Aust N Z J Med, 1987 Apr, 17(2), 216 - 9 Clinical aspects of infection with Yersinia enterocolitica in adults; Feeney GF et al.; Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from the feces of 29 patients over a three-year period following the introduction of a selective culture medium . Y . enterocolitica was the third most common enteric pathogen after Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella in this series of 3795 specimens from a predominantly adult population . The isolation rate of Y . enterocolitica was 0.9% and this represented 15.8% of positive cultures . The usual symptoms of Yersinia infection were diarrhea (93%) and abdominal pain (72%), often associated with tenderness in the right iliac fossa and fever . Fourteen patients required admission to hospital and four came to surgery for possible appendicitis . Acute terminal ileitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis were noted in each case . Two patients who were HLA-B27 positive had a reactive arthritis as their dominant complaint . In conclusion, Y . enterocolitica has emerged as a common cause of diarrhea in adults . It is an important cause of symptoms resembling those of acute appendicitis and is occasionally complicated by reactive arthritis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1987 Apr, 95(2), 103 - 8 Acid and alkaline Campylobacter extracts in the demonstration of antibody response in hyperimmunized rabbits; Rautelin H; Acid and alkaline extracts from several Campylobacter strains were used as antigens in enzyme immunoassay (EIA) . Antibodies were detected in rabbits immunized with formalin-treated, boiled, or autoclaved whole bacteria of different Campylobacter subspecies . For the preparation of the extracts, three Campylobacter fetus subsp . venerealis strains, three Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus strains, four Campylobacter coli, and five Campylobacter jejuni strains were used . The acid extracts of Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus and Campylobacter fetus subsp . venerealis were antigenically similar to each other but different from Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni strains . These acid extracts were found to be suitable antigens in enzyme immunoassay . However, when alkaline extracts were used as the antigen, fewer antisera reacted with them than with the acid extracts, and many pre-immune sera gave high values. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 6(2), 173 - 8 Comparative in vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and Chlamydia trachomatis; Benson C et al.; The in vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031) was determined and compared with that of 13 antibiotics against 401 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and 11 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis . A-56268 was very active against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and was among the most active of the agents tested against Listeria monocytogenes, streptococci and Chlamydia trachomatis . It was moderately active against Haemophilus spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus . It was inactive against enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp . and Yersinia enterocolitica . A-56268 was not consistently bactericidal or more active than erythromycin for any organism except Chlamydia trachomatis. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1987 Apr, 184(1), 60 - 70 Raw beef, pork and chicken in Japan contaminated with Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium perfringens--a comparative study; Fukushima H et al.; One hundred and twenty samples each of raw ground beef, pork and chicken from ten local grocery stores in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, were examined for the presence of Salmonella sp . (Sal), Campylobacter jejuni (Cj), Campylobacter coli (Cc), Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye), and Clostridium perfringens (Cp) from April 1984 to March 1985 . A total of 205 isolates of Sal (112 strains), Cj (64 strains), Cc (one strain), Ye (7 strains) and Cp (21 strains) were recovered from 17 beef (14.2%), 31 pork (25.8%) and 94 chicken (78.3%) of 120 samples each . Sal biogroup 1 was found in 8.3% of beef, 13.3% of pork and 35.0% of chicken, Sal biogroup 2 in 0.8% of beef, 4.2% of pork and 14.2% of chicken, Cj in 1.7% of beef and pork and 50.0% of chicken, Cc in 0.8% of pork, Ye serotype 03 was found in 5.0% of pork, and Cp in 1.7% of beef and pork and 10.8% of chicken . These enteropathogens were recovered concomitantly from two pork and 31 chicken samples, especially Sal and Cj . Sal was counted at less than or equal to 10(2)/100 g of beef and pork and at less than or equal to 10(3)/100 g of chicken, Cj was counted at less than or equal to 10(1)/g of beef and pork and at less than or equal to 10(2)/g of chicken, Ye serotype 03 was counted at less than or equal to 10(3)/g of pork, Cp was counted at less than or equal to 10(2)/g of pork and at less than or equal to 10(2)g of chicken, and Cc from pork and Cp from beef were recovered by using enrichment culture . This investigation showed that a second-contamination of Sal and Cj from chicken to beef and pork frequently occurred during the warm months of the year . It was suggested that chicken may become a source of infection with plural organisms of enteric pathogens, especially Sal and Cj, at the same time all the year round, and that pork may be an important source of infection with Ye during the cold months. Am J Gastroenterol, 1987 Apr, 82(4), 297 - 301 Campylobacter pyloridis gastritis II: Distribution of bacteria and associated inflammation in the gastroduodenal environment; Hazell SL et al.; The distribution of Campylobacter pyloridis in the stomach and duodenal bulb of two series of patients (n = 53) with dyspeptic symptoms was studied . In all patients where a comprehensive search of the stomach was conducted, C . pyloridis and active chronic gastritis were associated . That is, the presence of this organism anywhere in the stomach may be taken as a marker of active chronic gastritis within that stomach, although not necessarily at the site of bacterial detection . Two main patterns of colonization are proposed: C . pyloridis either colonizes normal antra and extends proximally along the lesser curvature and into the body with subsequent development of active chronic gastritis and/or the bacterium colonizes areas of chronic-only gastritis induced by other agents resulting in active chronic gastritis . As C . pyloridis may be limited to the antrum or body of any given stomach, it is necessary to biopsy both areas when looking for the bacterium. Am J Gastroenterol, 1987 Apr, 82(4), 292 - 6 Campylobacter pyloridis gastritis I: Detection of urease as a marker of bacterial colonization and gastritis; Hazell SL et al.; A method to detect the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis in dyspeptic patients is described . The test procedure involves placing a gastric pinch biopsy into a small amount of a solution containing urea and a pH indicator in the well of a microtiter tray . The method depends on the ability of C . pyloridis to hydrolyse urea and release an alkaline product (ammonia) . The "microtiter biopsy urease test" is 100% specific for C . pyloridis and has a 91% sensitivity after 18 h reaction time . Seventy-five percent of positive biopsies had a reaction time of less than 1 h . The test may be used to predict the presence of antral gastritis; as well as marking the presence of the bacterium; with a positive predictive value of 96% and a negative predictive value of 73% . There was a positive correlation between the biopsy urease test results and the grades of both chronic and active antral gastritis . This test is simple and can be performed in the endoscopy clinic as the formulation of the reagent obviates the need for aseptic techniques. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1987 Mar 27, 112(13), 493 - 7 {Campylobacter pylori--is there a connection with peptic ulcer?}; Malfertheiner P et al.; In 67 patients, mucosal biopsies were taken in gastroduodenoscopy and culture set up to demonstrate Campylobacter pylori . Campylobacter pylori was cultured from 91% of the patients with peptic ulcer, in 76% of patients with gastritis and in 28% of patients without histological detection of gastritis . Electron microscopic investigations of duodenal mucosa showed that this bacterium attaches to the metaplastic cells of the antral type . This cell type is regularly encountered in the duodenal mucosa in healing duodenal ulcer . The ultrastructural features permit a clear distinction between Campylobacter pylori and other Campylobacter species . Campylobacter pylori may possibly have a pathogenic effect on the mucosa owing to its penetration into the interstitial spaces between the cells and into the interior of the cells. Presse Med, 1987 Mar 7, 16(8), 383 - 6 {Gastrointestinal infections in children . A strategy for searching pathogenic agents}; Pinon G et al.; From a bacteriological and virological study of 2056 stool samples obtained from 1595 children we have attempted to derive epidemiological arguments leading to an algorithm of coprodiagnosis . We believe that Rotavirus should be systematically searched for at any age, as it is the most frequent pathogen encountered (27% of children with positive detection) . If the test is positive, no other test needs to be performed in patients staying less than 4 days in hospital . If the test is negative, or if the child's clinical condition requires prolonged hospitalization, conventional bacteriology must be carried out, including a search for Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia . The search for Campylobacter should be limited to infections occurring in children under five. Am J Gastroenterol, 1987 Mar, 82(3), 192 - 9 Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH; Morris A et al.; Campylobacter pyloridis was ingested by a volunteer who had a histologically normal gastric mucosa and fasting gastric pH recordings of less than 2 . Three days later he developed moderate to severe attacks of epigastric pain . On the 5th day after ingestion C . pyloridis was cultured from antral biopsies which showed histological acute gastritis . However, fundal histology and fasting gastric pH were normal . On the 8th day fasting gastric pH rose to 7.6 . On day 11 C . pyloridis was cultured from both antral and fundal biopsies which showed histological gastritis . Doxycycline was taken for 28 days but infection and gastritis persisted . Bismuth subsalicylate was taken for 28 days and final biopsies, taken 1 wk after stopping therapy, were culture negative . Histology showed a minimal residual chronic gastritis . C . pyloridis can cause an acute upper gastrointestinal illness associated with histological gastritis and an increase in fasting gastric pH. Infect Immun, 1987 Mar, 55(3), 828 - 31 Demonstration of a flagellar antigen shared by a diverse group of spiral-shaped bacteria that colonize intestinal mucus; Lee A et al.; Western blot analysis showed that there is little immunological cross-reactivity of the human pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with Campylobacter pyloridis, except for a very strong cross-reaction between the flagellins . This same antigenic cross-reaction was found with two isolates of gram-negative spiral microaerophilic bacteria that are known to colonize the intestinal mucosa of rodents, but not with the flagellins of a number of other motile bacteria . It is proposed that this shared flagellin antigen may be important structurally and functionally. J Infect Dis, 1987 Mar, 155(3), 488 - 94 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Campylobacter pyloridis: correlation with presence of C . pyloridis in the gastric mucosa; Goodwin CS et al.; Antibody to Campylobacter pyloridis was measured by ELISA in the sera of 160 patients from whom gastric biopsy specimens were also obtained . The antigen was an acid-glycine extract of C . pyloridis, and titers ranged from 80 to 22,000 ELISA units (EU) . Of 117 patients in whom C . pyloridis was detected microbiologically or histologically, 87 (74%) had a titer greater than or equal to 300 EU, and only one had a titer less than 150 EU . Of 43 patients in whom C . pyloridis was not detected, only two (5%) had a titer greater than 300 EU . Thus, for a titer of 300 EU the ELISA test had a specificity of 97% and a sensitivity of 81% . At 150 EU the specificity was 78%, and the sensitivity was 99% . Histological diagnosis of active chronic gastritis was associated with a high median ELISA titer (485 E), chronic gastritis with a much lower titer (150 EU), and normal histology with a titer of 110 EU . Discriminating use of this serological test could be of assistance to detect C . pyloridis in the gastric mucosa. Pediatr Med Chir, 1987 Mar-Apr, 9(2), 237 - 8 {Home-coming diarrhea . Presentation of a clinical case}; de Angelis GL et al.; The Homing Diarrhea, described by Duhamel and Rey in 1980, represents a gastrointestinal disease which affects children of emigrants coming back from a trip to their country of origin and may become so serious to cause death secondary to dehydration or septicemia . The poor nutritional conditions at the beginning of the trip (secondary to low socioeconomic situation) and the onset of acute enteritis during the travel, caused by Salmonella or Shigella, E . Coli, Campylobacter, Myceti, Giardia Lamblia, Rotavirus, are considered the main and triggering factors of the homing diarrhea . Intensive care can be necessary to interrupt the sequence constituted by diarrhea-malnutrition-dehydration . Therefore prophylaxis, including good basal nutritional conditions and the use of p.o . glucose-electrolyte solutions at the beginning of the acute enteric episode appears to be the most effective measure to prevent the onset of the disease . A case of homing diarrhea is reported. Jpn J Antibiot, 1987 Mar, 40(3), 641 - 57 {Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefuzonam in pediatrics}; Iwai N et al.; Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies were conducted to evaluate cefuzonam (L-105, CZON), a new cephem type antibiotic, in the pediatric field . A total of 9 pediatric patients (2-14 years) was treated with intravenous injection of CZON: 4 cases with one shot of 20 mg/kg, 2 cases with one shot of 40 mg/kg and 3 cases with drip infusion over 1 hour of 40 mg/kg . CZON concentrations in serum and the excretion in urine were determined . Mean serum concentrations of CZON after one shot intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg were 49.0, 22.7, 9.03, 2.13, 0.37, and 0.09 micrograms/ml at 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively . With 40 mg/kg one shot intravenous injections, mean serum concentrations were 117.5, 68.0, 26.2, 8.80, 0.63 and 0.19 micrograms/ml at 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively . With 40 mg/kg intravenous drip infusions over 1 hour, mean concentrations were 57.1, 78.8, 12.9, 1.12 and 0.23 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively . Mean half-lives were 0.69 hour for 20 mg/kg one shot injections, 0.44 hour for 40 mg/kg one shot injections, and 0.58 hour for 40 mg/kg 1 hour drip infusions . Urinary recovery rates in 6 hour after administration were 70.8% (mean) for the 20 mg/kg one shot injection, 44.1% (1 case) for the 40 mg/kg one shot injection, and 60.0% (mean) for the 40 mg/kg 1 hour drip infusion . CZON was administered in 26 cases of pediatric infections, and the clinical efficacy, antibacterial activity, and side effects were evaluated . Of the 26 cases 2 were excluded for the reason of not having bacterial infection, and the remaining 24 cases were assessed . Included in the 24 cases were 16 cases of acute pneumonia, 2 cases of acute purulent lymphadenitis, and 1 case each of acute bronchitis, acute purulent otitis media, acute apical periodontitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), acute pyelonephritis, and acute enteritis . Clinical efficacy evaluation showed 19 excellent cases and 5 good cases, with an efficacy rate of 100% . Bacteriologically, Staphylococcus aureus 1 strain, Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 strain, beta-Streptococcus 1 strain, Haemophilus influenzae 10 strains, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 1 strain, Proteus mirabilis 1 strain, and Campylobacter jejuni 1 strain were determined or assumed as pathogens, but all of them were eradicated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 Mar, 62(3), 217 - 21 Efficacy of some methods and media for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in frozen chicken meat; Beuchat LR; Four of five strains of Campylobacter jejuni survived in chicken meat stored at -18 degrees C for 12 months . Direct plating of samples was superior to the most probable number technique for enumerating C . jejuni . Enrichment culture using the Doyle & Roman enrichment method resulted in the highest rates of detection . Packaging under an atmosphere of CO2 did not substantially influence survival. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1987 Mar, 11(3), 212 - 6 "Campylobacter pyloridis" and epigastric pain: endoscopic, histological, and bacteriological correlations; Lamouliatte H et al.; Campylobacter pyloridis is a newly discovered bacterium which has been implicated in gastric pathology . C . pyloridis was looked for by hematoxylin and eosin staining and culture (chocolate and brucella blood agar) in gastric antral biopsies in 136 unselected patients suffering from epigastric pain . The distribution of C . pyloridis positive cases according to the endoscopic diagnosis was as follows: duodenal ulcer (19 positive/21 tested), duodenitis (6/10), gastric ulcer (9/21), gastritis (13/26), and normal endoscopy (21/58) . The association was statistically significant for duodenal ulcers (p less than 0.001) . All of the 68 C . pyloridis positive patients showed histologic signs of gastritis as compared to 29 of the 68 C . pyloridis negative patients . The two techniques detection were comparable in sensitivity: 57 were detected by culture only and 63 by microscopy only . We also looked for C . pyloridis in biopsies of the body of the stomach in 71 patients . Bacteria were found in 33 of 36 cases with C . pyloridis positive antral biopsies (15 had histologic lesions) but only in 2 of 35 C . pyloridis antrum negative cases . Therefore, C . pyloridis was tightly associated with histologic signs of antral gastritis and with duodenal ulcers when diagnosed by endoscopy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1987 Mar, 31(3), 438 - 42 Erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter infections in Thailand; Taylor DN et al.; Erythromycin therapy was compared with no treatment in a prospective trial of acute diarrheal disease among 100 infants in an orphanage in Bangkok . Within 24 h of the onset of diarrhea, 50 children received erythromycin ethylsuccinate (40 mg/kg per day) in four divided doses for 5 days . Campylobacter jejuni isolated from 31, Campylobacter coli isolated from 21, and Shigella spp . isolated from 21 of 100 children were the most commonly recognized pathogens; use of a sensitive, nonselective method substantially increased Campylobacter isolation . Treatment with erythromycin had no effect on the duration of diarrhea caused by Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., or other agents; 37% of the treatment group and 35% of the control group had diarrhea for 1 week . Of 23 Campylobacter strains isolated from the treatment group before treatment, 15 (65%) were resistant (MIC, greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml) to erythromycin . Among orphanage-acquired strains, 53% of 43 C . jejuni strains and 91% of 23 C . coli strains were resistant to erythromycin compared with 11% of 114 C . jejuni strains and 46% of 35 C . coli strains that were community acquired . Erythromycin resistance is common among Campylobacter strains in Bangkok, especially in an institutional setting, which may account for the lack of efficacy of erythromycin for treatment of acute diarrheal illnesses. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1987 Mar, 22(2), 219 - 24 Campylobacter pyloridis in peptic ulcer disease . I . Gastric and duodenal infection caused by C . pyloridis: histopathologic and microbiologic findings; Andersen LP et al.; In this study 153 patients with dyspepsia were biopsied in the gastric antrum and duodenum . All specimens were investigated histopathologically and microbiologically for the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis, and the type of inflammation was recorded in accordance with Morson's criteria . C . pyloridis was found beneath the mucus close to the epithelial cells and mostly in connection with granulocytic infiltration (active gastritis) . C . pyloridis was cultured from all of 10 patients with histologically active gastritis and active duodenitis, in 86% of 64 patients with active gastritis and morphologically normal duodenum, and in only 5% of 79 patients without morphologic gastric and duodenal changes . The close relation between active gastritis and C . pyloridis shows that C . pyloridis plays an important role in gastric inflammation, as it fulfils the criterion for a localized bacterial infection. Br Poult Sci, 1987 Mar, 28(1), 3 - 13 Gordon memorial lecture . Poultry disease and public health; Kampelmacher EH; The development of the poultry industry and the consumption of poultry meat is traced over the past quarter of a century and related to the increased incidence of food poisoning in man . Factors affecting the spread of the main poultry pathogens which are of human significance are discussed . The pathogens considered are salmonella, campylobacter, staphylococci and clostridia . Various preventative measures are considered including rearing procedures for poultry, decontamination methods and education of the public . It is concluded that one of the most effective measures is irradiation of poultry and poultry products . The difficulties of introducing this control measure are recognised . It is concluded that more effective application of existing control methods would greatly reduce the hazards to public health. J Med Microbiol, 1987 Mar, 23(2), 187 - 9 Variations in the virulence, for pregnant guinea pigs, of campylobacters isolated from man; Coid CR et al.; Pregnant guinea pigs were used to compare the virulence of four human isolates of Campylobacter fetus ss . fetus and four of C . jejuni on the basis of their ability to cause abortion and bacteraemia . Of the four strains of C . fetus ss . fetus two produced abortion readily after intramuscular injection . The four C . jejuni isolates were, however, of comparatively low virulence and no differences between them were demonstrated . Some of the isolates differed in their ability to survive in vitro in human and guinea-pig serum . It is suggested that campylobacters vary in their virulence for man and that this may influence the outcome of infections . Guinea pigs may prove useful in studying the pathogenesis of systemic campylobacter infections. Infect Control, 1987 Mar, 8(3), 119 - 25 Review of the 4-quinolones; Eggleston M et al.; Improvements in antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetics have moved the 4-quinolones into the forefront of antibiotic research . The 4-quinolones are analogues of nalidixic acid, and there are presently at least six agents in this group under investigation in the United States . It is difficult to generalize their clinical usefulness, since these agents exhibit different pharmacokinetic profiles, antimicrobial activity (with varied minimum inhibitory concentrations among similar organisms), and dosage regimens . The 4-quinolones are potential therapeutic alternatives for infections caused by a variety of organisms . They include: Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Haemophilus influenzae; Staphylococcus aureus; common enteric pathogens (salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, etc); and intracellular bacteria (legionella, chlamydia, mycobacteria, etc) . Clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases . Future studies will undoubtedly demonstrate effectiveness in numerous additional infectious processes . The purpose of this article is to compare the 4-quinolones in regards to pharmacokinetics and spectrum of activity and review the clinical studies involving these agents. Am J Gastroenterol, 1987 Mar, 82(3), 200 - 10 Rapid urease test in the management of Campylobacter pyloridis-associated gastritis; Marshall BJ et al.; Campylobacter pyloridis colonization of the stomach may be an etiological factor in gastritis and peptic ulceration . Campylobacter pyloridis produces large amounts of urease, and the presence of this enzyme in gastric mucosa usually indicates infection with the organism . In this paper we describe the use of a rapid urease test (CLOtest) to detect C . pyloridis infection in gastric mucosal biopsies . In 141 consecutive endoscopy cases, antral biopsies were taken for culture and histology, and an extra biopsy was inserted into the CLOtest gel . There were 79 patients infected with C . pyloridis, 78 of whom were detected by CLOtest: 75% were positive at 20 min, 92% at 3 h, and 98% at 24 h . There were no false positive results . Eighteen infected patients were rebiopsied after a course of amoxycillin and bismuth subcitrate . Active chronic gastritis resolved in eight of nine who were cleared of the organism, but histological gastritis was unchanged in nine patients who were still infected . CLOtest is a simple, sensitive, and highly specific test that enables the endoscopist to diagnose C . pyloridis infection in the endoscopy room . A negative test after antibiotic therapy correlates with clearance of the bacteria and healing of active gastritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1987 Mar-Apr, 6(2), 257 - 64 Rectosigmoidoscopic findings during isolated rectal bleeding in the neonate; Dupont C et al.; This study describes a group of 34 infants under 1 1/2 months of age presenting with isolated rectal bleeding not related to hemorrhagic disease of the newborn or to campylobacter infection and with spontaneously favorable evolution . Systematic rectosigmoidoscopy showed the presence of mucosal alterations in the form of either longitudinally stretched ecchymoses lying on a normal mucosa or diffuse ecchymotic patches dispersed on a congestive and friable mucosa, rarely associated to visible micro-ulcerations . Biopsies showed mucosal hemorrhage, capillary vessel congestion, and epithelial erosions, as well as various grades of inflammation . Clinical data indicate that this hemorrhagic colitis is a heterogeneous group where dietary protein intolerance may account for some cases. Cutis . 1987 Mar;39(3):218. Campylobacter infection masquerading as ulcerative colitis; Marcus LS et al.; A 24-year-old woman noted erythematous tender nodules on her extremities and temporal areas while being treated for Campylobacter-positive colitis . Histologic examination showed groups of inflammatory cells in the subcutaneous tissue and dermis around pilosebaceous follicles and sweat glands . The diagnosis of nonspecific, chronic dermatitis and panniculitis was made . The cutaneous lesions improved with the administration of tetracycline, Azulfidine, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, after which a negative culture for Campylobacter was obtained . Campylobacter colitis may stimulate ulcerative colitis. Anal Biochem, 1987 Mar, 161(2), 387 - 94 Immunochemical approaches to gene probe assays; Stollar BD et al.; Antibodies specific for helical nucleic acids can be applied to assays for hybridized DNA and/or RNA . The assays can use either radioactive or nonradioactive detection systems . Antibodies specific for RNA-DNA hybrids are applicable to assays for measuring hybrid helices that are immobilized on plastic or nitrocellulose, whether the helices are preformed in solution or are formed on the solid-phase support . Alternatively, anti-RNA-DNA hybrid antibodies can be immobilized and used to capture hybrids formed in solution, resulting in an assay with a high signal-to-noise ratio . It has been applied to a test for the presence of ribosomal RNA of Campylobacter jejuni in biological samples. Klin Wochenschr, 1987 Feb 2, 65(3), 144 - 6 Invasion of campylobacter-like organisms in the duodenal mucosa in patients with active duodenal ulcer; Bode G et al.; The ultrastructure of campylobacter-like organisms found within duodenal biopsy specimens from 7 of 24 patients (28%) with active duodenal ulcer is described . Their curved shape and variable size are similar to what has previously been reported in descriptions of light microscopies . The organisms were found at the edge of active duodenal ulcers exclusively near neutral-mucous producing antral cells, to which they can adhere . The presence of these bacteria within cells and in the intercellular fluid implies that they can penetrate through the cell membrane or through tight intercellular junctions . The occurrence of these bacteria as well as numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the afflicted regions suggests that the bacteria originally described by Warren and Marshall are indeed pathogenic and that their influence on ulcer healing should be included in designing treatment protocols. Scand J Prim Health Care, 1987 Feb, 5(1), 41 - 5 Pediatric gastroenteritis in primary care and in hospitalized patients; Nivenius K et al.; One-hundred and fifty-seven consecutive children below seven years of age (primary care n = 48, hospitalized patients n = 109) with acute gastroenteritis of assumed infectious origin were studied . Rotavirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy of faeces in 44% of all patients . The occurrence of rotavirus among patients in primary care, 15%, was significantly lower than among hospitalized patients, 57% (p less than 0.01) . Adenovirus was isolated in six per cent and enterovirus in two per cent of the patients with no differences between the two groups . Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni were demonstrated in each three per cent . Salmonella and Shigella spp . or Giardia lamblia were not found in any cases . Thus the cause of gastroenteritis was established in 58% of the patients . This figure was lower among patients in primary care (27%) than among hospitalized patients (72%), a difference mainly due to the high occurrence of rotavirus in the latter group . Clostridium difficile was recovered in 20 cases (12%), eight of which harboured one more enteropathogenic agent . Cultures from the nose and throat revealed Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis or group A, C and G streptococci in 58% of the patients with no differences regarding the occurrence of rotavirus in faeces . Neither Clostridium difficile nor respiratory tract pathogens were found to play a role in causation of gastroenteritis in the children investigated. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 6(1), 56 - 9 Cryptosporidia in immunocompetent patients with gastroenteritis; Freidank H et al.; In a prospective study Cryptosporidium spp . were detected in nine immunocompetent patients (0.6%) . The frequency was remarkably higher in children in the 0 to 14 year age group (1.6%), surpassed only by Salmonella spp . and Campylobacter spp . The predominant clinical features were watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting . Comparison of the epidemiological data of the patients with those of a control group showed that contact persons with enteritis and drinking of unpasteurized milk were significantly associated with cryptosporidiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 53(2), 375 - 8 Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica to UV radiation; Butler RC et al.; Two enteric pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica serogroup O:3, together with Escherichia coli, were investigated for susceptibility to UV radiation at 254 nm . The UV dose required for a 3-log reduction (99.9% inactivation) of C . jejuni, Y . enterocolitica, and E . coli was 1.8, 2.7, and 5.0 mWs/cm2, respectively . Using E . coli as the basis for comparison, it appears that C . jejuni and Y . enterocolitica serogroup O:3 are more sensitive to UV than many of the pathogens associated with waterborne disease outbreaks and can be easily inactivated in most commercially available UV reactors . No association was found between the sensitivity of Y . enterocolitica to UV and the presence of a 40- to 50-megadalton virulence plasmid. Z Gastroenterol, 1987 Feb, 25(2), 98 - 106 {Bacterial colonization of the gastric mucosa}; Niedobitek F et al.; In 380 histologically prepared biopsy specimens taken from the mucous membrane of the stomach, the employment of Giemsa staining and Warthin-Starry silver staining has revealed an often surprisingly abundant (i . e., to the extent of 66.1%) bacterial colonization of the surface of the gastric mucous membrane and of the gastric foveolae . The bacteria encountered here involve gram-negative and morphologically uniform flora of thin, S-shaped or slightly curved bacteria designated as campylobacter-like organisms (CLO) . Evidence for Campylobacter pyloridis was also obtained in 55.1% of cultures from 49 native, microbiologically prepared gastric biopsy specimens . Bacterial colonization of the gastric mucous membrane by CLO is definitely correlated with inflammatory alterations in gastric membranes . Active forms of gastritis, however, are not more abundantly colonized by bacteria than are dormant forms . The positive correlation between inflammatory gastric alterations of various degrees and bacterial colonization of the gastric mucous membrane, furthermore, is not proof of an etiological relationship . These bacteria, obviously adapted to the mucus in the gastric foveolae and on the surface of stomach lining, are not evidence of an aggressive behavior or of penetration tendencies . Facultatively pathogenetic significance cannot, however, be excluded for bacteria occurring in such abundance in intimate epithelial contact . Pathogenetic influence of abundant colonization by CLO could well develop if additional noxae become effective. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1987 Feb, 31(2), 328 - 30 In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide, compared with that of erythromycin and clindamycin against selected gram-positive and gram-negative organisms; Benson CA et al.; The in vitro activity of A-56268 was determined and compared with that of erythromycin and clindamycin against a limited spectrum of 401 gram-positive and gram-negative organisms . A-56268 was quite active against erythromycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and group B streptococci and was moderately active against Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus . A-56268 was consistently bactericidal only for S . pneumoniae . The activity of A-56268 was comparable to that of erythromycin against most organisms tested. JAMA, 1987 Jan 2, 257(1), 43 - 6 The influence of immunity on raw milk--associated Campylobacter infection; Blaser MJ et al.; After a retreat to an Oregon farm, 19 of 31 college students developed an acute gastrointestinal illness . Campylobacter jejuni infection was recognized in all the ill students and caused asymptomatic infections in three others . In total, 22 (88%) of 25 students who consumed raw milk for the first time became infected as compared with none of two who had not consumed raw milk . Among ten persons who chronically consumed raw milk, none was ill, a striking difference from the 76% attack rate among the 25 acutely exposed students . The quantity of raw milk consumed was directly related to the occurrence and severity of illness . Acutely infected students showed significant rises in C jejuni-specific immunoglobulins, whereas the low antibody levels seen in unexposed persons did not rise . In contrast, acute-phase serum samples from persons with chronic exposure to raw milk showed elevated antibody levels to C jejuni . These findings indicate that chronic raw milk consumption is associated with elevated levels of C jejuni-specific serum antibodies and with immunity to symptomatic infection. J Infect, 1987 Jan, 14(1), 79 - 84 Cryptosporidium among children with acute diarrhoea in the west of Ireland; Corbett-Feeney G; During a period of 12 months beginning on 18 February 1985, 1246 specimens of faeces from 935 children aged 3 weeks to 12 years with acute diarrhoea of varying severity were examined for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts . Twenty-six patients required admission to hospital; four of them needed intravenous rehydration . Predominant clinical features were diarrhoea, often watery, and vomiting . Diarrhoea varied in duration between 7-15 days . Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in specimens from 41 patients, an incidence of 4.3% . In four patients an additional enteropathogen was identified (Campylobacter species in two and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in two - serotypes 0126: K71 (B16) and 018C: K77 (B12} . None of the patients had recently travelled abroad . Of the children 23 were from a farming or rural background . Eight of the farms had recently had significant outbreaks of diarrhoea among calves . There was a marked seasonal variation with 27 of the cases arising between 18 February and 18 June, an incidence during this period of 8%. Arch Dis Child, 1987 Jan, 62(1), 84 - 5 Treatment of Campylobacter gastroenteritis; Ashkenazi S et al.; Twin boys suffered from recurrent diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni after entering a day nursery . Stool sampling of all 17 children at the nursery revealed C . jejuni in 12 . Simultaneous treatment with antibiotics of all children with positive cultures successfully eradicated the infection. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 25(1), 174 - 5 Evaluation of four enrichment media for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni; Agulla A et al.; Diarrheal stool specimens were inoculated into the following media: alkaline peptone water (APW), Bruce-Zochowsky medium (BZ), Campylobacter enrichment broth (CEB), Campy-thio broth (CT), and Skirrow blood-agar (SK) plate . All media were incubated at 42 degrees C in microaerophilic conditions for 24 h . Afterwards, a new SK plate was inoculated from every liquid medium . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 43 of the 259 specimens when CT was used, from 45 when APW was used, from 46 when BZ was used, and from 46 when CEB was used; these totals include specimens that grew after enrichment only, on SK plates only, and both after enrichment and on SK plates . No significant differences were found between the isolates obtained with and without enrichment procedures. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 25(1), 150 - 1 Cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities of Campylobacter jejuni are not specified by tetracycline resistance plasmids pMAK175 and pUA466; Taylor DE et al.; The 45-kilobase tetracycline resistance plasmids pMAK175 and pUA466 from Campylobacter jejuni were examined using curing and mating experiments . However, these plasmids encoded neither cytotoxin production, as determined in Vero cells, nor enterotoxin activity, as determined in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 25(1), 10 - 2 Enteritis associated with Campylobacter laridis; Simor AE et al.; Campylobacter laridis has occasionally been isolated from patients with diarrhea, but its clinical significance in this setting has yet to be established . We report a patient with a self-limited diarrheal illness whose stool cultures yielded C . laridis . The patient also developed a specific serum bactericidal antibody response to this strain of C . laridis, suggesting that the organism was causally related to the enteric illness. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1987, 66(2), 106 - 9 Effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on adhesion of Campylobacter jejuni in vitro; Cinco M et al.; The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC 50 and MIC 25) of clindamycin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol on the adherence of Campylobacter jejuni to INT 407 cells were studied . The results indicated that the adhesion was inhibited at various extents, mostly by MIC 50, and that the inhibition increased with time . The interpretation of our data is that the antibiotics can interfere with the adhesin(s) synthesis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1987, 53(3), 183 - 90 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis compared with complement fixation and passive haemagglutination tests in the evaluation of the immune response in Campylobacter infections; Banffer JR et al.; The immune response was studied in 238 human patients with Campylobacter jejuni/coli (CJC)-infections in Rotterdam by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test, a commercial complement fixation test (CFT) and the passive haemagglutination test (HA) . Antibodies became detectable in the three tests around 4 days after the onset of complaints . Between the 7th and the 20th days after onset of illness 79%, 80% and 53% of the patients demonstrated antibodies by the CIE, the CFT and the HA, respectively . The HA took 30 days to reach 60% positive serum samples and this percentage declined to 35 by the 50th day . Antibody titres demonstrated in the CIE and the CFT declined more slowly . CIE and CFT performed with antigens from a limited number of heat-stable serotypes can be used in the evaluation of the humoral immune response in CJC-infections. Nahrung, 1987, 31(5-6), 371 - 5 {Gastrointestinal microecology from the viewpoint of the pediatrician}; Fiehring C; Under unfavourable circumstances a weakened resistance status within the newborn period may lead to acute or chronic diseases later on, too . In the early childhood, coli-infections connected to enterotoxin release are the most frequent reason for bacterial diarrhoeas . For some time cases of colitis and salmonellosis are increasing, whereas such of campylobacter enteritis became more seldom . Cases of shigellosis are decreasing . Also Yersinia infections and cases of mycosis can be found rather frequently . The knowledge about rotavirus infection led to a better understanding of many a disease . Anomalies of the intestinal flora should be determined more carefully in order to recognize and to attend acute and chronic diseases as soon as possible . Breast-feeding remains the best prophylaxis in early infancy. Digestion, 1987, 37 Suppl 2, 16 - 30 Antibacterial action of bismuth in relation to Campylobacter pyloridis colonization and gastritis; Marshall BJ et al.; Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS, De-Nol) heals duodenal ulcers but with a lower relapse rate than cimetidine, perhaps due to inhibition of Campylobacter pyloridis (CP) organisms . To test this hypothesis we studied gastric mucosal histology in three groups of ulcer patients treated with either cimetidine, CBS, or CBS in combination with an antibiotic . Cimetidine had no effect on CP or gastric mucosal histology but with CBS therapy there was a significant reduction in the number of bacteria (p less than 0.0001) . However, relapse of both CP infection and gastritis usually occurred once CBS was withdrawn . When CBS was combined with amoxycillin or tinidazole, long-term disappearance of both CP bacteria and gastritis was achieved (p less than 0.0001) . In ultrastructural studies 30-90 min after single oral doses of CBS or bismuth subsalicylate, CP had detached from the gastric epithelial cells and exhibited structural degradation associated with the selective deposition of a particulate bismuth complex within and upon the surface of the organisms . In vitro, CP and other campylobacters were inhibited by bismuth compounds at 25 mg/l but they were resistant to cimetidine and ranitidine . CBS has a powerful antibacterial effect against CP but relapse of infection is common after CBS alone . In combination with antibiotics however, eradication of CP and long-term healing of gastritis occurs . In such cases the gastroduodenal mucosa is intact, and less likely to ulcerate. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1987, 21(2), 151 - 2 Tubulointerstitial nephritis as a complication of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis . A case report; Rautelin HI et al.; Tubulointerstitial nephritis occurred as a complication of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in a previously healthy young man . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the patient's faeces and nephritis was confirmed by renal biopsy. J Med Primatol, 1987, 16(2), 91 - 7 Selected biohazards of naturally infected nonhuman primates; Renquist DM; The nonhuman primate is susceptible to a great number of microbiological hazards . Two groups of organisms, campylobacter and atypical mycobacteria, are important as examples of naturally occurring primate biohazards . This paper attempts to define these organism groups and their potential for problems in primates housed in natural environments . Efficient, continuous, and specific husbandry and veterinary management techniques must be employed to avoid potential disease outbreaks. Vet Res Commun, 1987, 11(1), 31 - 40 Decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken drumsticks using chemicals and radiation; Yogasundram K et al.; A trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of four disinfectants and radiation to reduce the level of C . jejuni contamination on poultry meat . Two levels of each treatment were applied to chicken drumsticks inoculated with a known concentration of a strain of Campylobacter jejuni, biotype 1, isolated from a human patient with diarrhea . Radiation using a cobalt-60 source at a level of 0.5 KGy effected a 99% surface reduction in C . jejuni . With a mean initial surface contamination level of 1.1 X 10(3) Colony Forming Units/cm2, 1 KGy completely eliminated C . jejuni . Glutaraldehyde at 0.5% concentration for 30 minutes had an efficacy similar to the lower dose of radiation . Chlorine showed a negligible effect on C . jejuni . Succinic acid and Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride) were statistically similar in their effectiveness, ranking between glutaraldehyde and chlorine . These results strongly indicate that, of the alternatives tested, low-dose radiation is the method of choice for reducing Campylobacter contamination of poultry products. Pathol Annu, 1987, 22 Pt 1, 55 - 65 Campylobacter-associated appendicitis: prevalence and clinicopathologic features; van Spreeuwel JP et al.; To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni-associated appendicitis, we studied, retrospectively, by means of immunohistochemistry, the appendectomy specimens of 116 consecutive patients, operated upon because of suspected acute appendicitis . We found immunohistochemical evidence of Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni infection in three patients . These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy . Based upon these three cases and five additional appendectomy specimens from patients with Campylobacter enteritis diagnosed by stool cultures, the clinical and histologic picture of Campylobacter-associated appendicitis is described . It is concluded that Campylobacter infection may present with an acute appendicitis-like clinical picture . In contrast with acute phlegmonous appendicitis, the histologic abnormalities in Campylobacter-associated appendicitis are limited to the appendiceal mucosa. J Appl Bacteriol, 1987 Jan, 62(1), 43 - 51 Effect of medium supplements, illumination and superoxide dismutase on the production of coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428; Moran AP et al.; Factors influencing the production of coccoid forms in cultures and suspensions of a strain of the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni during storage in air were investigated . Addition of blood or a supplement containing ferrous sulphate, sodium metabisulphite and sodium pyruvate minimized conversion of rods to coccoid forms in cultures . Exposure of cultures to light during storage in air increased the rate of production of coccoid forms . Ultraviolet radiation was shown to effect the viability of cells in suspensions but the increase in production of coccoid forms was low after irradiation . The presence of hydrogen peroxide and its dissociation products in bacterial suspensions increased conversion to coccoid forms . Addition of active superoxide dismutase, a superoxide anion scavenging enzyme, minimized production of coccoid forms in suspensions stored in air . Coccoid forms contained a lower level of superoxide dismutase than rods . It is deduced that a decreased level of the enzyme in cells is linked with production of coccoid forms. Can J Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 33(1), 33 - 9 A study of factors affecting the sensitivity of the passive haemagglutination method for serotyping Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and recommendations for a more rapid procedure; Fricker CR et al.; Factors affecting the sensitivity of the passive haemagglutination method for serotyping campylobacters have been studied . The concentration of red blood cells during the haemagglutination stage of the procedure markedly affected the titer obtained . An increase in concentration of red blood cells resulted in a lower titer, with titers being inversely proportional to red blood cell concentration . No differences in titer were observed when erythrocytes were sensitized at a range of pH values between pH 5.0 and pH 8.0 . The time required for antigen extraction and for red blood cell sensitization was shown to be 15 min each, thus resulting in a reduction in the time required for serotyping . Furthermore, use of avian erythrocytes enabled the haemagglutination reactions to be read after incubation for only 1 h . Combining these procedures with a rapid slide haemagglutination test enables a single worker to serotype over 100 C . jejuni and C . coli isolates within 1 working day. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 1987 Jan, 17(1), 145 - 78 Gastrointestinal zoonoses; Willard MD et al.; Infectious gastrointestinal diseases affect man and animals throughout the world . Certain etiologic agents (for example, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Cryptosporidia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Echinococcus granulosa) seem to have the potential to be transmitted from pets to people, causing severe disease in the latter . Other agents seem unlikely to be transmitted but may have the potential to be zoonoses . This article discusses proved, suspected, and possible zoonotic agents that may originate from the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1987, 17(3), 263 - 70 {Finding of pyloric Campylobacter in the operated stomach and therapeutic results}; Tomatis HP et al.; We present a trial on 21 patients with gastric surgery, by different pathologies, benign and malignant, with the aim of detecting presence or absence of Pyloric Campylobacter . The clinical, endoscopic findings and presence-absence of Pyloric Campylobacter were correlated . Regarding the clinical symptomatology, it was not possible to obtain a favourable conclusion to the presence of Pyloric Campylobacter in both groups . The endoscopic findings showed changes more evident in those cases of positive Pyloric Campylobacter . The therapeutical response of positive Pyloric Campylobacter to TDB during 30 days was beneficial regarding the disappearance of the symptoms. Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(12), 1161 - 71 Protection against Campylobacter jejuni infection in suckling mice by anti-flagellar antibody; Ueki Y et al.; We obtained two monoclonal antibodies of IgM class and IgA class of immunoglobulin prepared from mouse spleen cells immunized with crude flagellar preparation, and a polyclonal antibody raised against purified flagellin monomer of Campylobacter jejuni in a rabbit . The specificity of the reaction of these antibodies for flagellar filament was confirmed by Western blotting and by immunoelectron microscopy . These antibodies caused agglutination of the bacteria and inhibited the motility of the bacteria . When a strain of C . jejuni was treated with IgM class monoclonal antibody before being inoculated into suckling mice, it reduced colonization of the intestinal tract by this bacteria . Inhibition of the colonization by IgA class monoclonal antibody was less effective than that of IgM class, and the polyclonal antibody consisting mostly of IgG class immunoglobulin was without effect. Arq Gastroenterol, 1987 Jan-Mar, 24(1), 5 - 9 Campylobacter pyloridis in the upper gastrointestinal tract: a Brazilian study; Coelho LG et al.; The successful isolation of C . pyloridis from human gastric mucosa has renewed interest in these bacteria and their role as a causative agent for gastritis, and possible causal relationship between chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration . To determine the incidence of C . pyloridis in gastric biopsies we studied 51 consecutive Brazilian patients with a wide range of alimentary disorders presenting for endoscopy . At least three biopsies were taken from each site: antrum, any ulcer or cancer . Microbiological and histological studies were performed to identify the bacteria . The organism was found in 40/51 (78%) of patients . These was a close correlation between culture (100%), Gram (90%) and Gimenez staining (80%) in identifying the bacteria . All C . pyloridis positive patients had histological evidence of antral chronic gastritis (active or quiescent) even if the endoscopic appearance looked normal . All peptic ulcer patients (n = 17) showed C . pyloridis in the antrum . In the duodenum the bacteria were mainly seen in gastric type of mucosa . Our findings support the hypothesis that C . pyloridis is etiologically related to gastritis and possibly peptic ulceration. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1987, 66(5), 384 - 8 {Campylobacter pyloridis and gastritis: endoscopic, histological and microbiological correlations}; Manso E et al.; Biopsy specimens from antral mucosa in 65 consecutive patients presenting for gastroscopy were assessed histologically and microbiologically for the presence of C . pyloridis . Spiral bacteria were found in 63% of cases by Warthin-Starry silver stain and in 72% by culture on blood agar plates with Skirrow's antibiotic supplement . A significant association between the occurrence of C . pyloridis and chronic gastritis was noted; the association is not influenced by the type of gastritis, superficial or atrophic, or the degree of activity of gastritis. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1987, 66(5), 377 - 83 Childhood enteritis: a community study; Manso E et al.; The population aged 0-12 years living in the area of an Italian Local Health Unit (about 8,800 children) was studied for one year in order to estimate the overall incidence rate of enteritis and the incidence rates of diarrheas from bacterial agents . All children complaining of acute diarrhea and seen by the pediatric practices of the study area were recorded by date, age, and sex; the microbiological study of stools was performed for a sample of patients . All hospitalized cases of childhood enteritis occurring in the same period in the study population were studied too . Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella were cultured from 5 out of 71 examined out-patients (7.0%), with a projected annual consultation rate of 2.1 per 1000 population aged 0-12 years . Yersinia enterocolitica was cultured from 2 out-patients (2.8%), while no cases from Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were observed in this group . Data concerning hospitalized cases confirmed this pattern of results . Bacterial enteritis is an important public health problem in the study area and its occurrence is possibly related to animal reservoirs of infection, with particular regard to poultry and pets. Digestion, 1987, 38(4), 234 - 44 High incidence of Campylobacter-like organisms in endoscopic biopsies from patients with gastritis, with or without peptic ulcer; Fiocca R et al.; Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) were histologically detected in 230 (74.5%) of 310 patients undergoing endoscopy with multiple gastric biopsies for symptoms suggestive of upper digestive disease . CLOs were found in 78.6% of nonulcerous dyspeptic patients, 82.2% of healed ulcers, 88.2% of duodenal or pyloric ulcers and 90.0% of gastric ulcers but only in 46.9% of gastric stumps and 47.6% of nonulcerous patients without dyspepsia . Among 274 subjects with gastritis, CLOs were found in 83.9%, while none of the 36 gastritis-free stomachs harbored CLOs . Severe atrophic gastritis was less frequently infected with CLO (55.5%) as compared with superficial, interstitial or preatrophic gastritis (84.4%) . CLOs were only slightly more frequent in the presence of intraepithelial granulocytes and were never found in areas of complete intestinal metaplasia . Foveolar and superficial epithelia heavily infected with CLOs showed peculiar ultrastructural changes (micropapillary hyperplasia with luminal bulging of mucous cells, cytoplasmic vacuolization and edema, etc.) suggesting a direct link between CLO infection and epithelial damage, which in turn may have a role in the genesis of mucosal inflammation. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(4 Suppl), 496 - 7 Serological investigations for the cause of diarrhoea among patients and personnel in the Minna and Abeokuta Hospitals/Nigeria; Sixl W et al.; 188 blood samples were investigated for antibodies against bacteria causing diarrhoea in two hospitals in Minna and Abeokuta in Nigeria . Antibodies were found against Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi C, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri and Rotavirus. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(4 Suppl), 486 - 9 Investigations in the problem of diarrhoea in the Melut district, South Sudan (1981-1982); Sixl W et al.; Studies of diseases associated with diarrhoea in the Melut district of South Sudan in the years 1981-1982 showed amoebic dysentery and Rota-virus to be predominate, whereby according to our previous results Yersinia, Campylobacter, Shigella and Salmonella infections also play a role . In addition other parasitological bacterial and viral-infections are presumed. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(4 Suppl), 475 - 7 Serological investigations on the cause of diarrhoea on the Cape Verde Islands; Sixl W et al.; In the serological tests 45.9% of all samples reacted positive against rota virus . 20.8% of samples revealed Entamoeba histolytica positive sera, 25% Shigella flexneri positive sera, 12.3% Shigella sonnei and 13% Shigella dysenteriae positive sera . Campylobacter jejuni antibodies were found in 19% of samples, whereas 6.3% of sera reacted positive against Yersinia enterocolitica Type 3 and 4.8% against Type 9. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1987, 17(2), 85 - 96 {Organisms of the Campylobacter type in Barrett esophagus}; Trakal E et al.; It is clear that CP is present in a higher or lower degree in different gastric-duodenum pathologies, especially in active superficial chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenum ulcer with gastric metaplasia . It is also found in atrophic chronic gastritis and, to a lesser extent, if it has intestinal metaplasia, as well as in some normal stomachs . It is not found in a histologically normal duodenum, nor in the oesophagus . As the fact that there was no publication on BE drew our attention, we set to make a retrospective research of CP of spinal metaplasia of distal oesophagus . Its presence proved to be high, 88% even in those cases with intestinal metaplasia and with ulcer of Barrett . We have used Gram coloration and Warthin Starry with Alcian-Blue and we have classified it within the degrees set by Marshall and Warren . We have also carried out a discussion on certain physiopathological facts, such as the presence of infiltrated PMN in all the cases, and its importance in keeping metaplasia, of ulcers of Barrett and its possible role in the development of adenocarcinoma. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1987, 17(1), 35 - 42 {Campylobacter pyloridis and socioeconomic levels}; Ramirez Ramos A et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine if there was any relationship between the socio-economic level of patients and the colonization of the stomach by Campylobacter pyloridis . We have studied 256 patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy because they had upper gastrointestinal symptoms of this group, 143 from Arzobispo Loayza Hospital (38 males and 105 females) and 122 from the private practice of three of the authors (77 males and 45 females) . The ages ranged from 16 to 75 years (media 45.5 years) . In each case biopsies of the antrum were taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Warthin-Starry Silver Stein . We classified patients into 3 different groups based on where they lived: nuclear districts, intermediate districts, and peripheral districts . In Lima, the type of district from the patient strongly correlates with their socio-economic status . The hospital and private patients differed significantly in the distribution of which type of district their patients came from . In contrast there was a no marked similarity between these two patient groups in their rate of colonization by Campylobacter pyloridis . It appears that the socio-economic level of peruvian patients, presenting to clinic with symptomatic gastro-intestinal disease is not an important factor with pyloric campylobacter infection. Z Hautkr, 1987, 62 Suppl 1, 16 - 21 {Food-borne infections and poisonings}; Sinell HJ; A survey of the most common food borne infections (salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, campylobacteriosis) is followed by a description of the most common food borne intoxications (botulism, staphylococcal intoxications, biogenic amines, toxic algae in mussels, i.e . "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning"). Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 31(7), 603 - 14 Isolation of Campylobacter pyloridis from human gastric mucosa and characterization of the isolates; Itoh T et al.; Biopsy specimens of human gastric mucosa of patients with gastric complaints and subjected to endoscopic examination were cultured microaerobically, and Campylobacter pyloridis was detected in 46 out of 80 cases (57.5%) . The organism was found in 13 out of 22 patients with gastritis, 11 out of 16 with gastric ulcer scar, 7 out of 16 with gastric ulcer, 3 out of 9 with gastric polyp, 4 out of 5 with gastric carcinoma, 2 out of 2 with esophagus carcinoma, and 6 out of 9 with other gastric diseases . The isolates were identified as C . pyloridis, demonstrating its characteristic features such as positive for oxidase and catalase, negative for reduction of nitrite and nitrate, positive for urease, no growth at 25 C, growth at 37 C, not tolerant to 1% glycine, and resistant to nalidixic acid . Positive alkaline phosphatase activity was considered as an additional feature characteristic for the strains of C . pyloridis . The major cellular fatty acids were tetradecanoic acid and 19-carbon-cyclopropane acid . This pattern is unique among Campylobacter species . The survival of the organism for a longer period than 60 min at pH 2.5 indicates its significant resistance to acidic environment. Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1987, 138(6), 403 - 6 {Campylobacter pyloridis and gastroduodenal pathology}; Thomas CM et al.; After the first report by Marshall and Warren of the presence of gastritis associated Campylobacter pyloridis in antral mucosa, many groups have found the same association in many countries of Europe, USA, Japan . In France, too C.P . is found in antral mucosa . We have studied 119 dyspeptic patients; during endoscopy 3 biopsy specimens were taken, one for microaerophilic culture and 2 for pathologic examination . We found the germ in 27 p . 100 of 22 normal subjects but no culture was positive . In chronic interstitial gastritis it is found in 90 p . 100 of cases and in 98 p . 100 if a duodenal ulcer is associated . Ten patients with healed duodenal ulcer have been treated by V Penicillin: 3 millions unit/day during 2 weeks . In five cases C.P . disappeared but 2 of them relapse 2 months later. Drugs Exp Clin Res, 1987, 13(8), 483 - 8 In vitro antibacterial activity of rifaximin against Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejunii and Yersinia spp; Ripa S et al.; Fifty-four isolates of Campylobacter jejunii, 91 isolates of Yersinia spp . and 56 isolates of Clostridium difficile, recovered from stools of patients with diarrhoea or other intestinal disturbances and from stools of asymptomatic patients receiving antibiotic therapy, were tested in vitro for susceptibility to rifaximin, rifampicin and neomycin . The in vitro antibacterial activities were found to be comparable against the aerobic bacterium; on the contrary, against microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria rifaximin and rifampicin were much more effective than neomycin. Arq Gastroenterol, 1987 Jan-Mar, 24(1), 10 - 5 {Campylobacter pyloric, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer}; Ramirez-Ramos A et al.; After the initial report of Marshall and Warren, several publications have also demonstrated the presence of pyloric campylobacter in an elevated percentage of cases of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer . We present our experience studying 672 patients examined by esophagogastroduodenoscopy after referral to clinical because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms . We used an Olympus GIF-K2 panendoscope taking two biopsies from the gastric antrum . Specimens were stained with hematoxilin-eosin and silver . In our experience these methods have given us the best results in detecting this bacteria . Diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer was made by endoscopic criteria and chronic gastritis diagnosed by histology . Chronic gastritis was categorized into active and inactive based in the invasion of polymorphonuclear into mucosa . We have also quantitated damage of the mucin producing cells as well as the degree of bacterial colonization . We have found pyloric campylobacter in 91.8% of patients suffering from chronic active gastritis, 72.7% of patients with diagnosis of gastric ulcer and 84.2% of cases of duodenal ulcer . Our results agree with the ones reported by other authors . We conclude that pyloric campylobacter is not an opportunist microorganism within the stomach because it produces inflammatory changes as well as damage of the mucin producing cells . Its presence may play some role in the etiology of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987, 81(4), 552 - 3 The aetiology of diarrhoea in a farming community in Zimbabwe; Simango C et al.; A survey of enteric pathogens in 143 children with diarrhoea, 116 age-matched controls and 524 asymptomatic people of all ages in a commercial farming area was carried out over a period of one year . Giardia lamblia was detected in 34% of the cases, 29% of the controls and 23% of asymptomatic people of all ages . Various bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) were isolated from 23% of the cases and 15% of the controls . Enteropathogenic E . coli was isolated as frequently from the cases as from the controls and asymptomatic people of all ages. Z Rheumatol, 1987, 46 Suppl 1, 32 - 9 {Reactive arthritis in enteral infections}; Muller W et al.; Certain gastrointestinal tract infections can trigger reactive arthritis . The best known triggering agents are yersinia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter jejuni, and possibly clostridium difficile . The clinical findings show a subacute onset of mono- or oligoarthritis, less often of asymmetric polyarthritis with predominance of the lower limbs . The clinical picture is somewhat modified by the genetic constitution (HLA type) of the patient . HLA-B27-positive patients appear to have more severe symptoms, extraarticular features and incomplete or complete Reiter's syndrome than HLA-B27-negative patients . Diagnosis of postenteritic reactive arthritis is based on bacteriological stool analysis and/or examination of serumantibodies to the corresponding agents . Reactive arthritis is usually self-limiting and therefore treatment of the disease has to be mainly symptomatic . Only more severe chronic or destroying arthritis is thought to be treated locally (i.e . by synoviorthesis) or by immunoregulatory drugs. Am J Nephrol, 1987, 7(5), 402 - 3 Meningitis due to Campylobacter fetus intestinalis in a kidney transplant recipient . A case report; Rao KV et al.; A 47-year-old man developed Campylobacter fetus intestinalis meningitis 3 years after cadaver renal transplantation . The infection was successfully controlled with chloramphenicol followed by erythromycin . There were no relapses during the past 5 years and the allograft function remains normal . The available evidence suggests that the campylobacter sepsis was associated with nutritional therapy, the patient received in a Mexican clinic . The present case is reported because of its clinical importance and epidemiological implications. Scand J Infect Dis, 1987, 19(4), 479 - 81 In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin compared to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp . and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli causing travellers' diarrhea in Egypt; Mikhail IA et al.; The in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against bacterial enteropathogens isolated from cases of travellers' diarrhea in Egypt was compared to trimethoprim (TMP) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) . No resistance to ciprofloxacin was noted for any of the Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Shigella spp., and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains examined . However, resistance to TMP and SXT was noted among these same strains . Because of its broad spectrum and lack of resistance, ciprofloxacin is potentially a useful drug for the treatment of diarrhea caused by bacterial enteropathogens encountered in this region of the world. J Gen Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 133 ( Pt 1), 163 - 70 Identification of the outer membrane proteins of Campylobacter pyloridis and antigenic cross-reactivity between C . pyloridis and C . jejuni; Newell DG; The outer membrane and surface exposed proteins of four strains of the gastric Campylobacter-like organism Campylobacter pyloridis were identified by SDS-PAGE of Sarkosyl-insoluble membranous material and 125I-surface-labelled whole bacteria . Although constant outer membrane proteins (molecular mass 61, 54 and 31 kDa) were observed in these strains, several variable 125I-labelled surface proteins were detected . C . pyloridis does not appear to express a single surface-exposed major outer membrane protein like that of C . jejuni and C . coli . Putative flagella proteins were identified from isolated flagella and acid-extractable surface material and by immunoblotting with anti-flagella antibodies . Several major protein antigens were observed by immunoblotting with anti-C . pyloridis antisera . At least two of these antigens cross-reacted with anti-C . jejuni antiserum . This cross-reaction appears to be caused primarily by flagellar antigens . However, one major protein antigen (61 kDa) was not cross-reactive with C . jejuni and may, therefore, be useful in serological tests for the specific diagnosis of C . pyloridis infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987, 81(2), 299 - 302 The aetiology of diarrhoea in children at an urban hospital in Bangladesh; Moyenuddin M et al.; Enteric pathogens were studied in 104 cases with acute diarrhoea and in 74 age and sex matched concurrent controls . One or more pathogens were isolated from 59.1% of cases compared with 20.4% of controls (P less than 0.001) . Single enteropathogens were detected in 33.7% and multiple enteropathogens in 25.4% of the cases . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Campylobacter jejuni, rotavirus, Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were the major pathogens detected . The high rate of isolation of EPEC from diarrhoea cases (23.1%) indicated a definite role for this pathogen in causing endemic diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Trop Geogr Med, 1987 Jan, 39(1), 86 - 7 Multiple enteric pathogens in a patient with diarrhoea; Webb JG et al.; A woman who recently arrived in Canada from India developed a febrile, diarrhoeal illness . Stool culture revealed the presence of Salmonella typhi, Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni and Shigella flexneri . Concurrent infection with these three pathogens does not appear to have been previously reported . The possibility of multiple pathogens should be considered in travellers who fail to respond to treatment of a single organism. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 1987, 1 Suppl 1, 527S - 539S Significance of Campylobacter pylori; Tytgat GN et al.; There is an explosion of interest in the role of Campylobacter pylori as a cause of active chronic gastritis . This curved spiraled microorganism can readily be detected within the mucus gel covering the stomach mucosa, especially in patients suffering from peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia . To what extent this intriguing microorganism is causally related to peptic ulcer disease remains to be elucidated, but all the evidence which is available so far supports a pathogenetically important role . There appears to be a striking discordance between in-vitro sensitivity and in-vivo efficacy of antibiotic therapy . At present, the combination of colloidal bismuth subcitrate and amoxycillin or tinidazole appears most effective in temporary elimination of these microorganisms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 1987, 1 Suppl 1, 510S - 517S What is new in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of peptic ulcer? Misiewicz JJ. The old dictum 'no acid--no ulcer' is no longer a sufficient explanation of the pathogenesis of ulcer disease . The real question is 'if acid--why ulcer?' Although acid remains predominant, some of the other factors influencing ulcerogenesis are nocturnal acid secretion, pepsin enzyme subspecies, the mucus layer, bicarbonate levels, prostaglandins, Campylobacter pylori infection, consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and smoking habits . Although the ulcer burden has been greatly reduced by the introduction of H2-receptor antagonists, complications such as bleeding and perforation remain a problem, especially in the elderly . Medical treatment, in the form of H2-receptor antagonists, is effective for many patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 1987, 1 Suppl 1, 433S - 438S Is it really more difficult to treat prepyloric ulcers? Halter F, Eigenmann F. Prepyloric and duodenal ulcers have some common characteristics: gastric acid secretion is increased and there is an association with blood group O . Many, therefore, have considered prepyloric ulcers to be a variety of duodenal ulcer disease . From an anatomical point of view, however, prepyloric ulcers are clearly gastric ulcers . After proximal selective vagotomy, the recurrence rate is very high, amounting to more than 30% in 5 years; this is significantly higher than the rate for duodenal ulcers . Better results are obtained in prepyloric ulcers, if vagotomy is combined with a drainage procedure . In recent years, some evidence, primarily from Scandinavia, has accumulated indicating that prepyloric ulcers are more resistant to treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists than duodenal ulcers or ulcers located in other parts of the stomach . In addition, the recurrence rate is particularly high in prepyloric ulcers . One must, however, consider that not only have all of these studies included relatively small numbers of patients, but also the prepyloric ulcer healing rates in other studies were similar to those observed for both duodenal ulcers and ulcers located elsewhere in the stomach . Prospective studies with large numbers of patients are, therefore, necessary before a clear-cut conclusion can be reached . There are several reasons why prepyloric ulcers could be more resistant to treatment . Impaired gastric emptying, duodeno-gastric reflux or chronic gastritis, especially in conjunction with Campylobacter pylori infection, must be considered . At present, one can only speculate on the validity of any of these hypotheses. J Hosp Infect, 1987 Jan, 9(1), 54 - 9 An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in a neonatal intensive care unit; Hershkowici S et al.; During a period of 2 weeks Campylobacter jejuni infection was diagnosed in seven infants in a neonatal intensive care unit . An identical serotype of Camp . jejuni was found in five of the cases . Investigations suggested that a common source of infection or infection acquired from mothers during delivery were unlikely . The dates of onset and the common serotype indicate that the outbreak may have been caused by person-to-person spread. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1987, 16(4), 233 - 40 {Variants for the histological demonstration of pyloric Campylobacter with optical microscopy}; Zarate JO et al.; It is analyzed the use of different staining and observation techniques of Pyloric Campylobacter in gastric biopsies and brushings . Toe the ones already conventional of GRAM and W-S, the following are added: W-S + A.B.; P.A.S . + W-S; W-S; W-S + H-E; PAPANICOLAOU, MASSON'S TRICHROMIC, GRAM in tissues and complements of observation with polarization phase contrast and fluorescence . The advantages and applications connected with the bacterium study (presence, morphology, identification, quantity, location) and alterations of the antral mucosa correlated to it (cellular lesions, mucino-genesis alterations, inflammatory component) of each of them are defined. Am J Clin Pathol, 1987 Jan, 87(1), 49 - 54 Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter pyloridis from gastric biopsies; Taylor DE et al.; Gastric biopsy specimens were examined microbiologically and histologically for the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis . Of 51 randomly selected patients, 22 (43%) were found to harbor C . pyloridis in the gastric mucosa . The histologic demonstration of spiral organisms observed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin correlated well with microbiologic isolation of the organisms . There was a strong association (95.5%) between C . pyloridis in the gastric mucosa and histologically defined gastritis . However, there was no obvious association between C . pyloridis and ulcers . All C . pyloridis strains isolated exhibited uniform biochemical characteristics and had almost identical protein profiles, which indicated that they belong to a relatively homogeneous group distinct from other Campylobacter species . All C . pyloridis isolates were uniformly susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, coumermycin, ciprofloxacin, novobiocin, clorobiocin, and nitrofurantoin . They were moderately resistant to nalidixic acid. NIPH Ann, 1986 Dec, 9(2), 51 - 60 Detection of serum antibody response in patients infected with one strain of Campylobacter jejuni with a DIG-ELISA method; Melby K et al.; Paired sera from 10 patients and a convalescence sample from one patient suffering from campylobacteriosis were analysed for IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against the infective organism (Campylobacter jejuni PEN 0:6,7) with a DIG-ELISA system . Either formalinized, ethanol-inactivated or heat-inactivated preparations of the infecting organism were used as antigens . Cross reactivity was tested with human sera having agglutinating antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica (N = 6) or Salmonella typhi or S . parathyphi b (N = 7) . All patients displayed IgA and IgM levels in the convalescence sample above that found in healthy blood donors (N = 55) . Using the ethanol-inactivated or formalinized preparations more than 90% of the convalenscence sera showed IgG levels above that found in blood donors whereas the heat-inactivated preparation detected 73% IgG positives in the same group of sera . Serum from one patient infected with S . parathyphi b was positive in the test . This finding was interpreted as most likely due to a double infection . The study suggests that serum IgA may be a valuable marker for infection with this microorganism . Both the formalinized and the ethanol-inactivated preparations showed presence of flagella in contrast to the heat-inactivated preparation. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1986 Dec 1, 189(11), 1475 - 6 Proliferative colitis in a pet ferret; Fox JG et al.; A 4-month-old male ferret was examined because of mucus-laden diarrhea of several days' duration . The diarrhea became bloody and the ferret became progressively anorexic and lost weight . Treatment with antibiotics did not result in amelioration of clinical signs . A biopsy specimen was obtained from the colon, which was thick and turgid . Proliferative colitis associated with Campylobacter sp infection was diagnosed histologically . Because of the poor prognosis and potential zoonotic hazard associated with Campylobacter, the ferret was euthanatized. Poult Sci, 1986 Dec, 65(12), 2192 - 8 Methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry; Beuchat LR; Methods, media, and biochemical tests for detecting, enumerating, isolating, and identifying Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli in foods are summarized with special consideration of poultry and poultry products . Information is drawn largely from the American Public Health Association Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods and the US Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual for Foods . Reference is also made to recently advanced techniques and procedures. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1986 Dec, 18(6), 681 - 5 Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni to twenty-five antimicrobial agents; Lariviere LA et al.; The in-vitro activity of 25 antimicrobial agents against 113 to 161 clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni was tested by an agar dilution method . All strains were susceptible to the four aminoglycosides tested, to imipenem, chloramphenicol and norfloxacin . One strain (0.6%) was resistant to each of the following antibiotics: nalidixic acid, erythromycin and clindamycin . The frequency of tetracycline, metronidazole and cotrimoxazole resistance among our isolates was 14.5%, 56.4% and 96% respectively . In general, the beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) showed only moderate to poor activity against C . jejuni . Of 159 strains tested, 89.3% produced beta-lactamases. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1986 Dec, 183(1), 28 - 35 {A food-borne infection caused by Campylobacter jejuni serotype Lauwers 19}; Steffen W et al.; Report on a outbreak due to contaminated food involving 556 schoolchildren who got their lunch from a school kitchen . The outbreak occurred abruptly without any secondary infectious . Examinations for Salmonellae, Shigellae, Enteritis-coli, Yersiniae and Rotaviruses were negative . However, Campylobacter jejuni were isolated from 105 specimens of faeces in Rostock . Sixty of these strains and another 2 that had been isolated at the same time but had no relation to the outbreak in Rostock, were further differentiated in Berlin-Buch . All of them proved to be Campylobacter jejuni biotype 2 . Serotyping according to Lauwers revealed that 58 out of the 60 strains isolated belong to serotype 19 . One of the two remaining strains could not be typed, the other was identified as serotype 1 . One of the two cultivated strains that were not related to the outbreak in Rostock, was untypable, the other being of serotype 2 . Therefore it can be assumed that the outbreak came from the same source of infection . Epidemiological investigations pointed to some food which had been served 6 days prior to the outbreak . The meal had consisted of white cabbage stew with beef . The kitchen supplies the cooked food to several institutions; 3 different dishes being prepared each day, referred to as dish, A, B and C . The institutions receiving dish A - which on November 1, 1985 was the above-mentioned white cabbage stew - actually included several classes of a school as well as a kindergarten . On that particular day however the kindergarten had not been supplied with dish A but, as an exception, with dish B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Lancet, 1986 Nov 22, 2(8517), 1178 - 81 Effect of duodenal ulcer surgery and enterogastric reflux on Campylobacter pyloridis; O'Connor HJ et al.; To assess the effect of duodenal ulcer surgery on Campylobacter pyloridis gastric biopsies were done and fasting bile acid concentrations in gastric aspirates were measured in 35 patients with active duodenal ulceration and 54 who had undergone surgery at some time . Biopsy specimens were assessed blind for the presence of C pyloridis and scored for severity of reflux gastritis by the use of a histological grading system . Among patients who had undergone highly selective vagotomy the proportion who were C pyloridis-positive was similar to that in the unoperated group, but among those who had undergone Billroth I partial gastrectomy, Billroth II partial gastrectomy, or truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy it was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) . The absence of C pyloridis correlated strongly (p less than 0.001) with high reflux scores and increased bile acid concentrations in the stomach . Reflux scores and bile acid concentrations were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) after Billroth I and Billroth II partial gastrectomies and truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy than in the active duodenal ulcer or highly selective vagotomy groups . There was a highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between reflux scores and bile acid concentrations . These results suggest that reflux may disrupt mucus and thus cause the death of campylobacters that live beneath it . They also suggest that reflux may produce a reflux-specific gastritis . Highly selective vagotomy may protect against these changes in the gastric mucosa. Med J Aust, 1986 Nov 17, 145(10), 503 - 5 Campylobacter bacteraemia: a report of 10 cases; Spelman DW et al.; Ten cases of campylobacter bacteraemia, which were diagnosed over a three-year period, are described . Four patients presented with acute gastrointestinal illness, three patients had acute febrile illnesses, two patients had cellulitis and one patient presented with ureteric colic . Two patients had lifelong agammaglobulinaemia, two were undergoing corticosteroid therapy and there was one nosocomial infection . In contrast with previous reports, the most common species that was isolated was Campylobacter jejuni, which was found in eight cases, and this includes the first report of cellulitis that was most probably caused by C . jejuni . All of these isolations of campylobacter have occurred since the introduction of the radiometric technique of processing blood cultures. Med J Aust, 1986 Nov 17, 145(10), 499 - 503 Epidemiology of campylobacter diarrhoea; Tee W et al.; Campylobacter diarrhoea was diagnosed bacteriologically in 535 patients . Most of these patients required hospitalization, but no fatalities were recorded . The age-specific incidence of campylobacter enteritis showed a trimodal distribution . Overseas travel was a factor in 14% of all cases . Food, including "fast food", may be an important source of infection . Campylobacter enteritis was more prevalent during summer than winter . Campylobacter bacteraemia was detected in only four cases . Biotyping was performed on 285 of the strains that were isolated . Biotype analysis showed that there was a clustering of cases of certain biotypes, even though community-wide outbreaks were not recognized in the period of review. Infection, 1986 Nov-Dec, 14(6), 275 - 8 Occurrence of campylobacter pyloridis in patients from Vienna with gastritis and peptic ulcers; Hirschl A et al.; During routine gastroduodenoscopic examination of 120 patients, biopsies of gastric mucosa were taken for the isolation of Campylobacter pyloridis . The organism was isolated from six of seven patients with ulcus ventriculi, 14 of 15 with ulcus duodeni, 15 of 20 with erosions of the gastric mucosa, 31 of 61 with gastritis and five of five with duodenitis . In contrast, the cultures were negative in all of the 12 patients with histologically normal mucosa . C . pyloridis was isolated significantly more frequently from patients with active chronic gastritis than from those with inactive chronic gastritis (100% vs . 50%) . These results support the suggestion of Marshall and Warren that this bacterium may play an important role in the development of gastritis and peptic ulcer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Nov, 30(5), 679 - 83 Effect of different nitroheterocyclic compounds on aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic bacteria; Hof H et al.; The antibacterial activities of different nitroheterocyclic compounds were assessed by an agar dilution method against aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic bacteria . Nitronaphthofurans inhibited the multiplication of aerobic bacteria at low concentrations (MIC for 50% of strains tested {MIC50}, 1 mg/liter) . Under anaerobic growth conditions the MICs were found to be even lower . The rough, DNA repair-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were more susceptible, whereas nitroreductase-deficient strains were resistant . Microaerophilic campylobacter isolates could be divided into two groups, one of which was as susceptible as aerobic bacteria (MIC50, 1 mg/liter) and the other of which was more highly susceptible (MIC50, 0.015 mg/liter) . All anaerobic bacteria tested were susceptible to nitronaphthofurans (MIC50, 0.125 mg/liter) . Nitrothiazole exerted antibacterial activities similar to those of the nitronaphthofurans . Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, and nitrofurans were definitely less active . Nitrobenzofurans showed relatively high MICs. Vet Res Commun, 1986 Nov, 10(6), 479 - 86 The viability of Campylobacter jejuni on refrigerated chicken drumsticks; Yogasundram K et al.; Radappertized chicken drumsticks were experimentally contaminated with suspensions of Campylobacter jejuni in two trials . Qualitative analysis on drumsticks with an initial level of contamination of 4.8 X 10(3) CFU/cm2 showed that viability was retained for at least 10 days of storage at either 9 degrees or -12 degrees C . In a second quantitative trial, the level of contamination declined from 9.9 X 10(2) CFU/cm2 to 4.5 X 10(1) CFU/cm2 after 7 days at -20 degrees C . Thereafter, C . jejuni persisted at levels ranging from 1.8 X 10(1) to 0.2 X 10(1) CFU/cm2 through the 26th week of storage . Drumsticks held at 4 degrees C showed a significant decline in count from 9.9 X 10(2) CFU/cm2 to 1.8 X 10(2) CFU/cm2 on day 7 . It is concluded that the viability of C . jejuni on chicken parts is maintained under both refrigerated and freezing conditions which approximate commercial storage . This is of significance to the meat industry and consumers. Can J Surg, 1986 Nov, 29(6), 442 - 4 Campylobacter pyloridis is associated with acid-peptic disease in Toronto; Bohnen JM et al.; Campylobacter pyloridis has been associated with acid-peptic disease in centres outside Canada . The authors conducted a pilot study to see if this association existed in Toronto . Patients in whom esophagogastroscopy was indicated on clinical grounds were arbitrarily selected for determination of the presence of C . pyloridis . Included in the study were 100 patients who underwent 105 endoscopies . In 75 patients (80 endoscopies) there was some form of acid-peptic disease (inflammation or ulceration of stomach or duodenum) . Of those with acid-peptic disease, 34% had C . pyloridis compared with 4% among patients without acid-peptic disease (p less than 0.01) . Men with acid-peptic disease were more likely to harbour C . pyloridis than women (48% versus 16%, p less than 0.01) . The organisms were curved gram-negative rods that appeared as small colonies after 4 days of incubation under microaerobic conditions . They were strongly urease positive . There was considerable heterogeneity of endoscopic diagnoses . Future clinical studies of C . pyloridis need careful endoscopic and histologic classification. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Nov, 24(5), 876 - 8 Rate of Campylobacter spp . isolation in three regions of Ontario, Canada, from 1978 to 1985; Thompson JS et al.; Isolation rates of Campylobacter spp . were analyzed for an 8-year period, 1978 through 1985 . Three laboratories of the Ontario Ministry of Health examined 146,842 human feces samples for bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Campylobacter spp . were isolated from 5,580 specimens (3.8%), with monthly isolation rates ranging from 1.1 to 7.4% . The data showed a seasonal distribution of isolations, with peaks during the summer months (June to September) . Most infections were in children, adolescents, and young adults . More males were infected than females; this finding was most pronounced in the age groups under 25 years . In Northern and Central Ontario, a strikingly higher incidence was observed among farm residents than among rural nonfarm or urban residents . Of 89 farm residents, 63 had consumed raw milk (61 bovine, 2 goat) within 72 h before becoming ill. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Nov, 24(5), 856 - 8 Biotype and serogroup distribution of Campylobacter isolates from children in Nigeria; Alabi SA et al.; A total of 101 Campylobacter isolates from Nigerian children with or without gastroenteritis were biotyped and serogrouped by using the Lior typing schemes (H . Lior, J . Clin . Microbiol . 20:636-640, 1984; H . Lior, D . L . Woodward, J . A . Edgar, L . J . Laroche, and P . Gill, J . Clin . Microbiol . 15:761-768, 1982) . Fifty-three (52.5%) of the isolates were Campylobacter jejuni biotype I, 29 (28.7%) were C . jejuni biotype II, 10 (9.9%) were Campylobacter coli biotype I, and 9 (8.9%) were C . coli biotype II . Serogroup 36 was the most common (20.7%) in this study, in contrast with serogroup 1 (18.5%) earlier reported from Canada (Lior et al., J . Clin . Microbiol . 15:761-768, 1982). Infect Immun, 1986 Nov, 54(2), 283 - 7 Association with HeLa cells of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human feces; Fauchere JL et al.; We developed a rapid in vitro test for determining the association of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli with HeLa cells . Association was expressed as a weighted mean of the number of bacteria associated with one cell in an association index (AI) . The reproducibility of the AI was checked by repeating the test six times, using four strains chosen at random . Means and standard deviations of the means were 7.3 +/- 1.2, 6.8 +/- 0.9, 1.8 +/- 1.2, and 0.1 +/- 0.2 . The experimental conditions for which the results are reliable have been standardized . Among 42 strains from human feces, two groups appeared: for 22 nonassociative strains (52%), AI values ranged from 0.0 to 2.1 (mean +/- SD, 0.5 +/- 0.6); for 20 associative strains (48%), AI values ranged from 3.5 to 8.3 (mean +/- SD, 6.2 +/- 1.4) . Of these 42 strains, 17 were clinically documented . Diarrhea occurred more frequently in patients infected with associative strains than in those infected with noninvasive strains (7/7 versus 3/10, P = 0.01) . Fever also occurred more frequently in patients infected with associative strains (6/7 versus 2/10, P = 0.03) . Transmission electron microscopy and viable counts made after killing of extracellular bacteria by gentamicin support the fact that associated Campylobacter spp . are adherent to the cell membrane and are internalized into cytoplasmic vacuoles . The described test seems to be a convenient and rapid method for estimating the pathogenicity of a given strain. Infection, 1986 Nov-Dec, 14(6), 294 - 8 The comparative activity of pefloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin and 13 other antimicrobial agents against enteropathogenic microorganisms; Vanhoof R et al.; In this study, we compared the activity of pefloxacin, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin against 269 enteropathogenic strains (Campylobacter jejuni, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia enterocolitica) with that of rosoxacin, flumequin, nifuroxazide, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, amikacin, netilmicin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and co-trimoxazole . Pefloxacin, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin were always among the most active compounds . Furthermore, resistant strains or strains with elevated MIC values were not found . The MIC90 value for these three compounds was less than or equal to 0.25 mg/l, except for C . jejuni where it was 0.3 mg/l and 1.4 mg/l for pefloxacin and enoxacin, respectively. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Nov, 24(5), 716 - 20 Detection of Campylobacter pyloridis in patients with antrum gastritis and peptic ulcers by culture, complement fixation test, and immunoblot; von Wulffen H et al.; The association of Campylobacter pyloridis with antrum gastritis and peptic ulcers was described . We investigated antral biopsies from 180 patients who underwent gastroscopy . By culture or Gram stain or both, we found overall 98 (54%) of them to be positive for C . pyloridis . In the various groups the following percentages were found to be positive: normal antral mucosa 3% (n = 30); moderate superficial antrum gastritis, 49% (n = 83); severe superficial antrum gastritis, 86% (n = 44); duodenal ulcer, 83% (n = 54); and gastric ulcer, 72% (n = 18) . A serological screening that used a complement fixation test yielded the following results: highest rates of positive complement fixation titers were seen in patients with severe gastritis and those with duodenal ulcers, both with 79%; the lowest incidence was in a group of 20 blood donors, with 5% . Positive complement fixation titers in gastritis patients also correlated well with characteristic patterns on immunoglobulin G and A immunoblots, while there was no specific reactivity observed on immunoglobulin M immunoblots. Infect Immun, 1986 Nov, 54(2), 339 - 46 Immune response of athymic and euthymic germfree mice to Campylobacter spp; Yrios JW et al.; Pure cultures of several Campylobacter spp . induced a specific humoral immune response after they colonized and infected gnotobiotic mice; however, Campylobacter-immune mouse serum was not bactericidal (in vitro), manifested a weak agglutination reaction (in vitro), and showed specificity (strain 45100-immune mouse sera) for the homologous (infecting) Campylobacter strain, but was not able to passively protect germfree athymic (nu/nu) BALB/c mice against Campylobacter infection and diarrhea . Active immunization of germfree nu/nu mice with Formalin-killed C . jejuni also did not protect the gnotobiotic mice from Campylobacter infection and diarrhea . It appears from the results of our initial gnotobiotic studies that antibodies in serum against the infecting strain of C . jejuni may not play an essential role in resistance to Campylobacter disease in mice. J Dent Res, 1986 Nov, 65(11), 1335 - 40 Arylaminopeptidase activities of oral bacteria; Suido H et al.; Protease and peptidase enzymes are thought to play a role in the virulence of many oral organisms, especially those associated with periodontal diseases . In order to evaluate the peptidases of periodontopathogens, we compared the arylaminopeptidase activities of Bacteroides gingivalis with those of other oral and non-oral bacteria . Sixty-three bacterial strains representing the prominent cultivable organisms in human periodontal pockets were tested, including representatives of the black-pigmented Bacteroides, Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Veillonella species . Each micro-organism was examined for its ability to hydrolyze 18 synthetic substrates of beta-naphthylamide derivatives of amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides . Quantitation of the enzyme activity was accomplished by colorimetric measurement of the amounts of released beta-naphthylamines . N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine-beta-naphthylamide was readily cleaved by B . gingivalis, but slightly or not at all by the other oral strains tested . L-arginine-beta-naphthylamide was cleaved by B . gingivalis, Capnocytophaga species, and Streptococcus species, but not readily by the other Bacteroides strains . Some dipeptide substrates tested, such as glycyl-L-arginine- and glycyl-L-proline-beta-naphthylamide, were strongly cleaved by B . gingivalis and weakly cleaved by other Bacteroides strains . Since high levels of N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginyl-aminopeptidase activity are characteristic of B . gingivalis, its measurement may be valuable in the identification of this organism in clinical samples as an aid in diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal infections . Furthermore, this and other aminopeptidases produced by B . gingivalis and other oral organisms may play a role in the tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease. J Bacteriol, 1986 Nov, 168(2), 739 - 45 Location of epitopes on Campylobacter jejuni flagella; Logan SM et al.; Flagella were isolated from strains of Campylobacter jejuni belonging to different heat-labile serogroups and from a strain of Campylobacter fetus, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the flagellin molecular weights (Mr) were approximately 62,000 . The flagellins were cleaved by hydrolysis with cyanogen bromide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea peptide gel electrophoresis showed that the C . jejuni flagellins were structurally similar, and differed from C . fetus flagellin . Immunochemical analysis by Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immune electron microscopy, and immunoprecipitation with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies revealed the presence of both internal and surface-exposed epitopes . The internal epitopes were antigenically cross-reactive and linear, and in the case of C . jejuni flagellin were located on cyanogen bromide peptides of apparent Mr 22,400 and 11,000 . Antigenically cross-reactive epitopes were also present on an Mr 43,000 cyanogen bromide peptide of C . fetus flagellin . The Mr 22,400 peptide of C . jejuni VC74 flagellin also carried closely positioned internal linear epitopes for two monoclonal antibodies . One epitope was strain specific, while the other was shared by some but not all Campylobacter flagellins . The flagella of C . jejuni VC74 also displayed both surface-exposed antigenically cross-reactive and surface-exposed serospecific epitopes . Both linear and conformational epitopes contributed to the serospecificity of C . jejuni VC74 flagella, and a linear serospecific epitope was located on a cyanogen bromide peptide of apparent Mr 4,000. Am J Clin Pathol, 1986 Nov, 86(5), 575 - 82 Ultrastructure of the gastric mucosa harboring Campylobacter-like organisms; Chen XG et al.; The association between Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) and lesions of the gastric mucosa was studied in 59 consecutive biopsies . Hematoxylin and eosin and Warthin-Starry silver stains, as well as high-resolution light microscopy (HRLM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used . The organisms were found in intimate contact with foveolar cells showing abundant phagolysosomes and alterations of the intercellular complexes . CLOs also were seen in close proximity of parietal cells in resting phase, some of which showed degenerative changes . The findings are discussed in light of recent reports linking CLOs to the cause of gastritis. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1986 Oct 15, 111(20), 973 - 8 {The use of flocculation sludge in poultry feed . Chemical and microbiological composition}; Mulder RW et al.; For the purpose of making inventories, the chemical and microbiological composition of samples of flocculated sludge of poultry, pig and cattle-stock slaughter-houses were examined . This was required to study the possibilities of using flocculated sludge as raw material in animal feed . Chemical studies showed that the dry matter (dm) levels of the various specimens of sludge varied markedly . (Broiler sludge 7.1% of dm, pig sludge 7.5%, cattle-stock sludge 5.5% and laying-hen sludge 13.3%) . Broiler- and laying-hen sludge contained more crude fat than did the other samples of sludge . Measured by the concentrations of lysine, methionine and cystine, the sludge product was most similar to the protein of meal-and-bone meal and soy-bean meal . The iron content of almost all samples examined was very high . In view of the current standards for concentrations of metal in complete animal feeds, the concentrations of iron and lead will have to be taken into account in using this sludge product . The proportion of total polymers in the fat fractions of samples of sludge varied from 2.4% to 39.2%, less than 10% only being observed in two samples . The microbiological composition of broiler and pig sludge did not differ . Both the total aerobic bacterial count and the number of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella were found to be high . Species of Campylobacter were not isolated; however, a number of samples were found to be positive for adenovirus . Prior to deciding to use flocculated sludge in livestock feeding, the product will have to undergo thorough decontamination. J Appl Bacteriol, 1986 Oct, 61(4), 339 - 45 Effect of ascorbic, isoascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids on the growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni; Juven BJ et al.; Ascorbic acid (AsA), added to nutrient broth at a concentration of 5 mmol/l, was bactericidal towards Campylobacter jejuni grown at 42 degrees C in a micro-aerobic atmosphere . Specific enzymes, radical scavengers, metal chelators and reducing agents were tested as possible antagonists to the cytotoxicity of AsA . The addition of catalase or of the metal chelators ceruloplasmin or Desferal did not prevent the cytotoxic effect of AsA . The addition of the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol, formate, histidine or DMSO also failed to counteract the toxicity of AsA . On the other hand, thiourea or cysteamine and the reducing agents cysteine or dithionite significantly increased the recovery of C . jejuni in the presence of AsA . Although the possibility of the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in AsA cytotoxicity cannot be ruled out, it appears that the toxic effect of AsA is due mostly to the formation of products of oxidation of AsA and particularly to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) . Dehydroascorbic acid was also bactericidal to C . jejuni at a concentration of 5 mmol/l . Of all the compounds tested, only cysteamine was effective in preventing (partially) the toxic effect of DHA . The growth of C . jejuni was not inhibited by the addition of 5 mmol/l of isoascorbic acid or sodium isoascorbate. Gut, 1986 Oct, 27(10), 1132 - 7 Campylobacter like organisms in duodenal and antral endoscopic biopsies: relationship to inflammation; Johnston BJ et al.; In 66 endoscopic duodenal biopsies studied retrospectively and in 84 paired duodenal and antral biopsies assessed prospectively campylobacter like organisms were seen in 22 (33%) of the retrospectively examined duodenal biopsies and in 61 (73%) examined prospectively, and in 70 (83%) of antral biopsies . In the duodenum the organisms were mostly confined to the surface epithelium in areas showing gastric metaplasia, while in the antrum they were also found within superficial glands . A strong association was shown between the presence of campylobacter like organisms and histological active duodenal inflammation. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Oct, 24(4), 591 - 5 Isolation and characterization of cephalothin-susceptible Campylobacter coli from slaughter cattle; Brooks BW et al.; In a recent meat survey, 10 of 13 (77%) Campylobacter coli isolates were susceptible to cephalothin . These organisms were isolated from nine slaughter cattle from eight meat packing establishments . All 10 isolates g