Bactericidal

N Engl J Med, 1977 Dec 29, 297(26), 1413 - 9
Malakoplakia: evidence for monocyte lysosomal abnormality correctable by cholinergic agonist in vitro and in vivo; Abdou NI et al.; We studied monocyte function in a case of malakoplakia in an attempt to characterize the immune defect in this condition . Our patient's intracellular cyclic-GMP levels were abnormally low (mean +/- S.D . of 0.17 +/- 0.05 pmol per 10(7) malakoplakia cells, versus 0.79 +/- 0.12 in normals) p less than 0.001) . After phagocytosis, his monocytes failed to release beta-glucuronidase . In the bactericidal assay, incubation of the patient's monocytes with Escherichia coli allowed growth of 542 +/- 46 colonies, normal monocytes allowed 95 +/- 22 (p less than 0.001) . The percentage of monocytes with large lysosomal granules was 23 +/- 4 in the patient and 4 +/- 2 in normal controls . After in vitro incubation of the patient's cells or in vivo treatment with bethanechol chloride, the cyclic-GMP levels, bactericidal ability and lysosomal granules of the cells returned to normal levels . Low levels of cyclic-GMP could impair lysosomal function and bacterial killing in this condition . Cholinergic agonists correct the in vitro abnormalities and are beneficial in vivo.

Eur J Clin Invest, 1977 Dec, 7(6), 571 - 7
Blood polymorphonuclear dysfunction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis; Feliu E et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function was investigated in twenty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and three patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis . Bacterial ingestion, oxygen-dependent bactericidal capacity, and chemotactic response were measured . Serum dependent abnormalities were common; they included deficiencies of ingestion and of all subsequent oxygen-dependent metabolic events (three patients), all oxygen-dependent metabolic events (one patient), cytochrome c reduction and iodination deficiencies (six patients), isolated cytochrome c reduction deficiency (ten patients), and chemotactic deficiencies (fourteen out of eighteen patients) . Serum-independent abnormalities were much less common; they included increased ingestion rate (four patients), decreased stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (three patients), and decreased myeloperoxidase content (eight patients) . Polymorphonuclear leucocyte abnormalities are frequent in cirrhosis and may account in part for increased susceptibility to infection in that disease.

Tubercle, 1977 Dec, 58(4), 207 - 15
Comparison of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from British, Ugandan and Asian immigrant patients: a study in bacteriophage typing, susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and sensitivity to thiophen-2-carbonic acid hydrazide; Grange JM et al.; Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained from 65 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resident in Uganda, and from pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in 42 British patients of European ethnic stock and in 67 Asian immigrants, often from Uganda, resident in Britain . The bacteriophage-type patterns of the African, British and Asian strains were different . The pattern for the Asian strains resembled that found previously in patients from South India, suggesting that there has been little interchange of organisms between the Asian community and the African and British communities alongside whom they have lived . The patterns for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were similar . Strains of bacteriophage type 1, mainly obtained from Asians, were characterized by a greater susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of hydrogen-peroxide and/or a greater sensitivity to thiophen-2-carbonic acid hydrazide than strains of other types.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Dec, 85C(6), 413 - 23
Human leucocyte migration: studies with an improved skin chamber technique; Hellum KB et al.; An improved skin chamber technique has been developed for the study of localized leucocyte mobilization (LLM) . Uniform "windows" of denuded dermis were produced by a suction device applied to the forearm skin, eliciting delineated areas of epidermal separation by blister formation . The acellular blister fluid, roof and basement membrane were removed, and the blister base was covered with a rubber chamber containing autologous serum as leucocyte attractant . Duplicate chambers were harvested at prescribed intervals during the first 24 hours . In 15 healthy individuals, virtually no cells were observed after 2 hours, a median of 1.9 X 10(6) after 4 hours, increasing to 3.8 X 10(7) after 24 hours . Subnormal LLM was demonstrated in three of seven patients with severe bacterial infections and in three of seven leukaemia patients . LLM was normal in eight patients with other malignancies . Ninety to 98 per cent of the cells were polymorphonuclear neutrophils and less than 1 per cent were erythrocytes . In the chamber neutrophils, vacuolization of the cytoplasm was prominent, bactericidal capacity reduced and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction increased, thus indicating functional derangement of emigrated cells compared to peripheral blood neutrophils . Simplicity and good reproducibility should make this method a valuable tool in the study of leucocyte migration.

Am J Vet Res, 1977 Dec, 38(12), 2019 - 22
Bactericidal activity of standard bovine serum against coliform bacteria isolated from udders and the environment of dairy cows; Carroll EJ et al.; Coliform organisms were isolated from bedding, udders of cows exhibiting acute or chronic mastitis, and milk of cows tested for udder pathogens . The bactericidal activity of standard bovine serum was tested on 362 isolates, of which 2.4% were killed at a serum dilution of less than 1:5; 2.7% were killed at a dilution of 1.5; 3.0% were killed at a dilution of 1:12.5; and 4.4% were sensitive to a dilution of 1:25 . Organisms isolated from mastitic udders were not killed by serum . Sensitivity to agglutination in 1:500 solution of acriflavine was tested on 157 isolates, and only 54 had any degree of agglutination . Of these 54, only 4 organisms had any susceptibility to killing by serum . Results suggest that most organisms in the environment of the cow are resistant to serum, few serum-sensitive coliforms cause mastitis, and agglutination in acriflavine (indicating organisms in the rough phase) does not correlate with sensitibity to serum.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Dec, 132(3), 790 - 5
Inhibitory action of a non-metabolizable fatty acid on the growth of Escherichia coli: role of metabolism and outer membrane integrity; Fay JP et al.; The inhibitory action of decanoic acid on both Escherichia coli K-12/154 (normal lipopolysaccharide) and E . coli RC59 (defective lipopolysaccharide) was studied . A correlation was found between the doubling time of E . coli 154 growing in different media and the lethal effect of 0.4% decanoic acid on this bacterium . Decanoic acid (0.4%) exerted a lytic action on glucose-starved and NaN3-inhibited cells of E . coli 154 and RC59 . Exponentially growing cultures of both strains were not affected by the addition of 0.4% methyldecanoate, but cells of E . coli RC59 reaching the stationary phase were attacked by that compound . A bactericidal action of 0.4% methyldecanoate on exponential E . coli 154 and RC59 was observed when sodium azide was also present in the media . Concentrations lower than 0.01% methyldecanoate had a lytic effect on spheroplasts from E . coli 154 and RC59 . These results indicate that the inhibitory action of a non-metabolizable fatty acid on E . coli depends on the cellular metabolic activity and the outer membrane integrity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Dec, 239(4), 521 - 6
Studies on antituberculotic action of some phenothiazine derivatives in vitro; Molnar J et al.; Five phenothiazine derivatives (chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, diethazine, promethazine and chlorpromazine) sulphoxyde were tested for antimycobacterial activity . The growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M . bovis and M . butyricum was inhibited by chlorpromazine practically at identical concentrations . The minimum inhibitory concentrations for M . tuberculosis were: chlorpromazine and levomepromazine, 10 microgram/ml; diethazine and promethazine 20 microgram/ml, whilst chlorpromazine sulphoxyde was ineffective even at a concentration of 100 microgram/ml . Chlorpromazine and promethazine exerted a measurable bactericidal activity on M . tuberculosis at 50 microgram/ml; total destruction of the organism and loss of acid fastness in part of the cells were shown at 300 microgram/ml . Preliminary studies, in mouse experiments phenothiazine derivatives were ineffective.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Nov-Dec, 128B(4), 495 - 505
{Studies on the bactericidal activity of glutaraldehyde (author's transl)}; Relyveld EH; Bactericidal activity of aqueous glutaraldehyde has been determined in comparison with aqueous sodium hypochlorite . Several bacterial strains have been tested and it was found that the activity of the glutaraldehyde solution was superior or equal to that of the hypochlorite solution with the exception of the action on mycobacteria.

Infect Immun, 1977 Nov, 18(2), 446 - 53
Isolation and properties of complement-resistant strains of Escherichia coli K-12; Akiyama Y et al.; Several strains that were resistant to the bactericidal action of antibody and complement were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 W3110/SM by selecting them through the medium containing antiserum and complement . They can be agglutinated by antiserum against the parent strain and showed similar immune adherence reactivity to the parent when sensitized with this antiserum . Few differences were found in the compositions of phospholipids and proteins between both inner and outer membranes of these strains and those of the parent . However, there were fewer short-chain and more long-chain fatty acids in these strains than in the parent . It was also found that unsaturated fatty acide decreased and saturated and cyclopropanoic acids increased in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol in both inner and outer membranes of one of these strains when compared with those from the parent . Therefore, the resistance of these strains to the complement-mediated bactericidal action was considered to be due to the rigidity of their membrane structures which might repel the insertion of membrane-attack complement complex C5b-9, although they could fix the earlier complement components up to the step of the formation of C4b,2a,3b complex enzyme.

Med J Aust, 1977 Oct 8, 2(3 Pt 2 Suppl), 22 - 6
Evaluation of nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects of tobramycin in worldwide study; Bendush CL et al.; Tobramycin sulphate, a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been evaluated worldwide in 3,506 patients . Drug-related adverse effects were reported by the investigators in 3.9% of the cases, and included reactions in the nervous system (ototoxicity) in 0.6% and in the kidney in 1.5% . Effects of doubtful relationship to tobramycin occurred in 6.6% of the cases . The effects were usually reversible, although infrequently altered renal or eighth-nerve function appeared to persist in some of the patients . There were no deaths or instances of renal shutdown as a result of tobramycin therapy . Therefore, under the clinical conditions in which it was evaluated, tobramycin appeared to be well tolerated . The association of toxicity with various "risk factors" is discussed.

Scand J Haematol, 1977 Oct, 19(4), 334 - 42
Anorexia nervosa and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte reactions; Palmblad J et al.; 10 patients with anorexia nervosa were compared with controls with normal weight, regarding their peripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte reactions . The anorexia patients showed a statistically significant decrease in PMN bactericidal capacity and PMN adherence . The mean chemotaxis did not differ, but in two of the anorexia patients chemotaxis was almost absent . The intracellular activity of alkaline phosphatase was below the reference values in 5 of the 6 patients in whom it was investigated . It is concluded that changes in granulocyte function may be noted in anorexia nervosa, but their clinical significance is uncertain, as no patients had recurrent or severe infectious diseases.

J Lab Clin Med, 1977 Oct, 90(4), 720 - 7
Postsurgical granulocyte dysfunction: studies in healthy kidney donors; Bowers TK et al.; In order to determine whether surgical trauma affects granulocyte function, we performed sequential studies of granulocyte phagocytic and bactericidal function, chemotaxis, and adherence on 25 otherwise healthy subjects undergoing donor nephrectomy for kidney transplantation . All values were normal prior to surgery, and bacterial killing and phagocytosis were unaffected by surgery . Granulocyte chemotaxis and adherence were significantly impaired immediately following surgery, returning to normal in 24 hr . Anesthesia alone did not affect chemotaxis . Generation of chemoattractants from postoperative plasma was normal, and inhibitors of chemotaxis could not be demonstrated, suggesting an intrinsic cellular defect . We suggest that these postoperative abnormalities of granulocyte chemotaxis and adherence may contribute to the high incidence of infectious complications following surgery.

Pharmazie, 1977 Oct, 32(10), 562 - 3
Synthesis of some quinones of potential antitubercular activity; Roushdi IM et al.; Certain phthiocol derivatives of expected bactericidal action have been synthesized . These include the phthiocol moiety condensed with p-hydrazino-salicylic and -benzoic acids and their ethyl esters; phthiocol thiosemicarbazone and isonicotinyl hydrazidehydrazone . In another similar series the methyl group of phthiocol was replaced by carbethoxy, ethyl, butyl and isobutyl groups . Allyl and 1.2-epoxypropyl ethers of phthiocol being of high lipid dispersion were also synthesized.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1977 Oct, 116(4), 627 - 35
Bactericidal activity of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide alone and in combination against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis; Dickinson JM et al.; Log-phase cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tween-albumin medium were exposed to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in concentrations in the range likely to be present in serum during treatment of patients . The bactericidal activity of the drugs was measured as the decrease in viable counts at 4 and 7 days . The activity of single drugs was highest for streptomycin and next highest for rifampin and isoniazid, but ethambutol only started to kill after 4 days . When exposed to 2 drugs, bactericidal synergism was found with streptomycin/isoniazid and isoniazid/ethambutol; additivity, with streptomycin/rifampin; indifference, with isoniazid rifampin and streptomycin/ethambutol; and antagonism, with rifampin/ethambutol and isoniazid/pyrazinamide . When cultures were exposed to the 3 drugs, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol, marked antagonism was found between isoniazid and rifampin, whereas the addition of isoniazid or an increase in its concentration increased the bactericidal activity.

Scand J Haematol, 1977 Sep, 19(3), 293 - 303
Obesity, plasma lipids and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions; Palmblad J et al.; 20 obese subjects were compared with 20 controls with normal weight regarding their polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions, and plasma lipids . The obese subjects showed a significantly decreased PMN bactericidal capacity, and increased PMN adherence . No differences were found in their mean PMN chemotaxis and opsonic capacity of plasma . The values of plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids were higher in the obese, while plasma cholesterol and phospholipids corresponded to the control values . The changes in granulocyte function did not correlate significantly to plasma lipid levels or to body weight and Broca's index in either group . --It is concluded that changes in granulocyte function occur in obesity, but are not related to plasma lipids or degree of overweight.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Sep, 29(3), 501 - 8
The effect of PHA-activated MN-cell supernatants on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function; Lomnitzer R et al.; The effect of PHA-activated mononuclear-cell (MN) supernatants on various polymorphonuclear-leucocyte (PMN) functions were assessed . Treatment of PMN with PHA-activated MN-cell supernatants resulted in greater electrophoretic mobility, indicating an increase in the negative surface charge . PMN directional motility was inhibited in the presence of active supernatants but was not affected by a pulse exposure of the PMN to these supernatants . Neither control nor active supernatants were chemotactic for PMN, but treatment of these cells with active supernatants produced an increase in their phagocytic activity, their ability to reduce NBT and in their glucose oxidation through the hexosemonophosphate shunt . Bactericidal capacity of these PMN was unaltered . Specific loss of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) activity from supernatants of PHA-activated MN cells followed their absorption with PMN cells but not with human MN cells or guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells . Furthermore, acquired inhibition of migration of the absorbing PMN was observed.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Sep-Oct, 19(5), 1109 - 18
{Neutrophil function in children with acute lyphoblastic leukemia}; De Martino M et al.; Neutrophil function has been studied in 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia by means of the NBT test and bactericidal assay against E . coli . Tests have been performed before and during treatment . In untreated patients the bactericidal activity of neutrophils was normal, in spite of the decreased number of cells reducing the NBT dye after activation with immuno-complexes . In remission, those patients showed normal reduction . No correlation was observed between the bactericidal power registered after cranial irradiation and the NBT test.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 716 - 8
{Br . ovis sensitivity to antibiotics}; Pinigin AF et al.; Irrespective of their geographical origin the cultures of Br . ovis are highly sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin . The bactericidal concentrations of tetracycline for 86.6 per cent of the strains and streptomycin for 93.20 per cent of the strains were 0.02--0.04 and 0.1--0.4 gamma/ml respectively . The bactericidal effect of morphocycline, kanamycin, benzyl-penicillin, lincomycin and monomycin was less pronounced . Polymyxin M had no bactericidal effect on the Brucella even in concentrations of 200 gamma/ml . Antibiotic sensitivity of S-subcultures of Br . ovis and the initial R-variants was studied comparatively . It was found that genetically related S-subcultures of Br . ovis were more resistant to the antibiotics than the initial R-strains.

Blood, 1977 Aug, 50(2), 213 - 25
Reversal of granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers using local anesthetic agents: possible application to filtration leukapheresis; Schiffer CA et al.; The effects of the cationic anesthetic agents tetracaine and lidocaine on granulocyte function, morphology, and adherence to nylon fibers were studied in an attempt to improve current methods of granulocyte collection by filtration leukapheresis (FL) . When dissolved in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) plasma, these drugs significantly increased granulocyte elution from the fibers in a dose-related fashion . Granulocytes exposed to tetracaine and lidocaine remained more than 95% viable, retained normal bactericidal capacity after the drugs were washed from the cells, and had preserved membrane integrity, as evidenced by the normal ultrastructural appearance of tetracaine-exposed cells and an absence of leakage of lysozyme or lactic dehydrogenase . Granulocytes eluted with the anesthetic agents were rounded in shape with a reduction in the number of filopodial cytoplasmic projections and a relative absence of cytoplasmic vacuolization when compared to granulocytes eluted with ACD plasma alone . Dose-related inhibition of phagocytosis and adherence, which was largely reversible after washing the granulocytes, was noted . Greater than 95% of the lidocaine could be removed from the eluate with a single centrifugation and resuspension, indicating that granulocytes prepared by FL with anesthetic-enhanced elution could be potentially transfusable.

J Clin Pathol, 1977 Aug, 30(8), 758 - 62
Cryopreservation of human granulocytes in liquid nitrogen; Graham-Pole J et al.; Human granulocytes (PMNL) were successfully cryopreserved for up to 14 months . The PMNL (1-2 X 10(7)/ml) were stored in 2-ml ampoules in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen at a temperature between -160 degrees C and -196 degrees C using dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO 10%) as cryoprotectant . Morphology and phagocytic and bactericidal capacity were best preserved by adding fetal calf serum to the freezing mixture, by using an interrupted cooling process, by washing the thawed PMNL in fresh freeze-dried plasma, and centrifuging at 600 g for no more than two minutes . Careful post-thaw handling of the cells was an important factor in preserving function . These preliminary studies indicate that useful numbers of PMNL can be recovered in a functional state after storage for long periods in liquid nitrogen.

Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 1977 Aug, 30(4), 171 - 8
The relationship between the chemical structure of fatty acids and their mycobactericidal activity; Kondo E et al.; The bactericidal activity of long-chain fatty acids on mycobacteria was examined by exposing the organisms to these acids at 0.04 mM in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6) . The lethal effect of saturated fatty acids was related to the chain-length of hydrocarbon, C14:0 being the strongest in the activity and longer and shorter fatty acids being less active . Unsaturation, isomerism and the presence of alpha-hydroxy group were found to be other factors governing the activity . The lethal effect was greater in the order of C18:3 greater than C18:2 greater than C18:1(cis) greater than C18:1(trans) greater than alpha-OH C18:0 greater than C18:0 . C20:4 was placed between C18:3 and C18:2 in this respect . Esterification of C14:0, C18:1 and C20:4 to methyl esters and cholesteryl esters abolished completely the bactericidal activity of these acids, suggesting the requirement of carboxyl group for the activity . The relationship between the fatty acid structure and the lethal effect was discussed in reference to these observations.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Aug, 6(2), 128 - 31
Studies on neutralization of human serum bactericidal activity by sodium amylosulfate; Traub WH; The synthetic anticoagulant sodium amylosulfate (SAS) at concentrations of 125 to 2,000 microgram/ml failed to completely neutralize the bactericidal activity of 80 and 50% (by volume) fresh human serum . Furthermore, SAS failed to inhibit the alternative pathway of complement activation in 80% (by volume) fresh human serum that had been chelated with 0.01 M magnesium ions plus 0.01 M ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid . However, SAS at 250 to 1,000 microgram/ml effectively neutralized the bactericidal activity of 20% (by volume) fresh human serum . Therefore, SAS (at 250 to 1,000 microgram/ml) should be used only in blood samples that have been diluted at least fivefold (less than or equal to 20% {by volume}) in suitable broth media.

J Nutr, 1977 Aug, 107(8), 1507 - 12
Glycolytic, hexose monophosphate shunt and bactericidal activities of leukocytes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs; Shilotri PG; It is well known that glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt activities of leukocytes increase during phagocytosis . The relevance of these metabolic changes to particle uptake and particle destruction is also well established . In the present study, these metabolic activities were studied to assess the phagocytic function of leukocytes isolated from ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs . Glycolytic activity which provides the necessary energy for particle uptake was found to be decreased in both resting and phagocytizing leukocytes for ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs . The direct oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) was stimulated to a significantly lesser extent during phagocytosis in ascorbic acid deficient leukocytes . There was a progressive decline in phagocytosis induced shunt activity of leukocytes as the deficiency of ascorbic acid progressed . These findings show that particle uptake (as indicated by glycolytic activity) as well as particle destruction (as indicated by HMS activity) by leukocytes are impaired in ascorbic acid deficiency . Bactericidal capacity of leukocytes against Escherichia coli was also found to be low in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs as compared to those in the pair-fed control group.

J Nutr, 1977 Aug, 107(8), 1513 - 6
Phagocytosis and leukocyte enzymes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs; Shilotri PG; Enzymes related to bactericidal activities of leukocytes were studied in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pig leukocytes . The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were not affected either under resting or phagocytizing conditions in ascorbic acid deficiency . Granule bound NADPH-oxidase activity of resting leukocytes also was not altered in ascorbic acid deficiency . However, the extent of stimulation in NADPH-oxidase activity under phagocytizing condition was found to be significantly lower in ascorbic acid deficient leukocytes than that in control leukocytes . Similary, the extent of release of acid phosphatase from lysosomes during phagocytosis was also low in ascorbic acid deficient leukocytes . Ascorbic acid deficiency did not influence the activities of glutathione reductase and myeloperoxidase of leukocytes . The significance of these enzyme changes is discussed in relation to the decreased phagocytic and bactericidal activities of leukocytes in ascorbic acid deficiency.

J Clin Invest, 1977 Aug, 60(2), 370 - 3
Evidence for hydroxyl radical generation by human Monocytes; Weiss SJ et al.; A number of highly reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the oxygen-dependent mechanisms involved in bactericidal activity of phagocytic leukocytes . Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, two agents known to occur during phagocytosis, are thought to interact to generate hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and other potentially reactive molecules . Using an assay system of ethylene generation from methional, cell preparations of human monocytes were demonstrated to generate hydroxyl radical or a similar agent during phagocytosis of zymosan particles . The generation of ethylene was impaired by agents which reduce superoxide or hydrogen peroxide concentrations as well as by agents reported to be hydroxyl radical scavengers . The ethylene generation did not appear to be dependent on myeloperoxidase in that azide enhanced ethylene generation . Monocytes from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease failed to generate ethylene during phagocytosis . This assay technique may be useful in exploring the metabolic events integral to the bactericidal and inflammatory activity of phagocytic leukocytes.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1977 Jul, 30(7), 511 - 6
{Clinical evaluation of intrathoracic tissue bactericidal antibiotic level (author's transl)}; Tomiki K et al.; Thirty-one patients who were performed thoracotomy for the disease of the chest, were administered sulfobenzyl penicillin 5.0 g for an hour during their operation . Antibiotic levels of serum and intrathoracic tissues (a piece of lung parenchyma, pleura, pulmonary hilar lymphnode, fatty-tissue and chest wall muscle) were determined, and an evaluation of bactericidal effect was discussed . In this study, we found that antibiotic levels of lung tissue with infectious or inflammatory disease were remarkably high compared with the levels of bronchogenic carcinoma . This means that a high concentration of sulfobenzyl penicillin to infectious intrathoracic tissues is effective against post-operative infection.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1977 Jul, 30(7), 1077 - 81
Effect of mega doses of vitamin C on bactericidal ativity of leukocytes; Shilotri PG et al.; Effect of ingesting mega doses of ascorbic acid was studied on the leukocyte function in five normal human subjects . During the first 15 days the subjects received daily supplements of 200 mg of ascorbic acid, and during the next 2 weeks they were given 2 g of vitamin C per day . Supplementation of 200 mg as well as 2 g of ascorbic acid stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt activity of resting leukocytes indicating an increase in resting metabolism . Intakes of 200 mg of ascorbic acid per day did not affect bacterial killing by leukocytes . On the other hand, daily intakes of 2 g of ascorbic acid for 2 weeks significantly impaired bactericidal activity . Four weeks after withdrawal of the viatmin supplementation, bactericidal activity returned to normal.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1977 Jul, 9(7), 871 - 80
Penetration of gentamicin into the aphakic eye; Peyman GA et al.; The penetration of gentamicin is compared in the aphakic and phakic rabbit eye . Phakic and aphakic rabbits were treated with gentamicin by topical, subconjunctival, and intramuscular routes separately and in combination . These routes of therapy also were evaluated in aphakic eyes with experimentally induced endophthalmitis . The levels of gentamicin were, for the most part, higher in the aphakic, as opposed to the phakic eyes . Combination therapy produced higher levels in the noninfected than in the infected eyes . Aqueous levels were generally bactericidal by topical and subconjunctival routes . Levels in the vitreous by the routes of therapy employed in this study were at best inhibitory for the more virulent organisms.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1977 Jul-Aug, 84(1-2), 138 - 44
Purulent and non-purulent maxillary sinus secretions with respect to pO2, pCO2 and pH; Carenfelt C et al.; Antral secretions from patients with maxillary sinusitis were aspirated for determination of pO2, pCO2 and pH . In 14 non-purulent secretions the mean pO2 was 12.7 kPa (96 mmHg) and the mean pCO2 5.2 kPa (39 mmHg) . The mean pH was slightly alkaline . In 18 purulent secretions, usually with a heavy growth of pneumococci or H . influenzae, the pO2 was zero or close to zero and the mean pCO2 greater than or equal to 10.1 kPa (greater than or equal to 76 mmHg) . The mean pH was slightly acid and significantly lower than in the nonpurulent secretions . The gas composition and the pH in purulent secretions do not only influence the metabolic activity and multiplication of bacteria, but may also interfere with the local protective functions of the sinus mucosa and with the bactericidal function of granulocytes.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1977 Jun, 9(6), 781 - 4
Acetone sterilization in ophthalmic surgery; Drews RC; Acetone is a potent bactericidal agent and has considerable value for the routine disinfection of surfaces . The reason for the poor showing of acetone in previously reported tests was that it was not used in concentrated form, and our tests also confirmed its relative ineffectiveness when diluted . The inability of acetone to eliminate spores is an important disadvantage but most commonly used bactericidal agents also are deficient in this respect . Although acetone is active in the presence of protein it does not penetrate blood clots . Therefore, instruments should be cleaned of blood and tissue fragments before using acetone to disinfect them, as with other methods of sterilization . Acetone can make ordinary sterilizers unnecessary in our offices . I believe that it is a superior antiseptic for use in sterilizing sharp instruments in the operating room and can be used for all instruments when autoclaving or gas sterilization is not feasible or not available.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1977 Jun, 83(6), 706 - 9
{Barrier-fixing function in germ-free animals}; Podoprigora GI; The state of barrier-fixative function was studied in germfree and conventional guinea pigs and rats . Under conditions of conventional animals contamination with E . coli 055 (in doses of 500 million and 10 milliard microbial bodies for subcutaneous and oral inoculation, respectively) only an early transitory bacteremia developed at the early postinfection periods . As to bacteriemia in gnotobiotes, it increased progressively leading to the animal death in the course of 2 to 3 days . A decreased fixative and bactericidal capacity of the regional lymphatic apparatus and deep structures of the mononuclear-phagocytic system was revealed in germfree animals . An experimental confirmation of the participance of antibodies in the manifestation of the barrier-fixative function to E . coli was obtained . These studies demonstrated an important role of the microbial factor in the formation of the macroorganism barrier-fixative function.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1977 Jun, 83(6), 862 - 5
Corneal penetration of rifampin; Feldman MF et al.; We tested the corneal penetration of rifampin in four vehicles: dimethylsulfoxide, polyethylene glycol, an ocular lubricant, and as rifampin ointment . We measured drug concentrations in the aqueous humor in rabbits after topical instillation of 1 and 2.5% rifampin according to two dosage schedules . Drug concentrations in the aqueous humor were bactericidal to Mycobacterium leprae . Since leprosy of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body may develop despite standard systemic bacteriostatic treatment, treatment of leprotic involvement of the anterior eye may be enhanced by intensive topical application of rifampin.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1977 Jun, 32(6), 463 - 5
{New developments in depot inotophoresis of copper compounds}; Knappwost A; By means of two methods of the depot ionophoresis using an exterior voltage source and the galvanic pin element, polyvalent bactericidal compounds can be transported from a depot of copper calcium hydroxide into all arms of the apical delta . The method of working and long-term effects are described.

Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko, 1977 May-Jun, (3), 18 - 20
{State of non-specific immunoreactivity in patients with closed cranio-cerebral trauma}; Pavlovichev SA; Studies of the state of the non-specific humoral protection in 138 patients with craniocerebral injuries demonstrated that the bactericidal and beta-lytic activity of the serum remains relatively stable during the acute period of trauma, while the complement activity and the concentration of lysozyme are subject to significant alterations . The elevation of the lysozyme content and the enhancement of the complement activity are in direct proportion with the severity of the injury, and are revealed at the peak of the acute period of the craniocerebral trauma.

Lab Invest, 1977 May, 36(5), 493 - 500
Arginine-rich cationic proteins of human eosinophil granules: comparison of the constituents of eosinophilic and neutrophilic leukocytes; Olsson I et al.; Several arginine-rich cationic proteins previously isolated from granules of leukemic myeloid cells have been found to reside primarily in human eosinophil leukocytes . The major component has a molecular weight of 21,000 and it contains approximately 2.6 moles of zinc per mole of protein . Velocity centrifugation of cytoplasm from leukocytes of patients with marked eosinophilia showed that this group of proteins is packaged in the crystalloid-containing large eosinophil granules . Approximately 30% of the protein content of eosinophil granules belonged to this group of cationic proteins . Bactericidal or esterolytic activities of the cationic proteins were not detected, nor did they inhibit guinea pig anaphylatoxin or histamine-induced contraction . The basic protein previously demonstrated in guinea pig eosinophils may be analogous to the group of basic proteins of human eosinophils but great differences are found for molecular weight and amino acid composition.

Fortschr Med, 1977 Apr 21, 95(15), 985 - 90
{Treatment of burns}; Zellner PR et al.; Because of the unsatisfactory results hitherto achieved in the bactericidal and bacteriostatic local therapy of burns, Betaisodona ointment was tested and, in view of its good effect, put to further therapeutic use . The advantages of the preparation, apart from the good local tolerance and absence of effect on metabolism, are the good bactericidal and tanning effects on the wound eschar . In no case were smearing coats observed; the necrotic skin remained dry and firm . Except in two patients with second degree burns, epithelization was not influenced by clinically visible infection . In third degree burns accumulation of exudate in the zone of demarcation was only observed in two cases . Bacteriological examinations of the wound surface revealed sterility in several cases; in the other patients the bacterial count did not exceed 10(5)/cm2 . In view of the comparative tests, this result must be considered very positive . The above trial has, however, not made use of all testing possibilities . In further studies an iodine absorption test for determining the penetration depth as well as a bacterial count in the tissue will be developed . Furthermore the use of Betaisodona solution for instillation in the zone of demarcation will be examined.

Mayo Clin Proc, 1977 Apr, 52(4), 216 - 9
Coryneform bacterial endocarditis: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, presentation of three cases, and review of literature; Van Scoy RE et al.; Three patients who had coryneform bacterial endocarditis affecting a prosthetic valve are presented and 64 case reports are reviewed . Diagnostic difficulties occur because coryneform bacteria often are fastidiuos, with long incubation periods, and often contaminate blood cultures . Although some coryneform bacteria are killed by penicillin G, many are resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics . Vancomycin is bactericidal in resistant strains studied . Treatment with vancomycin is indicated until in vitro bactericidal data are available . Coryneform endocarditis often occurs on prosthetic valves, thus making therapy and its evaluation even more difficult.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1977 Apr 1, 127(7), 788 - 92
Identification of a bactericidal factor (B-lysin) in amnionic fluid at 14 and 40 weeks' gestation; Ford LC et al.; Amnionic fluid (AF) specimens from 40 normal obstetric patients at 14 to 16 weeks' gestation and at 37 to 40 weeks' gestation were found to contain both lysozyme and a bactericidal substance identified as B-lysin . The concentrations of both lysozyme and B-lysin were significantly higher in the AF at 40 weeks' than at 14 weeks' gestation . B-lysin concentration in AF were also found to be significantly higher than in either cord or maternal blood.

Infect Immun, 1977 Apr, 16(1), 32 - 6
Bactericidal activity of the normal, cell-free hemolymph of silkworms (Bombyx mori); Kinoshita T et al.; Cell-free hemolymph from silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae can kill Escherichia coli B/SM . The bactericidal principle can be resolved into at least two factors . One is a lysozyme-like enzyme that can be absorbed on crab shell chitin and on bentonite, and the other (cofactor) is an anionic factor that is of low molecular weight, can pass through the chitin column and a carboxymethyl-cellulose column, and can be eluted from a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column at mu = 0.15 and pH 7.5 . Egg-white lysozyme cannot replace the silkworm lysozyme-like enzyme for restoring the bactericidal activity when it is mixed with the cofactor, although it can enhance the bactericidal activity of the mixture of silkworm enzyme and cofactor . Mg2+ and Ca2+ can inhibit the bactericidal activity.

Infect Immun, 1977 Apr, 16(1), 198 - 202
Inhibitory action of galactose on phagocytes from normal and hypergalactosemic chicks; Litchfield WJ et al.; The inhibitory effect of galactose on phagocyte function was investigated in normal and hypergalactosemic chicks by monitoring the in vitro killing of Escherichia coli by leukocytes and the in vivo clearance of colloidal 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin ({125I}BSA) from the circulation . Elevated levels of galactose (30 mM) significantly impaired the bactericidal activities of leukocytes from both control and hypergalactosemic chicks . However, the latter cells were more susceptible to the galactose-dependent inhibition . Leukocytes from hypergalactosemic chicks displayed near-normal bactericidal activity when assayed in vitro under simulated normal conditions in the absence of galactose . Mean corrected phagocytic indexes, obtained from data on the clearance of colloidal {125I}BSA, were calculated to be 0.358 and 0.299 for control and hypergalactosemic chicks, respectively . Moreover, increased concentrations of galactose significantly impaired the bactericidal activity of circulating leukocytes but did not significantly affect the phagocytic activity of the reticuoendothelial system.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Apr, 237(4), 494 - 503
"R"-living vaccine against colibacillosis . Communication I; Parnas J et al.; After our estimation of the LD100 of enteropathogenic E . coli 0149 and 0138 (and their toxins) in rabbits and mice (intravenously and subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, respectively), rabbits and mice were vaccinated subcutaneously by the living "R" 0149 vaccine . All animals showed resistance against the LD100 of both E . coli serotypes; this state of resistance lasted 1-5 months in rabbits, and 1-3 months in mice . Sera of vaccinated rabbits showed bactericidal activity against both E . coli serotypes . The R-E-system of rabbits which were immunized by the endotoxin of "R" 0149 living vaccine, showed mobilization of immunocytes . The vaccine seems to be harmless to newborn piglets after oral vaccination; 2 colostrum deprived piglets, despite vaccination at once after birth, did not survive the big chalenge with 100 ml of broth culture of E . coli 0149 "S" (anapylactic shock) . But in comparison to 1 not vaccinated control piglet, the two piglests showed only few E . coli colonies in the intestines, while the intestine of the control animal was very massively colonized by the virulent strain . As the immunizing potency of the "R" 0149 living vaccine was clearly shown in rabbits and mice, further investigations on piglets (newborns, weaning epriod, and after weaning) are needed, to state whether the value of this vaccine corresponds with the immunizing potency shown in our preliminary experiments . The "R"-vaccine seems to open some perspective in colibacillosis prevention of children and animals, and therefore it deserves our attention.

J Lab Clin Med, 1977 Apr, 89(4), 692 - 701
Comparison of four aminoglycoside antibiotics in the therapy of experimental E . coli meningitis; Strausbaugh LJ et al.; Tobramycin, sisomicin, and amikacin were compared with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental E . coli meningitis in rabbits . Meningitis was produced in 40 animals by intracisternal injection of 10(5) E . coli . Three dosages of each antibiotic were administered intravenously over 8 hours . Serum and CSF samples were obtained at 0,2,4,6, and 8 hours for determination of aminoglycoside concentrations and CSF bacteria counts . The four aminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into the CSF . The mean percent penetration (CSF conc./serum conc . X 100%) with the three dosages was 10 to 50% for gentamicin, 8 to 23% for tobramycin, 6 to 16% for sisomicin, and 11 to 23% for amikacin . This variation in penetration reflected individual differences in each dosage group and the increase in percent penetration that was observed during therapy . Sisomicin and gentamicin were consistently bactericidal in vivo . Mean CSF bacterial titers gentamicin were consistently bactericidal in vivo . Mean CSF bacterial titers decreased 3.07 logs in rabbits treated with sisomicin and 2.44 logs in animals treated with gentamicin . Even through CSF concentrations were comparable, the group treated with tobramycin demonstrated only a 0.64 log decrease and the amikacin group had a 0.45 log increase in mean CSF titers . The bactericidal effect of sisomicin appeared to be more rapid than that of gentamicin . During the first 2 hours of therapy CSF titers declined 1.02 logs in animals treated with sisomicin as compared to 0.37 log in animals receiving gentamicin even though gentamicin concentrations were higher (mean 7.4 vs . 4.1 gm./ml.) . Sisomicin also demonstrated greater bactericidal activity than the other aminoglycosides in normal CSF in vitro . The results of this study suggest that sisomicin may be of value in the therapy of E . coli meningitis.

J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Apr, 78(2), 175 - 87
The germicidal effect of the open air in different parts of The Netherlands; de Mik G et al.; Using the microthread technique the survival of Escherichia coli MRE 162 in open air was measured in different parts of The Netherlands . The presence of bactericidal compounds (open air factor = OAF) could be demonstrated on several days and quantitated in relative units of OAF concentration . In the absence of ozone the OAF concentration was always low . In the presence of ozone the OAF concentration was dependent on wind direction . At the selected microthread exposure sites air from areas with high traffic intensity contributed more to OAF production than air from industrial areas . OAF production is probably related to the nature of hydrocarbons in the air.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 967 - 70
Antigenicity of bdellovibrios; Kramer TT et al.; Antigenic relationships between 12 locally isolated bdellovibrios and 3 established reference strains (109D, 6-5-S, and UKi2) were investigated . Antigenicity of the strains was examined by use of the micro-complement fixation test, the serum and complement bactericidal test, and the immunodiffusion test . Antisera were prepared against one of the local strains (MS7) and against one of the established reference strains (UKi2) . The complement fixation titers suggest a close relationship among all strains . Immunodiffusion tests produced lines of identity between the homologous strain MS7 and all other strains . It is suggested on the basis of these results that bdellovibrio may possess a common antigen.

Mayo Clin Proc, 1977 Mar, 52(3), 150 - 2
The Kell blood group, Kx antigen, and chronic granulomatous disease; Marsh WL; The Kell blood group has 18 associated red cell antigens . One, named KX, is the product of an X-linked gene and appears to be a precursor in the Kell biosynthetic pathway . Lack of KX on red cells, caused by inheritance of a variant allele at the X-linked locus, results in gross changes in Kell antigenicity, an effect called the McLeod phenotype . Such cells also show striking morphologic changes . Normal phagocytic leukocytes lack Kell antigens but have strong KX . The leukocytes of boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease lack KX antigen and have defective bactericidal function . The fundamental defect in chronic granulomatous disease appears to be failure to inherit the X-linked gene that determines KX synthesis . The enzymatic and functional disorders of the leukocytes, and the structural changes in the red cells, are consequences that follow.

N Z Med J, 1977 Feb 23, 85(582), 132 - 5
Anti-microbial treatment for hospital carpets; Bakker PG et al.; Seven commercial bactericides, three hospital disinfectants and one carpet finish were examined for their ability to show diffusible bactericidal activity in agar, their ability to prevent the multiplication of a known number of micro-organisms applied to the treated carpet and the occurrence or otherwise of odours after contamination of the carpet samples with food and secretions . None of the carpet bactericides tested showed any diffusible bactericidal activity, but some had a certain degree of effectiveness in suppressing odours.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Feb, 85(1), 1 - 9
Granulocyte function in bacterial infections in man; Hellum KB et al.; The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 141 patients with bacterial infections and 141 controls have been examined and related to granulocyte morphology . In 115 patients (82 per cent), the NBT reduction capacity was higher than in any control . Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated more often in patients with high than low NBT reduction capacity . In 49 patients (35 per cent), the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils was lower than in any control . Thirty-eight patients (78 per cent) with impaired bactericidal activity had 25 per cent or more peripheral juvenile neutrophils as compared with only 12 (13 per cent) out of 92 patients with normal activity . Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated in 28 patients (57 per cent) in whom the granulocyte function was reduced and in 26 patients (28 per cent) in whom function was normal . Within wide limits, the NBT reduction capacity increased with diminishing bactericidal activity of the neutrophils . Eighteen patients died of infection; 12 had reduced bactericidal activity . Defects in neutrophil granulocyte function caused by bacterial infection may contribute to a fatal outcome of the disease.

Immunology, 1977 Feb, 32(2), 215 - 9
The effect of limited proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin on bovine colostral IgG1; Brock JH et al.; Limited proteolysis of bovine colostral IgG1 by trypsin caused loss of specific antibody activity but column chromatography showed that relatively little cleavage into fragements had occurred . Polyacrlamide-agarose SDS electrophoresis of the 2-mercaptoethanol-treated digest revealed, however, that extensive cleavage of light chains had occurred even though most of the material before reduction had a mol . wt close to that of undigested IgG1 . Although a Fab-type fragment was detected in the digest by immunoelectrophoresis it appeared to be only a minor component . Chymotrypsin had little effect upon either the structure or antibody activity of IgG1 . These findings may explain the effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the bactericidal activity of colostral antibodies.

Lancet, 1977 Jan 22, 1(8004), 157 - 60
Neutrophil function in children who are carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen; Vierucci A et al.; The functional capacity of neutrophils of twenty children who are chronic carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated by histochemical and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium tests (N.B.T.), an assay of bactericidal capacity against Encherichia coli, and an immunofluorescence test for HBsAg in neutrophils, The histochemical N.B.T . test showed that there was a higher proportion of stimulated neutrophils in chronic HBsAg carriers than in controls, but HBsAg particles were not detected in these cells . Bactericidal activity was significantly reduced in chronic carriers . If the defects in neutrophil function in the HBsAg carrier children preceded their hepatitis-B infections they could have influenced the development of the carrier state . Newborn infants infected with hepatitis-B virus are likely to become chronic carriers and neutrophil functions in uninfected newborn infants are similar to those seen in these carriers of HBsAg.

Zentralbl Chir, 1977, 102(19), 1191 - 3
{Surgical hand disinfektion with a solution of performic acid (author's transl)}; Szechy M et al.; Disinfection with a solution of performic acid has an intensive bactericidal and sporocidal effect . This method is simple and prompt in service, is free from danger, inexpensive and can be used everywhere.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1977, 9(3), 197 - 203
Immunologic investigation in children with recurrent pneumonia; Petrini B et al.; In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and tests for granulocyte function were performed in 12 children with recurrent pneumonia . Reduced lymphocyte stimulation was found at repeated tests in 2 children and transiently decreased lymphocyte stimulation in 6 more children . In 3 patients, reduced bactericidal capacity of granulocytes was demonstrated, and in 1 cast stimulation showed decreased NBT activity of granulocytes . One patient examined had immunoglobulin deficiency.

J Biomed Mater Res, 1977 Jan, 11(1), 101 - 10
Interaction of living cells with polyionenes and polyionene-coated surfaces; Rembaum A et al.; Polyionenes have been shown recently (A . Rembaum, Appl . Polym . Symp . No . 22, 299, 1973) to produce the following biological effects: 1) bactericidal action, 2) formation of insoluble complexes with DNA and heparin, 3) neuromuscular blocking action, 4) cell aggregation and lysis, and (5) cell adhesion . In present study, polyionenes of various structures (mainly I3, 3, I6, 10) were used as molecular probes to gain an understanding of the cell surface phenomena of adhesion on glass- and polyionenes-treated surfaces . Since tumor cells show different durface cell properties, including an increase in the anodic mobility, they bind preferentially to polyionene-treated surfaces . Normal human diploid WI-38 cells were found to adhere at a lower rate than SV-transformed WI-38 cells . However, cell spreading was accelerated in both cases . A study of the interaction of polyionenes in solution in vitro and in vivo and polyionenes covalently bound to polymeric microspheres with leukemic murine EL4 cells and normal thymocytes showed specific cytotoxity towards the leukemic cells.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1977 Jan-Feb, 13(1), 137 - 44
{Effects of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase . A new experimental model for the study of in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic gases (author's transl)}; Voisin C et al.; Alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase were exposed to concentrations of NO2 (0.1, 1 and 2 ppm) for 30 minutes . The exposed cells showed morphological changes, a decrease in bactericidal activity and a reduction of the ATP content . The severity of these changes is related to NO2 concentration . This new experimental model offers new possibilities for studies on the cytotoxicity of gases.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1977, 71(5), 439 - 40
Granulocyte function in visceral leishmaniasis; Schiliro G et al.; Nitroblue tetrazolium test in nine children with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) showed no increase of spontaneous reduction by neutrophils . The normal bactericidal activity of four of these patients excludes an impaired function of the neutrophils in VL.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1977 Jan, 144(1), 19 - 24
Inhibition of nonspecific defenses by soil infection potentiating factors; Haury BB et al.; This study was undertaken to examine the effect of soil infection potentiating factors on the defense system of the tissue . Using an in vitro model, leukocyte phite . This damaging effect on leukocyte function was a result of an interaction between the leukocyte and the clay particles . Montmorillonite also interfered with nonspecific humoral defenses . Exposure of serum to clay rapidly eliminated its bactericidal bodies occurred without any damage to the serum opsonins.

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1977, 25(4), 297 - 313
{Bactericidal power's assessment of eight antiseptic products intended to surgeon's hand-washing (author's transl)}; Charrel J et al.; A standard hand-washing technique was used in order to test the relative effectiveness of eight both detergent and alcoholic preparations intended to surgeon's hands disinfection . A single four or seven minutes washing with alcoholic solutions was shown to eliminate a much larger proportion of the skin flora than could be removed by a single four or seven minutes hand-washing with detergent antiseptic preparations . Authors have also determined effect of wearing surgical rubber gloves after skin disinfection and compared viable bacterial counts in hand washings immediately after the antiseptic treatment and when gloves had been worn for one hour.

Microbios, 1977, 19(76), 125 - 41
The lethal action of 2-phenoxyethanol and its analogues upon Escherichia coli NCTC 5933; Gilbert P et al.; Bactericidal activity has been assessed for a number of glycolmonophenyl ethers towards Escherichia coli NCTC 5933, and the action of one analogue, 2-phenoxyethanol, has been studied in greater detail . For this compound the onset of bactericidal activity towards Escherichia coli occurred at concentrations which also induced considerable increases in drug uptake, marked leakage of cytoplasmic constituents, the cellular penetration of N-tolyl-alpha-napthylamine-8-sulphonic acid, and morphological changes consistent with gross membrane damage . However, temperature coefficients of rates of cellular leakage of low molecular weight cytoplasmic constituents, and rates of kill, were markedly different and suggested that the two phenomena were not integrally related, but that each was a consequence of some other action of the drug . Drug levels considerably below those possessing lethal activity, however, promoted the ready efflux of potassium ions from cells and caused disorganisation of the outer lipopolysaccharide-rich regions of the cell envelope.

Microbios, 1977, 20(79), 29 - 37
Inhibition of some respiration and dehydrogenase enzyme systems in Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 by phenoxyethanol; Gilbert P et al.; Low concentrations (less than 0.2% w/v) of phenoxyethanol stimulated both the rate of respiration and total oxygen uptakes of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 suspensions with glucose and other substrates, whilst higher concentrations (0.2--0.6% w/v) although still below those showing significant bactericidal activity, produced progressive levels of inhibition . The degree of respiratory inhibition varied with different substrates in the order malate less than succinate less than pyruvate less than or equal to glucose less than lactate, and suggested appreciable inhibition at a point after malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle . This suggestion was supported by the use of tetrazolium salts as alternative electron acceptors, and by cytochrome difference spectra, which together implicated malate dehydrogenase as the most likely site of action . Isolated dehydrogenase enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in cell-free preparations were unaffected by high concentrations of phenoxyethanol (0.8% w/v) with the exception of malate dehydrogenase which was inhibited in extracts to extents similar to those of malate oxidation by intact bacteria . Lineweaver-Burke plots for malate dehydrogenase activity in the presence of phenoxyethanol suggested a competitive inhibition of the oxaloacetic acid-limited reaction and a non-competitive inhibition of the NADH-limited reaction . Accordingly, Ki values were found to be low when the rate of reaction was limited by oxaloacetic acid concentration yet relatively high when NADH was rate limiting.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1977 Jan-Feb, 13(1), 119 - 35
Pulmonary defense mechanisms and the interaction between viruses and bacteria in acute respiratory infections; Jakab GJ; Pulmonary virus infections are known to predispose to bacterial infections in the lung . The mechanism by which the virus renders the pulmonary system more susceptible to bacterial infection is reviewed . The bacterial multiplication associated with virus infections is related to defects in in situ bactericidal (phagocytic) mechanisms of the lung . This phagocytic dysfunction is localized to the intracellular killing mechanisms of the alveolar macrophage phagocytic process.

Arkh Patol, 1977, 39(2), 84 - 94
{Current trends in the study of phagocytosis and non-specific resistance}; Pigarevskii VE; Phagocytosis begins with exocytosis--"extrarapid" discharge of bactericidal proteins and factors of permeability into the extracellular medium . A viewpoint was put forward on an "avalanch-like" character of the outcome of cationic proteins from leukocyte granules in inflammation and their participation in formation of a nonphagocytic type of resistance . In phagocytosis bacteria perish due to the myeloperoxidase system, lysozyme, lactoferin and nonenzymic cationic proteins . Hereditary deficit of the above-mentioned substances leads to intraleukocytic microbicidal insufficiency, a drastic decrease in the nonspecific resistance of the organism and to development of fatal granulomatous disease, and to other forms of pathology associated with genetic defects of the bactericidal systems of leukocytes.

Blood, 1977 Jan, 49(1), 9 - 17
Improvement of Chediak-Higashi leukocyte function by cyclic guanosine monophosphate; Boxer LA et al.; The addition of cholinergic agents and cyclic 3'5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro from a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome corrected the impaired release of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, to normal . Coinciding with the improvement in degranulation, the bactericidal capacity was enhanced to normal . Similar concentrations of cholinergic agents potentiated chemotaxis to control values . On the other hand, the phagocytic rate of lipopolysaccharide-coated paraffin-oil droplets was not altered by the cholinergic agents . The improvement in Chediak-Higashi syndrome polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by the addition of cholinergic agents and dibutyryl cGMP suggested disturbed intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels.

Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med, 1977 Jan, 31(1), 1 - 10
Iodinated radiological contrast media as radiosensitizers; Simone G et al.; This paper describes the radiosensitizing effects of diatrizoic (DA) and iothalamic (ITA) acids and of iodipamide (IP) on the survival of E coli B/r irradiated with X-rays and with high-intensity electron pulses . All compounds at concentrations between 10 and 50 mM display a strong sensitizing effect in the presence of oxygen (DMF between 0-1 and 0-3) and are much less effective in nitrogen . In N2O the degree of sensitization is intermediate between oxygen and nitrogen . The situation is the same at pH 7 or 5-6 . Solutions of DA, ITA and IP irradiated at pH lower than 6 become highly toxic to bacteria added after irradiation, for several hours after X-irradiation or several minutes after pulsed irradiation . The maximum toxic effect occurs with 2 krad of X-ray and with 6-8 krad of electrons . Oxygen must be present in order to observe the bactericidal activity . This is not affected by scavenging hydrated electrons with nitrate, but is completely cancelled by scavenging OH radicals with formate . It is also cancelled by adding thiosulphate to the irradiated solutions immediately before the bacteria . In the presence of nutrient broth, the radiosensitizing effect is absent after irradiation with pulsed electrons; whereas after X-irradiation it is reduced when the concentration of sensitizers is 50 mM . The experimental data appear to be compatible with a mechanism operated by short and long-lived transients resulting from the radiolysis of iodinated contrast media.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1977 Jan-Feb, 13(1), 69 - 82
{La culture cellulaire en phase gazeuse . Un nouveau modèle expérimental d'étude in vitro des activités des macrophages alvéolaires}; Voisin C et al.; Alveolar macrophages, collected by bronchopulmonary lavage and deposited on a membrane filter applied to the surface of a reservoir filled with nutrient medium, were maintained alive in direct contact with the atmosphere . Studies of morphology (using both optic and electron microscopy), of bactericidal activity and of ATP content confirmed the viability and vitality of the cell culture . This new experimental technique permits the in vitro reconstitution of the alveolar and bronchial microenvironment and offers a new method for the study of the cytotoxicity of toxic gases.

Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1976 Dec, 20(6), 727 - 32
Ampicillin and an ester in experimental Hemophilus influenzae meningitis; Bodine JA et al.; A new methoxymethyl ester of hetacillin is highly lipid-soluble, a property which was expected to enhance its penetration into the central nervous system (CNS) . We compared the penetration of the ester and ampicillin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal rabbits and those with experimental Hemophilus influenzae meningitis . In normal rabbits treated by constant intravenous infusion, mean per cent penetration (see article) of the ester was four times as great as that of ampicillin (6.6 +/- 3.7% against 1.6 +/- 1.9%), and the difference in CSF drug levels attained was accentuated when bolus IV infusion was used . Drug concentration in brain tissue was three times as great in a rabbit treated with the ester (0.79 mug/gm against 0.26 mug/gm) . In rabbits with meningitis, the ester again achieved higher CSF concentrations . Per cent penetration into CSF in infected rabbits was 23% for the ester and 13% for ampicillin . Bactericidal activity of the drugs was comparable; over 8 hr of treatment both drugs significantly reduced the CSF bacterial titers of infected animals . Our data demonstrated that the ester enters the CSF and CNS in higher concentration than ampicillin, with no loss in bactericidal activity.

Sem Hop Ther, 1976 Dec, 52(10), 553 - 5
{Local chemical contraception: results based on 4 years of experimentation}; Bonhomme J; PIP: A clinical study was made of the use of an intrauterine chemical contraceptive by 508 women for a 4-year period, a total of 2068 menstrual cycles . A cream or jelly was used, than a suppository with a base of chloride of dimethyl-alkyl-benzyl-ammonium . This type of contraceptive method was indicated in cases where estro-progestin oral contraceptives or IUDs were contraindicated, unacceptable, or refused . Tolerance to the preparation was good in all cases . For the entire group, only 6 pregnancies occurred, of which 3 were linked to the improper use of the method . The rate of failure for thsoe who used it correctly was 2.3 . The results make this preparation compare quite favorably with other intrauterine suppositories . It is particularly important to ascertain that no contraindications exist for this method . The bactericidal action is noted with interest as a potential protection against venereal infection .

Tubercle, 1976 Dec, 57(4), 251 - 8
Bactericidal activity in vitro and in the guinea-pig of isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol; Dickinson JM et al.; Serial viable counts on Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposed in vitro to isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in Tween-albumin liquid medium showed no bactericidal synergism between isoniazid and rifampicin and no influence of ethambutol on the bactericidal activity of isoniazid or isoniazid plus rifampicin . Guinea-pigs with moderately advanced experimental tuberculosis were treated fro 11 weeks with either (1) ethambutol, (2) isoniazid, (3) isoniazid plus ethambutol, (4) isoniazid plus rifampicin, (5) isonaiazid plus rifampic in plus ethambutol, or (6) no chemotherapy . The amount of tuberculous disease was scored and the spleen cultured in groups killed at intervals from 0--7 1/2 months after the end of chemotherapy . The regimens containing rifampicin were no more bactericidal during treatment than the corresponding regimens without rifampicin, but the onset of relapse after chemotherapy was delayed for at least 2 months following the rifampicin-containing regimens . Ethambutol alone did not protect guinea-pigs, nor did it influence the response to isoniazid or to isoniazid plus rifampicin . It was concluded that rifampicin may act selectively on a small proportion of the bacterial population and that it may be unnecessary to prescribe it for long periods in short course chemotherapy in man . Ethambutol does not appear likely to contribute to the sterilizing activity of short course regimens though it may prevent the emergence of drug resistance.

N Engl J Med, 1976 Nov 4, 295(19), 1041 - 5
Correction of leukocyte function in Chediak-Higashi syndrome by ascorbate; Boxer LA et al.; Because ascorbate potentiates chemotaxis of normal leukocytes, we examined the effect of ascorbate on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from a patient with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome . Chemotactic migration was 104+/-16 leukocytes per 10 fields (mean+/-S.D.) initially and 258+/-44 (P less than 0.001) after ascorbate, as compared to 182+/-10 in controls . There was no bactericidal activity by 40 minutes in the patient's untreated leukocytes . After ascorbate bactericidal activity of patient and untreated control cells was the same . The addition of ascorbate reduced cAMP levels in the patient's cells from a mean of 34.5 pmoles per 10(7) polymorphonuclear leukocytes to 5.9, as compared to a control value of 3.1+/-1.4 . The association of elevated cAMP and impaired function in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome may be related to abnormal microtubular assembly.

Vet Med (Praha), 1976 Nov, 21(11), 661 - 7
{Control of disinfection with formaldehyde}; Kubicek K et al.; The reliability of a simple method of formaldehyde disinfection control, based on the colour intensity of End's agar or sulphite agar, was tested in a sealed fume chamber 1.2 cubic metres in size at a constant air temperature (21 degrees C) and at a 40-per-cent or 95-per-cent humidity . The effect of formaldehyde concentration and air humidity was examined, as exerted on bactericidal effectiveness and on the colour intensity of the mentioned media . Air humidity proved to be highly important: together with formaldehyde concentration and exposure time, air humidity is the decisive factor underlying the final effect of disinfection if due temperature is maintained . The intensity of the colouring of End's agar or sulphite agar was found to depend mainly on concentration and slightly on air humidity . Hence it is recommended that this simple control should be used only for the testing of a good sealing of the disinfected space underlying the effect of the active concentration of formaldehyde for the necessary exposure time . End's agar, produced by the Imuna National Corporation, Sarisske Michal'any, gave better results . It is considered necessary for an estimation of formaldehyde disinfection effectiveness to record, at the same time, the humidity and temperature of the air in the disinfected space . In our trials at a 95-per-cent humidity level, E . coli was totally devitalized on carriers disinfected with formaldehyde developed from 25 ml formaline and St . aureus with formaldehyde developed from more than 50 ml formaline per 1 cubic metre of space . When the air humidity level was 40% the total devitalization of the mentioned bacterial strains was not achieved even with formaldehyde concentration developed from 75 ml formaline per 1 cubic metre of space.

Vet Med (Praha), 1976 Nov, 21(11), 649 - 54
{Determination of the effective concentration of Jodonal a for the disinfection of the skin and teats after milking}; Simon V; The bactericidal effectivity of Jodonal A in 1:10, 1:5, and 1:3 solutions was tested on human skin and on the teats of cow mammary glands . The 1:3 dilution ratio proved best for three-minute exposure . Jodonal A used in this concentration in 522 cows for the post-milking disinfection of teats for 10 months exerted no harmful effect on the skin of the mammary glands.

J Clin Invest, 1976 Oct, 58(4), 1019 - 29
The paradox of Hemophilus infuenzae type B bacteremia in the presence of serum bactericidal activity; Shaw S et al.; We investigated the role of serum bactericidal activity in Hemophiplus influenzae type b infections in infants with meningitis and in a rat model . In infected infants, 13/22 admission sera had bactericidal activity against the infecting strain, and bacteremia was as frequent in those with bactericidal activity (54%) as those without (56%) . The coexistence of bactericidal activity and bacteremia was reproduced and studied in experimentally infected weanling rats . Serum from such rats kills in vitro 95% of conventionally broth-grown bacteria within 10 min, but does not kill organisms obtained from the infected animals . Thus bactericidal activity as conventionally determined for H . influenzae b may have no relevance in vivo, Incubation of broth-grown bacteria in normal rat serum for 30 min at 37 degrees C produces a resistance like that of in vivo organisms . This phenotypic conversion depends on factors that are of molecular weight less than 1,000, stable to 100 degrees C, but destroyed by ashing . When injected intravenously into nonimmune animals, broth-grown bacteria are quickly cleared, while serum-preincubated bacteria are not . The latter, however, are cleared when injected into bacteremic rats (half-life 30 min) . Bacteremia in the rats may persist despite this capacity for clearance because bacteria are entering the blood from extravascular fluids, which contain greater than 90% of the total bacterial burden.

Minerva Stomatol, 1976 Oct-Dec, 25(4), 223 - 8
{The use of a bactericidal substance as medication in the indirect capping of healthy dentin}; Miani C et al.; An association of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazol (Bactrim, Roche) was employed in the indirect capping of healthy teeth in the dog . Tetracycline labelling showed dentinogenesis in these teeth and comparison was made with the controls, A quantitative and qualitative change in dentinogenesis was noted below the control cavities . This alteration was less marked in Bactrim-treated teeth . It is deduced, therefore, that the operations involved in the preparation and filling of cavities in healthy teeth leads to pulp damage that can be partly prevented by using a bactericide.

Blood, 1976 Oct, 48(4), 581 - 93
Granulocyte function in chronic granulocytic leukemia . II . Bactericidal capacity, phagocytic rate, oxygen consumption, and granule protein composition in isolated granulocytes; Olofsson T et al.; The initial rate of phagocytosis, oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis, bactericidal capacity against Escherichia coli, and the granule protein composition of isolated mature-appearing granulocytes were studied in 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) with the simultaneous use of normal controls . The initial rate of phagocytosis was decreased (p less than 0.05) in the CGL patient group, as were oxygen consumption rate (p less than 0.001) and bactericidal capacity (p less than 0.001) . Kinetic analysis of the ingestion rate showed CGL granulocytes to have the same capacity to bind the particles as normal granulocytes . Both specific and primary granule protein deficiencies were shown for CGL granulocytes, and these deficiencies were more pronounced at or near blast cell transformation . Analysis of all different granulocyte function parameters showed an inverse correlation to white blood cell counts (p less than 0.01) and to the percentage of immature granulocytes in peripheral blood (p less than 0.001) . The leukocytosis doubling time was progressively shortened during the chronic course of the disease . A correlation was found between granulocyte function parameters and leukocytosis doubling time (p less than 0.001), indicating that granulocyte function was progressively deteriorating during chronic phase CGL, and may be an expression of increasing disturbance of the differentiation process.

J Immunol, 1976 Oct, 117(4), 1303 - 7
Chemotactic and bactericidal capacities of human newborn monocytes; Dretschmer RR et al.; We evaluated the chemotactic and bactericidal capacities of human cord blood monocytes, and the ability of cord lymphocytes and sera to generate chemotactic (LDCF) and opsonic factors for monocytes . Our results suggest that the intrinsic locomotive capacity, and the receptor system for LDCF, are adequately developed in the newborn monocyte . Moreover, newborn lymphocytes appear to produce adequate amounts of LDCF, capable of attracting adult monocytes . Poor chemotaxis was observed only when cord monocytes were exposed to supernatants of cord lymphocytes, which suggests that both contribute to this abnormal response . An inhibitory factor for which only cord monosensitivity of monocytes and strength of chemotactic factor between adults and newborns would explain these results . Bactericidal capactiy of cord monocytes against Escherichia coli K-12 opsonized by either cord or adult serum was comparable to that of adult monocytes.

J Lab Clin Med, 1976 Oct, 88(4), 536 - 45
Depressed neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation; Salant DJ et al.; Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal ability were tested with neutrophlis from patients with chronic renal failure on conservative therapy, from others of regular peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis, and from a group of patients who had received renal allografts . Chemotaxis was depressed in all groups . Phagocytosis was mildly impaired in the two groups on dialysis . The leukocytes of patients on conservative therapy had mildly decreased killing ability, whereas this function was normal in other groups tested . Sera from all patients, when activated with endotoxin, were poorly chemotactic to normal neutrophils, especially in those on conservative therapy and hemodialysis, but these sera functioned normally as opsonins for phagocytosis . The observed defect in chemotaxis could account, at least partly, for the frequency of bacterial infections in these patients.

Clin Chim Acta, 1976 Sep 20, 71(3), 511 - 4
Hydrogen peroxide production by leukocytes in protein-calorie malnutrition; Shilotri PG; Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production during phagocytosis was studied in polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from children suffering from severe protein-calorie malnutrition . Formation of H2O2 was significantly reduced both in the resting condition and during phagocytosis . Improvement in this function of leukocytes was observed following nutritional rehabilitation . Sub-optimal H2O2 production during phagocytosis may be one of the reasons for impaired bactericidal activity of leukocytes seen in children with protein-calorie malnutrition.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 22(9), 1307 - 11
Interaction between Pseudomonas pseudomallei and cultured rabbit peritoneal macrophages; Kishimoto RA et al.; The interaction between two strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei of different virulence with normal and immune rabbit peritoneal macrophages was compared in vitro . Phagocytic activity of macrophages and bacterial survival within macrophages were dependent upon the virulence of the bacterial strain and the immune status of the macrophages . Virulent bacteria were more resistant than the less virulent strain to phagocytosis and destruction . Immune macrophages were more phagocytic and bactericidal than normal macrophages . Specific immune serum facilitated ingestion and destruction of bacteria by both normal and immune macrophages.

Scand J Haematol, 1976 Sep, 17(3), 217 - 26
Fasting (acute energy deprivation) in man: effect on polymorphonuclear granulocyte functions, plasma iron and serum transferrin; Palmblad J; The effect of 10 days of total fasting (energy deprivation) on blood polymorphonuclear granulocyte functions, leukocyte numbers, iron and transferrin levels was evaluated in 14 healthy, normal-weight males . Granulocytes from 7 of the subjects were tested in vitro . A statistically significant depression was noted in their bactericidal capacity against Staph . aureus . The 14 subjects showed a marked decrease in the stainable activity of granulocyte alkaline phosphatase and decreases were noted in plasma iron and serum transferrin levels . The iron saturation of serum transferrin was unchanged . Thus, impairment of granulocyte bactericidal functions may occur secondarily to short-term total energy deprivation, in the absence of iron deficiency.

Br J Haematol, 1976 Sep, 34(1), 87 - 94
Primary leucocyte alkaline phosphatase deficiency in an adult with repeated infections; Repine JE et al.; An individual with repeated bacterial infections, eczema, hyperimmunoglobulin E, and a primary deficiency of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase is described . The Lap-deficient neutrophils from this patient had marginally deficient bactericidal activity particularly when challenged with high ratios of bacteria per neutrophil . Leucotactic, metabolic and morphologic features of the neutrophils from the patient were normal . Evidence is presented which contrasts this patient's condition with previously described primary or secondary deficiencies of LAP.

Vet Med (Praha), 1976 Sep, 21(9), 521 - 5
{Bactericidal effect of Dikonit}; Kubicek K; The research centre of the Lachema nat Bohumin has developed new disinfectants with active chlorine on the basis of chlorinated derivatives of cyanuric acid . According to the physical and chemical properties, Dikon (sodium dichlorisocyanurate) was chosen as the best of these products; Later on, Dikon was given the trade mark Dikonit . Its minimum content of active chlorine is 55% . The purpose of the work was to test its bactericidal effect and to compare it with the effect of chloramin B . Tests on carriers and under practical conditions have demonstrated that, with the same content of active chlorine in solutions in practical use, Dikonit has almost the same bactericidal effect as Chloramin B produced so far . Due to this good bactericidal effect, Dikonit is a suitable means for prophylactic and focal disinfection in animal production and provides a good enrichment of the disinfectants based on active chlorine and produced in Czechoslovakia . It is recommended for prophylactic disinfection to use 1% solutions of Dikonit which are able to give the same effect in all parameters as warm solutions of 2-per-cent Chloramin B . The effective concentration to be used for focal disinfections can be deduced only approximately from the resistance of the infective agent with respect to the concentrations of Chloramin B, recommended as yet . An exact determination of the effective concentration would require experimental verification.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Sep, 21(9), 798 - 800
{Intensification of the bactericidal action of mitomycin C and of UV irradiation with some anthracycline antibiotics}; Dudnik IuV et al.; Anthracycline antibiotics, such as rubomycin C (rubomycin, daunomycin), rubomycin B, carminomycin and tavromycetin (cinerubin) significantly increased the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet radiation and mitomycin C with respect to mutant 19-8 of E . coli with increased permeability of the cell membrane . This may be accounted for inhibition of DNA reparation . Beromycin, an antibiotic of the same group had no such capacity . With respect to their activity the antibiotics were arranged as follows: rubomycin C, rubomycin B, carminomycin, tavromycetin.

Infect Immun, 1976 Sep, 14(3), 848 - 50
Plasmid-mediated resistance to the bactericidal effects of normal rabbit serum; Reynard AM et al.; An Escherichia coli K-12 strain bearing the plasmids R1 or R100 was more resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal rabbit serum than was the same strain without a plasmid . When the plasmid R100 was transferred to several K-12 strains, the strains acquired resistance to serum bactericidal activity.

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 2(2), 136 - 8
Hemophilus influenzae, type b, antibody frequencies determined with bactericidal and radioimmunoassay tests; Norden CW et al.; Bactericidal and radioimmunoassay (RIA) antibodies to Hemophilus influenzae, type b, were measured in the sera of 85 children aged 18 through 71 months . Bactericidal antibodies were present in only 21% of those over 60 months; RIA levels rose linearly with increasing age (P less than 0.005) . Bactericidal antibodies were present in nine of 29 sera with RIA levels greater than or equal to 0.7 mug/ml and in only four of 56 sera with RIA levels less than 0.7 mug/ml (P less than 0.01) . The discrepancies between the two tests probably reflect their measurement of different antibodies . Results of the RIA fit the clinical observation that H . influenzae meningitis becomes less frequent with age.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 758 - 61
{Effect of industrial contact with penicillin on the immunological reactivity of workers}; Baru RV et al.; Immunological examination of women occupied in production of penicillin revealed a decrease in the phagocytic activity of the blood neutrophiles and the bactericidal properties of the skin, an increase in the quantitative composition of the autoflora of the skin and changes in its biochemical properties . Correlation between the changes in the values of the natural non-specific immunity as dependent on the level of the contact with the antibiotic was shown.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Aug 1, 125(7), 899 - 905
Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid . V . Phosphate-to-zinc ratio as a predictor of bacterial growth-inhibitory activity; Schlievert P et al.; Human amniotic fluid has been shown to contain an inorganic bacterial growth-inhibitory component, zinc . The average zinc concentration in amniotic fluid was 0.44 mug per milliliter . The phosphate concentration of amniotic fluid appears to determine the expression of zinc inhibitory activity . The average phosphate concentration was 92 mug per milliliter . For 22 fluid samples tested, a phosphate-to-zinc ratio of 100 or less predicted a bactericidal fluid . A ratio between 100 and 200 predicted a bacteriostatic fluid . A ratio of greater than 200 predicted a noninhibitory fluid . The possible clinical significance of the ratio is discussed.

Pediatr Res, 1976 Aug, 10(8), 739 - 42
Leukocyte function and characterization of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Sicilian mutants; Schiliro G et al.; Nine Sicilian children known to be deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehyrdrogenase (G6PD) were studied to see if there were anomalies of bactericidal activity in peripheral blood phagocytes . The type of deficiency was established . The G6PD levels in the leukocyte were found to be 26% of the controls (0.094 +/- 0.03, normal controls 0.360 +/- 0.12) . The Michaelis constant for NADP and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) was lower than the control . Conversely, the utilization of the analogous 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2dG6P) and galactose-6-phosphate (Ga16P) was higher . The thermostability of the enzyme in the deficient subjects was lower and the pH optima (8 and 9.5) were different from the controls . An identical electrophoretic pattern was found in both normal and deficient subjects . The bactericidal activity in the deficient subjects was normal . There was no difference in the results of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) tests in either group.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1976 Jul 15, 31(14), 544 - 7
{Diagnosis and therapy of Crohn's disease}; Scharf R; Crohn's ileocolitis is an etiologically unclarified inflammatory disease of the alimentary canal, which is in most cases arranged in segments, may concern all segments, but above all may take place in the inferior ileum and the adjacent segments of the colon . The diagnosis which formerly was certainly made too infrequently is difficult, but histologically it is to be ascertained by typical granulomas of the epitheloid cells . The disease which extraordinarily often is connected with recidivations demands a consequent conservative combination therapy with salazopyrine and cortisone, in acute exacerbations and in formations of fistulae an additional prescription of bactericidal broad spectrum antibiotics is necessary . Resistent courses justify the application of immunosuppressive drugs . The indication to operation is critically to be given and to be restricted to the resection of stenosing narrowings of the lumen.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jul, 21(7), 625 - 30
{Absorption, distribution and the duration of retention of neomycin in the body of pregnant rabbits and their fetuses}; Nurazian AG; Neomycin was administered intramuscularly to rabbits in single doses of 50000 gamma/kg 24--25-day gravid rabbits were sacrificed 1.5-2-3-4-6-12-24 hours and 2-3-6 days after the drug administration . 3--4 rabbits were used in every experiment . The antibiotic concentration was determined with the agar-diffusion method . It was found that the drug was present in various bactericidal concentrations in all 55 organs, tissues and fluids of the rabbits and the fetus examined except the crystalline lens in the rabbits and the brain, liver and bile cyst of the fetus . In some material of the rabbits and their fetus, high levels of neomycin were detected during 6 days, i . e . up to the end of the experiment . The highest neomycin levels in the organs, tissues and fluids of the fetus were detected somewhat later than in those of the rabbits . However, their retention time was longer . It is necessary to forbear from using antibiotics, such as neomycin, monomycin and others, which retained for long periods of time in the organism.

Clin Genet, 1976 Jul, 10(1), 16 - 20
Frequency of the carrier state for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease among females with lupus erythematosus; Humbert JR et al.; Carriers for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) share several characteristics: They are mostly females, they reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) poorly in their neutrophils, and, in some cases, they have similar skin lesions . We thus investigated 19 female LE patients for the presence of laboratory findings characteristic of the carrier state for CGD . None of these patients turned out to have the combined abnormality of neutrophil bactericidal activity and neutrophil NBT-reduction that is diagnostic of CGD carrier state in the X-linked form . An increased frequency of CGD carriers among female LE patients thus appear to be unlikely . Why some CGD carriers develop skin lesions typical of LE remains unexplained.

Blood, 1976 Jul, 48(1), 53 - 62
Familial deficiency of glutathione reductase in human blood cells; Loos H et al.; A virtually complete absence of glutathione reductase activity was found in the erythrocytes of all three children (one male, two females) from a consanguineous marriage . Intermediate values were found in the erythrocytes of both parents . The enzyme activity could not be restored either by addition of FAD in vitro or by administration of riboflavin in vivo . The amount of reduced glutathione in the erythrocytes was normal in each case . Severely diminished glutathione stability during incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine was observed in the erythrocytes of the siblings, as well as intermediate stability in the parents' red cells . Clinically, this deficiency was manifested by hemolytic crises after eating fava beans in the eldest daughter (patient), and possibly by cataracts in her own and in her brother's eyes . Very low activities of glutathione reductase were also found in the leukocytes of this family: 13%-15% of normal values for the children and 64%-66% for the parents . Moreover, the same deficiency was found in the purified white blood cells of the propositus: 8% of normal values in the polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, 4% in the lymphocytes, and 15% in the monocytes, together with 11% in the platelets . Finally, we found an abnormal oxygen consumption of the propositus' PMNs after phagocytosis of zymosan particles, suggesting that the glutathione reductase reaction was involved in the bactericidal capacity of these cells.

Blood, 1976 Jul, 48(1), 149 - 61
Degranulation and abnormal bactericidal function of granulocytes procured by reversible adhesion to nylon wool; Klock JC et al.; Granylocyte bactericidal capacity, chemotaxis, hexose monophosphate shung activity (before and after phagocytic stimulus), and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and enzyme content were examined in cells obtained by filtration leukaphresis (FL) and continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) . A decrease in the bactericidal efficiency of FL-produced cells compared to that of both normal and CFC-procured granulocytes was found; the decrease was 17% with a cell-to-bacteria ratio of 5:1, and 55% with a 1:1 ratio . Moreover, FL-acquired cells were often vacuolated and consistently contained less acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase than did normal granulocytes . When normal cells were incubated for 1-2 hr with nylon wool, 30% of the total acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase was released, with no evidence of cell death, thus suggesting degranulation . Similar results were obtained with glass, cotton, or polysulfone plastic fibers . Electron microscopic and peroxidase cytochemical studies of the adherence of normal granulocytes to nylon fibers were also carried out . After 30 min of incubation, cell-to-fiber attachment and cellular aggregation had occurred, although the cells per se appeared normal . After 60 and 120 min, other changes became apparent: (1) a decrease in the amount of cytoplasmic granules; (2) large, intracytoplasmic vaculoles; and (3) extracellular peroxidase on fiber surfaces . We conclude that granulocytes obtained by adherence to nylon fibers show both morphological and biochemical evidence of degranulation and diminished bactericidal capacity, and that these abnormalities may be causally related to decreased granulocyte survival in transfusion recipients.

J Pediatr, 1976 Jul, 89(1), 33 - 7
A familial defect in cellular chemotaxis associated with redheadedness and recurrent infection; Witemeyer S et al.; This study describes a familial defect in polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis associated with redheadedness and recurrent infection in two of six siblings . Laboratory data indicate that this defect in chemotaxis is not associated with a concurrent defect in leukocyte bactericidal activity . Additional studies demonstrate that although these children experience recurrent infections, immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) and complement components (total hemolytic complement, Clq, C3 and C3PA) are all within normal limits . Measurements of PMN random mobility and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation were also within normal limits . These studies demonstrate a familial PMN defect limited to leukocyte chemotaxis and associated with recurrent infection and possibly redheadedness.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Jul, 162(3-4), 380 - 3
{On the bactericidal action of dibromoisocyanuric acid; experiments concerning the disinfection of hands (author's transl)}; Gottardi W et al.; The action of dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI), C12, Br2, trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) and chloramine T against Staph . aureus SG 511 was compared . Using the suspension test DBI and Br2 showed the strongest, chloramine T however, the weakest bactericidal power (Tab 2) . Under the conditions of the "Hygienic disinfection of hands" a 0.005 M solution of DBI met the requirements specified in the "Richtlinien fur die Prufung chemischer Desinfektionsmittel" (3 . Ed., Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1972), and was comparable to a chloramine T solution containing the same amount of active halogen (Tab . 3) . The decrease of disinfection power compared with the suspension test can be attributed to a great error induced by protein.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Jul, 162(3-4), 402 - 7
Sport training and some activities of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes; Tchorzewski H et al.; The acid phosphatase and protease, neutral protease, bactericidal and mitogenic activities were determined in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) lysosomes of 16 years old boys . The investigated group consisted of 20 intense sport training persons during the last six years, the control one of the same age boys without any sport training . The significant decrease of hydrolase activity has been observed in the lysosomes of the peripheral blood PMNL's of the sport training boys.

Lancet, 1976 Jun 19, 1(7973), 1307 - 9
Anaemia and immune response; Srikantia SG et al.; Nutritional anaemia is a major public-health problem in many parts of the world, and iron deficiency appears to be the most important cause . The immune response is believed to be impaired in anaemia . The results of the present study, carried out in young children, indicate that both the cell-mediated immune response and the bactericidal activity of leucocytes are impaired when levels of haemoglobin fall to 10 g/dl or less.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jun 4, 436(1), 154 - 69
Reversible envelope effects during and after killing of Escherichia coli w by a highly-purified rabbit polymorpho-nuclear leukocyte fraction; Weiss J et al.; The effects of a highly-purified, potently bactericidal fraction from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes on the envelope of Escherichia coli (W) have been examined . This leukocyte fraction has equally enriched bactericidal, permeability-increasing and phospholipase A2 activities, and is essentially devoid of lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and protease activities (Weiss, J., Franson, R.C., Beckerdite, S., Schmeidler, K . and Elsbach, P . (1975) J . Clin . Invest . 55, 33-42) . Rapid killing of E . coli by this fraction is accompanied by two almost immediate alterations in the bacterial envelope: (1) a discrete increase in envelope permeability (measured by inhibition of bacterial leucine incorporation by normally impermeant actinomycin D), and, (2) hydrolysis of 14C-labeled fatty acid-prelabeled E . coli phospholipids . Both envelope effects are promptly reversed during further incubation at 37 degrees C, But not at 0 degrees C, with 40 mM Mg2+ . Reversal is also produced by Ca2+ (40 mM) and trypsin (200 mug/ml), but 200 mM K+ causes only partial recovery and Na+ and hyperosmolar sucrose are ineffective . Upon addition of Mg2+, phospholipid degradation ceases abruptly and the labeled products of hydrolysis (free fatty acids and lysocompounds) disappear with a corresponding reaccumulation of radioactive diacylphosphatides . The time course of resynthesis of phospholipids coincides with that of restoration of the permeability barrier . Higher concentrations of the leukocyte fraction and prolonged incubation increase both the extent of phospholipid degradation and the time required for reversal of both envelope effects . These findings suggest that both the initiation of the increased permeability and its reversal are linked to respectively the breakdown and resynthesis of major E . coli membrane phospholipids, and thus depend on the fact that the biochemical apparatus of E . coli remains capable of biosynthesis despite loss of viability . Treatment of E . coli, exposed to the leukocyte fraction, with albumin results in extracellular sequestration of the products of hydrolysis and also restores the permeability barrier to actinomycin D, suggesting that the accumulation of lytic products of lipid hydrolysis within the bacterial envelope, rather than the loss of phospholipids per se, causes increased permeability Whereas the effects on the envelope are reversible as long as 2 h after nearly complete loss of ability to multiply by E . coli, the effect on bacterial multiplication is irreversible within 5 min.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 541 - 5
{Effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin on the indices of nonspecific resistance in aseptic inflammation under conditions of changes in the body's reactivity}; Plaksin AI et al.; The effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin on the complement titer, lysozyme content, serum bactericidal properties and presence of specific antibiotic antibodies in the blood serum was studied . The latter were shown with the Hoigne reaction under conditions of aseptic inflammation caused against the background of latent tetanus intoxication . It was shown that tetracycline and oleandomycin used in treatment of the animals with aseptic inflammation developed at the background of latent tatanus intoxication induced an increased in the complement titer, lysozyme content and bactericidal properties of the serum . Reduction of the above indices was observed by the 15th-20th day after discontinuation of the drug use . The increase in the factors of non-specific immunity under the effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin in the animals with aseptic inflammation caused against the background of latent tetanus intoxication was accompanied by appearance in the blood serum on non-specific antibodies revealed with the Hoigne reaction . Changed reactivity because of latent tetanus intoxication was accompanied by a delay in the formation of the non-specific antibodies in the blood serum . However, later the rate of their accumulation became higher and as a result the maximum titers of the antibodies were 2-3 times higher than those in the control animals.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1976 Jun, 152(2), 151 - 5
Mouse spleen lymphocyte bactericidal and peroxidase activities: enhancement by whole body x-irradiation; Paul BB et al.; A 20,000 g pellet obtained from the homogenate of CD1 mouse spleen cells has measurable peroxidase and bactericidal activities . Whole body x-irradiation stimulates the in vitro peroxidative and bactericidal activities of the spleen cells . These cells do not phagocytize . However, addition of polystyrene latex particles to spleen cells from non- or x-irradiated mice, increases glucose oxidation . The extent of this stimulation (three- to fourfold) is less than that of PMN (six- to tenfold) . Interaction between particles and lymphocyte surface may be the cause of this stimulation . The increased bactericidal activity due to x-ray is attributed mainly to an increase in the peroxidase activity of the lymphocytes . Surface (membrane) action rather than phagocytosis may be involved in the bactericidal process . The spleen lymphocyte peroxidase is distinct from myeloperoxidase in several respects.

Ann Clin Biochem, 1976 May, 13(3), 393 - 8
Superoxide dismutase (erythrocuprein) and free radicals in clinical chemistry; Gutteridge JM; Erythrocuprein (superoxide dismutase) has recently been shown to have an enzymic function towards superoxide anions . The discovery of superoxide dismutase, its mode of action, and estimation are reviewed along with a brief introduction to oxygen activation and free-radical chemistry . The formation, activity, and destruction of oxygen free radicals in white blood cells, red blood cells, and subcellular particles are discussed . (a) The production of superoxide anions by white cells during phagocytosis is thought to be advantageous for the overall bactericidal event . (b) Normal red blood cells generate low levels of superoxide anions . Increased levels of free-radical production could play a significant role in accelerating cell ageing (haemolysis) . (c) Subcellular particles produce superoxide anions . These as well as organic peroxides have been implicated in drug hydroxylation reactions involving cytochrome P-450.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Apr, 84(2), 93 - 9
Acute disseminated phycomycosis in a patient with impaired neutrophil granulocyte function; Bruun JN et al.; A 13-year-old girl with no previously known predisposing disease developed phycomycosis involving the left lung, pleura and shoulder, the left side of the neck, the left thigh, the kidneys and the brain . Prolonged amphotericin B therapy resulted in clinical improvement, but the disease was wide-spread when the patient died 5 months after debut of symptoms from a subarachnoid haemorrhage due to fungal destruction of the basilar artery . During hospitalization, a marked reduction in the bactericidal activity of circulating neutrophil granulocytes was repeatedly demonstrated and the endotoxin stimulated nitroblu tetrazolium test was negative . Together with the demonstration of granuloma formation and the accumulation of lipid-laden histiocytes in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and the thymus, these findings indicate that the patient had a less severe form of chronic granulomatous disease.

J Pediatr, 1976 Apr, 88(4 Pt . 1), 542 - 8
Prospective evaluation of treatment of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis; Feigin RD et al.; Fifty children with Hemophilus influenzae meningitis have been enrolled in a prospective study . Patients were randomly assigned chloramphenicol or ampicillin treatment; there were no significant differences between groups in other respects . Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis proved to be a valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of the causative agent even in pretreated patients . Increasing quantities of capsular polyribosephosphate antigen detected in the initial cerebrospinal fluid correlated significantly (r=0.62419; p less than 0.01) with early and late sequelae of meningitis . None of the patients died . Severe and persistent neurologic or intellectual deficits were noted in four (8%) of the children, and an additional 14 (28%) had IQ scores between 70 and 90 . The presence of bactericidal antibody in serum was not protective . Anti-PRP antibody generally was not present in acute serum specimens and irrespective of the quantity of antigenic stimulus provided by the disease was nondetectable in 21 of 24 children less than 17 months of age following recovery.

J Clin Pathol, 1976 Apr, 29(4), 354 - 363
Clinical and laboratory studies into the pathogenesis of malacoplakia; Lewin KJ et al.; Three cases of malacoplakia are described . Electron microscopic studies revealed intact bacteria or bacteria in varying states of degradation within phagolysosomes of the malacoplakic macrophages . Michaelis-Gutmann bodies arise within the phagolysosomes . These findings suggest that the bacteria incorporated within the phagolysosomes persist as dense amorphous aggregates which later become encrusted with calcium phosphate crystals to form the laminated Michaelis-Gutmann bodies . Possible explanations for the unusual macrophage response in malacoplakia are: (1) infection with an unusual strain of bacteria, (2) an immunological abnormality affecting intracellular killing of organisms, and (3) an abnormality affecting intracellular digestion of organisms . In considering each of the possibilities, we have been unable to detect any unusual strain of infecting organisms in association with malacoplakia, and in vitro studies have revealed normal T lymphocyte response to mitogen and normal monocyte bactericidal capacity . According to the history, each patient had reason to have a compromised immune status; in only one, however, was this demonstrated.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Apr, 37(4), 389 - 94
Bactericidal activity of bovine neonatal serums for selected coliform bacteria in relation to total protein and immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin M concentrations; Carroll EJ et al.; Bactericidal activity for a serum-sensitive Aerobacter aerogenes strain was associated with antibodies present in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), with the greatest activity on a weight basis in IgM . Activity in immunoglobulin G2 was absent . A total of 118 serums were prepared from blood collected from neonatal calves on farms experiencing unusually high mortality from diarrhea . The serums were allotted to 4 groups on the basis of total serum protein concentrations as follows: group I=7.0 to 9.5 g/dl, group II=6.00 to 6.98 g/dl, group III=5.00 to 5.90 g/dl, and group IV=3.9 to 4.9 g/dl . Bactericidal activity for the serum-sensitive aerobacter strain was distributed approximately equally throughout the 4 groups . Activity for 3 strains of Escherichia coli was minimal to absent . Concentrations of IgG1 and IgM were determined in 82 of the serums . Concentrations of IgG1 ranged from 0 to 54.2 mg/ml, with overlapping among the 4 groups . Concentrations of IgM could not be determined in serums with concentrations greater than 1.6 mg/ml . However, bactericidal activity did not correlate with the immunoglobulin concentrations, since activity was present to the same degree in serums with small concentrations of immunoglobulins compared with serums with as much as threefold larger concentrations.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Apr, 84(2), 77 - 85
Rat intestinal glycoprotein lowering bactericidal activity of serum on 32P-labelled E . coli; Winsnes R et al.; A glycoprotein fraction, by which the 32P-releasing activity of serum on labelled E . coli is lowered, was isolated from caecum content of germfree rats . The glycoprotein contained 83.1% sulphate, and 16.1% protein . The molecular weight ranged from 3.2 X 10(5) to 2.4 X 10(6), and the iso-electric point from pH 0.9 to 3.0 . Physiologically, it may play a role in the interaction(s) between the host and its intestinal flora.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1976 Apr, 46(2), 101 - 10
Effects of cytochalasin B and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on intraleukocytic bactericidal activity; Okuda K et al.; Cytochalasin B (CB) is known to regulate the movement of intracellular microfilaments system . In this experiment, the effect of CB on the intraleukocytic bactericidal activity was first studied and concluded that CB inhibited the intracellular bactericidal activity remarkably . Addition of CB resulted in increased nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-dye reduction, while the specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase of CB-treated neutrophils exhibited within the normal range . But the uptake of Glucose-1-14C or -6-14C was markedly inhibited by CB treatment . However, the following substances inhibited NBT-dye reduction in decreasing order: cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), N6-O2' dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (DBcAMP), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) . These drugs also decreased hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) enzyme activities . Addition of CB and DBcAMP decreased the intracellular bactericidal activity of neutrophils . But CB had no effect on intracellular levels of cAMP . From the results obtained, it is likely that intracellular bactericidal phenomena of human neutrophils are controlled by cyclic AMP cascades and by the microfilaments system, separately.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1976 Mar, 65(2), 241 - 7
A case of impaired chemotaxis and lymphocyte transformation; Hass RJ et al.; The report describes the clinical syndroms of a 14-year-old boy which suffered from recurrent infections since early infancy . The clinical and general laboratory findings were similar to "the granulomatous disease of childhood" as described by Bridges et al . (8) . The following serum factors were determined: Immunoglobulins, complement factors, isoagglutinins . The following assays with normal or patient's granulocytes were done: Chemotactic activity, nitroblue-tetrazolium test, bactericidal assay, fungicidal assay, myeloperoxidase, monocytes fungicidal assay . Immunological studies include kinetics of phytohaemagglutinin response, effect of serum of the patient on lymphocytic reactivity in vitro and skin tests . The following results were obtained: 1) Assays with normal or patient's granulocytes showed an impaired chemotatic activity, when serum of the patient was added . There was strong indication by treatment of the patient with plasma infusions, that the chemotactic defect is a serum dependent factor . 2) It could be demonstrated that the patient's serum also inhibited the response of lymphocytes to tuberculin and phytohaemagglutinin . Therefore the patient report focuses attention upon the possibility of serum related abnormalities that may influence granulocytic as well as lymphocytic functions leading to recurrent bacterial, fungal and viral infections.

Immunology, 1976 Mar, 30(3), 435 - 41
Immune bactericidal reactions by guinea-pig gamma1 and gamma2 antibodies; Sirotak L et al.; Guinea-pigs produced both gamma1 and gamma2 antibodies against Escherichia coli K12, W3110/SM when they were injected intraperitoneally with a suspension of heat-killed bacteria without adjuvant twice a week for 12 weeks . The antibodies were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography . The gamma1 antibodies gave PCA reaction against soluble antigens prepared from sonicated E . coli, but the gamma2 antibodies did not . Both gamma1 and gamma2 antibodies induced complement-mediated bactericidal reaction against the homologous bacteria . In the case of gamma1 antibodies presensitization of bacteria with the antibodies before the addition of complement enhanced their bactericidal activity to a degree, EGTA inhibited the bactericidal activity of gamma2 antibodies, more than that of gamma1 antibodies . It is suggested that the gamma1 antibodies kill bacteria via the alternative pathway of complement activation, whilst the gamma2 antibodies exert their bactericidal activity mainly through the classical pathway.

Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 728 - 34
Inhibitory action of D-galactose on phagocyte metabolism and function; Litchfield WJ et al.; To account for enhanced susceptibility to infection among galactosemics, the acute effects of D-galactose on metabolic and functional activities of phagocytic cells in vitro were investigated . Human and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) when incubated in medium containing 30 mM galactose displayed substantially less killing of Escherichia coli than when incubated in medium with 5 mM glucose . Impaired bactericidal activity was dependent upon galactose concentration but could be partially averted by supplementing the galactose-containing medium with 15 mM glucose . Phagocytic activities of guinea pig PMN and peritoneal macrophages were assayed by following ingestion of 32P-labeled E . coli and were also depressed by elevated galactose . Galactose was readily epimerized to glucose by resting PMN, and this conversion was stimulated by phagocytosis . Incubation of macrophages in the presence of galactose resulted in depletion of intracellular levels of adenosine 5' -triphosphate as well as other metabolities.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1976 Mar, 13(2), 90 - 6
{Evaluation of exanthemas following high-dosage intravenous penicillin combinations in intensive care}; Lackner F et al.; 118 patients of a non specialized intensive care unit have been studied, all of them under high dose bactericidal cover (10 MIU of Na-Penicillin G and 2,0 Ciclacillin q 12 hrs.) for a period of days to 4 weeks . In 17 (14,4%) a skin rash was observed . 10 of these could be studied using special techniques (radial immunodiffusion, passive hemagglutination, RIST and RAST), however in none of these cases there was a hint of the existence of penicillin specific antibodies . In 6 patients also skin tests were performed . There was no immediate type reaction, only twice delayed type reactions occured to Na Pencillin G.6 patients had continuing treatment on spite of the rash and without further steps the effluorescences vanished within 3-6 days . Therefore continuation of the antibiotic therapy in spite of rash along with strict clinical and laboratory monitoring seems to be preferable to a hastened change of antibiotic regime

Pediatr Res, 1976 Feb, 10(2), 82 - 7
A review: relation between invasiveness and the K1 capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli; Schiffer MS et al.; The conclusions from our studies to date may be summarized as follows . (1) Invasive E . coli strains causing neonatal meningitis are encapsulated . At least 80% of those strains inducing mengitis are K1 and approximately 40% of those strains isolated from infants with septicemia but without meningitis are also K1 . Invasiveness is best related to the K1 antigen and not to E . coli O and H antigens . (2) The capsular content of CSF strains is not related to their invasiveness . In contrast to observations reporting higher K capsular polysaccharide content and molecular weight of E . coli invading the renal parenychma as compared with those E . coli confined to the bladder or in the stool, there were no differences among DSF K1 strains . Sepculation as to the mechanism of the invasive properties conferred by acidic capsular polysaccharides may be derived from the literature . Unencapsulated or "rough bacteria" are susceptible to the bactericidal action of agammaglobulinemice sera (15, 53) . When injected into precolostral (agammaglobulinemic but complement containing), cesarian-delivered, and antigen-deprived piglets, unencapsulated bacteria are rapidly cleared from the circulation . In contrast, smooth bacteria injected into these same animals circulate without detectable splenic or hepatic clearance, multiply, and result in the death of these animals . The mechanism of the resistance of encapsulated bacteria has been postulated to be due to the inaccessibility of the deep somatic antigen structures capable of activating the alternate complement pathway system . Thus, opsoninization and other host complement-dependent activities may of necessity be antibody mediated for encapsulated bacteria . This complement resistance of encapsulated organisms may be quanititative and studies should be done to determine differences among various K1 E . coli strains . (3) K1 strains are widely prevalent among infants, children, and adults and are quickly transmitted to infants . In most cases the source of the infecting strain in diseased infants is the mother . However, transmission from attendants, demonstrable in our studies, is also a possible mechanism . (4) A protective role of serum anticapsular antibodies in animal models has been demonstrated . Our initial observations indicating low serum K1 antibodies in the general population and the finding that K1 antibodies are predominantly IgM in two animal species studied so far suggest that colostral K1 antibodies may be important in conferring immunity to this disease.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 31(2), 153 - 7
Chilling cells enhances the bactericidal action of fatty acids on Escherichia coli; Fay JP et al.; Preincubation at 0 C considerably increased the bactericidal action of 0.4% nonanoic and decanoic acids on Escherichia coli K-12 154 . This lethal effect seemed to be dependent on the media used to grow the bacteria . Stationary-phase cells were more sensitive than those from exponential cultures . A mutant (FA31) resistant to the bactericidal action of "cold shock" and 0.4% deconoic acid was isolated from E . coli FA23 (AN E . coli 154 derivative able to grow on 0.1% decanoic acid) by a recycling selection procedure . Other E . coli strains tested showed behavior similar to that of strain K-12 154 . The chilling of cells as a tool to improve the bactericidal action of fatty acids in foods is discussed.

Lab Invest, 1976 Feb, 34(2), 216 - 22
The effects of long chain free fatty acids on human neutrophil function and structure; Hawley HP et al.; Neutrophils from healthy volunteers were isolated and incubated with varying concentrations of albumin-bound long chain free fatty acids . Standard in vitro function tests including phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and chemotaxis were performed after the incubation . It was found that unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) caused no changes in bactericidal activity and only moderate decreases in phagocytosis and chemotaxis at very high concentrations . Saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) produced, at high concentrations, virtually complete inhibition of chemotaxis and moderate depression of phagocytosis and bactericidal ability . Most significantly, lower concentrations of saturated free fatty acids, within the range reported clinically in various diseases, caused a marked inhibition of chemotaxis . These functional disturbances were associated with ultrastructural alterations . Neutrophils treated with oleic acid contained numerous cytoplasmic neutral lipid droplets . Neutrophils incubated with palmitic acid showed elongated cleftlike dilations of the endoplasmic reticulum and degenerative degranulated cytoplasmic areas . It is postulated that these represent crystallization of excess saturated free fatty acids or triglyceride which interfere with chemotaxis, either mechanically or by causing cell injury.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1976 Jan 23, 118(4), 111 - 4
{Experiences with Eusaprim suspension for adults in geriatric patients (author's transl)}; Jansen W; A new galenical formulation of the broad spectrum bactericidal agent, Eusaprim Suspension for Adults, has been tried in 121 geriatric patients presenting various infections, particularly of the urogenital tract, respiratory passages, gastrointestinal tract, as well as superinfections in decubitus, varicose ulcer and gangrene . No differences could be established compared to the tablet form . No side effects were observed and transient symptoms of intolerance were noted in only 4 cases . The suspension should be given preference in patients presenting difficulty in swallowing.

Polim Med, 1976, 6(1), 41 - 5
{Ethylene oxide sterilization and disinfection of plastic articles}; Zych K; The outline of progress in the use of ethylene oxide sterilization of thermolabile plastic articles is presented . The explosiveness, adsorption and toxicity of the ethylene oxide and the influence of humidity on its bactericidal effectivity are especially emphasized . The methods of checking-up sterilization processes are indicated.

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(1), 48 - 52
{Effect of subtoxic doses of dipterex on guinea pigs}; Krustev E et al.; Chronic experiments were carried out with 62 guinea pigs (31 test and 31 control animals) which were given dipterex orally for 60 days at the rate of 100 mg/kg each . The effect was followed up of dipterex on the bactericidal properties of the blood, the phagocytic activity of some organs of the reticulo-endothelial system, the serum cholinesterase, the alkaline phosphatase, the hemoglobin and hematocrit values of the blood, and the proteinogram of the blood serum . A neglible drop of the gamma-globin fraction of the serum and the phagocytic activity of the immobile cells of the RES of the spleen and liver was found . The hemoglobin content decreased by 13.5 per cent, while the hematocrit value remained unchanged . At the amount given above dipterex suppressed by 50 per cent the activity of the serum cholinesterase, and increased by 36 per cent that of the alkaline phosphatase.

Acta Med Scand, 1976, 199(1-2), 105 - 11
Sequential studies of lymphocytes, neutrophils and serum proteins during prednisone treatment; Clemmensen O et al.; Seven patients (6 with connective tissue diseases, 1 with bronchial asthma) have been studied before, during, and after prednisone therapy . Maximum dose was 15 mg daily, which was tapered off to zero within three months . All patients showed striking subjective improvement during therapy . The ESR reflected this improvement but the acute phase proteins did not . The serum concentration of prealbumin rose significantly during the period of most intensive steroid treatment . IgE decreased in the patient with bronchial asthma, but otherwise the immunoglobulins did not change, and positive serological tests remained unchanged . Contact sensitization to haptens was induced without impairment during therapy . Prednisone induced rises in blood lymphocyte and neutrophil concentrations . Lymphocyte transformation, both mitogen- and antigen-induced, was not influenced by therapy, but PPD-induced inhibition of leucocyte migration decreased . Neutrophil phagocytosis was unimparied, but bactericidal capacity, stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and neutrophil and plasma lysozyme concentrations were all depressed during treatment with prednisone.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1976, 8(1), 53 - 5
Neutrophil dysfunction and granulomatosis in the preleukemic state; Schreiner A et al.; A 40-year-old male had periods of fever, sore throat and anemia for 14 months before acute myeloblastic leukemia could be diagnosed from hematological findings . During the preleukemic state, impaired bactericidal capacity of the granulocytes was repeatedly demonstrated and multiple hepatosplenic and skin granulomas occurred . Results of granulocyte function studies may prove to be of significant aid in the diagnosis of the preleukemic state of acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(7), 25 - 7
{Products of the interaction of ethazole with mustard oils}; Vurbanova S et al.; Synthesized were nonsymmetrical N1N1--replaced products of thiocarbamide containing residual alkyl- and arylsinapic oils and the sulfonamide ethasole, in order to study their pharmacologic activity . The synthesis was performed through heating the components up to the point of weak boiling in an ethanol medium . The obtained nine new N1N1--thiocarbamide products were identified in terms of their melting point and sulfur analysis . Tentative microbiologic testing showed that the newly obtained compounds produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects.

Zentralbl Gynakol, 1976, 98(23), 1409 - 25
{Principles of therapy with antibiotics and chemotherapeutics}; Falkenhagen U; Important aspects for the today therapy and prophylaxis with antibiotics/chemotherapeutics resp . are represented (choice of the antibiotic, treatment with antibiotic or sulphonamide, bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, combination possibilities with examples) . A strong indication for the application of chemotherapeutic agents is demanded . The necessity of careful sensitivity tests before instituting chemotherapy is emphasised . Reasons for the essentially economical application of drugs today are referred to . Especially is discussed the problem of transferable drug resistance, the resistance situation during therapy, and the problem of drug application outside medicine.

Ann Anat Pathol (Paris), 1976 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 59 - 74
{Familial granulomatous disease: histopathological and histogentic data}; Vilde F et al.; The lesions seen in chronic familial granulomatosis are variable and seen in varied combinations: granulomas, often disseminated, pseudotuberculous lesions, histiocytes with a high content in lipofuscins seen in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and lungs in particular . These lesions may be explained at least in part by a congenital defect in leucocytes, which is peculiar to this hereditary disease, and which concernes bactericidal functions.

J Pediatr, 1976 Jan, 88(1), 63 - 70
Chronic granulomatous disease in an adult male: A proposed X-linked defect; Biggar WD et al.; A 25-year old patient with chronic granulomatous disease of somewhat unusual history is described . The diagnosis of CGD was based on increased susceptibility to infection, granulomatous appearance of tissues, and diminished bactericidal and metabolic response of leukocytes during phagocytosis: the clinical and cellular features considered phenotypic of CGD . A 16-year-old female sibling had bactericidal and metabolic abnormalities of leukocyte function similar to those of the patient's leukocytes . Leukocytes from another sister, 26 years of age, were intermediate in bactericidal capacity . Two populations of leukocytes were identified by a histochemical test of NBT reduction . Both normal and abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present in the leukocyte population of the two sisters . Leukocytes from the patient's mother and maternal grandmother were normal by all methods tested . These findings are taken as evidence of a germ-line mutation in the chromosomal gene causing CGD, with transmission of the genetic defect from the mother to the son.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1976, 51(5), 544 - 59
Defective immune and phagocytic functions in uraemia and renal transplantation; McIntosh J et al.; The humoral, cellular and neutrophil responses of uraemic patients maintained by haemodialysis were compared with those of renal transplant recipients . Humoral immunity was reduced only in the transplant group . Cell-mediated immunity was abnormal in both groups but more decreased in the transplant group studied particularly within 3 months of transplantation . The neutrophil bactericidal capacities were defective cellular immunity, but fatal infections occurred only in transplant patterns over 40 years of age with combined cellular and neutrophil defects . No single test was predictive of graft survival in uraemic patients . The depressed cellular immune responses in uraemia, of the degree seen in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient, may explain the better prognosis of renal transplants compared with other organ transplants.

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1976, 55(3), 245 - 8
E . coli growth inhibition by amniotic fluid; Prevedourakis C et al.; Amniotic fluid samples were collected aseptically from 29 normal pregnancies, between the 38th and 41st week of gestation and checked for sterility in the laboratory, in order to investigate in vitro the effect of the liquor on the growth of E . coli . Brain Heart Infusion (B.H.I.) and Ringer solution were used as controls . E . coli cultures were inoculated in amniotic fluid, B.H.I., Ringer solution and amniotic fluid plus B.H.I . and incubated at 37degreesC for 48 hours . At 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of incubation, surface viable counts were performed to estimate the number of E . coli viable cells . The growth of E . coli in B.H.I . started furing the 1st hours after inoculation and continued over 48 hours; in Ringer solution the mean growth curve and almost identical to that of B.H.I . In amniotic fluid the growth of E . coli began from the 1st hour of inoculation but the growth curve was much lower, became static in 24 hours and a permanent inhibition was observed thereafter . The addition of a small amount of B.H.I . in amniotic fluid enhanced the growth of E . coli, but the growth curve was lower in comparison to the curves of the two controls studied . In conclusion, after 48 hours of inoculation in amniotic fluid, 26 of the 29 cases showed bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity of the liquor upon the growth of E . coli.

Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc, 1976, 12, 370 - 9
Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation; Salant DJ et al.; Neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal ability were assessed in patients with chronic renal failure on conservative therapy, in others on regular peritoneal and haemodialysis, and in a group of patients who had received renal allografts . Chemotaxis was abnormal in all groups . The groups on peritoneal and haemodialysis had mildly impaired phagocytosis, while killing ability was normal in all but the group on conservative therapy who showed a mild defect . Serum from groups when activated with endotoxin was poorly chemotactic to normal neutrophils, but functioned normally as opsonins for phagocytosis.

Horm Metab Res, 1976 Jan, 8(1), 67 - 70
The effect of ACTH administration on the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Shilotri PG et al.; Metabolic and bactericial activities of leukocytes obtained from 5 normal volunteers receiving 1 mg of synthetic B1-24 ACTH intra-muscularly daily for 7 days, were studied . Bactericidal activity and phagocytosis induced hexosemonophosphate shunt activity of leukocytes were found to be depressed following ACTH administration . However, glycolytic activity, which provides the necessary energy for particle uptake by leukocytes, was not altered . These findings indicate that a moderately prolonged exposure to elevated levels of plasma cortisol does not affect the phagocytic activity of leukocytes (as indicated by glycolytic activity) but significantly impairs their ability to destroy the ingested bacteria . It is suggested that the impaired bactericidal activity of leukocytes reported in children suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition may partly be due to elevated plasma cortisol levels seen in them.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1976, 56(3), 229 - 33
Phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in generalized pustular psoriasis; Lindgren S et al.; The phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from 10 patients suffering from generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) has been studied . In all patients intracellular iodination capacity was measured, and 6 were studied regarding hexose monophosphate shunt activity (HMS) and bactericidal capacity . In 2 patients leukocytes from pustules were tested by the iodination reaction . Sera from 7 patients were incubated with normal leukocytes in a bactericidal test to evaluate the opsonizing capacity, which was found to be normal . Leukocytes from patients with GPP after 120 min of incubation with bacteria exhibited significantly impaired lethality compared with the controls, but no significant difference was found after 60 min . Iodination capacity and HMS activity were normal in all patients except in one, who was found to be deficient in myeloperoxidase . The possible significance of the impaired lethability of bacteria in the pathogenesis of GPP is discussed.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1976, 73 PT-A, 191 - 203
Chlorination, decarboxylation and bactericidal activity mediated by the MPO-H2O2-C1- system; Sbarra AJ et al.; 1 . MPO, H2O2 and C1- form a complex that undergoes intramolecular rearrangement yielding the chlorinium ion . 2 . The chlorinium ion can interact with MPO, bacteria and amino acids . 3 . The reaction can occur at a wide range of pH, H2O2 concentration and C1- concentration . 4 . The chlorinium ion can attack different protein molecules to cause structural changes . 5 . Preincubation of MPO with bacteria results in greater bactericidal activity . 6 . Diffusible bactericidal agents are also produced by the MPO-H2O2-C1- system.

Biomedicine, 1975 Dec 20, 23(10), 414 - 8
A new method for measuring simultaneously the phagocytic and bactericidal capacity of human leukocytes; Grange MJ et al.; A new technique for simultaneously measuring the phagocytic and bactericidal capacity of human leukocytes is proposed . The method uses 14C labelled bacteria and is based on the principle that only viable intra-cellular bacteria incorporate 3H-thymidine . Phagocytosis is measured by the ratio intra-cellular 14C/extra and intra-cellular 14C and the bactericidal capacity of leukocytes by the difference between the 3H-thymidine incorporation of the ingested and non-ingested bacteria . Results in normal subjects and in a case of chronic granulomatous disease show the validity of the method which is easier and quicker than the methods previously used.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Dec 19, 100(51), 2604, 2607 - 10
{Fatal course of generalized BCG histiocytosis in congenital immune deficiency (author's transl)}; Heilmann K et al.; Severe combined X-linked immune deficiency ended fatally in a six-month-old male infant after generalized BCG infection . Damage in the cell-bound thymus-dependent immune system is decisive in the development of "BCG histiocytosis" . As a result of absent immunocompetent sensitized T-lymphocytes there is insufficient information and stimulation of macrophages to kill the micro-organsims . The disorder of bactericidal properties of macrophages results in an overwhelming infection with BCG bacteria with a characteristic morphological picture.

Arch Intern Med, 1975 Dec, 135(12), 1569 - 74
Quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium test in febrile patients . Correlation with diagnosis and bacterial activity of leukocytes; Silva J Jr et al.; The quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test did not show increased NBT reduction in bacterial infections as frequently as has been reported with the qualitative NBT test in untreated infections . Lower than normal values were seen in septic shock and bacterial endocarditis, and normal results were seen in most other bacterial infections . Increased NBT reduction was seen with reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin disease, postoperative wound infections, and upper respiratory tract infections . Thus, the quantitative NBT was of little use in diagnosis of acute infections . The correlation between quantitative tests and tests of bactericidal capacity of leukocytes was poor . These data suggest that NBT reduction and bactericidal activity are dissociative events within phagocytes . Patients with low NBT results usually had bactericidal activity within normal limits.

J Clin Invest, 1975 Dec, 56(6), 1597 - 1607
Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance . The role of the spleen; Greisman SE et al.; Splenectomy markedly impaired the production of circulating anti-endotoxin antibodies during the initial 10 days after .v . administration of a Boivin preparation of Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET) in both rabbit and man . Increase in antibodies with secondary (flocculating and bactericidal) activities were virtually abolished, whereas increases in antibodies with primary (binding) activity were significantly reduced . On the basis of these findings, splenectomized rabbit and man were employed to test the hypothesis that the early phase (less than 72 h) of pyrogenic tolerance to endotoxin is independent of anti-endotoxin antibody but that such antibody contributes significantly to the later phase (less than or equal to 72 h) of tolerance . In the splenectomized rabbit, the initial pyrogenic reponses to ET and the subsequent tolerant responses at 24 and 48 h were comparable to sham-operated controls...

Infect Immun, 1975 Dec, 12(6), 1386 - 91
Antileptospiral activity in lower-vertebrate sera; Charon NW et al.; Normal serum from the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and the frog (Rana pipiens) were found to possess bactericidal activity towards Leptospira . Leptospires from both the parasitic and biflexa complexes were killed by these sera at high dilutions . This pattern differs from that of mammalian serum, as generally only the biflexa complex leptospires are killed by normal mammalian serum . The activity in C . picta serum was characterized as being complement dependent and not mediated by basic proteins . Because comple-inactivated C . picta serum regained leptospiricidal activity after the addition of fresh rabbit serum, antibody is also likely to participate in the killing activity . Further support that C . picta serum contained leptospiral antibodies was found by the detection of serotype-specific agglutinins.

Br J Vener Dis, 1975 Dec, 51(6), 376 - 81
Effect of tissue culture cells in promoting prolonged survival of N . Gonorrhoeae in artificial subcutaneous cavities of mice; Waitkins SA; Both tissue culture cells and human epithelial cells ingest gonococci, and subsequently protect them from the lethal action of various bactericidal agents . Using the convenient chamber produced by the subcutaneous insertion of a polyvinyl ring, the fate of the gonococci in mice was studied in vivo . Both humoral and cellular factors have free access to the organisms, and under normal circumstances these do not survive longer than 3 days . However, when gonococci were protected within tissue culture cells, their survival was prolonged . Only eventual graft rejection caused the death of the tissue culture cells and gonococci contained within them.

Blood, 1975 Dec, 46(6), 921 - 30
Defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte metabolism and function in canine cyclic neutropenia; Chusid MJ et al.; Humans and grey collie dogs with cyclic neutropenia are known to suffer from an increased rate of bacterial infection . Because of the previously described microanatomic abnormalities of lysosome formation found in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of dogs with canine cyclic neutropenia, studies of these cells were undertaken . PMNs from grey collie dogs were found to have significant metabolic and functional abnormalities when compared with normal collie PMNs . These included abnormally increased postphagocytic C1-glucose oxidation, decreased iodination of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable protein in the resting and phagocytizing state, decreased levels of intracellular myeloperoxidase,and a bactericidal defect against a variety of bacteria . Phagocytosis was normal . These abnormalities appear to differ from those previously described in the PMNs of patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood and the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and more closely resemble those seen in hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency . Thus, the studies reported here demonstrate defective PMN function in a disease state previously believed to be a model only of periodic hematopoiesis.

Med Klin, 1975 Nov 21, 70(47), 1915 - 9
{Bactericidal activity of serum and chemotherapy in sensitive and resistant exciter (author's transl)}; Eyer H et al.; Comparing examinations with Ampicillin sensitive and resistant bacteria-strains show that the bactericidal activity of serum is dependent on the bacteria-strains, on the Ampicillin sensitivity of the particular exciter and on the number of bacteria/ml (germ count) . Bactericide effect could always be obtained with sensitive strains as a result of additional chemotherapy . With several resistant strains a bactericide effect could not be obtained in this case the continuous optimal Ampicillin addition was the decisive factor . Because of the extremely complicated process of the bactericide one should not make general conclusions from the individual experimental results.

Med Tekh, 1975 Nov-Dec, (6), 15 - 7
{Effect of certain methods of sterilization on the quality of dental instruments}; Sher LB et al.; Comparative investigations of the sterilizing action produced on the stomatological instruments by 4 chemical bactericidal agents and hot air tend to give preference to sterilization with a 2% solution of glutamic acid in a combination with a 70% isopropyl alcohol at a 45 minutes long exposure . Such a sterilization does not cause any corrosion of the instruments and reduces to a lesser degree the resistance of the cutting edges than in the case of sterilization with hot air.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Nov, 20(11), 1011 - 4
{Effect of some antibiotics and chemotherapeutic preparations on Leptospira in vitro}; Bolotskii IA; It was shown in vitro with the method of successive serial dilutions that polymyxin M, thilan, streptomycin, neomycin, sodium levomycetin succinate, brilliant green, tripaphlavin, azidin, aminoacrichin, and novarsenol had the most pronounced bactericidal effect on Leptospira . Combination of the antibiotics or the chemotherapeutics apart from azidin and tripaphlavin did not increase the bactericidal effect as compared to their use alone . The clinical and collection strains of Leptospira had the same sensitivity to the substances tested . The above drugs should be tested on animals with leptospirosis.

Med J Aust, 1975 Nov 1, 2(18), 699 - 705
Deficiency of immunological and phagocytic function in aboriginal children with protein-calorie malnutrition; Jose DG et al.; Infection, associated with protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), is a widespread and important health problem in young Aboriginal children . Clinical obervations have suggested these children to have impaired immune resistance to infection . Children were fivided by anthropometric criteria into three groups: moderately malnourished; showing effects of previous PCM; normally nourished . Numbers and function of T and B lymphocytes and neutrophils were measured in these groups to give an assessment of systemic immune resistance . Primary antigen recognition and blastogenic response of T-lymphocytes were significantly impaired in the malnourished groups . Normal or increased numbers of B and T lymphocytes, and normal secondary antibody response to tetanus toxoid inoculations were found in all groups . Serum opsonin levels, C3 concentrations, immunoglobulin levels, neutrophil numbers and phagocytic activity were normal or increased in all groups . The malnourished children showed relative impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis, metabolic response to phagocytosis and intraphagocytic bactericidal activity . The findings suggested that children with moderate or lasting effects of PCM had multiple dificiencies in the funnction of their immune defence mechanism which may profoundly influence the prevalence, chronicity and mortality of infections diseases in Aboriginal communities.

Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol, 1975 Oct, 179(5), 346 - 55
{Pharmacokinetic investigations of the transfer of antibiotics into amniotic fluid . Part III: Oxacillin (author's transl)}; Bastert G et al.; After intravenous administration of 2 g of Oxacillin to 12 gravidae at the end of their pregnancy short-interval tests were made of the Oxacillin levels in the mothers' serum and -- intra-amnionic catheter in position -- in the amniotic fluid . The following pharmaco-kinetic data were determined: fictitious initial Oxacillin level (79 mcg/ml), elimination constant (1,044 h-1), half-value of elimination (39,88 min), fictitious distribution volume (25,31), distribution coefficient (0,3617 ml/g), total clearance (26,431 l/h) and invasion constant (0,0084 h-1) . All given data were statistically confirmed . For the para-placental passage of Oxacillin a permeability factor (chi) of 0,0084 was found . This factor indicates how easy Oxacillin passes trough the fetal membrane into the amniotic fluid . Ampicillin diffuses about 43 times and Cephalotin diffuses about 2,4 times better trough fetal membrane -- permeability factor 0,357 or 0,02 --, probably because of its weaker link to serum albumin . Under our conditions the amnionic levels reached 12 mcg/ml on the average . With 8-12 g Oxacillin daily bactericidal levels in the amniotic fluid are reached.

Scand J Haematol, 1975 Oct, 15(3), 228 - 40
Cell production and cell function in human cyclic neutropenia; Brandt L et al.; In vitro studies have been done on haematopoietic cells from a patient with cyclic neutropenia characterized by severe depression of blood neutrophil levels every 21 days . Serial blood counts reveal periodic fluctuations in neutrophils, monocytes and reticulocytes . Agar culture of marrow cells shows normal concentration of colony forming cells . The percentage of colony forming cells in S phase is highly increased during profound neutropenia and normal during the recovery phase relating the granulocyte production to the peripheral neutrophil level . Studies of ingestion rate, bactericidal activity, lactate production and glucose oxidation during phagocytosis in isolated granulocytes show normal results . Also the ingestion rate in isolated monocytes is normal . Serial karyotype analyses of marrow cells during the neutrophil cycle display a normal pattern . Serum myeloperoxidase levels vary inversely with the peripheral neutrophil count indicating increased granulopoietic activity during profound neutropenia, which might be associated with non effective granulopoiesis during profound neutropenia, leading to a lack of granulocyte reserves in the marrow.

Br J Vener Dis, 1975 Oct, 51(5), 296 - 300
Investigations on in vitro survival and virulence of T . pallidum under aerobiosis; Rathlev T; Motility of pathogenic T . pallidum was maintained in aerobic in vitro cultures for several weeks using a special medium . The latter consisted of McCoy's 5a medium supplemented with glutathione, sodium pyruvate, HEPES buffer, gentamycin (garamycin), and fetal calf serum . The virulence of the organisms was lost in 5 to 6 days . No multiplication of the organisms was observed . Four antibiotics (viomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin (garamycin), and neomycin) were tested for their bactericidal action and possible toxicity to T . pallidum . Gentamycin proved to be superior to the other three antibiotics in being non-toxic to the treponemes and showing a possible stimulatory effect on their motility and longevity . Cultivation of T . pallidum in cultured cells in the presence of the enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in a special medium showed possibilities for future experimentation under monitored, reduced oxygen pressure with a continuous system to dismutate superoxide radicals.

Infect Immun, 1975 Sep, 12(3), 656 - 67
Plasmid-controlled colonization factor associated with virulence in Esherichia coli enterotoxigenic for humans; Evans DG et al.; An enterotoxin-producing strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a case of cholera-like diarrhea (E . coli strain H-10407) was found to possess a surface-associated colonization factor . Colonization was manifested as the ability of small inocula (10(5) bacteria) to attain large (10(9)) populations in the infant rabbit intestine with a concomitant diarrheal response . A laboratory-passed derivative of E . coli H-10407, designated H-10407-P, failed to exhibit an increase in population in the infant rabbit and also failed to induce diarrhea . Cell-free culture supernatant fluids of E . coli H-10407 and H-10407-P produced equivalent enterotoxic responses in infant and in adult rabbits . Specific anti-colonization factor antiserum was produced by adsorbing hyperimmune anti-H-10407 serum with both heat-killed and living cells E . coli H-10407-P . This specific adsorbed serum protected infant rabbits from challenge with living E . coli H-10407 although the serum did not possess bactericidal activity . The anti-colonization factor serum did not agglutinate a strain of E . coli K-12 possessing the K88 colonization factor peculiar to E . coli enterotoxigenic for swine . By electron microscopy it was demonstrated that E . coli H-10407, but not H10407-, possessed pilus-like surface structures which agglutinated with the specific adsorbed (anti-colonization factor) antiserum . E . coli H-10407 possessed three species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, measuring 60 X 10(6), 42 X 10(6), and 3.7 X 10(6) daltons, respectively . E . coli H-10407-P possessed only the 42 X 10(6)- and the 3.7 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid species . Spontaneous loss of the specific H-10407 surface-associated antigen was accompanied by loss of the 60 X 10(6)-dalton species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid and loss of colonizing ability . Thus, it is concluded that the E . coli colonization factor described here is a virulence factor which may play an important and possibly essential role in naturally occurring E . coli enterotoxic diarrhea in man.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Sep, 0(9), 63 - 8
{Comparative evaluation of the immunological activity of new typhoid vaccines with established prophylactic effectiveness (data from a controlled experiment)}; Kovalevskaia IL et al.; The authors present the results of studying the immunological efficacy of a dry alcoholic typhoid vaccine enriched with S . typhi Vi-antigen in the assessment of this vaccine in controlled epidemiological trial during the immunization of children aged 7--8 years . O- and Vi-antibodies were tested in the reaction of hemagglutination, H-antibodies--in the agglutination reaction with the microbial diagnostic agent, the properties of antibodies--in a test with cystein, and bactericidal properties of the sera--against the virulent S . typhi strain . Examination of 355 coupled sera obtained before and 3 weeks after the immunization demonstrated a high level of Vi-(1:47) and of the O-(1:580) antibodies and high bactericidal properties of the sera in persons vaccinated with the alcoholic vaccine enriched with the S . typhi Vi-antigen . The results obtained and the data on the formation of prolonged immunity following a simgle immunization suggested that a high protective effect was caused by a combined action of the O- and Vi-antigens contained in the vaccine in optimal doses.

J Clin Invest, 1975 Sep, 56(3), 703 - 10
Complete absence of the third component of complement in man; Ballow M et al.; A 4-yr-old female patient who has recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria and gramnegative organisms was found to have a complete absence of total hemolytic complement and C3 . Total hemolytic complement was reconstituted by the addition of functionally pure C3 . With the exception of a moderately reduced homolytic C4, all other C components, measured homolytically and by radial immunodiffusion, were present in normal amounts . By Ouchterlong analysis, the patient's serum contained C3b inactivator and properdin but no antigenic C3 . Activation of the alternate pathway was examined by purified cobra venom factor (CVF) and inulin . Neither of these substances led to activation of properdin factor B to B . On addition of partially purified Cordis C3, in four out of four instances and with different preparations of Cordis C3, activation of factor B to B occurred in the inulin-serum-C3 mixture . In contrast, activation of factor B to B occurred only once out of four times with CVF-serum-C3 mixtures . Immune adherence was found to be normal in the patient's serum and could be removed by anti-C4 antiserum of hydrazine treatment . A marked opsonic defect was present against Escherichia coli . Serum bactericidal activity against a rough strain of E . coli was also defective . The ability to mobilize an infalmmatory response was examined by Rebuck skin window technique . A delay in neutrophil migration occurred until the 6th h . In vitro lymphocyte transformation and serum immunoglobulins were normal . The proportion of peripheral blood T cells forming spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosettes and the percentage of B cells forming EAC rosettes by the C3 receptor were normal . The significance of the absence of C3 in our patient is emphasized by the increased number of infections with encapsulated bacteria and the decreased functional biological activities of the C system, important in host defense mechanism(s).

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Sep, 0(9), 116 - 9
{Effect of a chronic iodine deficit in the ration on the development of the infectious process}; Zel'tser ME; It was revealed that the infectious process in albino rats kept for 4-5 months on an iodine-deficiency diet was characterised by a tendency to dissemination . The seeding efficiency from the parenchymatous organs increased in such animals significantly, whereas the bactericidal properties of the plasma and the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils decreased; this was apparently associated with depression of the intracellular metabolism reflected in reduction of the cytochromoxidase and peroxidase in the neutrophils.

Transfusion, 1975 Sep-Oct, 15(5), 473 - 5
The effect of hydroxyethyl starch on in vitro platelet and granulocyte function; Schiffer CA et al.; The effect of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on granulocyte and platelet functions was assessed . No alteration of granulocyte viability, morphology, phagocytic ability, or bactericidal capacity was detected after incubation with 6 per cent HES at 25 C for two hours . Platelet morphology, size distribution, aggregation, nucleotide and serotonin release, and platelet factor-3 availability were also unchanged after exposure to HES . It is concluded that HES has no adverse effect on cell function and appears to be a suitable adjuvant agent for blood cell component collection.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1975 Sep-Oct, 9(5), 26 - 31
{Effect of a magnetic field on Escherichia coli}; Chizhov SV et al.; The decontaminating effect of the pulsing magnetic field on the E . coli infected reclaimed water was studied on two installations . The magnetic field intensity was 500 and 1000-1500 ersted and the microbial load was 1, 10 and 100 thous . microbial units per 1 ml . It was found that the magnetic treatment of water had a noticeable bactericidal effect . This indicated that the method can be used for decontamination of reclaimed water.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Aug 8, 117(32-33), 1313 - 6
{Current status of conservative and surgical treatment of tuberculosis arthritis in adults (author's transl)}; Gob A et al.; The more efficient present day treatment with bactericidal anti-tuberculosis drugs combined with surgical procedures results in a much more rapid and longer lasting cure of tuberculous arthritis than previously . We assume actual periods of treatment between 2 and 4 months . It should be borne in mind that tuberculosis is a systemic disease and that the arthropathy only ranks second or third . Godd results are obtained if all concerned in the treatment of tuberculosis harmonize their approach to the treatment.

Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol, 1975 Aug 4, 196(1), 85 - 94
Penetration of amikacin into the aphakic eye; Kasbeer RT et al.; An experiment was designed to see if an aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin, would penetrate the vitreous of rabbits in greater concentrations in the postoperative aphakic eye than in the normal eye . Phakic and aphakic eyes were treated with amikacin by topical, subconjunctival, and intramuscular methods separately and combined . Bioassays of aqueous, anterior vitreous, and posterior vitreous revealed that concentrations of amikacin in ocular fluids after intramuscular administration were greater in the aphakic eye as compared to the normal eye; however, concentrations in the vitreous did not reach reliably bactericidal concentrations even when all three methods of administration were combined.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 30(2), 178 - 85
Comparative effects of anesthetics on the viability and integrity of Escherichia coli ML30; Prior BA et al.; Cells of Escherichia coli ML30 in a mineral salts medium were exposed to dichlorodifluoromethane (f-12), cyclopropane, halothane, or Ethrane at concentrations of 1.25, 0.2, 0.04, and 0.008 X saturation for times up to 1,200 min, and at temperatures in the range of 2 to 37 C . When any of these anesthetics were applied for 300 min at 1.25 X saturation, a substantial decrease in number of survivors occurred . Halothane was most bactericidal, cyclopropane and Ethrane were moderately bactericidal, and t-12 was least bactericidal . At saturation values of less than 1.0, none of the four anesthetics had an appreciable effect on viability of E . coli . Greatest increases in cell permeability occurred when anesthetics were used at saturation values of 1.25, and permeability changes generally decreased as the concentrations of the chemicals were reduced . In many instances, anesthetics in the vapor state caused significant increases in cell permeability but little or no loss of viability . This indicated that a close relationship did not exist between loss of viability and increased permeability . All four anesthetics caused E . coli to lose substantial and similar amounts of compounds absorbing at 260 nm . Release of compounds absorbing at 260 nm generally increased as the saturation value of a given chemical was increased . Halothane, Ethrane, and cyclopropane but not f-12 caused lysis of E . coli ML300 . Considering all results, E . coli ML30 was damaged more by halothane or cyclopropane than by f-12 or Ethrane . When f-12 was applied at a saturation value of 1.25, the bactericidal effect on E . coli was much greater at 37 or 22 C than at 12 or 2 C.

Am J Vet Res, 1975 Aug, 36(08), 1183 - 7
Factors involved in bactericidal activity of sheep serum; Mittal KR et al.; The bactericidal activity of blood, plasma, and serum from sheep was measured with 3 strains of Escherichia coli . Plasma showed greater bactericidal activity than blood or serum for strains O78:K80(B) and Lilly . The antibody-complement system of normal serum killed the rough strain, Lilly, but neither antibody nor complement alone were bactericidal . Antibody, complement, and an additional heat-stable cofactor were necessary for killing strain O78:K80(B) . Strain 3662 was not susceptible to the lethal action of the antibody-complement system . Capsular and flagellar antibodies did not appear to play any part in the bactericidal activity of serum . There was no relationship between the titer of antibodies to the somatic antigen and the bactericidal titer in the immune serums . The antibodies necessary for killing the smooth strain of E coli, O78:K80(B), were absorbed with the rough strain, Lilly, but not by the other smooth strain, 3662 . It is suggested that the target antigen of the bactericidal antibody is not the somatic antigen, but a rough antigen internal to the O polysaccharide.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Aug 1, 122(7), 809 - 19
Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid . III . Demonstration of the variability of bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid with a new plate-count technique; Schlievert P et al.; The ability of 50 human amniotic fluid samples to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli was measured with a new semimicro plate-count technique . A range from bacterial growth-sustaining fluid to bactericidal fluid was observed . When the inhibitory capacities of the fluid samples were correlated with gestational age, a progressive increase was obtained with maximum inhibitory capacity at 36 to 40 weeks . All fluid samples obtained before 20 weeks' gestation were capable of supporting bacterial growth . Fluid samples of 36 to 40 weeks' gestation were all bactericidal or bacteriostatic . More variability in inhibitory capacity was seen after 40 weeks, with an over-all loss of inhibition observed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 Aug, 160(6), 541 - 50
{The meaning of the results of four national disinfectant testing techniques (author's transl)}; Reybrouck G et al.; The bactericidal activity of three disinfectant standards has been determined by four national methods (the qualitative suspension test of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology DGHM, the quantitative suspension test of the Dutch Committee on Phytopharmacy, the use-dilution method of the A.O.A.C . and the Kelsey and Sykes' test) in order to compare these four testing techniques . In previous publications the results of these experiments and the degree of standardisation of the four methods have been tested . The purpose of the present study is to evaluate to what extent the results obtained by the four testing techniques do correspond . The bactericidal activity can be expressed as a germicidal effect . In theory (Tab . 1) the values of germicidal effect can be similar for the four testing techniques . In practice (Tab . 2 and 3) it has been found that with the suspension technique of the DGHM systematically higher values are obtained than in the other tests . These can not be compared to each other, because the medication times differ . Although the values of the germicidal effect obtained are widely different, it can happen that the minimum effective concentration determined by the four methods be identical as each of these methods applies different criteria . The authors have therefore calculated the minimum effective concentration which is required for the disinfectant standard by the four disinfectant testing techniques (Tab . 4) . Even here, no correspondence has been found between the four methods . The lethal concentration of the disinfectant standards determined by the use-dilution method of the A.O.A.C . is thus 2 to 16 times those required by the Dutch suspension test . The difference in effective concentrations, however, is not constant and is not related to the type of disinfectant or the test organism . In consequence, there is no way of establishing a comparison between the results of the four methods with a view to setting up a conversion table . Each disinfectant testing technique has its own characteristics.

J Laryngol Otol, 1975 Aug, 89(8), 837 - 43
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of change of local pH on bacteria in C.S.O.M; Malik MK et al.; An in vitro study has shown a high bactericidal activity of 2 per cent acetic acid . An in vitro study in 400 cases of C.S.O.M . has shown that conservative treatment of C.S.O.M . by pH change with 2 per cent acetic acid is better than antibiotic ear drops alone . However, combined therapy (pH change plus antibiotic ear drops) is definitely superior to single treatment by either of the two methods . Two per cent acetic acid is well tolerated by the middle ear mucosa except in 1 per cent cases, where its use had to be discontinued because of irritation . The use of 2 per cent acetic acid is highly recommended, particularly for poor nations, because of its negligible cost as compared to antibiotic ear drops.

N Z Med J, 1975 Jul 23, 82(544), 37 - 42
Chronic granulomatous disease: an inherited disorder of phagocytosis in a Maori ancestry; Becroft DM et al.; Chronic granulomatous disease, in which abnormal susceptibility to infection is caused by an inherited defect in phagocytic cells, has been diagnosed in three brothers . Two brothers had repeated bacterial infections of the skin, superficial lymph nodes and lungs from infancy and died aged 27 months and 13 months . Characteristic suppurating granulomata were found in many organs . The diagnosis was established in both during life, and in the third asymptomatic brother shortly after birth, by studies of phagocytic function which included tests for nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt activity and bactericidal capacity . Their mother and a maternal aunt, both Maoris with no known Caucasian ancestry, were identified as carriers of the presumed sex-linked recessive gene . The clinical features of the disease and the laboratory methods for diagnosis are described.

Surgery, 1975 Jul, 78(1), 27 - 33
Effect of various corticosteroids upon the phagocytic bactericidal activity of neutrophils; Fuenfer MM et al.; Corticosteroid compounds are used broadly in surgical practice, although mechanisms remain unclarified and efficacy in some situations remains unproved . A recognized adverse effect of steroids in all doses is the potentiation of infection . Specific derivatives of the glucocorticoids appear to have varying degrees of effectiveness in the enhancement of bacterial infection . To evaluate such effects objectively, a series of experiments was undertaken to measure the phagocytic-bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . This study examines the differential effects of clinical dose equivalents of four glucocorticoid derivatives in depressing in vitro neutrophil phagocytic-bactericidal function . Neutrophils separated from normal human plasma were incubated in vitro in the presence of hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, and methylprednisolone sodium succinate . Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate produce variable, short-term inhibitory effects upon the systems within the neutrophil which are responsible for its bactericidal competency . Methylprednisolone sodium succinate appears to be free of these adverse effects . These in vitro experiments indicate that diminished risk of infection should attend the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, although the precise mechanism have not been defined.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 247 - 51
Investigation of the role of Vi antibodies and antibodies of IgA type in the low specific bactericidal activity of the serum in typhoid carriers; Karolcek J et al.; Absorption of sera of typhoid carriers with Vi antigen resulting in the decrease of gamma A antibodies led to a significant increase in the specific bactericidal activity of the serum . On the basis of these findings the authors discuss the origin and the cause of the low values of this activity in sera of typhoid carriers and the possible meaning of this phenomenon in the pathogenesis of typhoid carriership.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1975 Jun, 63(6), 921 - 6
Effectiveness of the nitroblue tetrazolium test in demonstrating reduced bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in schistosomal hepatosplenomegaly and ascites; Bagneid M et al.; The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was carried out on blood from ten normal individuals and 20 schistosomal patients, ten of whom had hepatosplenomegaly and ten hepatosplenomegaly and ascites . The test revealed defective neutrophils in patients who had hepatosplenomegaly accompained by ascites . The phagocytic and bactericidal effects from five of each of the two groups of patients; results substantiated tose obtained by the NBT screening test . The NBT screening test thus proved useful in detecting acquired defective function of neutrophils in a helminthic parasitic disease that is accompanied by frequent bacterial infections.

J Pediatr, 1975 Jun, 86(6), 833 - 43
The immune response in iron-deficient children: Impaired cellular defense mechanisms with altered humoral components; Macdougall LG et al.; Humoral and cellular defense mechanisms were evaluated in 20 children with iron deficiency anemia and in seven with latent iron deficiency . Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, salivary IgA, and total hemolytic complement were within normal range; C'3 concentration was increased . Tests of lymphocyte function showed impaired delayed hypersensitivity skin responses in vivo and decreased in vitro H-3-thymidine incorporation following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and candida antigen . Tests of neutrophil function showed normal nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, decreased bactericidal function, and increased chemotactic activity . These abnormalities could be detected in latent iron deficiency before the development of clinical anemia suggesting that altered immunologic function was an early manifestation of iron deficiency . Normal results were obtained two to three months after iron therapy was begun . The clinical implication of these findings is disucssed in relationship to the reported susceptibility of iron-deficient children to intercurrent infections.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1975 Jun, 23(6), 453 - 9
{Survival in gazeous phase and reconstitution "in vitro" of the natural microenvironment of alveolar macrophages}; Voisin C et al.; Alveolar macrophages of guinea pigs laid on a porous membrane applied to the surface of a reservior filled with nutrient fluid, may be maintained in survival in gaseous phase . The addition of biological material obtained by centrifugation of the broncho-alveolar nutrient fluid, creates in vitro a micro-environment comparable to the physiological alveolar or bronchial environment . Examination of these macrophages under the light and electron microscopes, and study of their phagocytic and bactericidal activity, demonstrate the value of this experimental model, which opens new possibilities for research on the means of phagocytic defence of the respiratory apparatus and their disturbances by gases which pollute the atmosphere.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1975 Jun-Jul, 126C(4), 439 - 51
Bactericidal and haemolytic activity of complement in bovine colostrum and serum: effect of proteolytic enzymes and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA); Brock JH et al.; Bovine colostral whey (CW) possessed heat-labile bactericidal activity against an enteropathogenic serum-susceptible strain of Escherichia coli . Activity was readily destroyed by trypsin or rat pancreatic juice, and less readily by chymotrypsin . Loss of activity due to trypsin, but not by chymotrypsin, could be prevented by addition of excess bovine colostral trypsin inhibitor . A second enteropathogenic strain of E . coli was killed by CW only if exogenous complement was added . This activity was maintained, however, even if the complement was heated 56 degrees C during 15 min . CW possessed only very weak haemolytic activity against sensitised rabbit erythrocytes, but could augment the haemolytic titre of bovine serum and could partially restore haemolytic activity to heat-inactivated bovine serum . These observations indicate that low but significant amounts of complement may occur in bovine colostrum . Sequestration of Ca++ by EGTA abolished all bactericidal and haemolytic activity in CW, and reduced but did not completely abolish these activities in bovine serum or in CW + exogenous complement . The activity of colostral complement therefore appears to be mediated entirely by the classical pathway whereas the alternate pathway may play some part in the bactericidal and haemolytic activities of bovine serum or of CW + exogenous complement.

Jpn J Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 19(2), 105 - 13
The metabolic and phagocytic activities of leukocytes from patients receiving corticosteroid and radiation therapy, and patients with bacterial infections; Okuda K et al.; Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients given corticosteroid or radiation therapy, as well as patients with bacterial or viral infections, were studied with regard to the selected enzyme activities of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) . Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase were assayed spectrophotometrically on mixed leukocyte suspensions in isotonic glycerol . Enzyme activities of G-6PD and NADPH oxidase in patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were significantly lower than the enzyme activity of 6-PGD . In patients with bacterial infections, activities of the three enzymes increased but in patients with viral infections, only the activities of NADPH oxidase and G-6PD were slightly decreased . Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dyereducing activities of neutrophils from patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were attenuated which coincides with the reduced activities of HMS enzymes . From these results, it is likely that the reduced activities of intraleukocytic HMS enzymes of patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy are correlated with intracellular bactericidal activities which might result from the attenuated level of hydrogen peroxide production.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Apr, 83(2), 100 - 2
Influence of therapeutic concentrations of phenylbutazone on granulocyte function; Solberg CO; The influence of therapeutic concentrations of phenylbutazone on human granulocyte function has been examined using a method which facilitates a precise in vitro evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes . Phenylbutazone caused a marked reduction in intracellular killing of bacteria by the granulocytes . Whether this inhibition of granulocyte function also takes place in vivo resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infection, remains unknown.

J Infect Dis, 1975 Apr, 131(4), 443 - 6
The generation of superoxide anion by various types of phagocyte; DeChatelet LR et al.; Polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human peripheral blood, rabbit peritoneal exudates, and guinea pig peritoneal exudates generate measurable quantities of superoxide anion when challenged with opsonized zymosan, but not when challenged with zymosan that has not been opsonized . The generation of superoxide is dependent upon the concentration of cells and closely parallels the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in the phagocytes . In contrast, no superoxide can be detected when rabbit alveolar macrophages (either normal or activated by prior vaccination of the animal with bacille Calmette-Guerin) or rabbit peritoneal macrophages are similarly treated . These data suggest that although superoxide anion may be involved in the bactericidal activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte, it is less likely to play a significant role in the bactericidal activity of the macrophage.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 87(2), 239 - 44
Taxonomic distribution of the antigen eliciting bactericidal antibody for Bordetella pertussis; Dolby JM et al.; Strains of Bordetella pertussis varied in their ability to elicit (in mice) an antibody bactericidal for an antiserum-sensitive strain of B . pertussis, although antibody was usually detectable after only one injection . High titres were produced by a course of seven injections with all strains of B . pertussis tested (six of phase I and three of phase IV) but not with three strains of other Bordetella species nor with two unrelated organisms, a finding of possible taxonomic value . Preliminary investigations have not revealed whether strain vaiations are due to quantitative or qualitative differences in either the bacterial lipopolysaccharide or the carrier protein necessary for antibody production, or whether they may be due to differences in heat lability of 'bactericidal antigen'.

Arch Dis Child, 1975 Mar, 50(3), 220 - 4
Leucocyte function in children with kwashiorkor; Rosen EU et al.; A study of leucocyte response to infection, polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis and bactericidal activity, and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction in children with kwashiorkor was undertaken and compared with a control group . The results show that total leucocyte counts were depressed in children with kwashiorkor, and lymphopenia was not infrequent . NBT reduction was normal . Abnormal polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis and bactericidal activity, though frequently found in children with kwashiorkor, was shown to be dependent on infection and not on protein depletion per se . Therefore, apart from some impairment of leucocyte mobilization in the presence of infection, the qualtiy of polymorphonuclear function, as determined by the above techniques, appears to be normal in kwashiorkor.

J Clin Invest, 1975 Mar, 55(3), 668 - 72
Restoration by purified C3b inactivator of complement-mediated function in vivo in a patient with C3b inactivator deficiency; Ziegler JB et al.; In a patient with lifelong increased susceptibility to infection and multiple abnormalities in complement-mediated functions, the infusion of normal plasma had been seen to produce a prolonged partial correction of serum abnormalities . It was subsequently shown that the patient was genetically deficient in the C3b inactivator and that immunochemical depletion of C3b inactivator from normal serum resulted in abnormalities similar to those found in the patient's serum, including alternative pathway C3 activation . Highly purified C3b inactivator was obtained from the euglobulin fraction of normal human serum, sterilized by filtration, and infused intravenously . Partial or complete correction of almost all the known serum abnormalities was obtained . C3b almost disappeared from the serum within 4-5 h, as did Factor C activity . Native C3, C5, and serum hemolytic activity rose to normal or near-normal levels over 4 days and were sustained for another week . Factor B, properdin, opsonic activity, and bactericidal activity reached a level at least two-five times that found before the infusion within 24 h and fell over the next 5 days . These observations prove the primary role of C3b inactivator deficiency in the patient's disease and demonstrate clearly the curcial role in vivo of C3b inactivator in modulating alternative pathway activity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 Mar, 160(2), 163 - 72
{Comparative investigations on the efficacy of tap water, some detergents and ethanol on the transient flora of the hands (author's transl)}; Mittermayer H et al.; The germ reducing efficacy of tap water, soap, pHisoHex, pHisoDerm and 70% ethanol was compared using the model of hands artificially contaminated with E . coli . Each of ten persons washed 1, 2 or 4 minutes . Reduction factors were calculated from pre- and post-values and were compared for each individual . After one minute the logarithms of the geometric means of the reduction factors amounted to 2,99, 3,23, 3,28, 3,61, 4,25 in the above used sequence (Table 2) . After one minute the reductions came off more slowly and the slopes were linear and parallel as far as the mechanical germ reducing procedures are concerned (Fig . 2) . In contrast, ethanol caused a steeper slope even after one minute wash . The strong reduction achieved by mechanical procedures (even with water for one minute 3 powers of ten were observed) demonstrates the high hygienic importance of hand washings for removal of the transient flora . Detergents like pHisoDerm produce further significantly higher reductions and seem to be more suitable than aggressive disinfectants for application in fields where bactericidal action is not imperative . The proposals for procedures aiming at disinfecting of the transient flora issued by the Austrian Society for Hygiene, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine require a reduction factor of at least 10(5) after two minutes hand wash . The results of this investigation show that this is practicable with ethanol and necessary, otherwise the bactericidal action would not be different from a mechanical removal of the transient flora.

Blut, 1975 Mar, 30(3), 187 - 98
{Nitroblue-tetrazolium test in isolated human monocytes}; Urbanitz D et al.; Depending upon the NBT charge 50 to 80% of isolated non stimulated human monocytes reduce NBT ro morphologically demonstrable Formazan . Similar to neutrophils two different patterns of reaction are exhibited: discrete load with finely distributed Formazan granula surrounding the nucleus; massive reaction with large distributed Formazan granula surrounding the nucleus; massive reaction with large Formazan deposits throughout the cytoplasma . In a low percentage morphologically desintegrated, massive loaden cells appear . After an additional incubation in medium without NBT the number of these necrotic cells increases . The phagocytosis of IgG-coated red cells is impaired after incubation of the monocytes in NBT . In the presence of an alkylating agent not only the NBT-reaction is inhibited; the number of necrotic cells is also diminished . Apparently the Formazan is cytotoxic . The significance of these results in particular in cases of enhanced NBT reduction is discussed . Compared with the findings of other authors concerning the neutrophils the monocytes possess a markedly stronger NBT reducing activity . Considering the lower bactericidal capacity of the monocytes NBT reduction does not in every case parallel bactericidal activity.

Infect Immun, 1975 Mar, 11(3), 417 - 23
Correlation between phagocytic activity and metabolic response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes toward different strains of Escherichia coli; Rottini G et al.; The bactericidal activity, the phagocytic capacity, and the metabolic stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes challenged with different strains of Escherichia coli were studied . It was found that only two strains out of 10 tested stimulated the oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism of leukocytes and were readily killed by the phagocytes . The lack of killing of the other eight strains was shown to be due to absent or poor phagocytosis rather than to resistance to intracellular killing . Evidence was presented that the surface K antigen plays an important role in conferring antiphagocytic properties to some strains of E . coli . It was suggested that K antigen acts by interfering with the early step of the phagocytic process, that is, the attachment step.

Am J Med, 1975 Mar, 58(3), 373 - 81
Clinical experience with transfusion of granulocytes obtained by continuous flow filtration leukopheresis; Schiffer CA et al.; Granulocytes obtained by continuous flow filtration leukopheresis (CFFL) were transfused to 21 patients on 131 occasions . An average of 28.2 times 10-9 granulocytes were administered per transfusion . These cells were more than 90 per cent viable by dye exclusion, ingested latex particles normally and had almost normal bactericidal activity . Migration to skin windows was demonstrated on four of six attempts, but 51-Cr-labeling studies failed to show localization in infected areas on six occasions . Post-transfusion granulocyte count increments averaged 225/mul and were transient . Significant transfusion reactions occurred during 35 transfusions to 13 patients . Reactions occurred in some patients without demonstrable alloimmunization and after six infusions of HL-A identical or compatible cells . Definite clinical improvement was noted in three recipients . Stabilization of infection with patient survival occurred nine times, and progression of infection with death eight times . Granulocytes obtained by CFFL are viable and functional . Their transfusion is not without risk and must still be considered an investigative procedure of suggestive but as yet unproved clinical efficacy.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1975 Mar 1, 166(5), 443 - 7
Canine granulocytopathy syndrome: neutrophil dysfunction in a dog with recurrent infections; Renshaw HW et al.; A male Irish Setter dog had a clinical history of recurrent life-threatening bacterial infections, with associated periods of pyrexia and severe neutrophilia . Examination of a mandibular lymph node biopsy made when the patient was 10 weeks old revealed subacute diffuse suppurative lymphadenitis with reticuloendothelial hyperplasia . Circulating leukocytes isolated from the dog when it was 5 months old had a marked bactericidal defect when compared with cells from clinically normal dogs of the same age . The clinical syndrome in the affected patient resembled that observed in the granulocytopathies described in man and other animals.

Acta Med Scand, 1975 Mar, 197(3), 147 - 51
Neutrophil granulocyte function in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia; Solberg CO et al.; The phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 5 patients with early acute myelomonocytic or myeloblastic leukaemia and 5 controls have been examined . In each patient the bactericidal activity was lower than in any control and the neutrophil dysfunction was demonstrated before leukaemia could be diagnosed from clinical and haematological findings . During periods of remission, the bactericidal activity was normal . Results of neutrophil granulocyte function studies may be a significant aid in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia.

Clin Allergy, 1975 Mar, 5(1), 109 - 14
Methods of destroying house dust pyroglyphid mites; Penaud A et al.; Attempts to reduce the growth of house dust pyroglyphid mites by vacuum cleaning, and modifications of temperature and humidity are useful but not sufficient . Their absence in dust from hospital beds which are disinfected led the authors to test PARAGERM AK, a non toxic bactericidal and fungicidal spray . This proved highly effective as an acaricide, killing off cultures of Dermatophagoides spp . and other mites with acceptable and easily produced concentrations, thus providing a new way of combating the house dust allergy mite.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1975 Feb 22, 105(8), 225 - 35
{Leukocyte transfusion . An overview}; Uberblick E; Today the increased risk of infection in patients with transient severe neutropenia can be reduced effectively by three different approaches:1.gnotobiotic patient isolation with whole body decontamination by non-resorbable antibiotics;2 . treatment of documented or suspected infection with a conbination of bactericidal antibiotics and/or antimycotics; 3 . granulocyte transfusions in the case of life-threatening antibiotic-resistant infections . This third therapeutic approach against severe resistant infection is proving increasingly effective and cannot at present be replaced by different therapeutic measures . The efficiency of granulocyte transfusions depends on: 1 . substitution of at least 1 X 10-10 granulocytes per transfusions; 2 . repeated transfusions of granulocytes within several consecutive days in the event of only partial success; 3 . the transfused granulocytes should not be immediately destroyed in the recipient by preformed antibodies, a factor which makes donor-recipient selection a vital part of the granulocyte replacement program . Severe complications of granulocyte transfusion can be minimized by slow application of the transfused cells . The required number of at least 1 X 10-10 granulocytes for effective transfusion can be collected without significant risk from healthy donors by means of either the "continuous flow centrifuge" (CFC) or the technique of "filtration leukapheresis' (FL) . Filtration leukapheresis offers the advantage of a simple collection procedure and much lower cost, coupled with the same numerical and functional effectiveness of cell collection and therapeutic results . Since after transfusion vital granulocytes accumulate in the marginal neutrophil pool, recording of the "post-transfusion increment" is not an accurate parameter of transfusion effectiveness . There is marked accumulation of transfused granulocytes in areas of infection.

Kardiologiia, 1975 Feb, 15(2), 96 - 104
{Changes of certain immunological indicators in patients in the early periods after operations performed under condition of artificial circulation}; Radzivil GG et al.; In 43 patients with acquired and congenital cardiac defects and in 4 others with ischemic heart disease some indices of immunological reactivity were studied before and after operations performed under extracorporeal circulation . In patients with cardiac defects and ischemic heart disease, in whom circulatory disorders were being observed for a long time and the cellular and humoral factors of the immunological reactivity of the organism were at a low level, a reduced capability of the segmentonuclear neutrophils in the peripheral blood to undergo phagocytos is along with the bactericidal properties of the serum and skin were demonstrable . With the post-operative period not complicated by an infection the normalization of these indices occur in a week's time . A moderately increased phagocytosis or, conversely, the lack of any tendency towards normalization during the 1st post-operative week is an unfavourable sign and, as a rule, is indicative of a developing infection-induced complication.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Feb, 83(1), 37 - 44
Influence of methylprednisolone on complement activity in germfree rats and on antibody activity to Escherichia coli in monocontaminated rats; Baardsen A et al.; By means of radio-isotope technique, the influence of methylprednisolone treatment on opsonic and bactericidal serum activities against E . coli was studied on germfree and monocontaminated rats . Based on the present results it seems unlikely that methylprednisolone impairs the production of complement components . A slight suppression of antibody activity was only found in markedly wasted monocontaminated rats treated with very high doses of methylprednisolone from the day before contamination.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1975 Feb, 19(2), 223 - 35
A case of deficiency of the seventh component of complement in man . Biological properties of a C7-deficient serum and description of a C7-inactivating principle; Wellek B et al.; The serum of a 13-year-old healthy boy was found to be deficient in whole complement activity . The seventh component of complement could not be detected by functional assays whereas the titres of the other components were found within the normal range . An attempt to detect C7 by immunodiffusion against an antiserum to human C7 also failed . The functions of C1-C6 were normal with respect to opsonizing activity, immune adherence, and the ability to generate chemotactic activity . However, those functions that require the whole complement sequence such as bactericidal and haemolytic activity were found to be absent . Furthermore, the occurrence of a C7-inactivating principle was demonstrated in the C7-deficient serum . This principle inactivated C7 both in the fluid phase and in its cell-bound state . Some physicochemical parameters of the inactivator are described and its possible nature is discussed.

Arkh Patol, 1975, 37(9), 16 - 22
{The cytochemistry of phagocytic cells in sensitized animals}; Araviiskii RA; Studies of phagocytic cells of the abdominal cavity in rats in experimental candidosis were carried out . The processes of interaction between phagocytic cells and the pathogene in intact animals and after the vaccination, were analysed . It was established that in parallel with an increase in the functional activity, phagocytes changed morphologically and cytochemically: their nucleo-cytoplasmatic ratio drastically dropped, motility increased, as well as the activity of hydrolytic enzymes . In the sensitized macrophages there appeared activity of alkaline phophotase (in intact macrophages in rats this enzyme was not revealed) . Particular attention was paid to the activation of the hexose-monophosphate cycle regulating phagocytosis, and to accumulation in neutrophiles of bactericidal free aldehydes . Enzymatic characteristics and differences between peritoneal macrophages and neutrophilic leucocytes were shown.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(4), 23 - 8
{Efficacy of aerosol disinfection with lactic acid and its effect on the body of poultry}; Petkov G et al.; Comparative studies were carried out to establish the efficacy of lactic acid as a disinfection means . The following pattern was observed in employing the agent: a 20 per cent conc . of the acid at the rate of 20 cu . cm per cubic meter is dispersed three times as an aerosol (at 8, 12, and 6 oclock) in the course of twenty minutes . It was found that the microbial contamination of the air drops three to four times . More pronounced is the bactericidal effect on the coliforms and moulds . The birds of the group treated with lactic acid gain 30 g more per day up to the end of the fattening period . Dependable is the higher serum level of protein as well as the higher protein content of the liver and heart musculature and of the essential amino acid tryptophane in the blood serum and liver of the test birds . Higher was also the glycogen content of the liver of the test group broilers.

Vopr Pitan, 1975 Jan-Feb, (1), 44 - 6
{Some natural immunity indices in mice against a background of varied fat and carbohydrate correlations in the diet}; Rybakova AM et al.; In mice of the SWR, C3HA, CBA/j and non-inbred lines kept on diets with different combinations of carbohydrates and fats some characteristics of the natural immunity (phagocytic activity of leucocytes, bactericidal and lysozyme activity of the blood serum) were studied . It is shown that the proportions of the fatty and carbohydrate components in the diet is of a definite significance for the defensive forces of the organism.

Can J Ophthalmol, 1975 Jan, 10(1), 98 - 100
Cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine; Gasset AR et al.; We evaluated chlorhexidine, a commonly used ophthalmic preservative for sterilization of soft hydrophilic contact lenses . Light microscopy and flat preparations of the endothelium were used . Our studies indicate that chlorhexidine is safe, even when used in higher concentrations than commercially available or required for bactericidal effect . Except for its mucous binding capacity, limiting its use for hydrophilic contact lenses, it is considered to be one of the best preservatives available for ophthalmic solutions.

J Lab Clin Med, 1975 Jan, 85(1), 26 - 33
Neutrophil dysfunction in diabetes mellitus; Tan JS et al.; The neutrophil bactericidal capacity of 31 patients with diabetes mellitus in a nonketoacidotic state, including 21 without infections and 10 with recurrent infections, were evaluated . The killed intracellular bacteria (KICB) expressed as the percentage of the initial inoculum for 25 normal control subjects was 95.4 (SD equal plus and minus (2.7) and that for the diabetic patients, the KICB was 72.8 (SD=+30.7)with a p value of less than or equal to 0.01 . In 17 out of 31 diabetic atients, the KICB was greater than minus two standard deviations of the control mean . Using the lysostaphin assay technic, 11 patients were shown to phagocytize poorly, 3 had impaired intracellular killing and 3 had a combined defect . These defects were not correctable by normal serum nor related to blood-glucose levels . No apparent correlation with infection could be demonstrated . Fiver of the 10 patients with recurrent infections and 12 out ot of 21 patients without infections has a neutrophil dysfunction . However, all 3 patients with a combined defect had severe bacterial infections.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jan, (1), 25 - 8
{Comparative assessment of the activity of nonspecific humoral factors of natural body resistance in subjects with different blood groups (ABO system)}; Teplova SN; Significant differences were revealed in the content of the complement, beta-lysins and bactericidal activity in persons belonging to different isoantigenic groups in studying 647 donor blood sera . The maximal level of all the three inaices was revealed in of persons belonging to the III group . However, further accumulation of analogous data and their comparison with results of observations of other investigators in various geographical regions is necessary to assess the significance of the results obtained.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1975, 19(3), 271 - 8
Effect of Cs137 on immunological reactivity (review of literature); Shubik VM; An important role of Cs137 as a new ecological factor was shown by analyzing the works of 31 authors . This radioisotope may at present be deceted in the organisms of all the inhabitants of this planet . The migration of Cs137 along the chain lichen-deer-man leads to its accumulation in the organism of human subjects living in the Extreme North and utilizing venison in their diet . Although the high sensitivity of immunological reactions to various unfavourable environmental factors is well known, the materials on the effect of incorporated Cs137 on immunity are scanty, Experiments on animals have shown changes in factors of nonspecific immunity (phagocytic reaction of blood neutrophils, bactericidal activity, lysozyme and complement titres of blood serum) and specific immunity (formation of antiviral antibodies) . The blood of animals injured by the isotope displays complete and incomplete autoantibodies . A dependance between the immunobiological changes and the dose absorbed by the organism was demonstrated . The entry of CS137 into the organism of the inhabitants of the Extreme North who use venison in their diet did not, with the absorbed dose equalling up to 50 Mrem per year, lead to changes in their immunological reactivity.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1975, 22(2), 95 - 104
Effect of some aminoglycosides upon a drug dependent Escherichia coli strain; Gado I et al.; Escherichia coli Sd-4-73 drug dependent strain was sensitive to kanamycin, gentamicin and neomycin in the absence of drugs stimulating cell multiplication . This senstivity was not considerably influenced by streptomycin, while paromomycin afforded protection against both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects . The paromomycin concentration optimum for protection was different from its concentration optimum for multiplication.

Immunology, 1975 Jan, 28(1), 71 - 82
Inhibition of Escherichia coli by bovine colostrum and post-colostral milk . I . Complement-mediated bactericidal activity of antibodies to a serum susceptible strain of E . coli of the serotype O 111; Reiter B et al.; Bovine colostral whey diulted in unheated bovine milk or in Kolmer saline containing 5 per cent pre-colostral calf serum was bactericidal for Escherichia coli NCTC 9703 (serotype O 111) . Whey diluted in saline without pre-colostral calf serum was inactive . Bactericidal activity was abolished by heating at 56 degrees for 30 minutes or by pre-incubating with N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester, indicating that complement present in milk or pre-colostral calf serum was involved in the bactericidal activity . Undiluted colostral whey was inactive even in the presence of up to 20 per cent pre-colostral calf serum, probably due to a prozone effect . Milk heated at 80 degrees for 10 minutes was also shown to have a limited anti-complementary effect . Post-colostral milk from some cows had bactericidal activity, whereas similar milks from other cows were either inactive or active only after addition of pre-colostral calf serum, indicating that antibodies to E . coli or complement or both may or may not be present in the post-colostral milk of different cows . The implications of these findings in relation to the bacterial flora of the intestinal tract of neonates are discussed.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1975 Jan, 23(1), 29 - 33
{Comparative study of some quaternary ammoniums neutralizing agents . Influence of the nature of the bacterial strains used}; Cremieux A et al.; The neutralising capacity of the anti-bacterial activity of a quaternary ammonium salt, depends on the nature of the bacterial strains used . Consequently, the choice of a neutralising agent of the bactericidal activity can only be made following a preliminary study on several bacterial species . Out of five products which we tested, we found the Tween-lecithin fresh egg mixture alone had satisfactory activity.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1975, 19(2), 224 - 9
Study of Pseudomonas haemolysin . III . Properties of antilysin serum; Lochmann O et al.; The protective, therapeutical and bactericidal effects of hyperimmune antilysin serum was studied . The sera anti I II III and II III were found to be most effective . Active immunization also confirmed pronounced immunogenic effects of haemolysins I II III and II III.

Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser, 1975, 11(1), 318 - 21
Hereditary C6 deficiency in man; Frank MM et al.; An 18-year-old black female (D.B.) in good general health was found to have no hemolytic activity in serum CH50 titrations . Functional assays yielded normal values for all C components except C6 . C6 was not detectable in plasma or serum by two different functional assays nor by antigenic analysis using monospecific anti-C6 antibody . Hemolytic activity was restored by addition of functionally pure C6 . By specific functional assay, both parents and 5 of 6 available sibs had approximately half-normal serum C6 levels and 1 sib was normal . Biologic properties of D.B . serum include: a) absent bactericidal activity against S . typhi 0 901 with or without added rabbit antibody; b) normal generation of chemotactic activity for human neutrophils in the presence of endotoxin or aggregated IgG; c) ability to sensitize appropriate cells for immune adherence of agglutination by anti-C3 Coombs serum; and d) inability to lyse PNH red cells in either acid hemolysis or "sugar water" tests . An extensive clotting workup by standard methods was within normal limits . These studies document for the first time a human kindred with C6 deficiency . This defect exhibits a classic mendelian autosomal inheritance, with all 3 genotypes being recognizable . Unlike the C6-deficient rabbits studied by others, the homozygous C6-deficient human exhibits chemotactic and coagulation functions within the range of normal.

Naturwissenschaften, 1975 Jan, 62(1), 22 - 8
{Nature of bacteriocins}; Brandis H; The bacteriocins comprise a large, heterogeneous group of bactericidal substances produced by bacteria from widely differing species . The best known bacteriocins are the colicins . Some aspects of research on colicins are discussed especially their chemical nature and mode of action, and their genetic determinants.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1975, 161(1), 23 - 39
Gentamicin as a bactericidal antibiotic in tissue culture; Fischer AB; The effects of gentamicin on cellular physiology were studied in a total of 9 mammalian cell lines, using the following parameters: cell morphology and viability (cytotoxicity), proliferation, culture medium acidification, lactic acid production, lactate dehydrogenase release, virus susceptibility, and effects on karyotype . With regard to cytotoxicity no gross differences could be found in the sensitivity of the diploid and aneuploid cells investigated, as judged by morphological criteria . However, cells exposed to the antibiotic in the lag-log phase of growth showed damage at lower concentrations (1000 mug/ml) than cells treated in the stationary phase (2000 mug/ml) . As regards the influence of gentamicin on cell growth and metabolsim, dose-response relationship were found proving that the antibiotic causes a depression of proliferation, a striking increase in lactate production, an elevated LDH release, and changes in pH behaviour . All these parameters were unaffected by concentrations up to 125 mug/ml . No gross changes in chromosome morphology and number could be detected in huploid cell line after 10 passages with 50 mug/ml gentamicin in lieu of the usual penicillin plus streptomycin combination . The minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined in cell-free media and in tissue cultures against 4 species of bacteria . The MBC of gentamicin was generally lower as compared with the penicillin plus streptomycin combination . In some instances MBC was higher in the presence than in the absence of ti-sue culture cells . Comparison of the bactericidal efficiency against 31 strains of 7 species of bacteria of gentamicin (50 mug/ml) and penicillin plus streptomycin (100 units plus 100 mug/ml) in cell cultures proved that gentamicin is superior for control of bacterial growth in tissue culture.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(5), 98 - 105
{Possible synergic action of some drug combinations against Mycoplasma gallisepticum}; Shishkov N et al.; Yamamoto and Adler's method (1956), making use of the modified medium of Edward, was employed to determine the minimal concentrations of gentamicin (GMC), erytrhomycin (ERM), oleandomycin (OMC) spectinomycin (SPM), tetracycline (TC), tylosin (TLS), and chloramphenicol (CA), all of them showing bactericidal effects on Mycoplasma gallisepticum-S6, applied alone or in combination . In vitro studies showed that relatively most effective were TLS, GMC, and SPM, when used alone . Combining the antibiotics by two in the most cases led to a pronounced synergic effect . Comparatively most effective were the combinations of TLS+ERM; TLS+TC; CA+TC; CA+OMC; TLS+CA; TLS+OMC; SPM+TC; and SPM+CA . Lowest absolute concentrations of the individual components showed the combinations of TLS+GMC; TLS+TC; TLS+ERM; TLS+CA; TLS+SPM; TLS+OMC; SPM+TC; and SPM+CA.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(5), 37 - 44
{Study of the amniotic fluid of sheep in the normal course of pregnancy and in abortion}; Georgiev S; Cytologic, biochemical and immunoelectrophoretic studies were carried out of amniotic fluids in 100 ewes with normal pregnancy and 40 ewes that had miscarried . Each month of pregnancy a total of 20 and 8 animals of the two groups, respectively were studied . It was found that the biochemical and metabolic processes taking place in the fetus lead to changes in the amniotic fluids altering the pH value, the alkali reserve, the content of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase as well as their bactericidal activity . More characteristic changes linked with pregnancy were observed in the cell composition of the amniotic fluids . With advancing in age the increase in cell count was accompanied (staining with Nile blue sulfate) with a rise of the "orange cell" content . The amniotic fluids of ewes with normal pregnancy were found to contain proteins which precipitated with hyper immune sera against blood serum and kidney, heart, and placenta proteins . In ewes that had miscarried the pH values of the amniotic fluids dropped in the months when abortions took place: 7.36, 7.11, 6.90, 6.80 and 6.90, as against 7.41, 7.36, 7.28, 7.17 and 7.18, respectively . Along with pH the alkali reserve also dropped to 37.9 in the first month and 14.20 in the fifth month . In ewes that had miscarried in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th month these values were 18.90, 14.90, and 13.80 cu . cm, respectively . In cases of abortions the protein composition of the amniotic fluids showed higher levels of the alfa and beta globulins.

Biken J, 1974 Dec, 17(4), 135 - 40
Chemical studies on damages of Escherichea coli by the immune bactericidal reaction . II . Release of phosphatidylethanolamine from a phospholipase A-deficient mutant of E . coli during the immune bactericidal reaction; Inoue K et al.; When an antibody-sensitized, phospholipase A-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli B/SM was treated with complement in the absence of lysozyme, bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was liberated into the lipid fraction of the surrounding medium, but only traces of its degradation products were found in this fraction . Therefore, most of the degradation of bacterial PE to FFA and LPE observed in the usual immune bactericidal reaction (Inoue et al., 1974) must be the result of the action of bacterial phospholipase A which is activated or becomes accessible to its substrate on formation of lesions by complement . The mechanism of complement-mediated formation of membrane lesions is discussed on the basis of these results.

Biken J, 1974 Dec, 17(4), 127 - 34
Chemical studies on damages of Escherichia coli by the immune bactericidal reaction . I . Release and degradation of phospholipids from damaged bacteria; Inoue K et al.; When antibody-sensitized Escherichia coli B is treated with complement in the absence of lysozyme, bacterial phospholipids or fragments containing phospholipid appear in the surrounding medium . Almost at the start of the reaction, a little phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) appears in the lipid fraction extracted from the supernatant of the reaction mixture . Later it does not increase greatly in amount but free fatty acids (FFA) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) appear and increase gradually . Addition of lysozyme to the reaction mixture changes the amounts of FFA and LPE released, but does not increase the numbers of the spots on a thin layer chromatogram of the lipid fraction of the supernatant . The FFA fraction contains no beta-hydroxymyristic acid from lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide complex.

J Pharm Sci, 1971 Aug, 60(8), 1244 - 5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted -phenylcinnamonitriles; Stewart JT; PIP: The synthesis of some new substituted alpha-phenylcinnamonitriles is reported . Biological assay showed no bactericidal or fungicidal activity, no ability to depress the volume of gastric secretions, negative or marginal activity in fertility control, no antiparasitological activity and no agricultural activity .

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