Campylobacter

Gut, 1985 Nov, 26(11), 1183 - 8
Campylobacter pyloridis in peptic ulcer disease: microbiology, pathology, and scanning electron microscopy; Price AB et al.; After the recent successful isolation of spiral organisms from the stomach this paper presents the bacteriological and pathological correlation of gastric antral biopsies from 51 patients endoscopied for upper gastrointestinal symptoms . Campylobacter pyloridis was cultured from 29 patients and seen by either silver staining of the biopsy or scanning electron microscopy in an additional three . The organism was cultured from 23 of the 33 (69%) patients with peptic ulcer disease and from within this group 17 (80%) of the 21 patients with duodenal ulceration . It was cultured only once from the 12 normal biopsies in the series but from 27 of the 38 (71%) biopsies showing gastritis . C pyloridis was also cultured from five out of seven of the 14 endoscopically normal patients, who despite this had biopsy evidence of gastritis . It was the sole organism cultured from 65% of the positive biopsies and scanning electron microscopy invariably revealed it deep to the surface mucus layer . C pyloridis persisted in the three patients with duodenal ulcers after treatment and healing . The findings support the hypothesis that C pyloridis is aetiologically related to gastritis and peptic ulceration though its precise role still remains to be defined.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Nov, 22(5), 799 - 802
Bacteroides gracilis, an important anaerobic bacterial pathogen; Johnson CC et al.; Clinical isolates of agar-pitting, formate-fumarate-requiring, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli were recharacterized in consideration of the species descriptions of Bacteroides ureolyticus and the newly described B . gracilis, Campylobacter concisus, and Wolinella sp . During an 11-year period, 7.5% (101 of 1,341) of all specimens yielding anaerobes were found to contain an organism in this group . Of the 71 isolates that were available for study, 43 were B . ureolyticus, 23 were B . gracilis, and 5 were in the Wolinella-C . concisus group . The role in infection and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility for B . ureolyticus and B . gracilis were studied . Review of the clinical data indicated that 83% of B . gracilis strains were recovered from patients with serious visceral or head and neck infection, whereas 73% of B . ureolyticus isolates were recovered from superficial soft-tissue or bone infections . The strains of B . ureolyticus were uniformly susceptible to the tested antimicrobial agents . B . gracilis, however, showed some striking resistance, with penicillin active against only 67% and the cephalosporins active against 67 to 84% of the isolates tested . The association of B . gracilis with serious deep-tissue infection, coupled with the relatively high frequency of antibiotic resistance, indicates that it is an important, previously unrecognized, pathogen.

Am J Epidemiol, 1985 Nov, 122(5), 884 - 9
Epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of an outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with raw milk; Kornblatt AN et al.; An outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in March-April 1981, in Wichita, Kansas, and involved more than 250 persons who drank raw milk from a single local dairy . Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 60 of 116 (52%) persons in households that had one or more ill family members . A cohort study of families that belonged to a food cooperative that purchased raw milk from the implicated dairy showed a significant association between illness and having drunk raw milk . Thirty-nine of 55 (71%) persons who drank raw milk became ill compared with four of 36 (11%) persons who did not drink raw milk (p less than 0.01, t test, accounting for clustering) . Peak (convalescent) antibody titers to C . jejuni, determined by indirect immunofluorescence, in 20 raw-milk drinkers showed a geometric mean of 1:27 in contrast to geometric mean titer of 1:6 in 10 well persons from the cohort who did not drink raw milk (p less than 0.002, t test) . C . jejuni was recovered from 21 of 34 (66%) raw-milk drinkers, versus none of 26 people who did not drink raw milk (p less than 0.001, Fisher's exact test, one tailed) . C . jejuni of the same serotype was isolated from the case-patients and from rectal swabs of cows in the dairy . These findings indicate that raw milk contaminated by Campylobacter was the vehicle for this outbreak.

Rev Biol Trop, 1985 Nov, 33(2), 143 - 6
{Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, helicoidal bacteria and coronavirus in the murine intestine}; Hernandez F et al.; Intestinal contents of 28 laboratory-bred white mice and 6 wild-caught rats were extracted and observed with phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy; cultures were made in Butzler agar and aeromonas, incubated in microaerobiosis, at 37 degrees C for 5 days . In three mice and two rats, helicoidal bacteria were observed, with 8 to 11 periplasmic fibers and terminal branches of 8 to 11 structures, similar to flagella . In one of the rats, coronavirus-like particles were observed . Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni was isolated in cultures from two mice and Aeromonas hydrophila from two rats.

Can J Microbiol, 1985 Nov, 31(11), 1064 - 7
Expression of Campylobacter genes for proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli; Lee EC et al.; Cloned DNA from Campylobacter jejuni was found to complement auxotrophic defects in proline metabolism in several strains of Escherichia coli . A 4.4-kilobase fragment of Campylobacter DNA encodes the genes analogous to the proA and B genes of E . coli and Salmonella typhimurium.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Nov, 28(5), 708 - 10
Susceptibility of Campylobacter species to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and other DNA gyrase inhibitors; Taylor DE et al.; Nalidixic acid-resistant mutants of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli as well as "C . laridis" strains showed cross-resistance to another DNA gyrase subunit A inhibitor, enoxacin (MIC, 32 micrograms/ml), whereas C . fetus subsp . fetus, C . fetus subsp . venerealis, and "C . hyointestinalis" strains were all susceptible to enoxacin (MIC, less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml) . All Campylobacter species were resistant to novobiocin (MIC, 32 to 512 micrograms/ml), but most strains were susceptible to the other DNA gyrase subunit B inhibitors coumermycin A1 and clorobiocin.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 50(4), 934 - 9
Efficacy of media and methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in refrigerated chicken meat; Beuchat LR; A study was undertaken to compare several enrichment and direct isolation media for their suitability to detect and enumerate five strains of Campylobacter jejuni in refrigerated (5 degrees C) chicken meat . The influence of CO2 on survival at 5 degrees C was also investigated . Selective enrichment media evaluated included Preston broth (PB), selective semisolid brucella medium (SSBM), Campylobacter enrichment broth (CEB), VTP brucella-FBP broth (VTP), Rosef and Kapperud Campylobacter enrichment broth (RKCEB), and Doyle and Roman enrichment broth (DREB) . Direct isolation agars included Campy brucella agar (CBAP), blood-free Campylobacter medium (BFCM) and modified Butzler agar (MBA) . Comminuted chicken meat was inoculated with C . jejuni, sealed under atmospheric gas or CO2, and stored at 5 degrees C for up to 21 days . Viable population was determined by the most-probable-number technique (PB, SSBM, CEB, VTP, and RKCEB, followed by plating on CBAP, BFCM, and MBA), enrichment on DREB, followed by plating on CBAP, BFCM, and MBA, and direct isolation on CBAP, BFCM, and MBA . Without exception, direct plating of samples was superior to the most-probable-number technique for enumerating C . jejuni; MBA was inferior to CBAP and BFCM, and DREB performed at least as well as other enrichment media evaluated . Carbon dioxide afforded protection against death of three of the five strains of C . jejuni tested.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Oct, 93(5), 377 - 8
Genetic relationship between "Campylobacter fecalis" and Campylobacter sputorum subsp . bubulus; Ursing J et al.; Nine strains of "Campylobacter fecalis" were compared with two references strains of C . sputorum subsp . bubulus considering DNA base composition and DNA-DNA-hybridization . The results showed that the two taxa could not be separated by these methods, their mol%(G+C) being 31-32 and DNA relatedness 79% or more . It is suggested that the catalase-positive "Campylobacter fecalis" should be regarded as a subspecies of the catalase-negative C . sputorum.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 22(4), 558 - 65
Comparison of the Penner and Lior methods for serotyping Campylobacter spp; Patton CM et al.; We compared two Campylobacter serotyping systems by using 1,405 isolates of Campylobacter collected from human, animal, and environmental sources during epidemiologic investigations and special studies . We found 96.1% of isolates to be typable by the Penner method for heat-stable antigens, which involved the use of an indirect hemagglutination technique, and 92.1% of isolates to be typable by the Lior method for heat-labile antigens, which involved the use of a slide agglutination technique and absorbed antisera . Absorbed antisera were not required for the Penner method, making that method less difficult to implement . The Lior method was simpler to perform and gave more rapid results than did the Penner method . Cultures frequently reacted in multiple antisera with the Penner method, whereas multiple reactions were rare with the Lior method . Thus, results were easier to interpret with the Lior system . Strains of a single serotype in one system were sometimes found to be multiple serotypes in the other system; hence, the two methods have the potential to be complementary . Both systems were comparable in serotyping isolates from human and nonhuman sources and for evaluating the relationship of strains collected during outbreak investigations.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 22(4), 510 - 4
Inhibition of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by antibiotics used in selective growth media; Ng LK et al.; The ability of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni to grow in the presence of antibiotics used in selective growth media was compared . MIC data for C . coli indicated that some strains were more susceptible to the antibiotics than were the C . jejuni strains tested . A reduction of greater than 1 log cycle in the numbers of cells growing on plates containing antibiotics was considered to be a marked level of inhibition . Only one of nine of the antibiotic combinations studied did not markedly inhibit most of the C . coli strains tested . Although one C . coli strain was not inhibited by any of the antibiotic combinations, the other six strains were inhibited for up to 7 log cycles . The addition of blood or growth supplements reduced but did not eliminate the inhibitory effect . The inhibition of laboratory strains of C . coli on media developed for the isolation of Campylobacter spp . indicates that the incidence of C . coli may be underestimated.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 217 - 27
Investigations on the role of flagella in the colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni and attachment of Campylobacter jejuni to human epithelial cell lines; Newell DG et al.; The biochemical and biological properties of the flagella of Campylobacter jejuni have been investigated using two variants selected from a flagellate, motile clinical isolate (strain 81116): a flagellate, non-motile variant (SF-1) and an aflagellate variant (SF-2) . Phenotypic and biochemical analysis of the strains and amino acid analysis of the isolated flagella suggest that the variants differed from the wild-type strain only in the absence of flagella and/or motility . The aflagellate variant poorly colonized the gastrointestinal tract of infant mice but the flagellate, non-motile variant colonized the mice as successfully as the wild-type strain . 35S-labelled organisms were used to investigate the attachment of the variants to human epithelial cell monolayers in vitro . The flagellate, non-motile strain attached more efficiently to the cells than the wild-type strain or the aflagellate strain . Differences in attachment suggest that an adhesin is intimately associated with flagella of C . jejuni and that active flagella mediate only a tenuous association with host cells . This adhesin attached most efficiently to cells of intestinal epithelial origin and was not specifically inhibited by various sugars.

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Oct, 46(10), 2152 - 6
Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis infections in the intestine of gnotobiotic pigs; Boosinger TR et al.; At 4 days of age, 7 gnotobiotic pigs were orally inoculated with broth cultures of both Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis (CSM) and Campylobacter hyointestinalis (CH) . One pig was killed and evaluated each week for 7 weeks . Forty-eight hours after inoculation, CH and CSM were recovered from the feces of the pigs; thereafter, only CH was recovered . Organisms morphologically typical of Campylobacter sp were observed on the mucosal surface and on the crypt epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon from post-inoculation weeks (PIW) 2 through 7 . Bacteria were clustered around the surface opening of goblet cells in pigs at PIW 6 and 7 . Crypt epithelial cell proliferation and intracellular bacteria were not seen, except in 1 pig (killed at PIW 7) in which intracellular bacteria were seen only in the cecum . Therefore, CSM and CH did not induce porcine proliferative enteritis in gnotobiotic pigs.

Ann Rheum Dis, 1985 Oct, 44(10), 701 - 10
Lymphocytes from the site of disease but not blood lymphocytes indicate the cause of arthritis; Ford DK et al.; The {3H}thymidine uptake procedure for measuring lymphocyte responses was applied to lymphocytes derived concurrently from synovial effusions and from peripheral blood . The stimulating antigens were crude preparations of those micro-organisms that are related to the enteritis and the non-gonococcal urethritis that precipitate reactive arthritis . Salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter antigens stimulated synovial but not peripheral blood lymphocytes in eight cases of enteric reactive arthritis . Ureaplasma or chlamydia antigens, or both, stimulated synovial lymphocytes in all 12 cases of sexually transmitted reactive arthritis, whereas peripheral blood lymphocytes were only stimulated in four of the 12 cases . In 14 cases of rheumatoid arthritis reactions to either enteric or ureaplasma/chlamydia antigens were minimal from either synovial or peripheral blood lymphocytes . It is concluded that synovial rather than peripheral blood lymphocytes indicate the microbiological cause of reactive arthritis and that similar studies of lymphocytes from the site of local disease might be productive in other diseases.

J Med Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 20(2), 215 - 24
Experimental infection of gnotobiotic mice with Campylobacter jejuni: colonisation of intestine and spread to lymphoid and reticulo-endothelial organs; Fauchere JL et al.; Axenic and monoxenic C3H mice were used to develop an animal model for enteroinvasiveness and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni . After oral administration of 10(7)-10(8) viable cells of C . jejuni on day 0 (D0), bacterial colonisation was followed quantitatively during 23 days by counting free luminal bacteria and tissue-associated bacteria in the duodenum, ileum and colon . The kinetics of bacterial colonisation were the same in axenic and monoxenic mice; bacteria were more numerous in distal than in proximal intestinal segments . Electronmicroscope studies of axenic infected mice showed C . jejuni free in the intestinal lumen on D2 and D7, and adhering to microvilli or included in enterocyte vacuoles in the colon on D2 without inflammatory reaction; C . jejuni was isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes until D23, but from blood, spleen, liver and bile until D1 only . In monoxenic infected mice, C . jejuni was found from D1 to D4 in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, whereas the associated bacterium (Clostridium perenne) was never cultured from any organs . On the basis of our observations in this gnotobiotic model, C . jejuni appears to be an enteroinvasive bacterium with a particular affinity for lymphoid organs.

J Bacteriol, 1985 Oct, 164(1), 338 - 43
Morphological forms and viability of Campylobacter species studied by electron microscopy; NG LK et al.; Electron microscopic studies of Campylobacter revealed that different morphological forms predominate at different parts of a colony . At the periphery, cells were almost all spirals, while in the center of the colony cells were mainly coccus shaped . Unusual ring-shaped cells, "donuts", were observed in the raised, peripheral region of the colony . Donut or ring forms have not previously been reported for Campylobacter organisms . Our data indicate that young or actively growing cells are mainly spiral shaped . Older cells undergo a degenerative change to coccoid forms . The donut shape appears to be an intermediate stage between spirals and cocci . Comparisons of plate counts of actively growing and inactive cells confirmed that coccoid cells are probably nonviable.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1985 Oct, 93(5), 211 - 6
In vitro blastogenic response and immunoglobulin synthesis in murine spleen cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Naess V; Lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were mitogenic for spleen cells as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation . The incorporation was dose dependent with an increase with increased concentration of LPS . Addition of LPS beyond 500 micrograms/ml gave inhibition of incorporation . Stimulation of the spleen cells for 3 days with LPS led to a polyclonal activation of immunoglobulin synthesis . The amount of immunoglobulins synthesised showed a maximum between the 9th and 11th day of incubation, and another maximum between the 15th and 17th day . The immunoglobulins produced were IgM antibodies . Specific antibodies against the LPS used for the stimulation were not detected.

Microbiologica, 1985 Oct, 8(4), 329 - 37
Acute childhood diarrhoea in Naples: an aetiologic study; Caprioli A et al.; A potential aetiologic agent was detected in the stools of 56% of 118 children hospitalized in Naples for acute diarrhoea . Rotavirus and Salmonella were the agents most commonly associated with disease, accounting for 23 and 17 percent of cases, respectively . Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Yersinia and Shigella were less frequently isolated (total, 11% of cases) . These findings fit well with the epidemiological picture described for other developed countries, except for the isolation rate of Salmonella which widely exceeds that reported in other investigations . Cytotoxic strains of E . coli and other Gram-negative bacilli were identified in the stools of 18 children; the possible pathogenic role of these strains is unknown and needs further investigation.

J Clin Pathol, 1985 Oct, 38(10), 1127 - 31
Evaluation of cultural techniques for isolating Campylobacter pyloridis from endoscopic biopsies of gastric mucosa; Goodwin CS et al.; One hundred and three gastroscopic biopsies from 80 patients were cultured for Campylobacter pyloridis and studied histologically . Active chronic gastritis, as shown by the presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, was diagnosed in 51 biopsies and C pyloridis was found in 47 . Sixteen gastric biopsies showed normal histology (no inflammation); C pyloridis was detected in only one of these, and a second biopsy taken from this patient at the same time showed active gastritis . Biopsies could be kept at 4 degrees C for five hours without loss of viability of C pyloridis . An inoculum made by grinding the biopsy in a ground glass grinder consistently gave a much heavier growth of C pyloridis than one made by mincing the specimen . The campylobacter supplement ferrous sulphate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium pyruvate (FBP) (Oxoid) was inhibitory for some isolates; the inhibitory component was found to be sodium metabisulphite . Contaminants, but not C pyloridis, were inhibited by the incorporation of vancomycin 6 mg/l, nalidixic acid 20 mg/l, and amphotericin 2 mg/l, but higher concentrations inhibited C pyloridis . Undried plates kept in a plastic container at room temperature for up to two weeks were as satisfactory as freshly poured plates for the isolation of C pyloridis.

Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 43 - 9
Pathogenic properties of Campylobacter jejuni: assay and correlation with clinical manifestations; Klipstein FA et al.; The pathogenic properties of 20 strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from persons with clearly defined clinical manifestations were determined . Cell-free broth filtrates were examined for (i) enterotoxin production by Chinese hamster tissue culture assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing GM1 ganglioside and affinity-purified antiserum to Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, (ii) cytotoxin production by Vero and HeLa cell tissue culture lines, and (iii) their ability to cause fluid secretion in rat ligated ileal loops . Viable bacteria were examined for invasive properties by an ELISA with the immunoglobulin fraction of antiserum to Formalin-killed bacteria of an invasive strain, and by their effect on fluid secretion and morphology in rat ligated ileal loops . None of the eight isolates obtained from asymptomatic carriers had any detectable pathogenic properties . All six strains isolated from persons with bloody invasive-type diarrhea elaborated a cytotoxin; their viable bacteria had high titers in the ELISA for invasive properties and caused fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops, although consistent morphologic abnormalities and evidence of mucosal invasion, examined by immunofluorescence techniques, were not detected . All six strains isolated from persons with watery secretory-type diarrhea produced an enterotoxin, one elaborated a cytotoxin, and broth filtrates of all strains caused fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops; viable bacteria had low titers in the ELISA for invasive properties and evoked fluid secretion in ligated loops by means of enterotoxin production . These observations show (i) that a correlation exists between the pathogenic properties of the infective C . jejuni strain and gastrointestinal manifestations in the infected host, and (ii) that these pathogenic properties can be identified by in vitro assays, including ELISAs.

J Clin Periodontol, 1985 Oct, 12(9), 736 - 49
The microbial morphotypes associated with periodontal health and adult periodontitis: composition and distribution; Offenbacher S et al.; Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 162 sites in 27 adult periodontitis patients and 162 sites in 27 healthy patients using a standardized lavage technique . The distribution of 10 different microbial morphotypes was determined by darkfield microscopy . The lavage technique selectively samples the loosely adherent plaque at the base of the periodontal pocket and not the tooth-associated, adherent plaque . This standardized technique permits quantitative comparisons of numerical density of morphotype composition at different sites, in addition to qualitative comparisons or relative proportions . There was a significant positive association between the numerical density of each morphotype within the non-adherent plaque and the number of sites at which the organism was detected in both healthy and diseased subjects . A previously undescribed darkfield morphotype, has been detected with this method . This morphotype, a small motile coccobacillus (S-MO-CB) has been found to be the numerically dominant species in both health and disease . This morphotype has been recovered in pure culture following passage through a 0.4 mu filter and includes organisms of the Wollinella and Campylobacter genus . Non-motile organisms comprised less than 1-2% of the sample from healthy and diseased sites . Motile forms, such as spirochetes, had a high frequency of detection in healthy individuals . Analysis of pooled plaque samples revealed that the prevalence of cocci and fusiforms was significantly elevated in patients with healthy periodontium, as compared to patients with adult periodontitis . In adult periodontitis patients, the frequency of occurrence of medium spirochetes, filaments and small nonmotile rods was significantly elevated in pooled plaque . Analysis of individual sites indicated that the proportion and numerical density of most morphotypes within the non-adherent plaque were not significantly different in disease as compared to health . Disease is characterized by an increased % of small spirochetes and fusiforms at each site . At diseased sites which harbor small spirochetes, the numerical density is elevated four-fold, as compared to healthy sites which have small spirochetes . The numerical density of other morphotypes is not significantly different comparing healthy sites to diseased sites . Thus, the increase in the % of small spirochetes in disease in due to a site-localized four-fold increase in numerical density within the non-adherent plaque.

J Pediatr, 1985 Oct, 107(4), 495 - 502
Diarrheal illness among infants and toddlers in day care centers . I . Epidemiology and pathogens; Bartlett AV et al.; We conducted a 2-year prospective study of diarrheal illness in children ages 0 to 36 months in 22 day care centers in Maricopa County, Arizona . In 7464 child-months of observation, 465 sporadic cases and 170 outbreak-associated cases of diarrhea were identified . Enteric pathogens were identified in 20% of diarrhea episodes . Giardia lamblia, rotavirus, and Campylobacter jejuni were the most common pathogens . Giardia was significantly more common in toddlers than in infants and was found in 19% of asymptomatic child contacts of symptomatic infected children . Rotavirus was significantly more common in infants than in toddlers . In outbreaks, shorter duration of child enrollment was associated with illness . Comparison of day care center characteristics revealed that only a lower score in standardized observations of hygiene and child-handling practices was associated with greater risk of diarrhea . Infectious diarrhea appears to be common in diaper-age children in day care centers, but the patterns of disease differ for different pathogens and for the infant and toddler age groups.

J Bacteriol, 1985 Oct, 164(1), 401 - 9
Participation of cytochromes in some oxidation-reduction systems in Campylobacter fetus; Lascelles J et al.; Campylobacter species are rich in c-type cytochromes, including forms which bind carbon monoxide . The role of the various forms of cytochromes in Campylobacter fetus has been examined in cell-free preparations by using physiological electron donor and acceptor systems . Under anaerobic conditions, NADPH reduced essentially all of the cytochrome c in crude cell extracts, whereas the reduction level with succinate was 50 to 60% . The carbon monoxide spectrum with NADPH was predominated by the cytochrome c complex; evidence of a cytochrome o type was seen in the succinate-reduced extracts and in membrane fractions . Succinate-reduced cytochrome c was oxidized by oxygen via a cyanide-sensitive, membrane-associated system . NADPH-reduced cytochrome c was oxidized by a cyanide-insensitive system . Partially purified carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome c, isolated from the cytoplasm, could serve as electron acceptor for NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; the reduced cytochrome was oxidized by oxygen by a cyanide-insensitive system present in the cytoplasmic fraction . Horse heart cytochrome c was also reducible by NADPH and by succinate; the reduced cytochrome was oxidized by a cyanide-sensitive system in the membrane fraction . NADPH and NADH oxidase activities were observed aerobically and under anaerobic conditions with fumarate . NADPH was more active than NADH . NADP was also more effective than NAD as an electron acceptor for the coenzyme A-dependent pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities found in crude extracts . These dehydrogenases used methyl viologen and metronidazole as electron acceptors; they could be loci for oxygen inhibition of growth . It is proposed that energy provision via the high-potential cytochrome c oxidase system in the cytoplasmic membrane is limited by oxygen-sensitive primary dehydrogenases and that the carbon monoxide-binding cytochrome c may have a role as an oxygen scavenger.

Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 284 - 91
Basis for serological heterogeneity of thermostable antigens of Campylobacter jejuni; Mills SD et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from eight strains of Campylobacter jejuni and purified by enzyme treatment to remove traces of RNA, DNA, and protein . This material was used to sensitize sheep erythrocytes for the passive hemagglutination assay that is presently used to serotype C . jejuni . The results confirmed that the thermostable antigen typing scheme is based on LPS (O) antigens . The LPS after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining was found to consist of a series of slow migrating bands which could not be eliminated by treatment with NaOH, urea, or EDTA . However, the use of LPS double labeled with 14C and 32P yielded evidence that the bands of high molecular weight were indeed aggregations of low-molecular-weight LPS molecules.

Can J Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 31(9), 823 - 31
DNA homology studies of the catalase-negative campylobacters and "Campylobacter fecalis," an emended description of Campylobacter sputorum, and proposal of the neotype strain of Campylobacter sputorum; Roop RM 2nd et al.; Twenty-three strains of catalase-negative campylobacters and five strains of "Campylobacter fecalis," which is catalase-positive, were examined by DNA hybridization experiments . These organisms formed four distinct DNA homology groups corresponding to Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter concisus, and a currently unnamed group referred to as the "catalase-negative or weak" (CNW) strains . The strains were further characterized to determine which phenotypic characteristics provide the most reliable identification at the species level . Campylobacter sputorum ssp . sputorum, C . sputorum ssp . bubulus, and "C . fecalis" could not be distinguished by DNA homology; consequently, it is proposed that these three taxa be considered as biovars of C . sputorum . The description of C . sputorum is emended accordingly . ATCC strain 35980 is proposed as the neotype strain of C . sputorum.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1985 Sep, 38(9), 2515 - 25
{Clinical studies on the effectiveness of SM-4300, a new non-modified gammaglobulin preparation suitable for intravenous use, in refractory infections}; Okamoto Y et al.; Eighteen cases of various infections, mostly having severe underlying diseases and showing no or insufficient responses to antibacterial chemotherapy, were treated with additional intravenous drip infusion of SM-4300 (2.5 or 5 g, once a day, for 1-3 days) . Eight of the cases were excluded from the assessment of the effectiveness, as they died too early, or as their fever was supposed to have been "tumor fever" retrospectively . SM-4300 was found to be effective in 2 out of 5 septicemia cases, in 3 pneumonia cases, including 1 complicated with septicemia, out of 4, and also in 1 patient with liver abscess, as well as in another of meningitis caused by Campylobacter fetus; i.e . the efficacy rate was estimated as 60% in total . Any side effects attributable to SM-4300 were observed in none of the 18 cases . These results obtained seem to endorse the usefulness of the preparation.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 50(3), 611 - 4
Comparison of gauze swabs and membrane filters for isolation of Campylobacter spp . from surface water; el-Sherbeeny MR et al.; The epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni indicates that waterborne transmission is important; the organism has been isolated from seawater, fresh water, and estuarine sites . Membrane filtration, with and without use of an enrichment broth, has been the most common method for isolating C . jejuni from water . We evaluated two methods for isolating C . jejuni from water: membrane filtration and gauze filtration . The membrane filters evaluated included 0.22- and 0.45-micron-pore Millipore filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), 0.2- and 0.4-micron-pore Nuclepore filters (Nucleopore Corp., Pleasanton, Calif.), and a 0.45-micron-pore Zetapor filters (AMF Cuno, Meridian, Conn.) . The gauze filters included both Moore and Spira swabs . Of the membrane filters evaluated, the 0.45-micron-pore Millipore and Zetapor filters were the most sensitive for recovery of C . jejuni from seeded waters . The 0.45-micron-pore Millipore filter placed in Oosterom broth was better for recovery of C . jejuni from seeded stationary surface waters than either the Spira or Moore swab . However, the 0.45-micron-pore Millipore filter placed on a plate or in enrichment broth was equivalent to the Spira gauze swab when used to examine water from Atlanta area streams . C . jejuni organisms were isolated from 9 of 24 surface water samples representing 5 of 12 streams.

J Gen Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 131 ( Pt 9), 2335 - 41
An ultrastructural study of the gastric campylobacter-like organism 'Campylobacter pyloridis'; Jones DM et al.; Microaerophilic spiral organisms may be isolated frequently from samples of gastric mucus taken from patients undergoing gastroscopy . The ultrastructure of these gastric campylobacter-like organisms ('Campylobacter pyloridis') shows that they have greater affinities with Spirillum than with Campylobacter.

J Infect, 1985 Sep, 11(2), 159 - 65
Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni from an outbreak of enteritis implicating chicken; Rosenfield JA et al.; An outbreak of campylobacter enteritis involving 7 of 17 people over a period of 5 days followed a dinner at a restaurant . A chicken casserole dish was implicated with a food-specific attack rate of 58% . Campylobacter jejuni Penner serotype 18/21/29, resistant to metronidazole, was isolated from 3 of 4 symptomatic patients and from three raw fresh chicken samples closely associated with the implicated chicken . Numbers of C . jejuni in the chicken ranged from 5.3 X 10(1) to 7.5 X 10(2) colony forming units per square centimeter of surface area . This is the first outbreak of campylobacter enteritis reported in Australia in which C . jejuni has been isolated from both human and food sources and the isolates serologically confirmed as identical.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 22(3), 339 - 46
Occurrence of plasmids and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from healthy and diarrheic animals; Bradbury WC et al.; Serologically defined strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from healthy and diarrheic animals were examined for the occurrence of plasmid DNA in association with the antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial host and the health status of the animal host . Of all campylobacter organisms surveyed, 53% (116 of 200) contained plasmid DNA . A plasmid occurrence rate of 73.8% was obtained for C . coli from healthy pigs, contrasted by lower plasmid occurrence rates for C . coli from diarrheic pigs (30%) and from all diarrheic animals (21.4%) . For C . jejuni, in contrast, only 13.6% of healthy cattle contained plasmid DNA, contrasted by a higher plasmid occurrence rate of 31.2% from diarrheic cattle . A high plasmid occurrence rate of 75.8% was observed for C . jejuni from healthy chickens . Campylobacter plasmids ranged in size from less than or equal to 1 to 86 megadaltons . Antibiotic susceptibility for 52 animal isolates (excluding chickens) indicated that most isolates were susceptible to kanamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and compound sulfonamide, whereas few were susceptible to bacitracin (19.2%); approximately half were susceptible to ampicillin (55.8%) and streptomycin (51.9%), and no isolates were susceptible to penicillin G . More isolates containing plasmids were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin than were isolates not carrying plasmids, there being a statistically significant difference for tetracycline and gentamicin, which suggested that these two antibiotics were probably plasmid mediated . The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 21 chicken isolates of C . jejuni, by contrast, were different in that most were susceptible to ampicillin in addition to kanamycin, erythromycin, and gentamicin, whereas few wer susceptible to compound sulfonamide, streptomycin, and tetracycline in addition to penicillin G and bacitracin . A 30- or 39-megadalton plasmid, or both, common to many of the chicken isolates was usually associated with tetracycline resistance.

J Infect Dis, 1985 Sep, 152(3), 592 - 6
A point-source outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw milk; Korlath JA et al.; After a one-day field trip to a Minnesota farm, 22 (45%) of 49 third-grade students and three (14%) of 21 adult chaperones developed campylobacteriosis . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from specimens of 13 children and one asymptomatic adult . Illness was associated with the consumption of raw milk during a picnic lunch (odds ratio = 41.0, P less than .0001) and participation in hand milking of cows (odds ratio = 37.5, less than .0001) . Two additional findings implicated consumption of raw milk as the vehicle for transmission . First, the odds ratio for illness among those who drank raw milk and did not milk cows was 11.8 (P less than .01), whereas the odds ratio for illness among those who milked cows but did not drink raw milk was only 1.2 (P greater than .02) . Second, there was a dose-response relation between the occurrence of illness and the quantity of raw milk consumed (P less than .0001) . Neither the median incubation period nor duration of illness was related to the amount of milk consumed . All persons with a stool culture positive for C . jejuni excreted the organism for at least two weeks, but less than six weeks . No secondary cases of illness were documented.

Gut, 1985 Sep, 26(9), 945 - 51
Campylobacter colitis: histological immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings; van Spreeuwel JP et al.; The colonic biopsy specimens of 22 patients with colitis and positive stool cultures for Campylobacter jejuni were studied in order to obtain histological and immunohistochemical criteria to differentiate Campylobacter colitis from chronic inflammatory bowel disease . In addition we tried to identify Campylobacter inclusions by means of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy as evidence for invasion of the colonic mucosa . The results show that the majority of patients with Campylobacter colitis have the histological picture of acute infectious colitis with increased numbers of IgA and IgM containing plasma cells in the colonic mucosa in contrast with patients with active chronic inflammatory bowel disease who show increases of IgA and IgG (ulcerative colitis) or IgA-, IgM and IgG containing plasma cells (M Crohn) in their colonic biopsies . The results of immunohistochemical stainings with Campylobacter antiserum show invasion of Campylobacter in the colonic mucosa . These findings were confirmed ultrastructurally.

Can J Surg, 1985 Sep, 28(5), 451 - 2
Campylobacter and endovascular lesions; Righter J et al.; Because of the gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Campylobacter infections, particularly the propensity of Campylobacter fetus ssp fetus to infect vascular endothelium, the authors describe the case of a 56-year-old woman with C . fetus ssp fetus infection of an aortic aneurysm . She recovered after a one-stage surgical repair and antibiotic therapy with erythromycin . The organism was cultured from samples of the stool and tissue obtained at operation . It was identified from its typical characteristics: morphology, microaerophilic, able to grow at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C but not at 42 degrees C, catalase and oxidase positive and resistant to nalidixic acid but susceptible to cephalothin.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 22(3), 333 - 5
API ZYM and API An-Ident reactions of fastidious oral gram-negative species; Tanner AC et al.; API ZYM and API An-Ident enzymatic substrate tests were done on six oral species which are difficult to characterize with conventional biochemical tests . "Bacteroides forsythus, the "fusiform" Bacteroides species (A . C . R . Tanner, M . A . Listgarten, M . N . Strzempko, and J . L . Ebersole, manuscript in preparation), is difficult to cultivate in broth media, yet it gave 15 positive tests in these series . The tests were able to separate this new species from species of Capnocytophaga and Fusobacterium . "B . forsythus" reactions were similar but not identical to those of reference Bacteroides species . Positive reactions for alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-fucosidase, and alpha-glucuronidase suggest that "B . forsythus" may be saccharolytic . It was the only species tested which was trypsin positive . Wolinella species, Campylobacter concisus, B . gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens are asaccharolytic, and characterization relies heavily on sensitivities to inhibitory agents . These species reacted weakly in the API ZYM and API An-Ident enzymatic substrate tests, and the reactions were not useful for separating these species . The enzyme reactions differentiated Wolinella recta and C . concisus from Selenomonas sputigena, another oral motile but saccharolytic organism.

Microbiologia, 1985 Sep, 1(1-2), 97 - 9
{Campylobacter in gastric pathology}; Lopez-Brea M et al.; The incidence of Campylobacter pyloridis in the stomach of patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and in normal subjects, has been studied . Seventy-one biopsy specimens were taken from affected and normal gastric mucosa of 61 patients and 10 normal subjects, respectively . In 54 (88.5%) out of the 61 patients and in 1 (10%) out of the 10 normal subjects, C . pyloridis was observed . In addition, in 39 samples this microorganism was successfully cultured.

Clin Lab Med, 1985 Sep, 5(3), 447 - 62
DNA hybridization in the diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea; Echeverria P et al.; DNA hybridization with either cloned genes for enteropathogenic determinants or DNA segments that are species-specific is a valuable tool to identify certain bacterial enteric pathogens . Thus far, only E . coli and V . cholerae enterotoxin gene probes have been used to identify ETEC and V . cholerae in clinical specimens . DNA probes developed for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and enteroinvasive and enteropathogenic E . coli need to be evaluated with clinical specimens . The major contribution of this system so far has been to examine large numbers of specimens in epidemiologic studies . Once nonradioactive DNA probes are developed, this system will have potential application in clinical laboratories and in research laboratories in the developing world where diarrheal disease causes its greatest impact.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1985 Sep-Oct, 136B(2), 135 - 50
Structural relationship between the genes encoding 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferases in Campylobacter and in gram-positive cocci; Lambert T et al.; Campylobacter coli strain BM2509 resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline was isolated from a patient with hospital-acquired diarrhoea . Resistance to kanamycin has not been thus far described in Campylobacter . Phosphocellulose paper-binding assay indicated that resistance to kanamycin and structurally related antibiotics in strain BM2509 was due to synthesis of a 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of type III (APH(3')-III), an enzyme so far confined to Gram-positive cocci . The kanamycin and tetracycline resistances were transferable en bloc by conjugation to C . fetus but not to Escherichia coli . Analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis of crude bacterial lysates revealed the presence, in BM2509 and in the transconjugants, of a plasmid, pIP1433, with a size of 47.2 kilobases (Kb) . Strain BM2509 also harboured a 4.5-Kb cryptic plasmid . DNA annealing studies indicated a close structural relationship between the kanamycin resistance gene of C . coli BM2509 and that representative of this type of resistance determinant in Gram-positive cocci . These results indicate that emergence of resistance to kanamycin in Campylobacter is due to acquisition in vivo of a gene or a plasmid from Gram-positive bacteria.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1985 Aug 31, 115(35), 1205 - 8
{Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a rare diarrheal disease in man}; Nguyen XM; Report on a 12-year-old boy with diffuse abdominal pains, vomiting and lasting diarrhoea . All the usual bacteriological examinations for Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter were negative . Routine search for intestinal parasites by the MIF method was also negative . Cryptosporidium oocysts were, exceptionally, detected in stool smears from the two samples stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method.

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1985 Aug 17, 291(6493), 463 - 4
Pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in Britain; Sharp JC et al.; Infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in Great Britain in recent years . Less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in England due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital . The implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in Scotland compared with previous years and compared with England and Wales, where, without legislative control, outbreaks continue to occur . Until compulsory pasteurisation is introduced throughout Britain and dairy farming communities can be persuaded to drink only heat treated milk outbreaks of milkborne infection will continue.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1985 Aug, 260(1), 57 - 64
Chemically defined media for auxotyping of Campylobacter jejuni; Dickgiesser N et al.; A set of chemically defined media has been developed for the cultivation of Campylobacter jejuni strains of human origin . A minimal medium, a complete medium and 5 different nutrient-deficient media (NDM1-NDM5) are described . Some of the strains investigated required L-methionine(lacking in NDM1), L-cystine and L-cysteine (NDM2), K2HPO4 (NDM 3), KH2PO4 (NDM4) and NAD, thiamine and calcium pantothenate (NDM5) . 57.7% of the strains investigated required L-methionine . The strains grew at pH 6.6-7.7 . The media described are not suitable for C . intestinalis.

J Gen Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 131 ( Pt 8), 1973 - 80
Motility as an intestinal colonization factor for Campylobacter jejuni; Morooka T et al.; The colonization of the intestinal tract of suckling mice by Campylobacter jejuni was examined by orally challenging the mice with a wild-type strain and several nonmotile mutant strains which were isolated after treating the wild-type strain with mutagens . The wild-type strain had colonized the lower portion of the small intestine, the caecum and the colon 2 d after inoculation . Two nonmotile strains, one of which (M8) had lost all the flagellar structure including the filament, the hook and the basal structure, and the other (M1) which had lost only the filament region, were both cleared from the intestinal tract 2 d after challenge . Another nonmotile strain (M14), which had a complete flagellar structure like that of the wild-type strain, did not colonize and was cleared from the intestinal tract like the other nonmotile and nonflagellated strains . One atypically motile strain (M5), which had a shorter flagellar filament than that of the wild-type strain, colonized the intestinal tract only when mice were challenged with a large inoculum . None of the mice challenged with either the wild-type or any of the mutant strains showed signs of illness . We concluded that motility is an important factor in the colonization of the intestinal tract of suckling mice by C . jejuni.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 50(2), 535 - 6
Comparison of methods for isolating Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk; Hunt JM et al.; The method of Doyle and Roman (Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 43:1343-1353, 1982) was compared with that of Lovett et al . (Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 46:459-462, 1983) for the ability to recover Campylobacter jejuni strains inoculated into raw milk at a concentration of less than 1 cell per g . The method of Lovett et al . gave significantly greater recovery proportions.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Aug, 93(4), 315 - 22
Campylobacter strains in Sweden . Serotyping and correlation to clinical symptoms; Kaijser B et al.; Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in humans . Different typing systems have been put forward as aids to improved understanding of the epidemiology and clinical signs of the disease . In the present investigation we have adopted indirect haemagglutination for serotyping of heatstable (Penner) antigens and direct slideagglutination for heatlabile (Lior) antigens . All the strains from the patients (n = 277) seeking medical care for diarrhoea at the East Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden over 21 months were studied . With 19 antisera against heatstable antigens, 79.8% of the domestic strains were typable and 73.8% of the foreign strains . For the heatlabile antigens corresponding figures were 94.2% and 87.2% . There was a great variety of combinations of heatstable and heatlabile antigens on the strains . No marked relation between one antigen or antigen combination and clinical sign of disease was found . We conclude that serotyping is mainly useful for epidemiological studies . A limited number of antisera can be used for typing the majority of strains . If a choice is to be made, typing for heatlabile antigen seems simple and gives somewhat higher typability.

Am J Epidemiol, 1985 Aug, 122(2), 262 - 8
Foodborne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis: the United States experience, 1980-1982; Finch MJ et al.; During 1980-1982, 23 foodborne outbreaks of diseases caused by Campylobacter were reported to the Centers for Diseases Control through the National Foodborne Surveillance Program, which collects reports from state and territorial epidemiologists throughout the United States . These outbreaks involved 748 ill persons, of whom 4% were hospitalized . For outbreaks with six or more ill persons, the median attack rate was 41%, the mean or median incubation periods ranged from 66 to 120 hours, and the mean duration of symptoms ranged from three to seven days . Raw milk was implicated or suspected in 14 outbreaks . In four of the other outbreaks, food handling errors were identified, and in five outbreaks, poultry, eggs, or beef were implicated or suspected . In three of four outbreaks in which Campylobacter was recovered from cows at the implicated dairies, some isolates from cows were serotypically identical to isolates from ill persons . In one egg-associated outbreak, one of the isolates of Campylobacter recovered from hens at the implicated egg farm was serotypically identical to an isolate recovered from an ill person . These findings underscore the hazard of eating undercooked or raw foods of animal origin such as raw milk . Raw milk contaminated by infected cows is a major cause of foodborne campylobacteriosis in the United States.

Gastroenterology, 1985 Aug, 89(2), 337 - 44
Alterations of myoelectric activity associated with Campylobacter jejuni and its cell-free filtrate in the small intestine of rabbits; Sninsky CA et al.; We evaluated the effects of a culture of Campylobacter jejuni and its cell-free filtrate on myoelectric activity of isolated ileal segments in New Zealand White rabbits . Hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the association between histologic changes and alterations in intestinal myoelectric activity . A culture of C . jejuni was shown to cause a significant increase in repetitive bursts of action potentials (RBAPs) (6.9 +/- 1.2 RBAP/h; p less than 0.001) compared with controls (0.3 +/- 0.1) . Cell-free filtrates of C . jejuni cultures were also observed to induce RBAPs (5.0 +/- 0.9 RBAP/h; p less than 0.001) . The fraction within the filtrate that induces alterations in motility was not destroyed by heating to 100 degrees C for 15 min (6.3 +/- 1.2 RBAP/h) . Although no gross histologic changes were noted by hematoxylin and eosin staining of intestine exposed to a culture of C . jejuni for 8 h, blunting of villi with a cellular infiltrate was noted in rabbits exposed for 24 h . Scanning electron microscopy disclosed patchy villous tip damage in 3 of 5 animals exposed to cell-free filtrates for 8 h . These studies suggest C . jejuni is pathogenic and produces a heat-stable substance that alters intestinal myoelectric activity in rabbits.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 87 - 93
Campylobacter infection in urban and rural populations in Scotland; Sibbald CJ et al.; A review of campylobacter infection in Scotland over five years (1978-82), during which 7808 human isolates were recorded (mean annual isolation rate of 30 per 100000), revealed differences in the epidemiology of the disease between rural and urban populations which were not apparent in the national data . The incidence of infection in the two rural areas studied was greatest in the early months of the year, whereas that in the two urban areas showed a third-quarter predominance . In both urban and rural populations, age-specific infection rates were highest in children less than 5 years old, but this trend was more pronounced in rural than urban populations . Conversely, secondary peaks in age-specific infection rates observed in young adults were more pronounced in the urban than rural populations . It is postulated that rural children were being infected by campylobacters at an early age by drinking contaminated raw milk which was not normally available to city residents . The lower incidence in adults in the rural populations is interpreted as indicating more widespread immunity, resulting from greater exposure to infection during childhood . The effect of compulsory heat treatment of milk sold in Scotland, introduced in August 1983, is currently being studied.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Aug, 28(2), 188 - 91
In vitro susceptibilities of Campylobacter-like organisms to twenty antimicrobial agents; Flores BM et al.; We determined MICs of 20 antimicrobial agents for 50 representative strains of four subgroups of Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) by agar dilution . Ampicillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, rifampin, spectinomycin, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol were active against all strains of CLOs . Most CLO strains (83%) were inhibited by 4 micrograms of sulfamethoxazole per ml and by 8 micrograms of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole per ml . Of type 1 strains, 28% were resistant to 8 micrograms of erythromycin per ml . In addition, cross resistance between erythromycin and clindamycin was always present . Type 1 strains exhibited a broad distribution of MICs of metronidazole and streptomycin, whereas all type 2 strains were uniformly susceptible to metronidazole and resistant to streptomycin . Unlike type 1 and 3 strains, type 2 CLOs were susceptible to cephalothin and penicillin G and highly resistant to streptomycin . The type 3 strain was uniquely resistant to cefazolin . The majority of strains were not inhibited by cefoperazone; and all were resistant to trimethoprim . In contrast to Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus, all CLOs tested were susceptible to 0.5 microgram of rifampin per ml.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 50(1), 125 - 6
Enrichment medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli; Rogol M et al.; A broth enrichment medium for the improvement of isolation of Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli from stool samples and other specimens is presented . Of 1,228 samples examined in parallel, positive results were obtained from 81 by direct inoculation of selective media and from 112 after enrichment . Thus, an increase of 27.7% in the isolation rate was obtained by using the enrichment medium . The same medium without antibiotics allows the preservation of isolates of C . jejuni-C . coli for at least 2 months at 4 degrees C.

J Clin Pathol, 1985 Jul, 38(7), 774 - 7
A quantitative study of immunoglobulin containing cells in the differential diagnosis of acute colitis; van Spreeuwel JP et al.; In colonic biopsies of 33 patients with acute colitis caused by campylobacter, salmonella, or shigella immunoglobulin containing cells were determined quantitatively using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and morphometry with a graphic tablet . The findings were compared with those of 10 patients without histological abnormalities, 10 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon, and 10 patients with ulcerative colitis . Biopsies of patients with acute infectious colitis had increased numbers of IgA containing cells and to a lesser extent IgM containing cells but not IgG containing cells compared with controls . Compared with the patients with active chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease the patients with acute colitis showed significantly lower relative and absolute numbers of IgG containing cells . We therefore conclude that quantitative assessment of immunoglobulin containing cells in colonic biopsies may be useful in the differential diagnosis of acute infectious colitis and chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 22(1), 13 - 8
Development of a bacteriophage typing system for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Grajewski BA et al.; A bacteriophage typing system for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was developed with phages isolated from poultry feces . Data for phage selection were generated from a set of isolates of C . jejuni and C . coli from humans in Illinois . Selection of 14 phages from the 47 phages available was assisted by determination of the Sneath-Jaccard similarity coefficients and subsequent unweighted pair-group arithmetic averaging cluster analysis . The typing set was reproducible and stable in the 255 isolates from Illinois . Of these isolates, 94.5% were typable, with 46% represented by the four most common phage patterns . In a set of 51 isolates from humans outside of Illinois, 88.1% of the C . jejuni isolates were typable . Phage typing for C . jejuni and C . coli has excellent epidemiologic potential and should serve as a useful adjunct or alternative to serotyping systems in current use.

J Vasc Surg, 1985 Jul, 2(4), 597 - 9
Infected aortic aneurysms; Perry MO; Salmonella organisms have been responsible for half of the reported cases of infected aortic aneurysms, although other bacteria have been incriminated . This is the second reported case in which Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus apparently infected an inflammatory aortic aneurysm . In this 70-year-old man the organism was isolated and treated prior to resection of the aneurysm and inline grafting . Specific antibiotic therapy was continued for 8 weeks postoperatively . Examination and CT scans obtained after 9 months of follow-up reveal no evidence of recurrent infection.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Jul, 59(1), 65 - 71
Antibiotic and deoxycholate resistance in Campylobacter jejuni following freezing or heating; Humphrey TJ et al.; The surviving populations of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes following freezing or heat were found to be more sensitive to rifampicin and sodium deoxycholate on subsequent culture . Thus while control cultures had an IC50 of greater than 20 micrograms/ml rifampicin those of injured cells were less than 5 micrograms/ml . Treatment with EDTA caused almost identical changes in resistance suggesting that the altered resistance pattern of injured cells was due to loss of the barrier properties of the bacterial outer membrane.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1985 Jul, 64(4), 244 - 50
Thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp . fetus . Report of four cases and a review of the literature; Carbone KM et al.; Four cases of acute thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to C . fetus ssp . fetus are reported, with a review of 18 previously reported cases . Vascular infection with thrombophlebitis due to C . fetus ssp . fetus occurred predominantly in adult male patients with underlying debilitating, immunocompromising illnesses resulting in a mortality rate of 32% . Although approximately one-third of the patients had exposure to known reservoirs of C . fetus ssp . fetus, none of the patients presented with diarrhea, and only one of the cases had C . fetus ssp . fetus recovered from stool culture . Diagnosis of C . fetus ssp . fetus thrombophlebitis or cellulitis is based on clinical suspicion and recovery of the agent from blood culture; the latter requires an average incubation period of 8 days . Empiric therapy with erythromycin, and an aminoglycoside or chloramphenicol is recommended in suspect patients pending results of blood cultures.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Jul, 28(1), 37 - 40
In vitro susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni to 27 antimicrobial agents and various combinations of beta-lactams with clavulanic acid or sulbactam; Van der Auwera P et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni was investigated with 27 antibiotics and 8 combinations of beta-lactams with clavulanic acid or sulbactam . Ansamycin, the new quinolines, erythromycin, and cefpirome were the most active drugs against C . jejuni; amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime 90% of the isolates, greater than or equal to 50 mg/liter) . The activity of various beta-lactams was unchanged by the addition of clavulanic acid or sulbactam.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 22(1), 71 - 4
DNA relatedness and biochemical features of Campylobacter spp . isolated in central and South Australia; Steele TW et al.; Investigations of the etiology of diarrhea in patients in South Australia and the Northern Territory showed that Campylobacter spp . other than Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli were common in children . Campylobacters which were hippurate positive, nitrate negative, and susceptible to cephalothin and polymyxins were shown to be closely related to C . jejuni by DNA studies . Thermotolerant catalase-negative campylobacters were also isolated . These were H2S negative and biochemically resembled the catalase-negative or weak strains found in dogs in Sweden . DNA studies showed these campylobacters to be distinct from C . sputorum subsp . sputorum and to form a homogeneous group distinct from the enteropathogenic catalase-positive campylobacters . Preliminary studies suggest that these campylobacters are related to the Swedish catalase-negative or weak strains.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jul, 22(1), 134 - 5
Interaction of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with lectins and blood group antibodies; Wong KH et al.; Lectins and blood group antibodies were used to probe the surface structures of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Of the 29 strains tested, there were distinct reaction patterns . The lectin-reactive and blood group antibody-reactive sites on the bacterial surface were distinguishable from the heat-stable (lipopolysaccharide) antigenic determinants . The interactions were strain specific . The reactive sites were stable with respect to culture media and passage and may be useful as additional markers for strain characterization.

Am J Med, 1985 Jun 28, 78(6B), 81 - 90
Nonfluid therapy and selected chemoprophylaxis of acute diarrhea; Du Pont HL; Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea . Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases . A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection . Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects . Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology . The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs . They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery . Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world . Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause . Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease . Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E . coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia . It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea . The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology . Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only . Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide . Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent . The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis . Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent . Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impractical . Studies with the tablet formulation suggest that it is partially effective in preventing the illness . Doxycycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are more effective, particularly when admini

Am J Med, 1985 Jun 28, 78(6B), 76 - 80
Etiology and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in the United States; Nelson JD; Accurate data on the frequency of acute diarrheal illness and the distribution of pathogens are not available for several reasons, including the facts that only a small fraction of cases come to the attention of physicians and that available diagnostic tests establish an etiology in only about half of these . In a survey of three groups of patients in a community (upper-middle class and lower class outpatients and hospitalized infants), a possible cause was found in fewer than 20 percent of outpatients, and rotavirus accounted for the majority . However, asymptomatic colonization with rotavirus is very common in early infancy, and demonstration of the antigen correlates with a causative role in diarrhea in only about one half of cases . Data on cases of shigellosis over a 15-year period in Dallas compared with the Centers for Disease Control national data demonstrate that epidemiologic patterns in any given community can differ substantially from the national data . Day-care centers are important sources of Giardia and Shigella infections in the community . The epidemiologic roles of newly reported causes of diarrhea (Campylobacter laridis, Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium species, and Aeromonas hydrophila) are being explored . Generalizations about etiology and epidemiology of pathogens in diarrheal disease are invalid unless the population group is defined socioeconomically and geographically.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 49(6), 1507 - 10
Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis from domestic and wild animals; Rosef O et al.; By using 50 unabsorbed antisera, we were able to serotype 272 (65.7%) of 414 thermotolerant campylobacters from wild and domestic animals, on the basis of heat-stable antigens identified by means of passive hemagglutination . Forty-two serotypes were recognized . The pattern of serotypes detected in the various animal species was compared to human clinical isolates by using the Czekanowski index (proportional similarity index) . The highest degree of similarity to the clinical isolates was observed for the poultry isolates, followed by strains from wild birds, flies, and pigs (in order of decreasing similarity) . The serotypes recovered most frequently from poultry (LAU 1 and LAU 2) were also most prevalent in Norwegian patients . In contrast, serotype LAU 35/44, the predominant porcine serotype, was never recovered from human clinical specimens . Flies captured in chicken farms and in piggeries harbored serotypes which were also commonly seen in chickens and pigs, respectively . Nine of the strains included in this study could not be ascribed to any defined species . All of these were resistant to nalidixic acid and did not produce H2S.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 49(6), 1467 - 71
Laboratory infection of chicken eggs with Campylobacter jejuni by using temperature or pressure differentials; Clark AG et al.; Fertile chicken eggs were infected in our laboratory with Campylobacter jejuni suspensions by using temperature or pressure differential methods of inoculation . After 2 days of incubation, over 90% of the eggs carried C . jejuni when iron was present in the inoculum . This percentage declined rapidly until by day 8, less than 10% of the eggs were detectably infected . However, up to 11% of hatched, healthy chicks carried C . jejuni in their intestinal tracts . The isolated organisms were of the same serotype as the initial inoculum . C . jejuni was recovered without difficulty when the intestinal tracts of chicks were enriched, but recovery from early dead-in-shell or infertile eggs was poor . This poor recovery and the rapid decline of C . jejuni after 2 days of egg incubation suggest that the vibrio is sensitive to some part of the incubating egg or to the temperature of prolonged incubation . It was impossible to predict which eggs would yield infected chicks on the basis of the number of organisms taken up by each egg, and no correlation existed between the number of organisms taken up and the efficiency of the hatch, i.e., the hatch ratio . If iron was omitted from the inoculum broth, the egg infection rate at day 2 was lower.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 21(6), 936 - 40
Biochemical and genetic characteristics of atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus strains isolated from humans in the United States; Edmonds P et al.; During a 2-year period, 14 biochemically atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus-like strains were received by the Campylobacter Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control . Sources of the isolates were blood, nine strains; stools, two strains; amniotic fluid, one strain; and abscesses, two strains . Atypical phenotypic characteristics exhibited by one or more strains were growth at 42 degrees C, 10 strains; no H2S by lead acetate paper, 3 strains; resistance to a 30-micrograms cephalothin disk, 2 strains; and nonmotility, 1 strain . By DNA-DNA hybridization, all 14 isolates and the type strain of C . fetus subsp . fetus (ATCC 27374) were 94 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 50 degrees C, with 0.0 to 0.5% divergence, and were 86 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 65 degrees C . Thus, all of these atypical strains were C . fetus subsp . fetus . MICs of 11 antimicrobial agents for these 14 strains were variable . All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline, and most were susceptible to ampicillin, clindamycin, and penicillin . Eleven strains were resistant to cephalothin (MIC greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml), nine were resistant to rifampin (MIC greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml), and all were resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml) and vancomycin (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml) . One can expect to see biochemical variability in C . fetus subsp . fetus strains and to encounter such strains from a variety of human sources, the most important of which appears to be blood.

Am J Public Health, 1985 Jun, 75(6), 659 - 60
Campylobacter jejuni infections on college campuses: a national survey; Tauxe RV et al.; We surveyed 303 colleges and universities to determine the frequency of isolations of Campylobacter jejuni and other enteric bacterial pathogens . Campylobacter cultures could be obtained at 74 per cent; 10 per cent of stool cultures yielded Campylobacter, which was isolated 10 and 46 times more frequently than Salmonella and Shigella, respectively . The incidence of diagnosed Campylobacter infections was 1.3 per 10,000 enrolled students per month . Intercollegiate variation was not explained by differences in gender composition, the proportion of students living off-campus, or geographic characteristics of the campus.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 21(6), 891 - 3
Antigenic distinctiveness of Mobiluncus curtisii and Mobiluncus mulieris; Roberts MC et al.; A total of 26 Mobiluncus strains (17 M . curtisii and 9 M . mulieris strains) were compared serologically by double immunodiffusion and immunoblotting against antisera prepared against representative isolates of each species . All strains from the same species were strongly reactive with homologous antisera but generally weakly reactive with antisera to the heterologous Mobiluncus spp . The antisera did not react with strains of the unrelated genera Campylobacter, Succinivibrio, Wolinella, Actinomyces, Anaerobiospirillum, and Anaerovibrio.

Infect Immun, 1985 Jun, 48(3), 629 - 33
Immunological relationship of the B subunits of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins; Klipstein FA et al.; The application of dissociation techniques, involving gel filtration in the presence of guanidine, to a semipurified preparation of Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin yielded a material whose functional and immunological properties resemble those of the B subunits of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) . The C . jejuni toxin B subunit reacted with GM1 ganglioside in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but lacked the holotoxin's cytotonic activity in the Chinese hamster ovary tissue culture assay and its ability to cause fluid secretion in rat ileal ligated loops . The C . jejuni toxin B subunit showed lines of partial identity with the B subunits of both cholera toxin and LT in gel immunodiffusion; it appeared to be more closely related immunologically to the LT B subunit than to the cholera toxin B subunit in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that used antisera either to LT or to its B subunit . Rats immunized with LT B subunit were significantly protected against challenge with either the semipurified C . jejuni toxin or a viable enterotoxigenic strain of C . jejuni, although twice the immunization dosage was required to achieve protection comparable to that against the homologous toxin or viable bacteria . These observations indicate that the C . jejuni enterotoxin contains a B subunit that bears an immunological relationship with the B subunits of cholera toxin and LT.

Ann Rheum Dis, 1985 Jun, 44(6), 399 - 405
Triggering infections in reactive arthritis; Valtonen VV et al.; Certain microbes like yersinia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, chlamydia, and possibly gonococcus can trigger reactive arthritis especially in patients of the HLA-B27 type . In the present study we have used serological and culture methods to identify the probable triggering infection in 50 consecutive HLA-B27 positive patients diagnosed as having reactive arthritis . The two most common triggering agents thus identified were Yersinia enterocolitica (12 patients) and Chlamydia trachomatis (11 patients) . In addition six patients had high antistreptolysin O titres and two high teichoic acid antibody titres suggesting group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus as triggering agents . In 13 patients no preceding infection could be identified . The identity of the infective agent seems to have very little effect on the clinical picture of the reactive arthritis - the only difference between the various aetiological groups in the present material was absence of fever in the patients with a preceding C . trachomatis infection, of whom only one out of 11 had a temperature greater than or equal to 38 degrees C, whereas 13 of 16 patients with a preceding enterobacterial, and five of the eight patients with a streptococcal or staphylococcal infection had raised temperatures.

Vet Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 10(4), 303 - 13
Demonstration of a new intracellular antigen in porcine intestinal adenomatosis and hamster proliferative ileitis; Lawson GH et al.; In the proliferate enteropathies of the pig, intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms can be demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of affected cells . A new antigen (omega) can be visualised at the site of bacterial parasitism using certain rabbit sera in a sandwich immunofluorescence test; the rabbit sera tested were largely derived from rabbits immunised with bacterial antigens including Campylobacter spp., but it appeared that the reaction was not related to the immunisation procedure and was also present in at least one "normal" rabbit serum . Rabbits immunised with bacteria extracted from the tissues sero-converted to omega-antigen yet did not react with Campylobacter spp., cultured from pig intestine . The omega-antigen was also present in the lesions of hamster proliferative ileitis.

N Z Med J, 1985 May 22, 98(779), 391 - 3
The epidemiology of campylobacter infections in Christchurch 1981-83; Brieseman MA; The epidemiology of cases of campylobacter infection in Christchurch for 1981-83 is studied . The condition is the most common notifiable disease, occurring mainly in summer and in children under five years and young adults (15 to 35 years) . There is evidence to suggest that a rural residence, associated with live animals, or handling raw meat, are risk factors . Clearance occurs within two months in 90% of cases.

JAMA, 1985 May 17, 253(19), 2873 - 5
Fatalities associated with Campylobacter jejuni infections; Smith GS et al.; Although Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as a common cause of gastroenteritis, fatalities associated with this infection in the United States have not been previously reported . Two fatalities associated with C jejuni infections occurred over a two-year period in the Denver metropolitan area . The first case was in a previously healthy 26-year-old woman who died following a two-day diarrheal illness . The second case was in a 69-year-old diabetic woman who died 19 hours after developing a gastrointestinal tract illness one day following hospital discharge for an orthopedic procedure . Both patients had taken an antimotility agent . During this same two-year period there were 24.4 reported cases of C jejuni infections per 100,000 population . The death rate per reported case was 2.4 per 1,000, and the overall death rate in the entire five-county population was 0.059 per 100,000 population . The exact causes of death for the two patients are not clear; however, hypokalemia may be a contributing factor, especially since there was no evidence of profound volume depletion in the one patient for whom laboratory data were available . Prompt hospitalization and withholding of antimotility agents may have prevented these deaths.

J Infect, 1985 May, 10(3), 277 - 81
Biotypes and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from patients, pigs and chickens in the region of Rotterdam; Banffer JR; A comparison was made of the distribution of the bio-and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human patients (205 isolates), intestinal contents of pigs (163 isolates) and intestinal contents and livers of chickens (147 isolates) . All strains were isolated in the region of Rotterdam . Campylobacter jejuni biotype 1 accounted for 86%, 1% and 82% of the human, pig and chicken isolates respectively; C . coli was present in 7%, 98% and 14% respectively . Serotyping was possible for 84% of the human isolates, 77% of the pig and 82% of the chicken isolates . Among the human isolates 33 bio-and serotypes were found, of which 22 were similar to those in chickens and only five to those in pigs . Bio-and serotypes from human beings and chickens, ranked in order of decreasing frequency, showed a positive correlation, whereas those from human beings and pigs showed a negative correlation.

J Infect, 1985 May, 10(3), 249 - 51
Campylobacter fetus peritonitis followed by septicaemia in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; Wens R et al.; A 62-year-old man being treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) developed peritonitis due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (intestinalis), an organism seldom isolated in such circumstances . After appropriate and apparently effective antibiotic therapy, the patient relapsed 6 weeks later with septicaemia . Blood cultures yielded a similar organism, thereby suggesting a clinically silent metastatic infection during the episode of peritonitis, probably at an old arteriovenous fistula . Parenteral tobramycin followed by oral erythromycin achieved a complete cure of this unusual complication.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 May, 21(5), 715 - 20
"Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp . nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in the intestines of pigs and other animals; Gebhart CJ et al.; The name "Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp . nov . is proposed for a Campylobacter species that was isolated from the intestines of pigs with proliferative enteritis . "C . hyointestinalis" is also found in the feces of cattle and has been isolated from the intestine of a hamster . "C . hyointestinalis" is distinguished from previously described catalase-positive Campylobacter species by colony morphology, ability to produce H2S in triple sugar iron agar, ability to grow anaerobically in 0.1% trimethylamine N-oxide hydrochloride, resistance to nalidixic acid, susceptibility to cephalothin and metronidazole, and hydrogenase activity . Sixteen "C . hyointestinalis" strains were highly related (greater than or equal to 76%) by DNA-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method, 50 and 65 degrees C) . Other Campylobacter species were less than or equal to 30% related to "C . hyointestinalis." The type strain of "C . hyointestinalis" is designated 80-4577-4 (= ATCC 35217), and its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 36 mol%.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 May, 21(5), 708 - 10
Cadmium chloride susceptibility, a characteristic of Campylobacter spp; Kazmi SU et al.; We report a simple diagnostic characteristic useful in the presumptive identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Filter paper disks impregnated with cadmium chloride were placed on streaked agar medium . Zones of growth inhibition for Campylobacter spp . occurred at 1.25 micrograms per disk . Other enteropathogens (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica) were resistant to at least 40 micrograms per disk, with the exception of a strain of Shigella flexneri, which showed first susceptibility at 10 micrograms per disk . Most of the 52 Campylobacter strains, which were isolated from human clinical and animal sources, showed zones of inhibition greater than 10 mm with 2.5 micrograms of cadmium chloride per disk . At 20 micrograms per disk, Campylobacter isolates from clinical sources were significantly (P less than 0.01) more susceptible to cadmium chloride inhibition than were those from meat samples.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 May, 21(5), 702 - 7
Typing of heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by coagglutination; Wong KH et al.; A coagglutination system has been devised for typing heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli . The use of protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells carrying Campylobacter sp . serotype antibody and the treatment of Campylobacter sp . cells with DNase in the antigen suspension permitted rapid and specific coagglutination of rough (autoagglutinable) as well as smooth cultures . Cells of S . aureus were sensitized with Campylobacter sp . serotype antisera . Four to five types of sensitized S . aureus cells were pooled . A strain of Campylobacter sp . was first tested with the pools and then typed with the individual reagents of the reactive pool . After the described procedures, 68 serotype strains tested blindly as unknowns were correctly typed according to their heat-stable or heat-labile antigens . The two most commonly used typing schemes which are based separately on the heat-stable or the heat-labile antigens as assayed by passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination, respectively, can be utilized simultaneously in the coagglutination system for strain characterization . The coagglutination system is simple, yields results rapidly, conserves typing reagents, and offers the flexibility of formulating the pools of reagents according to the experimental design or the prevalence of serotypes in a geographic location . It should be a practical system for the typing of Campylobacter spp . in public health or clinical laboratories.

Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 446 - 51
Phagocytosis of Campylobacter jejuni and its intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes; Kiehlbauch JA et al.; In vitro phagocytosis and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni strain 2964 in mononuclear phagocytes were studied . The following three types of mononuclear phagocytes were used: a J774G8 peritoneal macrophage line derived from BALB/c mice, resident BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and human peripheral blood monocytes . When C . jejuni and mononuclear phagocytes were combined at a ratio of 75:1, light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy all indicated that C . jejuni cells were readily phagocytized . The majority of C . jejuni cells were spirals immediately following ingestion and were rapidly converted to the coccal form within 4 to 8 h . Conversion from the spiral form to the coccal form was complete in the presence of phagocytes within 96 h . In control preparations without phagocytes, conversion began after 24 h and was complete after 48 h . The extent of phagocytosis over time was determined by observing Giemsa-stained preparations and counting the number of intracellular bacterial colony-forming units after removal of extracellular C . jejuni . Human monocytes ingested C . jejuni more rapidly and vigorously than murine macrophages . Intracellular survival of C . jejuni was examined by measuring the number of C . jejuni colony-forming units associated with phagocytes after phagocytosis for 2 h and removal of extracellular bacteria . C . jejuni survived intracellularly for up to 6 to 7 days.

Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 384 - 8
Use of auxotyping for epidemiological studies of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections; Tenover FC et al.; A chemically defined medium developed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was modified to support the growth of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . A total of 76 isolates of C . jejuni and 14 isolates of C . coli were tested on this medium, which was designated Campylobacter defined medium (CDM), over a 3-month period . Although none of the C . coli isolates appeared to require amino acids, 51% of the C . jejuni tested required one and 7% required multiple amino acids for growth . An analysis of isolates obtained from three household outbreaks of campylobacteriosis demonstrated that auxotyping identified the epidemic strain within each outbreak . Among 70 isolates of C . jejuni examined, no correlation could be drawn between a specific serotype and auxotype or between auxotype and plasmid profile.

Public Health Rep, 1985 May-Jun, 100(3), 333 - 6
Campylobacter jejuni infection in Colorado: unexplained excess of cases in males; Hopkins RS et al.; Between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 1982, the Colorado Department of Health received reports of 1,185 culture-confirmed cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection . Incidence rates were highest among infants less than 1 year old and among persons aged 20-29 years . The distribution of cases by sex showed a predominance among males at all ages except 40-59 years, the most marked predominance occurring in infants under 1 year . The higher rates for males were also significant for all ages combined, for ages 10-19 years, and for ages 5-9 years . Neither Salmonella nor Shigella infections reported in Colorado during the same period showed the preponderance among males found for C . jejuni infections . Giardia infections, however, showed a weak male predominance, especially among children less than 10 years old . The preponderance of C . jejuni cases among males disclosed by this study was remarkable . The reasons for this phenomenon are not clear and need further research.

Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 534 - 9
Effect of subgingival scaling on systemic antibody responses to oral microorganisms; Ebersole JL et al.; The effects of scaling and root planing treatment on systemic antibody responses were studied in patients with periodontal disease and in normal subjects . Immunoglobulin G antibody in serum to a battery of oral microorganisms was assessed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after treatment in 31 individuals . The majority (96%) of the diseased patients exhibited elevated antibody to one or more of the microorganisms before the scaling regime . Significant increases in antibody levels in serum were noted in 16 of 19 patients after scaling, whereas only 2 of 12 nonscaled subjects showed similar changes during monitoring intervals of up to 3 years . The bacterial specificities of the increases were found to differ among the patients; however, a significant correlation to preexisting elevated antibody levels was observed . Peak levels of responses were noted at approximately 2 to 4 months posttreatment; antibody returned to pretreatment levels by 8 to 12 months . The predominant organisms for which changes were noted included the black-pigmented Bacteroides spp., Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter concisus, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . In 18 of 19 instances, the homologous microorganism was detected in the subgingival plaque when elevated antibody was present after treatment . These findings indicated that specific changes in host systemic responses accompany scaling and root planing treatment of periodontal disease patients . These alterations in the host response may provide an additional means by which successful therapy can be accomplished.

Arch Dis Child, 1985 May, 60(5), 480 - 1
Campylobacter enteritis and bloody stools in the neonate; Youngs ER et al.; Within 72 hours of birth three babies had loose stools containing fresh blood, mucus, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli . Campylobacter enteritis should be considered in newborn babies passing blood per rectum.

J Dairy Sci, 1985 May, 68(5), 1280 - 5
Whole milk extender with antibiotics to eliminate Campylobacter fetus from frozen bovine semen; Shin S et al.; Fresh bovine semen was contaminated with five strains of Campylobacter fetus at 10(5) to 10(6) organisms per ml of semen . The contaminated semen was processed to contain 500 units of polymyxin B, 500 units of penicillin G, and 1000 micrograms of streptomycin sulfate per ml, incubated at 35 degrees C for 10 min, and added then to whole milk extender with like units of antibiotics for further processing . Both a low and high initial sperm count requiring extension rates 1:7 and 1:39 were studied . Specimens for bacterial viability were processed for culture prior to adding bacteria, 100 min after initial antibiotic treatment, prior to freezing, and after thawed semen was centrifuged and washed to remove extender and antibiotic residue . All strains of Campylobacter fetus were not viable 6 h postantibiotic treatment prior to freezing . All nonantibiotic treated controls were viable after thawing and washing . Removal of antibiotics from thawed semen by centrifugation and washing indicated that antibiotics had bactericidal rather than only bacteriostatic activities against Campylobacter fetus.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1985 May, 180(5-6), 528 - 33
{The behavior of Campylobacter jejuni in various foodstuffs}; Wundt W et al.; For the purpose of ascertaining the survival time of Campylobacter jejuni in foodstuffs under differing conditions, milk, ice-cream, meat salad and drinking water were inoculated with a defined quantity of Campylobacter jejuni and subsequently the number of colony-forming units was determined at first at 12-hour intervals and later once a day . It was found that the survival time in milk at +5 degrees C was 15 days, in drinking water 6 days, but only 7 and 4 days respectively at 22 degrees C . In frozen ice-cream (vanilla) C . j . was still identified after 30 days and longer, in frozen water (-20 degrees C) even after several weeks . In sour meat salad (pH 4.2) the survival time of the inoculated C.j . amounted to a few hours only . The conclusions to be drawn from these results are discussed with reference to the epidemiology of the human diseases caused by C.j . and to kitchen hygiene.

Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 528 - 33
Antigenic heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus; Perez GI et al.; The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure of Campylobacter spp . can be visualized with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by examining proteinase K-treated whole cell lysates . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis LPS profiles of C . jejuni strains are rough type with low concentrations of low-molecular-weight polysaccharide side chains, serum-resistant C . fetus strains have smooth-type LPS, and serum-sensitive C . fetus strains have rough-type LPS . We electroblotted the proteinase K-treated whole cell lysates of 17 C . jejuni and 9 C . fetus strains from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to nitrocellulose paper to examine antigenicity to immune rabbit sera . There was virtually no antigenic cross-reactivity of C . jejuni and C . fetus LPS . Among C . jejuni strains, core LPS structures were cross-reactive, but the O-polysaccharide side chains were best recognized by homologous antisera . Antisera to several serum-resistant C . fetus strains recognized only the polysaccharide side-chain regions of serum-resistant strains and no part of the LPS from the sensitive strain . Antiserum raised against a serum-sensitive C . fetus strain but not homologous antisera recognized the core region of the LPS of the serum-resistant C . fetus strains . These findings suggest that core LPS antigens are widely shared within C . fetus subsp . fetus strains but that in the serum-resistant strains this core region is not surface exposed and therefore not immunogenic to rabbits infected with whole cells.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1985 Apr 26, 97(9), 408 - 10
{Epidemiology and clinical aspects of Campylobacter enteritis in childhood}; Paky F et al.; Stool specimens of 478 children with enteritic symptoms were screened for enteropathogenic bacteria over a 5-month period . 28 cases of infection due to Campylobacter jejuni were found . The incidence of Campylobacter enteritis exceeded that of salmonella and shigella infections recorded over the same period (17 and 11 cases, respectively) . Infected children-aged between 2 months and 15 1/2 years-presented with symptoms of mild gastroenteritis . 18 patients had bloody diarrhoea, whilst 4 children aged between 4 and 9 years with abdominal pain showed a clinical picture mimicking acute appendicitis . Two severely dehydrated infants required parenteral fluids, but in the remaining cases dietetic treatment alone proved satisfactory.

Med J Aust, 1985 Apr 15, 142(8), 439 - 44
Pyloric Campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease; Marshall BJ et al.; In 1982, a new spiral Gram-negative bacterium which was similar to those of the genus Campylobacter was isolated from the gastric mucosa of 11 patients with gastritis . From then on, the organism was isolated in a further 114 of 267 patients who underwent antral biopsy in Fremantle Hospital between January 1983 and September 1984 . During 1984, the bacterium was cultured from 88% of patients in whom it was detected histologically, and was not cultured from any patient with histologically normal gastric mucosa . The new bacterium, pyloric campylobacter, grew in three days on brain-heart infusion blood-agar at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere with added CO2 . All isolates tested were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalosporins, gentamicin and bismuth citrate; 80% of isolates were sensitive to metronidazole or tinidazole . It is suggested that pyloric campylobacter infection is a major factor in the causation of dyspeptic disease and peptic ulceration . Antibacterial regimens directed against the bacterium may provide a permanent cure for these chronic disorders.

Med J Aust, 1985 Apr 15, 142(8), 436 - 9
Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter; Marshall BJ et al.; A volunteer with histologically normal gastric mucosa received pyloric campylobacter by mouth . A mild illness developed, which lasted 14 days . Histologically proven gastritis was present on the tenth day after the ingestion of bacteria, but this had largely resolved by the fourteenth day . The syndrome of acute pyloric campylobacter gastritis is described . It is proposed that this disorder may progress to a chronic infection which predisposes to peptic ulceration.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1985 Apr, 93(2), 97 - 104
Antigenicity of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in passive haemagglutination tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; Naess V et al.; Passive haemagglutination tests and ELISA were used to study the serological activity of homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera against LPS prepared from various strains of C . jejuni/coli . In both test systems the homologous antisera exhibited serological activity against LPS . The heterologous antisera showed some degree of intra- and inter- species cross-reactivity . The cross-reacting was most pronounced in the ELISA . Erythrocytes sensitized with untreated LPS gave higher antibody-titres than erythrocytes sensitized with alkali-treated LPS in the haemagglutination tests.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Apr, 93(2), 83 - 6
Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from sporadic cases and outbreaks in northern Norway; Melby K et al.; In the northern regions of Norway, 123 cases of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis were either sporadic infections or due to five separate outbreaks during 1980-83 . Using a serotyping scheme based on thermostable antigens and the passive haemagglutination technique, 92 isolates were serotyped . Excluding duplicates from the outbreaks, the serotype distribution based on 79 isolates showed that serotypes 6, 7 and 12, 40 were the most frequent in occurrence . Each included 11 (13.9%) of the isolates and each serotype was also identified twice as the epidemic strain in four different outbreaks . A fifth outbreak strain was serotype 13, 16, 50 . The number of isolates that reacted in one or more antisera of the cross reacting group of serotypes 4, 13, 16, 43 and 50 was 21 (26.6%) . The other 23 isolates fell into 19 other serotypes and 13 (16.5%) were untypable.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Apr, 94(2), 205 - 15
Evidence of udder excretion of Campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk-borne campylobacter outbreak; Hutchinson DN et al.; We describe a community outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of untreated milk, apparently contaminated by two cows with campylobacter mastitis . The outbreak occurred in two phases . Strains of Campylobacter jejuni of the Penner serogroup complex 4, 13, 16, 50 and Preston biotype code 6100 were isolated from patients in both episodes and from the faeces of the cattle, milk filters, bulk milk and retail milk . Milk samples from two of 40 milking cows were found to contain C . jejuni, and the wheys from these two cows had high titres of antibody to C . jejuni detected by ELISA techniques.

J Med Microbiol, 1985 Apr, 19(2), 257 - 67
Unusual cellular fatty acids and distinctive ultrastructure in a new spiral bacterium (Campylobacter pyloridis) from the human gastric mucosa; Goodwin CS et al.; Spiral bacteria, named Campylobacter pyloridis, were obtained from endoscopic biopsies of the gastric antrum of 14 patients with active chronic gastritis . Methyl esters of their cellular fatty acids were prepared by acid-catalysed transmethylation of whole cells . Their major fatty acids were tetradecanoic acid (14:0) and cis-9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid (19:0 delta), with a very small amount of hexadecanoic acid (16:0) . This is markedly different from the fatty acids of other Campylobacter sp . whose major fatty acids are hexadecanoic, octadecenoic (18:1) and hexadecenoic acids (16:1) . This is also different from other enterobacteria . Thin-section electronmicroscopy of gastric mucosal biopsies, and negative staining of cultured C . pyloridis, revealed features that differ from those of other campylobacters so far studied . C . pyloridis has a smooth not a rugose surface and multiple unipolar flagella of the sheathed type, each with a terminal bulb . Flagellar sheaths were in continuity with the unit membrane of the outer cell wall . The proposed species C . pyloridis does not belong among the spirochaetes and its DNA composition is incompatible with membership of the genera Spirillum or Vibrio but is compatible with Campylobacter . Thus C . pyloridis is either an atypical member of the genus Campylobacter, the limits of which may have to be redefined to accommodate the new species, or a representative of a new genus.

Poult Sci, 1985 Apr, 64(4), 763 - 4
The effect of carbon dioxide packaging on detection of Campylobacter jejuni from chicken carcasses; Wesley RD et al.; Commercially-processed broilers were held at 4 C in carbon dioxide(CO2)-flushed bags or in natural atmosphere for nine days prior to determining the most probable number of Campylobacter jejuni on individual carcasses . Fifty broilers were evaluated . The CO2-enriched atmosphere packaging of broilers had no detectable effect on the C . jejuni populations.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1985 Apr, 80(4), 260 - 5
Atypical presentation of childhood acquired immune deficiency syndrome mimicking Crohn's disease: nutritional considerations and management; Benkov KJ et al.; A child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome became severely malnourished presumably as a result of multiple gastrointestinal infections, with numerous organisms including campylobacter, giardia, and cryptosporidium . These opportunistic infections preceded laboratory evidence of immune deficiency . Despite severe diarrhea and marked weight loss, there was no laboratory evidence of significant malabsorption . By using nasogastric feedings, we were successful in promoting a 60% weight gain, and a rise in serum albumin from 1.2 to 4.3 g/dl . While eventual outcome was not altered, this particular patient's clinical course was improved . We suggest that malnutrition should not be accepted as inevitable and that malabsorption should not be assumed in similar acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients . Appropriate studies for malabsorption should be done, and high caloric enteral feedings should be used whenever feasible.

Can J Comp Med, 1985 Apr, 49(2), 231 - 2
Campylobacter fetus in artificial insemination unit and slaughterhouse bulls in Ontario; Finlay RC et al.; Preputial fluid samples were collected from 90 bulls in two Ontario artificial insemination units using a penial glove swab technique previously developed by one of us for use in donor bulls . No Campylobacter fetus organisms were identified from the prepuce or from samples of semen collected at the same time from these bulls . The distal genitalia of 200 bulls were collected at a slaughter house . One isolation of a Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis was obtained on a culture from the fornix area of the prepuce of one of these bulls.

Mayo Clin Proc, 1985 Apr, 60(4), 271 - 8
Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (2); Washington JA 2nd et al.; Erythromycin, first introduced for clinical use 30 years ago, was found to be effective for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections . Emergence of resistance and the advent of penicillinase-resistant penicillins limited the use of erythromycin for serious staphylococcal infections; however, erythromycin remains among the drugs of choice for the treatment of acne, infections of the skin and soft tissues, streptococcal pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, diphtheria, carriers of pertussis, and, when administered with a sulfonamide, otitis media . Erythromycin is the drug of choice for the empiric treatment of outpatients with pneumonitis . Erythromycin is also the drug of choice for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia and is effective therapy for Chlamydia infections . Other uses of erythromycin include prophylaxis for elective colon operations and treatment of Campylobacter enteritis, genitourinary infections, and some sexually transmitted diseases.

An Esp Pediatr, 1985 Mar 31, 22(4), 275 - 9
{Digestive complications of Campylobacter enteritis}; Lazaro A et al.; Fifty children with acute diarrhoea, in which the only germ found in stools was Campylobacter fetus jejuni, are studied . Digestive complications occurred are discussed . Nine (18%) had lactose malabsorption, associated in two (4%) with saccharose malabsorption and in one (2%) with cow's milk protein intolerance . All complications were temporary, and carbohydrate malabsorption disappeared between one and three months.

Vet Rec, 1985 Mar 2, 116(9), 237 - 8
Campylobacter infection in domestic dogs; Nair GB et al.; Campylobacter jejuni, a recently recognised human enteric pathogen, was recovered from the faeces of 21.7 per cent of domestic dogs with diarrhoea as compared with only 3.1 per cent of normal healthy dogs . The recovery rate from non-diarrhoeic, but unhealthy, domestic dogs was 6.7 per cent . The differences in the incidence of C jejuni between breeds was not statistically significant . The majority of isolations were from puppies between birth and six months old . The incidence of C jejuni in domestic dogs did not appear to be sex specific . Domestic canine infections with C jejuni could possibly be an important source of human infection, especially to those in close contact.

J Infect Dis, 1985 Mar, 151(3), 485 - 93
Experimental infection of hamsters with Campylobacter jejuni; Humphrey CD et al.; Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrhea and enterocolitis in humans and animals . A mammalian model has been developed for studying pathogenesis of the disease in hamsters by colonizing the ileum and cecum with C . jejuni via either oral intubation after purgation or direct surgical inoculation into the cecum . This colonization resulted in production of disease including diarrhea and intestinal lesions that resembles enterocolitis due to C . jejuni in humans and domestic animals . The mucosal lesions observed grossly at autopsy included erythema of the ileum and cecum and distention of the cecum with fluid . The cecal mucosa was edematous . Epithelial lesions observed by light microscopy included focal edema, occasional hyperplasia, diffuse hyperemia, and infiltration of the lamina propria with leukocytes . C . jejuni-like bacteria penetrated the epithelium and were observed within the lamina propria of infected animals but not in uninfected controls.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Mar, 49(3), 730 - 1
Estimation of Campylobacter spp . in broth culture by bioluminescence assay of ATP; Ng LK et al.; The luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence reaction was used to estimate cell numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broth cultures based on a linear relationship between cell numbers (in excess of 10(4) to 10(5} and ATP levels . The sensitivity was lower than that obtained with Escherichia coli . The calculated amount of intracellular ATP per cell of C . jejuni and C . coli ranged from 1.7 to 2.1 fg.

Mayo Clin Proc, 1985 Mar, 60(3), 189 - 203
Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (1); Washington JA 2nd et al.; Erythromycin is a macrolide that acts by inhibiting the translocation reaction during protein synthesis . Erythromycin is inactive against the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa except under alkaline conditions . Erythromycin is active against most gram-positive bacteria; some gram-negative bacteria, including Neisseria, Bordetella, Brucella, Campylobacter, and Legionella; and Treponema, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma . The emergence of resistance to erythromycin is closely associated with its use and is often plasmid mediated . After its oral or parenteral administration, erythromycin diffuses readily into intracellular fluids and is actively concentrated intracellularly by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages.

J R Soc Med, 1985 Mar, 78(3), 217 - 23
Campylobacter colitis: differentiation from acute inflammatory bowel disease; Mee AS et al.; We describe 10 patients with campylobacter colitis who gave a characteristic history of an acute diarrhoeal illness, rectal bleeding and colicky abdominal pain . For the majority of patients the clinical and sigmoidoscopic features differentiated campylobacter colitis from acute inflammatory bowel disease . Where doubt remained, evidence of a specific antibody response to campylobacter enabled a presumptive clinical diagnosis to be confirmed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Mar, 49(3), 667 - 72
Isolation, characterization, and serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from slaughter cattle; Garcia MM et al.; A total of 525 specimens from 100 slaughter beef cattle were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by direct plating and enrichment techniques . Isolates were identified by cultural, biochemical, antibiotic sensitivity, and immunofluorescence tests and further characterized with the aid of recently developed biotyping and serotyping methods . Fifty animals were positive for C . jejuni; only one was positive for C . coli . The distribution pattern of C . jejuni-positive animals, in decreasing order, was steers (55%), bulls (40%), heifers (40%), and cows (22%) . Significantly higher isolation rates were obtained from the gall bladders (33%), large intestines (35%), and small intestines (31%) than from the livers (12%) or the lymph nodes (1.4%) . C . jejuni isolation by the enrichment technique was 40.2% more frequent than by direct plating; 24-h enrichment resulted in 24% more isolations than 48-h enrichment . Eighty-four of 105 C . jejuni cultures were typable serologically and represented 13 serogroups . Biotype I accounted for 71% of biotyped cultures . Serogroup 7 biotype I was the most commonly encountered (24%) isolate . About one in three positive animals had C . jejuni strains representing more than one serogroup . C . jejuni serogroups encountered in slaughter cattle were similar to those commonly isolated from human sources.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Mar, 27(3), 429 - 30
Comparative in vitro activities of twelve antimicrobial agents against Campylobacter species; Fliegelman RM et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of 27 Campylobacter jejuni, 31 Campylobacter coli, and 30 Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus strains to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined . Ciprofloxacin, a new quinoline derivative, was the most active agent tested . Antimicrobial susceptibility differed among the three species tested.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Mar, 27(3), 388 - 92
Comparative in vitro activities of aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, HR 810 (a new cephalosporin), RU28965 (a new macrolide), and other agents against enteropathogens; Goossens H et al.; The in vitro activity of drugs currently used in the treatment of diarrhea against 595 enteropathogens from worldwide sources was compared with that of six newly developed antibiotics, ciprofloxacin; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; aztreonam; HR810, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin; and RU28965, a new macrolide . In contrast with ampicillin and chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed an excellent activity against all of the enteropathogens tested, except Campylobacter species . Ciprofloxacin had the highest activity, with an overall 90% MIC of less than or equal to 0.097 micrograms/ml, except for Campylobacter species (0.39 micrograms/ml) . Unlike other cephalosporins, HR810 showed a satisfactory activity against Campylobacter species (90% MIC of 3.12 micrograms/ml) . RU28965 was three times less active than erythromycin against Campylobacter species.

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1985 Mar, 3(1), 7 - 13
The etiology of diarrhoea studied in the community in young urban Gambian children; Goh Rowland SG et al.; PIP: In a community-based longitudinal study of 126 urban Gambian children from birth to 2 years, bacterial and/or viral pathogens were identified significantly more often in diarrheal episodes studied (27.5%) than during control periods (19.0%), (p0.001) . Rotavirus and ST-toxigenic Escherichia coli emerged as the most frequently-occurring pathogens in symptomatic children . Campylobacter species, accounting for nearly 1/3 of all pathogens, isolated, occurred more frequently during control periods, as did Salmonella species . Shigellosis may have been underdiagnosed . Even so, the cause of diarrhea during the 1st 1/2 of infancy was largely unresolved, with approximately 90% of cases studied being unexplained, a similar figure emerging for all attacks studied during the spring-time 1/4 of the year . We remain notably ignorant of the cause of most unselected cases of childhood diarrhea in the community in West Africa . author's modified

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1985 Mar, 5(1), 15 - 8
Vertical transmission of enteric pathogens at birth; Duangmani C et al.; To determine how frequently mothers infect their infants with enteric pathogens at birth, stools were collected from 75 Thai mothers immediately before delivery and from their infants 24-48 h later . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were isolated from 25 of the 75 mothers just prior to delivery (32%), enteroviruses from six (8%), enterotoxigenic E . coli from five (7%), and shigella, salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus each from one (1%) . EPEC serotype 0128:K67 was isolated from one mother and from her infant, neither of whom had diarrhoea . Cultures from the other 74 mother-infant pairs did not detect identical enteric pathogens . Eighteen infants, nine of whose mothers submitted stools prior to delivery, developed diarrhoea within 5 days of birth . Five infants were infected with ETEC (28%), three with EPEC serotype 020a020cK61 (17%), one with Campylobacter jejuni (6%), and one with rotavirus (6%) . None of these enteropathogens was found in 66 infants without diarrhoea . ECHO viruses of two different serotypes were isolated from two of 18 newborns with diarrhoea and unidentified enteroviruses from three of 66 without diarrhoea . Mothers and nurses are frequently infected with enteric pathogens in Thailand, but transmission to newborns at birth appears to be uncommon.

Lancet, 1985 Feb 16, 1(8425), 381 - 3
Polymicrobial aetiology of travellers' diarrhoea; Taylor DN et al.; Of 35 US Peace Corps volunteers in Thailand, 20 (57%) had a total of 30 episodes of diarrhoea during their first 6 weeks in the country . Enteric pathogens were associated with 90% of the episodes . A single pathogen was identified in 17 (57%) episodes, 2-4 pathogens were identified in 10 (33%) episodes, and there were 15 symptomless infections . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was identified in 37% of these episodes, and various salmonella serotypes were isolated in 33% . Infections with 9 other enteric pathogens were also identified: Campylobacter jejuni (17%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (13%), Aeromonas hydrophila (10%), Blastocystis hominis (7%), Norwalk virus (7%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (3%), non-O1 Vibrio cholerae (3%), Vibrio fluvialis (3%), and rotavirus (3%) . In total, 56 enteric infections were documented in 35 volunteers.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1985 Feb, 180(2-3), 225 - 40
{Infection prevention in animal husbandry . A contribution to the improvement of the sanitary consumer protection}; Grossklaus D; The scientific and organizational development of an effective prophylaxis against infections in animal husbandry results from the fact that many zoonoses, like salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, rickettsiosis (Q-Fever) and cysticercosis as well as certain important virus infections with regard to meat hygiene cannot be detected during official ante- and postmortem inspection . The cause of these infections is clinically inapparent and leaves no pathologic-anatomical lesions . Partly responsible for these latent infections is mass production with its specific forms of husbandry, particularly in poultry and pigs . The development of these animal production methods as well as the spread of the aforementioned zoonoses in man and animal is being discussed in this paper . The information on zoonoses is based on cases reported in accordance with the Federal Communicable Diseases Act and/or the regulations on notifiable animal diseases . The potential harmfulness to the consumer's health, especially in view of his food habits, is discussed in the light of the increase of foodborne infections and intoxications caused by Salmonella . Up until now, several regulations exist to keep causative agents of zoonoses away from animal farms . In view of the successful eradication of tuberculosis in cattle and brucellosis, it is recommended on a longterm basis, to eliminate those zoonoses from animal farms, which are of special importance from the meat-hygienic point of view . On a medium-term basis, examination of farm animals should be introduced voluntarily prior to the official ante- and postmortem inspection . It is of vital importance to establish the necessary diagnostic and practical conditions for the herd-tests . A recommendation worked out by the European Community for the examination of broiler-farms is welcomed as an example of prophylactic measures suitable for the improvement of consumer protection.

Aust Paediatr J, 1985 Feb, 21(1), 45 - 9
Intestinal parasites and bacteria in Aboriginal children in South West Australia; Gill JS et al.; In a study of intestinal parasites in 697 Aboriginal children under the age of 6 years in South-west Australia, Giardia lamblia was recorded in 26% and Hymenolepis nana in 13.9% . G . lamblia infections occurred above 4 months of age, and H . nana infections above 18 months of age . There was a close correlation between infection with these two species (chi 2, P less than 0.001) . Campylobacter jejuni, the predominant bacterial species recorded, was isolated in 2.3%, and was related to bowel symptoms in one child . G . lamblia was more prevalent in the country areas than in the Perth metropolitan area (chi 2, P less than 0.05 . H . nana was more prevalent in children whose weight was below the third percentile (chi 2, P less than 0.02), and in those with diarrhoea (chi 2, P less than 0.01) . There were strong correlations between low weight (below third percentile), a history of recent diarrhoea, and discharging ears.

Arch Intern Med, 1985 Feb, 145(2), 289 - 92
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus bacteremia; Francioli P et al.; Eight patients with Campylobacter fetus bacteremia, six of them with serious underlying diseases, were seen in a two-year period . Besides fever, which was observed in all cases, the most frequent clinical manifestation was lower extremity phlebitis and cellulitis (four patients) . In one of these patients, it had the peculiar aspect of bilateral pretibial cellulitis . One patient had vertebral osteomyelitis, a complication, to our knowledge, not yet described . Two patients, both with advanced underlying diseases, died . The five patients who completed a two- to three-week course of erythromycin gluceptate, all had initial clinical improvement . However, one patient suffered a relapse at the end of treatment, and progression of vertebral osteomyelitis while on erythromycin therapy was observed in another patient . These clinical and bacteriologic failures occurred despite the in vitro sensitivity to erythromycin of the two strains . This suggests that erythromycin might not be adequate therapy for C fetus septicemia.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Feb, 94(1), 45 - 54
The virulence of clinical and environmental isolates of Campylobacter jejuni; Newell DG et al.; The virulence of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli isolated from various water sources was compared with that of clinical strains by in vitro assays of adhesion, invasion and cytotoxicity to HeLa cells . Variation in degree of attachment was observed, but this did not appear to be related to strain source, However, water strains were less invasive and less cytotoxic to HeLa cells than clinical strains as shown by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy . These differences were particularly evident between clinical and water isolates of the same serotype and biotype implicated in an outbreak of campylobacter enteritis in a school . The enhanced virulence of the clinical isolates, possibly induced by passage, was confirmed by colonization tests on infant mice.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Feb, 21(2), 260 - 1
Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from a pet turtle; Harvey S et al.; During the course of a Salmonella agona case investigation, Campylobacter fetus was isolated from a pet turtle . This is the first reported isolation of C . fetus from a turtle and suggests that turtles, in addition to being reservoirs for Salmonella species, may also be reservoirs for C . fetus.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Feb, 21(2), 226 - 30
Comparison of basal media for culturing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Ng LK et al.; Four strains of Campylobacter jejuni and four strains of Campylobacter coli were used to compare the quantitative growth of Campylobacter cells on blood agar base no . 2 (Oxoid), brucella agar (BBL Microbiology Systems and Difco Laboratories), campylobacter agar base (Difco), Columbia blood agar base (Difco and Oxoid), and Mueller-Hinton agar (Difco and Oxoid) . Columbia blood agar base and blood agar base no . 2 were inhibitory to most of the strains tested, as evidenced by reduced (10- to 1,000-fold) colony counts compared with other basal media . One of the brucella agars was inhibitory to two of the C . coli strains . The inhibitory effect of these media could be eliminated by addition of FBP (0.05% each ferrous sulfate hydrate, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium pyruvate) or 7% defibrinated sheep blood . However, addition of FBP or blood to brucella agar, campylobacter agar base, or Mueller-Hinton agar did not significantly affect the count, indicating that supplements are not required in these media for growth of Campylobacter in pure culture.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Feb, 21(2), 164 - 7
Campylobacter jejuni-specific serum antibodies are elevated in healthy Bangladeshi children; Blaser MJ et al.; In Bangladesh and other developing countries, isolation of Campylobacter jejuni is common in healthy children, and the illness/infection ratio falls with age . To determine whether specific serum antibodies correlate with this phenomenon, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we studied sera from 93 healthy Bangladeshi children and 121 healthy U.S . children under 15 years of age . For each age group (less than 1, 2 to 4, and 5 to 14 years) studied, specific serum antibody levels were significantly higher in the Bangladeshi children . Among Bangladeshi children, for each of the three immunoglobulin subclasses, the change in antibody levels with age was different . Specific immunoglobulin A antibody levels rose linearly with age, immunoglobulin G levels peaked in the 2- to 4-year age group and then fell, and immunoglobulin M levels peaked in the 2- to 4-year age group and then plateaued . Elevated serum antibody levels to C . jejuni in Bangladeshi children may be protective in themselves or may reflect other protective phenomena.

Infect Immun, 1985 Feb, 47(2), 353 - 9
Lipopolysaccharide characteristics of pathogenic campylobacters; Perez Perez GI et al.; Most Campylobacter jejuni strains are sensitive and most Campylobacter fetus strains are resistant to the bactericidal activity in normal human serum . We purified lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter strains to determine whether their composition and structure relate to serum susceptibility . The lipopolysaccharide of two serum-sensitive strains was best isolated by the Galanos procedure, but for two serum-resistant strains a cold-ethanol extraction was optimal . For each lipopolysaccharide preparation, the ratio of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate to protein was increased by 100 to 1,000-fold over that of whole cells . For serum-resistant strains, total carbohydrates was a high proportion of lipopolysaccharide weight; for serum-sensitive strains, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanate was a high proportion of total carbohydrates . By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the lipopolysaccharide of serum-sensitive strains appeared rough, but for serum-resistant strains a smooth-type ladder was seen, with a minimal core region and several high-molecular-weight complexes . Proteinase K-treated whole-cell lysates showed polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles similar to that of pure lipopolysaccharide . Proteinase K-treated whole-cell lysates from seven serum-sensitive C . jejuni strains all had rough profiles, and five serum-resistant C . fetus strains all had smooth profiles . These studies indicate that lipopolysaccharide composition may be an important determinant of serum susceptibility among Campylobacter species and that serum resistance is usually associated with a smooth-type lipopolysaccharide.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1985 Feb, 180(2-3), 319 - 34
{Occurrence of enteritis-causing agents in private households--a pilot study}; Borneff J et al.; The increasing occurrence of infectious enteritis caused us to perform a prospective, epidemiological pilotstudy in households, in order to receive informations about the practicability of such a project and the bacteriology of food prepared at home as well . 10 families were asked to gather samples of all foodstuffs consumed during the day in separate containers and to keep them frozen at - 20 degrees C until collected by us once a week . Thus we received 4.683 samples within a 6-months-period . In the laboratory those samples were mixed following Table 2 and examined concerning the occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria . Additionally we carried out an investigation of kitchensurfaces and -utensils by means of "Rodac"-plates . The evaluation of the food-samples showed no growth of salmonella, shigella, yersinia or campylobacter; however, in 267 samples were found staphylococci, in 191 enterococci, in 388 enterobacteria, in 28 aerobic sporeformers and in 144 fungi . Mainly sausage- and meatproducts appeared to be contaminated by staphylococci, also enterococci and enterobacteria (Fig . 1); other groceries were colonized by these microorganisms only to a minor degree . Fungi and aerobic sporeformers were isolated primarily in salads, bakery- and milkproducts (Fig . 2) . Though some of the foodstuffs contained up to 10(5) pathogenes/g (Fig . 5), no cases of gastroenteritis were observed within our families . In case of mishandling (e.g . storage of food in refrigerators with temperatures above 4 degrees C) the development of foodborne enteritis has to be taken into account . The kitchens' examination showed a relatively high degree of contamination with pathogenic resp . potentially pathogenic organisms, represented in Fig . 7 by data obtained from different objects of investigation (surfaces, sinks and cloths).

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Feb, 94(1), 31 - 44
Microbiological aspects of goat's milk . A Public Health Laboratory Service survey; Roberts D; In a 12-month survey (June 1982-May 1983) 41 laboratories examined 2493 samples of goat's milk for colony counts and the presence of pathogens . The statutory tests for cow's milk were also applied . Surface counts of less than 10(5) organisms per ml of raw milk were given by 79% of samples at 37 degrees C and by 76% at 22 degrees C . There were less than 100 coliforms per ml in 71% of samples, less than 10 Escherichia coli per ml in 91% . Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in countable numbers in 96% of samples . Only one isolation of campylobacter was made and two of Yersinia enterocolitica . Salmonella was not detected in 2462 samples . The methylene blue test was carried out on 2368 samples and 86.7% were deemed satisfactory . No sample was Brucella ring-test-positive . Experiments on the survival and growth of six food poisoning organisms in stored goat's milk showed that Bacillus cereus, Staph . aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Y . enterocolitica survived quite well and multiplied at the higher storage temperature of 30 degrees C . Clostridium perfringens only increased 10- to 100-fold while Campylobacter jejuni did not grow . The results of the survey indicate that any problems with goat's milk relate to poor hygiene during production rather than transmission of organisms from the goat herself.

Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1985, 140(8), 649 - 52
Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from market chickens: effect of temperature and time of incubation; Haba JH et al.; During a 4-month period, starting in June 1983, Campylobacter jejuni was isolated at 42% from a total of 115 samples of market chickens . The effects of the temperature and duration of incubation on the isolation of C . jejuni were evaluated . The samples were massaged in polyethylene plastic bags, filtered through cheesecloth, centrifuged, and the sediment was plated on a selective medium . Isolation of C . jejuni was increased by incubating at 42 degrees C during 48 h as opposed to 35 degrees C for 24 h.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1985, 51(3), 321 - 31
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni antibodies, and comparison with a complement fixation test (CFT); Oosterom J et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of total anti-Campylobacter immunoglobulins in human sera . In this assay disintegrated Campylobacter bacteria were used as the antigen . Absorption tests including other possibly enteropathogenic bacterial species showed that the ELISA system displayed a high immunological specificity for Campylobacter . Using this ELISA it was found that in about 80% of Campylobacter patients these Campylobacter antibodies are produced to almost maximal levels within 8 days after onset of disease, and that they may persist for at least 4 months . Indeed, Campylobacter antibodies were demonstrated at low levels in a large number of control sera . However, accepting an antibody titre of 1:640 as indicative of Campylobacter infection, the statistical sensitivity of the ELISA system was 77% and the specificity 95% . In an epidemiological survey a high association was demonstrated between the severity of Campylobacter-related symptoms and antibody titre values . Assessment of Campylobacter antibody titres by means of this ELISA and by a complement fixation test in 92 sera from index patients and contacts with and without symptoms showed a high association of results.

Acta Microbiol Hung, 1985, 32(2), 125 - 31
Campylobacter strains isolated from slaughtered chickens: their sensitivity to antibiotics and resistance to erythromycin; Marjai E et al.; Antibiograms for 304 Campylobacter strains isolated in Csongrad county from slaughtered chickens in the years 1981 to 1983 were determined with the disk-agar diffusion method . The isolates, originating from two poultry-processing plants and two canteen kitchens proved to be sensitive to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin and resistant to penicillin . The antibiogram depended on the source of samples and, to a higher degree, on the year of sampling . The frequency of strains resistant to erythromycin was 5.7% in 1981 and 39.8% in 1983; for the resistant strains the minimum inhibiting concentration was greater than 250 micrograms erythromycin per ml . In the same periods 25.0% and 32.8% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 23.3% and 49.2% to lincomycin, respectively . Simultaneous resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin and erythromycin occurred in 16.4% of the isolates.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1985, 17(3), 285 - 90
Campylobacter ssp . infections in Iceland during a 24-month period in 1980-1982 . Clinical and epidemiological characteristics; Steingrimsson O et al.; During a 2-year period, 67 isolates of Campylobacter ssp . were cultured from 7213 stool specimens submitted for culture from 4019 individuals (1.7%) . In the same period considerably more strains of Salmonella were isolated, 164 (4.1%) . In the majority of cases campylobacteriosis presented as a mild disease . Some patients however were severely ill and 22 (32.8%) were hospitalized . Clinical resemblance to ulcerative colitis caused diagnostic difficulties in several patients . Two thirds of the patients contracted their disease domestically . There was a marked seasonal variation with peak incidence during the summer months.

Gastrointest Radiol, 1985, 10(4), 358 - 61
Roentgenologic changes of the colon in Campylobacter infection; Tielbeek AV et al.; A double-contrast examination of the colon was performed during diarrheal illness in 5 patients with Campylobacter infection . The findings in these 5 patients were aphthoid ulcers and stippled appearance . In 1 patient with stool culture positive for Campylobacter, double-contrast study of the colon 9 days later showed no abnormalities . In a 12-year-old boy lymphoid hyperplasia could be observed as well as the aphthoid ulcers . All the abnormalities were segmental, more often localized in the rectosigmoid . No changes were found in the ascending colon . Histopathologic studies of the biopsy specimens taken endoscopically in 3 patients showed a nonspecific inflammatory reaction.

J Int Med Res, 1985, 13(4), 241 - 4
Food poisoning--fact or fiction? An observation of the current interpretation of the term 'food-poisoning'; Ackerley LM et al.; The Communicable Disease Report number 84/52 has given a clear indication that Campylobacter infections are now the most significant reported causes of gastrointestinal infection . The figures given indicate approximately 22,000 Campylobacter infections in 1984 as opposed to approximately 14,000 Salmonella infections, with, more importantly, the trend increasing with regard to Campylobacter, and decreasing with regard to Salmonella infections . Campylobacter enteritis would now appear to be a major problem both in terms of human suffering and in its economic effects . It is reported, for example, that at least 80,000 working days may be lost in the United Kingdom per year . The fundamental problem raised by Campylobacter enteritis is whether we need to have a standardized definition of food poisoning accepted in law to allow central government and local authorities to manage in particular the problems related to Campylobacter enteritis . From information available, it appears that local authorities have differing interpretations as to the classification and subsequent management of Campylobacter enteritis . In order to control the identified trend in the increase of Campylobacter infections, the need for a clear and explicit definition is rapidly becoming essential.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1985, 51(1), 65 - 70
Serotyping of and hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human patients, poultry and pigs in the Netherlands; Oosterom J et al.; Three hundred strains of Campylobacter jejuni, isolated from human patients, poultry and pigs were serotyped according to the Penner-Lauwers system and furthermore tested for hippurate hydrolysis . Serotyping showed a close relationship between human and chicken strains, whereas there was little relationship between human and pig strains . A similar conclusion was drawn from the results of the hippurate hydrolysis test: 86% of human and 94% of poultry strains were positive, whereas 91% of pig strains were negative . These data confirm the conclusions from epidemiological investigations, according to which poultry is a major source of human campylobacteriosis, while pigs are rarely so.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Jan, 27(1), 55 - 9
In vitro activities of 47 antimicrobial agents against three Campylobacter spp . from pigs; Gebhart CJ et al.; The in vitro activities of 47 antimicrobial agents against 30 isolates of Campylobacter species from pigs were determined by the agar dilution technique . The isolates were obtained from pigs with proliferative enteritis and included 10 strains each of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter sputorum subsp . mucosalis, and "Campylobacter hyointestinalis Gebhart et al." (this name is not on the Approved Lists) . Carbadox, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, and dimetridazole were the most active drugs, inhibiting all three Campylobacter species with a MIC for 50% of the isolates of 2 micrograms/ml or less . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefazolin, sulfachloropyridazine, novobiocin, vancomycin, sulfathiazole, cyclohexamide, bacitracin, p-arsanilic acid, and colistin were the least active, with MICs for 50% of the isolates ranging from 16 to greater than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Jan, 58(1), 57 - 62
A note on the effect of different storage procedures on the ability of Preston medium to recover campylobacters; Fricker CR; The effect of different storage procedures on the ability of Preston medium to recover campylobacters was investigated . Freshly poured media was shown to recover more campylobacters than media stored under aerobic or anaerobic conditions at room temperature or at 4 degrees C . The growth of Campylobacter laridis was greatly reduced by storage of media and although most strains of C . jejuni and C . coli were not markedly affected, the growth of one strain of C . jejuni was considerably reduced . It is recommended that freshly prepared media be used whenever possible, but if storage is necessary, then plates should be held at 4 degrees C, preferably under anaerobic conditions . These precautions may not be necessary for workers interested solely in C . jejuni or C . coli, but are essential for the optimum isolation of C . laridis.

Vet Q, 1985 Jan, 7(1), 31 - 4
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella during pig slaughtering; Oosterom J et al.; It was found that 79% of healthy pigs, slaughtered in three different slaughterhouses in the Netherlands, were intestinal carriers of Campylobacter jejuni (mean number 4000 cfu per g), and 21% of the same pigs had Salmonella in the intestinal tract (mean number 10 cfu per g) . Immediately after slaughter, Campylobacter was swabbed from 9% of the carcasses and Salmonella from 13% . It is concluded from these data that most of the contamination on carcasses does not originate directly from the intestinal tracts of the animals but rather from surfaces, equipment, and utensils in the slaughter hall . It was demonstrated that Salmonella could survive in the slaughter hall, whereas Campylobacter died off, probably due to its vulnerability to drying conditions and its inability to grow at temperatures below 30 degrees C . Campylobacter was not isolated from the carcasses after cooling . It had been shown earlier that this again was caused by dry conditions, brought about by the use of forced ventilation in the cooling rooms . In an additional investigation, Campylobacter was not isolated from 248 samples of minced pork (10 g each), whereas Salmonella was found in 13% of these samples.

Res Vet Sci, 1985 Jan, 38(1), 41 - 5
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to Campylobacter fetus in bovine vaginal mucus; Hewson PI et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies to Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis in bovine vaginal mucus . The results of testing 168 samples from experimentally infected, field cases and control cows showed that the ELISA was more sensitive than the vaginal mucus agglutination test and also detected antibodies in earlier stages of infection.

J Comp Pathol, 1985 Jan, 95(1), 45 - 55
Spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon in Wistar rats: the intracytoplasmic presence of a Campylobacter-like bacterium; Vandenberghe J et al.; Campylobacter-like bacteria were demonstrated in the neoplastic cells in 15 of 17 naturally occurring endophytic adenocarcinomas of the ascending colon in Wistar rats . These bacteria were also present in the cytoplasm in metastases in the regional lymph nodes . The microorganisms penetrated the epithelial layer and their presence was associated with a chronic productive inflammatory reaction . A possible causal association of Campylobacter-like organisms in carcinoma of the colon in man and in the Wistar rat is discussed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jan, 21(1), 4 - 7
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid analysis, and serotyping of epidemic-associated Campylobacter jejuni; Bopp CA et al.; Campylobacter jejuni strains from 11 outbreaks were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profile, and serotyping by the methods of Lior et al . and Penner and Hennessy . All 31 strains were susceptible to erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tobramycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin . A total of 21 strains from nine outbreaks were resistant to one or more of the following antimicrobial agents: tetracycline, metronidazole, ampicillin, or carbenicillin . Of the 31 strains, 19 possessed plasmid DNA; 4 of the strains containing plasmids were sensitive to all antimicrobial agents tested . All of the strains that were resistant to tetracycline contained a 38-megadalton plasmid, and these plasmids shared common nucleic acid sequences . No other antimicrobial resistance was associated with the presence of plasmid DNA . Eight outbreaks appeared to have been caused by a single serotype, whereas in three outbreaks multiple serotypes were found . In two of the three outbreaks with multiple serotypes, plasmid profiles were also indicative of multiple strains of C . jejuni . Antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profile are potentially useful epidemiological markers for C . jejuni and may be used to supplement serotyping.

J Infect Dis, 1985 Jan, 151(1), 131 - 9
Campylobacter cinaedi (sp . nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp . nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men; Totten PA et al.; In a recent study in Seattle, we isolated Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) significantly more often from homosexual men with intestinal symptoms than from asymptomatic heterosexual and homosexual control subjects . Biochemical tests, morphology, and guanine-plus-cytosine content of whole-cell DNA showed that these organisms were similar to, but distinguishable from, other species in the genus Campylobacter . DNA homology tests showed that the Campylobacter-like organisms belong to four unique genetic groups, two of which were phenotypically identical . We developed a rapid screening test to genetically group these organisms and to assess the correlation of each genotype with enteric disease in homosexual men . Three of the four CLO groups were isolated only from men with proctitis, proctocolitis, and/or enteritis . The remaining group, isolated from both symptomatic and asymptomatic homosexual men, was significantly correlated with the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the rectal secretions of asymptomatic men, a finding that suggests subclinical disease . We have tentatively classified two of the CLO groups into species, Campylobacter cinaedi sp . nov . and Campylobacter fennelliae sp . nov.

Tierarztl Prax, 1985, 13(2), 151 - 7
{Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in animals and its significance for the human}; Weber A; The frequency of human infections caused by Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is thought to be at present as significant as that of infections with salmonella . The epidemiology of human infections with C . jejuni is not well understood, although numerous species of animals are an important reservoir for this microorganism . In an overview the occurrence of C . jejuni at different domestic animals and pets is described . There is also given a report about possible direct and indirect ways for the infections from animals to man.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1985, 78(5 Pt 2), 930 - 4
{Campylobacter in acute diarrhea of infants}; Khemiri F et al.; Investigation of C . jejuni, C . coli has been realised on 280 babies in Tunis, 123 of them do not present any diarrhea . The global frequency of campylobacter isolated is 4.64% . Concerning babies with diarrhea, the frequency is 4.45%, whereas it is 4.86% in the group without diarrhea . A similar frequency of C . jejuni and C . coli appears in the two groups.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1985 Jan, 15(1), 39 - 44
In-vitro activity of pefloxacin compared to enoxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin and new beta-lactams; Clarke AM et al.; The in-vitro activity of pefloxacin was compared with that of norfloxacin, enoxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and, where appropriate, other beta-lactams against a total of 363 recent clinical isolates . An agar dilution procedure was used to determine MICs and two inocula (10(4) and 10(6) cfu) were used throughout . Pefloxacin inhibited 90% of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhi, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae at less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l . Serratia marcescens and Providencia stuartii were somewhat more resistant, 2 mg/l of pefloxacin being required to inhibit 90% of isolates of these species . Pefloxacin inhibited 90% of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 4 mg/l and 90% of isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group at 16 mg/l . The activity of enoxacin was similar to that of pefloxacin, with enoxacin being four-fold less active against Staph . aureus, two-fold less active against the Bacteroides fragilis group and most species of the Enterobacteriaceae, and two-fold more active against Ps . aeruginosa . Pefloxacin showed good activity against gentamicin-resistant Ps . aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae and against methicillin-resistant Staph . aureus . Strains with decreased susceptibility to norfloxacin tended to be less susceptible to both pefloxacin and enoxacin.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1985, 64(4), 302 - 10
A prospective etiological and clinical study on gastroenteritis in Italian children; Figura N et al.; Stool cultures of 188 children hospitalized for gastroenteritis in a two-year period (1981-1982) yielded Salmonella in 25.5%, Campylobacter in 16.0%, and Y . enterocolitica in 3.7% of cases . Rotavirus was identified in 22.3% of cases . Out of 82 lactose-positive microorganisms isolated from as many cases, three (one E . coli and two Klebsiella) produced heat-labile enterotoxin and two E . coli strains a "cytotoxic" toxin (in an HEp-2 in vitro model); two other E . coli strains possessed adhesive properties for HEp-2 cells in vitro; none revealed enteroinvasive for HEp-2 cells . Two out of 70 E . coli strains were EPEC . From stools of 643 childhood out-patients Salmonella was isolated in 9.6% of cases; Campylobacter and Y . enterocolitica in 9.0% and in 0.6% of cases respectively . Rotavirus was not looked for . Shigella strains were not isolated . Among 622 children without gastrointestinal symptoms, five (0.8%) excreted campylobacters and one (0.16%) salmonella . Children of 18-24 months of age were significantly more often infected with Campylobacter . Gross blood in feces, body temperature greater than 38 degrees C, and peripheral leukocytosis were significantly more often associated with Salmonella infection; vomiting and absence of blood in stools and of leukocytosis with rotavirus infection . Other features were not significantly associated with the etiological agent of the illness . Except for Salmonella infections, the enteritis cases did not show any pronounced seasonal pattern.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Jan, 27(1), 37 - 41
Survey of plasmids and resistance factors in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Tenover FC et al.; A total of 688 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis and were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline . Of the isolates examined, 32% were noted to harbor plasmid DNA, ranging in size from 2.0 to 162 kilobases . Only tetracycline resistance was noted to correlate with the presence of plasmids . Plasmids capable of transferring tetracycline resistance via conjugation ranged in size from 42 to 100 kilobases . The Bg/II and Bc/I restriction endonuclease profiles of 31 plasmids examined showed marked diversity in their banding patterns . Although a high degree of DNA-DNA homology was noted among the Campylobacter spp . plasmids, no homology was noted between these plasmids and tetracycline R factors commonly found in the family Enterobacteriaceae.

Microbiologica, 1985 Jan, 8(1), 51 - 8
A two-year longitudinal study on the etiology of acute diarrhea in young children in Northern Italy; Cevenini R et al.; During a 24-month period, 561 young children (6 months-2 years of age) hospitalized for acute diarrhea were studied for enteric pathogens . Patients positive for one or more pathogens were 359 (64.0%) . Infection with one pathogen was found in 266 (47.4%) patients, whereas multiple infection was detected in 93 (16.6%) patients . Enteropathogens associated with disease were Rotaviruses: 150 (26.7%), Adenoviruses: 99 (17,6%), non-polio Enteroviruses: 48 (8.5%), Coronaviruses: 10 (1.8%), Parvoviruses: 5 (0.9%), Salmonella sp.: 41 (7.3%), Campylobacter fetus: 45 (8.0%), Giardia lamblia: 8 (1.4%), and "enteropathogenic" E . coli: 63 (11.2%) of which 15 (3%) produced heat labile enterotoxin . Seasonal occurrence of enteropathogens is also described.

Drugs Exp Clin Res, 1985, 11(4), 253 - 7
The comparative in vitro activity of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials against enteric pathogens; O'Hare MD et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials were determined for Salmonella typhi (25), Salmonella spp . (50), Shigella spp . (50), Campylobacter jejuni (100), Vibrio cholerae (10), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10), Yersinia enterocolitica (25), Aeromonas hydrophila (25) and Plesiomonas shigelloides (10) . MICs were determined using an agar dilution technique in Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, England) supplemented with 10% lysed horse blood . Antibiotic containing plates were inoculated with approximately 10(4) colony forming units of each organism, contained in 10 microliters of Mueller-Hinton broth (Oxoid, England), using a multipoint inoculator . Following inoculation plates were incubated aerobically for 18 hours at 37 degrees C, except for plates inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni which were incubated microaerophilically for 48 hours at 37 degrees C . The MICs of each antimicrobial for each isolate examined, together with the minimum concentrations of each antimicrobial required to inhibit 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the isolates examined, were also determined . The more recently synthesized 4-quinolones showed very good activity against all of the enteric pathogens examined with ciprofloxacin being the most active (MIC90: Salmonella typhi 0.015 microgram/ml, Salmonella spp . 0.015 microgram/ml, Shigella spp . 0.015 microgram/ml, Campylobacter jejuni 0.12 microgram/ml, Vibrio cholerae 0.008 microgram/ml, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 0.06 microgram/ml, Yersinia enterocolitica 0.015 microgram/ml, Aeromonas hydrophila 0.015 microgram/ml and Plesiomonas shigelloides 0.015 microgram/ml . Where considered clinically appropriate these compounds may have a useful role in the treatment and prevention of diarrhoeal disease caused by these enteric pathogens.

Gastroenterology, 1985 Jan, 88(1 Pt 1), 13 - 9
Characterization of spontaneous colitis in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and its response to sulfasalazine; Madara JL et al.; Chronic colitis in the cotton-top tamarin (CTT) has been characterized by obtaining distal colonic biopsy specimens, hematocrits, serum albumins, and stools for bacteriologic and parasitic examination in nondebilitated living CTTs . The species specificity of the histologic features of colitis observed in the CTT was assessed by obtaining distal colonic biopsy specimens from 10 animals of other primate species for histologic examination . Histologic evidence of active colitis was found in 50% of adult CTTs but was absent in all non-CTT species studied . Forty-two stool samples obtained from 18 CTTs yielded only one isolate (Campylobacter) . In addition to active colitis, CTT rectal mucosa also often had subtle irregularities in mucosal structure that were not present in nonrelated primate species and might represent chronic colitis . Metaplasia was not observed . The therapeutic effects of oral sulfasalazine (50 mg/kg X day) on CTT colitis were assessed in a randomized 10-wk placebo controlled crossover study . This study demonstrated significant improvement in disease activity as judged histologically (p less than 0.05) and significant increases in animal weight (p less than 0.01) and serum albumin (p less than 0.01) during sulfasalazine therapy when compared with saline control . Sulfasalazine therapy can ameliorate the effects of this disease and offers promise in maintaining experimental colonies of this endangered species for future studies.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jan, 21(1), 33 - 8
Western blot analysis of the human antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni cellular antigens during gastrointestinal infection; Nachamkin I et al.; Western blot analysis was used to identify antigenic components of Campylobacter jejuni whole cells and outer membranes that elicit antibody responses in patients with campylobacter enteritis . Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from eight patients were analyzed for antibody activity against their homologous infecting strains and heterologous clinical isolates . Whole-cell and Sarkosyl-insoluble membrane components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose paper for immunoblotting experiments . After the separated components were probed with patient sera, antibody binding was detected by autoradiography with 125I-protein A . Using this method, we detected several immunogenic components in whole cells and outer membranes . In the acute-phase response of some patients to infection, two to three components with approximate molecular weights of 66,000 (p66), 43,000 to 46,000 (major outer membrane protein), and 12,000 (p12) were detected in immunoblots . Convalescent-phase sera showed a more broad array of antibody binding to cell components . p66, shown to be campylobacter flagellin, was the major immunodominant component in almost all sera tested, however, p66 was not a major protein in Coomassie blue-stained gels . The major outer-membrane protein also bound to antibody, but with less intensity than p66 . In general, the antibody specificity of patient sera was not limited to the homologous infecting strain, and antibodies cross-reacted with most components in heterologous strains . A low-molecular-weight component, identified as lipopolysaccharide with a modified silver stain, showed serological specificity for some patient sera . The results of this study showed that the antibody response of patients with campylobacter enteritis to C . jejuni antigens is variable . Flagellin appeared to be the major immunodominant component during infection.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jan, 21(1), 108 - 12
Antigenic analysis of Campylobacter flagellar protein and other proteins; Wenman WM et al.; Outer membrane proteins of Campylobacter jejuni and other campylobacter species were analyzed for their antigenic potentials by immunoblotting . Polypeptides were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred electrophoretically, and reacted with rabbit antisera to C . jejuni . Each Campylobacter species analyzed demonstrated a unique outer membrane protein antigenic profile; interspecies antigen sharing was observed to be compatible with the degree of DNA relatedness between the species . The most highly conserved outer membrane protein antigen was the flagellum (molecular weight, 62,000) . An aflagellate mutant was found to be untypable with the heat-labile system, in contrast to its parental isolate . The immunogenic potentials of C . jejuni proteins were examined by immunoblot analysis of sera from infected humans . Sera of convalescent patients, reacted with their homologous C . jejuni isolates, recognized a variety of campylobacter proteins . The most consistent immunogen in human infection was the flagellar protein . Patient sera assayed by the immunoblot technique were easily distinguished from control sera, which did not recognize specific campylobacter antigens . These findings suggest that the campylobacter flagellar protein is an essential determinant of the heat-labile antigen typing scheme and is the dominant immunogen recognized during C . jejuni infections in humans.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Dec, 20(6), 1094 - 8
Composition of the antigenic material removed from Campylobacter jejuni by heat; Buck GE et al.; The antigenic material removed form Campylobacter jejuni by the boiling of whole cells in saline was examined biochemically . Analyses showed that the extracted material contained 3 micrograms of protein per ml per mg of wet cells and ca . 2.6 micrograms of carbohydrate per ml per mg of wet cells . Further extraction of the material with chloroform-methanol produced about 0.5 microgram of water-insoluble residue per ml per mg of wet cells, suggesting the presence of lipid as well . Additional analyses revealed the presence of hexose, pentose, heptose, hexosamine, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, and the extract was also positive by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay for lipopolysaccharide . An examination by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that at least 10 different protein bands could be detected . One of the major bands corresponded to the major outer membrane protein, as determined by comparison with an outer membrane protein preparation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Another major protein in the heated extract corresponded to a band previously shown to be flagellin . An analysis of the time course of the release of material showed that a significant amount was removed after 3 to 10 min at 100 degrees C, but the release of material seemed to be delayed at lower temperatures . These results show that the treatment of C . jejuni with heat produces a complex mixture of components, including cell wall lipopolysaccharide, the major outer membrane protein, and flagellin . It is likely that some cytoplasmic components are present as well . Blebs of outer membrane have been observed with this organism by electron microscopy . Our results confirm this and suggest that the heating of cells accelerates this blebbing process.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1984 Dec, 91(12), 1177 - 80
Spontaneous abortion--an infectious aetiology?
Munday PE, Porter R, Falder PF, Carder JM, Holliman R, Lewis BV, Taylor-Robinson D.
The role of Chlamydia trachomatis, genital mycoplasmas, Campylobacter spp . and other aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the aetiology of spontaneous abortion was investigated prospectively in 241 pregnant women at a community hospital . Sixteen women who had threatened abortions were a little younger, of lower social class and had had more previous spontaneous abortions than the 76 women who aborted or the 149 women whose pregnancies were not complicated in the early stages by haemorrhage . The demographic characteristics of the latter two groups of women were similar . C . trachomatis was isolated from the cervix of only one woman and she had no genital-tract bleeding at any stage in her pregnancy . Mycoplasma hominis was isolated most often from the women who had threatened abortions but otherwise the prevalence of the other various micro-organisms was similar in women who had spontaneous abortions, threatened abortions, and in those who had pregnancies uncomplicated by vaginal bleeding . It was clear, therefore, that C . trachomatis played no role in the aetiology of spontaneous abortion in the population studied and there was no suggestion that any of the other micro-organisms were involved either.

South Med J, 1984 Dec, 77(12), 1611 - 3
Campylobacter osteomyelitis; Bracikowski JP et al.; We have reported a case of Campylobacter osteomyelitis, which we believe has not been previously reported . Symptoms and signs were nonspecific, but darkfield microscopy of a suspension of isolated bacteria was useful in making a presumptive diagnosis . Initial parenteral therapy based on sensitivity testing and prolonged oral doxycycline therapy was successful.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Dec, 48(6), 1254 - 5
Comparison of enrichment methods and atmosphere modification procedures for isolating Campylobacter jejuni from foods; Heisick J et al.; A comparison was made of enrichment broths for recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from food by the methods of Doyle and Roman (Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 43:1343-1353) and of Park et al . (Can . J . Microbiol . 27:841-842) . No significant differences were found between the results obtained with the two broths . Recovery was greater, however, with a constant gas flow into the broths than with an evacuation-replacement method.

Am J Reprod Immunol, 1984 Dec, 6(4), 190 - 4
Immune-mediated migration of neutrophils into the uterine lumen of guinea pigs; Targowski SP; Metritis was elicited by intrauterine infusion of tuberculin or killed Campylobacter fetus ssp . venerealis into vaccinated guinea pigs and lipopolysaccharide or immune complexes into normal animals . The local inflammatory response to intrauterine infusion of antigens, lipopolysaccharide, and immune complexes was determined by changes in differential cell counts in the uterine lavage fluid and by histopathological examination of uterine tissue . The percentage of neutrophils was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater in uterine lavage fluid collected at 4 hr after infusion of tuberculin into animals vaccinated locally (intrauterine) with M . tuberculosis than in animals vaccinated parenterally (subcutaneously) . In contrast, the local response to infusion with C . fetus ssp . venerealis was approximately the same in animals vaccinated intrauterine and subcutaneously with Campylobacter . The systemic response, measured by the delayed type hypersensitivity cutaneous reaction to intradermal injection of tuberculin, was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater in animals vaccinated subcutaneously than intrauterine . Similarly, the concentration of Campylobacter antibody in the serum of animals vaccinated subcutaneously was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than in guinea pigs vaccinated intrauterine . The intrauterine infusion of immune complexes, composed of C . fetus ssp . venerealis and corresponding antibody, into the uterus of normal guinea pigs stimulated neutrophil migration into the uterine lumen . Infusion of lipopolysaccharide also stimulated neutrophil migration into the uterine lumen . A correlation between an increased percentage of neutrophils in uterine lavage fluid and infiltration of the uterine epithelium with neutrophils was observed.

Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1984 Nov 30, 60(11), 2105 - 10
{Antigenic characteristics of various strains of Campylobacter jejuni . Preliminary note: technic of extraction of soluble thermostable antigens}; Cerbini S et al.; Immune serum from rabbit has been obtained against Campylobacter jejuni ATCC no 29428 from the same strain an antigen of the outer Envelope was prepared by EDTA extraction . The specificity of antibodies against the outer antigen has been observed by direct agglutination, C.F., passive haemoagglutination and houcherlony test in agar . In eight other strains of Campylobacter isolated from patients, cross reactions with the ATCC no 29428 strain have been stored, by direct agglutination: only one strain (H) cross-reacted with the immune serum in use.

Rev Biol Trop, 1984 Nov, 32(2), 303 - 4
{Rotavirus and Campylobacter fetus jejuni associated with an outbreak of diarrhea in calves}; Simhon A et al.; Rotaviruses and Campylobacter fetus jejuni are ubiquitous agents of diarrheal disease in animals and humans . Under natural conditions they do not seem to cross inter-species barriers; a zoonosis has not been documented for man . However, animal rotaviruses might contribute to the emergence of new reassortment strains in view of their segmented genome, and thus, produce new antigenic variants . On the contrary, Campylobacter fetus jejuni produces a true zoonosis . Man acquires bacilli by ingesting water and foodstuffs contaminated with feces from infected animals . In an outbreak of diarrhea in 22 calves, rotavirus was detected in 8 (36%) and Campylobacter in 6 (27%) . Three (14%) calves experienced double infection . There were no human cases involved in this outbreak.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1984 Nov, 17(4), 226 - 32
Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in children; Tang RB et al.; Campylobacter jejuni has been recently recognized as a frequent cause of diarrheal disease in infants and children . To assess its importance as an enteric pathogen in this area, in our pediatric laboratory, campylobacter jejuni was isolated by selective culture from 35 out of 623 (5.6%) patients with a history of acute diarrhea between March 1981 to December 1981 . The peak incidence was in the summer (from May to August), age ranged from 10 days to 8 years, with the high incidence in the very young children . The sex ratio of male to female was four : one . In general, Campylobacter enteritis is not a severe disease and not associated with dehydration . The most common signs were fever & frequent diarrhea . Most of the children recovered spontaneously on conservative management . The antibiograms for 30 strains showed that the Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin were the most effective drugs . Resistance to erythromycin was found in 13.4% of our series . This study shows campylobacter is the common cause of bacterial diarrhea in Taiwan.

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 Nov, 130 ( Pt 11), 2791 - 6
An electrophoretic analysis of superoxide dismutase in Campylobacter spp; Kikuchi HE et al.; Superoxide dismutase (SOD, superoxide:superoxide reductase, EC 1.15.1.1) activity was studied in 23 strains of Campylobacter spp . using disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Different enzyme patterns were observed with extracts of different species of Campylobacter; three migration bands were found in all strains of C . sputorum subsp . sputorum and C . sputorum subsp . bubulus (relative mobilities, Rm, 0.57, 0.76 and 0.85), and C . fetus subsp . fetus (Rm 0.60, 0.72 and 0.81), while four migration bands (Rm 0.52, 0.57, 0.73 and 0.82) were found in C . fetus subsp . venerealis . One band (Rm 0.73) was found in C . coli CIP 7080 and two bands (Rm 0.59, 0.73) in C . jejuni CIP 702 . Superoxide dismutase activities were very high in the Campylobacter strains, especially in C . fetus subsp . fetus {specific activity 7.8-55.7 U (mg protein)-1} compared with those in Escherichia coli (1.5 U mg-1), Propionibacterium acnes (1.6 U mg-1) and Veillonella alcalescens (0.2 U mg-1).

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 Nov, 130 ( Pt 11), 2783 - 9
Chemical studies of partially hydrolysed lipopolysaccharides from four strains of Campylobacter jejuni and two strains of Campylobacter coli; Naess V et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from four strains of Campylobacter jejuni and two strains of C . coli were partially hydrolysed with 1% acetic acid . Subsequent chloroform extraction led to the formation of a polysaccharide-containing aqueous layer, an interfacial material and a lipid A-containing chloroform layer . The polysaccharides contained the neutral sugars, amino sugars, 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonic acid, and part of the phosphorus present in the undegraded LPS . The lipid As were made up of glucosamine, phosphorus, ester- and amide-linked 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, and ester-linked n-tetradecanoic and n-hexadecanoic acid . The interfacial material was made up of lipid A and undegraded LPS . When chromatographed on Bio-GEl P-60, the degraded polysaccharides were eluted as two incompletely separated peaks (strains NCTC 11168, NCTC 11351, 11041 and 11101) or as one peak (strains NCTC 11392 and E 8035) . All peaks appeared close to the total volume of the column . When the different fractions were re-chromatographed on Bio-GEl P-10, the peaks still appeared close to the total volume of the column . These findings indicate that LPS from C . jejuni and C . coli are devoid of long O-antigenic side-chains.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1984 Nov, 16(4), 219 - 23
Levels of some reproductive diseases in the dairy cattle of Colombia; Griffiths IB et al.; Of 4,144 serum samples collected from cows on 113 farms from eight areas of Colombia 3.3% had positive and 8.8% inconclusive titres to Brucella abortus, 21.7, 6.3, 1.6, 0.6 and 0.7% of cows had positive titres to Leptospira serovars hardjo, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa respectively . Questionnaires completed on 110 farms revealed that 6, 2.5 and 4.6% of cows had had metritis, aborted or retained their placentas respectively in the previous 12 months . Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus were isolated from 13.7% and 15% of the bulls sampled on 103 farms . Six and two bulls had inconclusive and positive titres to Brucella abortus . Eight and 23 bulls had positive titres to pomona and hardjo . The results were discussed and remedies for control suggested.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Nov, 20(5), 998 - 1000
Serotyping and serology studies of campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw milk; Vogt RL et al.; A community outbreak of 15 cases of gastroenteritis was traced to consumption of unpasteurized milk produced at one commercial dairy . Using two different testing schemes, we found that a Campylobacter jejuni isolate from an ill patient and an isolate from a sick cow were the same serotype . Bacteriological studies suggested that a single epidemic strain of Campylobacter jejuni caused this outbreak.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Nov, 20(5), 990 - 2
Improved biotyping schemes for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Roop RM 2nd et al.; Campylobacter jejuni (20 strains) and Campylobacter coli (12 strains) were assigned to four biovars for each species based on phenotypic tests that were easy to perform and interpret . The resulting biotyping schemes offer a greater degree of distinction among C . jejuni and C . coli strains than any of the other biotyping schemes previously described for these organisms.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1984 Nov, 32(9), 969 - 71
{Etiological evaluation of acute diarrhea in children hospitalized in Casablanca}; Benbachir M et al.; A prospective study of pediatric diarrhea was conducted in Casablanca . An etiologic agent was found in 67,8% of 87 ill participants . Rotavirus was the most common cause while Campylobacter jejuni, reported as Rotavirus for the first time in Morocco, was isolated in 11% of the patients.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1984 Nov, 3(5), 812 - 4
Chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive in an infant with Campylobacter jejuni; Pignata C et al.; We report the case of an infant with chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from stools and treatment with erythromycin resulted in eradication of infection and prompt resolution of symptoms . A 22-month-old girl was referred to our University Hospital because of weight loss and chronic diarrhea, which did not respond to repeated dietetic trials that excluded milk, gluten, and other foodstuffs . Microscopic examination of the jejunal biopsy specimen revealed a mild degree of partial mucosal atrophy with inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria without any hallmarks of celiac disease . Repeated stool cultures on Butzler medium were positive for C . jejuni . This finding was associated with a high titer of specific serum antibodies . Erythromycin therapy without any other form of therapy led to prompt improvement, and the patient reached her "own" 50th centile as weight/height ratio . The aim of this report is to alert pediatric gastroenterologists of the possibility that Campylobacter may be associated with chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive.

Am J Public Health, 1984 Nov, 74(11), 1265 - 7
Campylobacter enteritis associated with undercooked barbecued chicken; Istre GR et al.; An outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis occurred in 1982 among 11 of 15 members and friends of an extended family gathering in Colorado . Median onset for illness, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever and headache, was four days after the party . Illness was associated with eating undercooked chicken . Two ill persons had stool specimens positive for C . jejuni . Eight of ten ill persons tested had Immunoglobulin-M-specific indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titers to C . jejuni greater than or equal to 32 . IFA titers to C . jejuni peaked within three weeks of exposure and decreased to control levels within three months after exposure . Inadequate cooking of poultry may increase the risk of these infections.

Rev Biol Trop, 1984 Nov, 32(2), 309 - 12
{Study of bacterial motility and rate of movement using a closed circuit television}; Hernandez F et al.; Speed and motion patterns of Campylobacter fetus ssp . jejuni, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recorded using a closed circuit television camera attached to a phase contrast microscope . A Sony video analysis system was used to stop frame videotape at 1/7th and 1/15th . Bacterial speeds were: Campylobacter 29.2 micron/s, E . coli 8.9 micron/s and P . aeruginosa 16.8 micron/s.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Nov, 26(5), 722 - 9
In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of MT-141, a new semisynthetic cephamycin, compared with those of five cephalosporins; Inouye S et al.; The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of MT-141 were compared with those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, moxalactam, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone . The MICs of MT-141 for 90% of bacterial isolates were lower than the reference drugs against clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile, and Bacteroides fragilis, whereas against clinical isolates of other gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, the MICs of MT-141 were similar to or higher than those of the reference drugs . In contrast, the bactericidal activity of MT-141 after 6- and 24-h exposures was superior to all of the reference drugs against 9 to 10 of the 12 bacterial strains studied, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, indol-positive Proteus species, Serratia marcescens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Clostridium perfringens . In the treatment of systemic infections in mice, MT-141 was again superior against 9 of the 12 strains tested, showing a good correlation with the bactericidal activity . It was found that the 50% effective doses of the six cephalosporins studied correlated better with the MBCs than with the MICs . As the serum levels of MT-141 in mice after subcutaneous administration were similar to those of the reference drugs, it was concluded that the bactericidal activity of MT-141 was a dominant factor in its in vivo activity.

J Infect, 1984 Nov, 9(3), 244 - 51
The detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Clarke DR et al.; An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was modified and used to detect heat-labile (LT) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from specimens of faeces sent to a routine diagnostic laboratory . Strains of LT ETEC were detected in eight of 250 (3.2%) diarrhoeal stools but were not found in 110 non-diarrhoeal stools . All eight patients found to have LT ETEC were travellers returning with diarrhoea . LT ETEC was the most common bacterial pathogen found (15.4%) in this group of patients, exceeding Campylobacter sp . (5.8%) and Salmonella sp . (7.7%) . The ELISA technique was simple to perform and visual readings were found to be reliable.

Vet Rec, 1984 Oct 27, 115(17), 434 - 6
Quantitative evaluation of a transport-enrichment medium for Campylobacter fetus; Garcia MM et al.; The enrichment feature of a selective serum-based transport medium for Campylobacter fetus was quantitatively examined . Preputial samples from artificial insemination bulls were spiked with known numbers of C fetus strains and inoculated into transport-enrichment medium (TEM) . The survival and multiplication of these strains in TEM under different incubation periods and temperatures were assessed by plate counts . Mean enrichment values of 3.72 log and 4.42 log were observed after incubation at 37 degrees C for two and four days, respectively . There was no significant difference in the enrichment values between the C fetus subspecies venerealis strains and a C fetus subspecies fetus strain . Incubation of inoculated TEM vials at room temperature for up to two days neither improved the growth of C fetus nor affected its subsequent enrichment when the vials were reincubated at 37 degrees C . Comparison of the survival of C fetus with and without the use of TEM under simulated transport conditions demonstrated the superiority of TEM.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1984 Oct, 258(1), 128 - 34
Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni/coli-isolates from human faeces; Hollander R; Campylobacter jejuni/coli strains were isolated from the faeces of 240 patients suffering from acute enteritis . The following characteristics were investigated: (i) growth at different temperatures, and on different substrates under either microaerophilic conditions or anaerobically, with fumarate or nitrate as terminal electron acceptors; (ii) production of H2S in cysteine-containing broth; (iii) hydrolysis of hippuric acid; (iv) DNase; (v) alkaline phosphatase; (vi) beta-lactamase; (vii) presence of menaquinone; and (viii) reduction of selenite . Based on characteristics (ii)-(v), the strains could be divided in 9 phenotypical groups . Most of the strains represented group 2 (DNase+, H2S+, hippurate hydrolysis+, alk . phosphatase-) (32%), and groups 8 (DNase-, H2S+, hippurate hydrolysis+, alk . phosphatase-) (32%) . The other groups were of minor importance . On the other hand, most of the isolates from the United States (Weaver, 1981) fitted well into group 1 (DNase+, H2S+, hippurate hydrolysis+, alk . phosphatase+) which might demonstrate geographical variations among C . jejuni/coli.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Oct, 26(4), 498 - 500
Antibacterial activities of nitrothiazole against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Hof H et al.; Niridazole (Ambilhar) and three other newly synthesized nitrothiazole derivatives were highly active against 19 microaerophilic campylobacters (minimum concentration required to inhibit 50% of strains {MIC50}, 0.0075 to 0.015 mg/liter) . There were, however, considerable differences in the susceptibility among strains tested, and one nitrothiazole derivative was rather inactive (MIC50, 2 mg/liter) . Nitroimidazole derivatives, such as metronidazole and tinidazole, were less active (MIC50, 2 and 4 mg/liter, respectively) . The nitrofuran derivatives, such as nitrofurazone and nitrofurantoin, were also less active (MIC50, 1 mg/liter) . Niridazole and another potent nitrothiazole derivative killed the campylobacters rapidly at low concentrations . In contrast, much higher concentrations of metronidazole were required to achieve bactericidal values.

J Comp Pathol, 1984 Oct, 94(4), 559 - 67
A pulmonary abnormality of newborn lambs; Richardson C; Nineteen pregnant ewes deliberately infected orally with Campylobacter coli/jejuni at either 80 or 120 days gestation and accidentally subjected to a period of heat stress during the latter half of pregnancy produced clinically normal but growth-retarded lambs at term . A group of 7 pregnant ewes uninfected with Campylobacter but subjected to the same heat stress produced lambs clinically and morphologically similar to the lambs of the other 2 groups . Microscopically, the lungs from 11 lambs showed areas of increased cellular density which were interpreted as pulmonary collapse . The cause remains unknown, but the lesion could have its origins in some form of airway obstruction associated with intra-uterine infection and/or heat stress.

J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Oct, 93(2), 325 - 32
Epidemiological investigations on Campylobacter jejuni in households with a primary infection; Oosterom J et al.; Fifty-four Rotterdam patients in which a primary infection with Campylobacter jejuni had been detected (index patients) were compared with 54 control subjects with regard to the consumption and preparation of foods 7 days before onset of illness and the keeping of pet animals . Significantly more index patients than controls had eaten chicken meat (47 v . 29; P = 0.0002), particularly at barbecues (14 v . 2; P = 0.0015) . Marginally more index patients had eaten pork (47 v . 39; P = 0.048) or inadequately heated meat (13 v . 8), though in the last case numbers were too small to be statistically significant . The consumption of beef or mutton and outdoor eating (other than at barbecues) were essentially the same in both groups . There was no significant association with the keeping of pet animals, although a few more index patients had cage birds than controls (18 v . 12) . Twenty-one (15%) of 136 household contacts of index patients also suffered from diarrhoea during the same period . Circumstantial evidence pointed to a common source of infection with the index patient in 13 instances (nine households) and probable intrafamilial spread of infection in six instances . Campylobacters were isolated from one of 110 swabs of kitchen work surfaces and eight of 107 swabs taken from lavatory bowls in index households.

J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Oct, 93(2), 189 - 96
Use of an ammonia electrode to study bacterial deamination of amino acids with special reference to D-asparagine breakdown by campylobacters; Karmali MA et al.; A method using an ammonia electrode is being developed for investigating the deamination of amino acids and amides by bacteria . Application of this method to Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli has led to the demonstration of D-asparaginase activity in some strains . This has allowed the subdivision of both species into D-asparaginase-positive and -negative biotypes . Even though the method is in the developmental stage, it was found to be generally reproducible and easy to perform . Areas for further improving the procedure have been identified . The ammonia electrode offers the theoretical possibility of investigating the breakdown of any amino acid by bacteria . It thus opens up a new and practical approach for separating species and strains, particularly in those bacterial groups that are difficult to subdivide by conventional means.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Oct, 45(10), 2201 - 2
Plasmid content and pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model; Taylor DE et al.; Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and C coli from human and animal sources were assessed for pathogenicity by their capability to produce abortions in pregnant guinea pigs . The pathogenicity rate varied from 7% to 87% for the C jejuni strains and from 0% to 53% for the C coli strains . Plasmid carriage was not found to correlate with pathogenicity as determined by ability of the strains to produce abortions in the pregnant guinea pig model.

J Med Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 18(2), 233 - 48
Experimental gastroenteritis in newly-hatched chicks infected with Campylobacter jejuni; Welkos SL; The susceptibility of chicks to enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni was studied . Three-day-old chicks did not develop enteritis after oral infection but chicks infected within 12 h of hatching developed gastroenteritis . The incubation period correlated with the inoculum size . Initially, infected chicks developed blood- and mucus-containing stools, although watery diarrhoea often occurred late in the course of the disease . Recurrences of the enteric manifestations were common but only two out of 170 infected chicks died . C . jejuni was recovered from sites throughout the intestine; the highest concentrations were present in the caecum and large intestine . Both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract were affected and cellular infiltration of the gastric mucosa and the intestinal lamina propria was observed . Organisms resembling C . jejuni were seen within the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria by electronmicroscopy . The newly hatched chick provides a reproducible and sensitive model of campylobacter enteritis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 20(4), 747 - 50
Comparison of strains of gram-negative, anaerobic, agar-corroding rods isolated from soft tissue infections in cats and dogs with type strains of Bacteroides gracilis, Wolinella recta, Wolinella succinogenes, and Campylobacter concisus; Love DN et al.; A total of 64 strains of gram-negative, asaccharolytic, anaerobic, agar-corroding, rod-shaped bacteria from soft-tissue infections of cats and dogs were compared with other agar-corroding, anaerobic organisms isolated from human periodontal pockets (Wolinella recta ATCC 33238T), bovine rumens (Wolinella succinogenes ATCC 29543T), and gingival crevices of humans (Bacteroides gracilis ATCC 33236T and Bacteroides ureolyticus NCTC 10941T) . Campylobacter concisus ATCC 33237T (from human gingival crevices) which did not corrode agar but which biochemically resembled organisms in this group was also included in this study . Although the type strains of W . recta, W . succinogenes, and B . gracilis resembled the animal strains phenotypically and in DNA base ratios, none had bacterial protein patterns (as indicated by isoelectric focusing) identical with the animal strains studied . The animal strains could be divided into motile and nonmotile groups . The motile animal strains were similar biochemically but could be divided into three groups by isoelectric focusing of bacterial proteins . Some had cell wall ultrastructural features identical with W . recta; others had the smooth walls of conventional gram-negative organisms . One group of nonmotile animal strains closely resembled B . gracilis phenotypically, and they had the cell wall ultrastructure of conventional gram-negative bacteria as described previously (4) . The other nonmotile group had cell wall ultrastructure like that of W . recta.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 20(4), 636 - 40
New, extended biotyping scheme for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and "Campylobacter laridis"; Lior H; A biotyping scheme using improved media and methods for the detection of hippurate hydrolysis, rapid H2S production, and DNA hydrolysis was applied to 1,826 cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and "Campylobacter laridis" isolates from human and nonhuman sources . Four biotypes were identified among C . jejuni: 57.3% of the isolates belonged to biotype I; 36.0%, to biotype II; 4.0%, to biotype III; and 2.7%, to biotype IV . C . coli organisms were differentiated into biotype I (67.0% of the isolates) and biotype II (33.0%) . All "C . laridis" isolates belonged to biotype I . The combination of the biotyping scheme with the serotyping of campylobacters provided additional epidemiological markers by further differentiating the serogroups by species and biotypes.

Clin Cardiol, 1984 Oct, 7(10), 558 - 9
Campylobacter jejuni myocarditis; Florkowski CM et al.; A case of Campylobacter jejuni (C . jejuni) myocarditis in a young man is described . C . jejuni was isolated from the patient's stools and he developed specific antibodies to this organism . Tests for other etiological agents (Salmonella, Shigella, Brucella abortus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus Group A, Treponema pallidum and coxsackievirus B) proved negative.

Gastroenterology, 1984 Oct, 87(4), 888 - 94
Patients with active Crohn's disease have elevated serum antibodies to antigens of seven enteric bacterial pathogens; Blaser MJ et al.; A variety of bacterial pathogens including Campylobacter, Yersinia, Listeria, Brucella, and Mycobacteria have been suggested as potential etiologic agents for Crohn's disease . To assess the role of these organisms we studied responses to eight antigens in sera from patients with active Crohn's disease and healthy age- and sex-matched controls . In complement-fixation assays, the sera from the Crohn's disease patients had enhanced reactivity compared with the control sera to all seven orally ingested pathogens studied; however, only the difference in distribution of titers to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was statistically significant (p less than 0.0025) . There was no difference between the two groups in reactivity to arabinomannan, a common mycobacterial antigen . Seroreactivity to enteric pathogens not resident in the bowel flora probably represents a nonspecific sensitization to cross-reacting antigens . Lack of response to the mycobacterial antigen suggests that widespread mycobacterial disease with high bacillary load is not present in Crohn's disease.

J Clin Periodontol, 1984 Oct, 11(9), 600 - 18
Clinical, microbiological and immunological features associated with the treatment of active periodontosis lesions; Haffajee AD et al.; Clinical, microbiological and immunological factors were examined using data from a subject with periodontosis . The subject was monitored at bimonthly intervals for 26 months at 6 sites per tooth for redness, plaque, suppuration, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and attachment level . Using attachment level measurements and the tolerance method of analysis, sites with active disease and control (inactive) sites of equal pocket depth were selected . Subgingival plaque samples were taken from these sites for predominant cultivable and dark field evaluation before, and 5 and 13 months after treatment by Widman flap surgery and systemic tetracycline . 50 isolates from each of 5 sites monitored before and after treatment were characterized and, if possible, identified . Active sites showed between 2 and 6 mm of attachment loss prior to therapy and "gained" between 2 and 9 mm of attachment after therapy . The control sites "gained" 0 to 1 mm of attachment after therapy . Bleeding on probing was significantly reduced after treatment, whereas plaque accumulation increased significantly in the sampled sites . Similar changes were seen in the remaining sites . The proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Selenomonas sputigena were elevated in active sites, while proportions of Bacteroides intermedius were elevated in control sites . 5 months after treatment, proportions of A . actinomycetemcomitans, S . sputigena and Eikenella corrodens were significantly decreased in the previously active sites and proportions of B . intermedius and E . corrodens were significantly decreased in the control sites . 13 months after therapy, the proportions of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Capnocytophaga species had increased . Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine models which could "predict" the outcome, attachment level change in the previous monitoring period . The proportions of A . actinomycetemcomitans and S . sputigena, which were associated with destruction, coupled with the proportions of Streptococcus sanguis II and Campylobacter concisus which were associated with "gain" could predict prior attachment level change with an r2 of 0.93 . Humoral antibody response to A . actinomycetemcomitans and C . sputigena significantly increased in a period in which multiple actively breaking down sites were detected . Antibody responses to 20 other species tested did not significantly change during the course of monitoring . Crevicular fluid and tissue levels of antibody to A . actinomycetemcomitans were elevated in 5 of 6 active destructive lesions prior to therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 20(4), 780 - 3
Comparison of phenol- and heat-killed antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for serodiagnosis of Legionella pneumophila group 1 infections; Pastoris MC et al.; An antigen prepared with agar-grown Legionella pneumophila group 1 killed by 0.5% phenol and suspended in 0.5% yolk sac was examined for use in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis and compared with a heat-killed antigen . The serological results of the two antigens for single and paired sera agreed well . Morphological and staining characteristics were better for phenol-treated organisms . Electron microscopy observation showed an apparently well-preserved cell surface . The background antibody level among a healthy control population was very low (3.4% with titers of greater than or equal to 16) . Sera of patients with gram-negative bacteria infections (Yersinia enterocolytica, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetti, and Chlamydia psittaci) showed no cross-reactions with the phenol-killed antigen . The data suggest that phenol-killed antigen is sensitive and specific . This antigen is stable for at least 1 year.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1984 Sep, 37(9), 1620 - 4
{Clinical trial of fosfomycin for Campylobacter enteritis}; Nogawa T et al.; Forty-three children and 4 adults with Campylobacter enteritis were studied in the treatment of fosfomycin (FOM) . FOM was administered per orally in doses ranging from 50 to 100 mg/kg/day for children and 3 g/day for adults for 5 days . Main symptoms such as diarrhea and fever were disappeared within 2 days on the average . Campylobacter jejuni in stool specimen disappeared within a week in 95% of these patients . The duration of main symptoms and the period of positive stool culture were evidently shortened in FOM-treated group compared with non-treated group . All of the isolated strains were sensitive to FOM by mono-concentration disk method . MIC50 of these strains remained between 1.56 and 3.13 micrograms/ml . None of these MIC was beyond 12.5 micrograms/ml.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Sep, 26(3), 351 - 3
Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Wang WL et al.; To determine whether employing antibiograms is useful to separate Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, we determined the MICs of 12 antibiotics for 104 human clinical strains and 74 swine strains . Of 74 swine strains, 5 (7%) were hippurate positive, as were 93 (89%) of 104 human strains . The 12 antimicrobial agents tested were ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furazolidone, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, rosoxacin, rosaramicin, tetracycline, and Sch 32063 . Isolates from humans were significantly (P less than 0.001) more susceptible than swine strains to clindamycin, erythromycin, rosaramicin, and Sch 32063 . Of 11 human hippurate-negative strains, 3 (27%) were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, rosaramicin, and Sch 32063, compared with 1 of 93 (1%) hippurate-positive strains . Nearly all human and swine strains were susceptible to furazolidone and nalidixic acid . Campylobacter isolates from humans and swine have different antibiograms, and the susceptibility to certain antibiotics, such as clindamycin, may be helpful for differentiation of C . jejuni from C . coli.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 48(3), 477 - 80
Heat injury and repair in Campylobacter jejuni; Palumbo SA; A procedure for detecting and quantitating heat injury in Campylobacter jejuni was developed . Washed cells of C . jejuni A7455 were heated in potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.3) at 46 degrees C . Samples were plated on brucella agar supplemented with Na2S2O3, FeSO4 X 7H2O, and sodium pyruvate and on a medium containing brilliant green, bile, Na2S2O3, FeSO4 X 7H2O, and sodium pyruvate . Colonies were counted after 5 days of incubation at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere containing 5% O2, 10% CO2, and 85% N2 . After 45 min at 46 degrees C, there was virtually no killing and ca . two log cycles of injury . Cells grown at 42 degrees C were more susceptible to injury than cells grown at 37 degrees C . The addition to brucella agar supplemented with Na2S2O3, FeSO4 X 7H2O, and sodium pyruvate of three different antibiotic mixtures used in the isolation of C . jejuni from foods or clinical specimens did not prevent recovery of heat-injured C . jejuni . Cells lost 260 nm of absorbing materials during heat injury . The addition of 5% NaCl or 40% sucrose to the heating buffer prevented leakage but did not prevent injury . Of the additional salts, sugars, and amino acids tested for protection, only NH4Cl, KCl, and LiCl2 prevented injury . Heat-injured C . jejuni repaired (regained dye and bile tolerance) in brucella broth supplemented with Na2S2O3, FeSO4 X 7H2O, and sodium pyruvate within 4 h . Increasing the NaCl in this medium to 1.25% inhibited repair, and increasing it to 2% was lethal . Heat-injured C . jejuni will repair at 42 degrees C but not at 5 degrees C.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1984 Sep 1, 185(5), 549 - 51
Campylobacter jejuni abortion in a heifer; Welsh RD; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the lung and stomach contents of an aborted bovine fetus . The bacterial isolate was classified according to morphologic, biochemical, and thermotolerance characteristics as well as sensitivity to antibiotics and biochemical agents . Serotyping was specific for C jejuni and excluded this isolate from the more common bovine causes of campylobacteriosis, C fetus subsp venerealis or C fetus subsp fetus . This report stresses the need for careful speciation of all Campylobacter isolates from aborted fetuses, especially in conditions where routine vaccination has not reduced abortion rates in the herd . Campylobacter jejuni is much more prevalent in causing human infections than is C fetus subsp venerealis or C fetus subsp fetus . Therefore, from a public health standpoint identification is important.

Can J Surg, 1984 Sep, 27(5), 431 - 3
Crohn's disease: emerging pathologic and bacterial spectrum; Freeman HJ; The evolution, in recent years, of concepts of inflammatory bowel disease in part reflect improved methods of defining disease, especially with modern microbiologic methods, endoscopy and mucosal biopsy . Although clinicians have focused on idiopathic ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, a host of new entities are now becoming recognized . Many of these are bacterial, such as Yersinia- or Campylobacter-associated enterocolitis . Thus, a "new" group of inflammatory bowel diseases has recently emerged, some with newly described pathologic features and others reflecting improved methods of detection with newer microbiologic methods . With evolving methods of recognition, other entities will likely be described as causes of inflammatory bowel disease.

J Clin Pathol, 1984 Sep, 37(9), 1002 - 6
Campylobacter like organisms on the gastric mucosa: culture, histological, and serological studies; Jones DM et al.; Biopsy samples were taken from the gastric mucosa of 50 patients attending a gastroscopy clinic; blood was also taken for serological studies . A campylobacter like organism was grown from 31 patients (62%) and the organism was seen in sections from 27 biopsies . Antibody was found in 31 patients by complement fixation and in 27 by bacterial agglutination . There were strong positive correlations between the presence of the organism, detectable antibody, and histological gastritis . Antibody to the campylobacter like organism was comparatively uncommon in patients without gastritis and in samples from blood donors and antenatal patients.

Ann Intern Med, 1984 Sep, 101(3), 339 - 41
Bacteremia caused by Campylobacter-like organisms in two male homosexuals; Pasternak J et al.; Bacteremia caused by newly described Campylobacter-like organisms occurred in two immunosuppressed homosexual patients with tuberculosis . Although these organisms grow well in aerobic bottles using a radiometric blood culture system, they are not readily seen in gram-stained smears and are easily missed if routine subculture methods are used . Microscopic examination of wet preparations and subculture to brucella agar base supplemented with 10% sheep blood and incubated in microaerophilic conditions are useful for identification and isolation . The recovery of Campylobacter-like organisms from the blood suggests that these organisms, formerly known only to be associated with proctocolitis or asymptomatic rectal infection in homosexual men, can also cause systemic infection in these patients.

Trop Geogr Med, 1984 Sep, 36(3), 215 - 22
Campylobacter jejuni enteritis; a review; Chowdhury MN; Campylobacter jejuni has recently been recognized as an important cause of human gastroenteritis in many countries . The clinical features of C . jejuni infections vary from those of a mild gastroenteritis to a severe enterocolitis . The most common symptoms of the disease are fever, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea . The small intestine is the main site of infection, but the colon may also be involved . The main pathogenesis of C . jejuni appears to be invasion of the wall of the gut as in salmonellosis . Isolation of the organism from faeces requires culture in a selective medium containing antibiotics and incubation under reduced oxygen tension at 42 degrees C . Most cases of campylobacter enteritis are sporadic and it is often difficult to confirm their source . Although cross infection between humans occurs rarely, the disease is mainly a zoonosis with many possible routes of infection . Human infections have been associated with the consumption of contaminated food, especially poultry, unpasteurized milk, and water, as well as contact with domestic animals such as dogs and cats . In most cases campylobacter enteritis is a selflimiting disease and therefore decision on treatment should be taken on clinical grounds . When considered necessary, erythromycin is the drug of choice . Information about C . jejuni infection has accumulated rapidly in recent years, but much remains to be learned, especially about its epidemiology.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 48(3), 545 - 9
Identification of Campylobacter coli isolates from animals and humans by bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis; Kakoyiannis CK et al.; Ninety-nine Campylobacter coli isolates were examined by bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA) with HindIII . Isolates from poultry from the same environment had identical patterns, patterns of isolates carried by suckling piglets were generally the same as those of isolates recovered from their dams, and one human patient yielded the same BRENDA type when sampled 6 weeks later . The 14 human isolates examined produced 11 distinct BRENDA types . Forty-three C . coli isolates from pigs were represented by 20 BRENDA types . Ten C . coli isolates from the feces of gulls yielded five different BRENDA types . Thirty-two C . coli isolates from live chickens and processed chicken yielded five different BRENDA types . Three human isolates had identical DNA patterns; two were from brothers living in the same house, and the third was from a human with no apparent relationship to the brothers . Another human isolate was identical to a poultry isolate . None of the pig strains had DNA patterns resembling those of human strains, nor were the DNA patterns like those of any strains recovered from poultry or gulls . Four C . coli isolates were subcultured onto agar 23 times over a period of 45 days, and their BRENDA patterns were preserved . BRENDA shows great promise for use in epidemiological studies of C . coli.

Arch Dis Child, 1984 Sep, 59(9), 848 - 55
Micro-organisms in gastroenteritis; Ellis ME et al.; We present bacteriological and virological findings together with salient clinical features from a prospective study of 447 children aged under 2 years admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis . Putative pathogenic micro-organisms were identified in the stools of 75% of these children . Eight identifiably distinct groups of viruses, found on electron microscopy and tissue culture were present in 67% of patients--rotavirus was detected most frequently . Pathogenic bacteria (salmonellas, shigellas, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni--but excluding Clostridium difficile) were found in 16% only . Altogether 4 X 9% of 390 patients had gastroenteritis associated with Cl difficile toxin . The mean duration of diarrhoea was shortest in patients with identifiable virus, with rotavirus having a mean of 5 X 01 days, and was longest in patients with pathogenic bacteria in the stools (11 X 14 days) . The finding of more than one type of virus did not seem to be associated with a significantly increased duration of diarrhoea . There are few clinical features which can be associated specifically with any particular micro-organism or groups of these . Multiple organism isolation was common, but the severity of the illness in those patients with at least two types of organism was not greater . Certain viruses, including the norwalk-like virus, known to be associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis were found as frequently in a group of patients who did not have diarrhoea studied for comparison . Virus was still detectable in the stools of up to 40% of asymptomatic children on the day of discharge.

J Med Microbiol, 1984 Aug, 18(1), 27 - 37
Factors affecting the lethality of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni in mice; Stewart-Tull DE et al.; Intraperitoneal injection of Campylobacter fetus ss . jejuni into HAM/1CR mice was lethal, but viable counts of bacteria from whole body homogenates, organs and blood indicated that death was not due to sustained bacterial multiplication . Heat-killed organisms (5 X 10(9) cfu) injected into 7-day-old mice caused death within 24 h and this was shown to be due to endotoxin . Both ferric iron and heterologous lipopolysaccharide enhanced virulence; the LD50 was lowered from 1.8 X 10(9) cfu to 2.7 X 10(7) cfu when both were used . Three-day-old or adult animals survived challenge with Campylobacter fetus without clinical symptoms when challenged orally or by intravenous or intraperitoneal routes.

Infect Immun, 1984 Aug, 45(2), 314 - 9
Properties of crude Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin; Klipstein FA et al.; The amount of crude Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin present in culture products was quantitated by comparing the response of these preparations with that of pure Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) in the Chinese hamster ovary assay and in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that used GM ganglioside or antisera to LT or both . Maximum C . jejuni enterotoxin production was achieved by growth at 42 degrees C for 24 h under agitation in supplemented GC medium . Adding polymyxin separately to either the broth supernatant or the cells enhanced the recovery of toxin; the yield from cell lysates was much lower . The quantity of C . jejuni enterotoxin produced by clinical isolates obtained locally or provided from Mexico varied widely, over a spectrum from none to large amounts; quantitative values for the amount of C . jejuni enterotoxin determined by the Chinese hamster ovary and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays correlated with the degree of secretory potency of this material in ligated rat ileal loops . The cytotonic activity of C . jejuni enterotoxin in Chinese hamster ovary cells was abolished by heating at 96 degrees C for 10 min and by preincubation either with GM ganglioside or with LT or cholera toxin antisera . The secretory activity of C . jejuni enterotoxin in ligated rat ileal loops was passively neutralized by antiserum to LT, and immunizing rats with either LT or its B subunit significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced fluid response to active challenge with C . jejuni enterotoxin in ligated ileal loops . These observations indicate that strains of C . jejuni vary in their capacity to elaborate a heat-labile enterotoxin that has close immunological homology with LT and cholera toxin.

Ann Intern Med, 1984 Aug, 101(2), 187 - 92
Infections with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter-like organisms in homosexual men; Quinn TC et al.; In studies of the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in homosexual men, Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 10 of 158 men with, and 2 of 75 men without, intestinal symptoms . In addition, a heterogeneous group of Campylobacter-like organisms was identified in 26 symptomatic and 6 asymptomatic homosexual men, but in none of 150 heterosexual men and women . Infections with Campylobacter-like organisms, like infections with C . jejuni, were significantly associated with the sexual practice of anilinctus and were usually associated with diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and hematochezia; proctocolitis seen at sigmoidoscopy; increased numbers of leukocytes seen on rectal smears; acute inflammatory changes seen on rectal biopsy specimens; and a serum antibody response to the infecting organism.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1984 Aug, 92(4), 217 - 22
Chemical composition and biological activity of lipopolysaccharides prepared from type strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campolybacter coli; Naess V et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from seven type strains of Campylobacter jejuni and one type strain of Campylobacter coli with 45 per cent aqueous phenol . The sugar components present in all LPS were glucose, galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonic acid and glucosamine . All but one LPS contained galactosamine, and two strains contained in addition mannose . The fatty acids present were 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid and trace amounts of n-tetradecanoic acid . The LPS preparations examined showed anti-complementary effect, and were able to gelatinize Limulus amoebocyte lysate . LPS of the C.jejuni strain tested (NCTC 11168) was found to be lethal for mice and to produce the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1984 Aug, 57(1), 89 - 94
Effect of various gas atmospheres on the growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni on beef; Hanninen ML et al.; Pieces of fresh beef were inoculated with three strains of Campylobacter jejuni . The meat was then allocated to three treatments: (a) vacuum packaged, (b) packaged in an atmosphere of 20% CO2 + 80% N2, and (c) packaged into sterile Petri dishes in anaerobic cultivation boxes, which were filled with a gas mixture of 5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2 . The packaging material in the first two treatments was PA 80/PE 100-PE 100/PA 80/PE 100 . The survival of Campylobacter cells was followed at 37 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C for 48 h, 4 days and 25 days, respectively . At 37 degrees C the counts of two Campylobacter strains increased in each package treatment for 48 h . At 20 degrees C and at 4 degrees C the counts of the same two strains decreased by 1 to 2 log units and 0.5 to 1 log unit, respectively, during storage . The survival of the two strains was about the same in all package treatments . The third strain was the most sensitive of the strains studied . At 37 degrees C its numbers increased only in the optimal gas atmosphere; at 20 degrees C the strain was not detectable after 24 to 48 h storage and at 4 degrees C after 4 days storage . The aerobic plate counts were determined for all samples at the same time as Campylobacter counts . The high indigenous bacterial numbers of the meat samples did not appear to have a great effect on the survival or growth of campylobacters.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Aug, 26(2), 160 - 3
Furazolidone versus ampicillin in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea; DuPont HL et al.; Ninety-four U.S . students who acquired diarrhea in Mexico were treated with furazolidone (47 subjects) or ampicillin (47 subjects) on a double-blind random basis . Of 47 students, 26 (55%) who received furazolidone (100 mg four times daily for 5 days) recovered from illness within 48 h after initiation of therapy, in contrast to 15 of 47 (32%) who received ampicillin (500 mg four times daily for 5 days) (P less than 0.05) . Altogether, 74% of students treated with furazolidone and 49% of those receiving ampicillin were well within 72 h (P less than 0.05) . When furazolidone was compared with ampicillin, clinical illness was shortened on the average from 65 to 61 h for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea, from 83 to 58 h for shigellosis, from 82 to 51 h for diarrhea unassociated with a detectable agent, and from 72 to 57 h for all cases irrespective of etiology . Although not dramatically effective in the current trial, the broad spectrum of activity of furazolidone is of interest . Because of in vitro activity against Campylobacter strains and known effectiveness in treating giardiasis, furazolidone should be considered in therapy for diarrhea of unknown etiology in certain settings when laboratory processing of stools for etiological agent is not feasible.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Aug, 20(2), 290 - 2
Three-year prospective study of intestinal pathogens in Madrid, Spain; Velasco AC et al.; During the period July 1980 through June 1983, in a General Hospital in Madrid, the following organisms were detected from 6,970 patients with gastroenteritis: 710 Salmonella spp . 506 Campylobacter jejuni, 379 Shigella spp., 12 Yersinia enterocolitica, 1,466 rotavirus, 134 Giardia lamblia, and 4 Entamoeba histolytica . Chloramphenicol showed good activity against most tested strains of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and C . jejuni . The incidence of Salmonella spp . and Shigella spp . was very marked in the hot dry months of the year, rotavirus predominated during the cold months, and no seasonal variations of importance were seen for C . jejuni and G . lamblia.

Arch Intern Med, 1984 Aug, 144(8), 1610 - 2
Campylobacter infections in the United States . Results of an 11-state surveillance; Finch MJ et al.; In January 1982, 11 states (Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin) began reporting monthly their isolations of Campylobacter to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta . The information reported included the species of Campylobacter organisms, the week of the report, the site from which the organism was isolated, and the age and sex of the infected person . A total of 3,966 isolates were reported in 1982, of which 3,900 were Campylobacter jejuni . Campylobacter isolations exceeded Salmonella in two of the three states (Oregon and Wisconsin) that require reporting . The eight other states with lower rates of isolation had variable reporting practices . Rates of Campylobacter isolations were highest in June through August . Age-specific rates of Campylobacter infections peaked in the 1- to 2-year and 20- to 29-year age groups . Fifty-five percent of all isolates were from male patients . Campylobacter infections seem to be at least as common as Salmonella infections in states in which the reporting practices are comparable.

J Med Microbiol, 1984 Aug, 18(1), 117 - 24
Restriction endonuclease analysis of Campylobacter strains with particular reference to Campylobacter fetus ss . fetus; Collins DM et al.; Forty-three strains of Campylobacter fetus ss . fetus isolated from sheep abortions in New Zealand, and reference strains of C . fetus ss . fetus (four), C . fetus ss . venerealis (two), C . jejuni (one) and C . coli (one) were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis with the enzymes BstE II and Xho I . DNA fragment patterns of C . fetus, C . jejuni and C . coli differed strikingly from each other, but there were many similarities in the patterns obtained for all strains of C . fetus ss . fetus (47) and C . fetus ss . venerealis (three) . The 43 local strains of C . fetus ss . fetus were clearly divided into four types . Two of these types produced patterns nearly identical with those of overseas reference strains.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jul, 20(1), 77 - 80
Systematic investigation of enrichment media for wild-type Campylobacter jejuni strains; Barot MS et al.; Of the media examined, thioglycolate broth supplemented with 5% lysed sheep blood, Butzler antibiotic mixture, and 0.1% lauryl sulfate was the most sensitive enrichment medium for recovery of wild-type strains of Campylobacter jejuni from cecal contents of chickens and chicken livers . It allowed the retrieval of 1 CFU as did solid media but permitted the screening of 50-times larger volumes . Double-strength enrichment medium required 5 to 10 CFU for growth . Omission of lauryl sulfate reduced the sensitivity . Replacement of Butzler antibiotic mixture with Blaser antibiotic mixture increased overgrowth and, therefore, decreased retrieval of C . jejuni.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jul, 20(1), 138 - 40
DNA relatedness among strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with divergent serogroup and hippurate reactions; Hebert GA et al.; Eleven strains of Campylobacter from earlier fluorescent-antibody studies were examined by DNA hybridization to determine their species . Three of the strains hydrolyzed sodium hippurate, and eight did not . Four of the hippurate-negative strains were in Campylobacter jejuni serogroups, and the remaining strains were in both C . jejuni and Campylobacter coli serogroups . DNA relatedness to type strains of C . jejuni and C . coli indicated that all three of the hippurate-positive strains and two of the hippurate-negative strains were C . jejuni . The six remaining hippurate-negative strains were C . coli . Two of the hippurate-negative strains in C . jejuni serogroups were C . jejuni, and two were C . coli . Three of the strains in serogroups of both species were C . jejuni, and four were C . coli . These studies confirm that a few strains of C . jejuni are hippurate negative and show that identical or highly related antigens are found in C . coli and C . jejuni.

South Med J . 1984 Jul;77(7):924.
Campylobacter septic abortion; Jost PM et al.; We have reported a case of a septic abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni . This organism is best known for producing diarrhea, but is now being linked with more serious diseases, including pregnancy wastage.

J Infect, 1984 Jul, 9(1), 51 - 8
A comparison of biotypes and serotypes of Campylobacter sp . isolated from patients with enteritis and from animal and environmental sources; Jones DM et al.; The origin of sporadic campylobacter infections has been investigated by means of a collaborative study . From a total of 1152 cases reported in North West England in 1982, Campylobacter strains isolated during one month in each quarter of the year were biotyped and serotyped . For comparison, 875 strains of Campylobacter isolated from environmental and animal sources were similarly examined . Most strains from human beings were Campylobacter jejuni; about half of them were of three serotypes . Those serotypes commonly found in human infections were frequent among strains isolated from environmental and animal sources.

Can J Microbiol, 1984 Jul, 30(7), 938 - 51
Differential characteristics of catalase-positive campylobacters correlated with DNA homology groups; Roop RM 2nd et al.; Eighty-four strains of catalase-positive campylobacters could be placed into seven distinct DNA homology groups (species), corresponding to Campylobacter fetus, "C . hyointestinalis," C . jejuni, C . coli, "C . laridis," "C . fecalis," and aerotolerant campylobacters . The biochemical and physiological characteristics of the strains were examined for their correlation with the homology groups . The characterization tests that provided the most reliable differentiation at the species and subspecies level were growth at 25 and 42 degrees C, sensitivity to cephalothin and nalidixic acid, growth in semisolid media containing 1% glycine and 3.5% NaCl, growth on plates containing 1.5% NaCl, growth in a semisolid minimal medium, anaerobic growth in the presence of 0.1% trimethylamine-N-oxide, hydrogen sulfide production in SIM medium and triple-sugar iron agar, hippurate hydrolysis, nitrite reduction, and growth on plates under an air atmosphere.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Jul, 48(1), 78 - 80
Selected enrichment broths for recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from foods; Rothenberg PJ et al.; We attempted to shorten the required time for enrichment broth culture for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni . Enrichment broths described by Doyle and Roman and Park and Stankiewicz and one developed during this study were compared for ability to isolate C . jejuni from raw chicken carcasses . Our medium was a modification of that of Doyle and Roman with the addition of filter-sterilized FBP (0.2% ferrous sulfate, 0.025% sodium metabisulfite, 0.05% sodium pyruvate), 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate, and 0.075% agar . Initially, laboratory strains were employed in the development of this medium . Subsequently, an indigenous load of C . jejuni obtained from chickens was used to compare media . Isolation rate comparisons were as follows: direct plating, 40%; Doyle and Roman broth, 45% at 7 h and 61% at 16 h; Park and Stankiewicz broth, 53% at 7 h and 60% at 16 h; our broth, 48% at 7 h and 50% at 16 h . In addition to having the highest isolation rate, the enrichment broth of Doyle and Roman showed greatest selectivity . Our inoculation method of indigenous bacteria provided a controlled means for comparison of isolation procedures.

Postgrad Med J, 1984 Jul, 60(705), 487 - 8
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Campylobacter jejuni; McNeil NI et al.; A patient with alcoholic cirrhosis complicated by ascites developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis . Campylobacter jejuni--(a microaerophilic bacillus)--was isolated from ascitic fluid and blood.

Scott Med J, 1984 Jul, 29(3), 197 - 9
Can erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis be a sequel to Shigella flexneri gastroenteritis?
Neithercut WD, Hudson MA, Smith CC.
Erythema nodosum and seronegative arthritis associated with diarrhoea was previously regarded as implying the presence of inflammatory bowel disease . Recently, however, erythema nodosum has been described as a sequel to diarrhoea caused by infection with Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni . We report two patients in whom erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis followed acute Shigella flexneri gastroenteritis, a rare association.

Pathology, 1984 Jul, 16(3), 263 - 5
The use of membrane filters applied directly to the surface of agar plates for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from feces; Steele TW et al.; Cellulose triacetate membrane filters applied directly to the surface of non-selective blood agar plates were found to be as effective as the use of antibiotic media in isolating Campylobacter jejuni from patients with diarrhea . This method was used in parallel with selective media in the examination of 1000 specimens of feces . Campylobacters were isolated from 56 specimens using all methods . The membrane filter method detected 50 (89%), 45 of which were C . jejuni, and selective media 45 strains of C . jejuni (80%) . Membrane filters used in this way can result in the detection of most cases of campylobacter enteric infection and can be used by small laboratories with limited access to selective media . They may also facilitate the isolation of antibiotic sensitive campylobacters.

J Infect, 1984 Jul, 9(1), 63 - 8
The prevalence of antibodies reactive with Campylobacter jejuni in the serum of homosexual men; McMillan A et al.; Samples of serum from 187 homosexual and 169 heterosexual men were examined by means of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for the presence of antibody reactive with Campylobacter jejuni . Antibody of the IgG class was detected in the serum of 19 (10.2 per cent) and 15 (8.9 per cent) homo- and heterosexual men respectively . The prevalence of serum antibody in men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic was higher than in a previously reported control group.

Can J Comp Med, 1984 Jul, 48(3), 329 - 31
Intestinal carriage of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella by chicken flocks at slaughter; Prescott JF et al.; Campylobacter jejuni were isolated in large numbers from the majority of birds sampled in colonic swabs from 28 of 60 flocks at slaughter . By contrast only small numbers of birds from 11 of the same 60 flocks yielded Salmonella enteritidis serotypes . Three C . jejuni isolates from each flock were serotyped on the basis of their heat-stable antigens, using antisera prepared against 16 serotypes common in Campylobacter diarrhea in man . The majority (72 of 83) of the chicken isolates could be serotyped.

South Med J, 1984 Jul, 77(7), 927 - 8
Campylobacter fetus ssp fetus cholecystitis and relapsing bacteremia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Costel EE et al.; Acute gangrenous cholecystitis and relapsing bacteremia caused by Campylobacter fetus ssp fetus occurred in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Biliary tract colonization probably accounted in part for this unusual phenomenon . Whether the patient's deficiency of cell-mediated immunity contributed to his disease is not known.

Infect Immun, 1984 Jul, 45(1), 210 - 6
Structural and antigenic heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Logan SM et al.; The techniques of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, silver staining, and immunoblotting were used to analyze the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure of 20 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and 4 strains of Campylobacter coli belonging to more than 22 thermostable serotypes . The LPSs of all strains examined were shown to be of a low-molecular-weight type, and these low-molecular-weight LPSs conferred heat-stable serospecificity . High-molecular-weight banding observed with both in vivo LPS in proteinase K digests of whole cell lysates and purified LPS was shown to be due to the ready ability of Campylobacter lipopolysaccharide to form aggregates rather than to the presence of O polysaccharide chains . Purified LPSs from two strains of C . jejuni were also subjected to gross chemical analysis . The high-lipid A to low-neutral sugar ratio of both LPSs was typical of LPSs lacking O polysaccharide chains.

N Z Med J, 1984 Jun 27, 97(758), 411 - 3
Raw milk consumption as a probable cause of two outbreaks of campylobacter infection; Brieseman MA; Outbreaks of gastro-intestinal illness among groups of children using two different camp sites are described . Fifty of the children in one situation and thirty-eight at the second site were ill, with campylobacter being isolated in 50 children . Circumstantial evidence implicates raw milk as the cause of the illness.

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1984 Jun 23, 288(6434), 1867 - 70
Guillain-Barré syndrome and Campylobacter jejuni: a serological study; Kaldor J et al.; The association between Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome was investigated serologically in a retrospective study of 56 patients admitted to this hospital over four years . Evidence of preceding C jejuni infection was found in 21 (38%) of these patients, indicating that C jejuni was the most common single identifiable pathogen precipitating the disease . Among those patients who had presented with preceding diarrhoea the serum antibody response was similar to that in uncomplicated C jejuni enteritis . Patients with serological evidence of preceding C jejuni infection manifested a significantly more severe form of the disease . In cerebrospinal fluid the predominant specific antibody class was IgG, and this was closely related to the serum titres of specific IgG . IgA and IgM specific antibodies were found only in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with recent C jejuni infection . These findings support the possibility that humoral immune factors are responsible for the neural damage and demyelination seen in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Lancet, 1984 Jun 16, 1(8390), 1311 - 5
Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration; Marshall BJ et al.; Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy . Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients . Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter . The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases.

Lab Anim Sci, 1984 Jun, 34(3), 264 - 7
Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from laboratory animals and pets; Fox JG et al.; Fifty-four strains of Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolated from a variety of species of laboratory animals as well as pet dogs were tested by an agar dilution technique for susceptibility to each of 12 antimicrobial agents . Gentamicin and furazolidone were the most active of the drugs examined . The strains tested frequently were sensitive to two other aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin and kanamycin . Erythromycin also was effective at levels achievable in serum except in three strains which were resistant . Doxycycline and chloramphenicol were active against most strains, with 51 (96%) being susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml . The minimal inhibitory concentrations were high for penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and sulfadimethoxine.

J Infect Dis, 1984 Jun, 149(6), 874 - 7
Campylobacter enterocolitis in a neonatal nursery; Karmali MA et al.; During a five-day period, four neonates in a neonatal nursery developed Campylobacter entercolitis . Investigations suggested that cross-infection or common-source infection were unlikely and that the neonates acquired their infection during delivery from their respective mothers, three of whom were also found to harbour Campylobacter jejuni in their stools . This suggestion was confirmed with use of the Lior serotyping system in a blind fashion . Each neonate was infected with a different serotype, and each of the three culture-positive mothers had the same serotype as her neonate . Examination of multiple colonies from the stools of five individuals showed that each was likely to have been infected by only one serotype . The presenting clinical features in the four neonates provides further evidence that neonatal Campylobacter entercolitis typically manifests as a benign, self-limited, nonfebrile, diarrheal illness with bloody stools.

J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Jun, 92(3), 357 - 64
A study of the spread of Campylobacter jejuni in four large kitchens; Dawkins HC et al.; Campylobacters were sought in swabs taken from work surfaces, sinks and floors of four kitchens-i.e . hospital, university, cook-freeze and commercial, processing frozen or fresh chickens . Each kitchen was visited on four occasions . In the large commercial kitchen environmental contamination was found on each visit, whereas campylobacters were isolated on six of the twelve visits to the other kitchens . The hands of operatives were contaminated with campylobacters on only two of the 45 swabs taken during processing . Cleaning with detergent and hot water (or steam) and drying appears to be sufficient to remove the organism from the environment . Evidence of carriage of campylobacters by the birds was obtained on all 16 visits . In the three kitchens where only frozen birds were used the organism was isolated from 30% and 9.8% of swabs taken from the internal and external surfaces respectively, while 41% of giblets and 22.2% of thawed juices yielded campylobacters . The external surface of 30 (88%) of 34 fresh birds grew campylobacters.

Int J Epidemiol, 1984 Jun, 13(2), 216 - 20
Campylobacter jejuni infections in Haifa subdistrict, Israel, summer 1981; Rishpon S et al.; A study investigating the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni infections in an urban community in Israel is presented . Most of the information was obtained by interviewing 76 patients who constituted a systematic sample out of a total of 215 patients suffering from acute Campylobacter jejuni diarrhoea during the summer of 1981 . The crude annual incidence rate was 17 per 10 000 . Age-specific incidence rate in infants up to one year of age was eight times higher than that in children 1-14 years of age . The median duration of infection until a negative culture was obtained in convalescent patients, was 10 days . No evidence of resistance to erythromycin was found . No statistically significant difference in keeping animals at home was found between the patients and a neighbourhood control group . The frequencies of the various complaints and clinical findings are described.

Ann Intern Med, 1984 Jun, 100(6), 832 - 4
Persistent Campylobacter jejuni infection in an immunocompromised patient; Johnson RJ et al.; Recurrent bacteremia and enteritis due to a specific serotype of Campylobacter jejuni occurred over a 12-month period in a patient on hemodialysis with systemic lupus erythematosus who was also deficient in serum IgA and IgM . A bactericidal defect in the patient's sera for C . jejuni was shown . A role for immunoglobulins in the host response to C . jejuni is suggested, in that the IgA deficiency may have predisposed the patient to chronic gastrointestinal carriage and because the resolution of the bacteremia corresponded with the delayed appearance in the blood of IgG specific for the infecting strain.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1984 Jun, 32(5 Pt 2), 536 - 9
{Sensitivity of Campylobacter jejuni/coli to 11 antibiotics}; Elharrif Z et al.; The antimicrobial susceptibility of 106 strains of Campylobacter jejuni/coli recovered from animals and humans was studied using broth microdilution panel . Human and animal strains exhibit similar susceptibility, with the exception of the strains from pigs which are more resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin . Among the hippurate negative strains (C . coli), these strains are also recognizable from those recovered from other hosts.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1984 Jun, 23(6), 311 - 6
Campylobacter enteritis . A 3-year experience; San Joaquin VH et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 135 infants and children seen at the Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital over a 3-year period . The comparative frequency of isolation of C . jejuni, Salmonella, and Shigella were 1.5 percent, 2.2 percent, and 3.1 percent, respectively . Campylobacter enteritis was most prevalent during the warm months from May to October, peaking in July . Seventy percent of the afflicted children were 2 years old or younger; only 13 percent were older than 5 years . There were the usual clinical presentations (acute onset of diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and bloody stools) of Campylobacter enteritis, but other, less common, patterns also were seen . These included chronic diarrhea without significant systemic manifestations; asymptomatic bloody stools, particularly in neonates; and fever and abdominal pain without diarrhea . Severe complications included hemolytic-uremic syndrome, sepsis associated with septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, and failure to thrive.

Rev Biol Trop, 1984 Jun, 32(1), 137 - 43
{Diarrhea caused by Campylobacter fetus jejuni and other infective agents in children of the rural area of Puriscal, Costa Rica}; Vives M et al.; Between September 1979 and September 1981 a field study was conducted on the etiology of diarrheal disease in the area of Puriscal, Costa Rica . The presence of enteric pathogens was investigated in the stools of 267 diarrheic children and 190 healthy controls . Both groups belong to yearly cohorts recruited at birth as part of a longitudinal multidisciplinary study of mothers and children . Campylobacter fetus jejuni was identified as the only pathogen in the stools of 24 diarrheic children (9%) and in four healthy controls (2%), a significant difference (p less than 0,05) . The clinical features of the episodes were: irritability (77%), blood in stools (35%), anorexia (38,5%), and fever and vomiting (36%) . Dehydration was not important among infected children (only one with 5% dehydration) . All children received oral salt solutions and only two were treated with antibiotics . Rotaviruses were the main etiologic agents (17%) and Campylobacter ranked second (10,5%) . The frequency of enterotoxigenic Enterobacteriaceae was similar in sick children and in controls (10% and 12% respectively).

Aust Vet J, 1984 Jun, 61(6), 183 - 7
Colitis in sheep due to a Campylobacter-like bacterium; Stephens LR et al.; Epidemic diarrhoea was observed in approximately 2,000 of 6,700 sheep on 9 farms . The disease, called weaner colitis, caused mortality of 1%, while morbidity varied from 20 to 75% . Colon contents from affected sheep were inoculated into 17 sheep, 13 of which developed diarrhoea 5 to 7 days after inoculation . Naturally and experimentally infected sheep had mild, erosive typhlitis and colitis . Microscopic examination of washed scrapings of colonic mucosa from all affected sheep revealed masses of curved bacteria that were not seen in controls . Electron microscopic examination showed similar bacteria adherent to colonic epithelium of an experimentally infected sheep . Curved, motile bacteria were isolated from 2 naturally occurring cases . One isolate was inoculated into 9 sheep, 2 of which developed diarrhoea . The other isolate was given to 4 sheep without observable effect . The curved bacteria grew only on media containing blood, in an atmosphere of approximately 10% air, 10% CO2 and 80% H2 . They were Gram-negative, with a polar flagellum at one or both ends, they did not ferment glucose or give a positive catalase reaction . It is suggested that these bacteria are a new Campylobacter species and that they play a major role in the aetiology of weaner colitis.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1984 Jun, 37(6), 1023 - 8
{Studies on the method of susceptibility test of Campylobacter jejuni to fosfomycin}; Watanabe T et al.; Conditions for the susceptibility test of Campylobacter jejuni to fosfomycin (FOM) were studied and it was concluded that the following procedure is most appropriate for routine tests . The test organisms were subcultured in 0.5 ml of heart infusion broth (Difco) in test tubes for a microplanter (Sakuma Seisakusho) and incubated in a GasPak jar with a CampyPak and catalyst (BBL) at 37 degrees C for 44--48 hours . The cultures were then diluted 100-fold in the same broth and inoculated with a microplanter on test plates . The test plates were nutrient agar (Difco) supplemented with 0.2% MgCl2 and 5% defibrinated horse blood . The plates were then incubated under the condition as described above and the growth of the cells was examined . It should be noted that drying of plates for more than 1 hour caused significant loss of viability of the cells.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 19(6), 772 - 6
Isoprenoid quinone content and cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter species; Moss CW et al.; A total of 36 strains of Campylobacter species were examined for isoprenoid quinones and cellular fatty acids . The isoprenoid quinone content was determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the fatty acids were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography . All Campylobacter species contained menaquinone-6 (2-methyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and a methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 (2,{5 or 8}-dimethyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-napthoquinone) as the major isoprenoid quinones . The latter menaquinone has not been reported in other bacteria and may prove to be a useful chemical marker of Campylobacter species . Campylobacter jejuni and most Campylobacter coli were distinguished from other campylobacteria by the presence of a C19 cyclopropane acid, and Campylobacter sputorum subsp . mucosalis differed from other species by the presence of lauric acid.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1984 Jun, 13(6), 619 - 23
Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin in the treatment of clinical campylobacter infection; Mandal BK et al.; In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients hospitalized with campylobacter infection, erythromycin lessened pain and curtailed the carriage state but otherwise did not alter the natural course of the illness, which proved to be a short-lived, self-limiting one, even in this selected group of hospitalized patients; the majority had become asymptomatic by the time of the bacteriological diagnosis . The rarity of bacteraemia is highlighted by the study.

J Anim Sci, 1984 Jun, 58(6), 1561 - 6
The importance of Campylobacter jejuni to the meat industry: a review; Kotula AW et al.; Campylobacter jejuni is a microorganism that only recently has been implicated in gastroenteritis in humans . As appropriate methods used for detection of the bacterium have been developed, the rates of illness caused by the pathogen were found to approach or surpass those attributed to Salmonella . Substantial evidence has been gathered to document that the route for human infection is through the ingestion of adulterated food and drink . Some slaughter animals harbor this potential pathogen among the intestinal flora and, consequently, transfer of the organism to carcasses and to the resulting meat products does occur . The most frequently implicated meat is poultry, with an incidence of recovery of C . jejuni from the store-bought poultry meat reported to be at least 50% . Red meat from slaughter animals have also yielded this bacterium from carcasses, but at lower incidence levels . Foodborne disease has been associated most frequently with the ingestion of raw milk, but poultry, hamburger, and other foods have all been implicated as potential sources . However, cause and effect relating the presence of C . jejuni in meat and human gastroenteritis has not been demonstrated . Additional research is needed to determine whether C . jejuni isolated from meat causes gastroenteritis and whether all strains of the organism are virulent . Recognition of C . jejuni as a potential meatborne pathogen by the meat industry is necessary, and appropriate sanitary practices to prevent passage of the organism through meat products should be implemented.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1984 Jun 1, 109(11), 446 - 55
{Campylobacter jejuni: an important causative agent of food infection in man . An overview}; Oosterom J; Since a few years, Campylobacter jejuni has been identified as an important cause of acute enteritis in man . Various studies showed that Campylobacter enteritis is as common as salmonellosis, and that the symptoms often are even more severe . That this species of bacterium was not discovered until recently, was due in part to the fact that unusual methods of isolation are required; for instance, Campylobacter jejuni will only grow in a micro-aerophilic atmosphere . Campylobacteriosis was found to be a foodborne infection in the majority of cases . The organism was isolated from a large number of species of wild and domesticated animals, which, as in the case of Salmonella, are mainly asymptomatic carriers . Of farm animals, poultry and pigs are most frequently infected . The most important sources of human infection are poultry meat, unpasteurized milk, inadequately treated drinking water and, as a direct source, dogs with enteritis . Only poultry was found to play a role in the Netherlands . Pork is mostly not contaminated as Campylobacter dies during cooling of pig carcasses, death being due to the drying effect of forced ventilation . The sensitivity of Campylobacter to dry conditions, in conjunction with its inability to multiply below 30 degrees C, means that the mechanism of cross contamination, which is such an important factor in the epidemiology of Salmonella, is of minor significance in Campylobacter.

J Clin Pathol, 1984 Jun, 37(6), 677 - 81
Campylobacter biotyping scheme of epidemiological value; Bolton FJ et al.; A biotyping scheme has been developed which utilises 12 tests, including growth at 28 degrees C, hippurate hydrolysis, and 10 resistotyping tests . These tests are arranged in groups of three, and by assigning a numerical value to each positive test a four figure code is produced for each strain . The order of the tests is such that campylobacters are both speciated and biotyped . This scheme recognises Campylobacter jejuni, C coli, "C laridis ," C fetus fetus, and C fetus subspecies venerealis . The reproducibility of the biotyping technique and the stability of the biotype code have been determined by testing campylobacter reference strains . The routine application of the scheme has also been evaluated by biotyping 1000 recent campylobacter isolates, and the epidemiological value has been confirmed by testing serotyped isolates from several milk borne outbreaks.

Infect Immun, 1984 May, 44(2), 292 - 8
Human serum antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni infection as measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Blaser MJ et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM classes of human serum antibody to Campylobacter jejuni . Sera were tested from healthy controls, from ill persons at various intervals after exposure to an epidemiologically implicated vehicle for Campylobacter sp . enteritis, from persons exposed to these same vehicles who remained well, and from persons who chronically drank raw milk . The major antigens in the C . jejuni acid-washed antigen preparations from three different strains all migrated at about 30,000 and 63,000 . Persons with Campylobacter enteritis developed rising serum IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies during the second week after infection; IgG and IgM elevations persisted longer than did IgA . Exposed persons who remained well showed similar, but lower, antibody rises . Chronic raw milk drinkers had elevated IgG levels, but not IgM or IgA levels, whether or not they were acutely exposed to an implicated vehicle.

Arch Intern Med, 1984 May, 144(5), 1074 - 6
Hemolytic uremic syndrome after Campylobacter-induced diarrhea in an adult; Delans RJ et al.; Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni is a recognized pathogen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract resulting in a spectrum of illness from mild gastroenteritis to severe colitis with bloody diarrhea . Campylobacter is also being recognized as capable of producing systemic illness . Furthermore, antibody response, hypocomplementemia, and bacteremia with enterotoxic organisms have been described . Many of the clinical features, both local (le, in the GI tract) and systemic, parallel those of Shigella . Since the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) may be produced by the effect of endotoxins or the immunocomplex on vascular endothelium in susceptible patients, it is expected that this syndrome may follow Campylobacter enteritis as it does Shigella enteritis . We, therefore, believe Campylobacter jejuni enteritis should be considered as one of the causative agents capable of inducing the HUS.

Arch Intern Med, 1984 May, 144(5), 1072 - 4
Jejunal infection with Campylobacter; Ward TT et al.; A patient had common variable immunodeficiency, chronic malabsorption, and Campylobacter jejuni infection . Infection was diagnosed by jejunal aspiration . A follow-up jejunal aspirate was culture positive at the same time that a stool culture was negative . Infection resulted in worsening of chronic diarrhea, but it was not associated with clinical features of colitis or proctitis . The duration of infection was prolonged and initial antimicrobial therapy was ineffective . Single drug therapy with erythromycin ethylsuccinate and then chloramphenicol led to the emergence of resistant organisms . After five months of bacterial excretion, combination therapy with metronidazole and neomycin sulfate eliminated the organism . This case emphasizes that the clinical manifestations and response to therapy of C jejuni infection can be altered in immunodeficient patients.

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 May, 130 ( Pt 5), 1307 - 10
A new bacterial flagellar structure found in campylobacters; Curry A et al.; A previously unrecognized bacterial flagellar structure present in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus is described . The structure is located just below the insertion of the flagellar apparatus through the bacterial wall . It is disc shaped, approximately 100 nm in diameter and has eleven spokes radiating from a central hole . The function of this new structure and its possible importance in the taxonomy of campylobacters and other spiral micro-organisms are discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 May, 130 ( Pt 5), 1201 - 8
The identification of outer membrane proteins and flagella of Campylobacter jejuni; Newell DG et al.; The outer membrane proteins of five clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were identified by 125I-surface labelling and SDS-PAGE of outer membrane preparations . All isolates expressed a major outer membrane protein of variable molecular weight (43 000-46 000: 43K-46K) . Several constant surface proteins were also identified including a 27K protein which was surface-exposed and acid-extractable but was not present in the outer membrane preparations . Isolated flagella comprised a major 62K protein and a minor 87K protein . Both proteins were absent in an aflagellate variant . The 62K protein was immunoblotted and immunoprecipitated by rabbit anti-flagella antisera.

Infection, 1984 May-Jun, 12(3), 179 - 80
Isolation of campylobacter-like bacteria from gastric epithelium; Kasper G et al.; Nineteen gastric biopsies were examined for campylobacter-like gram-negative bacteria . Such strains could be isolated in six out of the 19 biopsies, as confirmed histologically . The bacteria are sensitive to tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, cefalothin, penicillin G and ampicillin and resistant to nalidixic acid and metronidazole . They grow in a 6% O2, 10% CO2 atmosphere at 37 degrees C.

Infection, 1984 May-Jun, 12(3), 175 - 8
Infection due to Campylobacter jejuni: a report of 524 outpatients; Ponka A et al.; Within a three-year period 712 patients with Campylobacter jejuni infection were diagnosed at our laboratory in Helsinki and 524 (72%) were treated as outpatients . More than half (57%) of the patients became infected when abroad, chiefly during holiday trips in the Mediterranean and in East European countries . The risk of acquiring infection was about 250 times greater abroad than in Finland, and it differed considerably from country to country, being highest in Morocco and Tunisia . Among domestic cases the incidence of infection was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) during the summer and autumn months than during winter or spring . Animal contact prior to infection was reported in 59% of domestic and 31% of imported cases, and previous consumption of poultry in 28% and 42% of those from whom information was obtained . Besides diarrhoea (98%), the main symptoms included abdominal pain (87%), fatigue (81%), fever (78%), malaise (70%) and headache (51%) . Arthralgia was observed in 19% and arthritis in 2% of patients . The mean duration of diarrhoea was 10.8 days, of fever 2.8 days.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 May, 19(5), 571 - 5
Parasitic, bacterial, and viral enteric pathogens associated with diarrhea in the Central African Republic; Georges MC et al.; A total of 1,197 diarrheic children less than 15 years old were investigated for parasitic, bacterial, and viral enteropathogens from March 1981 through February 1982 in the Central African Republic . One or more pathogens were identified from 49.4% of the patients . Rotavirus was the most frequently identified pathogen among children less than 18 months old . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was the second most frequently isolated pathogen (12.1%) in children less than 2 years of age . Campylobacter jejuni was also isolated frequently from diarrheic children less than 5 years of age (10.9%) . Entamoeba histolytica was identified in very young children and was found to be the most frequent enteropathogen associated with diarrhea in children over the age of 2 years . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was rarely isolated (ca . 2%) . There was a peak in the incidence of rotavirus during the dry season and in the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni during the rainy season.

Res Vet Sci, 1984 May, 36(3), 290 - 7
Behaviour of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis in gnotobiotic pigs; McCartney E et al.; Gnotobiotic pigs were dosed orally with Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis, either alone, or combined with rotavirus or non-pathogenic Escherichia coli and Streptococcus bovis to study the behaviour of C s mucosalis in defined conditions, to assess intracellular parasitism of enterocytes by C s mucosalis, and if possible to establish an experimental model of porcine intestinal adenomatosis . C s mucosalis colonised the gut of gnotobiotic pigs, persisting for up to 47 days after infection, but did not induce adenomatosis . Despite evidence of limited penetration of the mucosa up to two days after infection, the majority of C s mucosalis remained in the gut lumen . Rotavirus did not enhance invasion of enterocytes by C s mucosalis . The presence of E coli and S bovis caused an increase in the total numbers of C s mucosalis in the gut, but did not affect their distribution . Thus C s mucosalis was largely non-pathogenic in gnotobiotic pigs.

N Z Med J, 1984 Apr 11, 97(753), 219 - 20
Campylobacter enteritis in the acute surgical ward; Moore MH et al.; Campylobacter jejuni now represents an important cause of acute infectious diarrhoeal illness . This paper examines the clinical course and management of eight patients, with campylobacter enteritis, presenting as acute surgical admissions . The severity of their symptoms and signs provided difficulty in distinguishing this diagnosis from acute surgical emergencies, in particular acute appendicitis . One patient underwent a laparotomy--a normal appendicectomy.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Apr, 25(4), 529 - 31
In vitro comparison of the activity of RU 28965, a new macrolide, with that of erythromycin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Barlam T et al.; RU 28965, a novel macrolide antibiotic, inhibited most gram-positive species at concentrations similar to that of erythromycin but was not active, even at alkaline pH, against Pseudomonas spp . or members of the family Enterobacteriaceae . Staphylococci and streptococci resistant to erythromycin were resistant to RU 28965 . RU 28965 inhibited Haemophilus influenzae, including a number of beta-lactamase, ampicillin-resistant isolates, and Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at concentrations similar to those of erythromycin . Against anaerobic species, Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridia and Fusobacterium spp., RU 28965 was less active than erythromycin, but its activity against Campylobacter and Legionella spp . was similar to that of erythromycin.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Apr, 25(4), 504 - 6
Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against Campylobacter spp . and other bacterial enteric pathogens; Goodman LJ et al.; A comparison was made of the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867) with nine other antibiotics against isolates of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio spp., and Escherichia coli . Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin were the lowest of any compound tested for all organisms except C . difficile.

Lab Anim Sci, 1984 Apr, 34(2), 151 - 5
Campylobacter jejuni associated diarrhea in commercially reared beagles; Fox JG et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from nine of ten (90%) juvenile beagles with diarrhea, compared with an isolation rate of five of eight (63%) from beagles which remained asymptomatic during the 2 month study . In four dogs, the diarrhea was recurrent and characterized by watery, mucoid, bile-streaked feces with occasional blood . Elevated temperature and leukocytosis were noted in three of these dogs . Two dogs with diarrhea also had Giardia canis trophozoites.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Apr, 45(4), 703 - 10
Immunofluorescent demonstration of Campylobacter hyointestinalis and Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis in swine intestines with lesions of proliferative enteritis; Chang K et al.; An indirect fluorescent antibody technique was developed to identify Campylobacter spp in lesions of swine proliferative enteritis (SPE) . Rabbit antisera to C hyointestinalis and C sputorum subsp mucosalis were produced . Bacterial smears stained by fluorescent antibody test with homologous antisera differentiated C hyointestinalis from subsp mucosalis . Ileal frozen sections from 29 pigs with histologic lesions of SPE had specific fluorescent staining of C hyointestinalis in all 29 and subsp mucosalis in 24 . Bacterial structures of C hyointestinalis were seen in large numbers and were broadly distributed in intestinal luminal exudate, mucosal necrotic tissues, surface epithelium, lamina propria, and proliferative cryptal epithelium . Numerous C hyointestinalis organisms were always present in the apical cytoplasm of proliferative cryptal epithelium . Fluorescent subsp mucosalis bacteria were seen less frequently and were distributed focally in the mucosa . Numerous subsp mucosalis organisms were more common in cellular debris and in necrotic tissues of surface mucosa, and less common in the epithelial cells of proliferative crypts . Ileal sections from 13 pigs without SPE had no fluorescent staining of C hyointestinalis and subsp mucosalis.

Infection, 1984 Mar-Apr, 12(2), 88 - 90
Campylobacter coli septicaemia associated with septic abortion; Kist M et al.; A 19-year-old patient was 27 weeks pregnant when admitted to hospital with fever, chills and premature labours . The following day she aborted . Campylobacter coli was isolated from blood cultures, maternal placenta and amniotic fluid and from the ear, nose and pharynx of the stillbirth . Campylobacter could not be isolated from stool specimens after antimicrobial treatment had been started.

Isr J Med Sci, 1984 Mar, 20(3), 216 - 8
A Campylobacter enteritis outbreak in a military base in Israel; Cohen DI et al.; An outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni occurred during a 2-day period in June 1982 in a military base in Israel . Of 22 patients with acute gastroenteritis examined at the unit's medical clinic, 17 were available for complete clinical evaluation . Stool cultures were taken from them as well as from 23 asymptomatic soldiers including food handlers . In 6 of the 17 patients with enteritis (35%) Campylobacter jejuni serotype 11 was isolated, while the stool cultures of all the asymptomatic soldiers were negative . A temporary food handler was the most probable source of the infection . He had suffered from symptoms of acute gastroenteritis prior to the outbreak but had not reported them, and was found to harbor the same Campylobacter serotype as the other patients.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 19(3), 305 - 10
Analysis of fatty acids of the genus Rochalimaea by electron capture gas chromatography: detection of nonanoic acid; Westfall HN et al.; The fatty acid compositions of Rochalimaea quintana, strains Fuller and Guadalupe, and R . vinsonii, the Canadian vole agent, were determined in an effort to further characterize these bacteria . The cells were saponified with 5% NaOH in 50% methanol and acidified to pH 2 . The methanolysates were extracted with chloroform, derivatized with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, and analyzed using a Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph equipped with a frequency pulse-modulated electron capture detector and a 3% OV-101 packed-glass column . The fatty acid profiles of the three Rochalimaea strains were similar, with octadecenoic acid (C18:1) the most abundant, followed by octadecanoic (C18:0) and hexadecanoic (C16:0) acids . Moderate to trace amounts of other acids were also present . Unexpectedly, well-defined peaks of nonanoic acid (C9) were found consistently . A portion of this acid, but not all, was extractable with chloroform . Since C9 is not reported as a usual component of bacteria and most analyses do not include a search for this fatty acid, this study was extended to three strains of Legionella and one of Campylobacter . Comparable results were obtained . Since these bacteria were grown in complex media which contain some C9, it is possible that the medium is the source of bacterial C9 . Whether this compound can be synthesized by the bacteria remains to be investigated.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Mar, 45(3), 555 - 6
Abortion in the dog due to Campylobacter species; Bulgin MS et al.; Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from a Wheaten Terrier bitch which had aborted (in southern Idaho) . A Campylobacter of undetermined species also was isolated from aborted Poodle pups (in central Washington) . It appears that persons may have been the source of infection in the Idaho event, but the source for the other was not speculated . These findings of perinatal death due to Campylobacter in dogs from widely separated areas indicate that pathologic evaluation of cases involving premature and aborted pups should include bacteriologic tests, using appropriate media and atmospheric conditions necessary for the cultivation of these organisms.

Infect Immun, 1984 Mar, 43(3), 931 - 6
Campylobacter jejuni diarrhea model in infant chickens; Sanyal SC et al.; To study the pathogenic mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni infection, 36- to 72-h-old chickens were fed 10(3) to 10(6) live cells, using strains isolated from 40 patients with watery diarrhea and 6 with bloody mucoid diarrhea from whom no other known enteropathogen was detected . Chickens of Starbro strain were more likely to develop C . jejuni-induced diarrhea than were White Leghorn chickens . Diarrhea was defined on the basis of amounts of gut fluid in 288 chicks fed with live C . jejuni versus 183 saline-fed control as an accumulation greater than or equal to 0.4 ml of fluid in the guts (excluding ceca) of chickens . Twenty-five percent of the chickens developed diarrhea on day 2, 49% on day 4, and 81% on day 5 . The intestines, including ceca, were distended with watery fluid . The majority of the strains, irrespective of whether they were isolated from watery or bloody mucoid enteritis patients, caused watery diarrhea in chickens, and a few caused mucoid diarrhea . No correlation was observed between the source of a strain and the outcome in the experimental model . Bloody diarrhea was never observed in chickens . The peak incidence of diarrhea on day 5 coincided with the mean of maximum fluid accumulation . The organisms multiplied by 3 to 4 logs in all parts of the intestine, with a steady increase in number until day 5 . Systemic invasion occurred frequently: C . jejuni could be recovered from the spleen in 47% of the chickens on day 5, in 25% from the liver on day 6, and in 11% from heart blood on day 4 . Histopathological examination of gut tissue of the chickens having watery diarrhea did not reveal any abnormality except slight submucosal edema . However, in chickens with mucoid diarrhea, the organisms were found to adhere to brush borders and penetrate into the epithelial cells with formation of a breach in continuity of the brush border lining . The electrolyte composition of the intestinal fluid from chickens infected with C . jejuni and from saline-fed controls did not show significant differences, except for depletion of K+ in the test group . The results obtained in this highly reproducible chicken diarrhea model indicate that (i) most chickens develop nonexudative watery diarrhea 2 to 5 days after oral feeding of 10(3) to 10(6) live cells of C . jejuni; (ii) the organism multiples in all parts of a chicken intestine, (iii) systemic invasion is common, and (iv) local invasion is sometimes observed.

Am J Public Health, 1984 Mar, 74(3), 249 - 50
Endemic Campylobacter jejuni infection in Colorado: identified risk factors; Hopkins RS et al.; A study of persons with laboratory-confirmed sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infection and of controls matched for age and sex in Colorado in the summer of 1981 yielded odds ratio estimates significantly greater than 1 for the following risk factors: drinking raw water (10.74), drinking raw milk (6.93), eating undercooked chicken (2.77), and living in a household with a cat (3.21).

Can J Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 30(3), 322 - 33
Structure and cell envelope associations of flagellar basal complexes of Vibrio cholerae and Campylobacter fetus; Ferris FG et al.; To isolate intact flagella with basal complexes from Vibrio cholerae, a rhamnolipid hemolysin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to disrupt the cell envelope and flagellar sheath . The nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, provided similar results for Campylobacter fetus . Each of these basal complexes possessed, in addition to the four classical rings, concentric membrane rings (CMR's) similar to those found in Aquaspirillum serpens . Through the use of stereo imaging (which allows structures to be visualized in three dimensions) of thin sections of cells which had been sequentially treated with a number of envelope perturbants (i.e., ethylenediaminetetraacetate, lysozyme, Triton X-100, rhamnolipid hemolysin, and sodium dodecyl sulfate), we have progressively exposed the component parts of the basal organelles in V . cholerae and C . fetus . Since the action of these envelope perturbants has been well documented, we have been able to determine the associations of the exposed portions of the flagellar basal complex and the layer of the cell envelope in which they would normally reside . From our observations we have concluded that in both V . cholerae and C . fetus the L ring is embedded in the outer membrane and the P ring is associated with the peptidoglycan . The CMR's are bracketed by the L and P rings and are sandwiched between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan . Elements of both the S and M rings appear to be associated with the plasma membrane.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1984 Mar, 37(3), 524 - 36
{Clinical evaluation of ceftazidime in paediatrics}; Haruta T et al.; Ceftazidime ( CAZ ), a new injectable cephem antibiotic, was used for treatment of infections in children, and the following results were obtained . After an intravenous injection of CAZ at a dose of 20 mg/kg, the mean blood levels in 2 patients were 41.5 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 18.1 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 2.55 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, with the half-life (T 1/2) of 1.37 hours . In a 22-day-old baby with meningitis given CAZ intravenously at a dose of 43.5 mg/kg, the blood levels were 100 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 68 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 25 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, with the half-life (T 1/2) of 2.96 hours . After intravenous administration of CAZ in doses ranging from 35.7 to 50 mg/kg, CSF concentrations ranged from N.D . to 6.3 micrograms/ml in 3 patients with purulent meningitis, although 19 micrograms/ml at 1 hour and 13 micrograms/ml at 2 hours in 1 patient after intravenous administration of 46.7 mg/kg . In patient with mumps meningitis, CSF concentrations were undetectable after intravenous administration of 35.7 mg/kg . Seventeen patients (each 1 patient with lymphadenitis, tonsillitis and septicemia, each 2 patients with pneumonia, bronchiectatic bronchitis, pyothorax and purulent meningitis, each 3 patients with pyelonephritis and enteritis) were treated with CAZ intravenously, at the daily doses of 178.2 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in 4 divided doses in patients with meningitis and 44.1 to 103.4 mg/kg in 3 divided doses in patients with other infections (two of them were given by intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes) . The clinical responses were excellent or good in all the patients except for 1 case of Salmonella enteritis (poor) and 1 case of Campylobacter enteritis (poor) . The efficacy rate was 88.2% . It was noteworthy that the clinical response was excellent in 1 case of septicemia with P . aeruginosa with leukemic stage of malignant lymphoma and in 2 cases of purulent meningitis . As side effects, fever, eruption, leukocytopenia, elevation in GOT and positive CRP considered to be allergic, were observed on day 16 of administration in 1 case of pyothorax . These symptoms disappeared by discontinuance of administration . In addition, there were elevation in GOT and GPT in 2 cases and elevation in GOT in 2 cases and elevation in GPT in 1 case; they were all mild or transient, and there was nothing to be worried about.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1984 Mar, 132(3), 168 - 72
{An optimal blood culture technic}; Simon C et al.; For blood cultures in septicemic patients it is advisable to use two broth culture bottles . One bottle should be incubated with air, the other without (for anaerobes) . Supplemented Peptone Broth II (Becton-Dickinson) and BHI Roche were superior for culturing aerobic and anaerob bacteria in comparison to other blood culture media . They are commercially available, and with these media it is not necessary to inoculate two bottles with blood from one patient . Supplemented Peptone Broth II is also suitable very well for the isolation of Campylobacter fetus and has a redoxpotential which is especially favourable for the isolation of anaerobes.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 47(3), 455 - 60
Procedure for increased recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from inoculated unpasteurized milk; Koidis P et al.; Different treatments were applied to Campylobacter jejuni-inoculated unpasteurized milk to identify means of enhancing the survival of the organism in refrigerated (4 degrees C) samples . The greatest survival occurred in milk supplemented with 0.01% sodium bisulfite and held under an atmosphere of 100% nitrogen (bisulfite-nitrogen), in most instances allowing isolation of C . jejuni from highly contaminated milk 15 or more days longer than from unsupplemented milk held in air (21% oxygen) . Although a larger amount of Campylobacter was consistently recovered from milk treated with bisulfite-nitrogen, similar isolation rates (qualitative) resulted from milk stored in air and supplemented with 0.01% sodium bisulfite and 0.15% sodium thioglycolate when analyzed within 12 days after sampling . Milk samples to be transported and assayed at a later date would best be held refrigerated (4 degrees C) and supplemented with 0.01% sodium bisulfite and either 0.15% sodium thioglycolate or an atmosphere of 100% nitrogen.

Infect Immun, 1984 Mar, 43(3), 986 - 93
Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane proteins are antigenic for humans; Blaser MJ et al.; All Campylobacter jejuni strains have a major outer membrane protein (OMP) that migrates between a molecular weight of 41,000 (41K) and 45K and represents more than 50% of protein present, plus several more minor bands . Using 125I-radiolabeled C . jejuni cells in a radioimmunoprecipitation procedure to assess whether the OMPs were antigenic, we studied serum from rabbits immunized with C . jejuni cells, from humans convalescent after C . jejuni infection, and from appropriate controls . In this assay, the major OMP was the major antigen for both homologously and heterologously immunized rabbits and infected humans but not for controls . Minor bands at 29K and 50K were also antigenic . We tested human and animal sera in a Western blot procedure using anti-immunoglobulin A (IgA), anti-IgG, or anti-IgM conjugates . Homologous and heterologous immune rabbit serum, but not control serum, recognized a large number of membrane proteins between 15K and 91K, including the major OMP . Both Campylobacter spp.-infected and healthy humans showed IgA, IgG, and IgM responses to the major OMP, although the response was more pronounced in the former group . Sera from infected humans recognized several minor bands to a significantly greater extent than control sera did . Our data suggest that there is antigenic similarity between the OMPs of different C . jejuni strains and that some of these OMPs recognized by infected animals and humans have vaccinogenic potential.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 19(3), 342 - 6
Investigation of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak by serotyping and chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis; Bradbury WC et al.; Fifty Campylobacter jejuni isolates, including 29 from humans associated with an outbreak of enteritis, 20 from cattle, and 1 from a milk source, were serotyped on the basis of extractable thermostable antigens and examined by bacterial chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest analysis . Serotyping showed specific differences between the human isolates and the milk isolates, but each of these generally, although not consistently, reacted with 4 of the 42 C . jejuni typing antisera . Restriction patterns of all of the human isolates and some of the cattle isolates were indistinguishable, confirming the suspected link between the cattle and the human outbreak . The single milk isolate had a restriction pattern unlike those of the human isolates, and therefore its involvement in the transmission of infection from the cattle to the humans could not be confirmed.

Rev Infect Dis, 1984 Mar-Apr, 6 Suppl 1, S3 - 10
Taxonomy of anaerobes: present state of the art; Holdeman LV et al.; Results of nucleic acid studies, which indicate relationships among strains and species more clearly than do usual phenotypic tests, have led to new bacteriologic nomenclature . Some major changes in Bacteroides include the recognition of three species (Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides denticola, and Bacteroides loescheii) formerly grouped in B . melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus; two species (Bacteroides intermedius with two closely related homology groups and Bacteroides corporis) formerly grouped together as B . melaninogenicus subspecies intermedius; and two species (Bacteroides buccae and Bacteroides oris) formerly thought to be human isolates of Bacteroides ruminicola subspecies brevis . Former subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis have been elevated to species rank; and Bacteroides uniformis and an unnamed group ("3452A"), recognized . A new genus, Capnocytophaga, with three species, is composed of strains formerly classified as Bacteroides ochraceus or Centers for Disease Control (CDC) group DF-1 . Strains previously thought to be human isolates of "Vibrio succinogenes" and related organisms that derive energy by reduction of fumarate or nitrate with formate or hydrogen have been reclassified in Bacteroides (Bacteroides gracilis), Campylobacter (Campylobacter concisus), or in a new genus, Wolinella.

An Esp Pediatr, 1984 Feb 15, 20(2), 100 - 6
{Campylobacter enteritis}; Calvo MA et al.; Authors report results of the study of a series of 50 children patients with Campylobacter enteritis . After insisting on the present frequency of this infectious agent as pathogen for human beings, they analyse the epidemiologic, clinic and therapeutic aspects.

Arch Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 137(2), 168 - 70
Isoprenoid quinone composition of representatives of the genus Campylobacter; Collins MD et al.; The isoprenoid quinone composition of 17 strains representing nine species or sub-species of the genus Campylobacter was investigated . All strains produced similar respiratory quinone patterns consisting of unsaturated menaquinones with six isoprene units and a novel unidentified quinone . Mass spectral analysis indicate the unknown compound has six isoprene units and a formula C42H58O2 . The present study indicates respiratory quinones may be useful generic markers for Campylobacter.

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