecular weight were indeed aggregations of low-molecular-weight LPS molecules. Can J Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 31(9), 823 - 31 DNA homology studies of the catalase-negative campylobacters and "Campylobacter fecalis," an emended description of Campylobacter sputorum, and proposal of the neotype strain of Campylobacter sputorum; Roop RM 2nd et al.; Twenty-three strains of catalase-negative campylobacters and five strains of "Campylobacter fecalis," which is catalase-positive, were examined by DNA hybridization experiments . These organisms formed four distinct DNA homology groups corresponding to Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter concisus, and a currently unnamed group referred to as the "catalase-negative or weak" (CNW) strains . The strains were further characterized to determine which phenotypic characteristics provide the most reliable identification at the species level . Campylobacter sputorum ssp . sputorum, C . sputorum ssp . bubulus, and "C . fecalis" could not be distinguished by DNA homology; consequently, it is proposed that these three taxa be considered as biovars of C . sputorum . The description of C . sputorum is emended accordingly . ATCC strain 35980 is proposed as the neotype strain of C . sputorum. Jpn J Antibiot, 1985 Sep, 38(9), 2515 - 25 {Clinical studies on the effectiveness of SM-4300, a new non-modified gammaglobulin preparation suitable for intravenous use, in refractory infections}; Okamoto Y et al.; Eighteen cases of various infections, mostly having severe underlying diseases and showing no or insufficient responses to antibacterial chemotherapy, were treated with additional intravenous drip infusion of SM-4300 (2.5 or 5 g, once a day, for 1-3 days) . Eight of the cases were excluded from the assessment of the effectiveness, as they died too early, or as their fever was supposed to have been "tumor fever" retrospectively . SM-4300 was found to be effective in 2 out of 5 septicemia cases, in 3 pneumonia cases, including 1 complicated with septicemia, out of 4, and also in 1 patient with liver abscess, as well as in another of meningitis caused by Campylobacter fetus; i.e . the efficacy rate was estimated as 60% in total . Any side effects attributable to SM-4300 were observed in none of the 18 cases . These results obtained seem to endorse the usefulness of the preparation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 50(3), 611 - 4 Comparison of gauze swabs and membrane filters for isolation of Campylobacter spp . from surface water; el-Sherbeeny MR et al.; The epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni indicates that waterborne transmission is important; the organism has been isolated from seawater, fresh water, and estuarine sites . Membrane filtration, with and without use of an enrichment broth, has been the most common method for isolating C . jejuni from water . We evaluated two methods for isolating C . jejuni from water: membrane filtration and gauze filtration . The membrane filters evaluated included 0.22- and 0.45-micron-pore Millipore filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), 0.2- and 0.4-micron-pore Nuclepore filters (Nucleopore Corp., Pleasanton, Calif.), and a 0.45-micron-pore Zetapor filters (AMF Cuno, Meridian, Conn.) . The gauze filters included both Moore and Spira swabs . Of the membrane filters evaluated, the 0.45-micron-pore Millipore and Zetapor filters were the most sensitive for recovery of C . jejuni from seeded waters . The 0.45-micron-pore Millipore filter placed in Oosterom broth was better for recovery of C . jejuni from seeded stationary surface waters than either the Spira or Moore swab . However, the 0.45-micron-pore Millipore filter placed on a plate or in enrichment broth was equivalent to the Spira gauze swab when used to examine water from Atlanta area streams . C . jejuni organisms were isolated from 9 of 24 surface water samples representing 5 of 12 streams. J Gen Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 131 ( Pt 9), 2335 - 41 An ultrastructural study of the gastric campylobacter-like organism 'Campylobacter pyloridis'; Jones DM et al.; Microaerophilic spiral organisms may be isolated frequently from samples of gastric mucus taken from patients undergoing gastroscopy . The ultrastructure of these gastric campylobacter-like organisms ('Campylobacter pyloridis') shows that they have greater affinities with Spirillum than with Campylobacter. J Infect, 1985 Sep, 11(2), 159 - 65 Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni from an outbreak of enteritis implicating chicken; Rosenfield JA et al.; An outbreak of campylobacter enteritis involving 7 of 17 people over a period of 5 days followed a dinner at a restaurant . A chicken casserole dish was implicated with a food-specific attack rate of 58% . Campylobacter jejuni Penner serotype 18/21/29, resistant to metronidazole, was isolated from 3 of 4 symptomatic patients and from three raw fresh chicken samples closely associated with the implicated chicken . Numbers of C . jejuni in the chicken ranged from 5.3 X 10(1) to 7.5 X 10(2) colony forming units per square centimeter of surface area . This is the first outbreak of campylobacter enteritis reported in Australia in which C . jejuni has been isolated from both human and food sources and the isolates serologically confirmed as identical. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 22(3), 339 - 46 Occurrence of plasmids and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from healthy and diarrheic animals; Bradbury WC et al.; Serologically defined strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from healthy and diarrheic animals were examined for the occurrence of plasmid DNA in association with the antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial host and the health status of the animal host . Of all campylobacter organisms surveyed, 53% (116 of 200) contained plasmid DNA . A plasmid occurrence rate of 73.8% was obtained for C . coli from healthy pigs, contrasted by lower plasmid occurrence rates for C . coli from diarrheic pigs (30%) and from all diarrheic animals (21.4%) . For C . jejuni, in contrast, only 13.6% of healthy cattle contained plasmid DNA, contrasted by a higher plasmid occurrence rate of 31.2% from diarrheic cattle . A high plasmid occurrence rate of 75.8% was observed for C . jejuni from healthy chickens . Campylobacter plasmids ranged in size from less than or equal to 1 to 86 megadaltons . Antibiotic susceptibility for 52 animal isolates (excluding chickens) indicated that most isolates were susceptible to kanamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and compound sulfonamide, whereas few were susceptible to bacitracin (19.2%); approximately half were susceptible to ampicillin (55.8%) and streptomycin (51.9%), and no isolates were susceptible to penicillin G . More isolates containing plasmids were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin than were isolates not carrying plasmids, there being a statistically significant difference for tetracycline and gentamicin, which suggested that these two antibiotics were probably plasmid mediated . The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 21 chicken isolates of C . jejuni, by contrast, were different in that most were susceptible to ampicillin in addition to kanamycin, erythromycin, and gentamicin, whereas few wer susceptible to compound sulfonamide, streptomycin, and tetracycline in addition to penicillin G and bacitracin . A 30- or 39-megadalton plasmid, or both, common to many of the chicken isolates was usually associated with tetracycline resistance. J Infect Dis, 1985 Sep, 152(3), 592 - 6 A point-source outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw milk; Korlath JA et al.; After a one-day field trip to a Minnesota farm, 22 (45%) of 49 third-grade students and three (14%) of 21 adult chaperones developed campylobacteriosis . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from specimens of 13 children and one asymptomatic adult . Illness was associated with the consumption of raw milk during a picnic lunch (odds ratio = 41.0, P less than .0001) and participation in hand milking of cows (odds ratio = 37.5, less than .0001) . Two additional findings implicated consumption of raw milk as the vehicle for transmission . First, the odds ratio for illness among those who drank raw milk and did not milk cows was 11.8 (P less than .01), whereas the odds ratio for illness among those who milked cows but did not drink raw milk was only 1.2 (P greater than .02) . Second, there was a dose-response relation between the occurrence of illness and the quantity of raw milk consumed (P less than .0001) . Neither the median incubation period nor duration of illness was related to the amount of milk consumed . All persons with a stool culture positive for C . jejuni excreted the organism for at least two weeks, but less than six weeks . No secondary cases of illness were documented. Gut, 1985 Sep, 26(9), 945 - 51 Campylobacter colitis: histological immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings; van Spreeuwel JP et al.; The colonic biopsy specimens of 22 patients with colitis and positive stool cultures for Campylobacter jejuni were studied in order to obtain histological and immunohistochemical criteria to differentiate Campylobacter colitis from chronic inflammatory bowel disease . In addition we tried to identify Campylobacter inclusions by means of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy as evidence for invasion of the colonic mucosa . The results show that the majority of patients with Campylobacter colitis have the histological picture of acute infectious colitis with increased numbers of IgA and IgM containing plasma cells in the colonic mucosa in contrast with patients with active chronic inflammatory bowel disease who show increases of IgA and IgG (ulcerative colitis) or IgA-, IgM and IgG containing plasma cells (M Crohn) in their colonic biopsies . The results of immunohistochemical stainings with Campylobacter antiserum show invasion of Campylobacter in the colonic mucosa . These findings were confirmed ultrastructurally. Can J Surg, 1985 Sep, 28(5), 451 - 2 Campylobacter and endovascular lesions; Righter J et al.; Because of the gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Campylobacter infections, particularly the propensity of Campylobacter fetus ssp fetus to infect vascular endothelium, the authors describe the case of a 56-year-old woman with C . fetus ssp fetus infection of an aortic aneurysm . She recovered after a one-stage surgical repair and antibiotic therapy with erythromycin . The organism was cultured from samples of the stool and tissue obtained at operation . It was identified from its typical characteristics: morphology, microaerophilic, able to grow at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C but not at 42 degrees C, catalase and oxidase positive and resistant to nalidixic acid but susceptible to cephalothin. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 22(3), 333 - 5 API ZYM and API An-Ident reactions of fastidious oral gram-negative species; Tanner AC et al.; API ZYM and API An-Ident enzymatic substrate tests were done on six oral species which are difficult to characterize with conventional biochemical tests . "Bacteroides forsythus, the "fusiform" Bacteroides species (A . C . R . Tanner, M . A . Listgarten, M . N . Strzempko, and J . L . Ebersole, manuscript in preparation), is difficult to cultivate in broth media, yet it gave 15 positive tests in these series . The tests were able to separate this new species from species of Capnocytophaga and Fusobacterium . "B . forsythus" reactions were similar but not identical to those of reference Bacteroides species . Positive reactions for alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-fucosidase, and alpha-glucuronidase suggest that "B . forsythus" may be saccharolytic . It was the only species tested which was trypsin positive . Wolinella species, Campylobacter concisus, B . gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens are asaccharolytic, and characterization relies heavily on sensitivities to inhibitory agents . These species reacted weakly in the API ZYM and API An-Ident enzymatic substrate tests, and the reactions were not useful for separating these species . The enzyme reactions differentiated Wolinella recta and C . concisus from Selenomonas sputigena, another oral motile but saccharolytic organism. Microbiologia, 1985 Sep, 1(1-2), 97 - 9 {Campylobacter in gastric pathology}; Lopez-Brea M et al.; The incidence of Campylobacter pyloridis in the stomach of patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and in normal subjects, has been studied . Seventy-one biopsy specimens were taken from affected and normal gastric mucosa of 61 patients and 10 normal subjects, respectively . In 54 (88.5%) out of the 61 patients and in 1 (10%) out of the 10 normal subjects, C . pyloridis was observed . In addition, in 39 samples this microorganism was successfully cultured. Clin Lab Med, 1985 Sep, 5(3), 447 - 62 DNA hybridization in the diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea; Echeverria P et al.; DNA hybridization with either cloned genes for enteropathogenic determinants or DNA segments that are species-specific is a valuable tool to identify certain bacterial enteric pathogens . Thus far, only E . coli and V . cholerae enterotoxin gene probes have been used to identify ETEC and V . cholerae in clinical specimens . DNA probes developed for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and enteroinvasive and enteropathogenic E . coli need to be evaluated with clinical specimens . The major contribution of this system so far has been to examine large numbers of specimens in epidemiologic studies . Once nonradioactive DNA probes are developed, this system will have potential application in clinical laboratories and in research laboratories in the developing world where diarrheal disease causes its greatest impact. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1985 Sep-Oct, 136B(2), 135 - 50 Structural relationship between the genes encoding 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferases in Campylobacter and in gram-positive cocci; Lambert T et al.; Campylobacter coli strain BM2509 resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline was isolated from a patient with hospital-acquired diarrhoea . Resistance to kanamycin has not been thus far described in Campylobacter . Phosphocellulose paper-binding assay indicated that resistance to kanamycin and structurally related antibiotics in strain BM2509 was due to synthesis of a 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of type III (APH(3')-III), an enzyme so far confined to Gram-positive cocci . The kanamycin and tetracycline resistances were transferable en bloc by conjugation to C . fetus but not to Escherichia coli . Analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis of crude bacterial lysates revealed the presence, in BM2509 and in the transconjugants, of a plasmid, pIP1433, with a size of 47.2 kilobases (Kb) . Strain BM2509 also harboured a 4.5-Kb cryptic plasmid . DNA annealing studies indicated a close structural relationship between the kanamycin resistance gene of C . coli BM2509 and that representative of this type of resistance determinant in Gram-positive cocci . These results indicate that emergence of resistance to kanamycin in Campylobacter is due to acquisition in vivo of a gene or a plasmid from Gram-positive bacteria. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1985 Aug 31, 115(35), 1205 - 8 {Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a rare diarrheal disease in man}; Nguyen XM; Report on a 12-year-old boy with diffuse abdominal pains, vomiting and lasting diarrhoea . All the usual bacteriological examinations for Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter were negative . Routine search for intestinal parasites by the MIF method was also negative . Cryptosporidium oocysts were, exceptionally, detected in stool smears from the two samples stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1985 Aug 17, 291(6493), 463 - 4 Pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in Britain; Sharp JC et al.; Infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in Great Britain in recent years . Less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in England due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital . The implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in Scotland compared with previous years and compared with England and Wales, where, without legislative control, outbreaks continue to occur . Until compulsory pasteurisation is introduced throughout Britain and dairy farming communities can be persuaded to drink only heat treated milk outbreaks of milkborne infection will continue. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1985 Aug, 260(1), 57 - 64 Chemically defined media for auxotyping of Campylobacter jejuni; Dickgiesser N et al.; A set of chemically defined media has been developed for the cultivation of Campylobacter jejuni strains of human origin . A minimal medium, a complete medium and 5 different nutrient-deficient media (NDM1-NDM5) are described . Some of the strains investigated required L-methionine(lacking in NDM1), L-cystine and L-cysteine (NDM2), K2HPO4 (NDM 3), KH2PO4 (NDM4) and NAD, thiamine and calcium pantothenate (NDM5) . 57.7% of the strains investigated required L-methionine . The strains grew at pH 6.6-7.7 . The media described are not suitable for C . intestinalis. J Gen Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 131 ( Pt 8), 1973 - 80 Motility as an intestinal colonization factor for Campylobacter jejuni; Morooka T et al.; The colonization of the intestinal tract of suckling mice by Campylobacter jejuni was examined by orally challenging the mice with a wild-type strain and several nonmotile mutant strains which were isolated after treating the wild-type strain with mutagens . The wild-type strain had colonized the lower portion of the small intestine, the caecum and the colon 2 d after inoculation . Two nonmotile strains, one of which (M8) had lost all the flagellar structure including the filament, the hook and the basal structure, and the other (M1) which had lost only the filament region, were both cleared from the intestinal tract 2 d after challenge . Another nonmotile strain (M14), which had a complete flagellar structure like that of the wild-type strain, did not colonize and was cleared from the intestinal tract like the other nonmotile and nonflagellated strains . One atypically motile strain (M5), which had a shorter flagellar filament than that of the wild-type strain, colonized the intestinal tract only when mice were challenged with a large inoculum . None of the mice challenged with either the wild-type or any of the mutant strains showed signs of illness . We concluded that motility is an important factor in the colonization of the intestinal tract of suckling mice by C . jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 50(2), 535 - 6 Comparison of methods for isolating Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk; Hunt JM et al.; The method of Doyle and Roman (Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 43:1343-1353, 1982) was compared with that of Lovett et al . (Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 46:459-462, 1983) for the ability to recover Campylobacter jejuni strains inoculated into raw milk at a concentration of less than 1 cell per g . The method of Lovett et al . gave significantly greater recovery proportions. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Aug, 93(4), 315 - 22 Campylobacter strains in Sweden . Serotyping and correlation to clinical symptoms; Kaijser B et al.; Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in humans . Different typing systems have been put forward as aids to improved understanding of the epidemiology and clinical signs of the disease . In the present investigation we have adopted indirect haemagglutination for serotyping of heatstable (Penner) antigens and direct slideagglutination for heatlabile (Lior) antigens . All the strains from the patients (n = 277) seeking medical care for diarrhoea at the East Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden over 21 months were studied . With 19 antisera against heatstable antigens, 79.8% of the domestic strains were typable and 73.8% of the foreign strains . For the heatlabile antigens corresponding figures were 94.2% and 87.2% . There was a great variety of combinations of heatstable and heatlabile antigens on the strains . No marked relation between one antigen or antigen combination and clinical sign of disease was found . We conclude that serotyping is mainly useful for epidemiological studies . A limited number of antisera can be used for typing the majority of strains . If a choice is to be made, typing for heatlabile antigen seems simple and gives somewhat higher typability. Am J Epidemiol, 1985 Aug, 122(2), 262 - 8 Foodborne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis: the United States experience, 1980-1982; Finch MJ et al.; During 1980-1982, 23 foodborne outbreaks of diseases caused by Campylobacter were reported to the Centers for Diseases Control through the National Foodborne Surveillance Program, which collects reports from state and territorial epidemiologists throughout the United States . These outbreaks involved 748 ill persons, of whom 4% were hospitalized . For outbreaks with six or more ill persons, the median attack rate was 41%, the mean or median incubation periods ranged from 66 to 120 hours, and the mean duration of symptoms ranged from three to seven days . Raw milk was implicated or suspected in 14 outbreaks . In four of the other outbreaks, food handling errors were identified, and in five outbreaks, poultry, eggs, or beef were implicated or suspected . In three of four outbreaks in which Campylobacter was recovered from cows at the implicated dairies, some isolates from cows were serotypically identical to isolates from ill persons . In one egg-associated outbreak, one of the isolates of Campylobacter recovered from hens at the implicated egg farm was serotypically identical to an isolate recovered from an ill person . These findings underscore the hazard of eating undercooked or raw foods of animal origin such as raw milk . Raw milk contaminated by infected cows is a major cause of foodborne campylobacteriosis in the United States. Gastroenterology, 1985 Aug, 89(2), 337 - 44 Alterations of myoelectric activity associated with Campylobacter jejuni and its cell-free filtrate in the small intestine of rabbits; Sninsky CA et al.; We evaluated the effects of a culture of Campylobacter jejuni and its cell-free filtrate on myoelectric activity of isolated ileal segments in New Zealand White rabbits . Hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the association between histologic changes and alterations in intestinal myoelectric activity . A culture of C . jejuni was shown to cause a significant increase in repetitive bursts of action potentials (RBAPs) (6.9 +/- 1.2 RBAP/h; p less than 0.001) compared with controls (0.3 +/- 0.1) . Cell-free filtrates of C . jejuni cultures were also observed to induce RBAPs (5.0 +/- 0.9 RBAP/h; p less than 0.001) . The fraction within the filtrate that induces alterations in motility was not destroyed by heating to 100 degrees C for 15 min (6.3 +/- 1.2 RBAP/h) . Although no gross histologic changes were noted by hematoxylin and eosin staining of intestine exposed to a culture of C . jejuni for 8 h, blunting of villi with a cellular infiltrate was noted in rabbits exposed for 24 h . Scanning electron microscopy disclosed patchy villous tip damage in 3 of 5 animals exposed to cell-free filtrates for 8 h . These studies suggest C . jejuni is pathogenic and produces a heat-stable substance that alters intestinal myoelectric activity in rabbits. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 87 - 93 Campylobacter infection in urban and rural populations in Scotland; Sibbald CJ et al.; A review of campylobacter infection in Scotland over five years (1978-82), during which 7808 human isolates were recorded (mean annual isolation rate of 30 per 100000), revealed differences in the epidemiology of the disease between rural and urban populations which were not apparent in the national data . The incidence of infection in the two rural areas studied was greatest in the early months of the year, whereas that in the two urban areas showed a third-quarter predominance . In both urban and rural populations, age-specific infection rates were highest in children less than 5 years old, but this trend was more pronounced in rural than urban populations . Conversely, secondary peaks in age-specific infection rates observed in young adults were more pronounced in the urban than rural populations . It is postulated that rural children were being infected by campylobacters at an early age by drinking contaminated raw milk which was not normally available to city residents . The lower incidence in adults in the rural populations is interpreted as indicating more widespread immunity, resulting from greater exposure to infection during childhood . The effect of compulsory heat treatment of milk sold in Scotland, introduced in August 1983, is currently being studied. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Aug, 28(2), 188 - 91 In vitro susceptibilities of Campylobacter-like organisms to twenty antimicrobial agents; Flores BM et al.; We determined MICs of 20 antimicrobial agents for 50 representative strains of four subgroups of Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) by agar dilution . Ampicillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, rifampin, spectinomycin, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol were active against all strains of CLOs . Most CLO strains (83%) were inhibited by 4 micrograms of sulfamethoxazole per ml and by 8 micrograms of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole per ml . Of type 1 strains, 28% were resistant to 8 micrograms of erythromycin per ml . In addition, cross resistance between erythromycin and clindamycin was always present . Type 1 strains exhibited a broad distribution of MICs of metronidazole and streptomycin, whereas all type 2 strains were uniformly susceptible to metronidazole and resistant to streptomycin . Unlike type 1 and 3 strains, type 2 CLOs were susceptible to cephalothin and penicillin G and highly resistant to streptomycin . The type 3 strain was uniquely resistant to cefazolin . The majority of strains were not inhibited by cefoperazone; and all were resistant to trimethoprim . In contrast to Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus, all CLOs tested were susceptible to 0.5 microgram of rifampin per ml. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 50(1), 125 - 6 Enrichment medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli; Rogol M et al.; A broth enrichment medium for the improvement of isolation of Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli from stool samples and other specimens is presented . Of 1,228 samples examined in parallel, positive results were obtained from 81 by direct inoculation of selective media and from 112 after enrichment . Thus, an increase of 27.7% in the isolation rate was obtained by using the enrichment medium . The same medium without antibiotics allows the preservation of isolates of C . jejuni-C . coli for at least 2 months at 4 degrees C. J Clin Pathol, 1985 Jul, 38(7), 774 - 7 A quantitative study of immunoglobulin containing cells in the differential diagnosis of acute colitis; van Spreeuwel JP et al.; In colonic biopsies of 33 patients with acute colitis caused by campylobacter, salmonella, or shigella immunoglobulin containing cells were determined quantitatively using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and morphometry with a graphic tablet . The findings were compared with those of 10 patients without histological abnormalities, 10 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon, and 10 patients with ulcerative colitis . Biopsies of patients with acute infectious colitis had increased numbers of IgA containing cells and to a lesser extent IgM containing cells but not IgG containing cells compared with controls . Compared with the patients with active chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease the patients with acute colitis showed significantly lower relative and absolute numbers of IgG containing cells . We therefore conclude that quantitative assessment of immunoglobulin containing cells in colonic biopsies may be useful in the differential diagnosis of acute infectious colitis and chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 22(1), 13 - 8 Development of a bacteriophage typing system for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Grajewski BA et al.; A bacteriophage typing system for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was developed with phages isolated from poultry feces . Data for phage selection were generated from a set of isolates of C . jejuni and C . coli from humans in Illinois . Selection of 14 phages from the 47 phages available was assisted by determination of the Sneath-Jaccard similarity coefficients and subsequent unweighted pair-group arithmetic averaging cluster analysis . The typing set was reproducible and stable in the 255 isolates from Illinois . Of these isolates, 94.5% were typable, with 46% represented by the four most common phage patterns . In a set of 51 isolates from humans outside of Illinois, 88.1% of the C . jejuni isolates were typable . Phage typing for C . jejuni and C . coli has excellent epidemiologic potential and should serve as a useful adjunct or alternative to serotyping systems in current use. J Vasc Surg, 1985 Jul, 2(4), 597 - 9 Infected aortic aneurysms; Perry MO; Salmonella organisms have been responsible for half of the reported cases of infected aortic aneurysms, although other bacteria have been incriminated . This is the second reported case in which Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus apparently infected an inflammatory aortic aneurysm . In this 70-year-old man the organism was isolated and treated prior to resection of the aneurysm and inline grafting . Specific antibiotic therapy was continued for 8 weeks postoperatively . Examination and CT scans obtained after 9 months of follow-up reveal no evidence of recurrent infection. J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Jul, 59(1), 65 - 71 Antibiotic and deoxycholate resistance in Campylobacter jejuni following freezing or heating; Humphrey TJ et al.; The surviving populations of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes following freezing or heat were found to be more sensitive to rifampicin and sodium deoxycholate on subsequent culture . Thus while control cultures had an IC50 of greater than 20 micrograms/ml rifampicin those of injured cells were less than 5 micrograms/ml . Treatment with EDTA caused almost identical changes in resistance suggesting that the altered resistance pattern of injured cells was due to loss of the barrier properties of the bacterial outer membrane. Medicine (Baltimore), 1985 Jul, 64(4), 244 - 50 Thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp . fetus . Report of four cases and a review of the literature; Carbone KM et al.; Four cases of acute thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to C . fetus ssp . fetus are reported, with a review of 18 previously reported cases . Vascular infection with thrombophlebitis due to C . fetus ssp . fetus occurred predominantly in adult male patients with underlying debilitating, immunocompromising illnesses resulting in a mortality rate of 32% . Although approximately one-third of the patients had exposure to known reservoirs of C . fetus ssp . fetus, none of the patients presented with diarrhea, and only one of the cases had C . fetus ssp . fetus recovered from stool culture . Diagnosis of C . fetus ssp . fetus thrombophlebitis or cellulitis is based on clinical suspicion and recovery of the agent from blood culture; the latter requires an average incubation period of 8 days . Empiric therapy with erythromycin, and an aminoglycoside or chloramphenicol is recommended in suspect patients pending results of blood cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Jul, 28(1), 37 - 40 In vitro susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni to 27 antimicrobial agents and various combinations of beta-lactams with clavulanic acid or sulbactam; Van der Auwera P et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni was investigated with 27 antibiotics and 8 combinations of beta-lactams with clavulanic acid or sulbactam . Ansamycin, the new quinolines, erythromycin, and cefpirome were the most active drugs against C . jejuni; amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime 90% of the isolates, greater than or equal to 50 mg/liter) . The activity of various beta-lactams was unchanged by the addition of clavulanic acid or sulbactam. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 22(1), 71 - 4 DNA relatedness and biochemical features of Campylobacter spp . isolated in central and South Australia; Steele TW et al.; Investigations of the etiology of diarrhea in patients in South Australia and the Northern Territory showed that Campylobacter spp . other than Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli were common in children . Campylobacters which were hippurate positive, nitrate negative, and susceptible to cephalothin and polymyxins were shown to be closely related to C . jejuni by DNA studies . Thermotolerant catalase-negative campylobacters were also isolated . These were H2S negative and biochemically resembled the catalase-negative or weak strains found in dogs in Sweden . DNA studies showed these campylobacters to be distinct from C . sputorum subsp . sputorum and to form a homogeneous group distinct from the enteropathogenic catalase-positive campylobacters . Preliminary studies suggest that these campylobacters are related to the Swedish catalase-negative or weak strains. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 22(1), 134 - 5 Interaction of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with lectins and blood group antibodies; Wong KH et al.; Lectins and blood group antibodies were used to probe the surface structures of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Of the 29 strains tested, there were distinct reaction patterns . The lectin-reactive and blood group antibody-reactive sites on the bacterial surface were distinguishable from the heat-stable (lipopolysaccharide) antigenic determinants . The interactions were strain specific . The reactive sites were stable with respect to culture media and passage and may be useful as additional markers for strain characterization. Am J Med, 1985 Jun 28, 78(6B), 81 - 90 Nonfluid therapy and selected chemoprophylaxis of acute diarrhea; Du Pont HL; Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea . Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases . A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection . Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects . Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology . The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs . They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery . Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world . Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause . Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease . Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E . coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia . It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea . The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology . Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only . Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide . Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent . The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis . Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent . Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impractical . Studies with the tablet formulation suggest that it is partially effective in preventing the illness . Doxycycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are more effective, particularly when admini Am J Med, 1985 Jun 28, 78(6B), 76 - 80 Etiology and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in the United States; Nelson JD; Accurate data on the frequency of acute diarrheal illness and the distribution of pathogens are not available for several reasons, including the facts that only a small fraction of cases come to the attention of physicians and that available diagnostic tests establish an etiology in only about half of these . In a survey of three groups of patients in a community (upper-middle class and lower class outpatients and hospitalized infants), a possible cause was found in fewer than 20 percent of outpatients, and rotavirus accounted for the majority . However, asymptomatic colonization with rotavirus is very common in early infancy, and demonstration of the antigen correlates with a causative role in diarrhea in only about one half of cases . Data on cases of shigellosis over a 15-year period in Dallas compared with the Centers for Disease Control national data demonstrate that epidemiologic patterns in any given community can differ substantially from the national data . Day-care centers are important sources of Giardia and Shigella infections in the community . The epidemiologic roles of newly reported causes of diarrhea (Campylobacter laridis, Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium species, and Aeromonas hydrophila) are being explored . Generalizations about etiology and epidemiology of pathogens in diarrheal disease are invalid unless the population group is defined socioeconomically and geographically. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 49(6), 1507 - 10 Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis from domestic and wild animals; Rosef O et al.; By using 50 unabsorbed antisera, we were able to serotype 272 (65.7%) of 414 thermotolerant campylobacters from wild and domestic animals, on the basis of heat-stable antigens identified by means of passive hemagglutination . Forty-two serotypes were recognized . The pattern of serotypes detected in the various animal species was compared to human clinical isolates by using the Czekanowski index (proportional similarity index) . The highest degree of similarity to the clinical isolates was observed for the poultry isolates, followed by strains from wild birds, flies, and pigs (in order of decreasing similarity) . The serotypes recovered most frequently from poultry (LAU 1 and LAU 2) were also most prevalent in Norwegian patients . In contrast, serotype LAU 35/44, the predominant porcine serotype, was never recovered from human clinical specimens . Flies captured in chicken farms and in piggeries harbored serotypes which were also commonly seen in chickens and pigs, respectively . Nine of the strains included in this study could not be ascribed to any defined species . All of these were resistant to nalidixic acid and did not produce H2S. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 49(6), 1467 - 71 Laboratory infection of chicken eggs with Campylobacter jejuni by using temperature or pressure differentials; Clark AG et al.; Fertile chicken eggs were infected in our laboratory with Campylobacter jejuni suspensions by using temperature or pressure differential methods of inoculation . After 2 days of incubation, over 90% of the eggs carried C . jejuni when iron was present in the inoculum . This percentage declined rapidly until by day 8, less than 10% of the eggs were detectably infected . However, up to 11% of hatched, healthy chicks carried C . jejuni in their intestinal tracts . The isolated organisms were of the same serotype as the initial inoculum . C . jejuni was recovered without difficulty when the intestinal tracts of chicks were enriched, but recovery from early dead-in-shell or infertile eggs was poor . This poor recovery and the rapid decline of C . jejuni after 2 days of egg incubation suggest that the vibrio is sensitive to some part of the incubating egg or to the temperature of prolonged incubation . It was impossible to predict which eggs would yield infected chicks on the basis of the number of organisms taken up by each egg, and no correlation existed between the number of organisms taken up and the efficiency of the hatch, i.e., the hatch ratio . If iron was omitted from the inoculum broth, the egg infection rate at day 2 was lower. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 21(6), 936 - 40 Biochemical and genetic characteristics of atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus strains isolated from humans in the United States; Edmonds P et al.; During a 2-year period, 14 biochemically atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus-like strains were received by the Campylobacter Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control . Sources of the isolates were blood, nine strains; stools, two strains; amniotic fluid, one strain; and abscesses, two strains . Atypical phenotypic characteristics exhibited by one or more strains were growth at 42 degrees C, 10 strains; no H2S by lead acetate paper, 3 strains; resistance to a 30-micrograms cephalothin disk, 2 strains; and nonmotility, 1 strain . By DNA-DNA hybridization, all 14 isolates and the type strain of C . fetus subsp . fetus (ATCC 27374) were 94 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 50 degrees C, with 0.0 to 0.5% divergence, and were 86 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 65 degrees C . Thus, all of these atypical strains were C . fetus subsp . fetus . MICs of 11 antimicrobial agents for these 14 strains were variable . All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline, and most were susceptible to ampicillin, clindamycin, and penicillin . Eleven strains were resistant to cephalothin (MIC greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml), nine were resistant to rifampin (MIC greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml), and all were resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml) and vancomycin (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml) . One can expect to see biochemical variability in C . fetus subsp . fetus strains and to encounter such strains from a variety of human sources, the most important of which appears to be blood. Am J Public Health, 1985 Jun, 75(6), 659 - 60 Campylobacter jejuni infections on college campuses: a national survey; Tauxe RV et al.; We surveyed 303 colleges and universities to determine the frequency of isolations of Campylobacter jejuni and other enteric bacterial pathogens . Campylobacter cultures could be obtained at 74 per cent; 10 per cent of stool cultures yielded Campylobacter, which was isolated 10 and 46 times more frequently than Salmonella and Shigella, respectively . The incidence of diagnosed Campylobacter infections was 1.3 per 10,000 enrolled students per month . Intercollegiate variation was not explained by differences in gender composition, the proportion of students living off-campus, or geographic characteristics of the campus. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 21(6), 891 - 3 Antigenic distinctiveness of Mobiluncus curtisii and Mobiluncus mulieris; Roberts MC et al.; A total of 26 Mobiluncus strains (17 M . curtisii and 9 M . mulieris strains) were compared serologically by double immunodiffusion and immunoblotting against antisera prepared against representative isolates of each species . All strains from the same species were strongly reactive with homologous antisera but generally weakly reactive with antisera to the heterologous Mobiluncus spp . The antisera did not react with strains of the unrelated genera Campylobacter, Succinivibrio, Wolinella, Actinomyces, Anaerobiospirillum, and Anaerovibrio. Infect Immun, 1985 Jun, 48(3), 629 - 33 Immunological relationship of the B subunits of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins; Klipstein FA et al.; The application of dissociation techniques, involving gel filtration in the presence of guanidine, to a semipurified preparation of Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin yielded a material whose functional and immunological properties resemble those of the B subunits of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) . The C . jejuni toxin B subunit reacted with GM1 ganglioside in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but lacked the holotoxin's cytotonic activity in the Chinese hamster ovary tissue culture assay and its ability to cause fluid secretion in rat ileal ligated loops . The C . jejuni toxin B subunit showed lines of partial identity with the B subunits of both cholera toxin and LT in gel immunodiffusion; it appeared to be more closely related immunologically to the LT B subunit than to the cholera toxin B subunit in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that used antisera either to LT or to its B subunit . Rats immunized with LT B subunit were significantly protected against challenge with either the semipurified C . jejuni toxin or a viable enterotoxigenic strain of C . jejuni, although twice the immunization dosage was required to achieve protection comparable to that against the homologous toxin or viable bacteria . These observations indicate that the C . jejuni enterotoxin contains a B subunit that bears an immunological relationship with the B subunits of cholera toxin and LT. Ann Rheum Dis, 1985 Jun, 44(6), 399 - 405 Triggering infections in reactive arthritis; Valtonen VV et al.; Certain microbes like yersinia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, chlamydia, and possibly gonococcus can trigger reactive arthritis especially in patients of the HLA-B27 type . In the present study we have used serological and culture methods to identify the probable triggering infection in 50 consecutive HLA-B27 positive patients diagnosed as having reactive arthritis . The two most common triggering agents thus identified were Yersinia enterocolitica (12 patients) and Chlamydia trachomatis (11 patients) . In addition six patients had high antistreptolysin O titres and two high teichoic acid antibody titres suggesting group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus as triggering agents . In 13 patients no preceding infection could be identified . The identity of the infective agent seems to have very little effect on the clinical picture of the reactive arthritis - the only difference between the various aetiological groups in the present material was absence of fever in the patients with a preceding C . trachomatis infection, of whom only one out of 11 had a temperature greater than or equal to 38 degrees C, whereas 13 of 16 patients with a preceding enterobacterial, and five of the eight patients with a streptococcal or staphylococcal infection had raised temperatures. Vet Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 10(4), 303 - 13 Demonstration of a new intracellular antigen in porcine intestinal adenomatosis and hamster proliferative ileitis; Lawson GH et al.; In the proliferate enteropathies of the pig, intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms can be demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of affected cells . A new antigen (omega) can be visualised at the site of bacterial parasitism using certain rabbit sera in a sandwich immunofluorescence test; the rabbit sera tested were largely derived from rabbits immunised with bacterial antigens including Campylobacter spp., but it appeared that the reaction was not related to the immunisation procedure and was also present in at least one "normal" rabbit serum . Rabbits immunised with bacteria extracted from the tissues sero-converted to omega-antigen yet did not react with Campylobacter spp., cultured from pig intestine . The omega-antigen was also present in the lesions of hamster proliferative ileitis. N Z Med J, 1985 May 22, 98(779), 391 - 3 The epidemiology of campylobacter infections in Christchurch 1981-83; Brieseman MA; The epidemiology of cases of campylobacter infection in Christchurch for 1981-83 is studied . The condition is the most common notifiable disease, occurring mainly in summer and in children under five years and young adults (15 to 35 years) . There is evidence to suggest that a rural residence, associated with live animals, or handling raw meat, are risk factors . Clearance occurs within two months in 90% of cases. JAMA, 1985 May 17, 253(19), 2873 - 5 Fatalities associated with Campylobacter jejuni infections; Smith GS et al.; Although Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as a common cause of gastroenteritis, fatalities associated with this infection in the United States have not been previously reported . Two fatalities associated with C jejuni infections occurred over a two-year period in the Denver metropolitan area . The first case was in a previously healthy 26-year-old woman who died following a two-day diarrheal illness . The second case was in a 69-year-old diabetic woman who died 19 hours after developing a gastrointestinal tract illness one day following hospital discharge for an orthopedic procedure . Both patients had taken an antimotility agent . During this same two-year period there were 24.4 reported cases of C jejuni infections per 100,000 population . The death rate per reported case was 2.4 per 1,000, and the overall death rate in the entire five-county population was 0.059 per 100,000 population . The exact causes of death for the two patients are not clear; however, hypokalemia may be a contributing factor, especially since there was no evidence of profound volume depletion in the one patient for whom laboratory data were available . Prompt hospitalization and withholding of antimotility agents may have prevented these deaths. J Infect, 1985 May, 10(3), 277 - 81 Biotypes and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from patients, pigs and chickens in the region of Rotterdam; Banffer JR; A comparison was made of the distribution of the bio-and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human patients (205 isolates), intestinal contents of pigs (163 isolates) and intestinal contents and livers of chickens (147 isolates) . All strains were isolated in the region of Rotterdam . Campylobacter jejuni biotype 1 accounted for 86%, 1% and 82% of the human, pig and chicken isolates respectively; C . coli was present in 7%, 98% and 14% respectively . Serotyping was possible for 84% of the human isolates, 77% of the pig and 82% of the chicken isolates . Among the human isolates 33 bio-and serotypes were found, of which 22 were similar to those in chickens and only five to those in pigs . Bio-and serotypes from human beings and chickens, ranked in order of decreasing frequency, showed a positive correlation, whereas those from human beings and pigs showed a negative correlation. J Infect, 1985 May, 10(3), 249 - 51 Campylobacter fetus peritonitis followed by septicaemia in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; Wens R et al.; A 62-year-old man being treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) developed peritonitis due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (intestinalis), an organism seldom isolated in such circumstances . After appropriate and apparently effective antibiotic therapy, the patient relapsed 6 weeks later with septicaemia . Blood cultures yielded a similar organism, thereby suggesting a clinically silent metastatic infection during the episode of peritonitis, probably at an old arteriovenous fistula . Parenteral tobramycin followed by oral erythromycin achieved a complete cure of this unusual complication. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 May, 21(5), 715 - 20 "Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp . nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in the intestines of pigs and other animals; Gebhart CJ et al.; The name "Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp . nov . is proposed for a Campylobacter species that was isolated from the intestines of pigs with proliferative enteritis . "C . hyointestinalis" is also found in the feces of cattle and has been isolated from the intestine of a hamster . "C . hyointestinalis" is distinguished from previously described catalase-positive Campylobacter species by colony morphology, ability to produce H2S in triple sugar iron agar, ability to grow anaerobically in 0.1% trimethylamine N-oxide hydrochloride, resistance to nalidixic acid, susceptibility to cephalothin and metronidazole, and hydrogenase activity . Sixteen "C . hyointestinalis" strains were highly related (greater than or equal to 76%) by DNA-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method, 50 and 65 degrees C) . Other Campylobacter species were less than or equal to 30% related to "C . hyointestinalis." The type strain of "C . hyointestinalis" is designated 80-4577-4 (= ATCC 35217), and its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 36 mol%. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 May, 21(5), 708 - 10 Cadmium chloride susceptibility, a characteristic of Campylobacter spp; Kazmi SU et al.; We report a simple diagnostic characteristic useful in the presumptive identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Filter paper disks impregnated with cadmium chloride were placed on streaked agar medium . Zones of growth inhibition for Campylobacter spp . occurred at 1.25 micrograms per disk . Other enteropathogens (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica) were resistant to at least 40 micrograms per disk, with the exception of a strain of Shigella flexneri, which showed first susceptibility at 10 micrograms per disk . Most of the 52 Campylobacter strains, which were isolated from human clinical and animal sources, showed zones of inhibition greater than 10 mm with 2.5 micrograms of cadmium chloride per disk . At 20 micrograms per disk, Campylobacter isolates from clinical sources were significantly (P less than 0.01) more susceptible to cadmium chloride inhibition than were those from meat samples. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 May, 21(5), 702 - 7 Typing of heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by coagglutination; Wong KH et al.; A coagglutination system has been devised for typing heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli . The use of protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells carrying Campylobacter sp . serotype antibody and the treatment of Campylobacter sp . cells with DNase in the antigen suspension permitted rapid and specific coagglutination of rough (autoagglutinable) as well as smooth cultures . Cells of S . aureus were sensitized with Campylobacter sp . serotype antisera . Four to five types of sensitized S . aureus cells were pooled . A strain of Campylobacter sp . was first tested with the pools and then typed with the individual reagents of the reactive pool . After the described procedures, 68 serotype strains tested blindly as unknowns were correctly typed according to their heat-stable or heat-labile antigens . The two most commonly used typing schemes which are based separately on the heat-stable or the heat-labile antigens as assayed by passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination, respectively, can be utilized simultaneously in the coagglutination system for strain characterization . The coagglutination system is simple, yields results rapidly, conserves typing reagents, and offers the flexibility of formulating the pools of reagents according to the experimental design or the prevalence of serotypes in a geographic location . It should be a practical system for the typing of Campylobacter spp . in public health or clinical laboratories. Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 446 - 51 Phagocytosis of Campylobacter jejuni and its intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes; Kiehlbauch JA et al.; In vitro phagocytosis and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni strain 2964 in mononuclear phagocytes were studied . The following three types of mononuclear phagocytes were used: a J774G8 peritoneal macrophage line derived from BALB/c mice, resident BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and human peripheral blood monocytes . When C . jejuni and mononuclear phagocytes were combined at a ratio of 75:1, light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy all indicated that C . jejuni cells were readily phagocytized . The majority of C . jejuni cells were spirals immediately following ingestion and were rapidly converted to the coccal form within 4 to 8 h . Conversion from the spiral form to the coccal form was complete in the presence of phagocytes within 96 h . In control preparations without phagocytes, conversion began after 24 h and was complete after 48 h . The extent of phagocytosis over time was determined by observing Giemsa-stained preparations and counting the number of intracellular bacterial colony-forming units after removal of extracellular C . jejuni . Human monocytes ingested C . jejuni more rapidly and vigorously than murine macrophages . Intracellular survival of C . jejuni was examined by measuring the number of C . jejuni colony-forming units associated with phagocytes after phagocytosis for 2 h and removal of extracellular bacteria . C . jejuni survived intracellularly for up to 6 to 7 days. Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 384 - 8 Use of auxotyping for epidemiological studies of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections; Tenover FC et al.; A chemically defined medium developed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was modified to support the growth of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . A total of 76 isolates of C . jejuni and 14 isolates of C . coli were tested on this medium, which was designated Campylobacter defined medium (CDM), over a 3-month period . Although none of the C . coli isolates appeared to require amino acids, 51% of the C . jejuni tested required one and 7% required multiple amino acids for growth . An analysis of isolates obtained from three household outbreaks of campylobacteriosis demonstrated that auxotyping identified the epidemic strain within each outbreak . Among 70 isolates of C . jejuni examined, no correlation could be drawn between a specific serotype and auxotype or between auxotype and plasmid profile. Public Health Rep, 1985 May-Jun, 100(3), 333 - 6 Campylobacter jejuni infection in Colorado: unexplained excess of cases in males; Hopkins RS et al.; Between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 1982, the Colorado Department of Health received reports of 1,185 culture-confirmed cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection . Incidence rates were highest among infants less than 1 year old and among persons aged 20-29 years . The distribution of cases by sex showed a predominance among males at all ages except 40-59 years, the most marked predominance occurring in infants under 1 year . The higher rates for males were also significant for all ages combined, for ages 10-19 years, and for ages 5-9 years . Neither Salmonella nor Shigella infections reported in Colorado during the same period showed the preponderance among males found for C . jejuni infections . Giardia infections, however, showed a weak male predominance, especially among children less than 10 years old . The preponderance of C . jejuni cases among males disclosed by this study was remarkable . The reasons for this phenomenon are not clear and need further research. Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 534 - 9 Effect of subgingival scaling on systemic antibody responses to oral microorganisms; Ebersole JL et al.; The effects of scaling and root planing treatment on systemic antibody responses were studied in patients with periodontal disease and in normal subjects . Immunoglobulin G antibody in serum to a battery of oral microorganisms was assessed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after treatment in 31 individuals . The majority (96%) of the diseased patients exhibited elevated antibody to one or more of the microorganisms before the scaling regime . Significant increases in antibody levels in serum were noted in 16 of 19 patients after scaling, whereas only 2 of 12 nonscaled subjects showed similar changes during monitoring intervals of up to 3 years . The bacterial specificities of the increases were found to differ among the patients; however, a significant correlation to preexisting elevated antibody levels was observed . Peak levels of responses were noted at approximately 2 to 4 months posttreatment; antibody returned to pretreatment levels by 8 to 12 months . The predominant organisms for which changes were noted included the black-pigmented Bacteroides spp., Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter concisus, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . In 18 of 19 instances, the homologous microorganism was detected in the subgingival plaque when elevated antibody was present after treatment . These findings indicated that specific changes in host systemic responses accompany scaling and root planing treatment of periodontal disease patients . These alterations in the host response may provide an additional means by which successful therapy can be accomplished. Arch Dis Child, 1985 May, 60(5), 480 - 1 Campylobacter enteritis and bloody stools in the neonate; Youngs ER et al.; Within 72 hours of birth three babies had loose stools containing fresh blood, mucus, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli . Campylobacter enteritis should be considered in newborn babies passing blood per rectum. J Dairy Sci, 1985 May, 68(5), 1280 - 5 Whole milk extender with antibiotics to eliminate Campylobacter fetus from frozen bovine semen; Shin S et al.; Fresh bovine semen was contaminated with five strains of Campylobacter fetus at 10(5) to 10(6) organisms per ml of semen . The contaminated semen was processed to contain 500 units of polymyxin B, 500 units of penicillin G, and 1000 micrograms of streptomycin sulfate per ml, incubated at 35 degrees C for 10 min, and added then to whole milk extender with like units of antibiotics for further processing . Both a low and high initial sperm count requiring extension rates 1:7 and 1:39 were studied . Specimens for bacterial viability were processed for culture prior to adding bacteria, 100 min after initial antibiotic treatment, prior to freezing, and after thawed semen was centrifuged and washed to remove extender and antibiotic residue . All strains of Campylobacter fetus were not viable 6 h postantibiotic treatment prior to freezing . All nonantibiotic treated controls were viable after thawing and washing . Removal of antibiotics from thawed semen by centrifugation and washing indicated that antibiotics had bactericidal rather than only bacteriostatic activities against Campylobacter fetus. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1985 May, 180(5-6), 528 - 33 {The behavior of Campylobacter jejuni in various foodstuffs}; Wundt W et al.; For the purpose of ascertaining the survival time of Campylobacter jejuni in foodstuffs under differing conditions, milk, ice-cream, meat salad and drinking water were inoculated with a defined quantity of Campylobacter jejuni and subsequently the number of colony-forming units was determined at first at 12-hour intervals and later once a day . It was found that the survival time in milk at +5 degrees C was 15 days, in drinking water 6 days, but only 7 and 4 days respectively at 22 degrees C . In frozen ice-cream (vanilla) C . j . was still identified after 30 days and longer, in frozen water (-20 degrees C) even after several weeks . In sour meat salad (pH 4.2) the survival time of the inoculated C.j . amounted to a few hours only . The conclusions to be drawn from these results are discussed with reference to the epidemiology of the human diseases caused by C.j . and to kitchen hygiene. Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 528 - 33 Antigenic heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus; Perez GI et al.; The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure of Campylobacter spp . can be visualized with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by examining proteinase K-treated whole cell lysates . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis LPS profiles of C . jejuni strains are rough type with low concentrations of low-molecular-weight polysaccharide side chains, serum-resistant C . fetus strains have smooth-type LPS, and serum-sensitive C . fetus strains have rough-type LPS . We electroblotted the proteinase K-treated whole cell lysates of 17 C . jejuni and 9 C . fetus strains from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to nitrocellulose paper to examine antigenicity to immune rabbit sera . There was virtually no antigenic cross-reactivity of C . jejuni and C . fetus LPS . Among C . jejuni strains, core LPS structures were cross-reactive, but the O-polysaccharide side chains were best recognized by homologous antisera . Antisera to several serum-resistant C . fetus strains recognized only the polysaccharide side-chain regions of serum-resistant strains and no part of the LPS from the sensitive strain . Antiserum raised against a serum-sensitive C . fetus strain but not homologous antisera recognized the core region of the LPS of the serum-resistant C . fetus strains . These findings suggest that core LPS antigens are widely shared within C . fetus subsp . fetus strains but that in the serum-resistant strains this core region is not surface exposed and therefore not immunogenic to rabbits infected with whole cells. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1985 Apr 26, 97(9), 408 - 10 {Epidemiology and clinical aspects of Campylobacter enteritis in childhood}; Paky F et al.; Stool specimens of 478 children with enteritic symptoms were screened for enteropathogenic bacteria over a 5-month period . 28 cases of infection due to Campylobacter jejuni were found . The incidence of Campylobacter enteritis exceeded that of salmonella and shigella infections recorded over the same period (17 and 11 cases, respectively) . Infected children-aged between 2 months and 15 1/2 years-presented with symptoms of mild gastroenteritis . 18 patients had bloody diarrhoea, whilst 4 children aged between 4 and 9 years with abdominal pain showed a clinical picture mimicking acute appendicitis . Two severely dehydrated infants required parenteral fluids, but in the remaining cases dietetic treatment alone proved satisfactory. Med J Aust, 1985 Apr 15, 142(8), 439 - 44 Pyloric Campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease; Marshall BJ et al.; In 1982, a new spiral Gram-negative bacterium which was similar to those of the genus Campylobacter was isolated from the gastric mucosa of 11 patients with gastritis . From then on, the organism was isolated in a further 114 of 267 patients who underwent antral biopsy in Fremantle Hospital between January 1983 and September 1984 . During 1984, the bacterium was cultured from 88% of patients in whom it was detected histologically, and was not cultured from any patient with histologically normal gastric mucosa . The new bacterium, pyloric campylobacter, grew in three days on brain-heart infusion blood-agar at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere with added CO2 . All isolates tested were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalosporins, gentamicin and bismuth citrate; 80% of isolates were sensitive to metronidazole or tinidazole . It is suggested that pyloric campylobacter infection is a major factor in the causation of dyspeptic disease and peptic ulceration . Antibacterial regimens directed against the bacterium may provide a permanent cure for these chronic disorders. Med J Aust, 1985 Apr 15, 142(8), 436 - 9 Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter; Marshall BJ et al.; A volunteer with histologically normal gastric mucosa received pyloric campylobacter by mouth . A mild illness developed, which lasted 14 days . Histologically proven gastritis was present on the tenth day after the ingestion of bacteria, but this had largely resolved by the fourteenth day . The syndrome of acute pyloric campylobacter gastritis is described . It is proposed that this disorder may progress to a chronic infection which predisposes to peptic ulceration. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1985 Apr, 93(2), 97 - 104 Antigenicity of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in passive haemagglutination tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; Naess V et al.; Passive haemagglutination tests and ELISA were used to study the serological activity of homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera against LPS prepared from various strains of C . jejuni/coli . In both test systems the homologous antisera exhibited serological activity against LPS . The heterologous antisera showed some degree of intra- and inter- species cross-reactivity . The cross-reacting was most pronounced in the ELISA . Erythrocytes sensitized with untreated LPS gave higher antibody-titres than erythrocytes sensitized with alkali-treated LPS in the haemagglutination tests. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Apr, 93(2), 83 - 6 Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from sporadic cases and outbreaks in northern Norway; Melby K et al.; In the northern regions of Norway, 123 cases of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis were either sporadic infections or due to five separate outbreaks during 1980-83 . Using a serotyping scheme based on thermostable antigens and the passive haemagglutination technique, 92 isolates were serotyped . Excluding duplicates from the outbreaks, the serotype distribution based on 79 isolates showed that serotypes 6, 7 and 12, 40 were the most frequent in occurrence . Each included 11 (13.9%) of the isolates and each serotype was also identified twice as the epidemic strain in four different outbreaks . A fifth outbreak strain was serotype 13, 16, 50 . The number of isolates that reacted in one or more antisera of the cross reacting group of serotypes 4, 13, 16, 43 and 50 was 21 (26.6%) . The other 23 isolates fell into 19 other serotypes and 13 (16.5%) were untypable. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Apr, 94(2), 205 - 15 Evidence of udder excretion of Campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk-borne campylobacter outbreak; Hutchinson DN et al.; We describe a community outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of untreated milk, apparently contaminated by two cows with campylobacter mastitis . The outbreak occurred in two phases . Strains of Campylobacter jejuni of the Penner serogroup complex 4, 13, 16, 50 and Preston biotype code 6100 were isolated from patients in both episodes and from the faeces of the cattle, milk filters, bulk milk and retail milk . Milk samples from two of 40 milking cows were found to contain C . jejuni, and the wheys from these two cows had high titres of antibody to C . jejuni detected by ELISA techniques. J Med Microbiol, 1985 Apr, 19(2), 257 - 67 Unusual cellular fatty acids and distinctive ultrastructure in a new spiral bacterium (Campylobacter pyloridis) from the human gastric mucosa; Goodwin CS et al.; Spiral bacteria, named Campylobacter pyloridis, were obtained from endoscopic biopsies of the gastric antrum of 14 patients with active chronic gastritis . Methyl esters of their cellular fatty acids were prepared by acid-catalysed transmethylation of whole cells . Their major fatty acids were tetradecanoic acid (14:0) and cis-9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid (19:0 delta), with a very small amount of hexadecanoic acid (16:0) . This is markedly different from the fatty acids of other Campylobacter sp . whose major fatty acids are hexadecanoic, octadecenoic (18:1) and hexadecenoic acids (16:1) . This is also different from other enterobacteria . Thin-section electronmicroscopy of gastric mucosal biopsies, and negative staining of cultured C . pyloridis, revealed features that differ from those of other campylobacters so far studied . C . pyloridis has a smooth not a rugose surface and multiple unipolar flagella of the sheathed type, each with a terminal bulb . Flagellar sheaths were in continuity with the unit membrane of the outer cell wall . The proposed species C . pyloridis does not belong among the spirochaetes and its DNA composition is incompatible with membership of the genera Spirillum or Vibrio but is compatible with Campylobacter . Thus C . pyloridis is either an atypical member of the genus Campylobacter, the limits of which may have to be redefined to accommodate the new species, or a representative of a new genus. Poult Sci, 1985 Apr, 64(4), 763 - 4 The effect of carbon dioxide packaging on detection of Campylobacter jejuni from chicken carcasses; Wesley RD et al.; Commercially-processed broilers were held at 4 C in carbon dioxide(CO2)-flushed bags or in natural atmosphere for nine days prior to determining the most probable number of Campylobacter jejuni on individual carcasses . Fifty broilers were evaluated . The CO2-enriched atmosphere packaging of broilers had no detectable effect on the C . jejuni populations. Am J Gastroenterol, 1985 Apr, 80(4), 260 - 5 Atypical presentation of childhood acquired immune deficiency syndrome mimicking Crohn's disease: nutritional considerations and management; Benkov KJ et al.; A child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome became severely malnourished presumably as a result of multiple gastrointestinal infections, with numerous organisms including campylobacter, giardia, and cryptosporidium . These opportunistic infections preceded laboratory evidence of immune deficiency . Despite severe diarrhea and marked weight loss, there was no laboratory evidence of significant malabsorption . By using nasogastric feedings, we were successful in promoting a 60% weight gain, and a rise in serum albumin from 1.2 to 4.3 g/dl . While eventual outcome was not altered, this particular patient's clinical course was improved . We suggest that malnutrition should not be accepted as inevitable and that malabsorption should not be assumed in similar acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients . Appropriate studies for malabsorption should be done, and high caloric enteral feedings should be used whenever feasible. Can J Comp Med, 1985 Apr, 49(2), 231 - 2 Campylobacter fetus in artificial insemination unit and slaughterhouse bulls in Ontario; Finlay RC et al.; Preputial fluid samples were collected from 90 bulls in two Ontario artificial insemination units using a penial glove swab technique previously developed by one of us for use in donor bulls . No Campylobacter fetus organisms were identified from the prepuce or from samples of semen collected at the same time from these bulls . The distal genitalia of 200 bulls were collected at a slaughter house . One isolation of a Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis was obtained on a culture from the fornix area of the prepuce of one of these bulls. Mayo Clin Proc, 1985 Apr, 60(4), 271 - 8 Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (2); Washington JA 2nd et al.; Erythromycin, first introduced for clinical use 30 years ago, was found to be effective for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections . Emergence of resistance and the advent of penicillinase-resistant penicillins limited the use of erythromycin for serious staphylococcal infections; however, erythromycin remains among the drugs of choice for the treatment of acne, infections of the skin and soft tissues, streptococcal pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, diphtheria, carriers of pertussis, and, when administered with a sulfonamide, otitis media . Erythromycin is the drug of choice for the empiric treatment of outpatients with pneumonitis . Erythromycin is also the drug of choice for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia and is effective therapy for Chlamydia infections . Other uses of erythromycin include prophylaxis for elective colon operations and treatment of Campylobacter enteritis, genitourinary infections, and some sexually transmitted diseases. An Esp Pediatr, 1985 Mar 31, 22(4), 275 - 9 {Digestive complications of Campylobacter enteritis}; Lazaro A et al.; Fifty children with acute diarrhoea, in which the only germ found in stools was Campylobacter fetus jejuni, are studied . Digestive complications occurred are discussed . Nine (18%) had lactose malabsorption, associated in two (4%) with saccharose malabsorption and in one (2%) with cow's milk protein intolerance . All complications were temporary, and carbohydrate malabsorption disappeared between one and three months. Vet Rec, 1985 Mar 2, 116(9), 237 - 8 Campylobacter infection in domestic dogs