Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Jun, 87C(3), 229 - 33 IgA and IgG antibodies against surface antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum and serum from patients with cystic fibrosis; Schiotz PO et al.; Eleven cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected in the lungs with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium (CF + P) and 10 CF patients without P . aeruginosa infection (CF-P) had their serum and sputum sol phase specimens examined for antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes against surface antigens of P . aeruginosa by means of an indirect immunofluorescence technique . Both the IgA and IgG antibody titres demonstrated in serum and sputum of the CF + P patients were significantly higher than in those of the CF-P patients (p less than 0.01) . The titre of IgA antibodies in the sputum was higher than in serum in 3 cases indicating local pulmonary production of specific IgA antibodies . The role of the demonstrated antibodies in the local pulmonary immune defense mechanisms and the possible patogenesis of the pulmonary tissue damage in CF patients is discussed. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1979 Jun, 174(6), 788 - 91 {An epidemic of pseudomonas keratitis due to permanent-wear contact lenses (author's transl)}; Landolt E et al.; In 1977 thirty-three patients (35 eyes) with permanent-wear contact lenses presented with keratitis in varying degrees of severity . Among the nine cases investigated bacteriologically (including some contact lenses) three showed no organisms, while six were found to have pseudomonas aeruginosa . The contact lenses all came from the same optician, where shortly beforehand the patients had had their lenses either replaced or checked . The inspection of the optical establishment revealed faultless application of steril technique . Nevertheless it must be assumed that contamination of the lenses had had occurred there. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 112(2), 297 - 300 Effect of bacteriophage C5 on ultraviolet light survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Dirckze CD et al.; Bacteriophage C5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to reactivate ultraviolet (u.v.)-irradiated phage E79 in coinfection experiments and decrease the u.v.-sensitivity of a host-cell reactivation deficient mutant . These properties suggest that phage C5 has a gene(s) which is involved in the repair of u.v.-damaged DNA . The isolation of two u.v.-sensitive mutants of C5 supports this hypothesis. Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 948 - 52 Experimental bacterial keratitis in neutropenic guinea pigs: polymorphonuclear leukocytes in corneal host defense; Chusid MJ et al.; Quantitative techniques were used to determine the relative concentrations of viable bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the corneas of neutropenic and non-neutropenic guinea pigs with experimental bacterial keratitis induced with three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Neutropenia was produced by whole-body X-irradiation 1 week before infection . Significantly greater numbers of bacteria were present in the cornea of neutropenic animals 48 h after infection than were present in the corneas of non-neutropenic animals . The same was true 24 and 48 h after infecting animals with Staphylococcus aureus . Examination of histological sections showed that fewer PMNs were present in the corneas of infected neutropenic animals than in the corneas of infected non-neutropenic animals . Radiolabeling of PMNs confirmed a significant reduction in PMN concentration in the corneas of infected neutropenic animals . Tears and the corneal epithelium appear to be the most important elements protecting the cornea against local invasion by bacteria . However, once bacterial keratitis is established, PMNs play a role in limiting bacterial multiplication. Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 837 - 42 Production of exoenzyme S during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of burned mice; Bjorn MJ et al.; Antisera which distinguished between Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S and toxin A neutralized the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity of the homologous, but not the heterologous, enzyme . Skin extracts and sera from burned mice infected with the exoenzyme S-producing strain P . aeruginosa 388 contained adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity that was not found in skin extracts or sera from uninfected mice . On the basis of immunological reactivity and enzymatic properties, the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity present in skin extracts and sera from P . aeruginosa 388-infected mice was identified as exoenzyme S . Active elongation factor 2 levels in tissues from strain 388-infected mice were normal at 24 h postinfection, indicating that strain 388 does not produce detectable amounts of toxin A in vivo . An unexpected finding in this investigation was the presence of exoenzyme S-inactivating activity in the sera from some nonimmunized animals. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Jun, (6), 84 - 9 {Pathogenicity of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Savitskaia KI et al.; The study of 208 Ps . aeruginosa clinical strains, introduced intraperitoneally into white mice, revealed the statistically significant prevalence of pathogenic cultures (87.5--100%) . The pathogenic strains of Ps . aeruginosa were found to have statistically significant differences in their cultural and biochemical properties depending on the kind of clinical material: the strains isolated from blood formed mucoid colonies, the zones of hemolysis and thermolabile or thermostable alkaline phosphatase, and typing could be made in 100% of the isolated cultures; the strains isolated from material of closed cavities formed mucoid colonies and the zones of hemolysis; the pathogenic strains isolated from material of open cavities showed only a tendency towards greater activity in the formation of extracellular sline and greater capacity for the formation of clarification zones on yolk agar as compared with nonpathogenic cultures. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 846 - 52 Biosynthesis of phenazine pigments in mutant and wild-type cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Byng GS et al.; Pigmentation mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, selected by observed visual differences in coloration from the wild-type strain, were examined for altered patterns of phenazine synthesis . Three classes of mutants that were incapable of pyocyanine production were identified . Pigmentation patterns that were found to characterize the various mutant classes implicated precursor-product relationships, and a biochemical scheme covering the terminal reactions of pyocyanine biosynthesis is proposed . Among compounds tested as inhibitors of pigmentation, two effectively inhibited pyocyanine production production while allowing cell growth . p-Aminobenzoate inhibited total pigmentation; i.e., no other phenazine accumulated . m-Aminobenzoate inhibited a presumptive methylation step in pyocyanine biosynthesis, abolishing the formation of pyocyanine and aeruginosin pigments but increasing the yields of phenazine 1-carboxylic acid and oxychlororaphin . D-{2,3,4,5(n)-14C}shikimate was most efficiently incorporated into phenazines in the middle to late exponential phase of growth . Label was incorporated predominantly into pyocyanine in the absence of inhibitors and into phenazine 1-carboxylic acid when the organism was grown in the presence of m-aminobenzoate. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 748 - 55 Suppressor mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Kageyama M et al.; Suppressor mutations were identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a comparison was made with Escherichia coli suppressor systems . A suppressor-sensitive (sus) derivative of a plasmid, RP4 trp, and several Sus mutants of IncP1 plasmid-specific phages, were isolated by using E . coli . Plasmid RP4 trp (sus) was transferred to P . aeruginosa strains carrying trp markers which did not complement RP4 trp(sus), and Trp+ variants were selected . Some, but not all such revertants, could propagate PRD1 Sus phages, and these mutants were found to be supressor positive . Plating efficiencies of various Sus phages on these strains were compared with on E . coli strains carrying known suppressor genes . The results suggested that the Pseudomonas suppressors were probably amber suppressors . In iddition, some Sus phages (PRD1sus-55, PRD1sus-56) were obtained which, although apparently of the amber type for E . coli, were able to propagate equally well on sup+ or sup strains of P . aeruginosa . On the other hand, several mutants of phage PRR1 which were suppressed in E . coli were not suppressed by the P . aeruginosa suppressor . Suppressor-sensitive mutants were also isolated with P . aeruginosa bacteriophages E79 and D3. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 1979 May 4, 30(1), 1 - 13 Hairy cell leukemia: differences in phagocytic capacity of cells in vitro; Golomb HM et al.; Hairy cells from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia were evaluated with both light and transmission electron microscopy for their capacity to phagocytose zymosan, latex, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa . In two patients, there was no phagocytosis of any of these substances; cells from three patients phagocytosed only latex; two, all except pseudomonas; and one, all 4 substances . Hairy cells became relatively smooth while in culture with staphylococcus, but no surface changes were noted during incubation with the other substances . Of the eight patients studied, one died of pseudomonas pneumonia and sepsis; pseudomonas was the only substance which her hairy cells did not phagocytose . The one patient whose hairy cells phagocytosed all 4 test substances developed a disseminated Mycobacterium intracellulare infection; culture of his hairy cells with this atypical myocbacterium showed no phagocytosis . Hairy cells have different phagocytic capabilities from patient to patient, and the evaluation of these capabilities in vitro might provide early identification of potential infectious complications. Eur J Biochem, 1979 May 2, 96(1), 101 - 8 Inhibition of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by urea and related compounds; Gregoriou M et al.; The time-dependent inhibition of amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AI 3 by urea, hydroxyurea and cyanate displayed saturation kinetics fitting a model for the reaction sequence in which formation of a complex in a reversible step was followed by an irreversible step . Altered amidases from mutant strains AIU 1N and OUCH 4, selected for their resistance to inhibition of growth by urea and hydroxyurea respectively, had altered kinetic constants for inhibition indicating reduced binding capacity for the inhibitors . The substrate acetamide protected AI 3 amidase against inhibition by urea,.and altered Ki values for inhibition of the mutant amidases were paralleled by alterations in Km values for acetamide indicating that urea acted at the active site . Inhibition of AI 3 amidase involved the binding of one molecule of urea per molecule of enzyme . Urea inhibited amidase slowly regained activity at pH 7.2 through release of urea. Arch Dermatol, 1979 May, 115(5), 609 - 10 Botryomycosis . A bacterial cause of mycetoma; Picou K et al.; Botryomycosis is a chronic, granulomatous, bacterial infection in which grains are produced . Clinically, it may not be distinguished from a mycetoma of fungal origin . A case is reported in which the causative organisms were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Med Sci, 1979 May-Jun, 277(3), 311 - 8 Continuous infusion tobramycin combined with carbenicillin for infections in cancer patients; Issell BF et al.; The cure rate of infections in cancer patients is adversely affected by neutropenia (less than 1,000/mm3) . In particular, patients with severe neutropenia (less than 100/mm3) have shown a poor response to antibiotics . To overcome the adverse effects of neutropenia, tobramycin was given by continuous infusion and combined with intermittent carbenicillin . Tobramycin was given to a total daily dose of 300 mg/m2 and carbenicillin was given at a dose of 5 gm every four hours . There were 125 infectious episodes in 116 cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy . The overall cure rate was 70% . Pneumonia was the most common infection and 61% of 59 episodes were cured . Gram-negative bacilli were the most common causative organisms and 69% of these infections were cured . The most common pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae and this, together with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounted for 74% of all gram-negative bacillary infections . Response was not influenced by the initial neutrophil count, with a 62% cure rate for 39 episodes associated with severe neutropenia . However, failure of the neutrophil count to increase during therapy adversely affected response . Azotemia was the major side effect recognized, and it occurred in 11% of episodes . Major azotemia (serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dl or BUN greater than 50 mg/dl) occurred in only 2% . Azotemia was not related to duration of therapy or serum tobramycin concentration . This antibiotic regimen showed both therapeutic efficacy and acceptable renal toxicity for these patients. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 May, 9(5), 632 - 4 Isolation of oxidase-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sputum culture; Hampton KD et al.; Two isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lacking characteristic indophenol oxidase were recovered from a sputum specimen . A discussion of the characteristic biochemical tests and antibiograms along with a possible explanation for this phenomenon is presented. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 May, 32(5), 468 - 71 Disodium D-6-{alpha-(1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione-6-carboxamido)-4-hydroxyphenylacetamido}penicillanate, BL-P1908; Baker SR et al.; The synthesis of a new penicillin, disodium D-6-{alpha-(1,2,4-triazine-3,5-dione-6-carboxyamido)-4-hydroxyphenylacetamido}penicillanate (BL-P1908), is described . The compound shows superior in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to carbenicillin and ticarcillin and produces higher intramuscular serum levels in mice than does carbenicillin. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 May, 112(1), 181 - 3 Effect of piperacillin on D-alanine carboxypeptidase activities from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Suginaka H et al.; Membrane-bound D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very sensitive to inhibition by piperacillin. Can J Microbiol, 1979 May, 25(5), 637 - 40 Transfer and integration of chromosomal genes from Pseudomonas glycinea into Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Leary JV; The plasmids FP2 and R68.45 were shown to function as chromosome-mobilizing plasmids in a series of interspecific crosses between the phytopathogen Pseudomonas glycinea and the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . At least four of seven loci tested were transferred from P . glycinea donors to P . aeruginosa auxotrophic recipients . Transductional analysis indicates that a leu+ locus of the P . glycinea chromosome transferred is stably integrated into the P . aeruginosa chromosome. Infect Immun, 1979 May, 24(2), 399 - 403 Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagocytic and killing activity of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mechanisms of action of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibitor; Nonoyama S et al.; The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) inhibitor isolated from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is resistant to the phagocytic and killing activities of rabbit PMN inhibited migration of PMN and engulfment of latex particles by PMN . In studies of the bactericidal metabolism of PMN, the PMN inhibitor did not inhibit the intracellular activity and extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes . However, the PMN inhibitor caused a decrease of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction . The PMN inhibitor had a cytotoxic effect on PMN and inhibited {14C}tyrosine uptake in intact PMN inhibitor had no inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in cell extracts. Infect Immun, 1979 May, 24(2), 394 - 8 Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagacytic and killing activities of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: purification and characterization of an inhibitor of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function; Nonoyama S et al.; A clinically isolated strain of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-resistant Pseudomonas was found to produce an extracellular substance (PMN inhibitor) that inhibits the phagocytic and killing activities of PMN . The PMN inhibitor was purified from culture filtrates by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and chromatography on phosphocellulose, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and Sephadex G-100 . The preparation was homogenous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis . The purified PMN inhibitor appeared to be a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 65,000 that was inactivated by heating and by exposure to a proteolytic enzyme. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 May, (5), 67 - 72 {Problems of the immunoprophylaxis of experimental Pseudomonas pyocyanea wound sepsis}; Kolker II et al.; An experimental study showed that a multicomponent Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation, developed by the authors and named "Pyoimmunogen", had a pronounced protective effect against the culture of P . aeruginosa, most frequently isolated in surgical clinics . The immunization of rats carried out in accordance with a specially devised scheme allowed to decrease mortality rate in experimental pyocyanic wound sepsis to 6.9%, whereas in the control animals mortality rate reached 91.5%. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 May, 85(5), 1173 - 81 Membrane-bound D-gluconate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Purification and structure of cytochrome-binding form; Matsushita K et al.; A membrane-bound D-gluconate dehydrogenase {EC 1.1.99.3} was solubilized from membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and purified to a homogeneous state with the aid of detergents . The solubilized enzyme was a monomer in the presence of at least 0.1% Triton X-100, having a molecular weight of 138,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or 124,000--131,000 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation . In the absence of Triton X-100, the enzyme became dimeric, having a molecular weight of 240,000--260,000 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation . Removal of Triton X-100 caused a decrease in enzyme activity . Enzyme activity was stimulated by addition of phospholipid, particularly cardiolipin, in the presence of Triton X-100 . The enzyme had a cytochrome c1, c-554(551), which might be a diheme cytochrome, and it also contained a covalently bound flavin but not ubiquinone . In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the enzyme was dissociated into three components with molecular weights of 66,000, 50,000, and 22,000 . The components of 66,000 and 50,000 daltons corresponded to a flavoprotein and cytochrome c1, respectively, but that of 22,000 dalton remained unclear as to its function. Antibiotiki, 1979 May, 24(5), 340 - 3 {Comparative study of the antibacterial activity of a number of new antibiotics and their combinations in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Bekbergenov BM et al.; Tobramycin and sisomycin proved to have the highest antibacterial activity against 156 clinical strains of Ps . aeruginosa and were 4--8 times more effective than monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and to a lesser extent gentamicin . The combination of mecillinam and sisomycin had a synergistic effect with respect to 26 out of 50 strains of Ps . aeruginosa and the combination of mecillinam and tobramycin had a synergistic effect on 18 strains . An antagonistic effect was observed with the use of the above combinations in 3 cases . The effect of the combinations depended on sensitivity of Ps . aeruginosa cultures to the aminoglycoside antibiotic included into the compositions. Can J Microbiol, 1979 May, 25(5), 593 - 9 Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: extracellular protease and elastase as in vivo virulence factors; Holder IA et al.; The effects on mortality of supplemental injections of protease and elastase were determined in burned mice infected with non-lethal inocula of a toxin-producing but non-proteolytic-enzyme-producing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . When a variety of solutions containing proteolytic enzyme were injected under these conditions, the mortality increased significantly . This did not occur when organisms other than P . aeruginosa were used . Injections of the enzyme solutions alone were non-lethal . Injection of a solution of alpha 2-macroglobulin, which was shown to inhibit proteolytic activity, together with a proteolytic enzyme--toxin producing strain of P . aeruginosa caused a significant delay in mortality when compared with controls . It was concluded that protease, elastase, and toxin production were necessary for P . aeruginosa to express full virulence in the burned mouse model. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Apr 17, 172(1), 99 - 105 Mapping of the loci involved in the catabolic oxidation of L-hydroxyproline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO; Manoharan HT et al.; Genes specifying the oxidative utilization of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in P . aeruginosa PAO were located on the chromosome, around 19th minute by conjugation experiments . A map order of his-68-his-07-Hyp was assigned . Confirmation of this gene order was also demonstrated by transductional mapping studies . All the genes determining the enzymes of Hyp dissimiliatory pathway were closely linked. Eur J Pediatr, 1979 Apr 3, 130(4), 259 - 69 Evaluation of long term tobramycin therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis and advanced pulmonary disease; Paporisz U et al.; To nine cystic fibrosis patients with chronic bronchopulmonary infection of severely damaged lungs invaded by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, eleven courses of prolonged tobramycin treatment (5 mg/kg/day) for four to 16 weeks were administered . Pulmonary symptoms improved and a better quality of life was achieved in all but one patient . Objective parameters (chest X-ray, pulmonary function tests) changed to a lesser extent . In only one patient was Pseudomonas eradicated from the sputum but reappeared after discontinuation of therapy . In the rest of the patients Pseudomonas was significantly suppressed or replaced by other pathogens . Four patients showed rises of antibody titres to Candida and two to Aspergillus fumigatus . No nephrotoxic side effects were observed, but vestibular function was reversibly impaired in one patient without corresponding clinical symptoms . No bacterial resistance to tobramycin was observed during therapy. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1979 Apr, 127(4), 171 - 4 {Possible indications for recently developed antibiotics {author's transl)}; Simon C; Properties and possible indications of recently developed antibiotics are described . For the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of all penicillins azlocillin is the most favourable drug (instead of carbenicillin), for treatment of esch . coli infections it is mezlocillin (instead of ampicillin) . Becampicillin and equally amoxycillin are more than ampicillin suitable for oral application (because of almost complete absorption) . Cefaclor has a broader spectrum and stronger activity than cefalexin and will replace cefalexin in future . Sisomicin is similar to gentamicin and has no essential advantages . Netilmicin seems to be less oto-and nephrotoxic than gentamicin and may be used with less risk of side-effects in patients with renal insufficiency . Amikacin is reserved for infections by gentamicin-resistant bacteria. Arch Dermatol, 1979 Apr, 115(4), 459 - 60 Persistent subcutaneous abscesses following Pseudomonas sepsis . Treatment by surgical incision and drainage; Picou KA et al.; Despite appropriate and adequate antibiotic therapy, multiple subcutaneous abscesses developed in a child with Pseudomonas aeruginosa spesis and meningitis . The patient's condition remained toxic until the abscesses were incised and drained. Z Gastroenterol, 1979 Apr, 17(4), 231 - 5 {Small bowel biopsy as a cause of pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in a patient with intestinal lymphoma? (author's transl)}; Jenss H et al.; A patient with intestinal lymphoma developed a gram-negative septicemia 48 hours following a peroral biopsy of the small intestine . The bacteriological examination of the instrument proved the same bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which was the cause of septicemia . On the basis of our observation and of other reports it seems reasonable besides gassterilization or effective disinfection of the instruments to carry out cultural examinations of the instrument before and following endoscopic and bioptic investigations of patients with impaired resistance; it would then be possible to start an appropriate antibiotic treatment in case of a septic complication. South Med J, 1979 Apr, 72(4), 437 - 40 Respiratory failure secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection; Fraley DS et al.; Three previously healthy patients presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxemia, and respiratory failure associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection . None had underlying pulmonary or immune deficiency diseases . One died with dense fibrotic reorganization of the lungs, and another survived after prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance . Two developed pulmonary superinfections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . All had extrapulmonary complications: one had Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia, another myocarditis, and all three had abnormal results of liver function tests, consistent with hepatocellular dysfunction. J Parasitol, 1979 Apr, 65(2), 222 - 5 Isolation of Plasmodium berghei by hemolysin lysis of infected erythrocytes and evidence for a parasite hexokinase; Coleman MB et al.; A rapid and simple procedure has been developed for the isolation of Plasmodium berghei parasites from infected-mouse erythrocytes employing the heat stable hemolysin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Using parasites isolated by this method, the presence of a parasite specific hexokinase has been demonstrated, providing an explanation for the increased glucose consumption observed with infected cells . Enzyme assays and serology were employed in determining the purity and yield of purified parasites . The enzyme assays showed that about 25% of the parasites in infected RBCs were recovered in the purified state . The purified parasites were not agglutinated by rabbit-anti-mouse RBC serum which indicated the purified parasites were not contaminated by RBC components. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Apr, 130A(3), 315 - 30 Effect of antibiotics on mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Berche P et al.; A study of the susceptibility to 18 antibiotics has been performed on 47 mucoid strains comparatively to 71 fried-egg strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The minimal inhibitory concentration was determinated by agar dilution method . On the whole, the mucoid strains were more sensitive to antibiotics than the fried-egg strains . The more effective antibiotics were carbenicillins, aminosids, colistin and tetracyclines . However, this drug susceptibility of mucoid strains were heterogeneous . The results of a statistical analysis demonstrated that the strains of P . aeruginosa were distributed into two classes: a first class clustered very sensitive strains to most antibiotics and a second class clustered more resistant strains . The mucoid strains were included almost equally into the two classes (respectively 45% and 55%) . The fried-egg strains were more homogeneous, since 89% of these strains were in the resistant class . The antibiotics which distinguished the best between the two classes were: tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, colistin and tetracyclines . A study of the phenotypes and associations of resistances has been equally performed. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 9(4), 479 - 84 Use of 2-aminoacetophenone production in identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cox CD et al.; A grapelike odor is often of diagnostic importance in detecting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in culture and in burn wounds . The compound responsible for the odor has been identified as 2-aminoacetophenone by mass spectroscopy . Although the grape odor is sometimes difficult to detect in culture media, gas chromatographic, fluorometric, and colorimetric methods can be utilized to assay 2-aminoacetophenone production in a variety of media . Its synthesis occurs relatively early in the growth cycle . It has proved easy and convenient to detect 2-aminoacetophenone excretion by P . aeruginosa after 24 h of incubation on blood agar plates employing a fluorometric assay of ether extracts of the agar medium. Infect Immun, 1979 Apr, 24(1), 32 - 8 Depression of the antibody response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-injected mice; Garzelli C et al.; Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit antibody response in C57BL/6 mice . The depression of this response is dependent on the dose of bacteria injected, on the time interval between microorganism injection and antigen administration, and on the nature of the antigen used . Cell transfer experiments provide evidence that suppressor cells are not operative in this model . Furthermore, the results show that P . aeruginosa induces a marked dose-dependent proliferation of spleen cells in vivo, and the in vitro targets of this proliferative effect are B lymphocytes . It is suggested that whole, heat-killed P . aeruginosa in vivo also behave as cell mitogens on B lymphocytes which, when strongly stimulated to proliferate, temporarily lose their capacity to mount a normal antibody response. Infect Immun, 1979 Apr, 24(1), 188 - 93 Protease and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inactivation of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor; Morihara K et al.; The present study indicates that crystalline elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a very potent inactivator of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, the enzyme (E) inactivated the inhibitor (I) almost completely within 1 h at 25 degrees C at a molar ratio of E/I = 1:100 . The crystalline P . aeruginosa protease also inactivated the inhibitor, but 100-fold less . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor inactivated by the elastase and protease showed decreases in molecular weight of approximately 5,000 and 10,000, respectively . Regeneration of trypsin was negligible even when bovine trypsin-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E/I = 1.0) was treated with the elastase . The affinity of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor to trypsin was much higher than that to elastase . It was suggested that, assuming the pseudomonal proteases are produced and can inactivate alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in vivo during pseudomonal diseases, the loss of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor activity may permit the endogenous serine proteases to cause tissue destruction. Infect Immun, 1979 Apr, 24(1), 181 - 7 Assessment of protease (elastase) as a Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor in experimental mouse burn infection; Pavlovskis OR et al.; The data presented indicate that in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mice, protease enhances the virulence of the organism . Anesthetized CBA/Lu mice were subjected to a 15-s flame burn and infected with a wild-type protease-producing strain and two of its protease-deficient mutants . The average bacterial cell mean lethal dose (LD50) of 3.8 +/- 0.3 standard deviation (log10) for mice infected with the protease-producing P . aeruginosa was at least 1 log lower than the LD50 of the protease-deficient mutants (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01) . The addition of purified protease to the infecting inoculum of protease-deficient strains reduced the LD50 . Although the generation time in vitro was the same for all three bacterial strains used, there were consistently fewer viable bacteria in the blood of mice infected with protease-deficient strains than in those infected with the protease-producing strain . When a protease-deficient strain was mixed with the protease-producing wild-type strain, the number of protease-producing pseudomonas found in the blood remained constant, whereas the number of protease-deficient organisms increased, suggesting that protease contributed to the invasiveness of the organisms . The survival of mice infected with protease-producing pseudomonas was enhanced by antiprotease serum . Antiprotease serum had no effect in mice infected with protease-deficient mutants. Infect Immun, 1979 Apr, 24(1), 132 - 8 Production of exotoxin A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a chemically defined medium; DeBell RM; A defined medium was developed in which easily measured quantities of exotoxin A (PE) were produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103 . The medium contained three L-amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, and alanine), basal and trace salts including 14 mM K2HPO4, 14 mM glucose, and 140 mM glycerol . The concentrations of amino acids which yielded most satisfactory results were 6 mM alanine, 13 mM aspartic acid, and 16 mM arginine . The identity of PE in the culture supernatant fluid was demonstrated by adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl transferase activity and by immunodiffusion with sheep antitoxin elicited with purified PE and with PE produced in Trypticase soy broth dialysate and pure PE as controls . PE production was also demonstrated by mouse lethality and passive hemagglutination . As compared to Trypticase soy broth dialysate, P . aeruginosa produced 25 to 50% PE in the defined medium . Different strains of P . aeruginosa produced PE in the defined medium in proportions relative to those in Trypticase soy broth dialysate. J Infect Dis, 1979 Apr, 139(4), 396 - 400 Influence of genetic factors on natural resistance of mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pennington JE et al.; In order to determine whether genetic background influences natural resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a series of 16 different strains of inbred mice were challenged intraperitoneally with P . aeruginosa . Significantly greater natural resistance to infection was found in mice of C3H background genome than in mice of A background genome . This phenomenon was documented for two different strains of P . aeruginosa but could not be demonstrated in control studies in which mice were intraperitoneally challenged with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli . The enhanced resistance of C3H mice was independent of currently defined haplotypes at the H-2 locus . The killing activity of serum against Pseudomonas was not greater in C3H mice than in A mice . The extension of these findings to disease in humans suggests that the particular susceptibility of certain populations of patients to Pseudomonas may be partially related to genetic factors. Immunology, 1979 Apr, 36(4), 781 - 91 The role of lactoferrin in the bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes; Bullen JJ et al.; Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain the iron-binding protein lactoferrin, and can rapidly phagocytose and destroy Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The lactoferrin normally has a large unsaturated iron-binding capacity . If the cells are exposed to a ferritin-antibody complex, large amounts of this are phagocytosed and appear in the cytoplasmic granules and phagosomes . This leads to saturation of the cellular iron-binding protein with Fe . In these circumstances, the bactericidal power of the cells is greatly reduced with the result that some phagocytosed bacteria survive and eventually grow and destroy the cells . An apoferritin-antibody complex used as a control is also phagocytosed but has no effect on the bactericidal power of the cell . The results support the view that lactoferrin plays an essential role in the bactericidal power of the cell. Biokhimiia, 1979 Apr, 44(4), 720 - 8 {Cyanide-resistant respiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria}; Trutko SM et al.; The transition of the bacterial culture into the stationary growth phase is accompanied by an appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration . Chloramphenicol inhibits the development of cyanide-resistant respiration . The cyanide-resistant oxidase is localized in the bacterial membrane . Its appearance is not due to the quantitative and qualitative changes of flavins, non-heme iron, ubiquinone and cytochromes of the b and c types, but is accompanied by an increase in the copper content of the membrane preparations . Neither cyanide-sensitive, nor cyanide-resistant chains of the bacterial electron transfer contain cytochromes of the a type . The cyanide-resistant oxidase accepts electrons at the ubiquinone--cytochrome b level of the main respiratory chain . The cyanide-resistant respiration is not accompanied by a formation of hydrogen peroxide . Cytochrome o performs the function of cyanide-sensitive oxidase . The nature of cyanide-resistant oxidase still remains obscure. J Med Chem, 1979 Apr, 22(4), 432 - 6 Aminoglycoside antibiotics . 2 . N,N-Dialkylkanamycins; Kumar V et al.; N6',N3''-Dialkyl derivatives of kanamycins A and B were prepared regiospecifically from the parent antibiotics . Although the dimethyl and diethyl derivatives of kanamycin A were inactive in standard antibacterial assays, the dimethyl derivative of kanamycin B showed moderate activity, especially against various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . A method for the selective dimethylation of the 3''-amino group of kanamycin A also was developed. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1979 Mar 30, 55(6), 529 - 33 {In-vitro antibiotic resistance of hospital and non-hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Ceddia T et al.; The AA report about the resistence towards antibiotics of 42 stocks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients and of 18 stocks isolated from non hospitalized patients . The most active antibiotics are Gentamicine, Neomicine and Streptomicine . Interestingly towards Tobramicine no resistence has been detected . The stocks isolated from hospitalized patients have generally shown a higher resistence. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Mar 16, 567(1), 225 - 37 Kinetic mechanism of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Woods MJ et al.; The kinetic constants for hydrolysis and transfer (with hydroxylamine as the alternate acceptor) of the aliphatic amidase (acylamide amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined for a variety of acetyl and propionyl derivatives . The results obtained were consistent with a ping-pong or substitution mechanism . Product inhibition, which was pH dependent, implicated an acyl-enzyme compound as a compulsory intermediate and indicated that ammonia combined additionally with the free enzyme in a dead-end manner . The uncompetitive activation of acetamide hydrolysis by hydroxylamine and the observation that the partitioning of products between acetic acid and acetohydroxamate was linearly dependent on the hydroxylamine concentration substantiated these conclusions and indicated that deacylation was at least partially rate limiting . With propionamide as the acyl donor apparently anomalous results, which included inequalities in certain kinetic constants and a hyperbolic dependence of the partition ratio on the hydroxylamine concentration, could be explained by postulating a compulsory isomerisation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate prior to the transfer reaction. Respir Care, 1979 Apr, 24(4), 321 - 7 Disinfection of anesthesia and respiratory therapy equipment with acid glutaraldehyde solution; Lin KS et al.; The dilution of acid glutaraldehyde solution and its effect on microbiological effectiveness were investigated using Sonacide and the Cidematic Decontamination System under normal use conditons at 18 hospitals over a 4-week period . The dilution of Sonacide was found to follow first-order kinetics and is described by the equation, ln C = ln Co-KT, where K is the apparent dilution-rate constant . The average dilution-rate constant under normal use conditions was 0.015/day . It takes an average of 47 days under normal hospital-use conditions to reduce its potency to half its original strength . The average glutaraldehyde concentration after 28 days' use was found to be approximately 66% of the initial concentration . The AOAC use-dilution test was employed to evaluate the microbiological effectiveness of the Sonacide samples collected weekly for four weeks . Results showed that all the Sonacide samples from 18 hospitals passed the AOAC use-dilution test for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) . Based on this study, it is apparent that Sonacide can be used to disinfect various anesthesia and respiratory therapy equipment for up to 4 weeks in the Cidematic machine. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Mar 9, 171(1), 107 - 9 Transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with resistance plasmid DNA: formation of smaller conjugative plasmids from RPI; Haque H; Sheared DNA from RPI, and R plasmid from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to transform other strains of P . aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . From transformed cells other plasmids like RPI were isolated . These deletion plasmids were conjugally transferrable and confer resistance mainly against carbenicillin and tetracycline. JAMA, 1979 Mar 9, 241(10), 1034 - 6 Pseudomonas sternotomy wound infection and sternal osteomyelitis . Complications after open heart surgery; Stiver HG et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa sternotomy wound infections occurred in five patients who underwent open heart surgery . The initial isolate in each case was from a mediastinal chest tube routinely cultured on removal . Soft-tissue infection developed in two patients, and sternal osteomyelitis developed in three patients . Pseudomonas-typing studies showed a correlation between five isolates from chest-tube suction pumps used postoperatively and the wound isolates . Analysis of antibiograms of Pseudomonas wound isolates from the cardiac surgery ward from 1975 to 1977 showed eight of 15 with the same antibiogram as the sternotomy pathogens, compared with two of 13 isolates from other wards. Biochemistry, 1979 Mar 6, 18(5), 774 - 9 1H NMR and ESR studies of oxidized cytochrome c551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chao YY et al.; Near neutral pH, Fe(III) cytochrome c551 exhibits an ESR absorption due primarily to a single species with g values of 3.24, 2.06, and 1.48 . These g values are somewhat different from those of horse heart cytochrome c and can be interpreted by the generalizations of Brautigan et al . {(1977) J . Biol . Chem . 252, 574} to be due to Fe binding by the imidazole anion of histidine rather than by neutral imidazole . The NMR spectrum of Fe(III) cytochrome c551 exhibits a number of hyperfine-shifted peaks whose pattern shows similarities to but many differences from that of horse heart cytochrome c . Variation in shifts of some of the peaks in the pH range 5--9 is ascribed to ionization of a somewhat buried propionic acid side chain (pK = 5.8) and to ionization of the N-terminal NH3+ group (pK = 7.7) . At alkaline pH greater than 9.4, as shown by a variety of optical and ESR spectral changes, the Met-61 S ligand is replaced by other ligands. Invest Urol, 1979 Mar, 16(5), 360 - 4 The response of the renal pelvis to infection: a scanning electron microscopic study; Cohen MS et al.; The response of the rat renal pelvis to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was examined using scanning electron microscopy . Bacterial attachment was noted in regions of microplical alteration with subsequent strand formation and epithelial cell exfoliation . These observations support the hypothesis that bacterial invasion initiates defense mechanisms in the renal pelvis similar to those noted in bladders, namely, membrane alteration with increased bacterial attachment, strand formation with further bacterial entrapment, and exfoliation of bacteria-laden epithelial cells which are eliminated via voiding. South Med J, 1979 Mar, 72(3), 282 - 6 Patterns of infection in untreated acute leukemia: impact of initial hospitalization; Beam TR Jr et al.; Several previous authors have examined the association between infection and acute leukemia, especially at the time of death, but none has assessed this problem at the time of diagnosis and initial hospitalization . We have undertaken a retrospective review of cases of acute leukemia diagnosed at the affiliated hospitals of the State University of New York at Buffalo . Results suggest that bacteriologic findings in this population initially resemble those in the general outpatient population . Gram-negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, appear as important pathogens after the first week of hospitalization . A statistically significant association with prolonged granulocytopenia and use of antibiotics develops during this course . As a consequence of these data, we recommend careful culture and clinical delineation of the early infection, choosing the narrowest spectrum of antibiotic coverage appropriate to the infection present as data evolve. Afr J Med Med Sci, 1979 Mar-Jun, 8(1-2), 19 - 23 Pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria; Porebska AM; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, were pyocine typed using the indicator strains and the standardized method of Gillies & Govan . Out of 302 clinical isolates 9.6% were untypable and 3.6% were unclassifiable . Among typable isolates fourteen pyocine types were identified, types 1, 3, 11, 5, and 10 being the commonest . Among ninety-six environmental isolates types 1, 3 and 10 were most common, 18.7% were untypable and 3.1% were unclassifiable . Sink traps were environmental sites most frequently contaminated with Ps . aeruginosa . Out of ten pyocine types identified in environmental strains, eight were the same as those isolated from patients . Seven subtypes were found among the most commonly encountered pyocine type 1 isolates . The procedure is a simple and reliable method to study the epidemiology of infections due to Ps . aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 9(3), 347 - 50 Standardization of direct susceptibility test for blood cultures; Fay D et al.; Insufficient data are available to establish the reliability of direct disk diffusion susceptibility tests performed utilizing positive blood culture broth as inoculum . When Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used, 0.03 ml of turbid overnight blood culture broth was found to produce zone diameters closely approximating the size of diameters obtained by a standardized method . Results of direct (0.03 ml of inoculum) and standardized susceptibility tests were then compared for 116 positive blood cultures (1,069 individual disk comparisons) . There were 1,011 test agreements (94.6%) . There were also 48 (4.5%) minor discrepancies (change between sensitive and intermediate or between intermediate and resistant) and 10 (0.9%) major discrepancies (change between sensitive and resistant) . The major discrepancies were randomly distributed among several organisms and antibiotics . Discrepancies occurred most frequently in the more clinically acceptable direction; i.e., in 79.3% the direct test indicted greater resistance than the standardized test . These data establish that 0.03 ml of turbid overnight blood culture broth produces results which compare closely to those obtained with standard methods, and in practice yield direct susceptibility results with a clinically acceptable level of reliability. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 25(3), 390 - 8 The extraction and analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO, and three rough mutants; Kropinski AM et al.; Three spontaneously arising rough mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been isolated by selection for resistance to virulent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific bacteriophages . In addition, the first phages specific for rough mutants of P . aeruginosa were isolated . Using these phage and autoagglutination patterns in 4% NaCl and acriflavine, these mutants could be clearly distinguished from the wild-type strain and each other . Chemical analysis of the LPS together with chromatographic resolution of the polysaccharide moieties showed alterations in both O-specific side chains and core regions. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 25(3), 340 - 51 Release of rhodanese from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cold shock and its localization within the cell; Ryan RW et al.; Whole cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess rhodanese activity . The enzyme can be released by rapidly resuspending the cells in cold Tris--HCl buffer . Approximately 95% of the rhodanese activity is released by cold shock . Release of the enzyme can be inhibited either by preincubating the cells with Mg2+ or by incorporating Mg2+ into the shocking buffer . The effect of Mg2+ can be reversed by washing the cells twice with buffer prior to cold shock . While rhodanese can be released from P . aeruginosa by cold shock, lactic dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, remains within the cell . Diazo-7-amino-1,3-napthalenedisulfonic acid, a compound which does not penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane, completely inactivated rhodanese and alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme, whereas lactic dehydrogenase retained its full activity . These data suggest that rhodanese in P . aeruginosa, like alkaline phosphatase, is located distal to the cytoplasmic membrane in the periplasmic space . Electron micrographs also show that portions of the lipopolysaccharide outer membrane are shed from the cell during cold shock, while cells preincubated with Mg2+ did not release segments of their outer membrane. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1979 Mar, 119(3), 453 - 9 A rat model of chronic respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cash HA et al.; Chronic, nonlethal, pulmonary infection of rats by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be initiated by intratracheal inoculation of 10(4) bacteria enmeshed in agar beads . The number of bacteria recoverable from the lung increased to approximately 10(6) within 3 days and remained at that number during 35 days of observation . Histologic examination of the infected lungs revealed lesions resembling those seen in lung tissue of humans with acute or chronic nonbacteremic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, including the presence of goblet-cell hyperplasia, focal areas of necrosis, and acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate . This model should be useful for investigating the interactions between microbial virulence factors and host defense mechanisms. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Mar-Apr, 48(2), 181 - 6 {Conditions for the manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Trutko SM et al.; Conditions for manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration were studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Transition of the culture from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of growth, once the source of carbon (hexadecane, glucose, citrate, succinate) or nitrogen was exhausted, was accompanied with a decrease in the sensitivity of bacterial respiration to cyanide . As soon as the limiting factor was added, the culture started to grow again and its respiration became more sensitive to the inhibitor . Changes in the sensitivity of respiration to cyanide were observed when the bacterial growth was not limited with oxygen, and cyanide was not accumulated in the cultural broth . The manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration was caused by changes in the physiological state of the bacterium induced by the cessation of growth . The culture formed phenazine pigments while growing on all of the studied substrates . However, no correlation was established between the resistance of respiration to cyanide and the concentration of the pigments in the medium . Therefore, the resistance of respiration of Ps . aeruginosa to cyanide should be attributed to changes in the electron transport chain. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1979 Mar, 17(3), 131 - 4 Penetration through the gram-negative cell wall: a co-determinant of the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics; Zimmermann W; Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics is based mainly on two mechanisms: hydrolysis by beta-lactamases and exclusion of the antibiotics from their target sites in the inner membrane . This article describes the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa K 799/WT and a mutant of this strain (K 799/61) to assess the role of the outer membrane as a permeability barrier to penicillins and cephalosporins . The data confirm the importance of good penetration for a beta-lactam to be active against Pseudomonas . The second part illustrates the interplay of beta-lactamases and the outer membrane in the resistance of Escherichia coli to beta-lactams . A method to determine membrane permeability parameters parameters is given . The results support the idea that only a combined consideration of inactivating enzymes and penetration barriers can lead to a better understanding of the efficiency of the defence mechanisms which gram-negative bacteria can invoke against beta-lactam antibiotics. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Mar, 94(2), 549 - 56 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 2 . Mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics; Mirelman D et al.; The intrinsic effect of various beta-lactam antibiotics on the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa X-48 was investigated . Most of the cephalosporins and penicillins tested already at 0.5 microgram/ml strongly inhibited (a) the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the detergent-insoluble fraction (greater than 75%), (b) the formation of peptide crosslinkages (greater than 60%) and (c) the activity of the DD-carboxypeptidase and partially that of the transpeptidase (approximately 90% and approximately 40% respectively) . Another group of beta-lactum drugs did not inhibit incorporation into the material insoluble in sodium dodecylsulfate, the formation of peptide crosslinkages nor transpeptidase activity . They only partially inhibited the activity of the DD-carboxypeptidase--endopeptidase system (40--50% at 0.5 microgram/ml) . The results obtained differ from those of Presslitz and Ray {Antimicrob, Agents Chemother . 7, 578--581 (1975)} and show some resemblance to the effects of beta-lactams on the biosynthesis of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Mar, 94(2), 541 - 8 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 1 . The incorporation of peptidoglycan into the cell wall; Mirelman D et al.; Ether-treated cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyze the formation of crosslinked peptidoglycan from the two nucleotide precursors uridinediphospho-N-acetylglucosamine and uridinediphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine . The main enzymatic reactions of biosynthesis were similar to those found in Escherichia coli . Part of the reaction products were soluble in 4% sodium dodecylsulfate whereas the other part was covalently bound to the preexisting cell wall peptidoglycan sacculus . The incorporation into cell wall is carried out by a transpeptidation reaction in which the nascent peptidoglycan functions mainly as the donor and the preexisting one as acceptor . The detergent-soluble peptidoglycan is composed of partially crosslinked peptidoglycan strands as well as low-molecular-weight peptidoglycan fragments . Pulse-chase biosynthesis experiments show that the detergent-soluble peptidoglycan is an intermediate that eventually becomes covalently bound to the wall . The DD-carboxypeptidase activity of P . aeruginosa is membrane-bound and does not hydrolyse C-terminal D-alanine residues from the L-lysine-containing nucleotide-precursor analogue . An LD-carboxypeptidase was also detected in P . aeruginosa. J Pharm Pharmacol, 1979 Mar, 31(3), 168 - 70 Additivity of action between polysorbate 80 and polymyxin B towards spheroplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6750; Brown MR et al.; When polymyxin B and polysorbate 80 were used together against spheroplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the activities were found to be additive . These substances have previously been reported to act synergistically against P . aeruginosa, but little or no intrinsic activity towards intact cells has been attributed to polysorbate 80 . We suggest that in addition to enhancing polymyxin B penetration to the cytoplasmic membrane, polysorbate 80 may also act as an antimicrobial agent when polymyxin-induced damage to the outer membrane facilitates the surfactant's passage through the cell envelope. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Feb 26, 576(2), 502 - 8 Mössbauer studies of cytochrome c-551 . Intrinsic heterogeneity related to g-strain; Dwivedi A et al.; The Mossbauer spectra of oxidized and reduced cytochrome c-551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are analyzed . Excess broadening is observed in the 4.2 K spectra of oxidized c-551 which is consistent with a Gaussian distribution of the crystal field parameters delta and R as inferred from the g-strain model of EPR line shapes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1979 Feb, 174(2), 219 - 24 {The pharmacocinetics of azlocillin (author's transl)}; Mester U et al.; Azlocillin concentrations in the rabbit eye were studied after intravenous and subconjunctival injections . The following results were found: therapeutic levels of Azlocillin were achieved in the aqueous humor, using either way of administration . Concentrations of the antibiotic were much higher after s . c . injection than after i . v . administration . The pharmacocinetics of Azlocillin proved to be comparable to those of other penicillins . No antibiotic could be detected in the vitreous body, irrespectively of the administration . With regard to the better antibacterial activity of Azlocillin in comparison with other known penicillins it should be preferred in eye infections caused by gramnegative rods, especially by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Intern Med, 1979 Feb, 139(2), 167 - 9 Metronidazole therapy of anaerobic bacteremia, meningitis, and brain abscess; Warner JF et al.; Four patients with Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia, one patient with a brain abscess due to Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium naviforme, and Peptostreptococcus species, and an infant with Bacteroides species ventriculitis and meningitis were treated with metronidazole . In all cases the anaerobic pathogens were eradicated . Five of the six patients recovered . One patient with leukemia in whom B fragilis bacteremia was eradicated by metronidazole treatment subsequently died of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia . Ventricular fluid and serum concentrations of metronidazole were determined in the case of meningitis and are reported. J Clin Invest, 1979 Feb, 63(2), 276 - 86 Protective activity of antibodies to exotoxin A and lipopolysaccharide at the onset of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in man; Pollack M et al.; Serum antibodies to exotoxin A and type-specific lipopolysaccharide were measured by passive hemagglutination in 52 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia . Their comparative protective activities were evaluated by relating the titers of each at the onset of bacteremia to subsequent outcome . High acute serum antitoxin and antilipopolysaccharide titers (log2 reciprocal mean titers greater than 5) were associated with survival (76% of 17 with high vs . 46% of 24 with low antitoxin titers, P = 0.05; 85% of 13 with high vs . 48% of 29 with low antilipopolysaccharide titers, P = 0.03) . In contrast, neither antibody titer was significantly associated (P less than or equal to 0.05) with patients' age or sex, severity of underlying disease, presence of leukopenia, steroid or immunosuppressive therapy . Despite a correlation between acute titers of the two antibodies (r = 0.33, P = 0.06), they appeared to protect independently and additively . Whereas 75% of 8 patients with high antitoxin titers and only 38% of 16 with low titers survived with low antilipopolysaccharide titers (P = 0.10), 100% (6/6), 73% (8/11), and 38% (6/16) survived, respectively, when both, one, or neither antibody was present in high titer (P = 0.01) . Furthermore, the association between high acute serum antitoxin titers and survival was more pronounced in patients with rapidly fatal underlying disease (P = 0.06) and leukopenia (P = 0.12) than in more favorable prognostic and immune categories . These data indicate that serum antibodies to exotoxin A and lipopolysaccharide are found in most patients with P . aeruginosa septicemia and both are protective . Both antibodies may have therapeutic or prophylactic potential, whereas serum antiexotoxin A antibodies may be particularly beneficial in compromised hosts. Am J Ophthalmol, 1979 Feb, 87(2), 130 - 2 Transfer of bacterial infections by donor cornea in penetrating keratoplasty; Khodadoust AA et al.; A 45-year-old man died of Hogdkin's disease complicated by peritonitis and possible septicemia . His corneas were used for transplant in a 26-year-old man with advanced keratoconus and a 42-year-old man with vascularized central leukoma of old herpetic keratitis . Both recipients developed a fulminating endophthalmitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . We believe that the donor corneas, although clinically normal, were heavily infected, with signs of inflammation possibly suppressed by the Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 9(2), 239 - 43 Rapid identification of nonfermentative gram-negative rods by the Corning N/F system; Barnishan J et al.; A total of 1,298 nonfermentative gram-negative rods were used to evaluate the performance of the individual biochemical tests in the N/F System and to determine whether the observed results included sufficient key reactions for rapid identification . The system included an oxidase test, two screening tubes providing 5 test reactions designed primarily to identify pigment-producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a plate providing 12 test reactions designed to identify other nonfermenters . With both the tubes and plates, most results were consistent with expected conventional test reactions . Use of the tubes permitted the identification of 90% of the strains of P . aeruginosa in 24 h and 97% in 48 h . Use of the plates permitted the identification of 95% of the other oxidative nonfermenters within 24 h and 96% within 48 h . Only 26% of weak and nonoxidative nonfermenters were identified because of the nonreactivity of these organisms in this system . There were no misidentifications based on misleading test results. J Pharm Sci, 1979 Feb, 68(2), 146 - 9 Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa envelope mutants to alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides; Brown MR et al.; A series of stepwise polymyxin-resistant envelope mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to test the activity of a homologous series (C10-C18) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides . A sterilization kinetics procedure in deionized water was devised to avoid amounts quaternary compound above the critical micelle concentration . In all cases, there was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the rate of change of the colony count with time and the logarithm of the homolog concentration . For all strains, there was a linear relationship between alkyl chain length and the concentration required to reduce the colony count to 10% in 2 hr . The stepwise series of polymyxin-resistant strains increased in resistance to polymyxin about threefold for each step . In general, this increase resulted in a similar increase in resistance to the quaternary compound . It is proposed that death in this system may primarily be a consequence of damage to the outer membrane rather than to the cytoplasmic membrane. Infect Immun, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 509 - 21 Passive immunization against Pseudomonas with a ribosomal vaccine-induced immune serum and immunoglobulin fractions; Lieberman MM et al.; Passive protection of mice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using specific antisera and immunoglobulin fractions induced by immunizing rabbits with a ribosomal vaccine is reported . The results demonstrated that protection by the ribosomal vaccine against challenge with live organisms can be serum mediated . Previous work has shown that the vaccine can be separated into two components on the basis of molecular weight and that both higher (peak A)- and lower (peak B)-molecular-weight fractions were capable of inducing active immunity in mice . The present report indicates that both fractions are also capable of eliciting the production of mouse-protective antibody in rabbits . Agar gel diffusion with antisera to peaks A and B or unfractionated vaccine indicated a common antigenic component among them in addition to an extra antigen in unfractionated vaccine not present in peak B . Passive hemagglutination with antisera to peaks A and B demonstrated high-titer agglutinating antibody only with antiserum to peak A when a method of erythrocyte sensitization for lipopolysaccharide antigens was used . Also, passive hemagglutination was greatly inhibited by small amounts of lipopolysaccharide prepared from the same organism from which the vaccine was made . Both antisera to peaks A and B fixed complement with either A or B antigens . Antisera to peaks A and B, when reacted with peak B antigen, had about the same complement fixation titer (as determined by a quantitative complement fixation test) . However, when peak A antigen was used, antiserum to peak A had about twice the complement fixation titer that antiserum to peak B had . These results are consistent with previous observations which suggest that the ribosomal vaccine contains lipopolysaccharide in addition to an unidentified immunogenic principle associated with ribosomes . Furthermore, this immunogen was present in both peaks A and B, but detectable amounts of lipopolysaccharide were present only in peak A . The relative importance of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM classes of antibodies was also compared . The results indicated that both IgG and IgM isolated from immune rabbit serum are protective in mice . Only IgG precipitated with the vaccine in agar gel diffusion, but both IgG and IgM were active in passive hemagglutination and in complement fixation . The passive hemagglutination titer of the IgM was higher than that of the IgG, but the complement fixation titer of the IgG was higher than that of the IgM . The mouse-protective capability of the IgG and IgM was about the same. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Feb, (2), 96 - 9 {Serotype characteristics of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Savitskaia KI et al.; A total of 348 P . aeroginosa strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and pleural diseases were studied, and 87% of the test showed the possibility of their serotyping with the use of group-specific agglutinating antisera . Serogroups II, III, IV were found to be prevalent among the strains isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary pathological states . Correlations between definite groups of P . aeroginosa in their sensitivity to antibiotics were established; thus, the cultures belonging the serogroups II, III, IV were found to be more sensitive to tetracycline annd chloramphenicol than the culture belonging to other serogroups. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Feb-Mar, 130(2), 179 - 88 An acellular vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: homologous and crossed protection between serogroups according to Habs' classification; Berche P et al.; Homologous and cross-reactions were studied in 16 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to different O serogroups according to Habs' classification . By slide agglutination, cross-reactions were rare between the strains of two or three serogroups: O2, O5 and O16; O1 and O9; O7 and O8; O13 and O14 . Experiments of cross-protection have been performed in mice inoculated with acellular vaccines prepared from the 16 studied strains . A high homologous protection was observed with all the 16 strains, which is in favour of existence of an O serogroup-specific immunity . However, it exists some cross-protective reactions between the serogroups . This cross-protection allows to reduce the numbers of strains for a polyvalent vaccine . A classification of P . aeruginosa into 8 classes of related serogroups (A to H) is proposed which could be a basis for an antigenic classification of P . aeruginosa. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Feb, (2), 56 - 60 {Principle of constructing polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines}; Akatova NS; Dependence of the range of protective action of P . aeruginosa vaccine on the number of its composites was studied . A principle of the selection of strains who vaccines differed in vivo by immunological specificity was applied to construction of the experimental preparations and modelling a polyvalent vaccine . Increase of the number of components in the vaccine was accompanied by increase of its protective action range . However, with the increase of the number of polyvaccine components in the polyvaccine the accretion of the protective effect expressed in the mean protective index per component displayed a gradual reduction . It was calculated theoretically that a 6--7-component vaccine should provide protection from 94--96% of the P . aeruginosa strains; as to further increase of the number of components--it would induce overloading of the vaccine with a possible absence of any effect. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(4), 265 - 72 Natural antibodies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections; Petras G et al.; Studying 347 sera of 49 patients suffering from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection the mean titre value (MTV) calculated from the exponent of the binary logarithm of natural antibody (NA) titres, was found suitable to characterize the humoral immune status . As long as the organism is in equilibrium with the infection, the NA level rises . In septic shock, before death or at the development of a massive infection, the NA titre decreases rapidly . The decrease may be due partly to the permeability increasing effect of endotoxin and antigen-antibody reactions exerted on the capillaries . Consequently, in the most severe phase of sepsis, when bacteria enter the circulation less NA is available to fight against them . This might be a cause of the still very high lethality of septic shock due to Gram-negative bacteria . Finally, when applying the MTV one always has to consider that despite its advantages it gives less information than the Backhausz immunogram. Anat Anz, 1979, 146(3), 295 - 306 {Comparison of disinfectant activity of 3 different embalming fluids on cadavera for anatomical study (author's transl)}; Lischka MF et al.; The antimicrobial effect of 3 different embalming fluids (Phenol/Formaline, JORES 1913 TUTSCH 1975) was evaluated from the beginning of the conservation process through storage in a new system (TUTSCH et al . 1971) and the subsequent dissection course . Endogenous bacteria are significantly reduced 24 hours after injection . Later on during the storage period of at least 6 months no germs are detected in swabs from orifices whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic sporeforming bacteria were found on the surfaces of the bodies in some cases . The formula of the disinfectant (Phenol/Formaline or Merfen according to NEUMANN 1974) in the storage system appears to be of no significance . During dissection as a rule Staphylococcus epidermidis and a few aerobic sporeformers were found on the surface of specimens, at one time Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultivated too . Swabs from the peritoneal cavity and from contents of the intestine were sterile . Investigations by broth dilution method were carried out in order to evaluate the degree of bacteriostatic activity of the various fluids in use . This method is now routinely used for control of the disinfectants in the storage system. J Int Med Res, 1979, 7(2), 117 - 26 Netilmicin: clinical evaluation of efficacy and toxicity of a new aminoglycoside; Nordstrom L et al.; The efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was clinically evaluated in fifty-two patients with moderate to severe infections with Gram-negative rods or Staph . aureus . Average duration of treatment was 14 days and mean total dose 2,960 mg . One-hour mean value of netilmicin serum concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml and mean trough value 1.2 microgram/ml . Forty-four patients were cured or improved . In twenty-one of them the effect could be attributed to netilmicin alone; the other twenty-three had a combined therapy . No improvement took place in five, but four of them could not be regarded as netilmicin failure . One patient with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was possible failure . The sensitivity of the causative bacteria to netilmicin was studied and compared with amikacin, gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin . Vestibular function and hearing acuity was thoroughly examined by electronystagmography and audiography . Drug-related VIIIth nerve damage could not be confirmed in any of our patients . Five patients showed a rise of serum creatinine of 30 mumol/l . This shows that netilmicin, similar to other aminoglycosides, is a potential nephrotoxic drug . Netilmicin appears to be an efficacious aminoglycoside and the oto- and nephrotoxicity is low, if careful attention is paid to the renal function and the serum concentrations of the drug. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 1979, 13(1), 81 - 4 Systematic utilization of an antipseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine in a severe burn unit; Wassermann D et al.; The biological and clinical results of vaccination against pseudomonas aeruginosa infection have been analyzed for a group of 287 burned patients having over 25% surface burnt . The vaccine used was a cellular one inactivated by heat and containing 10 different strains . The effectiveness has been judged on the one hand by the increase in the antipseudomonas antibody count and on the other by comparing a group of vaccinated patients with a non-vaccinated group . After vaccination, the antipseudomonas aeruginosa antibodies increased from the 4th-5th day and reached an impressive increase after the 10th day . Clinically, protection is almost complete if one considers that pseudomonas aeruginosa positive blood cultures appear 15 days after vaccination, and above all the prognosis of these late infections . Both locally and generally, this vaccine has always been perfectly tolerated. Infection, 1979, 7(1), 21 - 6 {Current chemotherapy of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Bauernfeind A et al.; In addition to carbenicillin, the newer beta-lactam antibiotics such as ticarcillin and azlocillin are now available for the chemotherapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections . We investigated the in vitro effect of these antibiotics on 233 isolates from clinical material . We were particularly careful, when choosing the experimental material, to exclude copies of the same individual strain, and we achieved this by combining various epidemiological typing procedures . A comparison of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and azlocillin according to the concentrations at which half of the 233 strains were inhibited showed the ticarcillin values to be higher than those of azlocillin by a factor of 2.1, and carbenicillin values to be higher than those of azlocillin by a factor of 4.9 . Individual strains also occurred in which the inhibitory concentration for azlocillin was higher than that of carbenicillin (5 strains) or ticarcillin (11 strains) . In 17 out of the 233 isolates no therapeutic success would have been within reach even with the newer beta-lactam antibiotics . The use of ticarcillin and azlocillin permits an extension of the indications for therapy with beta-lactam antibiotics in P . aeruginosa infections, from hitherto 76%, to 90% of the cases . If one includes the aminoglycosides gentamycin, tobramycin, sisomycin and amikacin in the therapeutic armoury, then the proportion of in vitro sensitive strains of P . aeruginosa in the material submitted for examination rises to 98%. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jan-Feb, 1(1), 195 - 8 Cefoxitin therapy for surgical patients; Rambo WM et al.; Cefoxitin was administered to 25 patients on a general surgical service . In 16 of these patients, a bacteriologic diagnosis was made: four patients had peritonitis, one had ascending cholangitis, seven had cellulitis, and four had abscess . The dosage of cefoxitin varied from 4 to 8 g per day and was generally well tolerated, although there were three cases of phlebitis and one superinfection . There was no evidence of renal, liver, or bone marrow toxicity . All isolates of Bacteroides (eight), Escherichia coli (six), and Staphylococcus aureus (five) were sensitive to cefoxitin . Two of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant . All patients recovered with cefoxitin and corrective surgery . The results indicate that cefoxitin has the potential of replacing combination therapy in some surgical patients. Adv Shock Res, 1979, 2, 205 - 18 Gram-negative sepsis in thermally injured sheep; Adair TH et al.; Burn wound sepsis was studied for four days in awake, unanesthetized sheep . Each of the animals was given a 40% third-degree burn, and the wound was infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . According to their cardiopulmonary response, the animals were divided into three groups: hyperdynamic, normodynamic, and hypodynamic . The hyperdynamic group had an increased cardiac index and a decreased total peripheral resistance index . The hypodynamic group was characterized by the following: decreased cardiac index, increased total peripheral resistance index, increased hematocrit, decreased PaO2, increased pulmonary vascular resistance index, and decreased neutrophils (P less than or equal to 0.05) . The hypodynamic group was inoculated with more P aeruginosa, had more positive cultures for P aeruginosa, and had a greater mortality rate than the other two groups . It is suggested that the hypodynamic group was hypovolemic as a result of a fluid shift from the vascular compartment, that this fluid shift may be important in preventing the animals from responding to sepsis with an elevated cardiac index, and that the derivation of the cardiovascular response to sepsis is related to the severity of the initial septic insult. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1979, 173(1), 51 - 8 {Cytotoxic action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hemolysin}; Borderon E et al.; The cytopathic action of haemolysin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied in mouse and human leucocytes . The morphological changes suggest that haemolysin affects the molecular architecture of the cell membrane, whose permeability is increased . It does not induce non-specific stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes . Normal sera and albumin neutralize the hemolytic activity of haemolysin; this inhibition is also observed, to a les extent, on the lytic action on leucocytes . This raises the possibility that the two activities are probably associated with the same molecule. Microbios, 1979, 26(104), 85 - 93 Electron-microscope study of the effect of chlorhexidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Richards RM et al.; Electron micrographs of cytological damage to log phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by low consentrations of chlorhexidine indicate an action primarily on the cytoplasmic membrane at concentration of 2.0--3.0 micrograms/ml chlorhexidine, and on the cytoplasmic membrane plus layers external to it at concentrations greater than 3.0 micrograms/ml . Evidence of two types of resistance to chlorhexidine is presented. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(4), 462 - 7 Lytic manifestations in the bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteriophages bacteriocines, autoplaques); Pillich J et al.; Ps . aeruginosa strains--a frequement resuet of an irresponsible antibiotic therapy--represent a common agent of nosocomial infektions . At the same time, gravity of Pseudomonas diseases is also increasing . Lysogeny, bacteriocinogeny and frequent occurrence of autoplaques are the lytic manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which play a great role in the complexity of solving diagnostic, epidemiological end therapeutical problems connected with infections induced by these microbes . A survey is presented of the importance and utilization of the lytic properties of bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the differentiation, epidemiological typing and further expansion of therapeutical possibilities in infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979, 169(5-6), 530 - 4 {Verification of nosocomial infection chains with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Lebek G et al.; With all 3 typing methods (sero, lyso, pyocin type) errors can arise . The pyocin test following heat curing can be expected to give the least erroneous results . This was demonstrated by a test of 200 non-selected strains which were grown within 4 weeks . The possibility exists that a single patient discharges several different strains simultaneously or in succession . These results must be considered when efforts are made to detect infection chains in a hospital. Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(12a), 1937 - 9 {Ultrastructural and microbiological studies on the activity of azlocillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Voigt WH et al.; To examine the effect of 6-{(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido}-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) on the ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa investigations were carried out by electron microscopy on thin sections and on negative-stained preparations . Depending on the concentration and the contact time of azlocillin the bacteria showed distinct alterations . The bacterial cells did not build septa and therefore only grew in length up to 100-fold that of untreated controls . The bacteria diameter remained unchanged . Survival curves showed that these bacterial filaments were unable to build colonies . They were irreversibly damaged. Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(8), 693 - 704 In vitro studies on bacterial colonization . The effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mixed culture; Tsuji A; Many cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection are considered to be secondary superinfections, resulting from bacterial colonization . Such cases of superinfection with P . aeruginosa developing after administration of cephalosporin or penicillin are offering serious clinical problems . To make a fundamental analysis of the development of such superinfections, attempts were made to compare the growth patterns of Escherichia coli and P . aeruginosa in pure and mixed cultures and to determine the effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, and ampicillin on the growth patterns . In mixed cultures, the growth of P . aeruginosa was markedly inhibited by E . coli . The higher the concentration of each of the cephalosporins and ampicillin added to the mixed culture, the smaller the population of E . coli sensitive to these agents . When the population of E . coli became smaller than that of P . aeruginosa, which is resistant to these agents, the latter was restored to the same population level as that in pure cultures . Experimental bacterial colonization, by which the predominant population of E . coli was replaced by that of P . aeruginosa in mixed culture, was brought about more efficiently with the cephalosporins than with ampicillin . This might be accounted for by the difference in minimal inhibitory concentration for P . aeruginosa between ampicillin and the other three agents. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1979, 31, 751 - 9 Structure-activity relationships in diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Collier RJ et al.; Diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas toxin) block protein synthesis in sensitive animal cells by virtually identical mechanisms . Both toxins are proenzymes that, after activation, catalyze attachment of the adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose) moiety of NAD to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) by covalent linkage . EF-2 is thereby inactivated . In the case of diphtheria toxin (60,000 daltons) the ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is catalyzed by a 21,000-dalton peptide (fragment A) released after mild tryptic digestion and reduction of the toxin . The complementary B moiety of the toxin (39,000 daltons) is required for toxic activity and functions by attaching the toxin to oligosaccharide-containing cell surface receptors . In the case of the Pseudomonas toxin, the ADP-ribosylation reaction may be catalyzed either by the intact 66,000-dalton chain after reduction, or by a 26,000-dalton peptide released after mild proteolysis . Current approaches to study of the mechanisms of entry of the two toxins in active form into animal cells are reviewed. Scand J Infect Dis, 1979, 11(3), 211 - 7 Chemotherapy of chronic infections with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lower airways of patients with cystic fibrosis; Friis B; The bacteriological effect of chemotherapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps.ae.) in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis is reviewed . During a 5-year period 49 children and adults were treated with 190 courses of different antibiotics . The mucoid strains of Ps.ae . disappeared in 72.0% of the courses in which a combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin was employed . Tobramycin given alone had only bacteriological effect in 26.6% of the courses . Colimycin alone or in combination with carbenicillin had no effect . In 18 patients who received subsequent courses of tobramycin and combination of tobramycin and carbenicillin a significant difference in favour of the combination therapy was found, also in cases with many precipitins against Ps.ae . in serum . In 74.5% of the initially successful courses the patients were recolonized with Ps.ae . within 1 month . No nephrotoxic or ototoxic side effects were demonstrated in spite of the high doses of tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h) emmployed and the repeated courses. Scand J Infect Dis, 1979, 11(3), 207 - 10 Peritonitis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital patients treated with peritoneal dialysis; Kolmos HJ et al.; From December 1976 to July 1977 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the dialysate of 8 hospital patients on peritoneal dialysis . Seven of the cases occurred within 1 month . The source of the epidemic was a water bath used to preheat the dialysis fluids before start of dialysis . Six patients developed a severe protracted peritonitis with Ps . aeruginosa . Continuous peritoneal dialysis with antibiotics added to the dialysis fluid did not eradicate infection, but after removal of the catheters signs of peritonitis subsided rapidly in all patients . In conclusion, water baths used for this purpose should be replaced by dry-heat incubators. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(1), 74 - 7 Wild - type Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage AP 34 transducing gentamicin-tobramycin resistance and autoplaque formation; Vymola F et al.; A method of determining antibodies by their adsorption on large-pore or surface immunosorbents with subsequent treatment of the carrier with anti-immunoglobulin serum and antiphage serum isologous to the antibodies and then with the bacteriophage, has been presented . The adsorbed virions are split off by means of papain-induced hydrolysis of the antibody complex . The antigens are determined by the reaction of phage fixing inhibition . The method permits to determine small amounts of antibodies to proteins, haptenes and cells with objective calculation of results. Dev Biol Stand, 1979, 43, 53 - 9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa: prevention better than cure? Mellor JA, Miler JJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in certain groups of patients . The use of antibiotics in these patients may be associated with toxic side effects, drug resistance and therapeutic failure . Pseudomonas vaccines have been prepared by many workers and one vaccine has been widely used in clinical trials . Administration of this vaccine was associated with a high incidence of toxic reactions . A new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine has recently been prepared . We report the reactivity of this polyvalent vaccine in healthy volunteers and compare this with the reactivity of the earlier pseudomonas vaccine reported in the literature . The vaccine is at present being used in burned patients and has been associated with a significant reduction in mortality . We suggest that this new polyvalent vaccine has a low incidence of toxic effects and promises a considerable advance upon earlier vaccines. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1979, 27(4), 585 - 9 Immunogenic properties of slime produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Maresz-Babczyszyn J et al.; The slime of 8 various Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was purified and used to immunize rabbits . All studied slime-extracts were strongly immunogenic for animals . The level of antibodies against slime was determined by the passive hemagglutination test . Immune hemagglutinins were present mainly in the IgM fraction of antisera. J Int Med Res, 1979, 7(5), 375 - 8 Global and effective synergism of amikacin, gentamicin or tobramycin when combined with carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ximenes J et al.; The authors describe a study to evaluate the synergistic effects of the combinations of amikacin-carbenicillin, gentamicin-carbenicillin and tobramycin-carbenicillin at the associated minimal bactericidal concentrations and at doses related to the serum levels reached by the drugs in the blood. Nephron, 1979, 24(2), 69 - 70 Precipitating antibodies against pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum from dialysis patients; Jans H et al.; Hemodialysate in our facility was found contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . By means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, series of serum samples from 20 patients in regular dialysis treatment have been investigated for development of precipitating antibodies against P . aeruginosa during dialysis treatment . In 6 patients antibacterial antibodies occurred during the observation period but were, in all 6 occasions, in close relation to acute intercurrent bacterial infections and not related to the dialysis treatment . It is therefore concluded that P . aeruginosa antigens from the dialysate do not pass the dialysis membranes in quantities sufficient to evoke a humoral immune response. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 71(1-6), 55 - 61 {Biological characteristics of various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human pathological matter}; Costa AL et al.; According to the higher frequency of isolation of bacterial strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas from various human phatologic materials, in was seemed interesting to study the biological characteristics of these bacteria, which are the most virulent and pathogenic Gram-microorganism . In the present work the results of cultural, biochemical, cytochemical and immunological tests are reported . In vivo tests were also carried out, using rabbits inoculated with whole cells or their products. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(3), 217 - 23 Genetic mapping of the region c of the bacteriophage G101 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa); Spanova A; Morphological mutants of the c type of the bacteriophage G101 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated after mutagenesis with hydroxylamine . Complementation analysis of 27 c mutants showed that the c region is formed by at least two genes . Two types of c mutants were obtained . One of them (cI26) behaves analogously to a mutant in the gene controlling the synthesis of the repressor of phage lambda . The second type of the c mutants (cII1, cII18) specifies a gene having probably an auxiliary function in the "c" region . According to the low frequency of recombination between the genes cI26 and c II18 (1.37 recombination units), these genes responsible for lysogenization are localized in a short region of the chromosome. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(2), 185 - 7 2-Deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid from 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa fermentation; Kulhanek M et al.; Aerobic fermentation of media or solutions containing 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexose and calcium carbonate by bacterial cells capable of oxidizing aldoses to aldonic acids was used to prepare 2-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid; the acid was isolated in a 62% yield in the form of its 1,4-lactone. Nucleic Acids Res, 1979, 6(5), 2003 - 16 Initiation of translation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNA: nucleotide sequence of the coat cistron ribosome binding site; Bassel BA et al.; Initiation complex formation between PP7 RNA and ribosomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli has been investigated . The PP7 RNA fragments protected by both species of ribosome have been isolated, and their sequences have been determined . Only one binding sites is available on the intact PP7 RNA strand, and this site is recognized by ribosomes of both species . The PP7 RNA binding site is approximately 38 nucleotides long . It contains two AUG sequences and a purine-rich segment near the 5'-end that is complementary to segments near the 3'-ends of the 16S ribosomal RNA's of both P . aeruginosa and E . coli . In order to establish which of the AUG codons acts as the initiator, the H2N-terminal amino acid sequence of PP7 coat protein was determined . This sequence is compatible with the codon sequence following the second AUG codon . The extent of the reaction of PP7 RNA with E . coli ribosomes is greater than with P . aeruginosa ribosomes, but our results do not indicate a qualitative difference in the initial interaction between intact PP7 RNA and the ribosomes of either species. J Infect Dis, 1979 Jan, 139(1), 18 - 25 Morphologic expression of the interactions of human lymphocytes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as observed by scanning electron microscopy; Waisbren BA et al.; When human lymphocytes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated together and then observed under the scanning electron microscope, four distinct morphologic observations were made: (1) filopods extending between lymphocytes and bacteria; (2) globular structures bulging out in many of the filopods; (3) filopods connecting lymphocytes to each other in the presence of bacteria; and (4) bacteria adhering to the lymphocytes in areas where decreased numbers of microvilli were present. Infection, 1979, 7(2), 67 - 73 Comparative antibacterial activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin and ticarcillin and relative stability to beta-lactamases of pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella aerogenes; Basker MJ et al.; The antibacterial activities of two ureidopenicillins, azlocillin and mezlocillin, were compared with those of the alpha-carboxypenicillins, carbenicillin and ticarcillin, against a large number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria . All four penicillins were active against a wide range of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but there were differences in the antibacterial spectra and in the antibacterial effects demonstrated by the two classes of penicillins . In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of azlocillin and mezlocillin against Klebsiella aerogenes and against P . aeruginosa were greatly influenced by the size of bacterial inoculum tested whereas there was no significant inoculum effect with carbenicillin and ticarcillin . In stability tests, the ureidopenicillins were inactivated rapidly by the beta-lactamases of K . aerogenes and P . aeruginosa whereas the alpha-carboxypenicillins were stable . It seems probable that the inoculum effect seen with azlocillin and mezlocillin in antibacterial tests with K . aerogenes and P . aeruginosa is associated with the instability of the compounds to the beta-lactamases of these bacteria. Jikken Dobutsu, 1979 Jan, 28(1), 17 - 21 {Automatic rearing system of mice and transmission of pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Ito M et al.; Mice either excreting or not excreting Pseudomonas aeruginosa in feces were maintained in stainless steel mesh cages on an automated rearing apparatus with automatic water-supply nozzles and intermittently flusing metal racks . No evidence of transmission of the organisms from positive mice to negative ones was obtained during at least eight weeks. Antibiotiki, 1979 Jan, 24(1), 37 - 41 {Antibiotic resistance study of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Boronin AM et al.; The study of 40 clinical strains of Ps . aeruginosa isolated from the wound surfaces of the patients showed that all the isolates were resistant to one or several antibiotics . The number of the strains resistant to 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 drug was 5, 22.5, 25 . 30 or 17.5 per cent respectively . Fifteen strains carried resistance plasmids capable of conjugative transfer . Eleven out of 21 plasmids controlled resistance to chloramphenicol, 7 plasmids controlled resistance to streptomycin and sulfanylamides, 1 plasmid controlled resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol . The presence of two types of the plasmids controlling resistance to chloramphenicol and streptomycin + sulfanylamides respectively was found . All the plasmids proved to be capable of conjugative transfer between the strains of Ps . aeruginosa ML (PAO) . The frequency of the plasmid conjugative transfer in such crosses ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-3) . Most of the plasmids belonged to the incompatibility groups P-2 and P-7 . One plasmid belonged to the incompatibility group P-5 . It should be noted that about a half of the plasmids (11 out of 21) belonged to the incompatibility group P-7 which up to the present time was conditional, since was represented by a single plasmid Rms 148. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Jan-Feb, 48(1), 109 - 13 {Isolation and general characteristics of a group of Pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate phages}; Ianenko AS et al.; Eighteen temperate phages were isolated from 38 natural strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The phages belong to five heteroimmune groups according to the ability of lysogenic variants of the strains PAO1 and PAT2 to exclude the growth of the superinfecting phage . Phages of the II and V immunity groups are serologically similar; the remaining phages are not inactivated by antisera against phages B26 (II group) and K1338 (V group) . Prophages of the II, IV, and V groups are induced by UV for vegetative growth . Phages belonging to different immunity groups vary in their morphology and particle size as was found by electron microscopy . Phages of the I, II, IV and V groups comprise one morphological type, those of the III group are of another morphological type . Phages of the IV group are not adsorbed on the bacterial mutants resistant to phages of the II and V immunity groups. Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 87 - 93 Phage-related surface modifications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects on the biological activity of viable cells; Dimitracopoulos G et al.; Lysogenic {EI(8)3} and phage 8-resistant mutant (EI/8S17) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa EI were isolated . Besides lacking the capacity to adsorb phage 8, strains EI(8)3 and EI/8s17 did not contain surface substrate for the depolymerase that is produced de novo when phage 8 infects wild-type strain . EI . The glycolipoprotein (GLP) in the wild type contains phage 8 receptors and surface substrate for the depolymerase, as well as possesses characteristics of a virulence factor; therefore, the chemical and biological characteristics of the derived strains were investigated . The neutral-sugar, amino sugar, and protein content of the GLPs from the derived strains differed quantitatively from that of the wild type . In spite of some cross-reactivity, the GLPs from all strains were antigenically distinct in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test . In mice, the toxicity of the GLP from strain EI(8)3 equaled that of the wild type, but the GLP of strain EI/8s17 was threefold less toxic . Significantly fewer viable EI(8)3 cells were required for the mouse 50% lethal dose than for the cells of either the wild type or the phage-resistant mutant. Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 150 - 9 Microscopic characterization of rabbit lung damage produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases; Gray L et al.; The intratracheal administration of highly purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases (ca . 10 to 100 microgram) elicited extensive, grossly observable rabbit lung damage by 3 h postinjection . Light and electron microscopic characterization of the lesions revealed: (i) progressive injury and necrosis of type I epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells from 3 h to 1 day postinjection, and progressively increasing accumulations of erythrocytes, plasma proteins, fibrin, and released type II epithelial cell lamellar bodies in alveolar lumina during that time period; (ii) progressively increasing accumulations of macrophages, but not of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in alveolar lumina from 3 h to 6 days postinjection; (iii) progressive hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells from 12 h to 4 days postinjection; (iv) progressive infiltration of alveolar septa by mononuclear inflammatory cells (interstitial pneumonitis) from 2 to 6 days postinjection; (v) no loss of alveolar septal connective tissue and no damage to pulmonary arterioles and venules; and (vi) almost normal alveolar structure by ca . 8 days postinjection . The study revealed that the intra-alveolar hemorrhage, the injury and necrosis of alveolar septal cells, and the infiltration by mononuclear cells that have been reported to occur during human pseudomonas pneumonia can also be elicited by the experimental administration of pseudomonas proteases . Thus, the results support the idea that in vivo production and activity of P . aeruginosa proteases is important, at least in part, in eliciting the lung damage characteristic of pseudomonas pneumonia. J Trauma, 1979 Jan, 19(1), 52 - 5 Transient defect in the bactericidal capacity of rabbit alveolar macrophages following sublethal shock; Grogan JB; The phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages obtained from rabbits after they were given sublethal shock by tumbling in a modified Noble-Collip drum was studied . As compared to the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages from normal rabbits, tumbling produced a statistically significant reduction in in vitro bactericidal capacity for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . However, there was no alteration in the ingestive phase . The reduced bactericidal capacity was evident within 15 minutes after the stress, but the bactericidal capacity had returned to normal in rabbits that were allowed to recover for 24 hours before the studies were performed. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jan, 85(1), 7 - 19 Biochemical properties of a new flexuous bacteriocin, pyocin F1, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Kuroda K et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P15 produces not only pyocin R1 and phage PS10, but also a substance having a flexuous rod structure, the nature of which is so far unknown . A variant strain (P15--40) was obtained which produced these flexuous particles more effectively than the original strain, and the particles were purified to homogeneity and investigated . Several strains of P . aeruginosa were found to be killed by the particles . It was concluded that the flexuous rod-like particles are not related to pyocin R1 or phage PS10, but represent a new pyocin, which we have designated as pyocin F1 . Pyocin F1 showed a different action spectrum and a different pattern on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from either pyocin R1 or phage PS10 . The killing activity of pyocin F1 was of single-hit type . The activity was not affected by anti-R1, anti-R1-core or anti-PS10, or by DNase, RNase, pronase or trypsin, but was completely destroyed by treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 min . Some cofactor was required for the adsorption of this pyocin on sensitive bacteria . Another flexuous bacteriocin was also found and named pyocin F2. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jan, 85(1), 115 - 22 Isolation of characterization of a major outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Evidence for the occurrence of a lipoprotein; Mizuno T et al.; In the outer membrane of P . aeruginosa, a protein of apparent molecular weight 8,000 (protein I) is present as a major protein . Purification and chemical analysis of protein I were carried out . This protein was purified by essentially the same procedure as for the purification of the E . coli lipoprotein, which was developed by Inouye et al . (J . Bacteriol . (1976) 127, 555--563) . The amino acid composition of protein I was determined . Protein I lacks proline, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and half-cystine . Fatty acid analysis of the protein revealed that it contained 0.89 mol of fatty acids per mol of protein . Among the fatty acids hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) was predominant . In an in vivo labeling experiment, {2-3H}glycerol was incorporated into protein I . A protein with similar mobility to protein I on urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was isolated from the purified peptidoglycan of P . aeruginosa by trypsin digestion . The amino acid composition of this protein was essentially the same as that of protein I . These results indicate that the outer membrane of P . aeruginosa contains a protein analogous to the E . coli lipoprotein, although considerable differences were observed in the amino acid composition and the fatty acid content. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 357 - 64 Isolation of an iron-binding compound from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cox CD et al.; An iron-binding compound was isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of culture supernatant fluids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was purified by successive paper and thin-layer chromatographic procedures . The purified compound was characterized by UV, visible, infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy . The compound possesses phenolic characteristics, with little or no similarity to dihydroxybenzoates and no indication of a hydroxamate group . P . aeruginosa synthesized the compound during active growth in culture media containing less than 5 X 10(-6) M added FeCl3 . When added to iron-poor cultures of P . aeruginosa, the compound promoted the growth of the bacterium and also reversed growth inhibition by the iron chelator ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 274 - 80 Chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Moulton RC et al.; Chemotaxis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RM46 has been studied, and conditions required for chemotaxis have been defined, by using the Adler capillary assay technique . Several amino acids, organic acids, and glucose were shown to be attractants of varying effectiveness for this organism . Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was absolutely required for chemotaxis, and magnesium was also necessary for a maximum response . Serine taxis was greatest when the chemotaxis medium contained 1.5 X 10(-5) M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.005 M magnesium chloride . It was not necessary to include methionine in the chemotaxis medium . The strength of the chemotactic responses to glucose and to citrate was dependent on prior growth of the bacteria on glucose and citrate, respectively . Accumulation in response to serine was inhibited by the addition of succinate, citrate, malate, glucose, pyruvate, or methionine to the chemotaxis medium . Inhibition by succinate was not dependent on the concentration of attractant in the capillary . However, the degree to which glucose and citrate inhibited serine taxis was dependent on the carbon source utilized for growth . Further investigation of this inhibition may provide information about the mechanisms of chemotaxis in P . aeruginosa. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 72(1-6), 72 - 7 {Endotoxic contamination of biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines and interferon)}; Fumarola D et al.; The A.A . have examined by the Limulus assay the possible endotoxin contamination in some biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines, interferon) . While the preparations of influenza vaccines and a partially purified fraction of ribosomal vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit a gelation of lysate with high levels of endotoxin, rubeola vaccines, interferon and a purified fraction of ribosomal vaccine, presented a negligible amount of endotoxin . The results are discussed with the aim to examine the possible role of contaminating endotoxin in the mediation of some adverse effects and of the unsuspected extrinsic adjuvant activities developed in clinical and experimental use of these preparations. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(2), 111 - 20 Heat-stable somatic antigens of a group of unclassified fluorescent pseudomonads (UFP); Lanyi B et al.; (i) Isolates belonging to a group of unclassified fluorescent pseudomonads (UFP) are similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa not only in cultural behaviour but also in basic serological properties of their somatic antigens . Living bacteria and cultures subjected to prolonged heating at 100 degrees C or above agglutinated readily in homologous O serum, whereas after exposure to 60 degrees C, ethanol, saturated sodium chloride and formalin the cells of both species became practically inagglutinable . Surface factors inhibiting the agglutination of living bacteria in O sera being absent, the slide technique was chosen as a routine method for the serological grouping of UFP . (ii) The O antigens of UFP were different in serological specificity from those of P . aeruginosa: the two organisms were related only by minor "common" antigens detectable with bacteria heated at 130 degrees C . One hundred and ten out of 115 UFP isolates were classified into 17 serological groups; O groups 2, 5, 10, 12 and 16 were each further divided into two subgroups . Five isolates reacted in several sera or were unstable . (iii) Serological grouping of UFP is reproducible and adequate for the tracing of isolates and may be helpful for a rapid differentiation of the organism from P . aeruginosa. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 73 - 81 Sodium-dependent transport of L-leucine in membrane ves