Mutat Res, 1976 Jul, 40(3), 225 - 8 Mutagenicity and purative carcinogenicity tests of several polycyclic aromatic compounds associated with impurities of the insecticide methoxychlor; Grant EL et al.; Several polycyclic hydrocarbons, 3,6-dimethoxy-9,10-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-phenathrene, tetrakis(p-methoxyphenylyethylene and 3,6,11,14-tetramethoxydibenzo(g,p)chrysene, which are associated as impurities in commerical samples of the insecticide methoxychlor, have been tested in the Ames mutagenicity test with strains of Salmonella thyphimurium, TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, and TA 98 . Activation by liver microsomes induced with either phenobarbitol or Aroclor was examined . The only active compound was 3,6,11,14-tetramethoxydibenzo(g,p)chrysene, mutagenic (0.39 revertants/nmol) tostrain TA 98. Infect Immun, 1976 Jul, 14(1), 246 - 56 Adhesive properties of Vibrio cholerae: nature of the interaction with intact mucosal surfaces; Freter R et al.; Two companion papers in this series have characterized the interaction between Vibrio cholerae and the surfaces of eukaryotic cells . The present paper reports studies of the association between vibrios or Salmonella enteritidis and intact slices of intestinal tissue . A significant number of differences were noted in the characteristics of bacterial adhesion in these systems . The results are interpreted to indicate the presence of at least two receptors for vibrio adhesion on the mucosal surface of the rabbit small intestine . The receptor mediating the adhesion of salmonella appeared to be distinct from these . A primary role for bacterial motility in the process of adhesion of vibrios to mucosal surfaces could not be demonstrated in the assay systems studied . Rather, loss of motility in mutant vibrios appeared to be correlated with the simultaneous loss of adhesive factors (adhesins) from the bacterial surface . The inhibition of vibrio adhesion to slices of intestinal tissues by antibody to the heat-stable antigens of V . cholerae occurred in the absence of bacterial agglutination . Agglutination in this assay system appeared to be an artifact in that it could be observed only in experiments where extremely high concentrations of vibrios were used . We speculate that such high vibrio concentrations are not likely to be present in humans at the time of infection and that agglutination in the lumen of the intestine might therefore play only a minor role in prophylactic immunity against natural cholera and other enteric infections of humans. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jul, 127(1), 98 - 108 Lipopolysaccharide-deficient, bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12; Hancock RE et al.; Bacteriophage-resistant mutants isolated and classified in a previous study were examined for alterations in their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition, and properties likely to be affected by alterations in LPS composition were studied . It was found that many of the mutants of the Ktw (K2-resistance), Ttk (T2, T4, or K19 resistance), Bar (bacteriophage), Wrm (wide-range mutants), and miscellaneous resistance groups were altered in their response to a series of antibiotics and to two LPS-specific bacteriophages, C21 and U3 . Furthermore, many of the bacteriophages to which these mutants were resistant adsorbed to LPS preparations . By direct sugar analysis of the mutant LPS preparations, it was shown that the mutants fitted into six distinct classes, which are readily derived from LPS core with a structure resembling that of Salmonella or Escherichia coli O100 . A number of the mutants were shown to map between pyrE and mtl, which has been previously shown to be the site of a cluster of rfa genes in both Salmonella and E . coli . Outer membrane protein composition was studied in the above mutants using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Some strains were shown to have alterations in the amount of major proteins . The nature of the bacteriophage receptors involved and the alterations leading to resistance are discussed. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1976 Jul-Sep, 21(3), 149 - 53 {Circulating Salmonella serotypes isolated in the territory served by the Sanitary-antiepidemic Center of Covasna County}; Szilagyi M et al.; During the 1967-1973 period, the authors followed up the circulation of various Salmonella serotypes and found new serotypes linked to the particular epidemiologic aspects recorded within a small district, without highly populated centers . The results showed a steady increase in the strains isolated during the last 3--4 years . Among the total 2103 strains isolated, S . panama, S . typhimurium and S . bredeney were predominant . The number of serotypes isolated varied between 10 (1968--1969) and 16 (1972) . Salmonella strains were incriminated in the etiology of a fairly high proportion of the acute digestive disorders. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Jun 15, 101(12), 669 - 73 {Investigation of the incidence of Salmonella in the Faeces, mesenteric lymph glands, and intestinal wall (Peyer's patches) of normal pig carcases (author's transl)}; Narucka U et al.; The faeces, mesenteric lymph glands, and intestinal wall (Peyer's patches) of two hundred clinically normal pig carcases were examined . Of these, 115 (57.5%) were found to infected with Salmonella in the following combinations: lymph glands only, 6; intestines only, 14; faeces only, 13; lymph glands + intestines, 7; lymph glands + faeces, 11; intestines + faeces, 20; lymph glands + intestines + faeces, 44 . The supposition that Salmonella can be detected in the lymphoid tissue of the intestine (Peyer's patches) far more frequently than in the faeces was not confirmed . The presumably still rising number of clinically healthy butcher's pig which are actually infected with Salmonella is pointed out. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1976 Jun, 43(2), 31 - 7 Immunization of mice and calves against Salmonella dublin with attenuated live and inactivated vaccines; Cameron CM et al.; Previous findings, viz . that mice can be successfully immunized against infection with Salmonella dublin with either live or inactivated vaccine, were confirmed . Immunity lasted for at least 12 weeks in mice which had been immunized with inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine . The immunogenicity of inactivated vaccine gradually decreased on storage at 4 degrees C, but this was only detectable if a single injection was used for immunization: 2 injections virtually eliminated this phenomenon . The immunogenicity of live vaccine in mice was not enhanced by levamizole or the simultaneous injection of inactivated organisms . Both live and inactivated vaccines provided immunity in calves . A single injection of lyophilized vaccine, prepared from live rough Salmonella dublin strain (HB 1/17),protected 3 out of 6 calves, while 2 injections of a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipated vaccine, containing 1% packed cells of S . dublin strain 2652 V, protected 5 out of 6 calves against intraduodenal challenge with 2 x 10(9), S . dublin strain 2652 V . Two calves which had been immunized with an inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine were also solidly immune to this challenge . Serum antibody response in calves was poor when measured by the tube agglutination and the haemagglutination tests . Similarly, the sera had only marginal protective values when tested by means of a passive protection test in mice . Antibody titres alone are not a valid measure therefore, for the immune status of immunized animals. Eur J Immunol, 1976 Jun, 6(6), 385 - 9 Inheritance of antibody specificity: the IgM anti-lipopolysaccharide response in mice; Di Pauli R; Mice of different genotypes were immunized with Salmonella anatum . The cross-reactivity patterns of their IgM anti-S . anatum lipopolysaccharide (LPSAN) antibodies were characterized by their relative avidity toward heterologous LPS . When the LPS from S.cholera suis (LPSCHS) was used as the heterologous LPS, clear differences between mouse strains were found . DBA/2 and DBA/1 showed cross-reacting IgM, whereas C57BL/10, C57BL/6 BABL/c-Igb and B10 . D2 had mainly noncross-reacting IgM . In C3H and C57BL/6-Iga, individual mice express either the cross-reacting or the noncross-reacting antibodies . The IgM antibodies from individual mice were further characterized for their cross-reactivity toward the LPS from S . strasbourg (LPSSTR) and S illinois (LPSILL) . Only individual patterns with no correlation to the cross-reactivity pattern with LPSCHS were found.This shows that more than one antibody type is characterized by cross-reactivity.(B10.D2 X DBA/1)F1 mice showed a biphasic distribution of cross-reactivity . Of the F1 X DBA backcross mice 21% had IgM antibodies which showed no cross-reaction with LPSCHS . This still is in agreement with one locus controlling this phenotype . This locus segregates independently from Ig allotype since no correlation was found between allotype and cross-reactivity pattern in F1 X DBA backcross mice. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1976 Jun-Jul, 127(3-4), 375 - 95 Idiotypic specificities of rabbit anti-Salmonella abortus-equi antibodies produced by spleen cell clones involved in successive transfers in irradiated rabbits; Bordenave GR; Rabbits irradiated with 750 rad were reconstituted with different amounts of spleen cells from the same donor previously immunized against Salmonella abortus-equi (S . a . e.) . Two limited numbers of spleen cell clones producing anti-S . a . e . antibodies were respectively expressed in two recipients of the smallest amount (5 x 10(6)) of donor spleen cells . We tried to propagate these spleen cell clones in two new sets of irradiated recipients . We prepared antiidiotypic sera with the anti-S . a . e . serum of respectively (1) the initial donor of the cells, (2) the two intermediate recipients in which a restricted number of spleen cell clones were expressed and (3) one rabbit from each of the second two sets of recipients in which it seemed, as judged by the anti-S . a . e . antibody spectrotypes, we succeeded in propagating these spleen cell clones . With these antiidiotypic sera, we looked for the spleen cell donor idiotypes in the anti-S . a . e . serum of the diverse recipients and vice versa . Recipients of 1 x 10(8) or 2.5 x 10(7) spleen cells produced anti-S . a . e . antibodies with a spectrotype as heterogeneous as the spectrotype of antibodies produced by the donor . These antibodies carried the idiotypic pattern of the donor's antibodies, which was revealed by a given antiidiotypic serum, and the donor's allotypic patterns . The two recipients of 5 x 10(6) spleen cells which were used as intermediate spleen cell donors for the two new sets of irradiated rabbits produced antibodies of restricted heterogeneity which carried donor's allotypic patterns but not the idiotypic pattern of the donor's antibodies (revealed by a given antiidiotypic serum) . We observed during these two successive spleen cell clone transfers the expression, in the irradiated recipients, of several idiotypes of anti-S . a . e . antibodies which were not detected in the anti-S . a . e . serum of the spleen cell donor and sometimes even not in the anti-S . a . e . serum of the intermediate donor . The antibodies we studied were produced by the donor's spleen cells as they carried donor allotypic patterns and came from bleedings made one week after transfer, a time which is not sufficient for irradiated rabbits used as controls to recover their aptitude to mount an antibody response after the damages caused by the irradiation . Presumably, spleen cell clones which did not produce antibodies in the donor were recruited to produce antibodies during the successive transfers . These spleen cell clones might have been kept silent in the donor by the clonal dominance phenomenon, this dominance being broken or totally changed during the transfers. Infect Immun, 1976 Jun, 13(6), 1647 - 53 T2 lipopolysaccharide antigen of Salmonella: genetic determination of T2 and properties of the T2, T2,S, and T2,SR Forms; Valtonen VV et al.; The T2 antigenic form of Salmonella bareilly was examined . The absence of O specificity in this strain was shown to be due to its nonfunctional rfb genes; when the rfb gene cluster was replaced by the rfb cluster derived from smooth donor strains, T2,S and T2,SR recombinants were produced that expressed both T2 and either 0-6,7 or 0-4,12 specificity, depending on O antigen of the donor strain . The T2, T2,S, and T2,SR forms were all unstable on culture and segregated T2-negative forms (R, S, and SR, respectively) at a high rate . In all these respects the T2 antigen closely resembled the other T-form antigen, T1 . The genes responsible for the T2 antigen, rfu, were not close to rfb, but their precise location and relation to rft (which determines T1 antigen) could not be discovered because of the instability to the T2 form and low recombination frequency in the necessary interspecies crosses. Infect Immun, 1976 Jun, 13(6), 1531 - 8 Ribonucleic acid synthesis in normal and immune macrophages after antigenic stimulus; Soderberg LS et al.; Macrophage ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis is an important metabolic process intimately related to the function of these cells . Mouse peritoneal macrophage RNA was extracted with phenol in the presence of bentonite and electrophoresed on composite agarose-polyacrylamide gels . The pulse-chase technique was used to follow the precursor relationships in macrophage ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation . The rRNA species at 18S and 28S appeared at 15 and 45 min, respectively, after RNA synthesis was halted . Their appearance corresponded closely to decreases in the rRNA precursors at 45S, 36S, and 34S . Studies of RNA methylation aided in confirming the identity of these ribosomal species . Unmethylated RNA species appeared as messenger RNA between 5S and 15S, and at about 55S probably represented heterodisperse nuclear RNA . When normal macrophages were incubated with heat-killed Salmonella enteritidis, an acceleration in the maturation of RNA was observed . The accelerated maturation was indicated by the earlier appearance of 28S rRNA and the more rapid development of an equilibrium state, where further labeling did not change the RNA profile . In macrophage RNA from mice immunized with S . enteritidis, rRNA species appeared rapidly but did not accumulate to the same extent as observed for normal macrophages . Precursor rRNA and other RNA species developed as usual, suggesting specific degradation of mature rRNA . Such rRNA wastage could indicate a mechanism controlling ribosome assembly in the non-proliferating activated macrophage . The pattern of RNA synthesis in immune macrophages was essentially unchanged by the presence of heat-killed S . enteritidis in vitro. Jpn J Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 20(3), 173 - 81 Adjuvant action of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on antibody response . V . Further biological properties of the active substance; Kato N et al.; The neutral fraction (neutral CPS-K) of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS-K) from type 1, Kasuya strain, has already been reported as the active substance responsible for the strong adjuvant effect of CPS-K . The present results demonstrate that neutral CPS-K exhibits further common biological activities with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Salmonella enteritidis . The intensity of the lethality in mice of neutral CPS-K by the intraperitoneal route is very similar to that of LPS . Its lethality for mice by the intravenous (i.v.) route is significantly stronger than that of LPS, because the degree of increase in the sensitivity to their lethality by i.v . challenge is smaller for LPS than for neutral CPS-K . The intensity of the pyrogenicity of neutral CPS-K in rabbits is approximately one-tenth of that of LPS as judged by the minimal pyrogenic doses and fever indices . The skin-preparatory potency of neutral CPS-K for the dermal Shwartzman phenomenon in rabbits is also approximately one-tenth of that of LPS compared on the basis of the minimal skin-preparatory doses . When injected i.v., neutral CPS-K exhibits a provocative effect on hemorrhagic reactions in skin sites prepared with neutral CPS-K or LPS. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jun, (6), 73 - 8 {Utilization of the swarming phenomenon for the purpose of isolating pure cultures of salmonellae from feces . II}; Litinskii IuI et al.; A comparative study of the efficacy of two methods of isolation of salmonella from feces was conducted; it was shown that the method based on the capacity of these bacteria to swarming on special elective media was more sensitive than the conventional one . The swarming method proved to be less time consuming and less expensive, because two stages of conventional examination--i.e . enrichment of material and isolation of salmonellae--coincided in time and were carried out on the same media. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 89 - 91 Immunity to Salmonella infections; Cameron CM; The results of current investigations regarding the mechanisms of immunity to Salmonella infections and the use of vaccines are presented . Since chemical suppression of the humoral immune response in chickens does not jeopardise immunization with a live vaccine and immunized guinea-pigs exhibit distinct inhibition of macrophage migration, it is concluded that cellular immunity is a prominent factor in protection . Data is presented to show that the mice and calves can be equally well immunized with either live or inactivated S . typhimurium and S . dublin vaccines and the practical advantages of inactivated vaccines are discussed. Mutat Res, 1976 Jun, 35(3), 415 - 22 Effects of cytochrome p-448 and p-450 inducers on microsomal dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity and the capacity of isolated microsomes to activate dimethylnitrosamine to a mutagen; Guttenplan JB et al.; The relationship between microsomal dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) demethylase activity and the capacity of isolated hepatic microsomes to activate DMN to a mutagen was examined using microsomes from C57 and DBA/2 mice which had been exposed to three different types of microsomal enzyme inducers: phenobarbital, which induces cytochrome P-450, 3-methylcholanthrene, which induces cytochrome P-448, and the polychlorinated biphenyl, Aroclor 1254 which appears to induce both types of cytochromes . DNM induced mutagenesis was assayed by a Salmonella auxotroph reversion test . With the C57 mice all three inducers increased both the activity of microsomal DMN demethylase and the capacity of the microsomes to activate DMN mutagenicity . In each case, however, the increase in mutagenicity was disproportionately greater than the increase in DMN demethylase activity . This was particularly evident with microsomes prepared from Aroclor induced mice . Microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene treated DBA/2 mice were not induced for DMN demethylase or the activation of DMN mutagenicity . In addition the capacity of Aroclor to function as an inducer was relatively poor in this strain . Both DMN demethylation and mutagenesis were inhibited by the addition of either SKF 525-A or benzo (a)pyrene to the reaction mixtures . Thus microsomal activation of DMN to a mutagen and DMN demethylase appear to involve both cytochromes P-450 and P-448. J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Jun, 76(3), 337 - 9 Isolation of salmonellas and Shigella sonnei from a laboratory bench; Price TH; An area of the laboratory bench on which slide agglutinations were performed in the diagnosis of salmonella and shigella infection was examined for these organisms . Impression plates and broth-moistened swabs were used for sampling . Both techniques gave satisfactory results, but the contact plates provided positive results a day earlier than the swabs . Suitable precautions to minimize contamination of the bench surface are discussed. Z Kardiol, 1976 Jun, 65(6), 567 - 74 {Changes of electrocardiography in salmonelloses and shigelloses}; Maretic Z et al.; In the period 1964-1973 there was done routing-like Ecg in 89 patients with typhoid with 24,7% pathologic findings, in 233 cases of paratyphus (13,3% Ecg abnormalities), in 91 patients with other forms of salmonellosis, mainly salmonella-enteritis (8,7% Ecg changes), and in 367 cases of dysentery from whom 12,5% had pathologic electrocardiograms . In all these patients the main changes represented low till negative T-waves in standard and precordial leads, sometimes combined with depressed ST-segment . In dysentery the loss of water and electrolytes played an important role in the genesis of Ecg changes, also for the prolongation of QT-interval in 2 cases . In 4 cases high and spiked P2 and P3 were present . The so much mentioned bradycardia was not much marked in out patients with typhoid, but a sinus bradycardia of 36/min was found in convalescence of a case of salmonella-enteritis where a salmonella from the group B was isolated from stool. Jpn J Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 20(3), 163 - 72 Effect of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on host resistance to bacterial infections . I . Induction of increased susceptibility to infections in mice; Kato N et al.; When Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS-K) from type 1, Kasuya strain, was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) immediately before i.p . bacterial challenge, the survival time of mice infected with Salmonella enteritidis NUB 1 (virulent strain) was shortened and the mortality rate for mice infected with S . enteritidis NUB 31 (avirulent strain) was enhanced . The promotion of infection with S . enteritidis NUB 1 by CPS-K depended upon its dose, the effect of CPS-K being demonstrable up to as little as 0.2 mug per mouse . In the case of S . enteritidis NUB 31, the effect of CPS-K was detectable only when more than 20 mug per mouse was injected . As a result of enumeration of bacterial populations in the peritoneal washing, blood, liver and spleen, it was revealed that CPS-K promoted in vivo growth of S . enteritidis NUB 1 and NUB 31 . In addition, CPS-K enhanced the mortality rate in mice infected with Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus pneumoniae . The peak CPS-K effect on infection with S . enteritidis NUB 1 was seen when given immediately before bacterial challenge . The active substance responsible for the infection-promoting effect of CPS-K was neutral CPS-K, which is distinct from the O antigen and from acidic CPS-K (the type-specific capsular antigen) . Preparations of neutral CPS-K isolated from the other three strains of K . pneumoniae exhibited a marked infection-promoting effect comparable with that of preparations from the Kasuya strain . Neutral CPS-K, with identical antigenicity to that from the Kasuya strain, has already been found to exert a strong adjuvant effect on antibody responses to various antigens in mice . No parallelism exists between infection-promoting activity and adjuvant activity of neutral CPS-K. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 May 15, 101(10), 529 - 36 {Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a certain area ("Walcheren project") . II . Presence of salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes and rectal contents of normal pigs slaughtered in Walcheren (author's transl}; Edel W et al.; During a period of twelve months, all pigs slaughtered on the former Isle of Walcheren were examined for the presence of Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes and rectal contents . Salmonella was detected in 22.3% of 7,756 animals studied . Fifty different serotypes were isolated, two of these (S . menhaden and S . mikawasima) being isolated for the first time in the Netherlands . Data on the farms was collected, a differentiation being made between the type of farm (breeding, breeding and fattening, and fattening farms), the type of feed (pellets, pellets plus meal and meal) and the number of fattening pigs on each farm . The results show that there is a slight difference in the proportion of pigs responding positively to pellet rather than meal feeding, viz . 20.9% against 23.7% . A striking feature consists in the fact that this difference is much larger in favour of pellet feeding on the smaller farms (up to one hundred fattening pigs), viz . 12.9% against 21.0% . Another finding was that the average number of serotypes isolated on farms on which pellets were fed was smaller than that on farms on which meal was fed. JAMA, 1976 May 10, 235(19), 2114 - 6 Orphan airlift . Enteric pathogens isolated from Vietnamese children immigrating to the United States; Goldsmith R et al.; Isolation studies for bacterial and parasitic agents were carried out on stool specimens from Vietnamese infants at the time of their mass airlift to the United States . One or more bacterial pathogens were found in 49% of the 367 stool specimens cultured . The isolates included enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (161), Shigella (16), Salmonella (15), but no Salmonella typhi or Vibrio cholerae . Parasites identified in 88 stool specimens included Giardia lamblia (10), Ascaris lumbricoides (7), and Entamoeba histolytica (1) . Transmission of agents to volunteers probably occurred, because 48% of 272 adults questioned had diarrhea shortly after caring for the children, and stool cultures from these adults resulted in the isolation of E coli (105), Salmonella (1), and Shigella (3). Biophys J, 1976 May, 16(5), 535 - 40 Application of splines to the calculation of bacterial swimming speed distributions; Stock GB; A new method of extracting information about bacterial speeds from photon correlation spectroscopy is presented . This method has the advantage that an estimation of the translational speed distribution is directly varied so as to achieve a best least-squares fit to the experimental autocorrelation function . The theory of spline approximations to continuous functions is briefly outlined . The importance of the previously disregarded diffusional component of bacterial motion is discussed . Experimental data from Salmonella at a low scattering angle is analyzed by this method of spline approximation and the distribution of translational speeds is obtained. Am Surg, 1976 May, 42(5), 350 - 1 Wound dehiscence after cholecystectomy and salmonella infection; Saik RP; A case of a wound dehiscence following a Salmonella wound infection is reported . Cholecystectomy for the typhoid carrier state is not an uncommon operation and carries the risk of Salmonella wound infection in about 7 per cent of the cases . Wound dehiscence with this type of infection has not previously been reported. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 May, 234(4), 502 - 12 Salmonella typhi strain with transmissible multiple resistance; Rusu V et al.; A case of typhoid fever caused by multiple drug resistant S typhi by R factor was clinically and bacteriologically studied . The clinical course was weakly influenced by successive chloramphenicol (21 days) and ampicillin (7 days) therapy; recovery occured after 62 days of disease including 2 relapses) as a result of the combined effect of immunization by disease and septrin administration (9 days) . Two strains of S . typhi were isolated, one of them from blood culture before treatment, being Vi A degraded, sensitive to antibiotics A, C, T (strain 221) and the other from stool culture, after 4 days chloramphenicol treatment, being untypable with adapted Vi II phages, resistant to A, S, C, T (strain 552) . Resistance markers were transferred within 4 conjugation systems, from strain 552 - as donor - to E . coli K12, to S . typhi A and to S . typhi 221 - as recipient-, the resistance level found was equal to that of the donor for all the determinants . The fi- character of the resistance factor was established and its possible restrictive effect in explaining the presence of two lytic patterns was discussed . The importance of the occurence of multiple drug-resistant S . typhi in certain areas, as well as chemical and epidemiological consequences, is emphasized. Brain Res Bull, 1976 May-Jun, 1(3), 301 - 27 Hypothalamic Na+ and Ca++ ions and temperature set-point: new mechanisms of action of a central or peripheral thermal challenge and intrahypothalamic 5-HT, NE, PGEi and pyrogen; Myers RD et al.; The effects of changes in ambient and central temperature, amines, PGEu and pyrogen were investigated with respect to the mechanism of Na+-Ca++ ratio in the posterior hypothalamus of the unrestrained cat . Guide tubes were implanted bilaterally above the posterior hypothalamic area of 23 cats so as to accommodate push-pull cannulae . After a Na+ or Ca++ sensitive site was identified by perfusion at 50 mul/min of an artificial CSF containing 10.4 mM excess Ca++ ions or 13.6 mM excess Na+ ions, several types of experiments were undertaken with the results summarized as follows: if the cat was exposed to a cold or warm environmental temperature as the posterior hypothalamus was perfused with excess cation, the typical hypothermia was produced by Ca++ and hyperthermia by Na+ ions . However, if the cat was exposed to peripheral cooling or warming 30 min prior to the perfusion, the fall or rise produced by Ca++ or Na+ was attenuated or prevented . In other experiments, 1.0 muCi 45Ca++ was injected in the ion sensitive site in the posterior hypothalamus to label stores of the cation . Raising of ambient temperature caused a retention of 45Ca++ in this hypothalmic area, whereas a cold environmental temperature enhanced the efflux of 45Ca++ at the same perfusion site . The magnitude of change in 45Ca++ efflux depended upon the intensity of the thermal challenge . Similarly, warming of the anterior hypothalmic, preoptic area by means of implanted thermodes caused an immediate diminution in 45Ca++ efflux in the posterior hypothalamus, whereas cooling of this anterior region augmented the extrusion of 45Ca++ ions from the posterior area . When substances which produce a temperature change were applied to the same thermosensitive zone, the direction of shift in 45Ca++ flux in the posterior area corresponded to the signal for heat production or heat loss . That is, the microinjection of 5-HT, PGE1 or Salmonella typhosa into the anterior hypothalamus enhanced the efflux of 45Ca++ in the posterior hypothalamus as hyperthermia developed, whereas a similar microinjection of norepinephrine reduced the 45Ca++ output from the same sites . Finally, locally anesthetizing the cells of the anterior hypothalamus by the nerve blocker, procaine, prevented the cold and heat-induced 45Ca++ eflux and retention, respectively . These results suggest that if the Na+-Ca++ ratio in the posterior hypothalamus establishes and maintains the set-point for body temperature of 37 degrees -38 degrees C, the mechanism of lability of Ca++ through changes in binding characteristics, transport, or metabolism of the cation serves two purposes: (1) the active defense of the set-point temperature through gradations in ion shifts; and (2) the upward or downward change in set-point value, pathological or normal, triggered by virtue of impulses relayed from the anterior hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull, 1976 May-Jun, 1(3), 301 - 27 Hypothalamic Na+ and Ca++ ions and temperature set-point: new mechanisms of action of a central or peripheral thermal challenge and intrahypothalamic 5-HT, NE, PGEi and pyrogen; Myers RD et al.; The effects of changes in ambient and central temperature, amines, PGEu and pyrogen were investigated with respect to the mechanism of Na+-Ca++ ratio in the posterior hypothalamus of the unrestrained cat . Guide tubes were implanted bilaterally above the posterior hypothalamic area of 23 cats so as to accommodate push-pull cannulae . After a Na+ or Ca++ sensitive site was identified by perfusion at 50 mul/min of an artificial CSF containing 10.4 mM excess Ca++ ions or 13.6 mM excess Na+ ions, several types of experiments were undertaken with the results summarized as follows: if the cat was exposed to a cold or warm environmental temperature as the posterior hypothalamus was perfused with excess cation, the typical hypothermia was produced by Ca++ and hyperthermia by Na+ ions . However, if the cat was exposed to peripheral cooling or warming 30 min prior to the perfusion, the fall or rise produced by Ca++ or Na+ was attenuated or prevented . In other experiments, 1.0 muCi 45Ca++ was injected in the ion sensitive site in the posterior hypothalamus to label stores of the cation . Raising of ambient temperature caused a retention of 45Ca++ in this hypothalmic area, whereas a cold environmental temperature enhanced the efflux of 45Ca++ at the same perfusion site . The magnitude of change in 45Ca++ efflux depended upon the intensity of the thermal challenge . Similarly, warming of the anterior hypothalmic, preoptic area by means of implanted thermodes caused an immediate diminution in 45Ca++ efflux in the posterior hypothalamus, whereas cooling of this anterior region augmented the extrusion of 45Ca++ ions from the posterior area . When substances which produce a temperature change were applied to the same thermosensitive zone, the direction of shift in 45Ca++ flux in the posterior area corresponded to the signal for heat production or heat loss . That is, the microinjection of 5-HT, PGE1 or Salmonella typhosa into the anterior hypothalamus enhanced the efflux of 45Ca++ in the posterior hypothalamus as hyperthermia developed, whereas a similar microinjection of norepinephrine reduced the 45Ca++ output from the same sites . Finally, locally anesthetizing the cells of the anterior hypothalamus by the nerve blocker, procaine, prevented the cold and heat-induced 45Ca++ eflux and retention, respectively . These results suggest that if the Na+-Ca++ ratio in the posterior hypothalamus establishes and maintains the set-point for body temperature of 37 degrees -38 degrees C, the mechanism of lability of Ca++ through changes in binding characteristics, transport, or metabolism of the cation serves two purposes: (1) the active defense of the set-point temperature through gradations in ion shifts; and (2) the upward or downward change in set-point value, pathological or normal, triggered by virtue of impulses relayed from the anterior hypothalamus. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1976 May, 25(3), 449 - 55 Panamanian forest mammals as carriers of Salmonella; Kourany M et al.; Enteric bacteria pathogenic to man were sought in a total of 974 forest mammals collected from a variety of sites in rural and jungle areas of Panama . The highest incidence of infection among the mammals was observed during the Panamanian dry season, which normally extends from January through April . A minimum of 10 Salmonella serotypes including, three of the Arizona group and Ewardsiella tarda, was isolated . Opossums of the genera Philander, 11 of 54 (20.1%), and Didelphis, 12 of 102 (11.8%) demonstrated high infection rates . One sloth of the genus Choloepus and specimens of two genera of rodents also were infected to varying degrees: 1(11.1%) of 9 Choloepus, 8 (1.1%) of 704 Proechimys and 1 (16.7%) of 6 Diplomys. Poult Sci, 1976 May, 55(3), 957 - 60 Dissemination of Salmonella serotypes from raw feed ingredients to chicken carcases; MacKenzie MA et al.; During a Salmonella survey in a large integrated poultry organization it was observed that a significant correlation existed between Salmonella serotypes isolated from the raw feed ingredients and those from finished carcases . A number of serotypes hitherto unrecognized in the organization were detected in the raw feed ingredients, and were later recognized in live birds and carcases from the processing plant . It appears that a significant reduction in carcase contamination rate could be achieved by minimizing Salmonella in the meal and grain constituents of poultry feed. Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 May, 29(5), 580 - 4 {Bacteriological studies on doxycycline (Bonnamycin 'Cipan') (author's transl)}; Miyamura S et al.; Bonnamycin which is a new tetracycline group antibiotic isolated from a variant strain of Streptomyces rimosus and is identified chemically as doxycycline was investigated, comparing with tetracycline . The results are as follows: (1) In in vitro studies of anti-bacterial spectrum, doxycycline is widely effective against standard strains kept in our department . (2) The distribution of susceptibility of 75 Staphylococci, 62 Salmonella and 64 Shigella strains isolated from clinical materials was similar to that of tetracycline . (3) As to the therapeutic experiment in acute infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice, the drugs were equally effective and the ED50 was both 70.8 mcg . (4) Doxycycline administrated orally or subcutaneously in rats was distributed in kidneys, livers, lungs and spleens at relatively high concentration among organs. Aust Vet J, 1976 May, 52(5), 220 - 3 The effect of dazomet on salmonellas on artificially contaminated eggs; Peel B et al.; Salmonellas were isolated from the surface of only 1 of 21 artificially contaminated eggs after they had been treated with dazomet . By comparison salmonellas were isolated from the surface of 13 of the 21 untreated eggs . Penetration by the salmonellas through the shells to the shell membranes resulted from the immersion of warm eggs in a cold suspension of salmonella cells . While the dazomet treatment reduced the incidence of salmonellas within the shells and shell membranes, elimination of salmonellas from all eggs was not achieved . However, the numbers of surviving salmonellas on the eggs were small; a count of 4 per shell being recorded compared to greater than 110,000 per shell of the untreated eggs . The failure to achieve complete elimination of salmonellas within the shell and membranes appeared to be due to inadequate penetration of the fumigant to these structures. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 May, 94(1), 107 - 16 Relationship of structure to function in bacterial endotoxins: serologically cross-reactive components and their effect on protection of mice against some gram-negative infections; Ng AK et al.; Rabbit antisera were prepared against the heptoseless Re mutants, Salmonella minnesota R595 and S . typhimurium SLI102, as well as against purified R595 glycolipid coated on autologous erythrocytes . The antisera cross-reacted with the endotoxic glycolipids extracted from Re mutants of various bacterial strains, including S . minnesota R595, S . typhimurium SLI102, Escherichia coli D3Im4, E . coli D2If2 and E . coli F515, as shown by passive haemagglutination and gel diffusion tests . The anti-Re sera also cross-reacted with the RESI preparations (a purified 'lipid A' fraction) from the endotoxic lipopolysaccharides of various heterologous smooth Gram-negative bacteria including Serratia marcescens . Psuedomonas fluorescens and E . coli 0127 . However, the same antisera failed to protect mice against infection by Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae type II, S . typhi 0901, P . aeruginosa 119 and E . coli . The results suggest that although the lipid moieties of the lipopolysaccharides in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria share cross-reactive immunodeterminant groups, these groups may not be accessible to antibody against them. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 661 - 3 Salmonella in horses: a source of contamination of horsemeat in a packing plant under federal inspection; Anderson GD et al.; Cecal samples from 270 slaughter horses revealed that 41 samples (15.1%) contained Salmonella . Of 233 horsemeat samples tested, Salmonella was isolated from 62 samples, or 26.6% . Only 2 of 158 human stool specimens from the plant workers revealed Salmonella . Predominant serotypes isolated from the horsemeat were Salmonella enteritidis Good and Anatum, whereas the serotypes Agona and Derby predominated the horse cecal isolates . Preliminary data indicate that the high percentage of meat contamination is surface contamination due to poor slaughtering technique. J Immunol, 1976 May, 116(5), 1220 - 3 Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the induction of tolerance to polymerized flagellin; Scott DW et al.; The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the induction of tolerance to the T-independent polymerized flagellar protein (POL) of Salmonella adelaide strain SW1338 was studied in vitro . In contrast to published results with T-dependent antigens, LPS failed to prevent or reverse tolerance induction to POL under conditions in which tolerance was reversible by other means . Moreover, the addition of high doses of LPS to slightly supra-immunogenic concentrations of POL augmented-tolerance induction . These results suggest that the mitogenic properties of LPS are insufficient to convert a tolerogenic dose of POL into an immunogenic one and, therefore, that LPS may act only on T-dependent B cell responses . Since both POL (1338) and LPS are T-independent, mitogenic and so-called "polyclonal B cell activators," these data have implications for signal discrimination in the immune response. Infect Immun, 1976 May, 13(5), 1517 - 8 Salmonellosis in mice: immunization experiments with salmonella-escherichia coli hybrids; Kiefer W et al.; Mice vaccinated with Escherichia coli hybrids experesing Salmonella O antigens were protected against lethal challenge doses of Salmonella strains . Counts of challenge bacteria in mouse organs revealed that a live hybrid vaccine was slightly more efficient than an acetone-killed vaccine. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 May, 3(5), 486 - 95 Laboratory investigation of diarrhea in travelers to Mexico: evaluation of methods for detecting enterotoxigenic Echerichia coli; Morris GK et al.; A laboratory investigation was conducted on cultures collected from travelers before, during, and after a trip to Mexico to characterize the etiology of traveler's diarrhea . Four laboratory methods for detecting enterotoxigenicity of Escherichia coli were evaluated: the infant mouse assay, the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay, the Y1 adrenal cell assay, and the rabbit ileal loop . Although a number of common enteric pathogens were identified as a cause of traveler's diarrhea, including six serotypes of Salmonella, two serotypes of Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was most commonly isolated . Strains were identified that produced only heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), only heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), or both LT and ST . The infant mouse assay yielded results falling into two distinct groups, providing a clear separation of positive and negative cultures . The CHO assay also formed two groups, with positive cultures producing 11% or more of the elongated cells . There was good agreement between the CHO and the Y1 adrenal cell assays for detection of LT . The adrenal cell system for detection of LT was more suitable than the CHO assay for processing large numbers of specimens because of the miniculture modification of this method utilized in this study . The infant mouse method was a simple and reliable method for detecting ST. Lancet, 1976 Apr 24, 1(7965), 887 - 8 Colonic involvement in salmonellosis; Mandal BK et al.; Although small intestine is generally regarded as the principal site involved in human salmonella infection of food-poisoning type, the pathophysiology of salmonella diarrhoea remains obscure . A sigmoidoscopic and biopsy study of 23 hospital inpatients with acute salmonella infection revealed presence of active colitis in 21 . It is suggested that colonic involvement is common in human salmonellosis and probably plays an important role in the causation of diarrhoea. Am J Med, 1976 Apr, 60(4), 577 - 82 Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis with antecedent enteric fever and sepsis . A case report with a review of the literature; Keren DF et al.; A case of Arizona osteomyelitis of the spine which occurred 11 months after an episode of gastroenteritis and enteric fever is presented . As close biochemical and antigenic relative of Salmonella, Arizona infection produces a similar clinical course with gastrointestinal manifestations frequently preceding localized infections by several months . The boney lesion in the present case and in three of the four other cases of Arizona osteomyelitis described in the literature was a chronic inflammation which may have a xanthomatous component . The bone destruction caused by Arizona infection is less severe than that of tuberculosis or pyogenic osteomyelitis . Proposed treatment of Arizona osteomyelitis consists of debridement of the localized infection and long term antimicrobial therapy. Am J Med, 1976 Apr, 60(4), 509 - 16 Salmonella heidelberg enteritis and bacteremia . An epidemic on two pediatric wards; Rice PA et al.; Symptomatic infection with Salmonella heidelberg developed in 55 children after their admission to the pediatric wards of two adjacent hospiatls in San Juan, Puerto Rico . Many of these children had been hospitalized for the treatment of diarrhea of unidentified etiology . In 25 of these patients, Salmonella bacteremia was documented . Five had clinically unsuspected and untreated bacteremia with no evidence of complications during the follow-up period of four and a half months . The remaining 30 had "standard" symptomatic infection due to S . heidelberg . Eight children died; four of these proved to be bacteremic . The index patient, who also introduced the infection into one of the hospitals, was identified . Person to person spread perpetuated the outbreak within and between the two hospitals for nearly four months . Although neonates with salmonellosis had a higher rate of bacteremia than other children, no other specific predisposing factors for Salmonella bacteremia were identified . Laboratory studies of the epidemic strain revealed neither invasive nor enterotoxic properties of the organisms, nor enhanced virulence in laboratory mice . Cohort nursing and isolation of patients with positive cultures halted the epidemic . Nontyphoid Salmonella bacteremia, sometimes clinically unsuspected and self-limited, should be recognized as a frequent accompaniment of Salmonella enteritis in young hospitalized children. Am J Clin Pathol, 1976 Apr, 65(4), 564 - 9 A previously undescribed gram-negative bacillus causing septicemia and meningitis; Bobo RA et al.; This report describes a case of septicemia and meningitis secondary to dog bites by two different dogs on two consecutive days . The case is noteworthy because of the unusual characteristics of the etiologic agent and the inability to place the etiologic agent into any currently defined genus or to identify it by the existing systems of classification . The organism is a small, thin, Gram-negative bacillus after 24 hours of incubation on blood agar; after prolonged incubation, it becomes filamentous . The organism is catalase- and oxidase-positive, hydrolyzes esculin, and forms acid in glucose, xylose, and maltose after 21 days' incubation . The organism does not manifest lysis on sheep blood agar, and does not grow on MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, Centrimide, nutrient, or Kligler iron agars . The tests for urea, nitrate reduction, and indol are negative . The unidentified Gram-negative bacillus showed susceptibility to all antimicrobials tested except gentamicin. J Infect Dis, 1976 Apr, 133(4), 424 - 9 Attenuated, streptomycin-dependent Salmonella typhi oral vaccine: potential deleterious effects of lyophilization; Levine MM et al.; Four studies were done with streptomycin-dependent Salmonella typhi as an oral, attenuated vaccine . Studies 1 and 3 employed freshly harvested vaccine, whereas studies 2 and 4 involved lyophilized vaccine . Five to eight doses (3 x 10(10)-10(11) organisms/dose) were given; oral streptomycin (1.0 g) was administered concomitantly in studies 2 and 3, with only two of the doses of vaccine in study 1, and was not given in study 4 . No adverse reactions were encountered in 179 vaccinated men, and 94% of the men excreted the vaccine . In challenge studies (which included the control groups) with 10(5) virulent S . typhi organisms (Quailes strain), the fresh vaccine was highly protective (66%-78% efficacy), while lyophilized vaccine gave no clinical protection . Fresh vaccine also interfered significantly with intestinal proliferation of virulent S . typhi; only 17% of the vaccinees excreted organisms as compared with 75% of the controls . Studies of protection in mice showed no difference between immunogen content of the fresh and the lyophilized vaccines . Field trials with streptomycin-dependent, oral typhoid vaccine must await development of a lyophilized product that will retain the protective properties of the vaccine. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1976 Apr, 54(2), 203 - 5 An evaluation of selective broths based on the bi-selenite ion and on hypertonic strontium chloride in Salmonellae detection in egg products; Chandler RA; Of the 104 isolations of Salmonella sp . from egg pulp, 97 were obtained from strontium chloride M broth, 42 from strontium selenite broth and 57 from strontium selenite A broth . The results suggest that the first medium may be used more successfully than bi-selenite based media for enrichment and subsequent detection of salmonellae in egg products; however, the growth of S . pullorum was not satisfactory in strontium chloride M broth. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Apr, 127(3), 383 - 90 Salmonella and Arizona from snakes in the Judean desert (1974-1975); Greenberg Z et al.; Ninety-four (77.7%) of the 121 snakes captured during the years 1974-1975 in the Judean desert were found to carry Salmonella and/or Arizona organism . Sixty-six snakes (54.4%) harboured only one serotype . From 19 animals (15.7%) both Salmonella and Arizona organisms were isolated . From 9 snakes (7.5%) 2 or 3 serotypes of Arizona were isolated . Only 27 snakes (22,3%) harboured no detectable Salmonella nor Arizona in their intestinal contents. Vet Med (Praha), 1976 Apr, 21(4), 221 - 7 {Rennet as a source of Salmonella occurrence in various dairy products}; Grieger C et al.; During a microbiological examination of foodstuffs, frequent occurrence of salmonellas of S . agona serotype was found in milk products, namely in ewe's milk cloddy cheese, ewe's milk curd and hard cheeses . The rennet produced by one enterprise was a source of salmonella spreading . To solve this problem, 1268 different samples were examined in which salmonellas were isolated in 69 cases . The Veterinary Service worked out and in cooperation with other bodies took steps to liquidate the occurrence of salmonellas in a short time; the level of that serotype in the population was not increased. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1976 Apr, 54(2), 157 - 68 Local and systemic effects in the non-specific tumour resistance induced by attenuated Salmonella enteritidis 11RX in mice; Ashley MP et al.; Suppression of growth of a number of different murine tumours, injected subcutaneously or into the foot pad, was induced by prior intraperitoneal or intravenous immunisation with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX . The effect of immunisation on tumour growth was relatively minor, but could be enhanced by addition of 11RX antigen preparations to the suspensions of tumour cells used for challenge . The significance of these findings is discussed. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1976 Apr, 54(2), 149 - 55 Resistance of mice to Krebs ascites tumour, sarcoma S180 and PC6 plasmacytoma after immunisation with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX; Tindle RW et al.; Resistance to Krebs ascites tumour, sarcoma S180 (ascitic form) and PC6 plasmacytoma can be induced with prior immunisation with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX . One thousand to ten thousand more tumour cells are needed to give an LD50 after immunisation . Resistance to PC6 could be recalled 137 days after intravenous immunisation with 11RX protein antigen intraperitoneally as measured by prolonged survival or monitoring the death of 5{131I}-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine labelled tumour cells in vivo . The range of tumours to which resistance can be produced by 11RX immunisation suggests that the mechanism of resistance does not involve antigens common to the tumours and Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. Eur J Immunol, 1976 Apr, 6(4), 241 - 9 Selective breeding of mice for antibody responsiveness to flagellar and somatic antigens of salmonellae; Siqueira M et al.; Selective breeding has been performed in mice for their high or low antibody responsiveness to Salmonella antigens (Ag) . Two noncross-reacting Salmonellae (S . typhimurium and S . oranienburg) have been alternately used to immunize successive generations in order to avoid interference of maternally transmitted antibody . Both Salmonellae carry two independent antigens: flagellar (f) and somatic (s) . Two two-way selections were carried out: one for agglutinin response to fAg and the other for agglutinin response to sAg (Selection Ags) . The agglutinin response to the other independent Ag was also measured (Associated Ags) . The phenotypic character chosen for selection is the maximal agglutinin titer in response to optimal immunization . In both selections, high and low responder lines diverged progressively . There was a 27-fold interline difference in the F13 generation of selection for fAg response and a 38-fold one in the F11 generation of selection for sAg response . This divergence and the continuous distribution of phenotypes in the foundation population indicate that the quantitative character investigated is subject to polygenic regulation . The realized heritability (h2) of the character, measured from the interline divergence, was 0.18 +/- 0.06 in both f and s selections . This means that about 20% of the phenotypic variance of the foundation population is additive . The modification of immune responsiveness to the selection Ag produced by selective breeding was accompanied by a parallel and equivalent effect on immune responsiveness to the noncross-reacting Associated Ag . This effect is therefore entirely nonspecific . A small but definite sex effect in favor of female antibody responsiveness was demonstrated . The results are discussed in comparison with other selection experiments made in mice for quantitative antibody response to other antigens. Infect Immun, 1976 Apr, 13(4), 1155 - 60 Role of host factors in the pathogenesis of Salmonella-associated arthritis in rats; Volkman A et al.; To evaluate the roles of the infectious agent and the host in the pathogensis of Salmonella-associated arthritis (SAA), 1O(3) to 10(6) heat-killed Salmonella enteritidis were injected directly into involved carpal joints in normal and actively immunized rats and in hosts adoptively immunized by the intravenous transfer of spleen cells from syngeneic donors with ongoing SAA . As many as 10(6) living Salmonellae invariably failed to generate more than a transient inflammatory response in normal rats . The regression of acute joint swelling was accelerated in both types of immunized hosts . The intensity and duration of acute inflammation evoked in normal rats by 10(6) and 10(9) heat-killed Salmonellae did not exceed the response elicited by 10(3) living organisms . In sharply contrasting results, however, a chronic arthritis became established in a significant number of actively and adoptively sensitized rats after the intra-articular injection of 10(9) heat-killed organisms . No Salmonellae were recovered from these adoptively sensitized rats although small numbers of organisms has been present among the spleen cells in the transfer inocula . Taken together, these results indicate the obligatory involvement of host factors in the mediation of this chronic arthritis and virtually eliminate any likelihood that joint damage in SAA is due to the directly destructive effects of intra-articular infection. Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 365 - 8 {Antibiotic sensitivity of the Salmonella isolated from humans ill with salmonellosis in 1967-1974}; Garanin BA; Sensitivity to levomycetin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, oxtetracycline, tetracycline, neomycin, monomycin and erythromycin of 548 fresh isolates of Salmonella of 32 serotypes of the main groups A, B, C, D and E was studied . The cultures were isolated from salmonellosis patients within 1967-1974 . Sensitivity to neomycin, monomycin, levomycetin and streptomycin was found respectively in 96.9, 91.1, 76.5 and 74.8 per cent of the cultures . High sensitivity of the cultures was observed only to levomycetin (15.1 per cent) . With respect to tetracyclines the isolates were mainly resistant (24.2-47.2 per cent) or low sensitive (25-26.5 per cent) . 70.3 per cent of the strains were resistant to erythromycin and 24.1 per cent were of low sensitivity . The causative agents of typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B were more sensitive to levomycetin and tetracycline as compared to other Salmonella . A polyvalent Salmonella bacteriophage lyzed from 94.2 to 100 per cent of the Salmonella cultures tested. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 31(4), 514 - 21 Evaluation of an automated fluorescent antibody procedure for detection of Salmonella in foods and feeds; Munson TE et al.; A prototype automated system using fluorescent antibody (FA) was evaluated for rapid detection of salmonellae in foods . Samples were enriched in selenite cystine and tetrathionate broths . After incubation, both were transferred into fresh selenite cystine for a 4-h "post-enrichment" to dilute possible background fluorescence from product . These cultures were then analyzed automatically, and results were compared with those obtained by the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) . Initially, 167 samples of milk powder, dried yeast, and imported frog legs were examined . The AOAC and automated FA methods correlated well with all samples but frog legs . Difficulty with the latter was caused by procedural and mechanical problems coupled with high numbers of competing microorganisms in post-enrichment cultures . Modification of procedure and partial redesign of equipment corrected these difficulties, and excellent correlation was obtained with another 116 frog leg samples . All 89 AOAC-confirmed positives were also detected by the automated FA method, and there were only 4% false FA positives . The system shows potential for screening products for salmonellae; however, all positives should be confirmed by manual biochemical and serological methods. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 3(4), 456 - 7 Duodenal isolation of Salmonella typhi by string capsule in acute typhoid fever; Gilman RH et al.; Three of seven volunteers with acute typhoid fever had Salmonella typhi isolated from the duodenum using a string capsule device . The string capsule device provides a simple method for culturing S . typhi from the duodenal contents . Its possible use in typhoid carriers is discussed. J Bacteriol, 1976 Apr, 126(1), 511 - 5 Relationship of structure to function in bacterial endotoxins . IX . Differences in the lipid moiety of endotoxic glycolipids; Ng AK et al.; Chemical, immunochemical, chromatographic, and endotoxic properties of five chromatographically pure glycolipids were compared . The preparations were extracted by chloroform-methanol from three Escherichia coli, one Salmonella minnesota, and one S . typhimurium Re heptoseless mutant strains . The local Shwartzman skin assay, the nonspecific resistance-enhancing effect, and the Limulus assays could not distinguish among the five glycolipids, all five being active in all three assays . Significant differences could be seen when the tumor resistance-enhancing effect of the glycolipids in mice was compared with the nonspecific TA3-Ha murine mammary adenocarcinoma growing in ascites form . Even greater variation was observed in the capacity of the preparations to enhance the nonspecific resistance of mice to virulent S . typhi 0901 infections . The data show that the five glycolipids are quite dissimilar in their biological effects . Similarly, thin-layer chromatography and molecular ratio determinations showed that differences exist in the chemical structure of the glycolipids . Accordingly, we claim that not only the polysaccharide but the lipid moiety as well may vary in various gram-negative endotoxin preparations. J Lab Clin Med, 1976 Apr, 87(4), 577 - 85 Sequential changes in the concentration of specific serum proteins during typhoid fever infection in man; Bostian KA et al.; An automated immunoprecipitin system has been utilized to quantitate the concentration of 10 specific proteins in the plasma of man . Values obtained by this technique are in agreement with the published concentrations for these specific plasma proteins . This technique was utilized to determine the sequential change s in 10 individual plasma proteins of volunteers exposed to Salmonella typhi . In those volunteers who developed typical typhoid fever, plasma concentrations of the acute phase proteins, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin, as well as C3 complement were significantly increased with the onset of febrile illness . In contrast, the concentration of plasma albumin and tranferrin were depressed while plasma IgM became elevated during early convalescence from this infection . No significant changes were observed in the plasma concentrations of alpha2-macroglobulin, IgG, or IgA . In the exposed volunteers who did not become ill, the only significant change was a brief depression of alpha1-antitrypsin . During typhoid fever the patterns of change for individual plasma acute-phase globulins were different from those reported for patients with hepatitis, myocaridal infarction, or surgery. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Mar 16, 63(1), 101 - 7 Isolation and analysis of the lipid A backbone . Lipid A structure of lipopolysaccharides from various bacterial groups; Hase S et al.; A degradation procedure of lipopolysaccharides was worked out which allows the isolation of the reduced backbone of lipid A in a total yield of between 20 and 30% . This procedure was applied to lipopolysaccharides of S forms (Salmonella minnesota, Shigella flexneri 5b, Escherichia coli 086, E . coli 0111, Xanthomonas sinensis, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa) and R mutants (Salmonella minnesota, Shigella flexneri, 5b, E . coli BB9 and E . coli EH 100) . Chemical analysis, reaction with beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and application of methylation analysis revealed that the lipid A backbone of all strains contains beta 1', 6-linked glucosamine disaccharides carrying two phosphate groups, one in glycosidic and one in ester linkage, a structure, identified previously in the Salmonella minnesota Re mutant. Tropenmed Parasitol, 1976 Mar, 27(1), 112 - 20 Salmonellosis and shigellosis in Togo (West Africa), 1971-1973 . I . Carrier rates in the rural population; Bockemuhl J; Carrier rates of Salmonella and Shigella in the rural population of Togo were investigated between October 1971 and January 1973 . A total of 6051 stool specimens from 5075 persons living in 13 rural communities of all regions of Togo was examined . Each village was investigated twice, i.e . in the dry and rainy season, respectively . The overall carrier rate was 7.2% (Salmonella 6.6%, Shigella 0.6%) . There was no significant difference in carrier rates of males and females . There was a higher prevalence of Salmonella infections in individuals over 65 years of age . Positive rates in the village varied form 2.0-19.8% . In the southern part of the country within the zone of equatorial climate positive results between 2.0% and 4.9% were observed without distinct differences between the dry and rainy season . In the central region positive rates determined in the rainy season (8.0-15.9%) were twice the rates in the dry season (4.2-7.6%) . In the northern part of the country differences observed in the two investigations of each community seemed not to be related to season (2.0-19.0%) . The 414 Salmonella strains belong to 133 serotypes, among them 17 new antigen combinations . Typhoid bacteria were detected in 6 subjects only; paratyphoid bacteria have not been isolated . Among Shigella strains Sh . flexneri was most frequently identified (31 of 36 strains). Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1976 Mar-Apr, 69(2), 121 - 5 {Contribution to the study of Salmonella in Martinique . Evolution during 1972, 1973 and 1974}; Papa F; In La Martinique a study of 7,861 coprocultures shows that the number of Salmonella carriers constantly increases; in 1974, it reaches 3-95 0/0 . The main serotypes are: S . panama, S . saint-paul, S . typhi murium and S . anatum . Imported foodstuffs seem to be responsible for this dissemination. J Mechanochem Cell Motil, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 185 - 93 Cinemicrographic analysis of the movement of flagellated bacteria . II . The ratio of the propulsive velocity to the frequency of the wave propagation along flagellar tail; Shimada K et al.; We took cinemicrographs of the movement of the flagellar tail of the peritrichously flagellated bacterium, Salmonella, swimming in a medium containing methylcellulose under a dark-ground microscope . By analysing the film, the velocity of translation u, the frequency of the propagation of helical waves along the tail fF and the frequency of the induced rotation of bacterial body fB of individual organism were measured and the experimental values of the ratios u/fF, u/fB and fF/fB were obtained . On the other hand, the theoretical values of these ratios were calculated by inserting the geometrical parameters describing the shapes and the sizes of the body and the tail of individual organism into the equations previously derived for the hydrodynamic model of the propulsion of flagellated bacteria (Holwill and Burge, 1963; Chwang and Wu, 1971) . For four bacterial specimens presently analysed, the experimental values of u/fF ranged from 0.5 to 0.9, whereas the theoretical values were about 0.3 . As reported by the preceding paper, such a tendency for the experimental values to exceed the theoretical ones by two or three times was also seen in u/fB and, consequently, the experimental and the theoretical values of fF/fB showed good agreement . From the results of these quantitative analyses of the movements of flagellated bacteria, it was concluded that the validity of the hydrodynamic model was further supported experimentally. Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 768 - 75 Bactericidal properties of human cell-free lymph; Martinez RJ; The bactericidal properties of human cell-free lymph have been investigated . Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to the killing action of lymph fluid . The colony-forming ability of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis was reduced by 3 logs after 20 min of incubation with 10% (vol/vol) lymph . Salmonella and Listeria were less susceptible to killing . The presence of multiple killing factors in lymph showing different specificities for different bacterial cells was demonstrated. Immunology, 1976 Mar, 30(3), 341 - 8 Humoral immune responses characteristic of testosterone-propionate-treated chickens; Hirota Y et al.; White Leghorn chickens treated with testosterone-propionate on the 3rd day of embryonation were immunized with a mixture of sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus and Salmonella pullorum at various ages, and the resulting agglutinins were titrated . The production of IgM antibody against sheep red blood cells was not affected significantly by testosterone-propionate . On the contrary, immune responses against the bacterial antigens were strongly suppressed by the same treatment . Production of IgG antibodies was strongly suppressed by the same treatment . There was little correlation between the production of IgM antibody against sheep red blood cells and the presence of bursal follicles . Immune responses against bacterial antigens correlated with the presence of the follicles . Production of IgG antibodies also correlated with the maintenance of bursal lymphoid structure. Mutat Res, 1976 Mar, 34(3), 351 - 8 Production of frameshift mutations in Salmonella by a light sensitive azide analog of ethidium; Yielding LW et al.; Frameshift mutations have been produced in specific repair-negative Salmonella tester strains by photoaffinity labeling technique using ethidium azide . Reversions requiring a +1 addition or a -2 deletion were specially sensitive . Mutagenesis was reduced by the simultaneous addition of non-mutagenic ethidium bromide, and was prevented by photolysis of the azide prior to culture addition . Identical tester strains active in DNA excision repaire were not mutagenized by the azide . These results are consistent with the interpretation that photolysis of the bound ethidium analog converts the drug from its noncovalent mode of binding (presumably intercalation) to a covalent complex with consequent production of frameshift mutations . Such photoaffinity labeling by drugs which bind to DNA not only confirms the importance of covalent drug attachment for frameshift mutagenesis, but also provides powerful techniques for studying the molecular deatils of a variety of genetic mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1976 Mar, 73(3), 950 - 4 Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals: discussion; McCann J et al.; About 300 carcinogens and non-carcinogens of a wide variety of chemical types have been tested for mutagenicity in the simple Salmonella/microsome test . The test uses bacteria as sensitive indicators of DNA damage, and mammalian liver extracts for metabolic conversion of carcinogens to their active mutagenic forms . There is a high correlation between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity: 90% (157/175) of the carcinogens were mutagenic in the test, including almost all of the known human carcinogens that were tested . Despite the severe limitations inherent in defining non-carcinogenicity, few "non-carcinogens" showed any degree of mutagenicity {McCann et al . (1975) Proc . Nat . Acad . Sci . USA 72, 5135-5139} . In the present paper, carcinogens negative in the test andapparent false positives are discussed . We also discuss evidence that chemical carcinogens and radiation, likely to initiate most human cancer and genetic defects do so by damage to DNA . The Salmonella test can play a central role in a program of prevention: to identify mutagenic chemicals in the environment (all indications are there are many) and to aid in the development of non-mutagenic products to prevent future human exposure. Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Mar, 23(3), 395 - 403 Role of adenosine deaminase in lymphocyte proliferation; Hovi T et al.; Activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme known to be deficient in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, increased three-fold within a 24-hour exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in culture . This increase took place before the onset of DNA synthesis . Increased levels of ADA activity were also observed in lymphocytes incubated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) for 60 hr . DNA synthesis induced by PHA, PWM or mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) was strongly inhibited by adenosine at concentrations of 10(-4) M or higher when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in a medium supplemented with horse serum, which lacks ADA . 10(-6)-10(-8) M coformycin, a potent inhibitor of ADA, inhibited PHA-, PWM- and MLC-induced DNA synthesis to a variable extent, whereas thymidine incorporation induced by Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse spleen cell cultures was strongly inhibited (by 75% or more) by 10(-6) M coformycin . Combination of 10(-7)-10(-8) M coformycin and 10(-4)-10(-5) M adenosine synergistically inhibited mitogen- or MLC-induced DNA synthesis in human and mouse lymphocyte cultures . These results, together with observations on children with ADA deficiency, provide evidence that adenosine deaminase is highly important for lymphocyte proliferation . Human peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with PHA, 10(-5) M adenosine and 10(-7) M coformycin showed some cytotoxicity whereas the rate of 51Cr release from normal lymphocytes was not modified by the drugs . These findings suggest that in vivo clones of lymphocytes responding to specific antigens might be eliminated by coformycin, which may prove to be useful as a specific immunosuppressive agent. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 237 - 8 {Antibiotic sensitivity of the Salmonella isolated from children in Krasnodar}; Skupchenko KV et al.; The results of the comparative study of antibiotic sensitivity of 138 Salmonella strains isolated from children patients in Krasnodar are presented . The isolates belonged to 9 serological types and were classified into 4 serogroups . Salmonella fo group B prevailed . The highest sensitivity was found with respect to neomycin . Strains sensitive to levomycetin and streptomycin were rare . Single strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested . A tendency to polyresistance in ever increasing numbers of the strains was noted, which should be taken into consideration in treatment of salmonellesis in children with antibacterial drugs. Biken J, 1976 Mar, 19(1), 15 - 28 Antigenic structures of Salmonella flagella . I . Presence of an antigenic determinant exposed at one end of flagellar fragments; Dohi Y et al.; Salmonella flagellin, which is a constitutional subunit of the flagellum, was shown to have antigenic determinants distinct from its own serotypic ones . These antigenic determinants were found to be common to flagellins from the so-called g-complex serotypes, such as fg, mt, gm, gt, gp and gmptu, but not to those from other serotypes, such as a, i or enx . Rabbits immunized with flagellin of serotype "fg" produced anti-"fg" flagellin antibodies . Only about 20 percent of these corresponded to the serotype determinants of the "fg" on the surface of the flagella, and the remaining 80 percent reacted with the flagellin of the unrelated serotype "mt", and corresponded to the distinct determinants common to the flagellin molecules . These antigenic determinants were detected by the immunoferritin technique at only one, not both, terminals of the flagellar fragments, suggesting that a unidirectional arrangement of flagellin subunits in the flagella may expose the inherent conformation of the subunits at only one end of the flagellum. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 339 - 43 Method for identifying Salmonella and Shigella directly from the primary isolation plate by coagglutination of protein A-containing staphylococci sensitized with specific antibody; Edwards EA et al.; A technique is described that allows presumptive identification of either Salmonella or Shigella organisms directly upon the original isolation plate, in this case, MacConkey agar . This was accomplished by applying a drop of specifically sensitized protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus over a "suspected" colony or several colonies of organisms grown on MacConkey agar . The plate is tilted to and fro to allow mixing of the particles with specific antigen that ir readily solubilized from the colony and observing for agglutination of the sensitized particles by use of a dissecting microscope . The agglutination can frequently be seen within 15 s, increasing in intensity over a 2-min period . The polyvalent Salmonella antiserum was slower in developing strong agglutination (1.5 to 2 min) compared to particles sensitized with group-specific antisera (15 to 45 s) . A high-titer antiserum was important for a test reagent to have the required sensitivity. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1976 Mar-Apr, 127(2), 197 - 208 A new method using p-benzoquinone for coupling antigens and antibodies to marker substances; Ternynck T et al.; A method using p-benzoquinone for coupling antigens and antibodies to enzymes and erythrocytes is described . The method involves the treatment of proteins (or polysaccharides) at pH 6 or 7 with an excess of p-benzoquinone . After removal of the unreacted reagent by gel filtration, the "activated" proteins were coupled at pH 8-9 with enzymes or erythrocytes . Biological activities of the proteins were not substantially modified by this treatment since 80-100% of the antigen binding capacity was found to be preserved in p-benzoquinone treated antibodies or Fab fragments . Anti-Ig antibodies (or Fab) were coupled by this procedure to peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, lactoperoxidase, glucose oxidase and beta-galactosidase, and the conjugates obtained were found to be highly effective in detecting intracellular Ig by immunohistochemical techniques . Erythrocytes coated with sheep anti-mouse Ig antibody or Fab were used to titrate by passive hemagglutination serum Ig . The same erythrocytes were employed to detect by plaque assay mouse Ig secreting cells . Erythrocytes coated with peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease, Salmonella polysaccharide (B 27 +) and pneumoccocal polysaccharide SIII were employed to titrate serum antibody by passive hemagglutination and hemolysis and to detect mouse antibody secreting cells by plaque assay . All the antigens and antibodies coated erythrocytes prepared gave highly satisfactory and reproducible results. N Z Med J, 1976 Feb 25, 83(558), 116 - 7 Chronic chest wall sinus: an unusual presentation of typhoid; Goldwater PN et al.; A chronic discharging sinus of the chest wall is described in a 59-year-old Maori woman investigated as a typhoid contact . A heavy growth of Salmonella typhi organisms was cultured from the sinus, which had first appeared 13 years previously. Biochemistry, 1976 Feb 10, 15(3), 616 - 23 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins; Ames GF et al.; A high-resolution method for two-dimensional separation of membrane proteins is described . It involves a nondiscriminating solubilization of a membrane preparation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, followed by electrophoresis in the first dimension according to charge (by isoelectric focusing) . The electrophoresis in the second dimension is in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, thus separating proteins on the basis of molecular weight . Electrophoresis in the first dimension is either on a thin slab gel, or on a small-diameter tube; electrophoresis in the second dimension is on a thin slab gel . Up to 100 mug of protein can be analyzed . The two-dimensional system is a modification of the one recently described by O'Farrell (1975) . About 150 different proteins can be visualized in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurim cell envelopes; examples of differences between mutant and wild-type strains are presented . The method is applicable also to membrane preparations from other sources: a two-dimensional separation of plasma membrane proteins from HeLa cells is presented. Eur J Pediatr, 1976 Feb 4, 121(3), 179 - 89 {Generalized familial semibenign BCG infection, salmonella osteomyelitis and intestinal pseudotuberculosis--due to a familial defect of the macrophage system? (author's transl)}; Heyne K; Two siblings became very ill after BCG inoculation in the newborn period . A generalized BCG infection was assumed from the clinical symptomatology and the histological findings . Later on the boy suffered from enteric salmonellosis and osteomyelitis caused by the same organism, and as a todler he had intestinal pseudotuberculosis . Prompt recovery took place under selective antibiotic therapy . No known immunodeficiency disease could be correlated with this familial syndrome of increased susceptibility to intracellular vital microbes . A defective function of the patients macrophage system is suspected. Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Feb 2, 143(3), 307 - 9 Altered cotransduction frequencies exhibited by HT-mutants of Salmonella-phage P22; Schmieger H et al.; Phage P22-mutants with increased transduction ability (HT-mutants) show in comparison to wild type 22, different frequencies of contransduction for markers on two different transducing fragments of the Salmonella chromosome . The data are interpreted as indicating that host DNA to be packaged is cut by HT-mutants at sites different from those cut by wild-type phage, due to an altered specificity of the nuclease responsible for this step. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 3(2), 119 - 27 Temperature-dependent cultural and biochemical characteristics of rhamnose-positive Yersinia enterocolitica; Chester B et al.; Clinical isolates of rhamnose-positive Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.rh+) were compared with typical rhamnose-negative Y . enterocolitica (Y.e.rh-) and with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis . The Y.e.rh+ differed from the Y.e.rh- and Y . pseudotuberculosis in their ability to ferment raffinose and lactose, utilize citrate and in their inability to grow on Hektoen enteric agar at 22 or 37 C, on Salmonella-Shigella agar at 37 C, and scant on xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar at 37 C . An extensive temperature-dependent profile of characteristics was established for the Y.e.rh+: motility, acetoin production, citrate utilization, growth on Salmonella-Shigella agar, and ampicillin resistance occurred at 22 C but not 37 C; fermentation of melibiose, raffinose, and cellobiose occurred within 24 h at 22 C, but not before 5 days at 37 C; fermentation of rhamnose and production of beta-galactosidase occurred within 24 h at 22 C, but not before 48 h at 37 C; greater resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, and gentamicin was observed at 22 than 37 C; and good growth on xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar occurred at 22 but not 37 C . For optimal recovery of Y.e.rh+ from mixed culture, e.g., stools, two MacConkey plates should be inoculated and incubated, one at 37 C, and one at 22 C . Lactose-negative colonies appearing after 48 h on the 22 C MacConkey agar but not the 37 C MacConkey agar should be considered possible Y.e.rh+ . Biochemicals should be tested in duplicate, one set incubated at 22 C, one set at 37 C . Antibiotic susceptibility tests of Y.e.rh+ isolates should be incubated at both 37 C and at a lower temperature to allow the greatest expression of resistance of these organisms to the various antibiotics. Am J Med, 1976 Feb, 60(2), 203 - 8 Salmonella oslo . A focal outbreak in a hospital; Chmel H et al.; Five patients were infected with a nontyphosal Salmonella species, Salmonella oslo . Three of the five patients had undergone endoscopy . Three possibilities existed to account for this outbreak: the positive cultures represented isolated events; there was one isolated event and a common source; or, all events were due to a common source . The results of our investigation were inconclusive, but suggested that the endoscope could have been responsible for some of the cases . Appropriate methods for sterilizing endoscopes are reviewed, including sterilization with 2.5 per cent glutaraldehyde solution and ethylene oxide gas . The organism was unusual in its resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin; however, it was sensitive to a sulfonamide and trimethoprim . Two patients became culture-negative for S . oslo on treatment with this combination. J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Feb, 76(1), 91 - 6 Observations on environmental contamination in a microbiological laboratory; Harvey RW et al.; Contamination of a laboratory environment with pathogenic or non-pathogenic micro-organisms may be relevant to safety of technicians and quality of technical performance . Two widely separated incidents in 1968 and 1974 initiated a study of aspects of the laboratory environment . Water-baths, water of syneresis and portions of salmonella cultures spurting out of the sterilizing flame were examined . The water of water-baths was shown to be contaminated from the fluid cultures incubated in them . This raised questions of potential cross-contamination and reporting of false positives . Water of syneresis was sometimes contaminated with salmonellas . A few quantitative counts were made . The range of counts varied between 16 salmonellas per ml . and 13,000,000 salmonellas per ml . Five hundred portions of salmonella cultures and 571 portions of Shigella sonnei cultures which had spurted from the sterilizing flame were examined . All these samples failed to grow salmonellas or shigellas . Precautions necessary to avoid environmental contamination are briefly discussed. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1976 Feb, 54(1), 91 - 6 Streptomycin and temperature sensitivity of colicin-like activity in Salmonella cultures; Atkinson N; Salmonellin production on agar was reduced by adding streptomycin or raising the incubation temperature to 44 degrees . Production of group 3b salcol was increased by incubation at 44 degrees and, for one producer only, by adding streptomycin . Production of the diffusible, nontransferable group 4 salcol and also of diffusible colicin V was reduced at 44 degrees . Group 1 salcol production was unaffected by raised temperature or streptomycin . Group 2 salcol production also was unaffected, except in salm+ transcipients of Arizona So116 where it was reduced along with salmonellin production by incubation at 44 degrees or addition of streptomycin. J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Feb, 76(1), 83 - 9 Enteric fever in Scotland, 1967-1974; Sharp JC et al.; A review of 194 cases of enteric infection in Scotland during 1967-74, is reported . Diagnosis was confirmed by the laboratory isolation of Salmonella typhi (64 cases), S . paratyphi A (3) and S . paratyphi B (127), from blood or faeces; 174 persons were clinically ill and 20 were symptomless infections . Most patients (81-0%) were under 35 years of age, with the highest incidence occurring among young adults of 15-24 years, many of whom had been travelling overseas . One-third of all cases (65) were imported infections; the remaining 129 patients had not been outside the United Kingdom . A significantly greater proportion of typhoid infection (54-7%) was contracted overseas, in contrast to paratyphoid B with only one-fifth of cases (21-2%) being imported; all three cases of paratyphoid A were imported . The geographic distribution of origin of imported infections is discussed, along with the frequency of organisms belonging to different phage types . Two deaths occurred, one of which was the result of complications of paratyphoid fever . All other patients responded well to treatment, although two persons continued to excrete and became chronic carriers . A few examples are given of episodes of particular epidemiological interest . It is expected that in future years there will be a continued increase in the proportion of imported infections as more persons travel overseas, concurrent with the continuing decline in the number of chronic carriers resident in the British Isles. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Feb, 10(2), 169 - 78 {Induced filament formation in Salmonella enteritidis by means of sodium chloride}; Baykal M; Induced morfological variations of bacteria by means of different agents has been known for many years . In this study the influence of sodium chloride on filament formation of S . enteritidis is studied, and the concentrations between 5-7% has been found effective in filament formation. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1976 Feb, 24(2), 117 - 25 {Immunosuppressive agents and infection (author's transl)}; Bach JF; Immunosuppressive agents often cause severe infection sometimes due to organisms rarely encountered in other circumstances . Virus and parasitic infections, together with tuberculosis and salmonella may be particularly frequent during treatments which depress . T lymphocytes . Gram positive bacterial infections are mainly caused by substances inducing cell B immune deficeincy . In the light of this data, verified both by animal experiments and clinical experience, it is important to determine the target cell of the main immunodepressive agents used in clinical medicine . Azathioprine and antilymphocyte serum act mainly on T lymphocytes whereas alkylating agent are at least as active on B lymphocytes as on T lymphocytes . The mode of action of corticosteroids is particularly obscure . T cells appear, on the whole, to be resistant to corticosteroids, whereas monocytes and macrophages are very sensitive. Jpn J Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 20(1), 53 - 8 Immunosuppressive effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on antibody response; Nakano M et al.; Injection of endotoxins (bacterial lipopolysaccharide: LPS) several days prior to immunization causes the suppression of antibody response . The supressive effects of several kinds of LPS preparations on the plaque-forming cell (PFC) antibody response in the spleen of mice were examined after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) . Glycolipids obtained from heptoseless mutants(Reform) of salmonella or its lipid A preparation coupled artificially with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are capable, like LPSobtained from a wild type (S form) strain, of inducing suppressionson of the PFC response, while alkaline-detoxified LPS can not.The refractory periods of the PFC response induced by LPS injection last only a few days . However, the use of cyclophosphamide (CY) together with LPS can extend the refractory periods of antigenic stimulation for several weeks . Injections of LPS andCY can also induce unresponsive states of OH agglutinin antibody response to antigenic stimulation with formalin-killed organisms of Escherichia coli or Salmonella enteritidis (presumably both thymus-independent antigens) . These unresponsive states induced by LPS and CY are easily terminated by a transfer of syngeneic bone marrow cells but not by thymocyte transfer. J Bacteriol, 1976 Feb, 125(2), 747 - 9 Transformation of Escherichia coli by chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from Salmonella typhi; Sanchez F et al.; The genetic transformation of Escherichia coli K-12 with chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid purified from Salmonella typhi is described. Avian Dis, 1976 Jan-Mar, 20(1), 195 - 8 Recovery of 61 Salmonella serotypes from artificially contaminated turkey skin; Fagerberg DJ et al.; Selenite brilliant-green sulfa enrichment broth containing Tween 80 was streaked to brilliant-green sulfa plates for use in comparing recoverability of 61 different salmonella serotypes from turkey tails artifically contaminated with very low levels of each serotype . Recoverability was 100% with 43 of the serotypes, 80% with eight, 60% with four, and 40% or less with six. Chemotherapy, 1976, 22(1), 37 - 42 Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim: effect on antibody response in man; Arvilommi H et al.; The possible immunosuppressive properties of the combination sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim or either of the agents alone were studied in healthy human volunteers . The effect of the 4-day drug treatment on the antibody synthesis after vaccination was measured by titrating tetanus antitoxin, mumps antibody and Salmonella Hb antibody levels 4 and 5 weeks after vaccination . No significant differences were found in mumps or Salmonella antibody titres in the drug-treated group compared to controls . Tetanus antitoxin levels, however, were significantly lower than in controls after the combined drug . When a fourfold or greater increase in tetanus antitoxin titre was obtained in 75% of controls, the respective figures were 38% in the sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim-treated group (p less than 0.05), 45% in the trimethoprim group (p greater than 0.05), and 50% in the sulphamethoxazole group (p greater than 0.05) . The implications of these findings are discussed. J Urol, 1976 Jan, 115(1), 110 - 1 Salmonella lithiasis; Hasham AI et al.; A case of Salmonella lithiasis in a 60-year-old woman is presented and the relevant literature is discussed . Nephrectomy instead of lyelolithotomy was undertaken to eliminate the carrier state, and cholecystectomy and exploration of the common bile duct were required. Eur J Immunol, 1976 Jan, 6(1), 63 - 8 Requirement for accessory cells in the antibody response to T cell-independent antigens in vitro; Lee KC et al.; The antibody responses of mouse spleen cells in vitro to three thymus-independent (TI) antigens namely, polymeric flagellin (POL) of Salmonella adelaide, DNP-Ficoll and "soluble" sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen, were found to be dependent on adherent accessory cells (A cells) but to a lesser degree than the response to intact SRBC . Evidence for this comes from selective depletion of A cells from spleen cells and reconstitution with A cell-rich populations . Thus, depletion of A cells by adherence on glass resulted in abolition of the response to SRBC leaving the response to POL intact . More thorough removal of A cells by treatment with carbonyl iron powder was required for appreciable reduction of the responses to POL, DNP-Ficoll and "soluble" SRBC . This reduction in responsiveness was not due to poor cell survival after A cell depletion or to the loss of immunocompetent cells since 1) the recoveries of viable cells in all cultures were similar; 2) the contents of theta- and Ig-bearing cells and tritium-labeled POL-binding cells were unaltered after carbonyl iron treatment, and 3) responsiveness was fully restored by the addition of irradiated and anti-theta-treated A cells from the peritoneal cavity or the spleen . Hence, the hitherto A cell independence of TI antigens on which some theories of B cell activation are based is a result of inadequate depletion procedures, and the minimal model for B cell activation must take into account two cell types: B cells and A cells. J Cell Physiol, 1976 Jan, 87(1), 71 - 8 Lipid A, the active part of bacterial endotoxins in inducing serum colony stimulating activity and proliferation of splenic granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells; Apte RN et al.; An analysis of which component of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the lipid or the polysaccharide (PS), is active in stimulating the murine granulopoietic system has been performed . LPS with different structures, isolated from different mutant strains of Salmonella and chemical degradation products of lipopolysaccharides have been used . Lipid A obtained by acid hydrolysys of the LPS and complexed to bovine serum albumin (BSA) (lipid A-BSA) was shown to be active in generating serum colony stimulating factor (CSF) and in increasing the splenic colony forming cells (CFC) levels, although it was less active than the parent LPS . The polysaccharide (PS) showed no significant activity at the concentrations used . LPS (glycolipids) from R mutants of Salmonella minnesota were active to the same extent as the LPS . The fact that even the most defective LPS from the R mutant R595 which contains lipid A and KDO only is a potent endotoxin, points unequivocally, to lipid A, as the active principle in stimulating the granulopoietic system. Microbios, 1976, 17(68-69), 79 - 86 Immune response in dog 2 effect of dose of antigen on antibody production; Mates A et al.; The primary antibody response of dogs and rabbits to both 'H' and 'O' antigens of Salmonella typhosa following intravenous injection with a formalin killed vaccine from 2.4 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(10) organisms/kg body weight was analysed . The animals were restimulated 80 days later with various vaccine concentrations . The lgM anti-'O' and lgG anti-'H' and 'O' antigens in the dogs, were significantly weaker in both primary and secondary response than the comparable rabbit group . Primary lgM anti-'H' response in the dog was found to be greater, equal, or less than that observed in the rabbit . A closer analysis of the primary response indicated that both animal species show the same latent period and doubling time in respect of anti-'H', and the differences observed are probably the result of the number of progenitor cells stimulated by the antigen . On the other hand the suppressed response of the dog to 'O'-antigen is the result of an overall weaker response of this animal to the antigen . The secondary anti-'H' lgM response was found to be greater than, equal to, or less than the primary response in the same animal . The significant inhibition of this response was observed in those animals which received a high primary dose of antigen. Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(8), 28 - 35 {Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm}; Savov D et al.; Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated . A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative . This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm . Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated . Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm . The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk) . The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching . The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness . This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically . The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm . The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S . enteritidis . Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled. J Int Med Res, 1976, 4(3), 183 - 94 Effectiveness of two new cephalosporins, cephazolin and cephapirin, administered intermittently in acute and chronic osteomyelitis in children; Arango JL et al.; Ten patients were treated, most of pre-school age, with acute osteomyelitis, produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, having evolved for approximately one week, with sodium cephazolin at doses of 60 mg/kg/day intramuscularly in two daily injections for the first seven days and then in a single dose every twenty-four hours for four to seven weeks . Nine of ten patients were asymptomatic six months after this treatment . The patient who manifested chronic signs at the end of six weeks of therapy continued to be treated with three weekly injections of the same drug at an equal dose until the completion of six months, at the end of which he was asymptomatic . Ten patients with chronic osteomyelitis having evolved for two months to five years, due to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were treated with cephapirin at the dose of 30 mg/kg in one daily injection intramuscularly for three to four weeks and then the same dose on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays until the completion of six months . Eight patients who required it were sequestrectomized . Seven of the ten patients improve and remained asymptomatic for the same period of observation . The three patients who did not show marked clinical improvement did exhibit an appreciable radiological recovery . We have presented these regimens of treatment with a view of encouraging research into the intermittent administration of bactericidal antibiotics for pyogenic infections; in spite of the good results, we do not dare to recommend them in daily practice. J Int Med Res, 1976, 4(1), 1 - 14 Amikacin (BBK8) in infections due to gram-negative organisms in children over the age of one month; Ramirez JI et al.; Thirty children over the age of one month were treated with amikacin (BBK8), a new aminoglycoside derived from kanamycin A, with three intramuscular dosage schedules . Each group consisted of ten patients . The first received 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours, the second 7-5 mg/kg/24 hours and the third, 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours . The infections and the bacteria were similar in all three groups: pyelonephritis, abscesses of soft tissues, infected wounds, septicaemia, superinfected empyema, gastro-enteritis, chronic otitis media; the bacteria were E . coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Salmonella . A were sensitive by the Kirby-Bauer method, although two were resistant by dilution in Petri dish . Of the thirty patients, twenty four (80%) were cured . The schedule of 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours was as effective as the schedule of 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours for infections such as pyelonephritis, superficial abscesses, contaminated wounds, gastro-enteritis and sepsis . The cases with infections localized in rather unaccessible sites required double the dose and strict drainage and cleanliness . Plasma levels with the administration of 3-75 mg/kg fluctuated between 8-3 and 12-6 mcg/ml; with 7-5 mg/kg they fluctuated between 8-6 and 13-1 . The minimum inhibitory level (MIL) for the majority of the bacteria was 1-25 mcg/ml . No toxic reactions were observed. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1976, 55(6), 513 - 8 {Incidence and significance of the positivity of Widal's reaction in chronic active hepatitis and in liver cirrhosis}; Ferlazzo B; Agglutinins to S . typhi and/or paratyphi A and B have been found in a high percentage of patients with chronic active hepatitis (54.5%) and liver cirrhosis (61.5%) . The coproculture for Salmonella was constantly negative . Formulation some hypotheses able to explain these data, the Author points out the role played by the quantitative and qualitative alterations of the humoral immunity, typical of these liver diseases. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1976, 23(3), 293 - 7 Leukocyte migration inhibition by a specific antigen in human typhoid fever; Nyerges G et al.; Cellular reactivity to heat-killed Salmonella typhi antigen was investigated by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) method in 33 S . typhi infected patients and in 32 control persons . In the typhoid group a statistically significant LMI was observed as compared to the members of the control group . A correlation was found between the level of the cellular sensitivity and the time elapsed between onset of the disease and performance of the test . Previous typhoid vaccination had no influence on the LMI . No correlation was found between the agglutinin titres and the sensitivity demonstrated by the LMI test . The value of the method in studies of cellular immunity in typhoid fever is discussed. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1976, 70(4), 313 - 6 Heavy Trichuris infection and amoebic dysentery in Orang Asli children . A comparison of the two diseases; Gilman RH et al.; Children with heavy Trichuris infestation were compared with paediatric amoebic dysentery patients and normal children . Heavy Trichuris infestation was diagnosed by visualization of worms on anoscopy . Patients with heavy Trichuris infection had a longer duration of disease, more frequent hospitalization and a higher rate of rectal prolapse than did patients with amoebiasis . Five Trichuris children also had clubbing . Trichuris patients had lower mean haematrocrits (27%) and serum albumin (3-3 gm%) than did patients with amoebiasis (32% and 3-7 gm% respectively) . Coinfection with Shigella and Salmonella was significantly increased in patients with heavy Trichuris infection compared to both amoebic and control group children . Trichuris patients were infected with Entamoeba histolytica more frequently (46%) than normal children . Heavy Trichuris infection is the probable cause of symptoms and signs seen in these patients. Curr Med Res Opin, 1976, 4(3), 229 - 32 In vitro sensitivity of enteric bacteria to epicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and furazolidone; Solomon S et al.; Strains of Salmonella typhi (148) and Salmonella paratyphi A (27) isolated from the blood of patients with clinical features of enteric fever were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to epicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and furazolidone . Results from both the disc and tube dilution methods showed that greater percentages of the two strains were sensitive to epicillin than to the other antibiotics. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1976, 30(2), 299 - 308 {Culture media for Salmonella dublin on a chemically defined basis}; Flossmann KD et al.; The nutrient demand of S-dublin strains was investigated . Media on chemically defined basis for culturing of S . dublin are recommended with reference to the above studies . The definition includes Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, NaCl, glucose, the amino acids L-asparaginic acid, L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, serine, and L-threonine, and nicotinamide as vitamin component . Such media will be quite favourable for certain culturing problems, but complex substrate (yeast extract, peptone, tryptone) should be added for high yields. Infection, 1976, 4(2), 21 - 4 Clinical experience in detecting endotoxemia with the limulus test in typhoid fever and other Salmonella infections; Magliulo E et al.; Semiquantitative estimates of circulating endotoxin were performed by the limulus test in patients suffering from typhoid fever and other salmonelloses . The test was positive in a large number of cases . However, no clearcut correlation was found between existence of endotoxemia, as such, and pyrexia . A correlation with recent bacteremia was found for highest levels of endotoxin activity . In minor salmonelloses a striking prevalence of positive cases was observed in the age group under one year . These findings were discussed in relation to the diagnostic and pathogenetic facets of the problem. Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(5), 61 - 4 {Drug resistance of the Salmonella isolated from poultry}; Kandov P; A total of 92 Salmonella strains, isolated from birds, were studied through graded dilutions in a solid nutrient medium for their resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, furazolidon and norsulfazol . Greatest was the number of strains resistant to penicillin (81.5 per cent), and lowest was it of strains resistant to tetracycline (27.1 per cent), norsulfazol (21.7 per cent), streptomycin (15.2 per cent), and furazolidon (1.08 per cent) . No resistant strains were found to chloramphenicol . Both furazolidon and chloramphenicol are suggested for the control of Salmonella infections in birds. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Jan, 234(1), 37 - 45 {The development of antibiotics resistance among slamonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West) . 4th Communication: 1973 Annual Report (author's transl)}; Stephan R et al.; 2894 salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1973 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone . 24.4% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances . The proportion of resistant strains was 63.9% for S . typhimurium (excluding var . copenhagen), 6.5% for S . typhimurium var . copenhagen and 51% for S . panama . 81.3% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types . From 708 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 92.9% to tetracyclines in 27.9% to ampicillin, in 22.0% to chloramphenicol, in 13.6% to kanamycin, in 1.4% to furazolidone, and in 1.7% to nitrofurazone . 20 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 90.9% of strains transmitted resistance to E . coli K-12 . A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated . As in the preceding years, there was a clear difference of resistance patterns from one serotype to another. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Jan, 234(1), 29 - 36 {The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West) . 3rd Communication: 1972 Annual Report (author's transl)}; Stephan R et al.; 2273 Salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1972 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone . 13.3% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances . The proportion of resistant strains was 37.5% for S . typhimurium (excluding var . copenhagen), 3.1% for S . typhimurium var . copenhagen and 57% for S . panama . 79.8% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types . From 303 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 87.4% to tetracyclines, in 37.2% to ampicillin, in 15.8% to chloramphenicol, in 4.6% to kanamycin, in 0.9% to furazolidone, and in 1.3% to nitrofurazone . 16 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 95.0% of strains transmitted resistance to E . coli K-12 . A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated . Resistance patterns differed considerably from one serotype to another. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Jan, 10(1), 65 - 6 {First isolation of S . zanzibar in Turkey}; Aksoycan N; Author reports first isolat