Microorganisms

Sex Transm Dis, 1983 Oct-Dec, 10(4 Suppl), 240 - 3
Chemical composition and ultrastructure of Mycoplasma hominis; Christiansson A et al.; Mycoplasma hominis belongs to the family Mycoplasmataceae, which includes the smallest free-living organisms known to exist . Despite the small size of the organism, its chemical composition and cell structure are almost as complex as in other bacteria . The cytoplasm contains typical 70S bacterial ribosomes and a circular double-stranded DNA molecule . Both of these structures have been well characterized . Like other mycoplasmas, M . hominis lacks a cell wall . The cytoplasmic membrane is the outer boundary of the cell . The membrane lipid and protein composition of M . hominis has been established . The presence of various high-molecular-weight proteins at the extracellular side of the membrane in different strains is probably important in terms of the immunogenic heterogeneity of M . hominis . Furthermore, sugar-containing structures at the outside of the membrane may be important in the interaction between M . hominis and the mucosal surfaces of its human hosts . However, the information available on the cell structure of M . hominis is still inadequate for an exact definition of the relation between host and parasite.

J Chir (Paris), 1983 Oct, 120(10), 543 - 5
{Localized tetanus after esophagogastrectomy}; Becq-Giraudon B et al.; Post-operatory partial tetanus is a more and more rare event . It can outcome after any type of surgery but especially after abdominal surgery . The contamination is usually endogenous through the digestive bacteria and it develops in anaerobic context . These different factors were united in this report . The diagnosis is difficult if not keep in mind . The treatment is usual, but prevention might be pointed out.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Oct, 36(10), 1336 - 44
Chemical modification of spiramycins . I . Synthesis of the acetal derivatives of neospiramycin I; Sano H et al.; Tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl derivatives of neospiramycin I at 3 and/or 4' position were synthesized . In vitro and in vivo activities of these derivatives were correlated with the position and configuration of acetal groups . The most effective derivative, 3-a, 4'-a-di-O-tetrahydrofuranylneospiramycin I was comparable to spiramycin I.

Infect Immun, 1983 Oct, 42(1), 431 - 3
Stickland reactions of dental plaque; Curtis MA et al.; Dental plaque samples from monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were shown to contain proline reduction activity in coupled Stickland reactions with other amino acids and also with certain end products of bacterial glucose metabolism . The unusually high concentration of bound and free proline in the oral environment may be of importance in both the production of base and in the removal of acid from the tooth surface after dietary carbohydrate ingestion.

Gut, 1983 Oct, 24(10), 876 - 80
Intracolonic environment and the presence of colonic adenomas in man; van der Werf SD et al.; A promoting effect of large bowel contents on colonic carcinogenesis as seen in the animal model is still incompletely explored in man . We investigated simultaneously deoxycholate absorption (as marker of colonic mucosal exposure to tumour promoting bile salt metabolites), mouth-anus transit time, and the ratio of anaerobic to aerobic bacteria in stool in 10 persons with colonic adenomas and in 10 age matched control subjects . We found that anaerobic/aerobic ratios and colonic deoxycholate absorption were higher in patients with colonic adenomas (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.001) and that these parameters were clearly interrelated, which also applied to intestinal transit times and the anaerobic/aerobic ratios . These data are consistent with a promoting effect of the intracolonic environment on development of adenomas in man . Long term induction of a more aerobic colon flora and shortening of intestinal transit time may diminish bile-salt induced tumour promotion in adenoma patients.

Scand J Dent Res, 1983 Oct, 91(5), 365 - 70
Alpha-amylase activity in supragingival dental plaque in humans; Fiehn NE et al.; Supragingival plaque samples were examined for alpha-amylase activity before and after cultivation . Amylase activity was determined by disappearance of 14C-labeled starch in a phosphate buffer, pH 6.9 . In all plaque samples alpha-amylase activity was observed . On an average 75% of this activity was soluble, while the rest was bound to various plaque components . Known inhibitors of human alpha-amylase inhibited the enzyme activity in the plaque samples almost totally . The electrophoretic patterns of alpha-amylases in the plaque and human saliva samples were identical . Bacteria cultivated from the plaque samples showed no or low alpha-amylase activity . The results indicated that most of alpha-amylase activity in supragingival plaque samples are of salivary origin . The greater part of the enzyme activity is extracellular in the plaque, may be located at the plaque surface, and only a minor part is bound to the cells or to the insoluble components in the plaque.

J Prosthet Dent, 1983 Oct, 50(4), 497 - 504
An evaluation and comparison of the pulpal response to gold foil and indium alloy; Dowden WE et al.; All teeth restored with gold foil had pulpal changes marked by persistent hemorrhage, destruction of odontoblasts, and inflammation . Bacteria were found more frequently on cavity walls of teeth restored with gold foil and with increasing frequency for all materials as the observation period became longer . The presence or absence of bacteria could not be related to the pulpal response for either indium alloy or gold foil . Because this and previous studies indicated that gold foil in direct contact with prepared dentin surfaces produces pulpal injury, a base to protect the pulp is indicated . Indium alloy or another appropriate base could be used for the required pulpal protection.

J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1983 Oct, 41(10), 687 - 8
Instrument-marking tapes: an unnecessary hazard; Samit A et al.; Instrument-marking tapes facilitate instrument preparation and packaging but can be responsible for increased surgical morbidity by fragmenting into the wound or harboring bacteria when old or damaged . Four cases of submandibular abscess formation and the potential failure of an oro-antral closure were directly attributed to the use of marking tapes.

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 1983 Oct, 1(2), 371 - 81
The conformation of a conserved stem-loop structure in ribosomal RNA; van Knippenberg PH et al.; The RNA of small ribosomal subunits contains a conserved stem-loop structure near the 3' end . Characteristics for the hairpins are: (a) a nine-basepairs stem: (b) a conserved A-UU-G junction in the stem: (c) a conserved sequence Gm6(2)AM6(2)A sequence in the loop (except yeast mitochondria and mutants from bacteria) . We are using UV-optics, micro-calorimetry and 500 MHz-NMR to investigate fragments of about 50 nucleotides cleaved from the 3' ends of small ribosomal subunit RNA's by bacteriocins . Our preliminary conclusions are: (1) Dimethylation of the adenines in the loop destabilizes the hairpin because of an increased stacking; (2) melting of the hairpin starts at the ends as well as in the middle at the A-UU-G junction; (3) basepair substitutions have an unexpectedly large effect on thermal stability.

Sex Transm Dis, 1983 Oct-Dec, 10(4 Suppl), 232 - 9
Morphology of the cells and colonies of Mycoplasma hominis; Robertson JA et al.; Studies of the morphology Mycoplasma hominis have shown that the cells resemble those of small coccoid or ovoid bacteria; the microstructure of the organism is compatible with reproduction by a fission process . Although dividing forms with equal-sized lobes are common, fragmenting filaments and replicating buds sometimes occur, perhaps in response to suboptimal growth conditions . Data based on morphometric analysis show that cells of M . hominis ATCC 14027 have average dimensions of 0.27 X 0.74 micron and a mean diameter of 0.42 micron . The volume of a M . hominis cell was only about 60% of that of Ureaplasma urealyticum T960, a species that has a mean cell diameter of 0.5 micron and that is sometimes a pathogen of the human genital tract . There are wide variations in the colonial morphology of M . hominis.

Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr, 1983 Oct, 14(5), 187 - 94
{Immune function and aging in man}; Schuurman HJ et al.; Ageing in immune reactivity is described at the level of lymphoid cells, at that of lymphoid organs and organ function, and at that of regulation of cell and organ function . Apart from shifts in numbers of lymphoid cell subpopulations, the decrease in communication capacity between lymphoid cell populations and in binding of invaders (like bacteria) is an important aspect of ageing . These aspects may contribute to the decreased immune reactivity to invaders and the enhanced incidence of immune reactions to self-components (autoimmune reactivity) . Studies on the physiology and pathophysiology of ageing in the immune system lead to improvement in prevention and therapy of immunological diseases of ageing, with prospect on an enhanced life quality of aged people and an extension of the mean lifespan of man.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Oct, 91(2), 167 - 78
Interaction of L . pneumophilia and a free living amoeba (Acanthamoeba palestinensis); Anand CM et al.; Co-cultivation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup I and Acanthamoeba palestinensis in Neff's medium at 35 degrees C resulted in the intracellular multiplication of the bacteria as demonstrated by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence . In the closed experimental system used, the number of legionellae rose from 10(7) colony forming units (c.f.u.)/ml initially to a maximum of 10(10) c.f.u./ml on day 5 . Legionellae were seen in expelled phagosomes, in some amoebae filling the cytoplasm and in others in which the process of encystment appeared to have commenced . At 20 degrees C the acanthamoebae phagocytosed and digested the legionellae . The bacteria disappeared from the co-cultivation flask by day 2 but reappeared in low numbers (10(2) c.f.u./ml) by day 6 suggesting that even at this temperature some intra-amoebal multiplication occurred.

Hum Pathol, 1983 Oct, 14(10), 888 - 900
Applications of electron microscopy to diagnostic pulmonary pathology; Wang NS; Viruses and other possible causative agents should be sought light and electron microscopically in all cases of ill-defined diseases including "sarcoid." Ideally, tissue should be prepared for electron microscopic examination as soon as a specimen is obtained; however, when this has not been done, tissue preserved in formalin solution can be used . Viruses, some bacteria, and other agents suspected on the basis of light microscopic findings can be verified electron microscopically by reprocessing paraffin-embedded tissue from areas that show smudge cells, focal necrosis with atypical cellular proliferation, and nuclear inclusions . Electron microscopically, all dying cells show swelling and rupture of cellular organelles and membranes; reactive changes include proliferation of branching tubules and paracrystalline and other types of proteinaceous precipitates (inclusions) in both the nucleus and cytoplasm . Qualitative and quantitative changes of cellular organelles, fibrils, microvilli, and intercellular junctions reflect hyperplasia, metaplasia, or dysplasia of the cell and may enable identification of the diseases, e.g., desquamative interstitial pneumonia . In various conditions, basal laminae become irregular, disruptive, or reduplicated following epithelial necrosis and regeneration . Electron microscopic evidence of immunologic damage to basal lamina and cells and immuno-electron-microscopic features of the lung in general require further studies . Electron microscopic features of transbronchial biopsy specimens may be diagnostic in cases of alveolar proteinosis, histiocytosis X, and amyloidosis . Ultrastructural abnormalities of cilia are common; primary ciliary defects are rare . Finally, light microscopic, scanning electron microscopic, and x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometric examinations of paraffin-embedded sections appear most practical for the pathologic evaluation of cases of pneumoconiosis.

Cryobiology, 1983 Oct, 20(5), 613 - 24
Adventitious chemistry at reduced water activities: free radicals and polyhydroxy agents; Heckly RJ et al.; Free radicals have been associated with loss of viability of lyophilized bacteria exposed to oxygen . Free radical concentration was proportional to the log of the oxygen pressure in the sample . Sugars, such as lactose or sucrose, preserved viability and inhibited free radical production . Lyophilized tissue, particularly liver and spleen, also reacted with oxygen to produce free radicals, which appear to be associated with ascorbic acid in the tissues . Pure ascorbic acid in air does not produce free radicals, but when mixed with protein before lyophilization it reacts with oxygen in air . When a mixture of sodium ascorbate and phenylalanine or tryptophan is lyophilized, free radicals identical to those observed in tissue are obtained . Propyl gallate and di- or trihydroxybenzoates also react with oxygen when lyophilized with phenylalanine, but the g value of the free radical is significantly less than that obtained with ascorbate . A number of amino acids and similar nitrogenous compounds act as catalysts to form propyl gallate free radicals . As with the bacterial or tissue preparations, various sugars or similar carbohydrates inhibited free radical production by either ascorbate or gallate . In the absence of water the free radicals produced by the action of oxygen on lyophilized samples are stable for years . The rate of free radical production is increased by small amounts of moisture (exposure to moist air), but at humidities over 30% rh the radicals are unstable.

Br J Ophthalmol, 1983 Oct, 67(10), 674 - 6
Tonometer disinfection and viruses; Nagington J et al.; Tonometer disinfectants in current use are frequently inactive against viruses and enable transfer of infection between patients . We selected sodium hypochlorite as a readily available alternative which is active against viruses and bacteria . At 500 p.p.m . it destroys herpes simplex, adenovirus 8, and enterovirus 70 within 10 minutes . A simple technique is described which is clinically acceptable and has been in daily use for one year.

Morphol Embryol (Bucur), 1983 Oct-Dec, 29(4), 247 - 57
Lung pathogenesis . IV . Persisting pathogens and accumulative-proliferative cellular reactions in chronic lung processes (a systemic approach); Eskenasy A; Persistence of pathogens within lung structures is due to the co-operation of the impairment of local defence means, of the aerial concentration and of the immunopathogenic component of processes . The action of pathogens, analysed in the framework of factor assemblies determining the process sequences, induced, as the most frequent reaction, cell proliferation and accumulation with the insertion of chemotactically retained circulating cells and their homing within alveolar wall interstitia and peribronchovascular sheets . The relations between the different inserting cells and the local ones are analyzed, with emphasis upon the derepression of local mechanisms of the steady state, secondary proliferation of both local and newly inserted cells, and current evolution to fibrosis.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Oct, 156(1), 186 - 91
Protein synthesis by intact Coxiella burnetii cells; Zuerner RL et al.; Coxiella burnetii was isolated from persistently infected fibroblast host cells by a rapid mechanical lysis technique . Macromolecular synthesis was initiated in these otherwise dormant cells by incubation at pH 4.5 . The synthesis of protein proceeded for as long as 24 h . Initiation of protein synthesis in C . burnetii was dependent upon RNA synthesis . Approximately 24 species of polypeptides were synthesized, and some of these appeared to be major synthetic products . Increases in protein biomass of 15 to 30% were calculated to occur during incubation . Inhibition of DNA synthesis affected protein synthesis after 12 h of incubation . The results suggest that although these parasitic bacteria did not grow in the axenic media devised, significant biosynthetic processes occurred.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1983 Sep 30, 115(3), 878 - 81
ESR characteristics of sulfhydryl-containing peptide-nickel (III) complexes: implication for nickel (III) center of hydrogenases; Sugiura Y et al.; The Ni(III) complexes of N-mercaptoacetylglycyl-L-histidine and N-mercaptoacetylglycylglycylglycine clearly show the rhombic ESR pattern and g-values similar to the Ni(III) chromophore of hydrogenases . The present results strongly suggest that the Ni(III) center of hydrogenases contains one cysteine sulfur coordination as equatorial ligand in a tetragonal geometry . In addition, axial nitrogen ligand and a sulfur-rich Ni(III) site as in an S4 donor set may be ruled out . Indeed, the Ni(III) ESR features are a useful probe of the Ni(III) center in hydrogenases.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Sep 25, 258(18), 10839 - 45
Formate dehydrogenase from Methanobacterium formicicum . Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the molybdenum and iron-sulfur centers; Barber MJ et al.; Formate dehydrogenase from Methanobacterium formicicum was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy . Although oxidized enzyme yielded no EPR signals over the temperature range 8-200 K, dithionite reduction resulted in generation of two paramagnetic components . The first, a nearly isotropic signal visible at temperatures below 200 K with g1 = 2.018, g2 = 2.003, and g3 = 1.994, exhibited nuclear hyperfine interaction with two equivalent protons (A1 = 0.45, A2 = 0.6, and A3 = 0.55 milliTeslas) . EPR spectra of partially reduced 95Mo-enriched formate dehydrogenase exhibited additional 3-4 milliTeslas splittings, due to spin interaction with the 95Mo nucleus . Thus, this signal is due to a Mo center . This is the first reported example of a Mo center with gav greater than 2.0 in a biological system . The second species, a rhombic signal visible below 40 K with g values of g1 = 2.0465, g2 = 1.9482, and g3 = 1.9111 showed no hyperfine coupling and was assigned to reduced Fe/S . Both paramagnetic species could be detected in samples of M . formicicum whole cells anaerobically reduced with sodium formate . The Mo(V) signal was altered following addition of cyanide (g1 = 1.996, g2 = 1.988, and g3 = 1.980) . Growth of bacteria in the presence of 1 mM WO4(2-) resulted in abolition of the Mo(V) EPR signal and formate dehydrogenase activity . Em, 7.7 was -330 mV for Mo(VI)/Mo(V) and -470 mV for Mo(V)/Mo(IV).

FEBS Lett, 1983 Sep 19, 161(2), 171 - 5
Control of redox properties of cytochrome c by special electrostatic interactions; Moore GR; An assessment is made of the proposal: electrostatic interactions between the ferric ion of oxidised cytochrome c and its haem propionate sidechains assists in determining the value of the redox potential and plays an important role in the redox state conformation change . Differences between the properties of homologous cytochromes are proposed to be due to differences associated with the charge on their haem propionates.

Life Sci, 1983 Sep 12, 33(11), 1051 - 6
Formation of benzophenone and alpha, alpha-diarylacetophenone metabolites of the antiestrogen nitromiphene (CI628) in the presence of rat cecal contents; Ruenitz PC et al.; Incubation of the nonsteroidal antiestrogen nitromiphene (CI628) with rat cecal content suspension under aerobic or anaerobic conditions resulted in extensive biotransformation, yielding three metabolites, as determined by thin-layer chromatography . These metabolites were not recovered from incubation mixtures containing previously frozen suspension, and recoveries were decreased (that of nitromiphene was increased) when incubations were carried out in the presence of 2mM EDTA . Spectral and chromatographic comparison of two of the purified metabolites resulted in their structural characterization, as p-{beta(N-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy}p'-methoxybenzophenone, and a similarly substituted alpha, alpha-diphenyl-acetophenone . These metabolites are, in turn, due formally to ethylenic bond cleavage and nitro group reduction/hydrolysis of nitromiphene.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Sep 10, 258(17), 10193 - 6
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone coding for the cell attachment domain in human fibronectin; Oldberg A et al.; A cDNA clone coding for the cell attachment domain in human fibronectin has been isolated using synthetic oligonucleotides . Three sets of mixed tetradecamer oligonucleotides were synthesized based on amino acid sequences in the 108-amino acid cell attachment domain (Pierschbacher, M . D., Ruoslahti, E., Sundelin, J., Lind, P., and Peterson, P . A . (1982) J . Biol . Chem . 257, 9593-9597) . One of these sets was made complementary to amino acids located near the COOH terminus of the cell attachment domain and synthesized as a mixture of 24 sequences . This oligonucleotide mixture was used to prime cDNA synthesis with mRNA prepared from a human fibrosarcoma as a template . A cDNA library was constructed with the oligonucleotide-primed sequences in the vector pBR322 . Colonies that hybridized with the primer were isolated from the library and further identified by hybridization with oligonucleotides deduced from an amino acid sequence located 45 amino acid residues NH2-terminal of the primer sequence . One clone which hybridized to both probes was characterized in detail . The insert was 380 base pairs long and its nucleotide sequence agreed completely with the corresponding amino acid sequence of human plasma fibronectin, showing that the sequences for this region are identical in plasma fibronectin and fibronectin from a cell line . This clone should be useful for studies on the expression of fibronectins and may also allow for the production of the biologically active cell attachment domain of fibronectin in bacteria.

Immunology, 1983 Sep, 50(1), 139 - 48
Cultivation, proliferation and characterization of thymic macrophages; Gallily R et al.; Successful long-term culture of murine thymic macrophages was achieved by plating adherent thymic cells, in the presence of L cell-conditioned medium, on dishes coated with an extracellular matrix . Adherent thymic cells in normal conditions of in-vitro culture do not proliferate . Those maintained on plastic tissue-culture dishes, and exposed to L cell-conditioned medium, proliferate slowly to a limited degree and form very small colonies . In contrast, when cultured in dishes coated with an extracellular matrix formed by corneal endothelial cells, in the presence of L cell-conditioned medium, adherent thymic cells proliferate rapidly and after 12-21 days in culture form large colonies (about 3-5 mm in diameter) . The proliferating cells were identified to be mononuclear phagocytes by their morphological appearance, their ability to ingest both bacteria and antibody-coated erythrocytes and by their nonspecific esterase activity . These cells were also shown to exhibit cell surface antigens that are characteristic of differentiated macrophages, e.g . Fc receptors and the specific macrophage cell surface marker F4/80 . A high percentage of these cultured cells were found to bear I-A antigens . The adherent thymic mononuclear phagocytes could be trypsinized and passaged while maintaining both their ability to proliferate and their specific macrophage characteristics for a period of 70 days . Thus, monocyte-macrophage stem cells ae present in the thymus, and under appropriate in-vitro conditions, can be made to proliferate and mature to I-A-bearing macrophages.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Sep 1, 135(1), 109 - 12
Uroporphyrinogen III, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the nickel-containing factor F430 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; Gilles H et al.; Factor F430 is a nickel-containing porphinoid present in methanogenic bacteria . The synthesis of this nickel tetrapyrrole from 5-aminolevulinic acid was studied in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum . This anaerobic archaebacterium was found to accumulate {14C}uroporphyrinogen III (1.8 mumol/g) when growing on nickel-free medium (less than 50 nmol/l) supplemented with 2 mM 5-amino-{14C}levulinic acid . The accumulated urophorphyrinogen III was quantitatively converted to factor F430 when the cells were incubated in aminolevulinate-free medium with 5 microM NiCl2 . The newly synthesized factor had the same specific radioactivity as the precursor uroporphyrinogen III . These findings indicate that the nickelporphinoid is biosynthetically derived from uroporphyrinogen III . The presence and some properties of the enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of uroporphyrinogen III from 5-aminolevulinic acid in M . thermoautotrophicum are also described.

Dig Dis Sci, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 827 - 32
Comparison of phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein glucuronide on net water transport in rat ileum and colon; Sharaiha ZK et al.; Phenolphthalein is an odorless, tasteless compound, poorly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol or ether . Although its laxative activity was discovered in 1902, the mechanism of action remains unclear . Phenolphthalein has been found to be an ineffective laxative in both jaundiced patients and in experimental animals with ligated common bile ducts . In contrast to the poor solubility of phenolphthalein, phenolphthalein glucuronide is highly water-soluble . In addition, phenolphthalein glucuronide is found in bile following oral phenolphthalein administration, suggesting an enterohepatic circulation . We compared the effect of phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein glucuronide on net water absorption of the ileum and colon of Sprague-Dawley rats using a single-pass perfusion technique . Perfusion of phenolphthalein (10 mg/dl in 154 mM NaCl with 0.5% ethanol and 0.1 g/l gum arabic) resulted in significantly reduced water absorption in both the ileum and colon (66% and 64%, respectively, P less than 0.05) . In contrast, phenolphthalein glucuronide did not have a significant effect on net water flux compared to control perfusion in either the ileum or colon . In the ileum only 77 +/- 3% and colon 71 +/- 1.2% of the phenolphthalein infused was recovered, suggesting that much of the infused phenolphthalein was absorbed . In contrast there was no evidence of absorption of phenolphthalein glucuronide, as 98.9 +/- 1.2% was recovered from ileal and colon perfusions . Phenolphthalein glucuronide is not the active form of phenolphthalein, although it may be an effective laxative after deconjugation by colonic bacteria.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Sep, 36(9), 2297 - 301
{Clinical effect of latamoxef on newborn and premature infants}; Takimoto M et al.; Eleven infants ranging 2 days to 3 months of age were studied for clinical evaluation . Ten of them were diagnosed as sepsis or suspected to be septic . Another one contracted umbilical infection . In 7 of 10 cases, causative bacteria were detected by blood culture, that is S . epidermidis in 3 cases, E . cloacae in 2 cases, K . pneumoniae in 1 case and A . calcoaceticus in another . Those infants were treated by parenteral LMOX . Dosage was 30 to 75 mg/kg per day . Clinical results were excellent in 6 cases (3 cases of S . epidermidis, 2 of E . cloacae and 1 of K . pneumoniae) and good in another case (A . calcoaceticus) . The other 3 infants clinically diagnosed as sepsis but not proven by blood culture were also treated successfully . The result of the umbilical infection in 1 case was good . Another group of 5 infants ranging 4 to 22 days of age were also treated by LMOX because of suspected bacterial infections . With these infants pharmacokinetic study was done . Peak serum levels after 1 hour drip infusion of 20 mg/kg ranged from 43 to 53 micrograms/ml . Average of half-lives was 2.7 hours . Estimation of distribution volume resulted in 350 to 523 ml/kg body weight.

Aust Vet J, 1983 Sep, 60(9), 261 - 4
Comparison of different antigenic preparations for the detection of ovine serum antibodies against Brucella ovis by ELISA; Chin JC; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for the detection of antibodies against Brucella ovis using serum from control rams (Con-S), naturally infected rams (Inf-S), rams inoculated intravenously with B . ovis (IV-S) and rams vaccinated intramuscularly (IM-S) . The serum was titrated by serial double dilutions from 1/25 to 1/25,600 against whole bacteria, B . ovis lipopolysaccharide and a detergent-extracted component of the outer membrane complex of B . ovis as antigens immobilised on microtitre plates . Sheep antibodies bound to antigen were assayed with rabbit anti-sheep gammaglobulin and alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein A . A high level of antibody activity against intact B . ovis cells was detected in Inf-S and IM-S . When lipopolysaccharide was the immobilised antigen, only IM-S yielded significant antibody activity . The component from detergent extracts of the outer membrane complex of B . ovis reacted best with serum (up to 1/6,400) from field-infected rams, while serum from vaccinated and intravenously inoculated rams registered significant titres up to a serum dilution of 1/800 and 1/200 respectively . These results indicate that ELISA is a very sensitive test but its value as a serodiagnostic procedure is dependent upon the choice of antigen used in the assay.

Pharmazie, 1983 Sep, 38(9), 589 - 90
Synthesis and biological activity of some new benzimidazolyl-azetidin-2-ones and -thiazolidin-4-ones; Abdel-Rahman AE et al.; Arylidene-2-aminobenzimidazoles (1) were prepared by condensation of 2-aminobenzimidazole with aromatic aldehydes . Cyclocondensation of mercaptoacetic acid, chloracetylchloride and phthaloyl glycyl chloride on 1 giving the corresponding 4-thiazolidinones (2) and azetidinones (3 and 4) respectively, in good yields . The biological activities of the prepared compounds were screened against several strains of bacteria.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Sep, 46(3), 710 - 5
Kinetics of two subgroups of propionate-using organisms in anaerobic digestion; Heyes RH et al.; A novel method for measuring the kinetics of a subgroup of organisms growing in mixed culture was used to measure the kinetics of propionate-using organisms in a mixed-population anaerobic digester . It was shown that there are at least two subgroups of propionate-using organisms with distinctly different growth kinetics . Both subgroups could grow without reducing sulfate . The slower-growing subgroup had a Ks of 11 mg/liter and a mumax of 0.0054 h-1 which is similar to the mumax reported for Syntrophobacter wolinii . The faster-growing group had a mumax of 0.050 h-1 and a Ks of 330 mg/liter . The slower-growing group was inhibited by a pH shock from 7.0 to 6.0, whereas the faster-growing group was less sensitive to the pH shock.

Naturwissenschaften, 1983 Sep, 70(9), 434 - 8
Mutations and the conformational stability of globular proteins; Grutter MG et al.; The elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of now over 100 proteins provides the basis for describing the nature of interactions stabilizing native protein structure . To understand the forces responsible for maintaining the native structure, it is necessary to analyze the contributions of the specific forces like a hydrogen bond, a salt bridge or a hydrophobic interaction to the overall stability of a protein . Using mutant proteins carrying a single amino acid substitution, specific interactions in a protein can be altered and the effect can be studied . In this paper the results of such studies on stability variants of human haemoglobin and of T4 phage lysozyme are described.

Can Anaesth Soc J, 1983 Sep, 30(5), 506 - 11
The effects of intravenous anaesthetic agents on human neutrophil chemiluminescence; White IW et al.; Intact neutrophil function is essential for the defence against infection . Any alteration in neutrophil function, which decreases their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria, might contribute to mortality and morbidity . We investigated the effects of clinical concentrations of thiopentone, Alfathesin, methohexitone, morphine, lidocaine and diazepam on the microbicidal oxidative function of human neutrophils . The oxidative activity was assessed utilizing the technique of chemiluminescence, which is a measure of free radical generation . Thiopentone and Alfathesin produced a significant dose dependent depression in chemiluminescence . There was a 27 per cent reduction in activity with thiopentone 5 micrograms X ml-1, a concentration equivalent to the free plasma concentration achieved following an anaesthetizing dose of thiopentone . There was a 55 per cent reduction in chemiluminescence at an alphaxolone concentration of 1.25 micrograms X ml-1, a concentration equivalent to the free plasma level obtained after induction of Alfathesin anaesthesia . The effect of thiopentone and Alfathesin was reversed by cell washing . Methohexitone, morphine, diazepam, and lidocaine caused no significant reduction in chemiluminescence over the dose ranges studied . These observations indicate that thiopentone and Alfathesin can adversely affect leucocyte function in vitro and, therefore, may contribute to impaired host resistance in the perioperative period and in the intensive care unit.

Am J Physiol, 1983 Sep, 245(3), R379 - 85
An investigation of the age-related deficits in the febrile response of the rabbit; Ferguson AV et al.; The febrile response of the New Zealand White rabbit in animals less than 1 yr old was compared with that in 3-yr-old animals . A reduced febrile response to both endotoxin and live bacteria injected intravenously was observed in the older group of animals . Peripheral vasoconstriction was observed, suggesting the drive to increase body temperature remained . Plasma catecholamines increased significantly in both groups of animals during fever . However, significantly greater increases in plasma epinephrine were observed in the older animals . A significant deficit in catecholamine-induced thermogenesis was observed in the older group of rabbits . This deficit alone does not explain the reduced febrile response, as beta-adrenergic blockade does not suppress the febrile response of young animals . Thus it is suggested that the primary deficit resulting in a reduced febrile response in the 3-yr-old rabbits is due to other age-related changes in the thermoregulatory system.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Sep, 18(3), 645 - 51
Influence of inoculum growth phase on microdilution susceptibility tests; Barry AL et al.; Two types of commercially available microdilution trays were inoculated with log-phase cultures, stationary-phase cultures, and direct suspensions of 18- to 24-h colonies, with essentially comparable results . Direct pick-up of colonies was also tested with two Prompt inoculation systems (3M Co.); they were found to be convenient and reliable methods for standardizing inocula without preincubation in broth and without turbidity adjustment.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983 Sep, 80(17), 5261 - 5
Methylation involved in chemotaxis is regulated during Caulobacter differentiation; Shaw P et al.; Caulobacter crescentus carries a flagellum and is motile only during a limited time in its cell cycle . We have asked if the biochemical machinery that mediates chemotaxis exists coincident with the cell's structural ability to respond to a chemotactic signal . We first demonstrated that one function of the chemotaxis machinery, the ability to methylate the carboxyl side chains of a specific set of membrane proteins (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, MCPs), is present in C . crescentus . This conclusion is based on the observations that (i) methionine auxotrophs starved of methionine can swim only in the forward direction (comparable to smooth swimming in the enteric bacteria), (ii) a specific set of membrane proteins was found to be methylated in vivo and the incorporated {3H}methyl groups were alkali sensitive, (iii) this same set of membrane proteins incorporated methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine in vitro, and (iv) out of a total of eight generally nonchemotactic mutants, two were found to swim only in a forward direction and one of these lacked methyltransferase activity . Analysis of in vivo and in vitro methylation in synchronized cultures showed that the methylation reaction is lost when the flagellated swarmer cell differentiates into a stalked cell . In vivo methylation reappeared coincident with the biogenesis of the flagellum just prior to cell division . In vitro reconstitution experiments with heterologous cell fractions from different cell types showed that swarmer cells contain methyltransferase and their membranes can be methylated . However, newly differentiated stalked cells lack methyltransferase activity and membranes from these cells cannot accept methyl groups . These results demonstrate that MCP methylation is confined to that portion of the cell cycle when flagella are present.

Diabetes Care, 1983 Sep-Oct, 6(5), 479 - 82
Phagocytotic activity of monocytes from diabetic patients; Katz S et al.; The phagocytotic activity of monocytes from diabetic patients and healthy controls was studied . It was found that the number of phagocytizing cells from diabetic patients was significantly reduced in comparison with that from control individuals . However, the number of bacteria phagocytized per cell was similar in both groups . Plasma from healthy controls added to diabetic monocytes did not cause any significant change in their phagocytotic capacity . Addition of insulin to the plasma of diabetic patients failed to alter the number of phagocytizing diabetic monocytes . Similarly, addition of glucose to control plasma did not affect the number of control monocytes capable of phagocytosis . Protein synthesis was increased during phagocytosis in both control and diabetic cells . The importance of monocytes in the defense mechanism of the organism is discussed.

J Dairy Sci, 1983 Sep, 66(9), 1863 - 72
Influence of nonprotein nitrogen and protein of low rumen degradability on nitrogen flow and utilization in lactating dairy cows; Kung L Jr et al.; Four lactating cows, each fitted with a rumen cannula and duodenal and ileal t-cannulae, were used to measure flow and digestion of nitrogenous compounds in the digestive tract . Dietary dry matter contained 17% crude protein and 50:50 forage:concentrate . Treatments were: 1) corn silage-soybean meal; 2) corn silage-heated soybean meal; 3) ammonia-treated corn silage-soybean meal; and 4) ammonia-treated corn silage-heated soybean meal . Flow of organic matter to the duodenum was overestimated when lanthanum or chromium ethylene-diaminetetraacetate was used as an indigestible marker . This resulted in low estimates of ruminal digestion of organic matter and high estimates of nitrogen flow to the duodenum . However, calculations using lanthanum or lignin as markers yielded similar organic matter flow to ileum and feces . With acid-detergent lignin as a marker, estimates of dietary nitrogen degraded in the rumen were: corn silage-heated soybean meal, 55.0% ammonia-treated corn silage-heated soybean meal, 58.8%; ammonia-treated corn silage-soybean meal, 63.3%; and corn silage-soybean meal, 66.0% . Digestion in the small intestine of nonammonia nitrogen was equal for all treatments suggesting that availability of heated soybean meal in the intestine was not different, although ruminal degradability tended to be lower . Feeding diets containing nonprotein nitrogen did not decrease available nitrogen at the duodenum.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1983 Sep, 71(3), 529 - 34
Antitumor activity of cell walls from Brucella abortus; Collet B et al.; The ip inoculation of inactivated Brucella abortus, strain B19 R, protected mice against a subsequent graft of an ascites lymphoma . The bacterial components responsible for this effect were investigated . Centrifugation supernatants of sonicated bacteria supposed to contain mainly cytoplasmic products did not offer protection against the lymphoma . Cell walls (CW's) prepared by enzyme digestion of pellets of lysed bacteria and checked for purity by electron microscopy prolonged survival of mice and induced cytotoxic macrophages in their peritoneal cavities . CW peptidoglycan (PG) did not seem to play an important part in this effect . Enzyme digestion of CW, in particular by lysozyme, was found to reduce a PG characteristic component (diaminopimelic acid) without altering CW antitumor activity . Conversely, a purified PG preparation did not influence tumor growth . Extraction of CW by an ether:water mixture did not alter its antitumor activity, while incubation in NaOH abolished its activity almost completely . All CW preparations were found to elicit hypersensitivity reactions in Brucella-infected animals.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1983 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 431 - 6
Biochemistry of selenium: a brief overview; Reddy CC et al.; The chemistry of Se suggests that, in biological systems, it is most likely present as the selenol (selenomercaptan)R-SeH, or, as the Se ether analogous to sulfur in the amino acid methionine . Selenols are stronger acids than mercaptans and, at physiological pH, exist mainly in anionic form (R-Se-) whereas the sulfhydryl group exists mainly in the protonated form . The anionic form of the selenohydryl group is a good nucleophile as well as a good leaving group . Also, it binds metals strongly, which is the principle behind the use of Se compounds for heavy metal detoxification . Conversely, metal ions can strip Se from organoselenium compounds and Hg, Cd, Pb, and Cu are highly effective in this capacity . In vivo, Se compounds tend to undergo reduction in contrast to sulfur compounds which are acquired in reduced form and generally undergo oxidation . Biosynthesis of methylated Se compounds, yielding dimethyl selenide, dimethyl diselenide, or trimethyl selenonium ion, appears to be the major pathway of Se metabolism/detoxification in animals . The highest activity of the pathway has been found in liver and kidney followed by lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, and heart . Selenium (Se) appears to be incorporated into proteins via post transcriptional modification of polypeptides . Six proteins that incorporate/require Se have been isolated: Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the selenoprotein of muscle, selenoflagellin, Se-transport protein, and the bacterial enzymes formate dehydrogenase and glycin reductase . There is evidence also that Se is an essential component of nicotinic acid hydroxylase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and a bacterial thiolase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1983 Sep, 21(9), 555 - 60
Chemiluminescence measurements of immune cells--a tool in immunobiology and clinical research; Ernst M et al.; Since the initial observation of chemiluminescence associated with metabolic stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes a multitude of studies have confirmed that chemiluminescence is a) dependent on the generation of activated oxygen species and b) intimately correlated to the paramount function of granulocytes: to kill bacteria and to cause tissue damage at sites of chronic inflammation . Chemiluminescence is not exclusively generated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and certainly not only generated by phagocytic stimuli . Besides phagocytic stimuli, surface active reagents (e.g . phorbol myristate acetate), lectins, antigen-antibody complexes, complement components, and some lymphokines are able to evoke chemiluminescence responses in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and macrophages . In this contribution we present evidence for a dependence of macrophage chemiluminescence during phagocytosis on the calcium binding protein calmodulin . In a second example of macrophage chemiluminescence we demonstrate that macrophage chemiluminescence is a good tool for testing the mediator function of a lymphokine, namely macrophage cytotoxicity factor . In a clinical application we determined the zymosan-induced and luminol-amplified chemiluminescence in diluted whole blood samples from healthy volunteers to establish the normal range of chemiluminescence activity of phagocytic cells . A significant day time variability of the chemiluminescence activity was observed in 6 volunteers . Therefore, blood sampling for the chemiluminescence measurements was standardized . Compared with the control group the specific chemiluminescence activity (activity related to 10(3) phagocytic cells) was significantly increased in both 1) patients with acute inflammatory disease and 2) in patients with carcinoma . The specific chemiluminescence activity of the two groups of patients did not differ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Anim Sci, 1983 Sep, 57(3), 750 - 64
Future improvement of milk production; potential for nutritional improvement; Clark JH et al.; Milk production/cow has increased so dramatically in the past 30 yr that some people question the wisdom of attempting to further increase milk production for fear we will shorten the lives of our dairy cows . What is the limit to milk production? At least two cows have produced over 22,000 kg of milk in a single lactation and numerous cows consistently produce 9,000 to 14,000 kg of milk/lactation . Therefore, it is evident that there is room for great progress, but it is not possible to predict the limits to milk production by the cow because we cannot see beyond the horizon to tell us what lies ahead . However, we know that nothing in sight appears to be an obstacle to further progress.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1983 Sep, 225(2), 879 - 85
Extra proton translocation and membrane potential generation--universal properties of cytochrome bc1/b6f complexes reconstituted into liposomes; Hurt EC et al.; Isolated cytochrome complexes from different sources like beef heart mitochondria, spinach chloroplasts, cyanobacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria were incorporated into liposomes by sonication as revealed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy . The reconstituted cytochrome complexes show suppressed rates of quinol-cytochrome c/plastocyanin oxidoreduction which can be stimulated by ionophores and uncouplers . In addition, extra proton translocation out of the vesicles and membrane potential generation during electron transport were observed, suggesting a universal mechanism of electron and proton transport through all the tested cytochrome complexes.

Ultrastruct Pathol, 1983 Sep-Oct, 5(2-3), 113 - 22
Angulate lysosomes; Dingemans KP et al.; Under many circumstances, macrophages accumulate lipids (possibly in combination with other materials) in the form of micelles that by their rigidity and size impart an irregular, angulate shape to the lysosomes in which they are stored . When macrophages contain large numbers of these angulate lysosomes, they have a characteristic light microscopic appearance and are often designated Gaucher cells or Gaucher-like cells . In most instances, however, the angulate lysosomes are small in number or size and are not easily recognized by light microscopy . A search of the literature and our own files revealed angulate lysosomes in a considerable number of conditions in which they have not previously been observed or recognized . In most conditions, the evidence indicates that the material stored is derived from phagocytosed cells that are incompletely digested, either because they are simply too numerous to be handled by the macrophage or due to a primary metabolic deficiency, or both . In contrast to what has been assumed, angulate lysosomes not only arise in situations in which blood cells are phagocytosed, but also when various types of degenerating tumor cells, remnants of myelin sheaths, or bacteria accumulate inside macrophages . In yet other conditions, the origin of the lysosomal contents remains to be elucidated.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Sep, 18(3), 689 - 96
Evaluation of the BACTEC radiometric method for recovery of mycobacteria and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from acid-fast smear-positive specimens; Roberts GD et al.; A total of 463 respiratory specimens, all smear positive for acid-fast bacteria, were inoculated onto routine solid media and into BACTEC 7H12 Middlebrook medium for detection of mycobacterial growth . Conventional drug susceptibility testing (1% proportion method) was performed on Middlebrook 7H10/7H11 medium, and radiometric susceptibility testing was performed on BACTEC 7H12 medium . The average detection times for BACTEC-positive cultures were 8.3 days for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 5.2 days for mycobacteria other than tuberculosis; by conventional methods, they were 19.4 and 17.8 days, respectively . These detection times do not include time required for identification, which was done by the conventional method only . There was an excellent correlation in the recovery rates of mycobacteria by the two methods . Drug susceptibility test results of M . tuberculosis isolates by the two methods showed 95.1 to 100% overall agreement . The average reporting time for drug susceptibility results ranged from 4.2 to 6.9 days for the BACTEC method and 13.7 to 21 days for the conventional methods . An average of 18 days was required by the BACTEC method for complete recovery and drug susceptibility testing of M . tuberculosis, as compared with 38.5 days for the conventional methods.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1983 Aug 29, 753(1), 60 - 4
Conversion of sterols and triterpenes by mycobacteria . I Formation of progesterone and 1-dehydroprogesterone from Mycobacterium aurum, strain A+; Prome D et al.; Side-chain degradation of sterols by bacteria is known to proceed via oxidation of a terminal methyl group followed by a succession of beta-oxidative steps . By this pathway, the pregnane backbone is not produced . However, examination of cholesterol degradation products using a strain of Mycobacterium aurum shows that progesterone and 1-dehydroprogesterone are present at low levels . These pregnane derivatives were identified by gas-liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry . This indicates that an alternative pathway for sterol side-chain degradation occurs in bacteria, which could be of great interest for the biological production of corticosteroid precursors.

Lancet, 1983 Aug 27, 2(8348), 489 - 90
The pathogenesis of hepatitis in alcohol abuse and jejunoileal bypass; Barry RE; Acetaldehyde, produced in excessive amounts in alcohol abuse or after jejunoileal bypass, binds to hepatocyte plasma membranes by way of formation of an intermediate Schiff's base . This binding has no effect on cellular metabolism or membrane function but causes physical changes in membrane properties which activate the complement cascade and this results in hepatocellular damage.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1983 Aug 25, 11(16), 5467 - 74
Isolation and characterisation of DraI, a type II restriction endonuclease recognising a sequence containing only A:T basepairs, and inhibition of its activity by uv irradiation of substrate DNA; Purvis IJ et al.; A type II restriction endonuclease, DraI, isolated from Deinococcus radiophilus ATCC 27603 recognises the palindromic hexanucleotide sequence (formula; see text) and cleaves it, as indicated by the arrows, to produce blunt-ended fragments . The yield of enzyme is 100 to 1000 times that of the only other known type II restriction endonuclease that recognises a sequence composed solely of A:T basepairs, the isoschizomer AhaIII (1) . Ultraviolet irradiation of the DNA substrate at relatively low doses inhibits the activity of DraI by "protecting" the recognition sequence and this may be exploited to give control of partial digestion of DNA by DraI.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Aug 15, 134(3), 561 - 9
Subunit structure and interactions of the phloem proteins of Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin); Read SM et al.; The two major proteins from the phloem exudate of Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin), PP1 and PP2, were stable in the absence of reducing agents after modification of their accessible cysteine residues with iodoacetamide . This permitted their purification without precautions to prevent oxidation . PP2, a lectin specific for oligomers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, was shown by sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation to be a dimer of Mr of 48000 . Neither dithiothreitol nor tri-(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) altered this value . The constituent polypeptides were linked by two buried disulphide bridges . PP2 behaved aberrantly on gel-filtration on both Sephadex and Bio-Gel unless tri-(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) was added to the elution buffer; the Mr was then measured as 46000 . Other proteins which bind oligomers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine are also retarded on gel-filtration . Soluble phloem filaments were prepared by collection of exudate into deaerated buffer containing iodoacetamide but no reducing agent . Oxidative gellation of the filaments was prevented by rapid modification of their many accessible cysteine residues, and is assumed to have maintained the degree of polymerisation found in vivo . Those disulphide bridges which were present allowed the incorporation of approximately 60% of the PP1 and 80% of the PP2 into polymeric material . It is concluded that PP1 and PP2 are both structural proteins present in the filaments observable in vivo . PP2 had an elongated binding-site for oligomers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine . It is suggested that this lectin immobilises bacteria and fungi to the cross-linked filaments which seal wounded phloem sieve-tubes, and thus maintains sterility.

Surgery, 1983 Aug, 94(2), 210 - 7
Opsonic fibronectin deficiency in patients with intra-abdominal infection; Richards WO et al.; The reticuloendothelial system provides host defense functions by the intravascular phagocytosis of bacteria and nonbacterial particulates . Fibronectin is opsonic for reticuloendothelial phagocytosis . Plasma fibronectin was measured before and after operation in patients with intra-abdominal infection . Preoperatively opsonic fibronectin was reduced by 39% of normal control levels in 16 patients with intra-abdominal infection . There was an even greater reduction of opsonic fibronectin after operation that was first observed in the recovery room . This deficiency persisted for the first 4 days with a tendency toward recovery of normal circulating levels by the fifth postoperative day . In contrast, patients who underwent elective major abdominal operation without infection manifested a transient opsonic fibronectin deficiency with recovery by the second and third postoperative days . Eight of 16 patients with intra-abdominal infection developed multiple organ failure . The opsonic fibronectin levels in those patients were lower than the levels in eight patients who did not develop multiple organ failure . Furthermore, there was no tendency toward recovery of normal circulating opsonic fibronectin in those patients . On all days when multiple organ failure occurred there was a marked deficiency of circulating opsonic fibronectin . We conclude that transient opsonic fibronectin deficiency occurs after major elective abdominal operation . Patients with intra-abdominal infection manifest opsonic fibronectin deficiency before operation, and further depletion of opsonic fibronectin occurs after operation . Postoperative multiple organ failure occurs only in association with severe opsonic fibronectin deficiency.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Aug, 36(8), 2007 - 16
{Clinical experience with cefoxitin in the field of gastrointestinal surgery}; Ishikawa T et al.; A total of 20 patients involved in gastrointestinal surgery was treated with cefoxitin (CFX) . Ten patients were treated for postoperative infections and the other 10 patients were given CFX to prevent postoperative infections . The following results were obtained: In 10 patients treated for postoperative infections, 5 responses were judged "excellent", 1 "good", 2 "fair", 1 "poor" and 1 "unknown" . In 25 strains of bacteria isolated from these patients, 21 were eradicated, 3 were replaced and 1 was unknown . In 10 patients given CFX for prevention of postoperative infections, 9 were judged "excellent" and the remaining 1 "good" . No side effects were observed in any of the patients treated with CFX.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1983 Aug, 18(4-5), 529 - 51
Rapid methods in studies on the genetic changes induced by chemicals; Mikucki J et al.; Eight new compounds of the quaternary ammonium salts group were investigated for mutagenicity . Tests were carried out on onion roots (Allium test) and on bacteria (Ames' test) to examine the mitosis disturbances . None of the compounds produced mutagenic activity in the bacterial test, whereas in the Allium test two compounds produced a strong effect on mitotic cell division.

Int J Pept Protein Res, 1983 Aug, 22(2), 251 - 6
Synthesis of some 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbonylamino acid and dipeptide derivatives; El-Naggar AM et al.; Synthesis of a series of 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbonylamino acid methyl esters (II-XI) and some of their corresponding hydrazides (XII-XXI), dipeptide methyl esters (XXII-XXXV) and dipeptide hydrazides (XXXVI-XXXIX) is described . 3-Hydroxynaphthalene-2-CO-L-Tyr-N2H3 (XX) and the corresponding L-Val-L-Ala-N2H3 (XXXVI) were found to be active against a number of micro-organisms.

Clin Genet, 1983 Aug, 24(2), 73 - 89
Family studies in Bechterew's syndrome (ankylosing spondylitis) III . Genetics; Moller P et al.; The results of segregation analyses in 75 families where the proband had ankylosing spondylitis, are presented . Of the 278 adult, living first degree relatives, approximately 85% cooperated in the study . Clinical and radiographical examinations were performed and HLA typing was conducted . The results were in agreement with our hypothesis that ankylosing spondylitis is part of a syndrome where different genetic factors interact . Such known factors are HLA B27 associated disease susceptibility, susceptibility to psoriatic arthropathy and susceptibility to entero-arthropathy . Radiographical sacro-iliitis was restricted to HLA B27 positive relatives, and was more frequently found in relatives to probands with psoriasis than in relatives to probands without psoriasis . Environmental factors (intestinal bacteria) are known to trigger the disease at least in some persons, and we have postulated that all or most of them have the predisposition to develop disease . Thus, the syndrome has a multifactorial etiology . The phenotypic expressions of the different genetic predispositions involved, include sacro-iliitis, psoriasis, acute anterior uveitis, peripheral arthropathy and inflammatory bowel disease . We suggest the descriptive name HEREDITARY MULTIFOCAL RELAPSING INFLAMMATION (HEMRI) for this syndrome . Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy and entero-arthropathy may be regarded as clinical sub-types of the syndrome.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Aug, 24(2), 279 - 81
Intraperitoneal penetration of cefotetan; Wise R et al.; The intraperitoneal penetration of cefotetan was studied after a 1-g intravenous injection in 25 patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery . Levels of peritoneal fluid were high within 10 min after administration and increased to 44% of the serum levels after 30 min, rising to 115% at 3 h . The mean concentration of cefotetan between 3 and 5 h after administration was 32.3 micrograms/ml . These findings suggest that 1 g of cefotetan administered before abdominal surgery would result in intraperitoneal cefotetan levels necessary to inhibit susceptible pathogens for 5 h or more.

Scand J Dent Res, 1983 Aug, 91(4), 263 - 73
Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii agglutinins in human saliva; Ellen RP et al.; The objectives were to determine the degree of Actinomyces agglutinating activity in human saliva and to begin characterizing the agglutination mechanism . Agglutination titres of whole saliva collected from adults and 6-yr-old children were compared . Titres for A . naeslundii were always higher than for A . viscosus . The mean A . naeslundii titre for the adults' and children's samples were equivalent . The children had a slightly lower mean titre than the adults for A . viscosus . No correlation was found between IgA concentrations and agglutination titre . Agglutinating activity was partially impaired by incubation with anti-IgA serum . Activity in submandibular/sublingual saliva was resistant to heat at 56 degrees C but sensitive to boiling . Boiling the bacteria had no effect . In sugar inhibition tests, only galactosides (beta-Gal) and glucosamine (for A . viscosus) affected Actinomyces agglutination but impairment was only temporary . Agglutinating activity was diminished by incubating saliva with hydroxyapatite . Thus, Actinomyces agglutinins 1) are probably distinct from IgA but may complex with it; 2) may include both beta-Gal and higher affinity sites; and 3) may contribute to salivary pellicle.

J Dent Res, 1983 Aug, 62(8), 862 - 5
Lipids of supragingival calculus; Slomiany BL et al.; The matrix of supragingival calculus constitutes 15.7% of the calculus dry weight and contains 54.9% protein and 10.2% lipids . Of the total lipids, 61.8% are represented by neutral lipids, 28% by glycolipids, and 10.2% by phospholipids . The neutral lipids exhibit a high content of free fatty acids (63.9%) and triglycerides (15.8%) . The glycolipids are comprised of simple glycosphingolipids (17.2%), mainly lactosyl- and glucosylceramides, and of neutral and sulfated glyceroglucolipids (82.8%) . The phospholipids contain large quantities of phosphatidylethanolamine (34.2%) and diphosphatidylglycerol (25.5%) . Comparison with salivary and submandibular stone lipids indicates that both saliva and bacteria contribute to the lipid content of supragingival calculus.

Agents Actions, 1983 Aug, 13(5-6), 470 - 86
Molecular mechanisms in endotoxin fever; Dinarello CA; Two important concepts are presented in this review . First, endotoxin fever, like all fevers, is mediated by a host product, leukocytic pyrogen (LP) . The mechanism by which LP production is initiated by endotoxin is discussed and evidence is provided which clearly distinguishes the biological and physical differences between LP and endotoxins . The second concept is that many of the molecular and neurochemical mechanisms by which LP causes fever by its action on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center are also observed when endotoxins are introduced into the central nervous system . Thus, there may be experimental and clinical situations in which endotoxins can directly affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever . Although this bi-modal effect of endotoxin on the production of fever can occur, the importance of LP in mediating endotoxin and other fevers cannot be overstated.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1983 Aug, 91(4), 285 - 9
Antibody response in rabbits to gonococcal lipopolysaccharide-bovine serum albumin conjugates; Rodahl E et al.; The elicitation of antibodies to gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied . Rabbits were immunized with whole cells of gonococci, purified LPS, or LPS linked to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde . Purified LPS was not immunogenic . Anti-LPS antibodies were produced by rabbits receiving the LPS-BSA conjugate . These animals showed an earlier IgG anti-LPS antibody response than animals receiving whole bacterial cells . Antiserum to the LPS-BSA conjugate gave rise to a single precipitation line against ultrasonically disrupted gonococci, and agglutinated heat-treated cells of the bacteria.

Br J Vener Dis, 1983 Aug, 59(4), 249 - 54
Infection of female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) with trichomonas vaginalis as a model of trichomoniasis in women; Street DA et al.; Marmosets, tamarins, owl monkeys, and squirrel monkeys were inoculated intravaginally with Trichomonas vaginalis . The latter animal species was most susceptible, trichomonads being recovered from four of six monkeys for periods ranging usually up to one month . Vaginal discharge was seen in most infected animals but polymorphonuclear leucocytes were rare . Infected animals developed serum IgG antibody responses and also local IgG and IgA responses, the latter occurring sometimes on reinoculation in the absence of organism recovery . Antibody responses were, however, of short duration and, overall, immunity was weak because two animals were reinfected on a second or subsequent challenge . Some of the observations are relevant to vaginal trichomoniasis in women.

J Appl Toxicol, 1983 Aug, 3(4), 203 - 7
Reactivity, SCE induction and mutagenicity of benzyl chloride derivatives; Hemminki K et al.; Benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, p-methylbenzyl chloride, and p-nitrobenzyl chloride were used to study chemical reactivity with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine (NBP), and with guanosine in vitro, in relation to mutagenic potency in S . typhimurium and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction in CHO cells . Benzyl bromide was found to be the most reactive compound, followed by p-methylbenzyl chloride, benzyl chloride and p-nitrobenzyl chloride . The order of mutagenicity was p-nitrobenzyl chloride much greater than benzyl bromide greater than benzyl chloride approximately equal to p-methylbenzyl chloride . The compounds tested caused base-pair mutations only . The order of SCE-inducing ability decreased as follows: benzyl bromide greater than benzyl chloride approximately equal to p-nitrobenzyl chloride approximately equal to p-methylbenzyl chloride . The particularly high mutagenicity of p-nitrobenzyl chloride in bacteria may be due to reactions other than direct aralkylation, or it may react particularly actively with DNA . Among the other compounds, benzyl bromide was the most active aralkylating compound, mutagen and SCE inducer . The results suggested that reaction of N2 of guanine, as compared with N-7 of guanine, failed to show any remarkable mutagenicity or SCE induction, since p-methylbenzyl chloride, reacting preferentially at N2 of guanosine, failed to show unexceptional potency.

Mutat Res, 1983 Aug, 110(2), 231 - 42
Apparent antimutagenic effect of ultraviolet irradiation; Brunner DP et al.; Strain SL3367 is a S . typhimurium LT2 hisG46 stock which spontaneously reverts to His+ at a high frequency . Plates of defined medium with 1% (v/v) nutrient broth inoculated with ca . 10(8) washed SL3367 cells were incubated, untreated or after UV irradiation . After 2 days at 37 degrees C, an average of 165 His+ colonies were obtained per control plate but significantly fewer, 105 His+ colonies, on plates irradiated at a fluence of 7 J/m2 . The dry weight of bacteria in washings from plates incubated 14 h (by which time growth of His- cells had ceased) was the same for irradiated and non-irradiated plates but the yield of colony-forming units from irradiated plates was less than from control plates, by about the same factor as the reduction in yield of His+ colonies caused by the same fluence . Washings from incubated irradiated plates, but not those from control plates, contained long filaments as well as bacteria of normal size; on transfer to nutrient-agar slide cultures cells of normal size grew into microcolonies but filaments did not grow . The reduced plateau yield of viable His- cells caused by consumption of much of the growth-limiting supply of histidine by irradiated cells growing into non-viable filaments reduces the number of auxotrophic bacteria at risk for spontaneous reversion and so accounts for the apparent antimutagenic effect of UV irradiation . This effect was partly reversed by the presence of D,L-pantoyl lactone in the selection medium, and was also observed for yield of Trp+ colonies from trpE8 cultures with a high spontaneous reversion rate . Treatments not inducing cell filamentation did not result in the depression of spontaneous revertants and were detected as being mutagenic . The apparent antimutagenic effect may be expected for reversion of any auxotroph, unless masked by induced revertants and is particularly apparent in an auxotroph which reverts spontaneously at high frequency.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Aug, 24(2), 237 - 9
Pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; Burgess ED et al.; The pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime were studied in 12 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis . After a 3-g intravenous dose, the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.23 +/- 0.05 liter kg-1, with an elimination half-life of 9.7 +/- 5.1 h . The peritoneal clearance of ceftizoxime (2.8 +/- 0.7 ml min-1) contributed modestly to the overall serum clearance of the drug (17.1 +/- 7.4 ml min-1) and was greater than the renal clearance (0.8 +/- 0.8 ml min-1) . The peritoneal concentration rose to 91 +/- 29 micrograms ml-1 at 6 h, which was 0.61 +/- 0.17 of the serum concentration . A 3-g intravenous dose of ceftizoxime given every 48 h would result in adequate activity against most susceptible organisms, but more frequent dosing may be necessary for less susceptible organisms.

Infect Immun, 1983 Aug, 41(2), 516 - 22
Modulation of Bordetella pertussis by nicotinic acid; McPheat WL et al.; Growth of Bordetella pertussis in a high concentration of nicotinic acid (NA) had a modulating effect on several properties and activities of the bacteria . Compared with normally grown cells, those grown in a high concentration of NA had reduced capacity for taking up both NA and nicotinamide (ND); they had reduced adenylate cyclase activity and showed loss of agglutinogen factors 2 and 3, but an increase in factor 1 . By contrast, cells grown in a high concentration of ND showed only a slightly decreased capacity for uptake of ND and none of the other changes . Modulation of B . pertussis by NA varied with the strain and culture conditions and appeared to be distinct from the antigenic modulation induced by high Mg2+ in the culture medium . Evidence is presented for the association of a small proportion of the extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase with the outer membrane of B . pertussis.

Blood, 1983 Aug, 62(2), 298 - 304
Cytochemical, functional, and proliferative characteristics of promonocytes and monocytes from patients with monocytic leukemia; van Furth R et al.; This article deals with a prospective study on the cytochemical, functional, and proliferative characteristics of promonocytes and bone marrow and peripheral blood monocytes of 20 patients with acute monocytic leukemia and 7 patients with chronic monocytic leukemia . The results show a wide variation in the peroxidase and esterase activities in these cells, whereas the percentages of mononuclear phagocytes with Fc gamma and C3b receptors did not differ appreciably from those in normal individuals . A discriminant analysis of these data and corresponding data from normal individuals showed that a below-normal peroxidase activity of circulating monocytes has predictive value for the presence of monocytic leukemia; a below-normal esterase activity has less, but nevertheless some, predictive value in this respect . An increase in the percentage of circulating monocytes, a decrease in the percentage of Fc gamma or C3b receptors, and a decline in the ability to phagocytose bacteria has no predictive value for the presence of monocytic leukemia . The mean percentage of patients' promonocytes that incorporated 3H-thymidine amounted to 80.9%, which is close to the control value in normal individuals . The mean values for the labeling indices of cultured bone marrow and peripheral blood monocytes are 1.0% and 0.74%, respectively; when 3H-thymidine was added to whole blood, the labeling index of the monocytes amounted to 3.6% . These percentages are only a little higher than those found for monocytes of normal individuals . These results indicate that the majority of the circulating monocytes in acute and chronic monocytic leukemia are not actively dividing or blast cells.

Arch Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 135(1), 45 - 50
A phylogenetic analysis of Legionella; Ludwig W et al.; Four species of Legionella, L . pneumophila NCTC 11192, L . bozemanii NCTC 11368, L . micdadei NCTC 11371 and L . jordanis ATCC 33623 have been characterized by oligonucleotide cataloguing of their 16S ribosomal RNA . All four species are phylogenetically closely related, while no specific relationship could be detected with any other group of organisms investigated so far with respect to this method . At a low level of relationship legionellae are members of the broad group of purple photosynthetic bacteria and their non-phototrophic relatives, in which Legionella form an independent line of descent.

J Mol Biol, 1983 Jul 25, 168(1), 203 - 5
Preliminary crystallographic data on a ferredoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain); Guerlesquin F et al.; The ferredoxin (Fd I) (Mr2 X 6000, one (4 Fe-4 S) cluster per subunit) from the sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway 4 has been crystallized . The space group is P4(2)32 with a = 71.8 A . The two monomers of the molecule are probably related by a dyad axis.

J Dairy Sci, 1983 Jul, 66(7), 1445 - 54
Propionate for fatty acid synthesis by the mammary gland of the lactating goat; Massart-Leen AM et al.; Isolated mammary glands of lactating goats were perfused with heparinized and oxygenated blood for 8 to 15 h . Adequate quantities of glucose, acetate, and amino acid were added to the perfusate . After addition of propionate to the perfusion blood, concentrations of odd-numbered and of monomethyl-substituted fatty acids other than those with iso and anteiso configuration increased in the milk fat . These acids seem to be synthesized de novo in the mammary gland . The increase of C17:0 concentration was weak and problematic . We suggest that propionate is acting as a precursor for monomethyl-substituted fatty acids by way of methylmalonyl-CoA . The activating effect of propionate administration upon milk fatty acid production was largest for odd-numbered followed by monomethyl-substituted fatty acids . No increase of iso acids was observed in milk fat in the propionate-infused glands whereas the increase of anteiso acids was extremely small . This agrees with the conception that iso and anteiso fatty acids are synthesized by rumen bacteria.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1983 Jul, 96(7), 81 - 3
{Production of antibodies to influenza virus A by human lymphoid cells in vitro}; Ispolatova AV et al.; The data are presented on studying the production of antibodies to influenza A (H3N2) virus by lymphoid cells of the amygdaline tonsils and mediastinal lymph nodes in vitro during stimulation of these cells with influenza virus or lipopolysaccharide of typhoid bacteria.

J Med Chem, 1983 Jul, 26(7), 1014 - 20
A simplified high-pressure liquid chromatography method for determining lipophilicity for structure-activity relationships; Brent DA et al.; A highly deactivated octadecyl-bonded silica column and a mobile phase consisting of an water-methanol mixture in the range of blood pH and ionic strength are used to correlate log kappa' with biological activity for a series of sulfonamides and barbiturates . The results were compared to literature methods by using retention volume (VR) and retention indexes (I) . For the nine sulfonamides tested, log VR and log kappa' were used with and without correction for ionization . For each biological end point (protein binding and minimum inhibitor concentration against Eschericia coli from two sources) and each independent variable (log kappa' and log VR) the residual standard derivation for the regression was determined . the standard derivations were compared in an F test for each of 12 relevant regressions . Log kappa' was statistically superior in for cases, while log VR was superior in one case . Overall, the methods were statistically indistinguishable . Log kappa' values and I values for 15 barbiturates were regressed against three biological end points {hypnotic activity (the minimum effective dose in rabbits), inhibition of Arbacia egg cell division, and inhibition of rat brain respiration} . Standard deviations were compared by an F test, and the two methods were indistinguishable as far as the goodness of biological correlations are concerned . Procedures for controlling the column's activity are presented . Choices for an appropriate mobile phase are discussed, and a method of calculating pH and ionic strength in a methanol-aqueous mobile phase is presented.

Ann Surg, 1983 Jul, 198(1), 25 - 9
Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage . Complications due to multiple duct obstructions; Clouse ME et al.; The medical histories of fifty-three consecutive patients who were scheduled for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) were reviewed for incidents of sepsis . Among the 52 patients who were successfully catheterized, there were 14 incidents of sepsis, three incidents of abscess and sepsis, and two incidents of sepsis following a pulled catheter (a total incidence of 36.5%) . In 14 instances, the sepsis was attributed primarily to the presence of enteric bacteria combined with bile stasis caused by multiple duct obstruction from disseminated malignancy . The presence of bacteria in the bile of well-drained patients did not necessarily lead to sepsis . This series highlights the importance of medical alert for signs of sepsis in biliary drainage patients and suggests that external drainage is preferable in patients with incomplete emptying of the biliary system during PTBD.

Nord Vet Med, 1983 Jul-Sep, 35(7-9), 300 - 5
Some aspects concerning the causal relation in connection with the development of hydrogensulfide (H2S) in codfish; Hanusardottir M; The purpose of this study has been to investigate if there is any relation between the development of H2S and the growth of H2S producing bacteria and the reduction of TMAO respectively . Further, the relative importance of entrail enzymes and the growth of bacteria for the H2S development has been investigated . It has been concluded that in case where entrails were mixed with minced fish meat, the H2S development was entirely caused by entrail enzymes, whereas the presence of kidney blood did not seem to be of any importance . On the other hand, however, both kidney blood and entrails in particular had a clear effect on the reduction of TMAO to TMA when mixed up with minced cod meat . No significant relation was found between the reduction of TMAO to TMA and the development of H2S.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1983 Jul, 62(3), 251 - 6
{Presence of Caulobacter genus in distilled water}; Callerio D et al.; Schizomycetes have been examined by optical microscope at monochromatic reflected light system, after treatment with a ferrotannic ammoniacal silver solution according to Blenden and Goldberg (1) . The bacterial preparations appeared to contain some cellular forms which because of their morphology, could belong to the family Caulobacteriaceae . Further investigations showed that these Caulobacters derived from the distilled water used to prepare the solutions.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Jul, 255(1), 120 - 6
Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of L . pneumophila; Schurmann D et al.; In three of five fatal cases of Legionnaires' Disease (LD) bacteria have been detected by DFA in extrapulmonary organs including spleen, liver, kidney, heart and brain . Typical fluorescent pleomorphic rods were seen mostly intravascularly and occasionally in phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytic system . Legionellae were found extravascularly in the myocard and in the brain tissue together with single cell necrosis of either muscle fibres or ganglion cells in the respective organ . It was of special interest in this context that the clinical data and functional abnormalities reported for the respective cases might well be explained by the histopathological findings.

Res Vet Sci, 1983 Jul, 35(1), 116 - 7
Method for chronic catheterisation of the amniotic sac in cattle; Mohamed AR et al.; The chronic catheterisation of the amniotic sac of eight pregnant cows of 180 to 200 days gestational age is described using an indwelling catheter of polyvinyl tubing . Although strict asepsis was followed, the main problem encountered was preventing contaminant bacteria from overwhelming the fetus, causing its death . This was successfully achieved in four animals, three of which received a mixture of ampicillin and cloxacillin sodium intra-amniotically and parenterally in the dam . Daily sequential samples of amniotic fluid were readily obtained until just before fetal death.

J Cell Sci, 1983 Jul, 62, 371 - 83
Morphology of hyaluronidase-sensitive cell coats as seen in the SEM after freeze-drying; Bard JB et al.; Many adherent cells in vitro are surrounded by a transparent exclusion zone or halo, several micrometers thick, which red blood cells, bacteria and carbon particles cannot penetrate . This halo is rapidly and specifically removed by hyaluronidase and its high degree of hydration is demonstrated by the fact that, although fixation does not eliminate the halo, solvent dehydration does . This latter observation means that the halo cannot be visualized by conventional electron microscopic techniques . We report here that the exclusion-zone material can, however, be seen in the scanning electron microscope if cells are fixed and frozen rapidly and then freeze-dried . Many cells in cultures from a murine fibrosarcoma or from human embryonic lung treated in this way appear to be covered by a matrix that obscures the microvilli that are visible on critical-point-dried or hyaluronidase-treated, freeze-dried cells . Only where the coat is, for some reason, missing can microvilli be seen on freeze-dried cells . The coat structure varies from amorphous to an assembly of fine fibres approximately 100 nm in diameter and its appearance is very similar to that of small drops of hyaluronic acid (10(-5) micrograms ml-1) treated in the same way . Halo material is fragile and detaches itself from the cell surface within an hour of fixation . These observations suggest that the halo phenomenon reflects only the production of extracellular matrix and its turnover . The fragility of the haloes implies that, if they do exist in vivo, they are unlikely to play any structural role . The results suggest that the technique will yield information on other highly hydrated, unstable structures.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1983 Jul 1, 38(13), 337 - 44
{Recent immunobiochemical advances on the function of the immune system of the mucous membrane in the gastrointestinal tract}; Kolb E; In the mucous membrane of the gastro-intestinal canal large quantities of T- and B-lymphocytes appear which are in constant renovation . The lymphocytes situated intraepithelially and in the lamina propria have a contact with the antigens touching the mucous membrane or taken into it (alimentary proteins, bacteria, viruses, protozoa), by means of which a more or less important evocation of immune reactions is brought about . IgA-molecules formed by plasma cells of the mucous membrane are given into the lumen and there they bind antigens, by means of which these are prevented from the connection with the epithelial cells . A part of the IgA-molecules is transported into the liver via the blood plasma and the lymph, respectively, where a destruction of the antigen-IgA-complexes takes place . The IgA-molecules are excreted via the bile into the intestine . Under certain conditions an allergy against alimentary proteins (lactoprotein, egg white protein, cereal protein) develops . Lymphocytes carried off from the intestinal canal settle in other tissues and may mediate "immunological experience", which is particularly of importance in the milk secretion.

J Clin Periodontol, 1983 Jul, 10(4), 443 - 51
Cementum hypoplasia in teeth affected by juvenile periodontitis; Lindskog S et al.; The cemental surface of teeth affected by juvenile periodontitis was examined using scanning electron microscopy . Molars affected by chronic marginal periodontitis and healthy molars were included as controls . The entire mesial root of teeth affected by juvenile periodontitis showed extensive areas of cementum hypoplasia with exposed dentinal tubules . The hypoplasias were found also on the infracrestal part of the root indicating that they had not been caused by exposure to the oral environment or by any treatment . Cementum hypoplasias were not found in any teeth from the control material . The impaired periodontal attachment in the hypoplasia may facilitate penetration by the special motile bacteria which have been found in plaque from teeth with juvenile periodontitis . Based on the findings in the present study and the hereditary background of juvenile periodontitis it was suggested that development of the disease is initiated by a hereditary developmental disturbance of the cementum.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jul, 47(3), 358 - 62
Gill diseases of cultured salmonids in Ontario; Daoust PY et al.; Between 1977 and 1981, the Fish Pathology Laboratory of the Ontario Veterinary College received 239 cases from trout farms of southern Ontario, 51 (21.3%) of which had diseased gills . Branchial lesions in 86.3% of these 51 cases were characterized by marked lamellar epithelial hyperplasia with epithelial hypertrophy and lamellar fusion . Filamentous bacteria were seen on the surface of the branchial filaments and lamellae in 68.6% of the cases . Our observations highlight the importance of gill diseases as a production problem of farmed salmonids in southern Ontario.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Jul, 255(1), 127 - 31
Extracellular proteases from Legionella; Berdal BP; Bacterial endopeptidase (proteinase) activity can be specifically registered using synthetic chromogenic peptides . This method does not replace, but adds to the previously existing methods for measuring proteolytic activity . The use of concentrated broth filtrates from Legionella bacteria on a number of different peptides has permitted the establishment of peptide hydrolysis patterns . To some extent these patterns appear species specific . Thus, a close similarity is demonstrated between strains belonging to Legionella pneumophila, as well as a difference between L . pneumophila and other species within the genus Legionella . L . micdadei strain Tatlock does not present extracellular endopeptidase activity . Recently, a number of cell- or cell wall-bound endopeptidases has also been registered . They are found in all Legionella strains hitherto assayed, including the Tatlock strain.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 129 (Pt 7), 2321 - 5
Enzymes of malate oxidation in Mycobacterium leprae grown in armadillo livers; Wheeler PR et al.; A NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase is the principal enzyme for malate oxidation by Mycobacterium leprae, FAD-dependent malate-vitamin K reductase was detected at about 1% the level of the NAD-dependent activity . Both enzyme activities were detected in extracts from M . leprae treated with NaOH to abolish host-derived activities which might be adsorbed to the bacteria and the NAD-dependent enzyme was shown to be electrophoretically distinct from the host-tissue enzyme, thus establishing that these were both authentic bacterial enzymes . Mycobacterium leprae does not possess malic enzyme.

Vet Pathol, 1983 Jul, 20(4), 460 - 71
Experimental transmission of a feline mycobacterial skin disease (feline leprosy); Schiefer HB et al.; Non-culturable acid-fast bacteria from two spontaneous cases of so-called feline leprosy were transmitted to rats and cats and further passaged in rats or cats . Two to six months after infection, cats developed cutaneous lesions that were indistinguishable from spontaneous cases, including the occurrence of nasal granulomata in one cat . When injected into rats, the mycobacteria caused a generalized mycobacteriosis and the granulomatous reaction was composed chiefly of macrophages without polymorphonuclear granulocytes . Infection of cats with Mycobacterium lepraemurium did not produce any lesions . The feline disease may be a suitable model for the study of human leprosy (Hansen's Disease).

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 46(1), 233 - 6
Paper replication method for isolation of radiation-sensitive mutants; Tan ST et al.; A filter paper replication system particularly useful for isolation of radiation-sensitive mutants of pigmented bacteria was devised . The fidelity of replication was high . Adhesion between a paper disk and a properly dried master plate provided adequate contact pressure . The replicas arising from this technique constitute a convenient apparatus for general application in isolation of clones sensitive to a discriminating treatment.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 117 - 24
Effect of virulent and less virulent strains of Nocardia asteroides on acid-phosphatase activity in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages maintained in vitro; Black CM et al.; Since virulent strains of Nocardia asteroides grow within macrophages, experiments were designed to determine whether this intracellular pathogen affects lysosomal enzyme levels . Peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from mice were infected in vitro with live or killed N asteroides of the virulent strain GUH-2 or with live nocardiae of the less virulent strain 10905, which is killed by macrophages . The activity of acid phosphatase in individual macrophages was quantitated by means of a computer-assisted cytospectrophotometry system . Slide preparations were Gram stained for quantitation of ingested nocardiae in the same macrophages . The level of acid phosphatase activity in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages was decreased by infection with live cells of the virulent strain; the level of activity was inversely proportional to the number of nocardiae ingested . This effect was not seen with killed bacteria of this strain or with live bacteria of the less virulent strain . These results demonstrate a relation between the virulence of N asteroides strains and the extent of reductions in lysosomal acid-phosphatase activity of macrophages.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 125 - 30
Adherence of Bordetella pertussis to human respiratory epithelial cells; Tuomanen EI et al.; Adherence of Bordetella pertussis to ciliated respiratory tract mucosa is important in the pathogenesis of whooping cough . The adherence of B pertussis to human respiratory epithelial cells was investigated using cells obtained by brushing at bronchoscopy . B pertussis attached exclusively to the ciliary tufts of ciliated cells . A mean +/- SEM of 5.0 +/- 0.3 organisms attached per cell when bacteria in a concentration of 2 X 10(9)/ml were incubated with ciliated cells . Organisms examined by electron microscopy were found to adhere to the cilia both by direct apposition and by filaments coursing between bacteria and cilia . The specificity of the adherence of B pertussis to ciliary tufts may explain the unique ability of this organism to infect the human tracheobronchial mucosa.

J Nat Prod, 1983 Jul-Aug, 46(4), 576 - 81
UV-mediated genotoxicity of furanoquinoline and of certain tryptophan-derived alkaloids; Towers GH et al.; Certain furanoquinolines of the Rutaceae and a number of the widely distributed beta-carboline or harmane alkaloids are photosensitizers in near ultraviolet light (320-400 nm) . These compounds have been shown to be phototoxic to yeasts and bacteria . In addition, two canthinones of the Rutaceae and the N-methylpyrolidine substituted harmane alkaloid, brevicolline (from Carex), display phototoxicity towards bacteria and fungi in near ultraviolet light . All of these alkaloids are phototoxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells, inhibiting mitosis and causing gross chromosomal changes . The target for their phototoxicity appears to be the cell nucleus.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 44 - 9
Effects of alpha-amylase on in vitro growth of Legionella pneumophila; Bortner CA et al.; Sterile parotid saliva inhibited growth of Legionella pneumophila on solid media, and the salivary component involved in this inhibition has been shown to be amylase . Disk diffusion and well plate assays were used to study possible mechanisms for this effect . The amylolytic activity of saliva copurified with inhibitory activity, and both activities were sensitive to proteinase K digestion and heat treatment . In addition, purified alpha-amylase from several sources (bacteria, fungi, porcine pancreas, and human saliva) exhibited similar activity . Incorporation of charcoal or bovine serum albumin into media blocked inhibition by amylase . Replacement of Bacto-Agar with Noble agar (both from Difco Laboratories) prevented growth inhibition in the absence of starch . However, when corn starch was present with Noble agar, amylase-induced growth inhibition occurred . Purification of starch by washing with methanol eliminated some toxic component . The toxic component from starch could be recovered from the methanol wash and inhibited growth of L . pneumophila in the absence of amylase activity . The results suggest that toxic substances exist in media components which may be unmasked during salivary amylase digestion of starch . This effect may explain, in part, the difficulty in recovery of the organism from clinical specimens containing amylase.

Anal Biochem, 1983 Jul 1, 132(1), 202 - 8
Luminometric determination of FAD in subpicomole quantities; Hinkkanen A et al.; Very small quantities of FAD were able to reactivate apo-D-amino acid oxidase . In the presence of D-alanine, luminol, horseradish peroxidase, and an excess of the apoenzyme, a quantitative luminometric determination of FAD was possible . The maximal photon emission measured in a bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.2, at 37 degrees C was proportional to the amount of FAD added . FMN, riboflavin, or 5-deazaflavin produced no chemiluminescence and had no inhibitory effect in the assay when added together with FAD . With this method, FAD could be quantitatively determined with high accuracy in perchloric acid extracts of animal tissue and bacteria.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Jun 25, 258(12), 7592 - 6
Investigation of immunoadsorbent efficiency and capacity for the isolation of tRNAs containing N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine derivatives; McLennan BD et al.; Antibodies directed to modified nucleosides recognize the nucleoside (antigen) when it is present in an intact tRNA molecule . The general application of anti-nucleoside immunoadsorbent chromatography, however, has been greatly impeded by the apparent inefficiency and low capacity of conventional immunoadsorbents for transfer RNA . Antibodies specific for isopentenyladenosine (i6A) were employed to investigate the efficacy of various immunoadsorbents with respect to immobilization of antibody protein and with respect to their ability to bind i6A-containing tRNAs . Biologically active anti-i6A was recovered in high yield (80-88%) by affinity chromatography on i6A-adipate-Sepharose 4B or i6A-butane diglycidyl ether-Sepharose 4B using either 15% pyridine in phosphate-buffered saline or 0.2 M acetic acid as eluents . The binding capacity of various anti-i6A antibody immunoadsorbents was evaluated . While both anti-i6A antibody-protein A-agarose-iminothiolane (ITL) and anti-i6A antibody-protein A-agarose-dimethyl suberimidate showed a high capacity for i6A-tRNA, the latter column is much less efficient with respect to antibody immobilization . Under optimal conditions, the ITL immunoadsorbent binds 5-6 nmol of i6A/mg of antibody protein . With respect to bulk tRNA, 1 mg of antibody protein (ITL immunoadsorbent) binds all of the i6A-tRNA in a 1-mg sample.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1983 Jun 25, 11(12), 4077 - 92
Solubilization and immune-detection of beta-galactosidase hybrid proteins carrying foreign antigenic determinants; Stanley KK; Three DNA fragments representing almost the entire E1 gene of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) were inserted into a cro-lacZ expression vector by oligo dC.oligo dG tailing . Fragments inserted close to the 5' end of the lacZ gene gave rise to hybrid proteins which were rapidly degraded . Insertion of the same fragments at the 3' end, however, resulted in the synthesis of stable hybrid proteins which precipitated in an insoluble form within the bacteria . Insufficient hybrid protein was soluble to allow detection by immunoradiometric assay . Colonies grown on nitrocellulose filters, however, could be solubilized in SDS and subsequently renatured such that antibodies raised against the intact or SDS-denatured E1 protein cross-reacted with the hybrid proteins in a high percentage of colonies . This model system demonstrates a simple procedure for identifying DNA exon fragments by the immunological detection of expressed hybrid proteins.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1983 Jun 15, 182(12), 1370 - 3
Gastroesophageal ulceration and candidiasis in foals; Gross TL et al.; Gastroesophageal candidiasis in association with ulceration was diagnosed in 5 foals in which signs of colic had been nonresponsive to medical treatment . The ulceration was found in the stomach of all foals and in the esophagus of 1 foal . Candida colonized hyperkeratotic mucosa surrounding the ulcers, and the associated inflammation resulted in splitting of the mucosal epithelium . Loss of the superficial mucosa may have allowed invasion by bacteria, leading to ulceration.

FEBS Lett, 1983 Jun 13, 156(2), 209 - 16
Isoelectric focusing and isoelectric points of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; Lorber B et al.; Isoelectric points and isoelectric focusing behaviour of 10 highly purified eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from 3 sources, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Euglena gracilis and Phaseolus vulgaris were examined . The pI-values measured on polyacrylamide gels under native conditions are situated between pH 5.0-7.5 . A microheterogeneity was observed for 9 enzymes appearing otherwise homogeneous on gel electrophoresis . A compilation of the isoelectric points of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is given and literature data are compared with our experimental results.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1983 Jun 11, 11(11), 3811 - 22
BAL 31 nuclease as a probe in concentrated salt for the B-Z DNA junction; Kilpatrick MW et al.; The BAL 31 nuclease, an extracellular nuclease from A . espejiana, specifically recognizes and cleaves the salt induced conformational junction between B and Z-DNA . Short segments of (dC-dG) left-handed Z-helix, comprising approximately 1% of the total DNA, are specifically detected within two different recombinant plasmids . The BAL 31 enzyme is highly resistant to inactivation by the presence of high concentrations of a variety of electrolytes that stabilize left-handed helices, is active at physiological pH, and can be used to probe both linear and circular DNAs . Additionally, the nuclease cleaves left-handed (dC-dG)n only very poorly, if at all . Thus, the BAL 31 nuclease can be utilized as a probe for helical junctions and consequently for segments of left-handed DNA that might exist within predominantly right-handed naturally occurring genomes.

Lymphology, 1983 Jun, 16(2), 115 - 20
Role of the spleen in pneumococcal infection; Hosea SW; Complement and the spleen interact in host defense against the encapsulated Pneumococcus, responsible for most OPSI . Splenectomized patients lack splenic phagocytes specialized to clear bacteria coated with only small amounts of IgG from the bloodstream, and they are unable to mount a sufficient antibody response for liver macrophages to overcome the defect.

Lab Anim Sci, 1983 Jun, 33(3), 290 - 1
Facial hair barbering in rats; Bresnahan JF et al.; Facial alopecia was observed in three of four adult, female, Fischer 344 rats sharing the same cage for 2 months . Alopecia was characterized by irregular areas of hair loss between the eyes, which occasionally extended below the eyes and between the ears . These areas were nonpruritic and were not associated with dermatophytes, pathogenic skin bacteria, or ectoparasites . When the unaffected rat was removed and allowed to cohabit with new cagemates, facial alopecia became apparent in those animals within 6 days, and the hair of the original cagemates grew back within 3 weeks . The alopecia was caused by hair barbering by a dominant female rat.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 17(6), 1132 - 40
Electrophoretic characterization of soluble protein extracts of Legionella pneumophila and other members of the family Legionellaceae; Lema M et al.; The soluble peptides of strains of Legionella pneumophila, Tatlockia micdadei, Fluoribacter bozemanae, Fluoribacter dumoffii, and Fluoribacter gormanii were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Characteristic patterns were seen for Legionella and Tatlockia strains, whereas the patterns for the Fluoribacter strains were variable as would be expected for this genetically heterogeneous group . Grouping by peptide pattern was consistent with proposed taxons based on DNA-DNA homology . By using a new silver stain technique, the sensitivity and ease of pattern recognition were enhanced significantly . This technique is an easily applied general method for distinguishing between strains in epidemiological studies.

J Anim Sci, 1983 Jun, 56(6), 1427 - 33
Effects of breed, diet and sex on the alkaline phosphatase activity in walls of the bovine rumen and abomasum; Fay JP et al.; Alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity in tissue samples, with adherent bacteria, was measured from two sites in the rumen and from two sites in the abomasum of 57 yearling Angus and Hereford bulls and heifers fed a high or a low energy diet . In the rumen, APase activity was higher at the caudoventral blind sac than at the dorsal sac in animals of both breeds fed the high energy diet and in Angus bulls fed the low energy diet, but the reverse was observed in Hereford bulls fed the low-energy diet (P less than .01) . In the abomasum, APase levels were higher for bulls than heifers (P less than .01) and higher at the fundic than at the pyloric region (P less than .01) . Morphological studies also showed that rumen samples from animals fed a high energy diet exhibited a more widely distributed APase activity and an increase in the digestive recycling of epithelial cells that produced some "pitting" of the tissue . The higher APase activity of the epithelial tissue of animals fed the high energy diet may be explained by the greater rate of cell death and renewal indicated by the higher mitotic index reported by other researchers who have studied the cell cycle of the rumen epithelium in ruminants fed high and low energy diets.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1983 Jun 1, 182(11), 1223 - 6
Suppurative cholangitis in cats; Hirsch VM et al.; Suppurative cholangitis in 5 aged cats was characterized clinically by weight loss, depression, dehydration, icterus, and fever . The major abnormal laboratory findings were a severe left shift of WBC and a high, conjugated bilirubin concentration consistent with an inflammatory process and cholestasis . Gross pathologic findings included periductal biliary fibrosis (4 cats), periductal pancreatic fibrosis (2 cats), cholelithiasis (2 cats), deformation of the gallbladder (2 cats), and chronic interstitial pancreatitis (2 cats) . Histopathologic findings in all cases were portal hepatic fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and suppurative exudate within dilated intrahepatic biliary ducts . Weight loss and portal fibrosis were suggestive of chronic, intermittent illness . The pathogenesis appeared to involve invasion of the bile duct by enteric bacteria . Cholangitis was observed to occur in association with pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, or anatomic abnormalities of the biliary tract.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1983 Jun, 127(6), 702 - 4
The pathogenesis of the low pleural fluid pH in esophageal rupture; Good JT Jr et al.; To determine the possible mechanisms responsible for the low pH pleural effusion associated with esophageal rupture we evaluated the following possibilities: (1) gastric acid reflux, (2) bacterial metabolism, and (3) leukocyte metabolism . Neither elimination of gastric hydrogen ion contribution by distal esophageal ligation nor elimination of bacteria with antibiotics prevented the progressive fall in pleural fluid pH after esophageal rupture . Only elimination of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the pleural space by rendering animals leukopenic with nitrogen mustard, prevented a low pH effusion after esophageal rupture . It appears that pleural fluid leukocyte metabolism is primarily responsible for the low pH effusion associated with esophageal rupture.

J Pathol, 1983 Jun, 140(2), 77 - 90
Ultrastructure of pulmonary alveoli and macrophages in experimental Legionnaires' disease; Baskerville A et al.; Guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys and marmosets infected with Legionella pneumophila in small particle aerosols developed an acute fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia . Changes from 24 hr included exudation into alveoli of protein-rich, often fibrinous fluid and many polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and macrophages . Damage to alveolar capillary endothelium consisted of widespread cytoplasmic swelling and vesiculation, but necrosis of endothelium and the associated alveolar epithelium was focal and less common . Phagocytosis of L . pneumophila organisms was predominantly by macrophages, but the bacteria were also seen in PMN . Free organisms were present in alveoli and capillary lumina at all stages of the infection but were not observed in lung parenchymal cells . Some infected macrophages and PMN became necrotic and lysed to release intact bacteria . In all species of experimental animal, intracytoplasmic aggregations of granular material, believed to be glycogen, were seen frequently in macrophages and PMN which had phagocytosed L . pneumophila . These deposits of glycogen may reflect either an increased energy demand by the host cell or an interference with its carbohydrate metabolism.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Jun, 154(3), 1137 - 44
Synthesis and assembly of flagellar components by Caulobacter crescentus motility mutants; Johnson RC et al.; Cultures of wild-type Caulobacter crescentus and strains with fla mutations representing 24 genes were pulse-labeled with 14C-amino acids and analyzed by immunoprecipitation to study the synthesis of flagellar components . Most fla mutants synthesize flagellin proteins at a reduced rate, suggesting the existence of some mechanism to prevent the accumulation of unpolymerized flagellin subunits . Two strains contain deletions that appear to remove a region necessary for this regulation . The hook protein does not seem to be subject to this type of regulation and, in addition, appears to be synthesized as a faster-sedimenting precursor . Mutations in a number of genes result in the appearance of degradation products of either the flagellin or the hook proteins . Mutations in flaA, -X, -Y, or -Z result in the production of filaments (stubs) that contain altered ratios of the flagellin proteins . In some flaA mutants, other flagellin-related proteins were assembled into the stub structures in addition to the flagellins normally present . Taken together, these analyses have begun to provide insight into the roles of individual fla genes in flagellum biogenesis in C . crescentus.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1983 Jun, 14(2), 255 - 9
A study of commensal rodents and shrews with reference to the parasites of medical importance in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand; Chenchittikul M et al.; A total of 622 and 110 commensal and forest rodents and shrews was examined in the urban and rural areas of Chanthaburi Province, Thailand . A higher density of commensal animals was found in urban than rural areas . Five enteropathogenic bacteria, and four helminth species of significant medical importance were collected . The Oriental rat-flea, X . cheopis was found prevalent among these animals . The findings of adult A . cantonensis worm in S . murinus the first reported case of the parasite developed into adult in an abnormal host.

Rev Esp Fisiol, 1983 Jun, 39(2), 183 - 92
{Possible role of biliverdin as an initiator of liver regeneration}; Castell J et al.; Biliverdin has been proposed as the biological signal that triggers liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, since a transitory increase of plasma levels is found shortly after partial hepatectomy . We have carried out a detailed study to establish the feasibility of such a hypothesis . When biliverdin is administered i.p., it binds to albumin . This became evident by electrophoresis and affinity chromatography . Biliverdin disappears from the peritoneal cavity following a 1st order kinetics (t 1/2 = 40 min, K = 0.0175 min -1) . Biliverdin reductase activity in the peritoneal exudate was high (1.04 mumol Bv min -1/mg protein), and very small amounts of biliverdin in comparison to the administered dose were found in plasma . However, unconjugated bilirubin level was high in plasma and the conjugated bilirubin in bile flux reached its maximum 90 min after administration . On the basis of blood elimination of biliverdin when administered intravenously (t 1/2 = 11 min, K = 0.068 min -1), a series of experiments was designed to reproduce the levels of plasma biliverdin as found shortly after partial hepatectomy . Our results showed a total absence of liver regeneration . There is, however, increase of the mitotic index if biliverdin is administered intraperitoneally . This effect is not directly related to biliverdin but to unspecific (?) stimulation of peritoneal cavity since the same effect was obtained after administration of unrelated substances (diatomaceous earth, killed bacteria) . The mitotic figures did not incorporate 3H-thymidine, and it is suggested that those cells came from a G2 blocked quiescent cell population in liver . We therefore conclude that biliverdin is not the physiological trigger of liver regeneration.

Arch Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 134(3), 227 - 32
O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase and S-sulfocysteine synthase activities of Rhodospirillum tenue; Hensel G et al.; O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase in cell-free extracts of Rhodospirillum tenue was markedly repressed after growth in the presence of sulfide or thiosulfate, whereas S-sulfocysteine synthase activity remained almost unchanged . Purification on DE52 cellulose resulted in the separation of two proteins: Protein I with a molecular weight of 57000 had O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase activity only, while protein II with a molecular weight of 46000 had S-sulfocysteine synthase activity in addition . The activity of protein II with O-acetylserine plus sulfide was about 1.5 of that with O-acetylserine plus thiosulfate . Protein I from sulfate-grown cells possessed 74% of the total O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, protein II 26% . Growth with sulfide repressed only the synthesis of protein I, which after separation showed only 19% of the measurable O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, whereas protein II now possessed 81% . Regulatory and kinetic phenomena of the two activities were studied . In addition to the phototrophic bacteria studied earlier, also Rhodomicrobium vannielii, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, Rhodocyclus purpureus and Thiocystis violacea were found to contain O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase activities; the latter two species contained S-sulfocysteine synthase activities in addition.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1983 Jun, 49(2), 167 - 72
Glyoxylate conversion by Hyphomicrobium species grown on allantoin as nitrogen source; Van der Drift C et al.; Glyoxylate, formed as a result of allantoin degradation, is converted by Hyphomicrobium species to glycerate via tartronate semialdehyde . Glyoxylate carboligase and tartronate semialdehyde reductase, the two enzymes involved, are present only in cells grown on allantoin as nitrogen source.

J Periodontol, 1983 Jun, 54(6), 354 - 6
The evaluation of a new technique for anaerobic sampling of deep periodontal pockets; Gajewska M et al.; A new technique for the anaerobic sampling of deep periodontal pockets has been developed and evaluated in vitro and in vivo . The mean percentage difference of total viable counts from pairs of samples from nine deep periodontal pockets was found to be 76.4% . This compared favorably with an established technique for which the equivalent figure was 147.4% . Evidence was obtained that the first sample taken with the new sampler depleted the site . When correction was made for that effect, the mean percentage difference was found to be 31.1% . That value was in good agreement with the variation obtained by taking repeat samples from centrifuged deposits of pure cultures of bacteria.

Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol, 1983 Jun, 26(3), 279 - 98
{Plasma fibronectin}; Goudemand M; Fibronectin (FN) is a glycoprotein (disulfite-bonded dimer of 200 to 220 Kd submits) found in a soluble form in blood (concentration 250--500 microg/ml), it can be removed from it by cryoprecipitation and affinity chromatography on gelatin or heparin-agarose . It is also found in an insoluble fibrillar form as a component of connective tissue matrix like collagen, proteoglycans.. . FN fundamentally forms molecular complexes with collagen, fibrinogen or fibrin, heparin, activated factor XIII, bacteria, cellular membranes..., these various proteins binding with now well known functional "domains" on subunits . Thus FN mediates adhesion of cells to cells as well to biomaterials or tissue, cell migration and chemotactic activity, tissue stromal organization.. . The transformed cultured cells in presence of oncogen virus loose ability to secrete FN which contribute to their invasive tendency . FN also interacts with hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems, as component of the subendothelium (secreted, like Willbrand factor, by endothelial cells) and of platelet alpha-granules released by stimulated platelets . FN could then provoke platelet spreading on the subendothelium surface after collagen-platelet adhesion, triggered by Willebrand factor, has happened . FN is a part of the fibrinous clot . It participates in anchorage of the clot to subendothelium and mediates its colonisation by fibroblasts, first step to wound reparation . Lastly FN probably has an important role in organism defence . It acts as a non-immunological opsonin, promoting phagocytosis by RES macrophages of bacteria, cellular or fibrin fragments, immune complexes.. . present in blood . Plasmatic FN concentration is strongly decreased in several ill patients following major trauma, extensive burns, shock, sepsis, with or not evidence of DIVC, of respiratory distress.. . SABA and various other authors have obtained good results after injections of FN (as cryoprecipitates or concentrated fractions) . It is yet necessary to confirm therapeutic role of FN.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Jun, 177(5), 402 - 5
Direct demonstration and isolation of Legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) from bathroom water specimens in a hotel; Sethi KK et al.; Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 organisms were isolated from one sample of water originating from a shower head in a bathroom of a hotel . Seven of the 16 swab specimens collected from 2 different sites of the hotel bathrooms revealed fluorescing bacteria in direct fluorescent antibody test . The significance of present observations in relation to the cluster of L . pneumophila infections diagnosed recently in Berlin among a group of visitors who stayed in this hotel has been discussed.

Cell Struct Funct, 1983 Jun, 8(2), 91 - 107
Subcellular compartments and protein topogenesis; Tashiro Y; A cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane . It contains various organelles, most of which are enclosed by limiting membranes . The intracellular space is thus divided into a number of subcellular compartments . Structurally, a cell is composed of membranes and the spaces enclosed by those membranes . In order to classify these compartments, the extracellular space has been designated S1 and whenever a unit membrane structure is crossed to arrive at the next space, one is added to term; the cytoplasmic space becomes S2, the intraluminal space of the endoplasmic reticulum and the intermembrane space of the mitochondria S3, and the matrix space of the mitochondria S4 . Similarly, the plasma membrane is M1, the outer membrane of the mitochondria M2, and the inner counterpart M3 . This classification of the subcellular compartments is useful in understanding a number of complicated cellular structures and functions . The intracellular transport of newly synthesized protein (protein topogenesis) and the probable development of subcellular organelles during phylogenesis of eukaryotic cells is discussed in terms of these subcellular compartments.

Int Dent J, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 127 - 36
Indications and rationale for non-surgical periodontal therapy; Lang NP; Non-surgical periodontal therapy, including patient motivation, instruction in oral hygiene and thorough scaling and root planing has been shown to be an acceptable and effective treatment for chronic destructive periodontitis . Even in deep periodontal pockets clinical attachment levels may be maintained by scaling and root planing alone provided that effective plaque control is assured by recall appointments at regular intervals . Even if personal oral hygiene procedures do not reach the required standard of perfection, non-surgical periodontal therapy may significantly delay the loss of periodontal attachment . Scaling and root planing are best performed with hand instruments . Ultrasonic devices save some time but leave rough root surfaces which are highly susceptible to the accumulation of further subgingival plaque . The intervals at which scaling and root planing have to be performed in order to alter successfully the pathogenic subgingival flora and to maintain a flora consistent with periodontal health have not been conclusively established . The limitations of non-surgical periodontal therapy lie within the operator's skill at gaining access to all root surfaces in furcations and deep periodontal pockets . Non-surgical periodontal therapy may have to extend over long time periods . For this reason, limited flap surgery in order to gain access to root surfaces, which would otherwise be too time-consuming to treat with scaling and root planing alone, might still be valuable.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983 Jun, 80(11), 3480 - 4
Whole-body irradiation of deuterated mice by the 10B(n, alpha)7Li reaction; Slatkin DN et al.; Specific pathogen-free mice, 8-12 wk of age, were supplied with either acidified tap water or acidified 30 atom % 2H2O in tap water . Thirteen days later, when body water deuterium was about 20 atom %, mice were irradiated either by neutrons or by x-rays after intraperitoneal injection of boric acid . Mortality from whole-body neutron-boron radiation, unlike mortality from whole-body x-radiation, was not lowered by such deuteration . Time intervals to death of neutron-irradiated mice were compatible with the gastrointestinal syndrome . Neither species nor numbers of colonic bacteria were measurably altered by deuteration alone . Because the toxic, nonlethal range of deuterium substitution for aqueous hydrogen in mammals is approximately 1/5th to 1/3rd, these results indicate that partial deuteration of human tissues would improve neutron capture therapy of deep tumors . Neutron penetration would be enhanced and damage to normal tissues from photons would be decreased . The number of deuterium recoils due to neutron capture by hydrogen would also be decreased.

Tropenmed Parasitol, 1983 Jun, 34(2), 122 - 8
The fine structure of adult Onchocerca volvulus IV . The hypodermal chords of the female worm; Franz M et al.; The morphology of the hypodermal chords in the anterior, midbody and posterior region and in worms of different ages are described and the amphids, the cephalic papillae and the nerve ring are demonstrated . At the anterior end, the hypodermal cap comprises the sensory organs . Close behind, the hypodermal chords are differentiated, and several cell margins are found in all of them . Four sublateral chords are differentiated, and several cell margins are found in all of them . Four sublateral chords are also found in the anterior region . A row of median cells is found between the dorsal and ventral syncytia further behind and at the posterior end . In the midbody region, the lateral chords are very large but without central cells . Various particles and inclusions such as bacteria, dense bodies and fibrils are found in the plasm of the hypodermal chords . A large multilayered inclusion was found in the degenerating chord of a female worm at least five years old.

Cell, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 607 - 14
Transcription terminates in yeast distal to a control sequence; Henikoff S et al.; We have investigated transcription termination on a segment of Drosophila DNA that complements a yeast adenine-8 mutation . Poly(A)+ RNA transcribed from this segment in yeast terminates at multiple sites clustered just beyond an AAUAAA sequence implicated in polyadenylation of higher eucaryotic messages . Deletion analysis indicates that, in yeast, this sequence is not required for polyadenylation . Rather, transcription termination is signalled by a region that is upstream of the AAUAAA sequence . At least part of the control region appears to be an 8-base pair (bp) sequence also found in the termination control region of the yeast CYC1 gene . Termination sites for the various deletions show a clear sequence preference . These sites occur in clusters at least 50 bp downstream of the control region, suggesting similarities between termination in yeast and p-dependent termination in bacteria.

Am J Pathol, 1983 Jun, 111(3), 273 - 81
Characterization of the rat neutrophil formyl peptide chemotaxis receptor; Marasco WA et al.; Numerous synthetic N-formylated peptides, believed to be the analogs of the naturally occurring initiating signal peptides produced by bacteria, are potent chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells in several species . The authors have characterized the receptor with moderately high affinity for the chemotactic peptide f-Met-Leu-{3H}Phe on the rat peritoneal neutrophils . When neutrophils are incubated with f-Met-Leu-{3H}Phe at 24 C, the binding is saturable and reversible . The receptor on the inflammatory rat neutrophils has an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 3.4 x 10(-8) M at 24 C, and there are approximately 65,000 sites per cell . In addition, the potency of several of these chemotactic peptides in inducing lysosomal enzyme secretion and superoxide production correlated well with their ability to compete with f-Met-Leu-{3H}Phe for receptor binding . Structure activity studies further demonstrate that the fine specificity of the formyl peptide receptor has been conserved across species lines.

Aktuelle Traumatol, 1983 Jun, 13(3), 120 - 3
{Local treatment of post-traumatic infections with debrisorb}; Hertz H et al.; Debrisan is an highly hydrophilic dextran polymer in the form of dry, spheric beads . When dry Debrisan beads are placed on a wound, the wound secretions are sucked up into and between the beads . No crust is formed on the wound . Bacteria and granular substances are removed with the secretions . In a prospective study 20 patients were treated with Debrisan . 8 patients had local wound infections and there was a healing-up inert 6.1 days in every case . 12 patients with osteomyelitis had a poor result in 3 cases, because they had still fistulization after 10 days procedure . The treatment of osteomyelitis must be surgical in the first place . Debrisan may only have the character of an adjuvans.

J Immunol, 1983 Jun, 130(6), 2899 - 902
Human monoclonal antibodies to a genus-specific chlamydial antigen, produced by EBV-transformed B cells; Rosen A et al.; Stable B cell lines producing human monoclonal antibodies to Chlamydia were established from salpingitis patients in the early convalescence phase . The antibody-producing cells were immortalized by Epstein Barr virus (EBV) transformation . Specific antibody-secreting clones were enriched by a stepwise microtiter plate cloning procedure . The selected B cell clones showed stable antibody production for more than 1 yr in continuous culture . Serologic specificity was demonstrated by micro-immunofluorescence (micro-IF) tests against a panel of Chlamydia reference strains . The antibodies were of the IgG1 subclass, and complement fixation could be demonstrated for one clone . There was no cross-reactivity against a large number of other bacteria . The monoclonal antibodies are directed against a common genus-specific surface antigen of the Chlamydia organism . Infected McCoy cells showed a brilliant, punctuated fluorescence surrounded by an inclusion membrane . Compared with conventional antisera, the monoclonal antibodies showed a clearer fluorescence pattern with very low background.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Jun, 154(3), 1104 - 9
Intermediary metabolism in Legionella pneumophila: utilization of amino acids and other compounds as energy sources; Tesh MJ et al.; The utilization of amino acids and other compounds as carbon and energy sources by Legionella pneumophila was examined . Based on the stimulation of oxygen consumption in washed-cell suspensions, glutamate, serine, threonine, and tyrosine were the only amino acids which were utilized as energy sources . Other stimulators of oxygen uptake were lactate, pyruvate, acetate, fumarate, and succinate . Citrate was a good stimulator only when the bacteria were grown in the presence of the substrate . Radiolabeling studies showed that {14C}glutamate was rapidly metabolized, with the label distributed evenly in all cell fractions . {14C}pyruvate and {14C}acetate were incorporated into the lipid-containing cell fraction, whereas glucose and glycerol were found in both the lipid- and polysaccharide-containing cell fractions . Radiorespirometry of differentially labeled {14C}glucose indicated that this compound was metabolized primarily by the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways rather than by the glycolytic pathway.

FEBS Lett, 1983 May 2, 155(1), 61 - 4
Biogenesis of methane in primate dental plaque; Kemp CW et al.; Dental plaque samples collected from monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were found to contain a large amount of dissolved methane gas (0.6 nmol CH4/mg wet wt plaque) . Enrichment cultures inoculated with dental plaque obtained from Macaca fascicularis produced methane when the medium contained ethanol, methanol, lactate, acetate or a hydrogen + CO2 atmosphere . Methane formation in the enrichments was inhibited by oxidation of the culture medium, autoclaving or the addition of 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES) . The methane producing enrichments were observed to contain fluorescent cocci occurring singly and in short chains . It was concluded that methane formation in the monkey dental plaque was the result of the presence of methanogenic bacteria.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1983 May-Jun, 38(5-6), 501 - 4
The possible common origin of tRNA and 5S rRNA; Ujhelyi M; Seryl tRNA (anticodon GCU) from mammalian mitochondria shows in comparison to other mitochondrial tRNAs additional special features differing from the generalized tRNA model . When arranged in the traditional cloverleaf form, eight bases fall within the T psi C loop, and the entire dihydrouridine loop is lacking . This seryl tRNA molecule is therefore shorter than other tRNAs . It was originally thought to represent a mitochondrial analog of 5S rRNA and its precise classification is still disputed . The present studies suggest that this mitochondrial tRNA represents a fossil molecule which is related to the common ancestor of the present tRNA and 5S rRNA molecules.

Mol Cell Biol, 1983 May, 3(5), 787 - 95
Isolation and characterization of full-length cDNA clones for human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-actin mRNAs: skeletal but not cytoplasmic actins have an amino-terminal cysteine that is subsequently removed; Gunning P et al.; cDNA clones encoding three classes of human actins have been isolated and characterized . The first two classes (gamma and beta, cytoplasmic actins) were obtained from a cDNA library constructed from simian virus 40-transformed human fibroblast mRNA, and the third class (alpha, muscle actin) was obtained from a cDNA library constructed from adult human muscle mRNA . A new approach was developed to enrich for full-length cDNAs . The human fibroblast cDNA plasmid library was linearized with restriction enzymes that did not cut the inserts of interest; it was then size-fractionated on gels, and the chimeric molecules of optimal length were selected for retransformation of bacteria . When the resulting clones were screened for actin-coding sequences it was found that some full-length cDNAs were enriched as much as 50- to 100-fold relative to the original frequency of full-length clones in the total library . Two types of clones were distinguished . One of these clones encodes gamma actin and contains 100 base pairs of 5' untranslated region, the entire protein coding region, and the 3' untranslated region . The second class encodes beta actin, and the longest such clone contains 45 base pairs of 5' untranslated region plus the remainder of the mRNA extending to the polyadenylic acid tail . A third class, obtained from the human muscle cDNA library, encodes alpha actin and contains 100 base pairs of 5' untranslated region, the entire coding region, and the 3' untranslated region . Analysis of the DNA sequences of the 5' end of the clones demonstrated that although beta- and gamma-actin genes start with a methionine codon (MET-Asp-Asp-Asp and MET-Glu-Glu-Glu, respectively), the alpha-actin gene starts with a methionine codon followed by a cysteine codon (MET-CYS-Asp-Glu-Asp-Glu) . Since no known actin proteins start with a cysteine, it is likely that post-translational removal of cysteine in addition to methionine accompanies alpha-actin synthesis but not beta- and gamma-actin synthesis . This observation has interesting implications both for actin function and actin gene regulation and evolution.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 May, 17(5), 878 - 86
Concurrent comparability of automated systems and commercially prepared microdilution trays for susceptibility testing; Hansen SL et al.; Susceptibility test results from 100 clinical isolates, using the AMS, MS-2, Autobac MTS, Micro-Media system, and Sensititre, were compared with results from the proposed National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference microdilution method for minimum inhibitory concentrations and with Bauer-Kirby results . Isolates were tested concurrently by each method on consecutive days to obtain duplicate results . The data were computer analyzed, using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for break point interpretation . Analysis was centered on drug-organism combinations and not on overall percent correlation . Data were analyzed for comparability to the reference methods and for reproducibility within each system . Commercial system results were very reproducible . Results from 4- to 8-h tests (AMS, MS-2, MTS) gave more very major discrepancies when compared with either reference method than did results from 15- to 18-h systems (Micro-Media, Sensititre).

Farmaco {Sci}, 1983 May, 38(5), 352 - 9
{Molecular structure with potential inhibitory action on the biosynthesis of FAH4}; Pecorari P et al.; Molecules formed by two pharmacophoric synthons--4-H2N--C6H4--SO2NH--and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine--were prepared . These structural units, with sulphamidic and antifolic action respectively, are bound without mutual electronic interaction, as demonstrated by their experimental electronic indices . The compounds were tested for activity on several bacterial strains and their biological activity was compared with that of molecular combinations formed by 4-aminobenzensulphonamide and substituted 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, to discover whether these two pharmacophoric synthons, so bound, are synergic.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1983 May, 223(1), 235 - 53
Chromophoric derivatives of coenzyme MF430, a proposed coenzyme of methanogenesis in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; Keltjens JT et al.; Factors F430 are nickel tetrapyrroles from methanogenic bacteria . Two methods are described to extract these compounds from cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, namely, by boiling with 40% ethanol and by treatment of disrupted cells with HClO4 at pH 2 and 0 degrees C . The subsequent purification procedures involving column chromatography are outlined . Ethanol extraction yielded one yellow compound which will be denoted coenzyme MF430 (CoMF430) . Extraction with HCIO4 yielded a yellow derivative, called Factor F430II, and a red component (F560) . In addition, a number of derivatives were prepared by preparative thin-layer chromatography, acid hydrolysis, and methanolysis of acid hydrolyzates . On the basis of ultraviolet-visible light absorption and mass spectral data, it was concluded that the methylated chromophores obtained by treatment of acid hydrolyzates are derivatives of Ni(II)sirohydrochlorin and its pi-cation radical . Reduction studies and ultraviolet-visible light, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy indicate that the chromophoric derivatives of CoMF430 differ from the native compound with respect to the reduction level of the tetrapyrrole and the structural elements that are attached to the chromophore.

Clin Radiol, 1983 May, 34(3), 347 - 51
Sinography in chronic fistulating osteomyelitis in sickle-cell anaemia; Ebong WW et al.; The sinographic appearances in 18 long bones of 14 consecutive patients with sickle-cell anaemia and chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis were studied prospectively; the observed features were compared with the plain radiographic and operative findings . Four sinographic patterns were noted: (1) infected bone cavities with or without sequestra; (2) extensive soft-tissue tracks, alone or in association with infected bone cavities; (3) narrow, wavy intramedullary tracks; (4) short sinus tracks in the soft tissue . Plain films were of no value in demonstrating the presence and extent of soft-tissue and narrow intramedullary tracks; they failed to show infected bone cavities in four instances because of very sclerotic bone . The sinographic features correlated well with the operative findings and contributed significantly to the choice of definitive treatment in 13 out of the 18 bones.

Anesthesiology, 1983 May, 58(5), 456 - 9
Halothane inhibits the microbicidal oxidative activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages; Welch WD; The effect of clinical concentrations of halothane on the microbicidal oxidative activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) was investigated . PAM oxidative activity {generation of the microbicidal oxidative intermediates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and superoxide anions (O2-)} was assessed using luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescence (CL) . Whereas luminol CL is an indicator of oxidative activity due to H2O2, OH, or O2-, lucigenin CL provides an ultrasensitive measurement of O2- generation . The use of both chemoluminigenic probes thus enables a detailed analysis of PAM oxidative function . Exposure of PAM to 3, 2, and 1% halothane vaporized in air significantly inhibited both luminol (23-46%) and lucigenin (30-51%) CL responses, P less than 0.01 . Halothane-treated PAM exposed to air recovered to the extent that their luminol CL responses were significantly greater than control (no halothane) experiments . Lucigenin reaction mixtures given halothane then air showed less inhibition than PAM treated with halothane only . These results suggest that 1) the generation of O2- and to a lesser extent other oxidative metabolites are decreased following halothane exposure, and 2) this inhibition is reversible.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 411 - 4
The behaviour of Azospirillum spp . in the presence of plant growth hormones; Silveira-Schrank I et al.; Tests were carried out to determine the effects of commercial preparations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA) and kinetin, separately and in combination, on Azospirillum lipoferum and A . brasilense . These hormones showed no effect upon morphology, growth rate, or oxygen uptake . Some random effects of GA, kinetin and the combination of hormones--but not of IAA alone--were observed on the number of viable cells . IAA, in the concentrations 0.001-1.0 microgram/ml, inhibited nitrogenase in A . lipoferum but not in A . brasilense . GA and kinetin separately and in combination with IAA had no influence on nitrogenase activity.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 May, 129 (Pt 5), 1317 - 25
The size and structure of the DNA genome of symbiont xenosome particles in the ciliate Parauronema acutum; Soldo AT et al.; The size and structure of the DNA genome of xenosomes, bacterial endosymbionts of the marine hymenostome ciliate, Parauronema acutum 110-3, were investigated . Renaturation kinetic measurements, determined optically and by hydroxyapatite chromatography, suggested a genome size of 0.34 x 10(9) daltons . Sedimentation rate measurements of DNA gently released from the symbionts yielded molecules of comparable size . The analytical complexity, determined chemically, was 3.03 x 10(9) daltons . Consistent with these and other data is a model for the structure of the symbiont genome in which the DNA exists in the form of nine circularly permuted, double-stranded DNA molecules of unique sequence, each of molecular weight 0.34 x 10(9) . It is suggested that xenosomes and certain symbionts found in ciliated protozoa may be extant forms of once free-living bacteria that have adapted to the intracellular environment.

J Dairy Sci, 1983 May, 66(5), 1198 - 203
Cost benefit analysis of lactation therapy with somatic cell counts as indications for treatment; McDermott MP et al.; Lactating dairy cows (487) from five commercial herds were in a study of benefits from lactation therapy of sub-clinical mastitis . Bacterial isolations and composite milk samples for somatic cell counts were taken from each cow each month for 15 mo . Cows (254) in the experimental group were infused with cephapirin in all quarters for two consecutive milkings if somatic cell counts rose above 400,000 cells/ml; 103 cows were so treated . Stepwise regression showed that lactation number, somatic cell counts, days in milk, and percent quarters infected explained variation in milk production, but treatment group, herd, and season did not . Also, there were no significant differences between production of infected experimental and control cows with high somatic cell counts on test dates after treatment . With the experimental program, there was a net loss of +19.65/cow . Intramammary lactation therapy based on somatic cell counts less than 400,000 cells/ml is not recommended.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 May, 129 (Pt 5), 1387 - 95
Kinetics of adherence of Actinomyces viscosus to saliva-coated silica and hydroxyapatite beads; Myerthall DL et al.; Adherence of 14C-labelled strains of Actinomyces viscosus to uncoated and saliva-coated silica and hydroxyapatite beads had both loose and firm components, probably reflecting different subpopulations of bacteria within a single culture . Adherence was characterized by the proportion of bacteria available for each type of adherence and a constant (Kb) for each combination of bacterial strain and bead surface . Loose adherence, which was greater with silica than with hydroxyapatite beads, always involved many more bacteria than firm adherence . Firm adherence was greater with A . viscosus WVU627 than A . viscosus TF11 . The association rate constants (Ka) for loose and firm adherence were similar, indicating simultaneous processes, but the dissociation rate constant (Kd) was lower for loose adherence than for firm adherence . Removal of loosely adhering bacteria by washing may only reflect their distance from the bead surface . Silica beads were convenient for studying bacterial adherence and formed an acceptable coating of salivary glycoprotein.

J Bacteriol, 1983 May, 154(2), 591 - 7
Estimation of the cytoplasmic pH of Coxiella burnetii and effect of substrate oxidation on proton motive force; Hackstadt T; The magnitude of the proton motive force generated during in vitro substrate oxidation by Coxiella burnetii was examined . The intracellular pH of C . burnetii varied from about 5.1 to 6.95 in resting cells over an extracellular pH range of 2 to 7 . Similarly, delta psi varied from about 15 mV to -58 mV over approximately the same range of extracellular pH . Both components of the proton motive force increased during substrate oxidation, resulting in an increase in proton motive force from about -92 mV in resting cells to -153 mV in cells metabolizing glutamate at pH 4.2 . The respiration-dependent increase in proton motive force was blocked by respiratory inhibitors, but the delta pH was not abolished even by the addition of proton ionophores such as carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone or 2,4-dinitrophenol . Because of this apparently passive component of delta pH maintenance, the largest proton motive force was obtained at an extracellular pH too low to permit respiration . C . burnetii appears, therefore, to behave in many respects like other acidophilic bacteria . Such responses are proposed to contribute to the extreme resistance of C . burnetii to environmental conditions and subsequent activation upon entry into the phagolysosome of eucaryotic cells in which this organism multiplies.

J Immunol, 1983 May, 130(5), 2266 - 70
Characterization of a suppressor cell-activating factor (SCAF) released by adherent cells treated with M . tuberculosis; Wadee AA et al.; Peripheral blood adherent cells ingesting killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis release a suppressor cell-activating factor (SCAF) into their culture supernatants . When adherent cells ingested 125I-labeled M . tuberculosis, radioactivity could be detected in the supernatant within 2 hr . When this supernatant was fractionated on a Sepharose 2B column, the fraction with suppressor cell-activating activity was also found to contain the majority of the radiolabel, which suggests that the macrophage processed bacteria (or bacterial product) constituted the major portion of the SCAF . This fraction also contained a high proportion of lipid, and the fraction with suppressor activity resided purely within the phospholipid fraction . By employing thin layer chromatography, the phospholipids responsible were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol . These results indicate that when macrophages ingest mycobacteria, they release phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol of bacterial origin into their culture supernatants, which are responsible for activating suppressor T cells.

J Clin Pathol, 1983 May, 36(5), 595 - 7
Comparative study of subculture, Gram staining and acridine orange staining for early detection of positive blood cultures; Mascart G et al.; In view of the importance of a rapid aetiological diagnosis in septicaemia, we compared the results of subculture, Gram staining and acridine orange staining in the detection of positive blood cultures . The study was based on 1013 blood cultures of which 138 were positive by culture . The three techniques were applied 12 h after the specimen was taken in 210 instances, at 24 h in 540 instances and after 48 h in 525 . We were able to demonstrate the value of direct examination . Staining with acridine orange yields more positive results than Gram staining and is also simpler.

J Bacteriol, 1983 May, 154(2), 632 - 9
Evidence for a glutamine synthetase-chromatophore association in the phototroph Rhodospirillum rubrum: purification, properties, and regulation of the enzyme; Yoch DC et al.; The characteristics of soluble and membrane-bound glutamine synthetase (GS) from Rhodospirillum rubrum were compared with those of the enzyme located in situ (measured in detergent-treated cells) . The results suggest that in vivo GS may be associated with, or bound to, the chromatophore membranes . GS was found to reversibly associate and dissociate from purified chromatophores as a function of the ionic strength of the buffer or the Mg2+ concentration . Solubilized GS was purified to homogeneity and found to be similar to the GS of enteric bacteria in that its molecular weight was about 600,000 and it had one type of subunit of 51,000 molecular weight . Removal of GS from the membrane had no effect on the Km values for the substrates of the biosynthetic reaction, but it did have a substantial effect on both its Mg2+ requirement (the Km increased 10-fold) and the sensitivity of the gamma-glutamyl transferase reaction to the inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (the I0.5 decreased from 1,500 to 60 microM) . Both observations suggest that the active site of GS is influenced by its association with the membrane . GS activity was shown to respond to NH4+, phosphodiesterase, Mg2+, and adenylylation cofactors in a manner identical to that of the GS of the coliform bacteria, suggesting that the former may also respond to adenylylation and deadenylylation . Finally, R . rubrum GS was also inhibited by NH4+ by a newly observed, as yet undefined, system.

Science, 1983 Apr 22, 220(4595), 415 - 7
Neutrophil pseudoplatelets: their discrimination by myeloperoxidase demonstration; Hanker JS et al.; Neutrophils, especially in acute infection or the myeloid leukemias, may shed platelet-sized particles that can readily be distinguished from true platelets because they contain neutrophil myeloperoxidase . This enzyme, unlike platelet peroxidase, is not inhibited by glutaraldehyde . The myeloperoxidase and acid hydrolase levels and continuous plasma membranes of these cell-like particles suggest that they are functional cellular entities . They further differ from platelets in that they contain nuclear remnants, occur in bacteria-laden pus and inflammatory exudates, are ingested by macrophages, and do not adhere to each other or aggregate . They could be involved in the immune response to pathogens or contribute to trauma and healing by facilitating deployment of neutrophil acid hydrolase, neutral protease, and myeloperoxidase.

Fortschr Med, 1983 Apr 7, 101(13), 555 - 8, 559-60
{Vaccination against hepatitis . Present and future}; Ruger R et al.; Hepatitis A virus, a member of the picornavirus group, has been adapted to growth in cell culture . Recently developed inactivated vaccines and attenuated hepatitis A strains are presently used in first field advance . Hepatitis B virus is prototype of the hepadna virus group . Based on purification of viral surface antigene (HBs Ag) from human sera, a safe and effective vaccine has been developed, which is now available for general use . Future vaccines against hepatitis B are presently developed with methods of modern genetic engineering . These vaccines will be based on the in vitro synthesis of oligopeptides or on expression of cloned viral DNA in bacteria, yeast cells or tissue cultures . The nature of the agents causing non-A-non-B hepatitis is still unknown . Thus there is no method available now to develop a procedure for immunoprevention of non-A-non-B hepatitis.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Apr, 44(4), 662 - 8
Experimental infections of horses with Legionella pneumophila; Cho SN et al.; Attempts to infect horses with Legionella pneumophila were undertaken to determine pathogenicity and to evaluate the possibility that horses serve as a reservoir for the organism . A previous study showed that the prevalence of antibodies to L pneumophila in the equine population exceeded 30% of over 600 sera examined . Horses were infected experimentally with the Philadelphia 1 or Bloomington 2 strain of L pneumophila IV or by aerosolization . Signs of clinical illness were restricted to a transient febrile response . A transient decrease in circulating lymphocytes occurred 2 days after inoculation . At necropsy, only moderate generalized lymphadenopathy was noted . Histologically, the lungs contained evidence of a low-grade inflammatory response characterized by focal proliferation of alveolar lining cells, with few neutrophils and eosinophils . Lymph nodes had evidence of reactive hyperplasia . The tissue response to Bloomington 2 strain was slightly more pronounced than that to Philadelphia 1 . Attempts to reisolate L pneumophila from blood and nasal or pharyngeal swabs were unsuccessful . The organism was not isolated by culturing tissues obtained at necropsy, nor was it demonstrated by tissue-staining techniques . However, all horses exhibited a marked increase in agglutinating antibodies to L pneumophila serogroups (SG) 1 and 3 as early as 4 days after inoculation . The serologic response was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and was shown to consist predominantly of immunoglobulin M by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment . Agglutinating antibodies persisted at least 4 months after infection . On the basis of these studies, the pathogenicity of L pneumophila SG 1 and 3 for the horse appears to be low . There is no evidence to support a role for the horse in the maintenance of these organisms in nature . Horses may be exposed in the environment and maintain a relatively long-lived serologic response to L pneumophila . However, it is also possible that they become infected with other strains of L pneumophila or Legionella-like organisms more pathogenic for horses, or other non-Legionella bacteria, which elicit a cross-reacting serologic response to L pneumophila SG 1 to 4.

J Pediatr Surg, 1983 Apr, 18(2), 138 - 40
Hydrops of the gallbladder in children; Rumley TO et al.; Gallbladder disease in children today is being diagnosed increasingly because of better awareness of its existence and of improved diagnostic capability . A case is presented to describe an unusual pathologic variant termed "acute hydrops" of the gallbladder . This entity occurs specifically in children and is characterized by an acute illness with massive distention of the gallbladder in the absence of stones, bacteria, or congenital malformations . Differential diagnoses include appendiceal abscess, intussusception, volvulus, peritonitis, and pyelonephritis . Routine and contrast radiographic techniques may be combined with abdominal ultrasound to aid in the preoperative diagnosis . The etiology of hydrops is not known, but bile stasis and mesenteric lymphadenitis seem to be important factors . Treatment has varied from supportive observation to operative aspiration or cholecystectomy.

Cornell Vet, 1983 Apr, 73(2), 117 - 24
Experimental hepatic necrobacillosis infection in cattle; Scanlan CM et al.; Viable cultures of Fusobacterium necrophorum were inoculated into the hepatic portal veins of 7 cattle . The experimentally produced hepatic necrobacillosis lesions were described from 30 minutes through 36 hours . The lesions were established by 2 different host-bacterial interactions . Most frequent, microabscesses were initiated by diffusely distributed bacteria and were observed from 30 minutes through 2 hours . Gross abscesses from 3 through 8 hours had centrally located abscess cores and were encircled by leukocytes which were predominantly neutrophils . Lesions from 12 through 36 hours had abscess cores that were encircled by leukocytes which were predominantly macrophages . Less frequent, emboli of F . necrophorum initiated infections in hepatic sinusoids or telangiectatic lesions . Hepatocytes adjacent to the bacteria exhibited coagulation necrosis and few leukocytes were observed in these lesions.

J Reticuloendothel Soc, 1983 Apr, 33(4), 249 - 61
Human neutrophil membrane topography: examination of distribution, movement, and regeneration of recognition sites using lectins as probes; Weinbaum DL et al.; We have studied the pattern of membrane binding site redistribution, movement, and reappearance in polarized and nonpolarized human neutrophils using fluorescein and rhodamine-labeled lectins as probes . In suspension, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were spherical and displayed a random array of recognition sites for all of the probes . PMN polarized in suspension by 10(-6) M N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine (f-Met-Phe), and PMN attached to substrate accumulated the bound lectin recognition site complex at the uropod (for Con A; 92.0 +/- 0.2% of cells and 91.3 +/- 9.8% of cells, respectively) . Glutaraldehyde fixation of neutrophils oriented in a chemotactic gradient prior to lectin addition revealed the innate unbound recognition site array . Unbound Con A recognition sites were clustered at the front of 74.7 +/- 0.8% of cells in a "headlight" pattern, but binding sites for other lectins were distributed randomly around the polarized cell . When bound Con A complexes are swept to the tail of the polarized living PMN, "new" unbound Con A binding sites appear at the front of the cell . Neither cycloheximide nor KCN nor colchicine interferred with new binding site appearance . Cytochalasin B and sodium iodacetate prevented PMN polarization and interfered with appearance of new receptors . This suggests that these fresh sites are uncovered, previously cryptic binding sites rather than newly synthesized structures . Lectin binding site topography and movement are related to the functional state of the PMN . Since both Con A and certain bacteria bind to mannose derivatives, we postulate that the "headlight pattern" and uncovering of fresh binding sites aid the PMN in engulfing organisms as the phagocyte moves forward.

Scand J Work Environ Health, 1983 Apr, 9(2 Spec No), 108 - 14
Genetic toxicity of styrene and some of its derivatives; Norppa H et al.; Styrene, an important plastic monomer, is mutagenic after metabolic activation in several test systems . Probably because of an unfavorable activation : inactivation ratio, some mutagenicity assays have not, however, found styrene mutagenic . Styrene is converted by microsomal monooxygenases in vivo to styrene-7,8-oxide, which is a well-known mutagen . Arene oxides have also been proposed as the reactive metabolites of styrene, but the significance of these compounds is not yet fully understood . Only few derivatives of styrene have been tested for mutagenicity . The results are characterized by difficulties in metabolic activation . Many styrene-7,8-oxide analogues substituted at the phenyl ring are electrophilic reactants and mutagenic in vitro . Human whole-blood lymphocyte cultures have a peculiar feature, ie, styrene and many of its analogues substituted at the ring or vinyl chain induce sister chromatid exchanges in the cultured cells without exogenous metabolizing systems . This activation is brought about by erythrocytes present in the cultures and probably results from the conversion of styrenes to styrene-7,8-oxides.

Pediatrics, 1983 Apr, 71(4), 524 - 30
Sulfisoxazole chemoprophylaxis for frequent otitis media; Liston TE et al.; Sulfisoxazole, 75 mg/kg/d in two divided doses for 3 months, was administered in a double-blind placebo crossover study to 35 children aged 6 months to 5 years who had frequent recurring episodes of otitis media . There was a 40% reduction in the rate of otitis media among patients receiving sulfisoxazole compared with those receiving placebo (0.25 v 0.42 episode per patient-month) which did not depend on age, sex, season, or several other factors . Using a randomized order, among patients who received placebo first, there was a 64% reduction on sulfisoxazole therapy compared with placebo (0.20 v 0.56 episode per patient-month) . In this subgroup, there was significant improvement in eustachian tube function according to serial tympanograms . In the patients who received sulfisoxazole first, the rate of acute otitis remained low on placebo (0.28 v 0.30 episode per patient-month), and tympanogram patterns continued to improve after discontinuation of the active drug . These differences suggest a carry-over effect from the benefits of chemoprophylaxis . There was no significant difference in the species or sensitivity patterns of bacteria isolated from patients receiving sulisoxazole or placebo . Sulfisoxazole chemoprophylaxis appears to be safe and effective in significantly reducing episodes of otitis media and improving tympanogram patterns.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983 Apr, 80(8), 2151 - 5
Component A of the methyl coenzyme M methylreductase system of Methanobacterium: resolution into four components; Nagle DP Jr et al.; Component A, the oxygen-sensitive protein fraction of the methyl coenzyme M methylreductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, has been stabilized and resolved into three protein fractions and one cofactor that are required to reconstitute component A activity . Component A1 is oxygen-stable and contains hydrogen-dependent deazaflavin (coenzyme F420)-reducing activity . Component A2 is acidic; components A2 and A3 are oxygen sensitive . The specific functions of each component in methyl group reduction are unknown . Resolution of component A revealed a new cofactor requirement of the methylreductase system for FAD . Hydrogen-dependent reduction of methyl coenzyme M to methane and coenzyme M, the terminal step of CO2 reduction by methanogenic bacteria, requires protein components A1, A2, A3, and C in addition to component B, FAD, ATP, and Mg2+.

Parasitology, 1983 Apr, 86 (Pt 2), 231 - 42
An ultrastructural study on the role of Kupffer cells in the process of infection by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in rats; Meis JF et al.; The interactions in vivo between Plasmodium berghei sporozoites and Kupffer cells in rat livers were studied by transmission electron microscopy . By 10 and 15 min after inoculation, sporozoites were both free in the liver sinusoids and inside endocytotic vacuoles of the Kupffer cells . The latter cells were very active in phagocytosing sporozoites, bacteria and red blood cells . The sporozoites retained their integrity inside the endocytotic vacuoles and no signs of lysosomal digestion were observed . Sporozoites seen within endocytotic vacuoles 1 h after inoculation were still morphologically intact, although bristle-coated vesicles fused with the vacuole membrane . Evidence is presented which suggests that Kupffer cells transport sporozoites towards the space of Disse and adjacent hepatocytes . No sporozoites were seen to penetrate an endothelial cell or its narrow fenestrae . It is proposed that Kupffer cell passage, rather than gaps in the sinusoidal lining, represents the normal route that sporozoites take to circumvent the endothelial barrier . The localization of exo-erythrocytic forms was made easier by the use of Brown Norway rats in which many more parasites develop than in the Wistar rats . The distribution pattern of the parasites was found to be mainly around the 'periportal' zones of the acini of liver tissue.

J Parasitol, 1983 Apr, 69(2), 360 - 7
Free-flow electrophoretic separation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites; Heidrich HG et al.; Sporozoites of the rodent malaria, Plasmodium berghei, were obtained from infected Anopheles stephensi by grinding mosquitoes, prepurifying the material in a discontinuous Hypaque gradient and further purifying by means of continuous free-flow electrophoresis . Bacteria, debris, mitochondria, mitoplasts, and other contaminants were removed in the electric field . The isolated sporozoites were morphologically intact and were positive in indirect immunofluorescence assay . They were infective to mice prior to and following free-flow electrophoretic separation . The surface of the sporozoites exhibited a polysaccharide-rich layer . The predominant surface protein labelled after surface iodination had a molecular weight between 42,000 and 46,000 daltons.

Infect Immun, 1983 Apr, 40(1), 389 - 97
Application of monoclonal antibodies to detect intraocular mycoplasma antigens in Mycoplasma arthritidis-infected Sprague-Dawley rats; Thirkill CE et al.; Sprague-Dawley rats infected with Mycoplasma arthritidis by tail vein inoculation develop extensive disseminated joint inflammation, frequently accompanied by conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis . The intraocular inflammation is apparently directed at mycoplasmas localized within the stroma of the ciliary body, which have been detected with monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence . The monoclonal antibodies are directed against an antigenic determinant on the enzyme arginine deiminase isolated from M . arthritidis, but they do not react with the same enzyme derived from Mycoplasma hominis . The antigen bound by the monoclonal antibodies can also be detected by immunofluorescence in M . arthritidis-infected tissue cultures and is not lost after glutaraldehyde fixation or paraffin-embedding procedures . The value in the application of monoclonal antibodies reactive with arginine deiminase lies in the fact that although this enzyme may be found in mycoplasmas and several other species of bacteria it is not a normal constituent of mammalian tissues.

Fortschr Med, 1983 Mar 31, 101(12), 545 - 50
{Drug therapy of peritonitis . 6-year experience with the chemotherapeutic agent and anti-endotoxin taurolin}; Wesch G et al.; Since 1976 Taurolin is applied in clinical trials in several European states . The results being submitted show a very good activity of this substance against bacteria and endotoxin . Evaluating all clinical and experimental studies in our opinion the use of antibiotics postoperatively together with Taurolin seems to be an effective treatment of peritonitis . In our hospital taurolin has become an important part of the surgical management of severe forms of peritonitis . A development of resistant bacteria is not known up to now.

J Mol Biol, 1983 Mar 25, 165(1), 19 - 34
DNA restriction--modification enzymes of phage P1 and plasmid p15B . Subunit functions and structural homologies; Hadi SM et al.; We have purified the type III restriction enzymes EcoP1 and EcoP15 to homogeneity from bacteria that contain the structural genes for the enzymes cloned on small, multicopy plasmids and which overproduce the enzymes . Both of the enzymes contain two different subunits . The molecular weights of the subunits are the same for both enzymes and antibodies prepared against one enzyme cross-react with both subunits of the other . Bacteria containing a plasmid derivative in which a large part of one of the structural genes has been deleted have a restriction- modification+ phenotype and contain only the smaller of the two subunits . This subunit therefore must be the one that both recognizes the specific DNA sequence and methylates it in the modification reaction (the restriction enzyme itself also acts as a modification methylase) . We have purified the P1 and P15 modification subunits from these deletion derivatives and have shown that in vitro they have the expected properties: they are sequence-specific modification methylases . In addition, we have demonstrated that strains carrying the full restriction/modification system also contain a pool of free modification subunits that might be responsible for in vivo modification.

Jpn J Surg, 1983 Mar, 13(2), 117 - 21
Short chain fatty acid in intestinal obstruction; Fukushima T et al.; Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and enteric bacteria in enteric fluid of 26 patients with non-strangulated intestinal obstruction were investigated . Sixteen to 905 mg/L of SCFA was detected in all the samples and acetic, propionic and lactic acid were prominent in the fraction . Concentration of SCFA reached a peak around the time of operation and then gradually decreased, in most cases . It also gradually decreased with clinical improvement in conservatively treated cases . Cultures of these enteric samples revealed 10(4-11)/ml of SCFA producing bacteria . SCFA may be one factor related to inhibition of water and electrolytes absorption and lead to distention of the bowel.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 129 (Pt 3), 599 - 611
Numerical classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa; Ridell M et al.; Sixteen strains designated Mycobacterium farcinogenes, fifteen Mycobacterium senegalense, and ten Nocardia farcinica were, together with strains of Mycobacterium and Nocardia, subjected to numerical phenetic analyses using 96 unit characters . The data were examined using the simple matching (SSM), Jaccard (SJ) and pattern (DP) coefficients and clustering achieved using the unweighted average linkage algorithm . Cluster composition was not markedly affected by the coefficient used or by test error, estimated at 2.5% . The N . farcinica strains formed a distinct and homogeneous cluster in an aggregate taxon corresponding to the genus Nocardia . The M . farcinogenes and M . senegalense strains were recovered in well-defined and homogeneous phena within the genus Mycobacterium . Mycobacterium senegalense consistently showed a high overall similarity with clusters equated with M . chelonei and M . fortuitum, while the M . farcinogenes cluster was not closely associated with any of the mycobacterial clusters . The results are discussed in the light of other developments in the taxonomy of the bovine farcy bacteria.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1983 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 147 - 9
{Susceptibility of the macrophages of inbred strain mice to Chlamydia psittaci}; Orfila J et al.; Chlamydia psittaci was injected in the peritoneal cavity of different strains of inbred mice . Not all of them develop a clinical disease; some, such as C 3 H, are very susceptible and died within 6 days . C 57 BL, however, are resistant even to a very high dose . We still do not know the exact mechanism of the natural resistance . This is the reason why we are trying to analyse the role of the macrophage . This cell is particularly important in C . psittaci infection, because it harbours the obligate intracellular organisms which multiply inside the cytoplasm . Peritoneal macrophages of three different strains of mice (C 3 H, AKR and C 57 BL) were cultured following Fauve's technique {4} . 48 h after, the macrophages were inoculated with a suspension of C . psittaci . Hela 229 were used as control . 48, 78 and 92 h after inoculation, amount of inclusion in each category of macrophages and Hela cells was determined . C 57 BL macrophages cultured from mice resistant to Chlamydia psittaci allowed the in vitro multiplication of the same bacteria: 72 h after inoculation, 100% of the macrophages were infected and a large inclusion could be seen . C 3 H macrophages cultured from mice very susceptible to Chlamydia psittaci seemed less susceptible in vitro than the C 57 BL macrophages; 72 h after inoculation, 50% only of the infected macrophages showed intracytoplasmic inclusion: AKR macrophages were also susceptible, although AKR mice recover from C . psittaci infection . In conclusion, the difference of susceptibility, as displayed by several strains of inbred mice infected by C . psittaci, cannot be explained by the difference of susceptibility of their macrophages.

Biofizika, 1983 Mar-Apr, 28(2), 288 - 91
{Effect of shielding as a cause of UV-action spectra shift in mammalian cells}; Sakharov VN et al.; UV absorption at different wavelengths from 250 to 313 nm was measured in various sites of single SPEV cells in monolayer during the stage of the best cell flattening . At the 260 nm, transmittancy of nuclear regions was less than 50% . The absorption by nucleolar regions was twice as much as by cytoplasmic ones . The influence of self-shielding on the action spectra shape was estimated . It has been shown that the well-known difference between the peaks of the action spectra for mammalian and bacteria cells killing may be the result of the cell self-shielding at short wavelengths but not the sequence of the difference in the active chromophore of these cells.

Z Hautkr, 1983 Mar 1, 58(5), 324 - 32
{Surgical interventions on the nail: indications and contraindications}; Runne U; Nail surgery might be performed for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons . A diagnostic biopsy is indicated for unclear disturbances of nail formation, atypical inflammations, suspicious pigmentations and neoplasias of the nail organ . The following alterations have to be absolutely treated by surgery: solitary pigmented streaks, tumors, ingrowing nails (stage III), panaritium and traumatic injuries of the nail organ . Relative surgical indications are onychogryposis, nail mycoses, discolorations due to chromogenic bacteria and subungual warts, as well as large subungual haematomas, longitudinal split nails and recalcitrant chronic paronychias . However, there are some contraindications for surgical intervention especially for simple avulsions of the nail plate . With malformed nails due to matrix diseases, large scars of the nail bed or ingrowing nails, an extraction of the nail plate does not have any healing effect . Instead repeated nail extractions may cause thickening and overcurvature of the nail.

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 116(3-4), 423 - 9
Lack of induction of single-strand breaks in mammalian cells by sodium azide and its proximal mutagen; Arenaz P et al.; The mutagenicity of sodium azide in both higher plants and bacteria is well documented . However, in mammalian cells, research on the effects of azide on gene mutations has produced conflicting results . Furthermore, no research has been conducted on the effects of azide and its proximal mutagen (mutagenic metabolite) on DNA single-strand breaks . Experiments were designed to overcome this lack of information on azide mutagenicity and to evaluate the potential hazard of azide exposure to man . Chinese hamster V79 cells were treated with either azide or its proximal mutagen(s) for 2 or 6 h, respectively, and analyzed by alkaline elution for single-strand breaks . The data showed that neither azide nor the proximal mutagen(s) induced single-strand DNA breaks or DNA-protein cross-links . Therefore it appears that neither azide nor its proximal mutagen(s) interact directly with DNA and this suggests that azide may be an indirect-acting mutagen . Furthermore, this lack of interaction with DNA may account for azide's lack of carcinogenicity.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1983 Mar, 79(3), 301 - 5
Humoral and cellular studies of eosinophils in reactive and myeloproliferative syndromes with marked eosinophilia; Crowley JP et al.; In five patients with eosinophilia and myeloproliferative disorders, the IgE levels were normal, and immune complexes were not detected . In contrast, in six patients with reactive eosinophilia accompanying immunologic diseases, the IgE levels were elevated in five, and immune complexes were elevated in two . Five of six patients within the reactive group had positive rheumatoid factor titers by latex agglutination, while only one of five in the myeloproliferative group showed this finding . Purified eosinophils from patients with myeloproliferative diseases showed enhanced oxygen consumption responses during the ingestion of latex beads, relative to reactive eosinophils . The stimulated oxidative response of reactive eosinophils during phagocytosis of bacteria opsonized with antibody and complement was reduced, relative to myeloproliferative eosinophils . In vitro incubation of eosinophils with immune complexes reduced, by more than two-thirds, the increased oxidative responses of myeloproliferative eosinophils . Our findings suggest that eosinophilia seen in myeloproliferative diseases is an intrinsic part of the myeloproliferative process, which is not mediated or enhanced by allergic or immunologic reactions . The measurements reported here have potential value for differentiating reactive eosinophilic states from the eosinophilia accompanying myeloproliferative diseases.

Obstet Gynecol, 1983 Mar, 61(3), 339 - 43
Amniotic fluid cultures: post-cesarean section endomyometritis and neonatal infections; Magrane DM et al.; Amniotic fluid cultures in 54 consecutive patients undergoing cesarean section were compared in regard to intrapartum and postpartum events . Neonatal outcome and cultures were also compared with amniotic fluid findings . Positive amniotic cultures were obtained in 57% and showed a multiplicity of organisms . Development of endomyometritis was correlated with a heavy growth of bacteria in culture . Positive cultures were significantly associated with duration of labor greater than eight hours and presence of ruptured membranes at the time of cesarean section . Thirty-three percent of the patients with positive cultures had intact membranes at the time of operation . Eighty-eight percent of cultures from infants and amniotic fluid grew organisms in common . Implications of the study for the pathogenesis of postcesarean endomyometritis and neonatal morbidity are discussed.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1983 Mar, 14(1), 34 - 9
Cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis due to Brugia malayi in an endemic community in Malaysia; Riji HM; A study was carried out to identify some of the cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis in an endemic community in Malaysia . The viewpoint of the community, data an responses on knowledge of illness and filariasis, host related factors, health examination, vector study were analysed and discussed . The observations noted on cultural factors were: Occupational pattern: Different agricultural occupations seemed to related to transmission in terms of body exposure . Activities not related to production of crops: Play groups in late afternoon, bathing of household members near and after sunset, congregations at prayer houses very much exposed the population to mosquito bites in different degree in terms of length of time spent outside the house . Knowledge of filariasis: Filariasis was understood in terms of elephantiasis, the chronic stage of the disease . Other signs of disease-adenolymphangitis, red lines running down one or both legs and abscess were generally recognized but not often annonated with specific disease . Attitude toward disease: Filariasis was not seen as a health problem and the idea of filarial worms was still hard to believe . Knowledge on disease causation: Biological causes were generally recognized, though the idea of bacteria was not widespread.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1142 - 6
Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes do not secrete endogenous pyrogens or interleukin 1 when stimulated by endotoxin, polyinosine:polycytosine, or muramyl dipeptide; Windle BE et al.; Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes were purified from rabbit blood by centrifugation on colloidal silica gradients followed by sedimentation in 4% Ficoll . The purified neutrophils had normal random motility, responded to chemotactic stimuli, phagocytosed zymosan particles, made superoxide, and phagocytosed and killed bacteria . However, they did not secret endogenous pyrogens either spontaneously or in response to stimulation with endotoxin, polyinosine:polycytosine, or muramyl dipeptide . Macrophages isolated on the same gradients secreted some pyrogen spontaneously and secreted considerably more in response to the same three stimuli . This evidence reinforces the idea that macrophages are the only source of endogenous pyrogens, and that pyrogens secreted by cell populations that are rich in neutrophils are to be attributed to the monocytes or macrophages that the cell populations contain.

Cutis, 1983 Mar, 31(3), 319 - 25
Human warts permanently removed by static electricity; Hughes E et al.; The CED was found to be a highly effective, safe, inexpensive, and simple device to use for complete wart removal with no regrowth or scarring . The warts are shed in the same manner as the surface epithelium exfoliates or sloughs off . Plantar warts cause a great deal of pain in walking and surgical procedures are warranted in some cases . Since these warts tend to become very large and to extend deeply into the dermis, when they are removed surgically the patient is incapacitated for a period of time . Opening the area to bacteria may cause additional infection, and the surgery may result in tender scar formation . According to our study group, the CED offers an effective alternate means of therapy for removing warts and alleviating the pain associated with them.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Mar, 254(1), 42 - 54
Comparative studies on different methods in typing strains of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae . I . Methods and influence of some factors on their results; Wellmann G et al.; To contribute to the standardization of typing Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains the following points have been examined and compared: the usefulness of tube precipitation, paper chromatography and agar gel diffusion; different methods to produce good antisera (specific high titres) and antigens (CH3COOH-, HCl-extract, extraction by means of autoclavation) . Rabbits have a considerably varying individual ability to produce Erysipelas antibodies with good precipitation titres . The antigenic effect of different E.rh.-strains and of dissociated forms is not equal . The density of bacteria suspension for extract production and for rabbit immunization has to be sufficient . The period of usability of extracts and antisera is different.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Mar, 153(3), 1348 - 51
Occurrence of dialkyl ether phospholipids in Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4; Caillon E et al.; We investigated the lipid composition of vegetative cells of Stigmatella aurantiaca . Four phospholipids were isolated and identified: phosphatidylethanolamine as the main component, phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylethanolamine in an exceptionally large amount (17%), and phosphatidylinositol (18 to 25%), rare in procaryotic cells . This composition did not change significantly during growth . The fatty acids of total lipids were found to be rather similar to those of other strains of myxobacteria; the main fatty acids found were unsaturated and branched . We noted a different fatty acid pattern for each phospholipid . The presence of unusual alkyl ether linkages, established by chemical hydrolysis and infrared spectroscopy, was unexpected in these bacteria . Diacyl ester, dialkyl ether, and monoacyl-monoalkyl structures were shown in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol . Lysophosphatidylethanolamine was essentially a monoacyl form, whereas phosphatidylinositol was a unique dialkyl ether phospholipid.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Mar, 153(3), 1322 - 30
Overproduction of nitrogenase by nitrogen-limited cultures of Rhodopseudomonas palustris; Arp DJ et al.; Rhodopseudomonas palustris cells grown on limiting nitrogen produced four- to eightfold higher nitrogenase specific activity relative to cells sparged with N2 . The high activity of N-limited cells was the result of overproduction of the nitrogenase proteins . This was shown by four independent techniques: (i) titration of the Mo-Fe protein in cell-free extracts with Fe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii; (ii) direct detection of the subunits of Mo-Fe protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (iii) monitoring of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of Mo-Fe protein in whole cells; and (iv) immunological assay of the Fe protein level with an antiserum against the homologous protein of Rhodospirillum rubrum . The derepressed level of nitrogenase found in N2-grown cells was not due to an increased turnover of nitrogenase . The apparent half-lives of nitrogenase in N2-grown and N-limited cells were 58 and 98 h, respectively, but were too long to account for the difference in enzyme level . Half-lives were determined by measuring nitrogenase after repression of de novo synthesis by ammonia and subsequent release of nitrogenase switch-off by methionine sulfoximine . Observations were extended to R . rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, and Rhodomicrobium vannielii and indicated that overproduction of nitrogenase under nitrogen limitation is not an exceptional property of R . palustris, but rather a general property of phototrophic bacteria.

J Biol Buccale, 1983 Mar, 11(1), 41 - 51
Immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin-like protein on the cell surface of the oral flagelatte Trichomonas tenax; Ribaux CL et al.; A protein immunologically related to fibronectin was demonstrated on the oral flagellate Trichomonas tenax . Two strains of T . tenax were used, the first freshly taken from ulcerative gingivitis and the second maintained in culture for 2 years . Initial investigations were made by established immunofluorescence staining procedures . Cells of the protozoa gave a positive fluorescence with anti-fibronectin anti-serum, while the controls were negative . Subsequently, indirect immunostaining procedures for electron microscopy were performed using the peroxidase procedure . Peroxidase deposits were detected on the outer layer of the cell membrane . Particularly intense labelling was localized in the contact areas between bacteria and protozoa, and sometimes within the marginal lamina of the undulating membrane . This fibronectin-like protein could potentially play an important role in the adhesion of Trichomonas tenax to gingival cells, connective tissue and in the phagocytosis of bacteria . The attachment of protozoa to gingival substrates could be the first step in the breakdown of periodontal tissues.

Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1983 Mar, 26(1), 143 - 64
Chlamydial infections in obstetrics and gynecology; Sweet RL et al.; PIP: Although Chlamydia trachomatis causes important diseases in both men and women, this review focuses on the genital tract disease associated with chlamydial infection in women and on neonatal chlamydial infection . 8 of the 15 serotypes of C . trachomatis are sexually transmitted agents . The unique growth cycle which distinguishes the chlamydiae from all other organisms is described and they are compared to bacteria and viruses . The prevalence and risk factors for chlamydial infections are then discussed . The symptoms, complications, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of male genital tract infections are outlined . Experimental and clinical evidence of the role of chlamydiae in lower genital tract diseases of women including Bartholinitis, cervicitis, endometritis, and acute urethral syndrome; in acute salpingitis; and in the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is presented and discussed, followed by a discussion of the incidence and prevalence, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia due to C . trachomatis . Some possible control measures for neonatal chlamydial infections are recommended and the relative costs and benefits for populations with different incidences are evaluated . Other possible neonatal clinical manifestations and a possible role in preterm labor and delivery, low birth weight, and perinatal mortality are noted . The diagnosis of chlamydial infections by cytology, serology, and culture are discussed, and recommended therapy is outlined .

J Infect Dis, 1983 Mar, 147(3), 484 - 8
Stimulation of human natural killer cytotoxicity and protection of mice from infection due to herpes simplex virus by recombinant human leukocyte interferon; Kohl S; Destruction of virus-infected cells in the absence of antibody (natural killer cytotoxicity {NKC}) has been correlated with resistance to infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) . Two preparations of human leukocyte interferon produced by recombinant DNA bacteria--IFLrA and IFLrD--were demonstrated to increase NKC in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro . IFLrA was more potent than was IFLrD in this assay . When administered intraperitoneally in combination with human leukocytes to one-week-old mice, IFLrA and IFLrD significantly increased survival (to 47.6% {P less than 0.01} and 23.8% {P less than 0.05}, respectively) after an otherwise uniformly lethal challenge of HSV . Differences between interferon immunostimulating activities at similar antiviral concentrations may be important in vivo in animals and in clinical settings.

Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 1983 Mar, 65(2), 71 - 7
Factors influencing wound complications: a clinical and experimental study; Bucknall TE; Burst abdomen, incisional herniation, sinus formation and post-operative wound infection continue to bedevil the surgeon . A prospective study of 1129 laparotomy wounds defined the extent of the problem; 1.7% incidence of dehiscence, 7.4% herniation and 6.7% sinus formation, all significantly associated with wound infection . Mass closure reduced the dehiscence rate from 3.8% to 0.76% . Infection reduced wound strength in a rat laparotomy model due to a decrease in fibroblast concentration and activity . A monofilament non-absorbable suture was shown experimentally to be the most suitable suture for closing infected abdominal wounds . Electron microscopy demonstrated bacteria in the interstices of infected multifilament sutures . A randomised clinical trial comparing polyglycolic acid and monofilament nylon in the closure of abdominal wounds confirmed the experimental findings; polyglycolic acid resulted in a significantly higher wound failure rate with no decrease in sinus formation . A mass closure technique using monofilament nylon is recommended for laparatomy closure and efforts should continue to reduce wound sepsis.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Mar, 153(3), 1228 - 37
Plasmid-borne sulfonamide resistance determinants studied by restriction enzyme analysis; Swedberg G et al.; The relationship between sulfonamide resistance genes carried on different plasmids was investigated by restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization . The results showed that sulfonamide resistance mediated by different plasmids is determined by the production of at least two different types of drug-resistant dihydropteroate synthase . Plasmids pGS01, pGS02, and R22259, found in bacteria isolated from patients in Swedish hospitals, contained identical sulfonamide resistance genes, which were also identical to those of plasmids R1, R100, R6, and R388 . These latter plasmids, which have been well studied in different laboratories, were originally from clinical isolates from different parts of the world . Two other clinically isolated plasmids, pGS04 and pGS05, were shown to contain sulfonamide resistance determinants of a completely different type.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1983 Mar, 79(3), 377 - 8
A new staining method for Legionella pneumophila; Tseng CH et al.; Most of the methods that have been described for the staining of bacteria in tissue sections have been found unsatisfactory for Legionella pneumophila . In this report, we describe a method that consistently stains L . pneumophila in tissue and has certain advantages over recommended methods currently in use.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Feb 25, 258(4), 2068 - 71
Adjuvants to immunological methods for mRNA purification . Application to the isolation of mRNA for carbonic anhydrase I from rabbit reticulocytes; Boyer SH et al.; In order to generate the molecular probes needed to investigate the seemingly coordinate expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA I) and beta-globin within erythrocytes during human development, CA I-containing polyribosomes have been isolated from rabbit reticulocytes by reaction with purified antibodies to CA I followed by immunoadsorption of immune complexes with formalin-fixed protein A-bearing bacteria . In the course of such isolation, a series of maneuvers were seen to have a markedly favorable influence on the level of purity attained . These maneuvers include the use of 5 mg/ml of heparin concentrations to attenuate nonspecific binding and entrapment of unwanted polyribosomes, the addition of 200 units/ml of placental ribonuclease inhibitor to augment recovery in reactions which by test already appeared RNase-free, and the preadsorption of polyribosomes with formalin-fixed bacteria prior to immunological reaction so as to remove a subset of polyribosomes seemingly predisposed to nonspecific binding . In the absence of all of the maneuvers, attained purity was no greater than a few per cent . When all were employed, CA I-mRNA derived from immunopurified polyribosomes was recovered with more than 80% purity and 20% yield, as evident from both immunoassays and electrophoresis of its cell-free products.

Nature, 1983 Feb 10, 301(5900), 527 - 30
A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse; Bosma GC et al.; The most debilitating human lymphoid deficiency disease, known as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), impairs the differentiation of both T and B lymphocytes . Affected infants are highly susceptible to recurring infections of viruses, fungi and bacteria and invariably die within 2 yr of birth . Inheritance of this congenital syndrome may show X-linked or autosomal recessive control . To date autosomal recessive inheritance of SCID has been observed in Arabian foals which represent the only known animal model of this disease syndrome but here we report an autosomal recessive mutation in mice that severely impairs lymphopoiesis . Mice homozygous for this mutation have few if any lymphocytes; consequently they are hypogammaglobulinaemic and deficient for immune functions mediated by T and B lymphocytes . These mice, therefore, represent a new model for investigating how lymphoid differentiation may be impaired in the disease state and regulated in the normal state.

Vet Rec, 1983 Feb 5, 112(6), 116 - 20
Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings; Tzipori S et al.; Twenty-two calves between one and 20 days old were infected orally or by contact with cryptosporidia . Calves were maintained as either specific pathogen free, colostrum fed or sucking and were inoculated with either a bacteria free or a contaminated cryptosporidium preparation . Enteritis was characterised by depression, anorexia and diarrhoea and cryptosporidium oocysts were excreted during the clinical course of the illness . In the initial stages of the disease, cryptosporidium infestation was found throughout the small intestine; in the later stage the large intestine was also affected . Villous atrophy and fusion was present at small intestinal sites infected with cryptosporidia and lactase levels were depressed . No lesions were seen in infected large intestinal mucosa . Although the incubation period was longest (five to seven days) in calves infected by contact, there were few differences in the clinical course of disease or the pathological findings between any of the infected calves.

Histochem J, 1983 Feb, 15(2), 147 - 60
A microscope-based flow cytophotometer; Steen HB; By means of a new flow chamber, a standard fluorescence microscope with Epi illumination and 100 W mercury arc excitation has been turned into a flow cytophotometer combining high resolution and sensitivity with simplicity of operation . In the flow chamber, cells are passed in a narrow stream through the microscope focus carried by a laminar flow of water running on the open surface of a cover glass which is coupled to the oil immersion microscope objective . Two spectral components of the fluorescence, for example, resulting from specific staining of two different cellular constituents with different dyes, can be measured simultaneously in separate channels so as to produce three-dimensional histograms . The scattered light of the cells is detected in dark field by a second microscope situated opposite the primary objective . Scattered light detection is integrating with regard to scattering angle from 0 degree to 90 degrees . Hence, diffraction pattern effects are eliminated and the light scatter signal is approximately proportional to cell dry weight . The Epi illumination, which implies that excitation and fluorescence collection are parfocal, greatly simplifies instrument adjustment, which is further facilitated by the fact that the cell stream can be viewed at high magnification . Cell measuring time is about 3 microseconds which implies a measuring rate of 3 x 10(3) cells/s at 1% coincidence rate . Sensitivity is sufficient for measuring the DNA content of bacteria (that is, approximately 5 x 10(-15) g/cell) with a coefficient of variance (CV) of about 6% . CV less than 1% is achieved for DNA histograms of mammalian cells . A 5 W argon laser as excitation source facilitates slit scan analysis and increases the sensitivity and measuring rate by one to two orders of magnitude.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 45(2), 720 - 2
Comparison of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test with plate counts and chemical analyses for assessment of the quality of lean fish; Sullivan JD Jr et al.; The quality of lean fish was assessed simply and rapidly with Limulus amoebocyte lysate . The endotoxin levels agreed with aerobic plate counts and chemical indices of spoilage . Correlation between level of endotoxin and level of total volatile bases was found to be highly significant (r = 0.8579; P less than 0.001).

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 45(2), 536 - 45
Legionella oakridgensis: unusual new species isolated from cooling tower water; Orrison LH et al.; We describe a new species of Legionella represented by 10 strains isolated from industrial cooling towers . Legionella oakridgensis differed genetically from the other seven species of Legionella in DNA hybridization studies and differed serologically in direct fluorescent-antibody tests . The new species, unlike all other species except L . jordanis, did not require added L-cysteine for growth in serial transfer on charcoal-yeast extract agar . L . oakridgensis, as well as three other species tested, required L-cysteine for primary isolation from animal tissues . L . oakridgensis was the only species of Legionella that failed to produce alkaline phosphatase at pH 8.5 . In all other respects, it resembled other species of Legionella, including having a high content of branched-chain cellular fatty acids and being pathogenic for guinea pigs . These bacteria have not yet been associated with human disease, but they are potential causes of legionellosis.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Feb, 147(2), 181 - 4
Isolation of respiratory syncytial and influenza viruses from the sputum of patients hospitalized with pneumonia; Kimball AM et al.; Routinely collected sputum specimens from 100 adults hospitalized with pneumonia were frozen at -70 C until inoculation into Madin-Darby canine kidney, fetal tonsil, and esophageal epithelial cells . Six influenza A (H3N2) viruses, two respiratory syncytial viruses, three rhinoviruses, and nine herpes simplex viruses were recovered . Four patients with influenza virus and one with respiratory syncytial virus isolated had nosocomial pneumonia . Viral isolation from sputum specimens may aid the diagnosis of pneumonia of unclear etiology and merits further evaluation as a diagnostic tool and as an adjunct to influenza surveillance.

Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi, 1983 Feb, 57(2), 187 - 97
Some effects of weak direct current and silver ions on experimental osteomyelitis and their clinical application; Tamura K; The effects of a weak direct current and of silver ions on experimental osteomyelitis were studied . Electrical stimulation with stainless electrodes aggravates the osteomyelitis, especially at the positive electrode . But electrically generated silver ions inhibit the growth of bacteria not only in vitro but also in vivo, and electrical callus formation occurs on infected bone . A clinical study was undertaken based on these findings . We obtained a success rate of 12 out of 14 based on the total number of cases, of which eight had a previous history of known or suspected infection, and this method proved to be an effective means of treating infected non-union.

J Ultrastruct Res, 1983 Feb, 82(2), 233 - 9
Thylakoid morphology of the cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis and Nostoc MAC grown under light and dark conditions; Peschek GA et al.; Anabaena variabilis (ATCC 29413) and Nostoc sp . strain MAC were grown photoautotrophically and chemoheterotrophically . Thylakoid morphology of cells from both types of culture was investigated by freeze-etching electron microscopy . Peripheral and concentric arrays of thylakoid membranes seen in autotrophic cells were replaced, in heterotrophic cells, by numerous vesicular or tubular structures; the changes were reversible . Heterotrophic cells showed a reduced overall content of chlorophyll but started photosynthetic oxygen evolution immediately upon illumination . The results apparently show that in Anabaena and Nostoc the gross morphology of the intracytoplasmic membranes (thylakoid membranes) may depend on growth conditions similarly as is known for the photosynthetic bacteria sensu stricto (Rhodospirillales).

Clin Phys Physiol Meas, 1983 Feb, 4(1), 1 - 27
The effects of pulsed magnetic fields of the type used in the stimulation of bone fracture healing; Barker AT et al.; The main impression received by us whilst writing this review is the scarcity of technical data in the clinical studies and the total absence of controlled trials . The spatial patterns of the stimulus have not been measured, and no experiments have proved that there is an effect from the magnetic field itself . Control experiments using dummy stimulators must be done, since the orthopaedic management of the stimulated patients is different from conventional management and this may have significant and beneficial clinical effects . There is no clinical study at present which shows a direct therapeutic benefit due solely to the application of the magnetic field component of the overall treatment regime . The in vivo animal experiments suggest that there may be effects due to the magnetic fields used but results are very scarce compared with the accumulated data from direct current stimulation . In vitro studies are far removed from the clinical situation, but could nonetheless prove useful if the opportunity of controlling the stimulus can be taken . In the majority of experiments, approximately spatially uniform magnetic fields have been applied, but temporal changes in the magnetic field and both spatial and temporal variation in electric field lead to non-uniform stimulation . Little attempt has been made to assess or control the induced fields by defining the system geometry . Hence it is still unknown whether effects are due to the magnetic field, the induced extracellular electric field or to fields induced at cellular level by regions of different conductivity . In conclusion, we believe that, unlike steady current work, the pulsed magnetic field treatment of fractures has not been sufficiently well investigated and, although some of the animal experiments suggest significant effects, the benefit of using magnetic fields in the clinical management of non-union and delayed union has still to be proven . Double blind trials are essential and, if these do prove that there is a definite effect of the fields, the mechanisms must then be studied using a combination of theoretical, in vivo and in vitro techniques.

Pediatr Clin North Am, 1983 Feb, 30(1), 3 - 16
New penicillins and their use in pediatrics; Prince AS et al.; The new penicillins have not been a breakthrough for the pediatrician . Indeed, 20 years ago with the introduction of ampicillin and methicillin and 15 years ago with the introduction of carbenicillin, the pediatrician was given the penicillins that he has used so well to treat trivial and life-threatening infections . The drugs discussed in this article are small steps forward, and whether mezlocillin, azlocillin, or piperacillin will prove more helpful to the pediatrician than have carbenicillin or ticarcillin will be learned in the next few years.

J Nutr, 1983 Feb, 113(2), 412 - 20
Digestion and absorption of NAD by the small intestine of the rat; Gross CJ et al.; A number of preparations of varying complexity have been used in an effort to elucidate the reactions by which NAD is hydrolyzed to nicotinamide during intestinal digestion . NAD labeled with 14C in the adenine or pyridine moiety was the substrate used with perfused rat intestine, live rats, perfused live rats, with collection of portal flow, intestinal contents, mucosal tissue, or pancreatic juice . The conclusions reached are that a pyrophosphatase present in the intestinal juice and to a much lesser extent in the pancreatic juice releases 5'-AMP and nicotinamide ribonucleotide . The 5'-AMP was rapidly converted to adenosine then to inosine by bacteria-free intestinal contents . Perfused or intact intestine rapidly hydrolyzed NMN to nicotinamide riboside, which accumulated, but was not absorbed . It was slowly cleaved by an enzyme associated with the mucosal cells to nicotinamide, which was the major if not the only labeled compound absorbed.

Presse Med, 1983 Jan 29, 12(4), 231 - 4
{Bronchopulmonary antigenic information}; Fournier M; Only a small part of those antigenic compounds that pass through the rhinopharyngeal filter and reach the lower airways or the lung crosses the bronchial or alveolar epithelial barrier . The crossing, which is directly or indirectly mediated by macrophage phagocytosis, provides antigenic information which starts off an immune reaction with different impacts on the bronchi and deep lung . Normally (infections excluded), the lung is quiescent, with a probably weak immune activity . In contrast, the level of immune activity in the bronchial lymphoid tissue, although inferior to that of the rhinopharynx, is high . This gradient of immune activity decreasing from the upper airways to the alveoli may be compared to the gradient of saprophytic bacteria which are numerous in the nose, mouth and pharynx, and absent in the deep lung.

Cancer, 1983 Jan 15, 51(2), 367 - 70
Aspergillus epiglottitis; Bolivar R et al.; A 21-year-old woman with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed clinical and radiographic signs of epiglottitis . Premortem and postmortem histologic studies showed invasive aspergillosis; Aspergillus flavus was grown in culture . The necrotizing nature of this infection is explained by the predilection of Aspergillus sp . for invasion of blood vessels . The usual causative agents of epiglottitis are bacteria; the association with fungal infection has not been previously described.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Jan 10, 258(1), 38 - 40
Tandem repeat of the genes for protein S, a development-specific protein of Myxococcus xanthus; Inouye S et al.; Protein S, a development-specific protein of Myxococcus xanthus is produced only during fruiting body formation . More than 15% of total protein synthesis during this period is accounted for by the production of protein S . The genes for protein S were identified and cloned with the use of mixed probes consisting of eight synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (tetradecamers) which correspond to a carboxyl-terminal portion of protein S . The two genes are oriented in the same direction and are separated approximately 1.2 kilobases . The DNA sequences of the carboxyl-terminal portions of the two genes reveal that both can code for the identical eleven amino acid sequence which corresponds to the carboxyl-terminal end of protein S . However, there are a few base substitutions upstream of these regions . This duplication of genes in M . xanthus may facilitate the extremely rapid synthesis of protein S during fruiting body formation.

Science, 1983 Jan 7, 219(4580), 56 - 8
Lines of T lymphocytes induce or vaccinate against autoimmune arthritis; Holoshitz J et al.; The pathophysiology of autoimmune arthritis was studied by selecting and isolating lines of effector T lymphocytes from rats administered an arthritogenic dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in complete Freund's adjuvant to induce adjuvant arthritis . Irradiated rats were intravenously inoculated with a cell line characterized by proliferative reactivity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and, to a lesser degree, to rat collagen type II . This produced arthritis in all the irradiated rats . Nonirradiated recipients failed to develop arthritis . However, such rats, and those recovering from cell-mediated arthritis, were resistant to subsequent attempts to induce adjuvant arthritis . Lines of T lymphocytes selected for responsiveness to other antigens had no effect . Therefore, a line of T lymphocytes responsive to bacteria or to collagen type II could either induce autoimmune arthritis or serve as an agent of vaccination against it.

Nature, 1983 Jan 6, 301(5895), 79 - 80
Magnetic bones in human sinuses; Baker RR et al.; Studies on the interaction of magnetic fields and biological organisms have centred on the influence of applied magnetic fields on the physiology and behaviour of organisms, including humans, and a search for magnetic sources within the organisms themselves . Evidence continues to accumulate that a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates, can detect and orient to ambient magnetic fields (for examples see refs 2-4) . Since the discovery that magnetic orientation by bacteria was due to the presence within the organism of magnetic particles of the ferric/ferrous oxide, magnetite, the search has begun for other biogenic deposits of inorganic magnetic material and ways in which the possession of such material might confer on the organism the ability to orient to ambient magnetic fields . Such magnetic material, often identified as magnetite, has been discovered in bees, homing pigeons, dolphins and various other organisms, including man . A variety of hypotheses for the use of magnetite in magnetic field detection have been proposed . We report here that bones from the region of the sphenoid/ethmoid sinus complex of humans are magnetic and contain deposits of ferric iron . The possible derivations and functions of these deposits are discussed.

Leuk Res, 1983, 7(3), 421 - 9
The effect of histidine ammonia-lyase on some murine tumours; Jack GW et al.; The histidine ammonia-lyase from bacterial strain CAMR 5315 was partially purified to assess its effect on the growth of murine tumours . This strain was selected as the source after an extensive screening programme for histidine ammonia-lyases . The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150 . The enzyme reduced circulating L-histidine levels in Wistar rats and in mice persisted with a half-life of 6-7 h . Neither LDH virus nor chemical modification with ethylacetimidate increased the half-life as observed with L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase . The enzyme was tested in mice against Ehrlich carcinoma, L5178Y lymphoblastic leukaemia, Mc/S sarcoma, B16 melanoma, P8157 mastocytoma, P1798 lymphosarcoma and the Gardner 6C3HED lymphosarcoma . The only tumours to show sensitivity to the enzyme were the Mc/S sarcoma against which a 65% increase in life span was observed at the highest enzyme dose, 1000 U/kg on alternate days over 14 days and the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma where cures were obtained at 250 U/kg on alternate days over 14 days, but only at inocula levels of 10(5) and 10(3) cells/animal respectively.

Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1983, 68(3-4), 187 - 93
Pituitary abscess; Bjerre P et al.; All cases of pituitary abscesses (19 patients) reported in the literature since 1970 are reviewed . Based on the data available, it is suggested that a pituitary abscess is not a bacterial infection as commonly assumed . Probably, it represents a normal tissue reaction to an infarction of a pituitary adenoma . The frequent association with negative cultures from the abscesses, previous sterile meningitis and endocrine disturbances, and concurrent rhinorrhoea are well explained in this way.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1983 Spring, 7(2), 269 - 76
Chemiluminescence of phagocytic cells isolated from the pronephros of striped bass; Stave JW et al.; Phagocytosis of bacterial fish pathogens by cells isolated from the pronephros of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) was measured using an assay of chemiluminescence . Results of the assay, which proved to be quite reproducible, indicated that the degree of phagocytosis was related to the number of bacteria employed and to the species of bacteria eliciting the response . Cells from individual fish gave similar phagocytic responses but of different magnitudes.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1983, 24(5), 623 - 8
Cleansing properties of stabilized trypsin and streptokinase-streptodornase in necrotic leg ulcers; Hellgren L; The cleansing effects on pus and debris of streptokinase-streptodornase and of stabilized crystalline trypsin were compared in 40 patients (12 males, 28 females) with necrotic varicose or arteriosclerotic leg ulcers . Both preparations produced significant partial or total cleansing of the ulcers of necrotic material, and both enhanced the granulation and epithelialization of most of the ulcers . Streptokinase-streptodornase was significantly more effective in removing freshly formed damp and smearing pus and debris . Neither preparation prevented the formation of or removed very deep adherent necrotic areas, especially in arteriosclerotic leg ulcers . Trypsin caused significantly more pain than streptokinase-streptodornase during the treatment period and on changing dressings . Both enzymes indirectly reduced the bacterial flora of the ulcers, probably by removal of necrotic wet material.

Beitr Trop Landwirtsch Veterinarmed, 1983, 21(1), 65 - 71
Bovine mastitis in selected dairy farms in Morogoro district, Tanzania; Kinabo LD et al.; The dairy cattle herds in three farms of the Morogoro district, Tanzania, were surveyed for the presence of clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis . Modern tests were used for assessment . Bacterial isolations were supplemented by bacterial and cell counts . The findings support the demands for milk pasteurization and the establishment of udder health services.

Int J Tissue React, 1983, 5(1), 107 - 11
Effect of conalbumin on phytomitogen stimulation and E-rosette formation of human peripheral lymphocytes in normal subjects; Mantovani G et al.; An immunological in vitro study was carried out on conalbumin, an iron binding protein structurally similar to lactoferrin, which is a well-known bacterial inhibitor in human milk . Conalbumin itself has been proved to have bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria responsible for gastrointestinal infections . The activity of conalbumin on the in vitro response to PHA, PWM and Con A and on the E-rosette formation ability of peripheral lymphocytes of 10 normal subjects was studied . The results showed that conalbumin did not affect the lymphocytes' E-rosette formation ability and did not induce blastic transformation of lymphocytes . However, conalbumin was able to produce a significant increase in the in vitro response of lymphocytes to PHA and PWM, suggesting an action on both T and B lymphocytes.

Xenobiotica, 1983 Jan, 13(1), 27 - 9
Hydrolysis of the biliary glucuronic acid conjugate of phenol by the intestinal mucus/flora of goldfish (Carassius auratus); Layiwola PJ et al.; 1 . An investigation was carried out on the hydrolytic activity of the intestinal mucus/flora on phenylglucuronide in the bile of goldfish . 2 . Approximately 79% of the total phenylglucuronide (3.4 mumol) in the bile was hydrolysed after 16 h incubation with the intestinal mucus/flora . 3 . Of the total phenol in the aquarium water of goldfish exposed previously to phenol for 48 h, 41% was found to be phenylglucuronide when fish were placed in a phenol-free medium and were dosed hourly for 8 h with D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone to inhibit beta-glucuronidase activity in the intestine.

J Ultrastruct Res, 1983 Jan, 82(1), 1 - 18
Ultrastructure of the nonhuman primate vaginal mucosa: epithelial changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy; King BF; Ultrastructural changes in the vaginal epithelium of the rhesus monkey during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy . During the menstrual cycle, the epithelium was keratinized but varied in thickness . Cells of the basal and parabasal layers were polyhedral in shape but as they differentiated they accumulated glycogen and filaments . Cells in the intermediate layers had keratohyaline and membrane-coating granules . Cells in the superficial layers had a thickened cell envelope, abundant keratin filaments, electron-dense intercellular material, and focal tight junctions . The epithelial surface had numerous microridges and numerous adherent bacteria; bacteria were rare on desquamating cells . The epithelium remained keratinized for about the first month of gestation, then underwent "mucification." The cells contained abundant granules and Golgi apparatus . Concomitant with this transformation, bacteria were no longer adherent to the epithelial surface and the surface cells had microvilli instead of microridges . The epithelial changes during pregnancy were roughly associated with the changing pattern of steroid hormone secretion during gestation.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 Jan-Feb, 134A(1), 19 - 28
Incorporation of thymine, thymidine, adenine and uracil into nucleic acids of Mycobacterium phlei and its phage; Somogyi PA et al.; Like other prototroph bacteria, Mycobacterium phlei was found to incorporate thymine into its DNA very poorly . As a result of a rapid thymidine-to-thymine conversion, thymidine incorporation also proved to be inefficient . Thymidine incorporation could be somewhat enhanced by pretreatment of the cells with uridine . When radioactive adenine, and particularly uracil, were used as precursors, highly labelled DNA could be obtained from the cells, although the majority of radioactivity was found in the RNA . Uracil was thus found to be the most suitable precursor for labelling phage DNA . On the basis of these findings, uracil is recommended for in vivo labelling of Mycobacterium and mycobacteriophage DNA.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1983 Jan, 67(1), 152 - 5
Vitamin K content of liver and feces from vitamin K-deficient and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-treated male rats; Suzuki H et al.; Vitamin K content of liver and feces from male rats fed diets containing butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was estimated by a chick bioassay method to investigate the mechanism of BHT-induced decreases in the activities of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors . The concentration of vitamin K in the liver of rats receiving BHT was reduced as compared to that of control rats . Conversely, the concentration of vitamin K in the feces from rats receiving BHT increased more than that from control rats . The vitamin K deficiency induced by BHT might be due to effects of BHT on absorption and excretion of vitamin K.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jan, 36(1), 205 - 8
{Clinical studies on micronomicin treatment for surgical infections}; Hirayama T et al.; The clinical effects of micronomicin (MCR, Sagamicin) treatment for 10 patients with surgical infections were investigated and following results were obtained . 1 . Clinical effectiveness Of 10 patients treated with MCR, the results were good in 7 cases, poor in 3 cases . 2 . Side effects of MCR No significant side effects were observed in 10 patients treated with MCR.

J Comp Pathol, 1983 Jan, 93(1), 1 - 8
Scanning electron microscope studies on preparations of bovine cornea exposed to Moraxella bovis; Chandler RL et al.; Preparations of bovine cornea were studied by scanning electron microscopy before and after in vitro exposure to Moraxella bovis . The bacteria were observed in association with the surface of the corneal epithelium; they showed a predilection for dark cells relatively devoid of surface structure . Pit-like depressions related to the presence of individual bacteria were produced in these cells . An evident association with corneal epithelium was shown by 2 strains known to be pathogenic experimentally in cattle but not by 2 non-pathogenic strains.

Cell Tissue Res, 1983, 229(3), 639 - 50
Pseudopod formation and phagocytosis of milk components by epithelial cells of the bovine mammary gland; Brooker BE; The non-secretory epithelial cells which line the teat and lactiferous sinuses of the bovine mammary gland produce prominent pseudopodia which are able to ingest milk fat globules and casein micelles by phagocytosis . In the lactating gland, pseudopodia are uncommon and the phagocytosis of milk components less active than in the dry glands of cows which have not been milked for 2-3 weeks . Inside phagocytic vacuoles, casein micelles show morphological changes which suggest that digestion is taking place and the presence of acid phosphatase in vacuoles containing milk fat globules indicates that they too are degraded . The differences between lactating and dry glands in their phagocytic activity are reflected by corresponding differences in the number of epithelial cells containing acid phosphatase activity and in the intracellular distribution of the enzyme . It is suggested that the phagocytosis of milk components from the lumen of the dry gland assists in the resorption of milk and that the phagocytic potential of epithelial cells may, under some circumstances, play a role in the protection of the gland from invading bacteria.

Clin Nephrol, 1983 Jan, 19(1), 48 - 53
Shunt nephritis: report of two cases and review of the literature; Arze RS et al.; We report two cases of glomerulonephritis associated with infection of cerebrospinal fluid shunts inserted for the treatment of hydrocephalus and comment an another 70 cases reported in the world literature . Although infection of CSF shunts is common, the development of glomerulonephritis is rare . Non-pathogenic bacteria are the commonest infecting organisms . Antibiotics are generally ineffective in eradicating the infection and the glomerulonephritis, but removal of the shunt is usually, though not always, associated with complete resolution of the renal disease.

Cell Tissue Res, 1983, 228(1), 171 - 82
A crypto-lymphatic unit at the uvula of the monkey Macaca fascicularis . A light- and electron-microscopic study; Nair PN; A crypto-lymphatic unit was observed at the left lateral aspect of the uvula of a mature female monkey, Macaca fascicularis . A light- and transmission electron-microscopic investigation revealed that the lumen of the crypt was filled with bacteria, desquamated epithelial cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils . The non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the crypt was fragmented and showed heavy mononuclear cell infiltration and surface discontinuities, exposing lymphoid cells to foreign material . The lymphatic parenchyma consisted of organized lymphatic tissue including germinal centres . The resident cell population included lymphocytes of varying size, blastforming B- and T-lymphocytes and two types of reticular cells resembling the fibroblastic reticulum cell and the follicular dendritic cell, respectively . Occasionally granulocytes were encountered . At its base and laterally the crypto-lymphatic unit was ensheathed by a thin connective tissue capsule . Three other monkeys of the same species failed to reveal similar structures at the same site.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jan, 47(1), 70 - 2
In vitro effect of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae on human mononuclear leukocytes procoagulant activity: comparison of virulent with nonvirulent strain; Miragliotta G et al.; The in vitro effect of a virulent and a nonvirulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae on human peripheral mononuclear cells was investigated . After addition of bacteria to citrated whole blood the production of mononuclear cell procoagulant activity (tissue factor) was observed . Indeed mononuclear cells isolated from whole blood bacteria mixtures after prolonged incubation shortened the recalcification time of normal plasma . The virulent strain induced a significantly higher procoagulant activity than nonvirulent and this effect was dependent on the number of bacteria . The production of tissue factor, a potent trigger of blood coagulation, by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae could help to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the activation of intravascular coagulation associated with leptospirosis.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1983 Jan-Feb, 95(1-2), 153 - 9
Effects of drainage in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis; Engquist S et al.; 24 patients with maxillary sinusitis were studied with regard to the effect of therapy . 8 of the patients were treated with a single dose of antibiotics and repeated antral aspirations at close intervals . 16 other patients were treated with repeated aspirations only . In the first group, 'cure', in the sense of freedom from retained secretion, was achieved after 3-5 aspirations within 2-10 hours . In the second group, changes in the proteolytic activity and the concentrations of albumin, IgG, IgM and IgA were followed . In purulent secretions the proteolytic activity was high and the concentrations of proteins were low, whereas the proteolytic activity of the serous secretions was low and the concentrations of proteins of the same magnitude as that of the patient serum . As a result of drainage the proteolytic activity was significantly reduced and the concentrations of proteins significantly increased.

J Math Biol, 1983, 16(2), 165 - 80
Parasites at the origin of life; Bremermann HJ; This paper is concerned with parasitic virus-like particles and their hosts . It is proposed that parasitism must have occurred at an early stage of evolution, soon after the first self-reproducing systems had formed . When chemical building blocks for self-reproducing systems became scarce, current theories envision that some self-reproducing systems evolved the capability to synthesize materials for self-replication from chemical precursors in the environment . It is proposed that at about the same time parasitic systems (phages) arose that replicated at the expense of host systems by diverting host materials to the replication of their own genomes . With the aid of a mathematical model we demonstrate that host and phages can coexist in a stable equilibrium, depending upon the carrying capacity of the environment . If the latter falls below a threshold, then the parasites die out . A parasite that has the capability to integrate into the host genome is replicated along with it and thus escapes extinction during periods of population bottlenecks of the host population . The presence of phages creates evolutionary pressures favoring host defenses against them . Thus, modern bacteria are able to degrade most invading DNA (through restriction enzymes) . Defense capabilities require a share of the genome, thus adding to the genetic complexity of organisms.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jan 1, 129(3), 533 - 6
The complete amino-acid sequence of the large bacteriochlorophyll-binding polypeptide from light-harvesting complex II (B800-850) of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata; Tadros MH et al.; The large bacteriochlorophyll-a-binding polypeptide of the light-harvesting complex II (B800-850), having an apparent Mr with sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide electrophoresis of 10000, has been isolated and purified from intracytoplasmic membranes of the phototrophically negative mutant strain Y5 of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata . The primary structure of this polypeptide has been determined . The polypeptide consists of 60 amino acid residues yielding an Mr of 7322 . The hydrophobic stretch in positions 16-35 with a histidine in position 31 might be of importance for interaction with bacteriochlorophyll . The C-terminal part is also hydrophobic while the N-terminal part consists of hydrophilic amino acids . The polarity of the total amino acids was determined to be 28.3%.

Equine Vet J, 1983 Jan, 15(1), 25 - 30
Review of 30 cases of peritonitis in the horse; Dyson S; Thirty cases of peritonitis, in which the diagnosis was based on a peritoneal fluid white blood cell count in excess of 10 x 10(9)/litre, are described . Colic, ileus, pyrexia, weight loss and diarrhoea were common presenting signs . Treatments included intravenous fluids, anti-inflammatory analgesics, broad spectrum antibiotics and anthelmintics . Duration of treatment was determined by the clinical condition of the horse and sequential analyses of the peritoneal fluid and the haemogram . In the majority of cases the primary cause of peritonitis was not accurately determined, but 21 horses (70 per cent) recovered . All the horses with diarrhoea were killed after marked deterioration in their clinical condition despite intensive treatment . No individual laboratory parameter was of value in determining prognosis, although of the eight (27 per cent) horses from which bacteria were identified in the initial peritoneal fluid by Gram stain, four (50 per cent) were subsequently killed.

J Infect Dis . 1983 Jan;147(1):160.
Inhibition of monocyte-mediated damage to fungal hyphae by steroid hormones; Diamond RD; Human monocytes can damage hyphal forms of C . albicans {1}, R . oryzae {2}, and A . fumigatus {3} . Because corticosteroids can inhibit phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by monocytes, the effects of steroid hormones on interactions of monocytes with hyphae were studied . Monocyte-mediated hyphal damage was inhibited by 10 microM hydrocortisone; inhibitory effects of lower concentrations of hydrocortisone were less marked with Rhizopus than with Candida or Aspergillus hyphae . Addition of 10% normal human serum to hyphae and monocytes did not affect the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone (data not shown) . Comparable inhibitory effects were obtained using 0.3-1.0 microM dexamethasone (data not shown) . Estrogen and progesterone also inhibited damage to Candida or Rhizopus . However, inhibition occurred at concentrations which are readily achievable in vivo by pharmacologic doses of hydrocortisone, but not by other steroid hormones . Thus, pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids might produce serum hormone concentrations which could interfere with activity of host monocytes against the tissue-invasive forms of C . albicans and A . fumigatus in vivo . However, higher pharmacologic doses of these hormones may be required to inhibit leukocyte-mediated damage to Rhizopus hyphae . In contrast, predisposition of women to superficial candidal infections cannot be explained solely by direct effects of estrogens or progesterone on leukocyte-mediated hyphal damage.

Br J Cancer, 1983 Jan, 47(1), 73 - 9
Inhibition of artificial and spontaneous lung metastases by preirradiation of abdomen--II . Target organ and mechanism; Ando K et al.; We have previously reported that irradiation of the abdomen of mice before i.v . injection of both immunogenic and nonimmunogenic tumour cells is capable of suppressing their ability to form metastatic lung nodules in a time and dose-dependent fashion . Experiments with segmental exposure indicated the target organ to be located in the ventral half of the abdomen . The effect has now been shown positively to depend upon irradiation of the caecum, and can be abolished either by shielding the caecum from irradiation or by surgically removing it prior to irradiation . Further experiments have shown that the effect cannot be elicited in germ-free mice and that its magnitude is markedly reduced in animals given gut-sterilizing antibiotics . Split-dose irradiation only slightly reduced the magnitude of suppression, provided both doses were given within the time window of effectiveness of single doses . Tumour-growth retardation was observed and spontaneous lung metastases were also suppressed when tumour-bearing mice received abdominal irradiation 7 days after tumour cell transplantation into the leg . However, abdominal irradiation did not significantly reduce subsequent tumour transplantability by the s.c . or i.p . routes . The experimental data are consistent with a mechanism by which transmigration of enteric bacteria across the radiation-damaged mucous membrane of the caecum effectively results in an endogenous infusion of endotoxin.

Biomed Pharmacother, 1983, 37(9-10), 419 - 21
{Legionnaires' disease: Legionella pneumophila, an agent in nosocomial infection}; Bergogne-Berezin E; Legionella pneumophila recently identified in 1977 as responsible for legionnaires' disease, is present in the natural environment . The discovery of the bacteria, the development of suitable complex media ( BCYE ) and of serological techniques improved the knowledge of epidemiologic features of L . pneumophila widely distributed geographically . Legionella has been frequently isolated from the aquatic environment: the organism is able to colonize the condensed water of air-conditioning systems and the water-supply system in public buildings . The presence of Legionella in hospitals constitutes a danger for immunosuppressed patients.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(5), 769 - 94
Chemical, pharmacological and oncostatic properties of 5-(4'-hydroxybenzylidenoimino)-4, 6-diketo-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydropyrimidine-{4, 5-d}-3-methyl-isothiazole (compound IP-10); Machon Z et al.; Advanced preclinical studies on IP-10 preparation (4,6-diketo-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydropyrimidine-{4, 5-d}-3-methyl-isothiazole) were carried out . The drug was shown to be devoid of the irritating local effect, mildly toxic and hardly absorbing when administered per os . The toxic effect showed tendency toward cumulation . In the long-term exposure it did not affect either the elements of peripheral blood or parenchymatous organs . It exerted slight hypotensive effect on the circulatory system but only after intravenous administration . In relation to the smooth muscle organs and central nervous system, IP-10 was only slightly active . Weak effect of the compound was observed with bacteria and fungi . In the case of transplantable tumors, its activity was differentiated . It exerted a significant effect in relation to leukemia, melanoma B-16, Ehrlich carcinoma and Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma . As other isothiasole derivatives, IP-10 exhibits an interesting pharmacological, easy to render activity; particular attention should be paid to its oncostatis activity.

Nutr Cancer, 1983, 5(3-4), 137 - 45
Potassium nitrate and nitrosamine formation; Lintas C et al.; The influence of potassium nitrate on the formation of nitrosamines in salami was studied . Samples of salami were prepared, with and without the addition of potassium nitrate . Under the conditions of the experiment, potassium nitrate did not represent a source of either nitrite or nitrosamines . Independently of the presence of potassium nitrate in the sample formulation, the growth of bacterial flora reached a maximum in the first 20 days of the ripening process.

Nucleic Acids Symp Ser, 1983, (12), 29 - 30
N4-aminocytidine: formation, reactivity, and mutagenicity; Negishi K et al.; N4-Aminocytidine was readily formed on treatment of cytidine with hydrazine-bisulfite under mild conditions . This reaction can be carried out for cytosines in polynucleotids as well . The nucleoside N4-aminocytidine was strongly mutagenic to bacteria and phage . The transformation of cytosines in polynucleotides into N4-aminocytosines is a convenient method for generating reactive groups in the polymer.

Nutr Cancer, 1983, 5(2), 78 - 86
Metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by cultured rat colon epithelial cells; Glauert HP et al.; The colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was cultured with rat colon epithelial cells to determine if these cells have the ability to metabolize DMH . Colon epithelial cells isolated from conventional and germfree Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated in CMRL 1066 supplemented medium containing 14C-DMH . Cells from both groups of rats metabolized DMH to gaseous metabolites, to metabolites in the medium that were putatively identified as azoxymethane and methylazoxymethanol, and to products that bound to DNA . Cells from germfree rats metabolized DMH at an equal or greater rate than cells from conventional rats for the criteria examined . This report demonstrates that rat colon epithelial cells can metabolize DMH without previous metabolism by other tissues or colon bacteria.

Biosystems, 1983, 16(2), 81 - 6
Copper and the biological evolution; Ochiai EI; Copper is contained in a number of enzymes and proteins . A remarkable feature is that except for the electron-carrying blue copper proteins (azurin and plastocyanin) and copper-containing cytochrome c oxidase found in some cyanobacteria and some aerobic bacteria, all copper enzymes and proteins are found only in eukaryotes . In the early and middle precambrian period when the stationary oxygen pressure in the atmosphere was quite low, copper existed as either metallic or cuprous sulfides which are very insoluble in aqueous media; thus copper might have been unavailable to organisms . The time when copper became Cu(II) upon rise of the atmospheric oxygen pressure and thus became available to organisms seems to be in the middle of Proteozoic era when first eukaryotic organisms seem to have appeared on earth . Thus copper may be considered to be an indicator element for the atmospheric evolution (switching from anoxygenic to oxygenic) and the evolution of higher organisms (eukaryotes).

Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1983, 72(4), 214 - 7
Prevention of posthysterectomy infection with a combination of preoperative vaginal and perioperative intravenous administration of metronidazole; Kauppila A et al.; In a prospective double-blind study 58 patients received 1000 mg of metronidazole vaginally 12--16 hours preoperatively and 500 mg intravenously during abdominal hysterectomy while 54 patients were treated with placebo . The lack of all operative site infections in the metronidazole group in comparison with 9 infections (17%) in the placebo group (P less than 0.01) proved the combined short-term vaginal and intravenous use of metronidazole to be efficacious in the prevention of posthysterectomy infections.

Pharmacology, 1983, 27(4), 219 - 22
Niacin reduces oxygen toxicity in mouse alveolar macrophages; Pearl RG et al.; Niacin at concentrations of 0.1-10 mM resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of oxygen toxicity in a mouse alveolar macrophage model . These concentrations of niacin did not affect alveolar macrophage function under normoxic conditions . Our results are consistent with observations from other groups that niacin reduces oxygen toxicity in bacteria and paraquat toxicity in bacteria and rats . The mechanism by which niacin reduces oxygen toxicity may involve the ability of niacin to function as an alternate substrate for NAD synthesis . Niacin may have clinical value in the prevention of oxygen toxicity.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1983, 132B, 251 - 60
Cellular aspects of DNA repair; Sklar R et al.; DNA repair reactions are under cellular control . In bacteria, the reactions removing 0(6)-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine are inducible . It is not clear whether similar inducibility occurs in human lymphoblastoid cells . Nonetheless, the ability to manufacture the 0(6)-methylguanine acceptor protein does seem to be controlled by some chromosomal mechanism which is superimposed on the structural gene . This control system may affect reactions other than the removal of 0(6)-methylguanine . Insofar as this is so, transformed human lymphoblastoid cells have a system reminiscent of that found in bacteria.

Microbios, 1983, 38(151), 15 - 25
Use of carboxylic acids by Thiobacillus A2; Wood AP et al.; Thiobacillus A2 can grow on acetate, glycollate, succinate and citrate as sole carbon and energy sources . Results of growth and transport experiments indicated that separate transport systems existed for the four acids although acetate uptake by bacteria grown on glycollate was very rapid . Citrate was a potentially toxic substrate in that low concentrations had to be supplied to adapt organisms to growth on citrate following autotrophic culture on thiosulphate . Apparent Ks values for transport by whole organisms were around 10(-4) M . The effects of uncoupling agents, phosphate and arsenate, on acid uptake did not allow identification of the mechanisms of transport, but indicated energy-requiring processes possibly involving anion participation . The ratio of carbon assimilated from the -CH2- and the -COOH carbons of succinate was about 5:1, reflecting very rapid decarboxylation of succinate following uptake into the cell.

Int J Gynecol Pathol, 1983, 2(2), 201 - 8
Malacoplakia of the cervix and corpus uteri: a light microscopic, electron microscopic, and X-ray microprobe analysis of a case; Willen R et al.; Malacoplakia in the female genital tract is rare . A case of a 71-year-old woman with malacoplakia of the cervical mucosa and endometrium is described . By light microscopy, von Hansemann cells containing calcified bodies (Michaelis-Gutmann bodies) could be visualized . Similar formations could also be seen extracellularly . Typical Michaelis-Gutmann bodies with electron-dense areas, as well as with pale centers and a dark periphery, could be identified by electron microscopy . Occasional trilaminar bacteria were seen . X-ray microanalysis indicated the presence of silica, sulfur, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and iron . Malacoplakia in this region may cause diagnostic problems for the pathologist, but the presence of a monotonous tumor-like infiltrate of pale histiocytes should lead to a careful search for Michaelis-Gutmann bodies.

EMBO J, 1983, 2(4), 577 - 81
Insect immunity . Isolation of cDNA clones corresponding to attacins and immune protein P4 from Hyalophora cecropia; Lee JY et al.; Diapausing pupae of the Cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia) respond to an injection of live bacteria by the selective synthesis of certain types of RNA and immune proteins (designated P1-P9) . The in vitro translation products of RNA from both injured and infected pupae showed specific patterns with a defined number of extra bands . Some proteins characteristic of the normal RNA were reduced in the immune RNA translation products . Antibody reaction was used to show the selective synthesis of immune proteins P4 and P5 with mRNA from pupae subjected to injury or infection . The protein synthesized in vitro, which cross-reacted with P5 antibodies, is most likely a precursor of the attacins described in the preceding paper . A cDNA clone bank was prepared and two clones were isolated and shown to contain 750 bp corresponding to P4 and 250 bp of attacin information . These clones were used to estimate the sizes of the mRNAs by Northern blotting and to estimate, by RNA/DNA hybridization, the levels of P4 and P5 mRNA . In vivo incorporation of {35S}methionine into attacins and P4 during different conditions was compared with the levels of the corresponding mRNA.

Int J Biochem, 1983, 15(9), 1155 - 9
The presence of phospholipase A and lysophospholipase activities in culture supernatant fluid from Alteromonas espejiana; Cadman E et al.; Culture supernatants from late Log phase cultures of Alteromonas espejiana hydrolyzed phosphatidylinositol to glycerylphosphorylinositol and free fatty acid . No lysophosphatidylimositol was detected . The phospholipase activity degraded up to 50% of the substrate and displayed a broad pH optimum from 6.5-8.5 . The activity was slightly stimulated in the presence of either Mg2+ or Ca2+, but was not inhibited by EDTA . The apparent Km for phosphatidylinositol was 1.5 mM . Culture supernatants also contained deacylating activity which released fatty acid from phosphatidylcholine and erythrocyte ghosts.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(5), 733 - 44
Utilization of Chinese hamster cells in vitro and in vivo in genetic toxicology: a multiphasic approach; Hsie AW et al.; An approach often used to study genetic risk is comparative mutagenesis in different organisms . We have begun the development and validation of a multiphasic genetic toxicity system using the Chinese hamster and its somatic cells to measure mutational events in the same (or similar) gene, the same chromosome derived from the same animal (Fig . 1) . This system will eliminate much of the uncertainty generated when different mutational events in such evolutionally divergent organisms as bacteria, insects, and mammals are compared . Using CHO cells we have defined an assay, CHO/HGPRT, to determine mutation at the hgprt locus . Coupled with S9 metabolic activation system, the CHO/HGPRT assay can quantify gene mutation and cytotoxicity induced by various classes of chemicals, physical agents, and the combination thereof . The quantitative nature of this assay permits elucidation of the structure-activity relationship for a given class of direct-acting agents . By incorporating the cytogenetics of CHO cells into this assay we can simultaneously measure induced chromosome aberrations and SCE . Using the stable CHO/human hybrid cell line AL-J1 measurement of chromosome deletion and/loss can be also performed . In order to further expand the usefulness of this genetic toxicity system to the molecular and whole animal levels we have begun development and validation of two additional systems . To study the molecular events which may result in mutation we are developing a CHOpSVgpt system . A Chinese hamster system with treatment in vivo is being developed to study mutation at the hgprt locus, chromosome aberration, and SCE in spleen cells in vitro . The use of this multiphasic genetic toxicity system at the cellular, molecular, and animal levels may soon provide reliable and rapid identification of suspected environmental mutagens.

Comp Biochem Physiol B, 1983, 75(4), 649 - 54
Occurrence of cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoic and cis-9, 10-methyleneoctadecanoic acids in the lipids of immature and mature Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), and in roe; Cosper CI et al.; Analysis of saturated fatty acids in the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) by argentation chromatography and open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography detected cyclopropanoid fatty acids as well as all of the anticipated saturated fatty acids, including a variety of branched-chain saturated fatty acids previously found in fish . Cyclopropanoid fatty acids were identified in juveniles, male and female bodies, and roe . When the levels of these acids in eviscerated male and female bodies were compared with roe, roe had the highest concentration, followed by female and then male fish . Whole immature mummichog had almost twice the proportion of cyclopropanoid fatty acids found in whole mature male fish . The cyclic acids probably originate indirectly in the diet of the mummichog . This consists mainly of invertebrates probably consuming bacteria associated with plant detritus . The Atlantic silversides Menidia menidia collected from the same habitat had lower proportions of odd-chain methyl-branched fatty acids, and lower proportions of cyclopropanoid fatty acids, indicating differences in sources of dietary fatty acids.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1983, 12(8), 837 - 41
{Gardnerella vaginalis . Frequency of its isolation from women complaining of leukorrhea}; Lefevre JC et al.; A study was carried out on 131 vaginal swabs that were taken from 98 women who had a discharge and 33 women who were asymptomatic to determine the frequency in which Gardnerella vaginalis was discovered . This study shows that this bacteria is the only micro-organism that is found in a significantly higher number of women with nonspecific discharges (37%) than in those who have no discharge (9.1%) . These results, while they do not show that Gardnerella vaginalis is the only aetiological factor in nonspecific vaginitis, do underline that it is a factor in thinking about such a syndrome and therefore it should be looked for by the laboratory and by the doctor treating patients.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1983, 40, 71 - 2
The clinical signs and symptoms of Gardnerella-associated vaginosis; Fleury FJ; Gardnerella-associated vaginosis (Hemophilus vaginalis vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge and odor . The clinical spectrum of this infection varies from total lack of symptoms to obvious odor and profuse vaginal discharge . The diagnosis of this syndrome can be made when a woman presents with a homogenous grey-white discharge that emits a fishy odor when a drop of 10% potassium hydroxide is mixed with a drop of vaginal discharge on a glass slide . The pH of this secretion is typically in the range of 5.0-5.5 as determined by indicator paper . The diagnosis is further confirmed when a microscopic examination of the discharge mixed with normal saline shows a virtual pure culture of tiny bacteria many of which are found clinging to vaginal epithelial cells forming the so-called "clue cells" . Cultures to isolate Gardnerella vaginalis are unnecessary in clinical practice.

J Nutr, 1983 Jan, 113(1), 159 - 64
The influence of ethionine-supplemented soy protein diet on cell-mediated and humoral immunity; Radix PM et al.; These studies were designed to investigate the influence of ethionine, a suspected carcinogen, on cell-mediated (CMI) and humoral immunity . It is believed that ethionine, an analog of methionine which is produced by intestinal bacteria, could have significant relevance to health . To study the effect of ethionine on immune responsiveness, three groups of mice were allowed to feed ad libitum for 5 weeks on one of the following regimens: diet 1, a basal diet of 16% soy protein; diet 2, soy protein supplemented with 0.6% dl-methionine; and diet 3, soy protein supplemented with 0.1% dl-ethionine . The immunological parameters measured were responsiveness to mitogens, {phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)}, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), and antibody formation to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) . There were no significant differences in mitogen and antigen responses in mice maintained on diets 1 and 2 as measured by thymidine uptake in proliferating lymphocytes . However, there was a significant suppression in mitogen responsiveness in mice that received diet 3 . DTH was also suppressed in mice on diet 3 . Antibody levels were similar in all groups . Thus, there was clear evidence of suppression of CMI by ethionine in these studies.

Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 1983, 401, 43 - 50
Tonsil and pustulosis palmaris et plantaris . Mainly in respect of complement; Yamazaki Y et al.; Since the tonsil is one of the immunological organs, a concept whereby the relation between the tonsil and pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (hereafter abbreviated PPP) can be explained by a specific immunological mechanism, has been favoured . It must be pointed out, however, that there have been a considerable number of clinical findings which are irreconcilable with this concept . The present authors have therefore observed the relationship between the tonsil and PPP, from the point of view of non-specific in vivo factors, such as complements and endotoxins . This theory of the authors was motivated by the clinical fact that the serum complement titres of some patients with PPP were changed by performing the tonsillar provocation test, and that in such cases their skin rashes were aggravated after provocation . Thereafter, the distribution of the complemental components in the tonsillar tissue was examined with the immunofluorescence technique and it was found that they were localized mainly in the epithelium of the tonsillar crypt . In other words, the region where the complement system in the tonsillar tissue is active is the crypt . It was further found that the lacunar debris in the tonsillar crypt possesses a strong complement-activating activity . In particular, it was discovered that the action is stronger in bacteria and endotoxins within the lacunar debris . In recent years, the activation of complements associated with the surface layer of the skin has been emphatically considered to be the mechanism causing the onset of aseptic pustules in patients with PPP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Arch Oral Biol, 1983, 28(10), 923 - 9
Quantitative assessment of urea, glucose and ammonia changes in human dental plaque and saliva following rinsing with urea and glucose; Singer DL et al.; The rates of three processes associated with the rise and fall in plaque pH, that normally occur following a urea rinse, were determined: (i) disappearance of urea from plaque, (ii) disappearance of urea from saliva and (iii) formation and disappearance from plaque of the ammonia produced by the plaque bacteria from the urea . Also examined were two processes associated with the fall and rise in pH following a glucose rinse: the disappearance of glucose from plaque and from saliva . Entry into plaque of either urea or glucose during rinsing was immediate; the subsequent disappearance of both from the plaque was slow and followed first-order kinetics . The ammonia formation and urea-disappearance results suggested that clearance of urea from the plaque occurred mainly by bacterial degradation and not by diffusion out of the plaque . The rate constants for ammonia formation and for its subsequent disappearance from the plaque made it clear why a rapid rise and a slow subsequent fall in the pH occurs after urea rinsing . The rate constants enabled calculation of the ammonia produced as a percentage of the urea utilized . Only 16-26 per cent of the urea was recovered as ammonia and the remainder of the urea-N was stored probably as NH2 moieties of certain amino acids . Such storage may enable the plaque bacteria to maintain the pH at an elevated level for an extended period of time by bacterial production of ammonia from these stored compounds after the urea ceases to be available as a source of substrate.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1983, 39, 53 - 5
Pathogenesis of maxillary sinusitis; Lundberg C et al.; Some recent studies concerning the pathogenesis of the maxillary sinusitis is surveyed . The importance of normal sinus ventilation for maintenance of a healthy sinus is stressed . It is concluded that granulocytes in the sinus secretion play an important role in the defence of the mucosa against potentially invading bacteria, but that the granulocytes in purulent secretions release proteases in high concentrations causing heavy inflammatory response in the mucosa . It is also concluded that although bacteria only rarely and not invariably invade the mucosa, bacteria in the secretion activate the humoral and cellular defence systems . When the stimuli are strong, the release of granulocyte protease in tissues and secretion can surpass the capacity of the locally available protease inhibitors and tissue destruction will ensue.

Arch Oral Biol, 1983, 28(9), 873 - 8
The free amino acids in human dental plaque; Singer DL et al.; Analysis of plaques from maxillary and mandibular incisors for free amino acids showed that the dicarboxylic amino acids, glutamic and aspartic, were present in largest amounts, with glutamic acid comprising at least 50 per cent of the total pool . Other amino acids in decreasing order of prominence included proline, ornithine, alanine, lysine, glycine, threonine and serine . This pattern was basically the same in the plaques from the different incisor sites but was clearly different from those of hydrolysates of either the plaque bacteria or the plaque matrix . The results were consistent with the most prominent plaque-free amino acids being associated mainly with the intermediary metabolism of the plaque bacteria . Urea and glucose were then applied to plaque in vivo in the form of rinses to determine if during their metabolism any of the plaque amino acids are affected . Glutamic- and aspartic-acid concentrations both rose after plaque exposure to urea accompanied by a small rise in alanine . After glucose exposure, aspartic- and glutamic-acid concentrations both showed large decreases and alanine showed a small increase . With glucose plus urea, glutamic acid rose and fell, aspartic acid decreased slightly and alanine increased several fold . In each case, the other free amino acids showed little or no change . Thus glutamic and aspartic acids are major components of the intra-cellular pool of amino acids and probably play an important role in alanine synthesis, presumably by facilitating transamination of pyruvate.

Arch Oral Biol, 1983, 28(2), 167 - 75
Microscopy of the dentine of enamel-free areas of rat molar teeth; Crooks PV et al.; Dentine of the enamel-free areas (EFA) of first mandibular molar teeth of rats aged between 20-150 days was examined by scanning electron microscopy . Demineralized sections were stained with Gram-Twort's stain and examined for dental caries . In newly erupted teeth, a few dentinal tubules opened on the EFA surface . As teeth became worn down, extensive areas of EFA showed numerous patent tubules . In primary dentine, no occlusion or partial occlusion of tubules was apparent at any age except at the occlusal surface . It is postulated that this surface narrowing was caused either by dentine debris or salivary deposits . The only other covering of tubule openings appeared to be a thin salivary pellicle which in older animals was plaque-like . Patent tubules in primary dentine contained odontoblast processes which even in worn teeth extended to EFA surfaces . Processes in adjacent enamel-covered dentine also extended to the enamel-dentine junction . Only a few examples of bacterial invasion of EFA dentine were seen: in younger animals bacteria occupied cracks in the EFA surface, but in older animals they also occupied tubules . The EFA dentine does not appear to respond to attrition by infilling of the tubules; the persistence of vital odontoblast processes in worn teeth suggests that dead tract formation is not extensive . Continuous occlusal wear may restrict the progress of caries in EFA but odontoblasts in the rat may be also physiologically and immunologically involved in restricting the ingress of bacteria into otherwise poorly protected EFA.

Arch Oral Biol, 1983, 28(1), 29 - 35
A comparison of the acid-base metabolisms of pooled human dental plaque and salivary sediment; Singer DL et al.; The acid-base metabolisms of the mixed bacteria in pooled dental plaque and salivary sediment sampled from the same subjects were compared in vitro . Plaque at a suspension concentration of 8.3 per cent (v/v) was found to produce pH responses like those of sediment at 16.7 per cent (v/v) with all substrates and under all incubation conditions tested . The substrates examined included several carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose and starch) and several nitrogenous substrates (urea, arginine and the arginine peptide glycyl-glycyl-lysyl-arginine also called sialin) . Also examined were the effects of endogenous substrates and of salivary supernatant and fluoride . A difference in suspension concentration was necessary to achieve similarity in pH response which was attributed to the presence of more non-viable epithelial cells in sediment than in plaque . Under these conditions, salivary sediment showed a slightly greater buffering capacity than plaque, a difference that was not evident if salivary supernatant was present . It was clear from this study that salivary sediment and pooled dental plaque from the same subjects have similar acid-base metabolisms and that the more abundant and readily available sediment could be used to study such metabolism in dental plaque.

Ciba Found Symp, 1983, 98, 25 - 43
Induction of chromosome replication during maturation of amphibian oocytes; Laskey RA et al.; After fertilization amphibian embryos replicate their chromosomes faster than bacteria replicate their much smaller chromosomes . During oogenesis, materials are accumulated to sustain these rapid cycles of chromosome replication . Thus growth is uncoupled from nuclear division . Most of the machinery for DNA replication and chromatin assembly is present in the oocyte, which lacks only the ability to initiate on a DNA duplex . After maturation and activation a cell cycle clock is triggered which specifies initiation of DNA replication on endogenous chromosomes, injected nuclei or injected plasmid DNA . The ability to reinitiate replication of a replicated molecule is tightly coupled to the cell cycle clock . Each egg can replicate an amount of DNA equivalent to 500 diploid nuclei in only five hours . However, each egg can assemble an amount of purified DNA equivalent to 12 000 diploid nuclei into regularly spaced nucleosomes in only one hour . The molecular basis of these extraordinary rates of DNA replication and chromatin assembly is considered.

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1983 Jan, 43(1), 27 - 32
{Hysterectomy for septicemia following caesarean section}; Lohe KJ et al.; From 1971 to 1980 20 patients at the first department of women of the university of Munich required a puerperal hysterectomy because of septicemia following caesarean section . During the same time a total of 2,726 caesarean sections were performed . 14 of the 20 women requiring hysterectomy had the caesarean section in the first department for women . Six women were referred with septicemia following caesarean section in another hospital . The causative relationship between caesarean section and septicemia was reviewed leading to the indication for hysterectomy . The indications for the caesarean section, risk factors for increased puerperal infection, the postoperative course, the indication for hysterectomy, the findings at operation the findings in the operative specimen and the course following hysterectomy were reviewed . Risk factors promoting an ascending infection postpartum were the type of labor, frequent vaginal examinations, previous attempts at vaginal delivery, and internal fetal monitoring by a scalp electrode . The recognition of incipient septicemia include severe pain in the abdomen and a subjective feeling of severe illness in the patient . The white blood count is increased, the body temperature is high and beginning respiratory insufficiency points to the severity of the illness . In these cases a repeat laparotomy with hysterectomy to eliminate the focus of infection is the treatment of choice for the septicemia . 19 of the patients who required hysterectomy for septicemia following caesarean section were discharged home after a mean hospital stay of 36 days . One of the patients died 41 days following caesarean section and 20 days following hysterectomy because of septicemia resistant to treatment.

Arch Dermatol Res, 1983, 275(6), 383 - 7
Skin occlusion: effect on Pityrosporum orbiculare, skin PCO2, pH, transepidermal water loss, and water content; Faergemann J et al.; The effect of 8 days skin occlusion on Pityrosporum orbiculare, bacteria, skin PCO2, pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and water content (WC) was studied . P . orbiculare counts increased from a baseline of 2.1 X 10(2)/cm2 to 2.3 X 10(3)/cm2 after 3 days occlusion; bacterial counts increased from 2.9 X 10(3)/cm2 to 1.8 X 10(5)/cm2 after 8 days occlusion . pH increased during occlusion from 5.6 to a maximum at day 3 of 6.7; TEWL increased to a maximum of 11.74 g m-2 h- after 3 days occlusion compared with 4.39 g m-2 h-1 before . P . orbiculare counts, pH, and TEWL were lower at 8 days than at 3 days occlusion . WC and PCO2 remained high after 8 days; relative WC was then 60.6% compared with 52.5% before occlusion; PCO2 was 63.1 mm Hg compared with 53.1 mm Hg before occlusion . The increased levels of these factors may partially explain the higher risk of infection in occluded compared with non-occluded skin.

Z Erkr Atmungsorgane, 1983, 161(1), 86 - 95
{Present findings on the determination of mycobacterial resistance}; Kuhne W et al.; The change of the signification of the appearance of tuberculosis is explained (1) in a cognition-theoretical, (2) under a more medical practical aspect and (3) in the real prevalence of tuberculosis in autopsies nowadays . The pathology of the tuberculosis and of its different manifestations were known in the main before the detection of tubercle bacteria by Robert Koch . However, its nature and its cause and the connexions of the different forms of tuberculosis were wrongly interpreted in relations to the timely knowledge . Not till the detection of the tubercle bacteria and confirmation of tuberculosis as a bacterial infectious disease the pathology gained new possibilities to take part in further investigations in the disease with great success . The disease of tuberculosis goes back to earliest time of mankind . Since this time it existed until the middle of 20th century in nearly the same manner, not curable with a high morbidity and mortality and heavy courses . A change of its course to lower mortality and a decrease of the heavy exudative forms could be observed after getting a higher social standard of life in many countries, by the modern prophylaxis and therapy of the tuberculosis and related to a disease drifting into the older ages of men with a predominance of milder forms of tuberculosis in this age . We use our observations of 53,167 autopsies of adults with a total number of 2277 (4.3%) tuberculosis, (1249 = 2.4% inactive and 1028 = 1.9% active tuberculoses) to explain some facts about the present situation of tuberculosis . In this time the relative amount of tuberculosis among the whole number of autopsies decreased from 6.4% to 3.2%, the active tuberculosis from 3.8% to 0.8% . In 1961 we still found 39% exudative-cavernous tuberculosis of lungs, 1981 only 21% . But the amount of tuberculosis miliaryis pulmonum increased in this period from 3% to 26%, the generalised tuberculosis miliaris from 17% to 53% . 1981 only 1 tuberculosis deceased was younger than 50 years . But alarming is the fact that more than 50% of active tuberculosis and 63% of the miliar tuberculosis in the last 10 years were not diagnosed in lifetime but only by autopsy.

J Public Health Dent, 1983 Summer, 43(3), 216 - 25
Occlusal sealants: an overview of clinical studies; Ripa LW; Sealant application is a technic in which a rapid transfer of technology occurred from the research community, abetted by industry, to individual practitioners and public health personnel . Less than five years after publication of the results of the first clinical trial, sealant systems were commercially available . Since the first published report of the effectiveness of sealants in inhibiting occlusal caries, many other investigators have substantiated the dramatic caries-inhibiting potential and degree of retention that can be obtained with sealants . Despite the high degree of success and the universality of positive reports, there is a significant lag in the utilization of sealants both by dental practitioners and public health programs . One reason appears to be the perception that sealants are not cost-effective . This is a concept that the dental research community may have unwittingly fostered by conducting cost analyses on a technic that was still in its initial stages of development . It behooves the dental profession, both the public and private sectors, to accord sealants recognition for their proven effectiveness and retentive characteristics . At the same time, the dental profession should suspend judgment on their costs until reports of studies conducted specifically for this purpose appear.

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, 1983 Jan, 51(1), 1 - 23
{Artificial nutrition in neurology--indications and problems}; Fuchs HH et al.; 36 patients with severe neurological diseases (craniocerebral trauma, cerebrovascular insufficiency, meningo-encephalitis, polyneuropathy, paraplegia, intoxication etc.) received for more than 3 months monosaccharides and polyols (Triofusin E 1000) and a 10-%-concentration of crystalline amino acids (Aminofusin L10% kohlenhydratfrei) via the parenteral route in combination with / or exclusively a nutrient-defined diet (Biosorb) . Exclusive enteral nutrition was given preference if possible . Numerous laboratory parameters, as for example blood counts, "hepatic enzymes", electrolytes, trace elements, plasma proteins, lipids, urea and creatinine were determined once a week . Substitutions and secondary complications were registered in addition . Iron and plasma proteins had to be substituted most frequently . It could be proved that hypoferremia was caused by insufficient iron supply in case of exclusive/prevailing parenteral nutrition, incorrect application of the iron preparations, inflammatory complications with iron moving into the R.E.S., as well as malabsorption syndromes probably induced by bacteria . Inflammatory complications were also the major cause of protein deficiency syndromes (hypoalbuminemia) . In case of relatibely often occurring diarrhea, however, it could clearly be proved that it was not induced by nutrition but was produced by a broad-spectrum antibiosis . Chronically persistent diarrhea with colitis-like colonic changes required enteral feeding with an oligopeptide diet (z.B . Peptisorb) via jejunal feeding tube . Nitrogen balances which were determined after more than 3 months of artificial nutrition formed the basis of a nutritional plan differentiated according to diagnostic groups and stages of disease.

Agents Actions Suppl, 1983, 12, 167 - 85
On the biological role of lipid chemotactic factors; Konig W et al.; Our experimental data of the past seven years cover the generation of a non-preformed lipid-mediator which primarily assayed with guinea pig eosinophils proved to be eosinophil chemotactic . The analysis of the various stimuli led in 1978 to the concept of the phospholipase-arachidonic sequence as a common link for membrane activation . Immunopharmacological studies using either arachidonic acid as stimulus or arachidonic acid analogues provided an early evidence that the lipid chemotactic factor was a lipoxygenase product . These results were supported by analytical studies using thin layer chromatography, reversed phase HPLC, mass spectrometry, the comparison of the lipid chemotactic factor with endogeneous HETEs and by the synthesis of mono- and di-HETEs . It became also evident that mono- and di-HETE are not only mediators but also modulators of inflammatory reactions as was demonstrated for the C5a induced eosinophil chemotactic response . A less pronounced effect on the C5a induced eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic response was exerted by PAF and its structural analogues . It is also demonstrated that isolated bacterial exotoxins trigger the cells via the phospholipase-arachidonic acid sequence thus generating mono- and di-HETEs leading to the amplification of an inflammatory response.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(3), 143 - 6
{Encystment using different carbon substrates in Azotobacter chroococcum}; Marengo GW; Carbon nutrition has a fundamental role in the encystment of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter . The effect of liquid media with various organic carbon substrates on the encystment of 2 strains of Azotobacter chroococcum was studied . Both strains had been previously cultured in a glucose and mannitol liquid medium . Strain 2087 showed the greatest degree of encystment (78%) with isopropanol and a very low percentage of cyst formation in the glucose and mannitol medium . In strain 1847 an important percentage of cyst formation (33%) was obtained in the glucose and mannitol medium and no cysts appeared with isopropanol . N-butanol and N-propanol induced in both strains relatively reduced percentages of encystment . The differential response found in the glucose and mannitol medium and the isopropanol media with strains 2087 and 1847 of A . chroococcum, has a degree of similarity in the different intensity of encystment shown by diverse strains of A . vinelandii with certain carbon substrates.

Ecol Dis, 1983, 2(2), 151 - 5
Quantum differences in oral susceptibility of voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to virulent Francisella tularensis type B, in drinking water: implications to epidemiology; Bell JF et al.; Shedding nephritis in voles with chronic tularemia is the probable source of frequent contamination of streams over wide areas of the northern hemisphere . However, voles inoculated parenterally with as few as one dex viable cells of Francisella tularensis palaearctica succumb uniformly to acute tularemia, whereas voles, beavers, and muskrats often thrive in waters contaminated with the organism . Nevertheless, water-borne epizootics do occur in these animals, and at these times streams are heavily contaminated . In attempts to determine the lethal dose, per os, of the bacteria to voles, it was found that there are stable, 'order-of-magnitude' differences in susceptibility of individual weaned voles reared under uniform conditions . Also, voles thus infected often became chronically infected with bacteriuria . It is proposed that the most susceptible voles are responsible for amplification of water contamination and thus for initiation of water-borne epizootics in hygrocolic mammals and for frequent mild infections in man.

Clin Invest Med, 1983, 6(3), 213 - 20
Investigation of nosocomial infections by plasmid analysis; Farrar WE Jr; Molecular biological techniques, including agarose gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization (Southern blotting and heteroduplex analysis) are being applied very successfully to the investigation of nosocomial infections . 'Plasmid fingerprinting' by electrophoresis, with or without restriction endonuclease analysis, can be used to identify epidemic strains of bacteria and 'epidemic plasmids' which have spread through several different bacterial species . This technique is rapid and inexpensive, and can be applied to drug-sensitive as well as resistant strains . This approach is especially useful for investigation of organisms for which no standard typing system is available . DNA-DNA hybridization techniques can be used to study the evolution of plasmids in the hospital environment, and to demonstrate the presence and spread of translocatable DNA sequences (transposons) carrying drug resistance determinants from plasmid to plasmid within a bacterial cell.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1983, 39, 34 - 8
Possibilities of preventing otitis media by vaccination; Makela PH et al.; The prerequisites for preventing a considerable proportion of acute otitis media (AOME) of children are theoretically good--pneumococcal types/groups present in the available 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine are the most common bacteria in AOME, and a good serum antibody response is followed by type-specific protection from infection . However, the four most common types/groups (= 2/3 of all pneumococci in AOME) have very poor immunizing capacity in infants, and therefore the vaccine offers little protection from AOME for children under the age of 2 years . This information should help towards an improved new vaccine for AOME.

J Mol Evol, 1983, 19(5), 309 - 21
Biological diversity, chemical mechanisms, and the evolutionary origins of bioluminescent systems; Hastings JW; A diversity of organisms are endowed with the ability to emit light, and to display and control it in a variety of ways . Most of the luciferins (substrates) of the various phylogenetically distant systems fall into unrelated chemical classes, and, based on still limited data, the luciferases (enzymes) and reaction mechanisms are distinctly different . Based on its diversity and phylogenetic distribution, it is estimated that bioluminescence may have arisen independently as many as 30 times in the course of evolution . However, there are several examples of cross-phyletic similarities among the substrates; some of these may be accounted for nutritionally, but in other cases they may have evolved independently.

J Int Med Res, 1983, 11(4), 197 - 204
Clinical assessment of a trimethoprim-sulfamethopyrazine combination (Kelfiprim) in lower respiratory tract infections; Harazim H et al.; The new combination of trimethoprim 250 mg and sulfamethopyrazine 200 mg was used in fourteen out-patients and eighteen in-patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchopneumonia due to sensitive bacteria . The drug was given for 1 to 2 weeks as one capsule daily (following a double loading dose on the first day), and ampicillin, 500 mg capsules q.i.d., was administered to another group of eleven in-patients for comparison . Overall results, based on clinical, radiological and laboratory findings, were excellent or good in 85% and 67%, respectively, of out- and in-patients receiving the combination drug; definite failures were one out of fourteen and two out of eighteen cases, and the remainder were assessed as fair . In three out of thirty-two patients mild to moderate gastro-intestinal side-effects were observed during treatment . The drug compared favourably to ampicillin for both effectiveness and safety.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(2), 103 - 41
{Nucleoside polyphosphates: occurrence, metabolism and function}; Riedel K; Procaryotes have regulatory systems allowing to vary the metabolism in response to nutritional variations, to reduce the growth, and to start development . Nucleoside polyphosphates are mediators of coordinated alterations of metabolism . In this review, after a brief recall of the characteristics of the stringent response, the occurrence, determinations, and the metabolism of the nucleoside polyphosphates are presented . The representation of the pleiotropic effects includes the regulation of the protein synthesis and of the protein synthesis apparatus, of the protein turnover, of the N- and carbohydrate metabolism, of the formation of cell membranes and cell walls as well as the possible function of the development.

Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 1983, 6(1), 1 - 6
Radiographic findings in the chest of patients following cardiac transplantation; Shirazi KK et al.; The postoperative chest radiographic findings in 38 patients undergoing orthotopic (37 patients) and heterotopic (1 patient) cardiac transplantation were evaluated . Findings were correlated with those of echocardiograms, sputum and blood cultures, and lung and heart biopsies . The radiographic manifestations in the chest of these patients are classified in the following three main categories: (1) Newly formed cardiac silhouette findings due to the transplanted heart itself, i.e., changes in size and shape of the new heart and pericardial effusion resulting from the placement of a smaller heart in a larger pericardial sac . (2) Infectious complications due to bacteria, fungal, and other opportunistic agents secondary to immunosuppressive therapy, and (3) Usual postoperative complications following thoracotomy and open-heart surgery.

Immun Infekt, 1983 Jan, 11(1), 23 - 9
{Monoclonal antibodies and possibilities of their application in medicine}; Kaufmann SH; Recent developments in tissue culture technology have allowed successful fusion of immune B cells with appropriate tumor cells, selection of the resulting B cell hybridomas as well as their cloning and continuous propagation . Cloned B cell hybridomas produce monoclonal antibodies, i.e . antibodies of a given class and specificity . In many cases monoclonal antibodies are superior to conventional antisera . In diagnostic use monoclonal antibodies can replace conventional antisera in radioimmuno assays and enzymeimmuno assays as well as in typing of tissues, bacteria and viruses . Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies have been used for 100% purification of valuable compounds such as interferon . Due to their monospecificity, in the near future monoclonal antibodies will offer new opportunities in passive immunization against infections diseases and, particularly, in tumor therapy.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1983 Jan, 51(1), 21 - 8
Antibody moieties within circulating immune complexes in heart transplant recipients; Harkiss GD et al.; Circulating immune complexes were isolated from the sera of cardiac allograft recipients by bovine conglutinin/anti-conglutinin co-precipitation, or by gel filtration and protein A-Sepharose affinity chromatography . The antibody moieties within these isolated immune complexes were tested for specificity against heterologous anti-thymocyte globulins by solid phase radioimmunoassay, and bacterial and viral antigens by indirect immunofluorescence . The results showed that in addition to possessing specific anti-equine anti-thymocyte globulin antibodies, immune complexes also contained cross-reacting antibodies to rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin and vice versa, despite the patients only having received antibody of one species . Similarly, antibodies directed against bacteria or viruses (cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, virus, Epstein-Barr virus) were found within immune complexes obtained during overt infection, but also where infection was not detected . These results demonstrate the heterogeneous nature of immune complexes in heart transplant sera, and suggest that various stimuli, including ATG therapy, infection and possibly polyclonal B cell activation, may be involved in their generation in cardiac transplantation.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(10), 625 - 33
Ultrastructural characterization of core structures and paracrystalline inclusion bodies in L-form cells of streptomycetes; Gumpert J; Protoplast type L-form cells of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and S . griseus contain different types of inclusion bodies . Cytoplasmic cores and paracrystalline structures are peculiar inclusions which could not be observed in normal parent bacteria . The cytoplasmic cores are 1-4 micron long and 0.05-0.25 micron broad straight and stiff non-tubular structures consisting of homogeneous mode-rate electron opaque material . Paracrystalline inclusions have side-lengths between 0.2 and 0.5 micron and show a characteristic pattern of 15-20 nm thick straight dark lines and electron lucent intervening spaces of 20-30 nm . Both cytoplasmic cores and paracrystalline inclusions are apparently proteins . Their occurrence in L-form cells indicates an altered synthesis of one or several proteins in these cell types.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1983, 166, 223 - 39
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (imuthiol) and cancer; Renoux G et al.; Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (imuthiol), a nonantigenic, nontoxic and noncarcinogenic compound, evinces distinctive properties in recruitment and activation of T cells, and no direct influences on B cells or macrophages . The biological attributes of imuthiol (destruction of neoplastic cells, bacteria, fungi and parasites; a detoxifying influence against carcinogens or agents toxic for the liver) could strengthen its activity as a biological response modifier . Preliminary clinic testings show that imuthiol restores T cell activities and regulates the ratio among T cell subsets in cancer patients, without untoward side effects.

Wien Klin Wochenschr Suppl, 1983, 142, 4 - 7
{In-vitro activity of cefotaxime}; Knothe H; From 1979 to 1982, a large number of freshly isolated strains of bacteria were investigated at our institute with regard to their sensitivity to cefotaxime in comparison to other antibiotics . The isolates came from 42 clinics in the Rhine-Main region . The results of the investigations demonstrate that cefotaxime, due to its high stability against beta-lactamases, has advantages over to older cephalosporins, and even cefoperazon and cefoxitin . Despite increased use of cefotaxime, there was no change in the sensitivity of the organisms from 1979 to 1982.

Eur Surg Res, 1983, 15(2), 59 - 66
The choice of a suture to close abdominal incisions; Bucknall TE et al.; Burst abdomen, incisional hernia and sinus formation continue to bedevil the surgeon . Significant associated factors include postoperative wound infection and the suture material used . A series of experiments was therefore designed to test suture materials for their use in infected abdominal would closure . The nearest to the ideal, is a monofilament nonabsorbable suture (monofilament nylon) . It has a low infectivity, resulted in satisfactory would tissue strength when used in infected wounds, and retained its strength . Infected, braided sutures of silk, nylon and polyglycolic acid even after 70 days were seen to contain bacteria and polymorphonuclear cells when examined electron microscopically . Absorption of silk and polyglycolic acid and encapsulation of non-absorbable braided nylon was delayed by the presence of infection . Monofilament nylon, in contrast, was unaffected, a fibrous capsule having formed by 10 days even in the infected state.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Jan, 23(1), 46 - 8
Ceftriaxone diffusion into cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis; Latif R et al.; We evaluated the diffusion of ceftriaxone into the cerebrospinal fluid of 27 infants and children with meningitis who were receiving conventional antimicrobic therapy . Ceftriaxone was administered as a single 75 mg/kg dose and was given early or late or both in the course of the illness . Three hours after a dose, the mean cerebrospinal fluid ceftriaxone level was 5.7 micrograms/ml in patients studied early in the course of meningitis and 2.1 micrograms/ml in patients studied later in the illness . Six hours after a dose, the mean cerebrospinal fluid ceftriaxone levels early and late in meningitis were 7.2 and 2.5 micrograms/ml, respectively . The diffusion did not correlate with the leukocyte count or the protein or glucose content of the cerebrospinal fluid . Serial, simultaneous cerebrospinal fluid and plasma ceftriaxone levels were also determined in three additional patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt infections and external ventriculostomy drainage . The cerebrospinal fluid ceftriaxone levels in these patients ranged from 0.7 to 8.3 micrograms/ml . Our data indicate that ceftriaxone diffuses sufficiently and consistently into the cerebrospinal fluid to warrant its assessment in the treatment of meningitis.

J Pediatr, 1983 Jan, 102(1), 134 - 7
Single-dose ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with central nervous system infections; Chadwick EG et al.; Ceftriaxone has greater in vitro and in vivo efficacy against many common bacteria than other third-generation cephalosporins . Single-dose ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics were studied in 17 patients, aged 0.6 to 52 months, with infections of the central nervous system . Patients received a randomized dose of 50 or 75 mg/kg ceftriaxone intravenously over 5 minutes on the second to fifth day of illness . Serial blood samples were collected over 24 hours in all patients, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained 1 to 4.5 hours after injection . Ceftriaxone mean peak plasma concentrations, determined by high-power liquid chromatography, were 267 and 184 microgram/ml for the 75 and 50 mg/kg dosage groups, respectively . The harmonic mean elimination half-life was 4.2 hours, and the mean percent drug penetrance into CSF was 4.8 +/- 3.5% . Of CSF studies evaluated, the glucose concentration was correlated most closely (inversely) with CSF penetration of ceftriaxone . Individual CSF concentrations of ceftriaxone exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the respective bacteria causing infection by 480 to 5,600 times . Ceftriaxone may be useful in the treatment of serious pediatric infections, including meningitis.

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