J Immunol, 1980 Mar, 124(3), 1378 - 82 Bactericidal activity of eosinophil peroxidase; Jong EC et al.; A partially purified preparation of guinea pig eosinophil peroxidase was found to be bactericidal when combined with H2O2 and either iodide, bromide, chloride, or thiocyanate ions . The EPO-H2O2-halide bactericidal system had an acid pH optimum and was inhibited by the proteins albumin and gelatin and by the hemeprotein inhibitors azide, cyanide, and aminotriazole . When the EPO concentration of the reaction mixture was lowered, the bactericidal effect at pH 7.0 was lost first with chloride, then with bromide, and finally with iodide as the halide . Activity with physiologic concentrations of chloride was favored by a relatively high EPO level, a decrease in pH below neutrality and an absence of extraneous protein . These findings are discussed in relation to the potential role of the peroxidase system in the intracellular and extracellular toxic reactions of eosinophils. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 39(3), 480 - 7 Controlled formaldehyde fumigation system; Ackland NR et al.; A comparative study of formaldehyde (HCHO) fumigation was carried out by controlled vaporization, using an electric vapor generator, and by the Formalin-permanganate method . Determination of vapor levels as well as bactericidal action showed the generator to be more effective . Maximum achievable fumigant levels were temperature dependent and related to the equilibrium vapor concentration of HCHO . At a room temperature of 21 degrees C, vaporization of more than 2,000 micrograms of HCHO per liter resulted in conversion of HCHO to paraformaldehyde, which condensed on surfaces and contributed to prolonged residual vapor levels . An electronic monitor is described which is capable of detecting HCHO levels as low as 10 microgram/liter and can be used to monitor the complete fumigation process. Blood, 1980 Mar, 55(3), 466 - 9 Functional and metabolic studies of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the congenital Pelger-Huet anomaly; Johnson CA et al.; Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) from two individuals with congenital Pelger-Huet anomaly (PHA) were examined to determine whether functional or metabolic defects accompanied the known morphological abnormality . No abnormalities of the PHA cells, as compared to normal control cells, were found when tested for quantitative leukocyte enzyme activities, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, superoxide production, generation of chemiluminescence, or iodination . The PHA cells, as compared to normal PMNL, demonstrated normal chemotaxis and random migration, as well as bactericidal activity. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1980 Feb, 124(2), 90 - 2 {Use of novosept in surgical operations}; Rusanov AA et al.; For 15 years now the participants of surgical operations have been using novasept for the treatment of hand and operation fields . Novasept contains synthetic cationactive substances and superficially active substances which moisten the skin and penetrate the pores . The drug possesses high bactericidal action and does not irritate the skin. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 11(2), 200 - 1 Comparison of the microagglutination test with bactericidal response to Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease bacterium); Smalley DL et al.; This investigation found that individuals with microagglutination antibody titers of 1:32 or greater to Legionella pneumophila produced bactericidal activity against the bacterium . Those individuals with microagglutination antibody titers of 1:16 or less demonstrated no bactericidal activity. Arch Surg, 1980 Feb, 115(2), 200 - 2 Chronic granulomatous disease in an adult with recurrent abscesses; Perry HB et al.; Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), produced by an inherited defect in the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, is associated with recurrent abscess formation in regional lymph nodes, pulmonary parenchyma, and liver requiring surgical drainage . It is now becoming increasingly recognized that this is not a uniformly fatal disease of childhood . Instead, patients with milder forms of the disease are being detected during adulthood . General surgeons should be aware of the possibility of this diagnosis in a patient with recurrent pyogenic abscesses requiring drainage . Making the diagnosis of CGD is important because with chronic prophylactic antibiotic therapy and early aggressive treatment of recognized infections, the morbidity and mortality of patients can be favorably influenced . We describe a 27-year-old man with recurrent liver abscesses who was subsequently found to have CGD. Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Feb, 50(1), 35 - 43 Liberation of endotoxin from Escherichia coli by addition of antibiotics; Goto H et al.; The liberation of endotoxin from Escherichia coli by the addition of antibiotics was investigated using a new method of limulus test, i.e . dry up method . The addition of the bactericidal antibiotic, aminobenzylpenicillin or streptomycin sulfate, to the suspension of Escherichia coli (about 10(6)/ml) increased the concentration of endotoxin in the suspension about eight to nine times during a 3-hour period after the addition of antibiotic accompanying with the concomitant decrease of viable cell counts . The addition of the bacteriostatic antibiotic, tetracycline hydrochloride, also increased the endotoxin level, but this increase was rather mild . On the other hand, in the case of the addition of polymyxin B sulfate, there was no evident increase of the endotoxin level . This ability of polymyxin, i.e . the ability to suppress the elevation of endotoxin levels, was shown when polymyxin in the concentration of more than 2.5 micrograms/ml was added against about 10(6)/ml Escherichia coli and was also shown by the combinational use of polymyxin with aminobenzylpenicillin or streptomycin . Furthermore, the endotoxin-inactivating ability of polymyxin was shown in the study where extracted lipopolysaccharide was used in place of viable cells. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1980, 14(2), 207 - 11 Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on some host defence functions in man; Schildt B et al.; Four different functions of the immune defence were studied in six men undergoing open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) . Pre-operatively, a few hours after and three days after surgery the following tests were performed: (I) in vivo phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), (II) haemolytic activity of blood monocytes, (III) nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by granulocytes, and (IV) bactericidal capacity of granulocytes . Compared to the pre-operative values, the RES functions were unchanged postoperatively, whereas there was a significant increase in the haemolytic activity of monocytes and in the NBT reduction of granulocytes . The capacity of the granulocytes to kill bacteria was normal a few hours after surgery, but significantly increased on day 3 . No infectious complications occurred and all patients recovered uneventfully . These results suggest that, at the present time, open-heart surgery under CPB is accompanied by an increased activity of granulocytes and monocytes in the early postoperative period. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1980, 15(3), 315 - 9 Polymorphonuclear function in patients with skin and joint symptoms after small-intestinal shunt operations; Palmblad J et al.; Previous studies have shown that the small-bowel shunt operation for morbid obesity may be followed by signs of enhanced cell-mediated immunity and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte bactericidal capacity . In the present study seven patients, operated 4 months--4.5 years previously and exhibiting postoperative arthralgias, arthritis, and/or skin rashes, were investigated with regard to their PMN adherence and bactericidal capacity and plasma levels of complement factors 3 and 4 (C3 and C4) . There patients showed a decreased PMN bactericidal capacity compared both with 10 other shunt-operated patients without skin and joint symptoms and with healthy controls, whereas PMN adherence was lower than for the non-symptomatic patients but similar to that of the controls . Two patients had C3 levels above the reference value; all had normal C4 values . Thus, a small-bowel shunt operation for obesity, complicated by skin and joint symptoms, might be associated with decreased PMN bactericidal capacity. Vox Sang, 1980, 38(4), 191 - 6 In vitro granulocyte function as affected by filter loading time and tapping during filtration leukapheresis; Stegmann G et al.; Granulocytes (PMNs) were harvested from 16 normal subjects by filtration leukapheresis (FL) in which the filter loading time (FLT) ranged between 30 min and 4 h, and the rate of filter perfusion was 60 ml whole blood x min-1 . The function of PMNs eluted from filters with or without the aid of manual tapping (MT) at each of the various FLTs was assessed in vitro by tests of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity . The results indicated that the function of PMNs in vitro was compromised by eluting filters with MT, and this appeared to be independent of the FLT . PMNs collected without MT were nearly normal relative to the control regardless of the FLT. Infection, 1980, Suppl 1, 30 - 4 Basis and results of therapy with Beta-lactam antibiotics in experimental infections; Rolinson GN; Experimental infections in animals and their chemotherapy are dependent on a variety of experimental conditions and parameters which may be themselves interrelated; the type and number of infecting organisms, the nature of the infection, the antibiotic chosen for therapy and its administration schedule can influence the results of animal studies . One additional factor which applies to dosage of penicillins is the phenomenon of the recovery period, i . e . the period of time which surviving bacteria need to resume growth after removal of the drug . The bactericidal effect probably strongly influences the period of time which is required before the number of viable organisms reach the level present at the time of infection . Thus one can assume that it is the extent of the bactericidal effect which influences the period of time between doses rather than the recovery period . Besides these parameters the physiological state of the infecting organism may also be important . The results of penicillin therapy vary considerably depending on the bacterial growth rate . Differences in the nature of infection in experimental animals and man and the physiology of animals and man do not allow close simulation of clinical infections under experimental conditions . However the factors discussed may provide some guidelines for rational antibiotic treatment in man. Farmakol Toksikol, 1980 Jan-Feb, 43(1), 97 - 100 {Comparative evaluation of the treatment of radiation skin injuries with oxycort ointment and Peruvian balsam}; Nikulin AA et al.; The regenerating action of Peruvian balm and oxycort was compared in experiments on rats with experimental radiation skin injuries . Radiation skin ulcers entailed severe morphological and biochemical abnormalities, there was also observed an unstable healing provided the treatment was not applied . Oxycort ointment slightly reduced the period of healing . However, formation of secondary microdefects was conducive to recurrent ulcer in the future . Peruvian balm exerted a pronounced bactericidal action, strongly intensified the reparative processes, and, therefore, reduced the period of healing and favoured the differentiation of the cicatricial tissues that led to a stable healing of the ulcers. Br J Haematol, 1980 Jan, 44(1), 101 - 8 Polymorphonuclear (PMN) function after small intestinal shunt operation for morbid obesity; Palmblad J et al.; The possible influence on blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte functions of the small intestinal shunt operation for obesity was studied in 10 massively overweight patients . They were investigated prior to operation and for 9 months afterwards, when they had lost an average of 32 kg body weight . Preoperatively they showed reduced PMN bactericidal capacity and increased PMN adherence compared with controls of normal weight . During the first 2--4 months postoperatively all patients displayed a gradually increasing bactericidal capacity, which then reached levels similar to the controls and remained so for the rest of the follow-up period . This enhancement was more easily assessed by a new in vitro assay in which each PMN was provided with 30--40 bacteria, than by a standard assay using 2--4 bacteria per granulocyte . PMN adherence decreased during the first postoperative months and then returned to preoperative levels . The changes in PMN functions were not statistically related either to each other or to the continuous loss of body wieght . Thus, impairment of PMN killing function occurring in extremely obese patients became normalized after small bowel shunt operation, while the high adherence remained unchanged. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1980, 18(2), 92 - 6 Concentrations of cephapirin sodium in plasma and gynecologic tissue after a single preoperative dose; Fry W et al.; The penetration of cephapirin sodium into tissues that are commonly involved in gynecologic infections was studied after administration of a single i.v . dose of 1 g of cephapirin to about 15 patients to undergo gynecologic surgery . Blood and tissue specimens were obtained either 30 or 60 min after the infusion had been completed . Blood levels averaged 16.07 +/- 3.7 and 6.29 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml and mean tissue levels were 7.87 and 6.28 microgram at these two sampling times, respectively . These results suggest that bactericidal levels of cephapirin against sensitive organisms can be achieved in gynecologic tissues. J Trauma, 1980 Jan, 20(1), 75 - 7 A comparison of leukocyte function and burn mortality; Heck E et al.; Of the several tests which measure leukocyte bactericidal competency only one, chemotaxis, has been reported to reflect both leukocyte dysfunction and patient mortality in major thermal injury . To validate the reliability that chemotaxis reflects mortality functional chemotactic index (FCI) was measured in leukocytes from 33 patients with 30% or greater total body surface area burns . Additionally, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction and O2 consumption were compared to FCI . Significant decreases were seen in FCI values compared to normals . No differences, however, were seen in FCI values between surviving and nonsurviving patients . NBT reduction and O2 consumption also showed decreases with a significant difference between the mean decrease in surviving and nonsurviving patients . While the data show all these laboratory tests to be reflective of significant impairments in host defense, they do not appear to be reliable as predictive indices of patient survival and therefore should not be interpreted as such. Cancer, 1980 Jan 1, 45(1), 91 - 7 The effect of lithium carbonate on lymphocyte, granulocyte, and platelet function; Friedenberg WR et al.; Lithium affects an increase in granulocyte counts in humans and has been promoted in the treatment of granulocytopenia and as adjuvant cancer chemotherapy to reduce the incidence of bacterial infections . In this study, eight healthy volunteers were studied by means of a panel of quantitative and cellular function tests before and after a seven-day course of lithium carbonate . Granulocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet function was assessed by the test panel . This panel included T cell and B cell enumeration, lymphocyte transformation to a number of mitogens and antigens, phagocytic and bactericidal activities of peripheral leukocytes, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, chemotaxis, chemiliminescence, platelet aggregation studies, and Ivy bleeding time . The was a significant reduction in bactericidal capacity (p less than 0.005) and a significant reduction in lymphocyte response to PPD (p less than 0.01) . Although lithium increase the granulocyte count, the reduction in bactericidal capacity of granulocytes may reduce the beneficial effect of the granulocytosis . Prospective clinical studies are indicated to assess the clinical efficacy of the drug. Blood Cells, 1980, 6(1), 65 - 84 Cryogenic preservation of rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Bank HL et al.; Rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were frozen to --196 degrees C, thawed, and tested for functional viability using a variety of criteria, which included: qualitative and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium assays, fluorometric membrane integrity assays, chemotactic assays, and bactericidal assay . Using these criteria, the survival of rat PMNs obtained from a glycogen-induced peritoneal wash averaged approximately 70% after thawing . The survival of PMNs obtained from rat peripheral blood was greater than 95% . Maximal survival for cryopreservation of these cells frozen in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% hydroxyethyl starch was obtained when the cells were cooled at approximately 10 degrees C/min. Clin Ther, 1980, 3(4), 316 - 28 Predicting serum gentamicin levels in adult trauma patients; Majerus TC et al.; A one-compartment, open-linear, pharmacokinetic model for gentamicin dosing has been developed at the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Service Systems (MIEMSS) . The model was used to predict both the gentamicin dose required to achieve desired peak and trough serum concentrations and the peak and trough serum concentrations that would result from administering empirically chosen doses . This model was tested in 31 patients, aged 15 to 82 years (mean 39.3 +/- 17.7 years), whose creatinine clearance (CCI) ranged from 12 ml/min to 197 ml/min (mean 106.9 +/- 53.1 ml/min) . The predictions of the dosage model were compared with the measured peak and trough serum concentrations in these patients . The predicted peak serum levels correlated highly with the measured peak serum levels (r 0.97) . The mean difference (+/- SD) between the predicted and measured peak levels was 0.28 +/- 0.22 mu g/ml . The predicted trough serum levels correlated well with the measured trough serum levels (r 0.91) . The mean difference between the predicted and measured trough levels was -0.03 +/- 0.18 mu g/ml . This approach makes it possible for bactericidal levels of gentamicin to be maintained in patients with wide variations in stable renal function . Frequent serum gentamicin determinations are unnecessary . Requiring only an inexpensive calculator, the method has proved to be economical as well as clinically useful. Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(6-7), 44 - 51 {Trial of the therapeutic action of ultrashort waves in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics in chronic endometritis in cows}; Georgiev S et al.; Ninety cows affected with Endometritis catarrhalis et purulenta chronica, were divided into three groups consisting of thirty cows each and were equalized according to the method of analyses, were treated for experimental purposes following three diagrams . First diagram (30 cows) . On the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth days trivitaminol with antibiotic (according to antibioticogram) was inserted through the uterus in a dose of 50 cm3, as well as 20 cm3 of Borgal intramuscularly . Second diagram . Thirty cows were treated only with ultrashort waves . The radiation treatment lasted 10 days and the duration of seances was respectively increased . Third diagram . Another group of thirty cows were treated in a combination of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic preparations and ultra-short waves . As a test, on the basis of which the general status of cows was traced out before and after the treatment, were taken the indices of total protein and protein fractions and the bactericidal activity of the serum, the phagocytic activity of leucocytes, the presence of "C" reactive protein in the serum and the total number of leucocytes and bacteria in the uterine secretion . It was established that the combined medicinal therapy of chronic endometritis in cows, under the effect of ultra-short waves, led to an increased effectiveness of the treatment . The multilateral effect of ultra-short waves reinforced the therapeutic activity of antibiotics and sulphonamides used during the treatment of endometritis . Treatment duration was cut down and fecundity increased. Scott Med J, 1980 Jan, 25(1), 23 - 6 Phagocytic cells in the human inflammatory response; Raeburn JA et al.; Human phagocytic cells are of crucial importance in the early responses to infection . However, tests of their function have been somewhat neglected in immunological screening . This paper summarises briefly our techniques for studying neutrophils and monocytes in skin abrasions and a simple assay of phagocytic and bactericidal function . These techniques use small volumes of blood and are suitable for inclusion in the early screening of individuals who have repeated bacterial infections. Klin Padiatr, 1980 Jan, 192(1), 19 - 24 {Therapy of the Steinbrinck-Chediak-Higashi-Syndrom (author's transl)}; Rister M et al.; The Steinbrinck-Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is characterized by morphological and functional alterations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . The impaired function in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes may be related to abnormal microtubular assembly . The ingestion of 200 mg/d of ascorbic acid potentiated chemotaxis and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from a patient with this disease . Furthermore, the treatment with ascorbic acid reduced the spontaneous cap formation by these leukocytes, demonstrating the improvement of microtubular assembly . The life long treatment with ascorbic acid may affect the clinical course of these patients favourably. Radiat Environ Biophys, 1980, 18(4), 281 - 8 Lethal effects of high-voltage pulses on E . coli K12; Hulsheger H et al.; The lethal effects of high-voltage capacitor-discharges in suspensions of E . coli K12 with varying electrolytes have been examined . A reduction of more than 99.9% of living cells, dependent on the applied voltage could be proved . The bactericidal action is assumed to be due to direct effects of high electric fields . Electrolytically produced chlorine was shown to act as an additional toxic agent, when chloride is present in the treated medium . The relative survival rate of bacteria has been found to depend also on the concentration of cells during pulse treatment. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(5), 635 - 50 {Blood bactericidal activity in calves}; Dorn W et al.; Methodical aspects relating to determination of serum-bactericidal capacities were studied, with the view to using them to test the bearing of abiotic environmental factors on defence mechanisms against infections . Communicated are methodical experience by which to enhance the methods used to higher accuracy as well as experience regarding biological variance in calf and results obtained from follow-up checks in which antigens were systematically used . Reference is made also to other methodical issues . The method actually used to determine serum-bactericidal capacity was found to be suitable for an assessment of reactivity of infection defence in calf for its good accuracy . Follow-up checks, using antigens, will enable better assessment of the action of abiotic environmental factors on the complex defence system of calf. Histochemistry, 1980, 69(3), 307 - 14 Cytochemical investigation of neutral proteases in polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils in acute inflammatory diseases; Klessen C et al.; Neutral proteases can be released from PMN neutrophils in blood smears from healthy subjects by incubation with NaCl-borate buffer . The activity of the PMN proteases can be revealed by the degradation of erythrocytes and plasma within ring-shaped areas centered around each neutrophil (halo effect) . During the acute stage of various inflammatory diseases (pneumonia, meningitis, cholecystitis, etc.) the activity of neutral PMN proteases is substantially reduced, as reflected by reduced halo formation . After recovery, halo formation returns to normal . Temporary lowering of neutral PMN proteases is thus one of a series of functional defects of PMN neutrophils which are detectable in the course of acute infectious diseases . These include reduced phagocytosis, altered chemotaxis and reduced bactericidal function . The cytochemical test for neutrophilic granulocyte function used in the present investigation is especially practical by comparison with the other techniques: it saves time and is simple to perform. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1980 Fall, 20(3), 117 - 34 Antiinflammatory medications; Leibowitz HM et al.; Corticosteroids are by far the most frequently used agents to treat ocular inflammation . When administered topically to the eye, different derivatives of the same corticosteroid base are not equivalent in their antiinflammatory properties . A change in the derivative of a corticosteroid base alters its behavior as an antiinflammatory agent . To date, the acetate derivative of each corticosteroid base studied has been the most effective, and among commercially available ophthalmic formulations, 1.0 percent prednisolone acetate is the drug of choice for maximal antiinflammatory effect . Hourly instillation produces a greater, more rapid reduction of corneal inflammation than does instillation of the drug every 4 hours, while instillation at 15-minute intervals results in an even greater therapeutic effect . Topical delivery of five doses of 1.0 percent prednisolone acetate at 1-minute intervals each hour results in an antiinflammatory effect comparable to that achieved by instillation every 15 minutes . Topical instillation of a corticosteroid produces a greater reduction in inflammatory cells invading the cornea than does periocular injection of a steroid . Administration of corticosteroids concurrently by topical and subconjunctival routes produces an additive antiinflammatory effect . Addition of a topically applied corticosteroid to an effective topical antibiotic regimen containing a bactericidal agent does not enhance bacterial replication in the cornea if the corticosteroid is not instilled more frequently than the antibiotic . Corticosteroids enhance viral proliferation and are contraindicated in active epithelial herpetic keratitis . Many instances of stromal herpetic keratitis appear to be a toxic or immune response to incomplete, nonreplicating viral particles rather than alteration of tissue by multiplying live virus, and the judicious use of corticosteroids is advocated along with an antiviral antimetabolite . Because control of replicating fungal organisms by specific antifungal agents is often difficult to achieve, corticosteroids should not be used in the treatment of mycotic keratitis. Folia Biol (Praha), 1980, 26(2), 81 - 93 Development of antibody formation in germ-free and conventionally reared rabbits: the role of intestinal lymphoid tissue in antibody formation to E . coli antigens; Tlaskalova-Hogenova H et al.; The occurrence of cells which produce 'natural" bactericidal and haemolytic antibodies (the so-called background plaques) was studied by the plaque method in lymphatic tissues of germ-free and conventionally reared rabbits of various ages . In conventional rabbits the cells which produce "natural" bactericidal antibodies against E . coli 086 appear early after birth in organized intestinal lymphatic tissue, their number increases during development, then they appear in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen and their number decreases due to aging . Natural haemolytic antibodies are produced throughout the life predominantly in the spleen of conventional rabbits . In germ-free rabbits the appearance of "natural" bactericidal or haemolytic antibodies was not demonstrated during the tested period of 16 weeks of life . Also when comparing the immunological capacity after parenteral immunization or after stimulation of cells from various organs cultivated in diffusion chambers, the response in germ-free rabbits was very low or lacking . The differences between the reactivity of germ-free and conventional rabbits were especially marked when studying the specific and non-specific (polyclonal) response after administration of E . coli suspension . The nature and possible causes underlying the differences in immunological reactivity in various species of germ-free animals are discussed. Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(3), 207 - 11 A study of clavulanate-amoxicillin synergy using a triple layer technique and enzymatic neutralization; Yourassowsky E et al.; The in vitro study of the amoxicillin-clavulanate association has been carried out using a triple layer technique by means of paper strips which show a T configuration . Synergy observation proves to be most favorable with the following reservoir load: (a) when the latter is sufficiently low so that the inhibiting effect of the clavulanate and amoxicillin, taken in isolation, becomes weak or nil; (b) when the ratio between the two substances is amoxicillin 5, clavulanate 1 . Under such conditions, the inhibition of the bacterial growth occurs solely in the confluence area of the substances . The neutralization of amoxicillin through penicillinase respectively after 4, 6 and 24 h of incubation makes possible an appraisal of the bactericidal action of the association. Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(3), 191 - 5 In vitro synergism between tetracyclines and antimalarials; Toama MA; The in vitro activity of various tetracyclines and antimalarials alone and in combinations against 20 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was investigated . The minimum inhibition concentration of the tetracyclines ranged from 1.2 to 160 micrograms/ml . Demeclocycline was the highest in activity . The antimalarials were ineffective . Variable percentage of strains responded to the synergistic effect of the various antibiotics-drugs combinations . Strains which are relatively insensitive to the tetracyclines did not respond to the synergistic effect of the combinations . The bactericidal effect of the combinations was shown by the enhanced rate of killing that occurred at 6 h . Synergism was reversed by divalent cations. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl, 1980, 31, 53 - 5 Monocyte in vitro function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) . III . Bactericidal activity in presence of SLE-sera; Nived O et al.; The bactericidal activity of normal monocytes in the presence of serum from 14 patients with SLE was studied with a modification of the Maaloe technique . The bactericidal activity was impaired in the presence of sera from 8/14 patients . The group with abnormal bacterial killing showed higher clinical activity than did the group with normal killing capacity . Corticosteroid therapy was also more common among patients with reduced killing . A further difference between patients with abnormal and normal killing was that the former had more episodes of infection during a 2-year follow-up period. Rev Fr Mal Respir, 1980, 8(4), 307 - 30 {Toxicity of pyrazinamide in antituberculous treatments (author's transl)}; Pretet S et al.; Pyrazinamide, an antituberculous drug discovered in 1952, was first considered as a toxic drug . As it appeared as a bactericidal drug for the organisms inside macrophages, its usefulness has been re-appraised . In combination with other bactericidal drugs, it contributes to speed up the sterilization of tuberculous lesions . A review of the more recent clinical trials allows to assess the real toxicity of Pyrazinamide . Prescribed at a daily dosage of 30 to 35 mg/kg (1,5 to 2 g daily), it gives no major side effects. Am J Pathol, 1980 Jan, 98(1), 151 - 96 The Chédiak-Higashi syndrome; the nature of the giant neutrophil granules and their interactions with cytoplasm and foreign particulates . I . Progressive enlargement of the massive inclusions in mature neutrophils . II . Manifestations of cytoplasmic injury and sequestration . III . Interactions between giant organelles and foreign particulates; White JG et al.; Defective bactericidal functioning of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from patients with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) has been related in previous reports to a failure of the giant granules characteristics of the disorder to participate in degranulation after uptake of foreign particulates by neutrophils . However, the reason massive CHS inclusions do not fuse with and discharge their contents into phagocytic vacuoles has not been defined . The problem is particularly puzzling because it has been postulated that the hugh organelles in CHS neutophils originate by fusion of small azurophilic granules in promyelocytes and myelocytes . The present series of investigations into the cytopathology of the CHS has employed electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry to characterize the progressive enlargement of the hugh bodies in mature PMNs, their interaction with cytoplasmic constituents resulting in various manifestations of cell injury, and their response to foreign particulates . Each study clarifies abnormal features of the giant organelles essential to the understanding of their role in the defective bactericidal function of CHS neutrophils . The first report demonstrates that most of the hugh inclusions in PMNs are not primary lysosomes . The interaction and fusion of giant azurophilic granules with each other, with normal-sized primary and secondary granules, and with cytoplasmic components converts the massive primary granules into huge secondary lysosomes . Transformation to secondary hysosomes represents a critical alteration in the state of the giant granules that underlies their damaging influence on the cytoplasm and loss of reactivity wtih phagocytic vacuoles. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(5), 651 - 66 {Blood bactericidal activity in calves under various lighting regimes}; Dorn W et al.; Reported in this paper are the effects of varying lighting regimes on serum-bactericide capacity of calves, aged between 3 and 15 weeks . The results, first of all, have shown that the serum-bactericide system is affected by visible light . The reactivity of the complex defence system is reduced by extremely short days, as compared to extremely long days, with the animals being exposed to something between 80 and 100 lx, round the clock . Extremely long days were found to have positive effects on adaptation to changing environmental conditions, but negative effects of other abiotic factors of the environment could not be offset by visible light . Substitution of artificial light for natural light did not bring about any disadvantageous effects upon immunological reactivity of calves, aged between 3 and 15 weeks, under the authors' experimental conditions . Therefore, production in windowless structures is possible without any risk, provided that the fattening animals are kept in a properly controlled artificial light regime. Microbios, 1980, 28(111), 7 - 17 Effect of 2-phenoxyethanol upon RNA, DNA and protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli NCTC 5933; Gilbert P et al.; The effects of concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol of negligible bactericidal activity upon the rates of biosynthetic assimilation by Escherichia coli, of 14C-thymidine, 14C-uracil, 14C-phenylalanine and 14C-glucose, were assessed . Increasing the drug concentration from 0.05-0.4% w/v progressively increased inhibition of growth rate, measured as changes in optical density . Thymidine, uracil and glucose assimilation were inhibited to an extent similar to growth rate, whilst phenylalanine incorporation was markedly less sensitive at the lower concentrations (leads to 0.2% w/v) . In addition to its previously observed roles in inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle enzymes, it is suggested that 2-phenoxyethanol can exert a more direct inhibitory action upon DNA and RNA biosynthesis and possibly on protein biosynthesis. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1980 Jan, 29(1), 103 - 8 Intermittent chemotherapy of experimental leprosy in mice; Colston MJ et al.; In this study we assess the degree of prolonged bacteriostasis of Mycobacterium leprae after temporary exposure to ehtionamide or thiacetazone, and relate this to their efficacy when administered intermittently to mice with experimental leprosy infections . The results show that temporary exposure of M . leprae to either of these drugs results in a prolonged bacteriostatic effect, but that efficacy is rapidly lost as the interval between doses is increased . Using the mouse foot pad system, growth of M . leprae is not inhibited by thiacetazone when the frequency of administration is less than three times weekly . When ethionamide is administered once weekly, growth of M . leprae is inhibited but bactericidal activity is lost . When ethionamide is administered in combination with continuous dapsone therapy, either continuously or three times weekly, the bactericidal activity of the drug combination is greater than when either drug is administered alone . However, when ethionamide is administered once weekly in combination with continuous dapsone treatment, the bactericidal effect is identical to that when dapsone is given alone: that is, ethionamide makes no contribution to the combination. Schweiz Med Wochenschr . 1979 Dec 8;109(47):1896. {Granulocyte defence against bacterial infection in diabetes mellitus with special reference to bactericidal activity}; Viollier AF et al.; Granulocytic defence against bacterial infection has been studied in a group of diabetic patients . With the skin chamber method markedly reduced leukocyte mobilization in vivo which was independent of metabolic compensation was found in all diabetic patients . Investigation of phagocytic function of Latex particles and bacterial killing of E . coli revealed firm dependence on metabolic regulation: in decompensated diabetes mellitus the two function tests were clearly pathological, whereas in the compensated metabolism there was no difference between normal individuals and diabetics . Thus, on granulocytic defence pathway analysis, this appears to confirm that reduction of infection depends on how diabetes is controlled. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Dec, 87(6), 357 - 64 Activation of the bactericidal capacity of blood granulocytes . Evaluation of a new method and the effect of levamisole; Palmblad J et al.; In most polymorphonuclear (PMN) bactericidal assays each PMN is given appr . 0.5-4 bacteria to kill but it has not been sufficiently shown that this ratio is optimal for the detection of changes in PMN killing functions . One PMN, incubated with increasing amounts of Staph . aureus, can kill between 45 and 90 colony forming units (CFU) . Therefore a new assay, giving each PMN a submaximal bacterial amount (i.e . using 2-4 CFU/PMN) concerning the effects on PMNs of thermal inactivation and of levamisole . Exposure to 46 degrees C for 3-5 minutes decreased the killing capacity, easiest descernable with the standard assay . Incubation with levamisole in concentrations ranging between 10(-6) and 10(-7) mol/l increased the PMN killing capacity, and this was most evident with the modified assay . Thus, enhancements of PMN killing functions might be detected better with the present modified PMN bacterial assay, whereas impairments are disclosed more readily with the standard assay. Environ Health Perspect, 1979 Dec, 33, 303 - 14 Thermal pollution consequences of the implementation of the president's energy message on increased coal utilization; Parker FL; The thermal consequences of coal utilization are most meaningfully assessed in comparison with the form of power generation replaced by coal which is most likely nuclear . The different effects are influenced by siting decisions and the intrinsic thermal efficiencies of the two fuel systems . Nuclear power plants discharge 50% more waste Rheat to the atmosphere through cooling towers or to a water body than coal-fired plants . Coal-fired plants require about 2/3 as much water as nuclear power plants . Nearly every property of water is affected nonlinearly by temperature, and biological effects may amplify these changes because protein denaturation takes place more rapidly above 30 degrees C and these high temperatures affect bactericidal and viricidal activity of chlorine compounds . Usually algal populations change from a dominance of diatoms and green algae to dominance by blue-green algae . All organisms experience elevated metabolic rates at higher temperatures which may affect total energy needs, foraging ability, reproduction, migration and susceptibility to disease . Intake structures inevitably draw many organisms into the cooling system of a power plant, but the number and kind are influenced by its location, configuration, and mode of operation . Use of water recirculation systems reduces water use and with it, the number of organisms entrained . Mechanical damage in the cooling system to small organisms is generally low, but fish and their larvae and eggs may be seriously damaged . Discharge effects may also be severe but are generally local . The near field, where there are strong shear velocities and rapid temperature changes are particularly stressful to fish, and stringent limitations on the timing and strength of discharges may be required to reduce these stresses to nondamaging levels . Off-stream cooling systems may increase cloudiness, ground fog, precipitation, temperature and local winds, but these effects generally extend no further than 1000 m even in winter . There is considerable potential for using condenser cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes such as irrigation, frost protection, undersoil heating, greenhouse heating and climate control . However, over the next few decades little of this waste heat is likely to be used creatively . The thermal consequences of implementing NEP are locally serious but do not pose regional problems . Creative use of the waste heat for aquaculture, agriculture, cogeneration, and power for energy intensive industries can be a powerful means of mitigating undesirable effects. Ann Allergy, 1979 Dec, 43(6), 333 - 6 Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by streptokinase-streptodornase; Church JA et al.; Leukotaxis of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) appears to be a critical step in the generation of local inflammatory reactions . The present studies demonstrate a reversible, dose-dependent inhibition of PMN chemotaxis by streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) . This inhibition does not appear to depend upon the presence of lymphocytes or the release of chemokinetic humoral factors and phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of PMN's are unaffected by the doses of SK-SD employed. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Nov 30, 121(48), 1611 - 4 {Endocarditis therapy with high doses of oral doxycycline: Part II: Clinical study (author's transl)}; Wagner P et al.; Nineteen patients previously treated unsuccessfully, usually with bactericidal antibiotics, received large doses (average: 15-20 mg/kg/day) of oral doxycycline (Vibramycin) after suitable testing for resistance . The good therapeutic results -- complete cure in eleven cases, great improvement in one, doubtful response to doxycycline in four, three failures -- justifies the observation that high oral doses of doxycycline can be considered as an important addition to the possibilities for treatment of endocarditis. Histochemistry, 1979 Nov, 64(2), 163 - 9 Human alveolar macrophages spontaneous reduction of BSPT salt; Jaubert F et al.; Alveolar macrophages of non smoking and smoking human adults reduce BSPT salt spontaneously . The staining obtained is located on three cell membrane systems: the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and the nuclear envelope . Methylene blue MB inhibits BSPT reduction . The smokers alvelolar macrophages have less positivity than those of the non smokers . The endogenous cell substrate revealed in this work is the initial common pathway of two different oxidative chains bounded to the microsome . One acts with cytochrome P 450 for chemical detoxification by hydroxylation, the other one acts with cytochrome B5 for lipid oxidation or peroxidation and both may be connected with the cell bactericidal system. Transfusion, 1979 Nov-Dec, 19(6), 764 - 7 The relationship of granulocyte ATP to chemotactic response during storage; McCullough JJ et al.; During the storage of granulocytes, bactericidal activity declines more slowly than does chemotactic response (CTR) . Bacterial killing involves increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt, oxygen utilization and the generation of toxic products of oxygen . Chemotaxis is probably a contractile process involving myosin and actin filaments and possibly ATP as a source of energy . Thus, maintainance of ATP may be important in granulocyte preservation . During storage at 1 to 6 C of granulocytes collected by continuous and intermittent flow centrifuge leukapheresis, both CTR and ATP decreased approximately 33 percent . Decreases in CTR and ATP were 12 and 10 percent respectively when cells were stored at 20 to 24 C . Further decreases in CTR and ATP occurred between 24 and 48 hours of storage, although levels of both were higher in cells stored at 20 to 24 C compared with those stored at 1 to 6 C . When the results from all storage conditions were combined, the overall coefficient of correlation between CTR and ATP was 0.71 (p less than .05) . Although ATP is probably not the only important variable in granulocyte preservation, granulocytes may resemble red blood cells in that a minimal level of ATP may be necessary for adequate function. South Med J, 1979 Nov, 72(11), 1485 - 7 Endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens; Bechard DL et al.; We have described a case of endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens on a prosthetic Hancock valve, which was cured with a six-week course of ampicillin and gentamicin therapy . Cases of Moraxella septicemia or endocarditis are uncommon, and this apparently represents the first case of Moraxella nonliquefaciens endocarditis on a prosthetic valve . The fastidious growth characteristics of this and similar species may require prolonged incubation of blood cultures and development of different methods for testing the bactericidal activity of the patient's serum. Res Vet Sci, 1979 Nov, 27(3), 289 - 96 Duration of anti-adhesive and bactericidal activities of milk from vaccinated sows on Escherichia coli O149 in the digestive tract of piglets during the nursing period; Nagy LK et al.; Piglets were exposed orogastrically to Escherichia coli to enable study of the duration of anti-adhesive and bactericidal activities of milk of sows vaccinated with a K88 enriched E coli vaccine . There was a marked increase in the number of the challenge strain in the digestive tract of weaned piglets of all ages (between 888 and 2144 per cent) . In contrast, there was a decrease in their number (75 per cent) in the day-old colostrum-fed piglets . When the piglets were two weeks old milk was still capable of reducing the rate of proliferation of the pathogen but at five weeks it proliferated at equal rates in the digestive tract of both suckling and weaned litter-mates . The rate of adhesion of the K88 positive E coli to the small intestine of colostrum deprived piglets was high (5 x 108/g) . Rate of adhesion fell gradually in weaned piglets from 5.4 x 107/g at two weeks to 2.0 x 106/g at four to five weeks of age . In contrast, resistance of the small intestine of suckling pigs to adhesion by K88-positive E coli remained relatively stable through the five week period of nursing bacterial counts ranging from 5 x 104/g to 3 x 104/g of tissue. Mutat Res, 1979 Nov, 68(3), 201 - 5 Mutagenic and colicine-inducing activity of two antioxidants: pyrogallol and purpurogallin; Ben-Gurion R; The antioxidants pyrogallol and its oxidative derivative, purpurogallin, both induce colicine E2 as well as base substitution and frameshift mutations . Because of the bactericidal effect of purpurogallin, its mutagenicity could be best demonstrated by short-term exposure followed by dilution on the test plates . The colicine-inducing potential of purpurogallin was also observed when tested directly on the plates. J Dent Res, 1979 Nov, 58(11), 2125 - 31 Exposure time and the effect of hexylresorcinol on bacterial aggregates; Kraal JH et al.; The bactericidal effect of hexylresorcinol was assessed using bacterial aggregates . Increased drug concentration resulted in decreased survival of bacteria when the aggregates were exposed to hexylresorcinol for at least eight hours . This indicates that this drug may be effective against dental plaque only when available for long periods of time. Transfusion, 1979 Nov-Dec, 19(6), 719 - 24 Local versus regional procurement and distribution of granulocytes; Friedenberg WR et al.; Granulocyte concentrates obtained by discontinuous flow centrifugation (DFC) and continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) were studied . The DFC granulocytes were obtained from a regional center and stored for 24 hours prior to transfusion . The CFC granulocytes were obtained locally and transfused within a few hours . Even at 24 hours, DFC granulocytes had significantly reduced bactericidal capacity, chemiluminescence, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, chemotaxis and random mobility . Granulocyte kinetics utilizing DF32P and skin windows demonstrated the ability of DFC granulocytes to circulate and migrate into the tissues despite the in vitro abnormalities . Until effective storage techniques for granulocyte preservation became available, rapid transportation and processing from regional centers or local procurement of granulocytes is necessary to transfuse functional granulocytes. Pediatrics, 1979 Nov, 64(5 Pt 2 Suppl), 722 - 5 Defective oxidative metabolism in newborn neutrophils: discrepancy between superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical generation; Ambruso DR et al.; Investigation of oxidative metabolism in neutrophils (PMNs) from newborns was performed by measuring generation of superoxide anion (.O2-) and production of hydroxyl radical (.OH) in the resting state and after stimulation with opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) . Neutrophils from cord blood of ten term infants and normal adult controls were tested simultaneously . Cord PMNs generated significantly more .O2- than paired adult controls when stimulated with opsonized zymosan (P less than .01) and produced less .OH with PMA (P less than .005) . When the amount of .O2- and .OH released by newborn PMNs with both stimuli was expressed as percent of values obtained from paired adult controls, there was a discrepancy in the generation of these two radicals: newborn PMNs produced relatively less .OH compared to .O2- . This decreased ability to produce .OH could underlie defective bactericidal activity in PMNs of neonates. Pediatrics, 1979 Nov, 64(5 Pt 2 Suppl), 719 - 21 Bactericidal and metabolic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Quie PG et al.; The bactericidal and metabolic function of the phagocytic system requires integration of several complex humoral and cellular factors responding to different regulators . Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are highly mobile cells, capable of phagocytosis of bacteria or fungi with formation of a "cellular digestive system" containing reactive oxygen radicals, hydrogen ions, and digestive enzymes . The unique metabolism of oxygen in neutrophils results in release of energy as light (chemiluminescence) a response closely associated with microbiol killing . Neonatal neutrophils cope with normal bacterial challenges in vitro as efficiently as adult neutrophils; however, these cells have decreased capacity for locomotion, decreased deformability, decreased phagocytosis in low serum concentrations, and decreased chemiluminescence . These subtle defects in function can be amplified by exaggerated challenge which may be related to a higher incidence of sepsis during the neonatal period. Scand J Haematol, 1979 Nov, 23(5), 407 - 14 Evaluation of phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes . Determination of viable extracellular bacteria by their incorporation of 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine; Braconier JH et al.; A method for evaluation of human neutrophil granulocyte function based on the combined determination of total and extracellular bacteria is described . The total number of surviving bacteria is assessed by the determination of colony forming units (CFU) after hypotonic lysis of granulocytes . Extracellular viable bacteria can be determined by the incorporation of 14C-leucine or 3H-thymidine into bacterial macromolecules since there is a linear relationship between macromolecular synthesis and bacterial number and insignificant amounts of both 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine is taken up by intracellular viable organisms . This method might be suitable for the differentiation of defects in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of various bacteria. Sem Hop, 1979 Oct 8-15, 55(33-34), 1513 - 9 {Study of some immune functions in cardiac patients undergoing an extra-corporeal circulation operation (author's transl)}; Ros A et al.; 61 adult patients (36 men, 25 women), with coronary or valvular diseases, operated with extra-corporeal circulation, by the same surgical team, have been investigated for the plasmatic levels of total complement, fractions C4, C3 activator, C3, immunoglobulins G, A and M, for the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes . 50 healthy adults (26 men, 24 women) have been tested as controls . Results have been statistically analyzed . Two experiments have also been performed: extra-corporeal circulation machine has run alone without a patient, and the examinations of blood samples in the machine have been performed before and at the end of the running time . Just at the end of extra-corporeal circulation, a deep and significant falling of globulins (complement and its fractions, immunoglobulins) is observed, which lasts during two days; at the 8th and 15th days after the operation, a significant and important raising of these globulins is noted . It has been demonstrated that the initial falling is not correlated with the hemodilution, but is relevant to a consumption in the machine and in the tissues . Any significant variation in polymorphonuclear leucocytes activity has not been noted, but there are strong individual variations . Importance of humoral abnormalities observed is discussed, regarding to the infectious prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Oct, 87(5), 317 - 9 Experiments to illustrate the effect of chlorpromazine on the permeability of the bacterial cell wall; Kristiansen JE; The present investigation has been made to illustrate whether the cell walls of micro-organisms are affected by membrane stabilizers . In vitro experiments were carried out with S . aureus under the influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ) . De-pigmentation and a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of CPZ on the micro-organisms were seen . It has been shown that concentrations of CPZ near the bacteriostatic value, in combination with bacterial haemolysins, alters erythrocyte membranes (horse and rabbit) in such a way that they become resistant to haemolysis . It has been shown that CPZ in bacteriostatic concentration probably changes the transport of potassium through the bacterial membrane in the same manner as described for mammalian muscle tissue. Br J Ophthalmol, 1979 Oct, 63(10), 699 - 703 Orbitofacial mucormycosis with unusual pathological features; Albert DM et al.; A 52-year-old man with mild diabetes and acute stem cell leukaemia developed an orbitofacial mucormycosis . Cultures showed the fungus to be Rhizopus oryzae . Vigorous treatment with amphotericin B and other bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics for a concurrent sepsis failed to suppress the infections, and the patient died . On post-mortem examination characteristic haematoxylin-staining, broad, aseptate fungal hyphae were found in the right eye, orbit, and lung . A striking and unusual feature of this case is the presence of brightly birefringent crystals within the severely degenerated eye . These were found by histochemical staining and x-ray diffraction studies to be calcium salts of fatty acids, apparently liberated from necrotic adipose tissue of the orbit. Br J Haematol, 1979 Oct, 43(2), 207 - 13 Impaired microtubule assembly and polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome correctable by ascorbic acid; Boxer LA et al.; It was previously shown that the abnormal surface characteristics and defective bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) are correlated with impaired microtubule assembly, and in one patient direct electron microscopic evidence for an anomaly in microtubule assembly following surface membrane activation by concanavalin A (Con A) . We show that very few microtubules are visible in CHS leucocytes from two additional patients under conditions where normal PMNs contain abundant microtubules, and that both in vivo and in vitro exposure of the CHS leucocytes to ascorbic acid promotes the assembly of microtubules . This agent, which normalizes chemotaxis and degranulation in CHS leucocytes, is shown also to correct granulocyte adherence in these leucocytes . It is suggested that the improved clinical course of patients with CHS following treatment with ascorbic acid is related at least in part to improvement of microtubule assembly and PMN function by the ascorbic acid. Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 328 - 38 Abortive replication of vaccinia virus in activated rabbit macrophages; Buchmeier NA et al.; During the course of infection of rabbits with vaccinia virus, macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity develop bactericidal activity and the replication of vaccinia virus becomes restricted in these cells . The abortive replication of vaccinia virus in the activated macrophages was characterized in the present study . The virus adsorbed to and was uncoated equally well in macrophages from both normal and infected rabbits . A burst of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of comparable magnitude took place 3 to 6 h after infection in both normal and activated macrophages . Although the production of viral antigens, as detected by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence, was the same in both types of cells, very few virus particles were formed in activated as compared with normal macrophages . We conclude that a block in a late step of the virus replication cycle occurred in the activated macrophages. Am J Med, 1979 Oct, 67(4), 638 - 45 Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in human subjects . Clinical, genetic and immunologic studies in a large kindred; Snyderman R et al.; The discovery of a large kindred with a heritable deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5) has permitted the accumulation of new clinical, genetic and immunologic data concerning the role of C5 in human subjects . The proband, who has had nine episodes of disseminated gonococcal infection, has a hemolytic C5 level of approximately 0.5 per cent of normal . No C5 protein was detectable, but low levels of functional C5 activity could be found using a sensitive bactericidal assay . The proband's twin as well as another sister also had extremely low levels of hemolytic C5(approximately 0.5 per cent normal), but both these subjects have been healthy . Hemolytic complement and bacteriolytic activity could be restored by the addition of purified C5 . No chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be generated in the C5-deficient serums upon activation of either the classic or alternative pathways, again demonstrating the importance of C5 in human subjects for the production of chemotactic factors . The chemotactic responsiveness of the patients' polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes to preformed chemotactic factors was not depressed . Twenty-two of 32 other family members from three generations had depressed whole hemolytic complement levels . In 19 of 30 family members, levels of hemolytic C5 ranged from 13 to 64 per cent of normal . No linkage for C5 deficiency and the A or B loci of the major histocompatibility complex could be found . These data suggest an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance of C5 deficiency . Deficiency of C5 is compatible with good health, but it can be associated with repeated disseminated gonococcal infection. Physiologie, 1979 Oct-Dec, 16(4), 285 - 91 Oxidative mechanisms in the granulocyte activity; Dinu V et al.; The bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of the granulocyte occurs with the participation of some species of high oxidative potential such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (.OH) . These derive from the superoxide anion (O2-) produced by a pyridine nucleotide oxidising system, initiating phagocytosis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1979 Oct, 95(1-2), 65 - 70 The release of gentamycin into the wound secretions from polymethylmethacrylate beads . A study with reference to the animal experiment; Harle A et al.; Following implantation of Gentamycin PMMA beads, the concentration of antibiotics in the wound secretion was investigated in an animal experiment which corresponded to the clinically applied procedure . The measured concentrations of active substance over a period of 6 days were on an average 8 times higher than the maximum serum titers obtainable with systemic application of antibiotics, and consequently they exceeded by several dilution stages the minimum bactericidal concentrations of most of those bacteria which are responsible for infections of wounds and bones . The kinetics of release of Gentamycin out of the PMMA beads are presented, and compared with that of bone cement which contains antibiotics and which is used in endoprostheses . From the results, conclusions about the intraoperative techniques which should be realised have been drawn, conditions which are of decisive importance for the success of this new treatment for infections of the bone and soft tissue. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Oct, 83(2), 295 - 304 Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis; Mittal KR et al.; Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests were established for the diagnosis of Brucella abortus infection . The former involves the agglutination of living organisms while the latter is a bactericidal test . Using mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and bovine serum it was shown that the growth agglutination test is approximately ten times, and the growth inhibition test one hundred times, more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination test . It is suggested that these techniques may be of assistance in diagnosing bovine brucellosis in situations in which the tube agglutination test results are suspected of being falsely negative. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 48 - 54 Ultrastructure and viability of E . coli treated fosfomycin; Schmid EN; In concentrations of 6 microgram/ml Fosfomycin acted bactericidal against E . coli ATCC 10536 . The sensitivity of E . coli was evaluated by turbidity measurement (Table 1) and by counting colony forming units (CFU) (Table 2) . Thus the bactericidal action began at different times in respect to the concentration and the method of documentation: turbidity fell 30-120 min after the administration of 6 microgram/ml and 10-30 min after 60 microgram/ml; CFU were reduced 10-30 min after 6 microgram/ml and 3-10 min after 60 microgram/ml . Before the cytoplasm and DNA-region were disorganized with reduced electron density, some elongated (up to more than 20 micron) cells occurred (Fig . 1,2) . More prominent alterations in shape and ultrastructure were obvious 120 min after 6 microgram/ml (Fig . 5) and after 30 min when 60 microgram Fosfomycin per ml were administered (Fig . 3, 4), i.e . considerably later than the reduction of reproductivity. Infect Immun, 1979 Sep, 25(3), 912 - 21 Endotoxin in vitro interactions with human neutrophils: depression of chemiluminescence, oxygen consumption, superoxide production, and killing; Proctor RA; Endotoxin was shown to depress neutrophil bactericidal activity while enhancing Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction and hexose monophosphate shunt activity . Separation of bactericidal action from oxidative metabolism suggests that the effect of endotoxin might involve the formation of reactive oxygen radicals such as superoxide . Chemiluminescence often accompanies metabolic activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) . However, human PMNs did not show chemiluminescence when challenged with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) or lipid A . Superoxide formation was also unaffected by endotoxin . In contrast, preincubation of PMNs with LPS for 30 min produced significant depression of chemiluminescence, oxygen consumption, and superoxide formation . Decreased chemiluminescence was not the result of complement consumption . In a cell-free system, superoxide was not scavenged by LPS, nor did LPS stimulate superoxide dismutase . Oxidase enzymes for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate harvested from broken cells were not affected by LPS . The toxicity of LPS may reside in its ability to activate the PMNs while simultaneously blocking bactericidal capacity. Pediatrics, 1979 Aug, 64(2), 202 - 6 Host defense in infantile osteopetrosis; Reeves JD et al.; Since infants with malignant osteopetrosis often die from infection at an early age, we studied several aspects of host defense in five such infants . No consistent abnormality was found in cellular or humoral immunity . Monocyte cellular chemotaxis and phagocytosis were normal in four tested infants . However, all four of these infants had decreased intracellular bacterial killing by monocytes . Neutrophil function tests in five infants showed that two had defective bacterial phagocytosis and four had reduced cellular chemotaxis, decreased nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and decreased intracellular bacterial killing . The severity of the decreased bactericidal capacity of granulocytes did not correlate with the number of circulating immature granulocytes . Our data suggest that abnormal function of circulating monocytes and granulocytes may contribute to impaired host resistance to infection . We postulate that this defect may reflect a more generalized inherited abnormality of phagocytic cells and perhaps osteoclasts that plays a role in the pathogenesis of infantile osteopetrosis. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd, 1979 Aug, 89(8), 738 - 47 {Determination of serum and saliva concentrations of clindamycin (Dalacin C) and amoxicillin (Clamoxyl)}; Fricker U et al.; The antibiotic therapy of oral infections requires bactericidal concentrations in the oral environment over sufficient time . Comparable determination of antibiotica concentration in the saliva of 8 human volunteers were made after oral application of Amoxycillin and Clindamycin . Only Clindamycin showed inhibitory concentrations.--When pharmacokinetic characteristics and the present status of resistance were considered, Clindamycin is viewed as an antibiotic of choice for oral infections. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Aug, 86(2), 469 - 75 Evidence for bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes without phagocytosis; Okamura N et al.; The relationship between phagocytosis and bactericidal action of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was examined by comparing the functions of cytochalasin D-treated leukocytes with those of the control . Measurement of phagocytotic and bacterial DNA-degrading activities using Escherichia coli prelabeled with {3H}thymidine revealed that phagocytosis and bacterial DNA degradation were inhibited by treatment with cytochalasin D to about 50 and 10% of the control, respectively . Nevertheless, the bactericidal activity of the cytochalasin D-treated leukocytes was almost the same as that of the control leukocytes; almost all the bacteria were phagocytized by the latter leukocytes . Under the same experimental conditions, the production and release of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, which are both known to be involved in the bactericidal action of the leukocytes, were markedly increased by cytochalasin D . Release of several lysosomal hydrolases was also increased markedly by cytochalasin D treatment, except for myeloperoxidase . However, lactate dehydrogenase, a typical cytosolic marker, was not released by the same treatment . Thus, it is unlikely that the increase in the release of the above-mentioned bactericidal factors was due to decomposition of the leukocytes . These results indicate that the site of bactericidal action of cytochalasin D-treated leukocytes is not necessarily intracellular but may be around the external surface of the cells. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Aug, 87(4), 227 - 33 Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by bacteria . Some properties of the reaction and its possible use; Urban T et al.; All the S . albus, E . coli and P . aeruginosa strains examined reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to dark blue formazan . The amount of formazan produced was proportional to the number of bacteria . Under the same growth conditions, an equal number of bacteria of various strains produced different amounts of formazan . However, there were statistically verified differences in the NBT-reduction between the three species examined . The NBT-reduction took place in all phases of growth but was most intense in the early logarithmic phase . NBT was found to be toxic for bacteria, and the different strains had varying sensitivity to that effect . The NBT-reaction was markedly enhanced by phenazine methosulphate (PMS) . The blue colour of formazan produced from NBT has an advantage over the red colour from triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) if the reaction occurs in the presence of haemoglobin often present in biological materials . With NBT and PMS, 10(6)--10(7) bacteria are needed to form detectable amounts of formazan . The NBT-reduction by bacteria may be useful for measuring the influence of bactericidal, bacteriostatic or growth-stimulating factors on bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 29 - 34 Bovine superoxide dismutase and copper ions potentiate the bactericidal effect of autoxidizing cysteine; Nyberg GK et al.; When cysteine is oxidized by oxygen, hydrogen peroxide is formed, and hydrogen peroxide is very toxic to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius VPI 4330-1 . Native and inactivated superoxide dismutase increased the rate of oxidation of cysteine and thereby potentiated the toxic effect of cysteine . A similar increase in the rate of oxidation of cysteine and in the toxicity of cysteine was obtained with Cu2+. Scand J Haematol, 1979 Jul, 23(1), 10 - 6 Activation of the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear granulocytes after surgery, measured with a new in vitro assay; Palmblad J; A classic in vitro polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocyte bactericidal system was used alongside a newly developed modification to see whether the new assay would increase the possibility to detect a stimulation of PMN bactericidal functions . In the new assay each granulocyte was provided with 30--40 bacteria, which is quite close to the maximal killing capacity (usually 60 bacteria per PMN) . Granulocytes were obtained from 8 patients the day before, the day after and 2 d after they underwent thoracotomy with cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPS) . The granulocytes from all patients showed an increased capacity to kill Staph . aureus in vitro 2 d after the operation, compared to before, when the submaximal bacterial concentration per granulocyte was used, whereas no change was observed with the standard bacterial concentration (3--4 bacteria per granulocyte) . Thus, the new assay might make it possible to observe an enhanced PMN bactericidal ability. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1979 Jul, 88(7), 60 - 2 {Change in the activity of specific and nonspecific immunity mechanisms in vitamin B1 deficiency}; Pletsityi AD; The effect of thiamin deficiency on the immune response and activity of some mechanisms of natural immunity was studied in experimental mature rats . Thiamin deficiency was simulated by a single injection of hydroxythiamin (thiamin antagonists) . Hydroxythiamin markedly decreased the complement activity, phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leucocytes, serum bactericidal activity as well as antibody production in response to sheep red blood cells . On the contrary, lysozyme activity increased . Vitamin B1 deficiency reduced 14C-leucine incorporation activity in the liver proteins. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1979 Jul-Aug, 36(4), 599 - 604 {Maternal lactation . I . Resistance of maternal milk to bacterial contamination}; Torres-Goitia J et al.; PIP: To establish regulation for the recollection of breast milk to be fed to low birth weight infants, the authors conducted bacteriological studies on the hands, nipples, and breast milk of 10 wet nurses, and on the hands of 10 nurses who were helping in recollecting the breast milk . Results obtained indicated that breast milk has bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties strong enough to protect the mother against contamination by germs of her own microbic flora, but not against germs not her own, for example those found on the nurse's hands . Protection was found to be such that the milk could be kept at normal temperature or at 40F for 72 hours without development of germs . These results seem to indicate that sterilization of milk would not be necessary before use . Blood, 1979 Jul, 54(1), 216 - 25 Granulocyte concentrate function during preservation: effect of temperature; Lane TA et al.; Granulocyte concentrates collected from normal donors are necessarily stored for varying intervals up to the time of transfusion . However, information regarding the fate of collected cells and the optimal mode of storage in vitro in the interval between collection and transfusion is far from complete . We studied granulocyte function during preservation of granulocyte concentrates for up to 72 hr . The initial and most consistent alteration in granulocyte function during storage was failure of random migration and chemotaxis after 24 hr of storage (50% and 61% of normal, respectively) . By 48 hr the respiratory burst was decreased by 42%, whereas at 48 hr phagocytic and bactericidal activities were nearly normal . Defects in migration and respiratory burst are not due to delayed activation of these functions but to absolute decreases in maximum rates of migration and oxygen consumption . Comparison of granulocyte concentrate storage at 6 degrees C versus room temperature indicated at 24 hr an improved (p greater than 0.02) but still abnormal (p greater than 0.02) chemotactic response with 24 degrees C storage and at 48 hr no difference in migration but a slight advantage in bacterial killing at 6 degrees C storage . These studies show that severe impairment of granulocyte function occurs within 24 hr of collection by centrifugal means; consequently, granulocyte concentrates should be transfused as soon as possible after collection. Angle Orthod, 1979 Jul, 49(3), 205 - 11 Instrument sterilization in orthodontic offices; Matlack RE; 1 . Three different quaternary ammonium compound solutions remained bactericidal against specific vegetative bacteria in three orthodontic offices over a ten day working period . However, no spore formers or viruses were tested . 2 . Bacterial contaminants were cultured on pliers and scalers at the chair at least once in each of three orthodontic offices sampled twice a day for ten working days . 3 . Sampled chairside instruments wiped with an alcohol sponge only, between patients, were contaminated an excessive 32.5% of the time, too frequently to be seriously considered for routine disinfection of pliers . 4 . Chairside instruments, sampled regardless of other means of disinfection or sterilization used, were contaminated from 3.5 to 15% of the time . Therefore, storage and handling of orthodontic instruments must be evaluated and upgraded to prevent recontamination of previously sterilized instruments . 5 . Staff personnel need courses in sterilization and disinfection procedures to prevent cross contamination from patient to patient and to protect themselves . These courses should be related specifically to orthodontic practice procedures. Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 293 - 8 Capsular K1 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli: relationship to virulence in newborn rats and resistance to phagocytosis; Bortolussi R et al.; The virulence of Escherichia coli strains for newborn rats was related to opsonic requirements of the strains, sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of serum, and K1 capsular polysaccharide content . K1 E . coli strains were more virulent than non-K1 strains after intraperitoneal injection in newborn rats (P less than 0.05) and were more resistant to phagocytosis than non-K1 strains when the classical complement pathway was blocked with Mg-ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (P less than 0.0005) . Sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of serum was similar among K1 and non-K1 E . coli strains . Two groups of K1 E . coli strains were defined on the basis of opsonic requirements . Group I strains were efficiently opsonized by the alternative complement pathway, while group II strains required the classical complement pathway for opsonization . Group I strains had less detectable K1 polysaccharide in the washed whole cell fraction than group II strains (10.3 versus 18.9 microgram of K1 polysaccharide per 10(10) colony-forming units) and were less virulent than group II strains (mortality, 44 versus 77%, P less than 0.05) . The K1 capsular polysaccharide appears to play an important role in determining virulence in newborn rats and opsonic requirements of these strains, but does not contribute to the sensitivity of strains to the bactericidal activity of serum. J Nucl Med, 1979 Jul, 20(7), 741 - 7 Indium-111-labeled human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bacterial capacity, and ultrastructure; Zakhireh B et al.; Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were labeled with indium-111 oxine in ethanol, and the effects of the labeling procedure, radioactivity, and concentrations of oxine and ethanol on PMN function and structure were studied in vitro . The standard labeling procedure did not alter the viability, random migration, chemotaxis, bactericidal capacity, or the ultrastructure of PMNs . Exposure to higher doses of radioactivity, or to higher concentrations of ethanol, had no appreciable effects on random migration and chemotaxis of PMNs . A dose-dependent reduction in their random migration and chemotaxis was observed when higher concentrations of oxine were used . These results indicate that In-111-labeled PMNs are structurally intact and have normal in vitro locomotion and bactericidal activity . Indium-111-labeled PMNs should be suitable for studying the kinetics and distribution of these cells in health and disease. Clin Allergy, 1979 Jul, 9(4), 397 - 410 The evaluation of selected parameters of immune function in asthmatics after long-term corticosteroid therapy; Chiang J et al.; The availability of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate permitted the discontinuation of continuous, long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (SCT) in a group of asthmatics who had previously required SCT to control their asthma . Twelve patients had been on SCT for a period of 2-22 years with an average duration of 7 years . To determine whether this previous long-term SCT and the current use of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate had an effect on leucocyte functions, a variety of studies reflecting T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and granulocyte function was done . The results were compared with those of twelve asthmatic patients of similar age ranges who had never received steroids . Results showed that the two patient populations could not be differentiated on the basis of phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes, sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE concentrations or granulocyte bactericidal activity . Delayed skin reactivity was present in both groups, with more positive reactions in the non-SCT group . Polymorphonuclear adherence values were slightly lower in the SCT female population using beclomethasone diproprionate . The latter two minor differences may be due to the previous SCT, the use of beclomethasone diproprionate or the limited population of patients studied . We conclude from these studies that the long-term use of SCT at the low doses required for control of asthma resulted in little permanent effect on the variety of lymphocyte and granulocyte functions tested. Nature, 1979 Jun 28, 279(5716), 778 - 81 Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV,I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance; Binns MM et al.; A cloned BamH1-generated fragment of ColV,I-K94 increased the virulence of Escherichia coli, causing an approximately 100-fold reduction in LD50 for chicks . A genetic determinant for resistance to the bactericidal effects of serum was mapped to a 5,300 base-pair sequence within the fragment . Neither colicin V nor immunity to colicin V affected the pathogenicity of E . coli for chicks. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 244(1), 121 - 34 Mode of action of colicin E2, colicin E3 and cloacin DF13; De Graaf FK; The bacteriocins colicin E2, colicin E3 and cloacin DF13 are bactericidal proteins which are excreted by producing cells as a complex of two polypeptides, present in equimolar amounts . The high-molecular weight component is responsible for the biochemical lesion induced by these bacteriocins . The low-molecular weight component, the so-called immunity protein, was shown to act as inhibitor of the high-molecular weight component . Colicin E2, freed from immunity protein, causes endonucleolytic degradation of DNA . Colicin E3 and cloacin DF13, freed from immunity protein, induce ribosome inactivation by endoribonucleolytic cleavage of 16S rRNA . A possible role of the immunity protein in the killing activity of the bacteriocins is not quite clear . Probably it keeps the high-molecular weight component in the right configuration for penetration of the cell wall layers . Studies on structure-function relationships have shown that cloacin DF13 has a domain-type structure . Various properties have been located in the hydrophilic C-terminal part of the molecule. Am J Pathol, 1979 Jun, 95(3), 731 - 44 Canine granulocytopathy syndrome: an inherited disorder of leukocyte function; Renshaw HW et al.; A disease closely resembling the human neutrophil dysfunction syndromes has been identified in a colony of dogs . The syndrome, referred to as the canine granulocytopathy syndrome, is characterized by recurrent-life-threatening bacterial infections and a greatly shortened life span . The disease is genetically determined, being transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait . The increased susceptibity to pyogenic infections and shortened life span is related to an impairment of leukocyte function at the cellular level . Preparation of neutrophils from affected animals exhibit impaired in vitro killing of Esherichia coli . The defect in bactericidal activity is associated with reduced glucose oxidation by the hexose monophosphate shunt and an increase capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium dye . The data obtained thus far indicate the canine granulocytopathy syndrome will be of considerable value as a model for study of granulocytypathy sydromes in man. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1979 Jun, 34(6), 493 - 5 {Closing of the filling cleft with copper and mercury compounds in fillings of silver-tin amalgams}; Knappwost A et al.; After measuring the tearing pressure of bubbles, the remaining marginal fissures (unavoidable with silver-tin amalgams) were completely eliminated by cauterizing cavities with an activated copper suspension . The effect is based on the activated copper forming voluminous basic Cu compounds . This procedure gives the silver-tin amalgam the bactericidal characteristics of a copper amalgam but essentially higher marginal strength . As expected, the teeth were not discolored . Measurement of mercury vapor showed a distinct decrease in the release of mercury vapor in the direction of the cavity. Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 829 - 36 Correlation between genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness and protective immunity induced by Plasmodium berghei vaccination; Heumann AM et al.; High (H) and low (L) antibody responder lines of mice were produced by two independent bidirectional selective breedings for quantitative antibody responsiveness to heterologous erythrocytes (selection I and selection II) . In both selections the antibody response to P . berghei antigens was 8- to 10-fold higher in H than in L lines . The character "high response" presents an incomplete dominance o- 18% in selection I and 67% in selection II . In selection II the variance analysis indicates that at least three independent loci intervene in the regulation of responsiveness to P . berghei antigens . The innate resistance and the protective efficacy of vaccination against P . berghei infection induced by parasitized erythrocytes was measured in H and L lines and in the interline hybrids F1, BcH, and BcL of selections I and II . No very significant difference was observed in the innate resistance to P . berghei infection between H and L mice of both selections . Vaccination induced a very efficient protection in the two H lines (94 and 95% survival), whereas only a weak protection was induced in the two L lines (16 and 31% survival); the degree of protection is intermediate in interline hybrids F1, BcH, and BcL . In both selections a good linear correlation was demonstrated between the level of vaccination-induced antibody and the degree of resistance measured as percentage of survival . The present results indicate that the vaccination-induced P . berghei immunity is essentially due to the antibody response, whereas the bactericidal activity of macrophages and the cell-mediated immunity do not play a determinant role. Blood, 1979 May, 53(5), 913 - 5 Granulocyte function during lithium therapy; Cohen MS et al.; Random migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal ability of neutrophils from 5 patients receiving lithium carbonate were compared with those of neutrophils from healthy donors . These cells functioned normally in all respects . Neither sera from patients receiving lithium carbonate nor the addition of lithium chloride to control cells in vitro significantly altered their functional capacity . These findings suggest that neutrophil function in patients receiving lithium therapy is preserved, and they support the potential utility of this drug as a leukopoietic agent in neutropenic states. Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 354 - 61 {Inhibiting effect of low density lipoproteins (LDL) on neutrophil function (author's transl)}; De Martino M et al.; LDL preparations obtained from normal individuals of known genetic type have been added to neutrophils from healthy donors . After incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 min, and washing in Hank's solution, in order to evaluate metabolic and bactericidal activities neutrophils were assayed by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) quantitative test, using latex particles, and by E . coli killing test . LDL in aliquots of 100-500 microgram/2 x 10(6) neutrophils, inhibited NBT reduction and reduced neutrophil killing of E . coli by more than 50% . No difference was observed in the degree of inhibition using LDL and neutrophils obtained from donors of either the same or of different Ag phenotype . These data suggest that the immunoregulatory activity of LDL affects lymphocyte as well as neutrophil function. Physiother Can, 1979 May-Jun, 31(3), 139 - 42 Infection control in hydrotherapy; Tapping GC; Bacteria which flourish in untreated whirlpool and hubbard tank water may cause disease in people who are elderly, debilitated, or on antibiotics . This study compared various bactericidal agents in order to find the most economical, convenient and effective way to prevent infection occurring in patients undergoing hydrotherapy . Samples of water from a hubbard tank and two whirlpool baths were tested for colony count and culture before, during and after use, while regular patient loads and cleaning procedures were in effect . A germicidal detergent, an iodophor, and two chlorine agents were tried in succession . Acceptability to patients, effectiveness against bacteria, cost, and ease of handling were compared . The germicidal detergent only killed some bacteria and was very foamy . The iodophor was expensive and stained the tanks . Household bleach was unreliable in its effect hard to handle, and produced many complaints of "chlorine" smell . Stabilized granular chlorine treatment of the water provided an excellent infection control method for the physiotherapy department in this study. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Apr, (4), 25 - 30 {Humoral factors in the regulation of the natural resistance of the body in toxic lesion of the liver}; Stepanov IuB; The dynamics of natural resistance factors (complement, lysozyme, the bactericidal potency of blood serum) were found to be similar in rabbits with the toxic lesions of the liver resulting from the administration of carbon tetrachloride and in intact homologous rescipients receiving the serum of poisoned animals . Simultaneously a decrease in the complement titre and an increase in lysozyme activity and in the bactericidal potency of blood serum were observed . The effect thus revealed could be suppressed by treating the serum with contrical, a polyvalent proteinase inhibitor. Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Apr, 53(4), 442 - 6 The role of ultrasonography in the management of endometritis/salpingitis/peritonitis; Spaulding LB et al.; Ultrasonography has been used as an adjunct in managing pelvic infections when culdocentesis is contraindicated . Twenty-three of 42 women presenting with endometritis/salpingitis/peritonitis (ESP) had ultrasonographic masses . The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC), and the highest temperature in the first 24 hours failed to distinguish those with sonographic masses from 19 patients without pelvic masses . The clinical parameter that tended to distinguish patients with masses versus no masses occurred in individuals who had an IUD at the time of admission . If a patient had an ESR greater than 65 mm/hr and an IUD, sonography demonstrated a mass in 71.4% of the cases . The clinical response to multidrug therapy (bactericidal-bacteriostatic, bactericidal-bactericidal, and triple-drug therapy) were comparable in the patient populations with or without a sonographic mass . Sonography is of little use in the acute phase of ESP . It is best reserved for those patients who do not respond to adequate antibiotic therapy and for the serial evaluation of a large tubo-ovarian complex when conservative management is indicated. Ann Intern Med, 1979 Apr, 90(4), 662 - 3 Survival of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium in water; Skaliy P et al.; Data from this study indicate that the Legionniares' disease bacterium can survive for a relatively long period of time in water . Four strains survived in distilled water for 69 to 139 d and for 364 to 369 d in tap water . Viable cells from two strains were recovered from tap water at 408 to 415 d . There were no surviving bacteria in cooling-tower water after 24 to 48 h . The rapid die-off was probably due to bactericidal agents added to the water to control growth. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1979 Apr, 77(4), 577 - 81 Earlier operation for left-sided Pseudomonas endocarditis in drug addicts; Myerowitz PD et al.; Three consecutive patients with Pseudomonas endocarditis were treated by early operation with no deaths . The indications for operation were severe failure, systemic embolization, and infection refractory to antibiotics . The organism is aggressive, characterized by early invasion of the myocardium . Wide debridement of the anulus is necessary to remove any vegetations or intramyocardial abscessed wall . Because multiple valve infection is common, it is important to evaluate all four cardiac valves at the time of operation . Removing a second rim of the mitral anulus for separate culture at the time of mitral valve replacement may demonstrate the degree to which the valve resection has removed all infection . Early operation is necessary for reinfection of the prosthetic valve; however, metastatic abscess should also be considered in the face of continued signs of infection postoperatively . Patients should receive a 6 week postoperative course of antibiotics which have been shown by in vitro testing to be serum bactericidal in at least a 1:8 dilution . The operative findings of invasion of the myocardium by the organism and the surgical success in this small series have resulted in our recommending earlier operation in patients with these indications. Ann Intern Med, 1979 Apr, 90(4), 680 - 3 Immunologic factors affecting the in-vivo and in-vitro survival of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium; Arko RJ et al.; Immunologic factors affecting viability of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice and guinea pigs . In bactericidal tests, fresh human serum quickly killed LD cells . Heating fresh serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min destroyed bactericidal activity; absorbing it with bentonite had little effect . Fresh normal human serum was more effective than guinea pig serum . Adding LD cells to fresh normal human serum caused a greater than 50% depletion in functional complement activity, apparently by activating the classic C-142 pathway, because human serum deficient in C4 was not bactericidal . Antibodies to the Knoxville 1 LD strain in guinea pigs showed enhanced complement-mediated bactericidal activity . Without complement, immune guinea pig or human sera prolonged in-vitro LD cell survival . Antibodies to Knoxville 1 in mice depressed in-vitro bactericidal activity of human complement against Knoxville 1 . In-vitro bactericidal tests support in-vivo studies in subcutaneous chambers . Complement-deficient mice immunized with Knoxville 1 were (P less than 0.01) less resistant to homologous challenge than nonimmunized mice . Immunized guinea pigs had a greater than 80-fold increase in resistance to subcutaneous-chamber infection. Blood, 1979 Apr, 53(4), 588 - 93 Induction of myeloperoxidase deficiency in granulocytes in lead-intoxicated dogs; Caldwell KC et al.; Lead interferes with heme synthesis in erythrocytes and has a deleterious effect on red cell membranes . We measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity in the granulocytes of dogs fed increasing quantities of lead . Concurrently, iodination capability and in vitro bactericidal activity were measured . Blood lead levels were monitored . Three of 4 dogs poisoned with lead developed significant decreases in MPO enzyme activity in their granulocytes . The decline in MPO activity correlated with cumulative lead toxicity as judged by blood lead levels and clinical signs of lead poisoning . Iodination ability in all 4 dogs decreased with cumulative lead toxicity . After discontinuation of lead administration, recovery of granulocyte MPO activity preceded recovery of iodination ability . This observation suggests the possibility of separate effects of lead on iodination ability and MPO activity . Moderate impairment of bactericidal capacity developed in 3 of 4 dogs with severe lead poisoning . Clinical infections were not observed during the course of the study. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 37(3), 383 - 90 Bactericidal effect of cysteine exposed to atmospheric oxygen; Carlsson J et al.; Peptostreptococcus anaerobius VPI 4330-1 was exposed to atmospheric oxygen in a dilution bland (0.2% gelatin, salts, resazurin) solution . The organisms were rapidly killed when the solution contained cysteine . The organisms were effectively protected by catalase and horseradish peroxidase as well as by the metal ion-chelating agents 8-hydroxyquinoline and 2,2'-bipyridine . Superoxide dismutase increased the rate of killing of the organisms, whereas singlet oxygen quenchers and scavengers of hydroxyl free radicals did not protect the organisms from the toxic effect of cysteine . Hydrogen peroxide was formed when cysteine was exposed to oxygen in the dilution blank solution, and the reaction was inhibited by metal ion-chelating agents . The organisms were rapidly killed by 20 microM hydrogen peroxide in anaerobic dilution blank solution . The toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide in anaerobic dilution blank solution . The toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide was completely abolished by catalase and metal ion-chelating agents . These results indicated that hydrogen peroxide was formed in the dilution blank solution in a metal ion-catalyzed autoxidation of cysteine and that hydrogen peroxide was toxic to P . anaerobius VPI 4330-1 in a reaction also catalyzed by metal ions. Transfusion, 1979 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 120 - 8 Technique for increased granulocyte recovery from human whole blood by counterflow centrifugation elutriation I . In vitro analyses; Jemionek JF et al.; Human granulocytes were isolated from 120 ml of whole blood by a modified counterflow centrifugation-elutriation (CCE) technique . Overall recovery of isolated granulocytes averaged 2.82 +/- 0.25 x 10(8) cells or 77 per cent yield from whole blood with 96 per cent granulocyte purity and 4 per cent mononuclear leukocytes . The granulocyte fraction was assayed in vitro to determine chemotactic response, stimulated oxygen consumption in the presence of latex beads, bactericidal capacity, and enzyme activities . Cellular integrity was determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by cell volume analysis . The data suggest that granulocytes isolated by CCE suffered no discernible loss of function or morphologic damage . The granulocytes are free of platelets and most mononuclear leukocytes and erythrocytes, and have not been exposed to sedimenting agents or surface adhesive agents such as dextran, nylon or glass wool. Pediatrics, 1979 Mar, 63(3), 429 - 34 The chemiluminescence response and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from newborns and their mothers; Mills EL et al.; Chemiluminescence (CL) was measured in the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) of 18 normal term infants, their mothers, and controls during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles . Chemiluminescence was significantly lower in the PMN of newborns in comparison with the PMN of their mothers and of the controls . Depressed bactericidal activity was demonstrated in newborn PMN, in comparison with the activity of the PMN of their mothers and controls, when challenged with Escherichia coli at large bacteria-PMN ratios . Uptake of radio-labeled bacteria by PMN was identical in newborns, mothers, and controls, which indicates that reduced CL was not a result of impaired ingestion . Therefore, PMN of normal term infants have both depressed oxidative metabolic responsiveness as measured by CL and depressed bactericidal capacity. Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 577 - 81 Effect of tobacco smoking on the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Corberand J et al.; Eight tests investigating the function of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes were performed in 68 subjects, half of whom smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day . Comparison of the two groups allowed determination of the in vivo effect of tobacco smoke on the nonspecific defense system of the body . Ingestion ability, oxygen consumption, and bactericidal activity were normal in smokers . Myeloperoxidase and neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activities also were unchanged . The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and the serum lysozyme levels were slightly increased in smokers . The capillary tube random migration, though, was depressed, and intensive smoking further aggravated this change . It is suggested that tobacco smoke acts directly on one (or several) unidentified target site of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . This impairment, demonstrated in vivo, probably plays a role in the genesis of the bronchopulmonary diseases so frequent in heavy smokers. Wien Med Wochenschr, 1979 Feb 28, 129(4), 107 - 11 {Oral cephalexin therapy of osteomyelitis (author's transl)}; Endler M et al.; 40 patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated per os with the bactericidal beta-lactam-antibiotic cephalexin during 3 to 60 weeks . In 16 patients, who were operated simultaneously, bacterial spreading was prevented by a combination of cephalexin and parenteral cephaloridin during operation and in the postoperative period . In these patients no recurrence occurred during the follow up time (2 to 5 years) . In 34 patients general and local signs of inflammation diminished under cephalexin therapy and a complaint-free interval of at least 6 months followed . No serious side effects forcing a stop of therapy were observed . According to the gained experiences oral cephalexin in combination with perenteral cephaloridin is indicated for prevention of bacterial spreading during operations in chronic bone infections and in patients with acute febrile recurrence of chronic osteomyelitis refusing a surgical intervention. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Feb 10, 109(6), 190 - 9 {Current chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis}; Medici TC et al.; Tuberculosis has today lost much of its dread for mankind: in 1976, 1823 persons contracted tuberculosis and 182 died of pulmonary tuberculosis in Switzerland . In contrast, 1375 died of pneumonia, 1309 of non-specific airway disease and 2202 of bronchial cancer in the same year . The present data on morbidity and mortality in Switzerland resemble those of the other industrial European countries or the USA . The decrease in morbidity and mortality of pulmonary tuberculosis was caused-among other factors-by chemotherapy . Chemotherapy not only profoundly changed the infectivity of tuberculous patients and made ambulatory, domiciliary treatment possible, but cured pulmonary tuberculosis . The introduction of the bactericidal rifampicin led to the latest major landmark in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis in the past 20 years: namely, short-course chemotherapy . Together with the other first-line drugs (isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol), rifampicin shortened the duration of chemotherapy from 18--24 to 9--12 months . Short-course chemotherapy is today the therapy of choice for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Pediatr, 1979 Feb 8, 130(2), 127 - 36 Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in polymorphonuclear leucocytes; Rister M et al.; Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) protect aerobic organisms against the toxic superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, which are generated during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) . PMNs of children with bacterial infections and with infectious hepatitis contained significantly elevated SOD activity, whereas GPX activity remained in the normal range . In contrast, PMNs of children with viral infections and rheumatoid arthritis exhibited a decreased SOD activity, while GPX activity was again unchanged . The children's age, sex or treatment did not effect the enzyme activities in PMNs . Since SOD generates bactericidal hydrogen peroxide and regulates the release of the toxic superoxide radical into the surrounding tissues, this study may add new understanding to the pathophysiological aspects of acute and chronic inflammatory processes. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Feb, 82(1), 89 - 93 Detergents compared with each other and with antiseptics as skin 'degerming' agents; Lilly HA et al.; Three detergent preparations (bar soap, 'Hibiscrub' base and 'LIC 76'), TWO ANTISEPTic preparations (0.5% chlorhexidine in 95% ethyl alcohol and an alcohol jelly, 'Alcogel'), and one antiseptic-detergent solution (4% chlorhexidine gluconate in a detergent base, 'Hibiscrub') were compared for their effectiveness, on a single use, in reducing the yield of bacteria from the hands of volunteers . The antiseptic and antiseptic--detergent preparations were more effective than the detergents, with a mean reduction in yield of skin bacteria of 96.0% after use of alcoholic chlorhexidine and of 81.2% after use of Hibiscrub . One of the detergents, LIC 76, appeared more effective than the others, causing a mean reduction in the yield of skin bacteria of 41.5%, compared with reductions of 4.6% by the Hibiscrub detergent base and an increase of 3.2% with bar soap; unlike the other detergents, LIC 76 was found to have appreciable bacteristatic and bactericidal properties. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 367 - 73 Synthesis and biological activity of some quinoline acrylamides; Shoeb HA et al.; Synthesis of some quinoline acrylamides is described . The NMR spectra of some representatives are discussed . Screening of the synthesized compounds for molluscicidal and bactericidal activity is commented. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 359 - 65 Synthesis and biological activity evaluation of some quinolines; Shoeb HA et al.; Synthesis of some quinolines having the thiosemicarbazide and nitrostyryl moieties is described . 8-nitroquinoline-4-acraldehyde undergoes Vilsmeier reaction with dimethylacetamide to afford the respective pentadiene amide . Screening of the synthesized quinolines for bactericidal and mollusicidal activities is reported. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1979 Feb, 17(2), 87 - 9 Cephapirin concentrations in prostatic and seminal vesicle tissues; Rubi R et al.; A 15 min i.v . infusion supplying either 1 or 2 g of sodium cephapirin was administered preoperatively to patients about to undergo either retropubic or transvesical prostatectomy . Tissue samples were obtained 30 min after the end of the infusion . Blood samples were obtained immediately before the start of the infusion and 30 min after the end of it . Cephapirin levels in the blood averaged 25.9 +/- 4.0 microgram/ml after the 1 g dose and 47.5 +/- 5.6 microgram/ml after the 2 g dose . Drug levels in prostatic tissue averaged 24.5 +/- 7.1 and 25.8 +/- 4.4 microgram/g for the 1 and 2 g doses, respectively . Levels in tissue taken from the seminal vesicle, often the focus of infection in bacterial prostatitis, averaged 12.5 +/- 2.3 and 44.8 +/- 14.9 microgram/g for the 1 and 2 g doses, respectively . These results suggest that bactericidal levels of cephapirin against sensitive organisms can readily be achieved in the prostate and seminal vesicles. Z Immunitatsforsch Immunobiol, 1979 Feb, 155(3), 189 - 99 The interaction of opsonins with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) . I . The influence of human complement (C) and IgG on ingestion and digestion of C-resistant E . coli; Berto R et al.; The influence of opsonization on ingestion and digestion of C-resistant E . coli was tested in a phagocytic system consisting of a monolayer of human PMN to which was added E . coli opsonized in different ways . At the end of the phagocytosis, noningested bacteria were separated and the monolayer was removed . The cells were then fractionated . The number of bacteria at different time intervals and the amount and distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the cell fractions were determined . It became apparent that the ingestion of cell-attached bacteria was independent of opsonins . However, the intracellular destruction was enhanced following opsonization with C only, although this was not the result of a greater discharge of lysosomal enzymes into the phagosome . We postulate that sublethal damage of E . coli by C renders the bacteria more sensitive to the bactericidal activity of the phagocytes. Infect Immun, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 197 - 205 Macrophage activation during experimental murine brucellosis: a basis for chronic infection; Cheers C et al.; Evidence is presented that the chronicity of infection in CBA mice after injection of Brucella abortus 19 is related to a number of factors: (i) the relative resistance of B . abortus to macrophage killing, which allowed some bacteria to survive the peak of macrophage activity occurring at 14 days; (ii) the decline in macrophage activity thereafter (this decline was related in part to the presence of fewer bacteria to stimulate the bactericidal activity and also to specific, active suppressor mechanisms not identified in this study); and (iii) the insensitivity of the persistent Brucella organisms to activated macrophages . This was not due to a selection of genetically resistant bacteria, but possibly to their inaccessibility, either within "incompetent" macrophages or outside macrophages altogether. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jan 2, 167(3), 317 - 27 Segregation of the mutator property of plasmid R46 from its ultraviolet-protecting property; Mortelmans KE et al.; Plasmid R46 (an R factor conferring resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides, streptomycin and tetracycline) reduces the bactericidal effect of UV irradiation but increases its mutagenic effect (reversion of hisG46), and raises the frequency of spontaneous reversion (mutator effect) . Putative deletion mutants of R46 were obtained by transduction of the plasmid, then two successive conjugal transfers . Plasmids of five of six deletion classes, each with a different combination of drug resistance traits, retained conjugative ability and the UV-protecting, mutagenesis-enhancing and mutator effects of R46 . (pKM101, used in the Ames system to enhance responsiveness to chemical mutagens, is one such mutant of R46.) Plasmids of a sixth class, represented by pKM115, conferred resistance only to streptomycin and were non-conjugative . All of several such plasmids (of independent origin) had a much stronger mutator effect than did R46, but lacked UV-protecting ability and did not enhance the mutagenic effect of UV irradiation . We infer that R46 possesses: (i) a gene, uvp, which increases capacity for error-prone repair of UV-damaged DNA, and thus causes both UV protection and enhancement of UV mutagenesis; (ii) gene(s) whose action in the absence of gene uvp greatly increases the frequency of spontaneous reversion of hisG46 . A pla