Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Sep, 68(3), 416 - 9 Misdiagnosed Salmonella septicemia and endarteritis due to a lactose-fermenting strain: bacteriologic and epidemiologic considerations; Porschen RK et al.; In a case of septicemia and endarteritis the causative agent was initially misidentified . The Salmonella had atypical biochemical properties and was resistant to numerous antibiotics . Therapy with gentamicin and cephalothin failed to eliminate the organism . Identification of the organism as a lactose-fermenting Salmonella serotype typhimurium var . copenhagen was confirmed . The possible dissemination of the isolate from Brazil was analyzed by serologic studies of family members and friends. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1977 Sep-Oct, 34(5), 993 - 1000 {Rotavirus in children with severe malnutrition}; Hernandez F et al.; The study comprised 19 children with severe protein-calorie malnutrition admitted to Hospital Nacional de Ninos . With one exception, all of the patients complained of diarrhea at the examination . Samples of stools were collected for bacteriologic, parasitologic and virologic studies . Rotavirus was shown in 4 cases and adenovirus in another 4 . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella were isolated in 9 different children . It was possible to demonstrate at least one potentially pathogenic agent in 84% of the total number of cases . In malnourished infants under one year of age, the index of positiveness was 100% . It is set forth that infection is the most important factor in the etiology of diarrhea of the malnourished infant. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1977 Sep, 27(3), 411 - 24 {Food additives and their possible genetic toxicity; microbiological determination}; D'Aquino M et al.; In the present work we intend to find an accurat methodology to establish in an easy way the mutagenic potential of drugs employed as food additives . For that purpose we first selected a microbiological system for performing this assay . The method assayed consisted of investigating the effect exerted on genetic recombination by the following chemical agents: Chloroacetic Acid, Iodoacetic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Potassium Metabisulfite, Sodium Nitrite, Auramine and Erythrossine . The activity of these agents was detected though their effect on the transformation of an auxotrophic strain of Bacillus subtilis . Comparative assays of reversion of characters have been made with strains of Salmonella typimurium already used by other authors . These assays have also been repeated with several auxotrophic strains of Bacillus subtilis and different genetic characters have been studied . Most results suggest that changes in the recombination process should have occured at different levels according with the drugs assayed . On the other hand, the results of reversion have not been significant enough . We think that more accuracy is afforded by both the recombination and the reversion assay developed to other for this kind of detection. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Aug-Sep, 128(2), 237 - 42 {Supplement No XX to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1976 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella . Nineteen belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 11 to the sub-genus III . Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described. Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1977 Aug 1, 32(15), Suppl: 239 - 40 contd {Management of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi carriers using Sulprim}; Schmidt H et al.; The sanation of carriers of Salmonella germs by means of bactericidal chemotherapy in combination with cholecystectomy is not to be expected in many patients with older age or when concomitant diseases are present . Therefore was tested, whether an exclusive therapy with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol (sulprim) is an effective method for the sanation of carriers of the salmonella germs with renunciation of cholecystectomy . Since 1973 up to now 20 carriers of germs have been treated for 12 weeks with daily 2 X 2 tablets of sulprim . Of these patients 84-year-old female patient died of massive pulmonary. Am J Epidemiol, 1977 Aug, 106(2), 160 - 6 Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1967-1972: increasing importance of international travelers; Rice PA et al.; Isolates of Salmonella typhi from 3661 persons in the United States were reported to the Center for Disease Control from 1967 to 1972 . Available case reports and carrier lists for the patients from whom the isolates were recovered were reviewed . During this period the yearly number of travel-associated cases rose 270% and, in contrast to indigenous cases, the number of travel-associated ones increased each year . This increase was largely due to cases associated in some way with Mexico . Furthermore, residents of the United States with Hispanic surnames were at higher risk of contracting typhoid in this country than was the rest of the population . Most indigenous cases were in children or young adults and were not linked to recognized outbreaks . Most known typhoid carriers in the United States are elderly women. Gastroenterology, 1977 Aug, 73(2), 233 - 6 Reassessment of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid; Senewiratne B et al.; The Widal test was done in 100 nontyphoidal febrile pients, 53 patients with proven typhoid, and in 61 patients with immunological disturbances in an are where typhoid is endemic . Salmonella typhi H or O agglutinin titers of 1:160 or more were seen in only 1% of nontyphoidal fevers . Using these criteria, the Widal test was of diagnostic value in 50 of 53 (94.3%) of patients with typhoid . The Widal test was positive in 85.7% of patients even in the first week of the illness, possibly owing to the hyperimmune state of the patients . A false-positive test was found in 11.5% of patients with major immunological disturbances in whom the Widal test must therefore be interpreted with caution. J Immunol, 1977 Aug, 119(2), 679 - 84 Sera and the in vitro induction of immune responses . III . Adjuvant obtained from gliding bacteria with properties distinct from enteric bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Shigi SM et al.; We have extended our studies on the role of bacterial contamination in the generation of fetal calf sera which support primary in vitro humoral responses by cultured mouse spleen cells . Gram-negative, gliding bacteria were isolated from a strongly supportive sample of fetal calf sera . Medium conditioned by the growth of these microorganisms had strong adjuvant effects in cultures of mouse spleen cells supplemented with a non supportive, deficient sera . The adjuvant and mitogenic activities of the bacterial conditioned medium were then compared to those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa 0901 in cultures of LPS responder and LPS nonresponder spleen cells . From the results of these comparative studies, we conclude that the active factor(s) obtained from the gliding bacteria is an adjuvant with properties very distinct from those of highly purified enteric bacterial LPS. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Aug, 79(1), 1 - 4 Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A; Sanborn WR et al.; The distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied . Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world . Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1 . The ratio of phage type 1-5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta . The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta . The ratio of phage types among 10 S . paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Aug, (8), 31 - 6 {Use of hybrid strains of S, typhi and S . typhimurium for characterizing the biological activity of individual Salmonella antigens by the alternative recording of the experimental results}; Levina LA et al.; Intraperitoneal infection of mice, subcutaneously immunized with acetone vaccines of various antigenic composition, with the microbes of hybrid salmonellae strains of murine and typhoid fever caused development of infectious process approaching natural infection . A significant elevation of the intensity of immunity was provided by preparations containing serologically identical O-antigen in infection with O-strains, or Vi-antigen in infection with Vi-strains . For the formation of animal resistance to infection it was necessary to immunize the mice with vaccines containing homologous H- and O-antigens (in infection with O-strains) and H-, O- and Vi-antigens (in infection with Vi-strains) . Immunization with killed vaccines with a full-value antigenic structure provided effective protection of mice from doses approaching LD50. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1977 Aug, 82(2), 339 - 45 Connectin, an elastic protein of muscle . Comparative Biochemistry; Maruyama K et al.; Connectin, an elastic protein, was isolated from both skeletal and cardiac muscles of various species of vertebrates, and also from smooth muscles (gizzard) of the chicken . The amino acid compositions of these preparations were very similar . Connectin was also obtained from claw and tail muscles of the crayfish, but preparations from clam adductor muscles and insect thoracic muscles were heavily contaminated with collagen and resilin, respectively . Connectin-like protein was obtained from cell membranes of erythrocytes and fluorescent anti-connectin staining suggested that it is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane . An attempt to isolate an elastic protein from insoluble residues of amoebae of the slime mold and those of bacterial cell body (Salmonella) was inconclusive . The present comparative bio-chemical study has shown that connectin or connectin-like protein is widely distributed in various types of muscles and in some nonmuscle cells. J Infect Dis, 1977 Aug, 136 Suppl, S161 - 6 Cross-reactive antigens: their potential for immunization-induced immunity to Gram-negative bacteria; McCabe WR et al.; The involvement of multiple species and serologic types in gram-negative bacteremia prompted evaluation of immunization with shared, cross-reactive antigens of gram negative bacilli . Active and passive immunization with Re chemotype mutants of Salmonella minnesota afforded significant protection against heterologous gram-negative bacilli and were considerably more effective than immunization with smooth S . minnesota or its Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd1 and Rd2 mutants . Since the lipopolysaccharide of the Re mutant is composed solely of 2-keto-3-deoxycotonate (KDO) and lipid A, the protective activity of antibody to the Re mutant and lipid A was evaluated . Immunization with Re mutant protected granulocytopenic rabbits against lethal bacteremia and protected mice against lethal challenge with heterologous endotoxins, whereas antibody to lipid A had no protective activity . In concomitant clinical studies, high titers of antibody to the Re mutant at the onset of bacteremia were associated with a significant diminution in the frequency of shock and death, which was independent of any effect of O-specific antibody. J Infect Dis, 1977 Aug, 136(2), 239 - 47 Gastroenteritis in children: a two-year review in Manitoba . I . Etiology; Gurwith MJ et al.; During two years, 1,217 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis at the Children's Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada were studied . Bacterial pathogens were present in 25% of these children: enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 120, Shigella in 139, Salmonella in 24, and multiple pathogens in 18 . Rotavirus was detected in 54 (11%) of 472 patients examined . Rotavirus and enteropathogenic E . coli were the most common pathogens in infants, and Shigella was the most common in older children . Bacterial diarrhea occurred more commonly in summer, whereas rotavirus infection occurred more commonly in winter . Among 276 children screened, enterotoxigenic E . coli was found in three, and Aeromonas shigelloides that produced a similar toxin in two others . Enteroinvasive E . coli was not detected in 70 children . Organisms producing toxins "cytotoxic" to HeLa cells were isolated from three of 90 children . Screening for enterotoxigenic or enteroinvasive organisms was not productive of a significant number of pathogens, and, although screening for rotavirus did improve the number of etiologic diagnoses, the etiology of the majority of cases of diarrhea remained unknown. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Aug, 79(1), 25 - 38 The diagnosis of salmonella abortion in cattle with particular reference to Salmonella dublin . A review; Hinton M; The diagnosis of abortion in cattle caused by Salmonella dublin depends upon the isolation of the organism from either the products of conception, uterine discharges, vaginal mucus or milk together with serological evidence of active infection . S . dublin may be isolated when an active or a latent carrier cow abourts but in these cases an active infection will not be demonstrable . The retrospective identification of a case of S . dublin abortion may prove difficult as excretion of the organism is usually transient and the serum agglutinating antibodies frequently fall to low titres soon after the abortion. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Aug, 79(1), 5 - 16 Salmonella serotypes, Salmonella typhi phage types, and anti-microbial resistance at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica; French GL et al.; Bacteriologically proved cases of salmonellosis presenting at the University Hospital have increased nearly threefold since 1957 . The most striking change has been a considerable increase in the incidence of Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella derby in the last 5 years, probably resulting from hospital acquired infection . About 80 cases of typhoid fever are reported each year in Jamaica . There has been little change in the prevalence of different phage types of Salmonella typhi since 1961 . Paratyphoid fever is rare . Standardized antimicrobial disk-sensitivity testing was performed on selected surviving salmonella strains since 1964 . S . typhi has remained fully sensitive to all the agents tested except streptomycin . Other salmonellas, however have shown a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance since 1970 . Most of this increase was due to multiple resistance in S . heidelberg and S . derby, and the survival and dissemination of these strains in the hospital environment may be related to antibiotic usage. Klin Wochenschr, 1977 Aug 1, 55(15), 751 - 7 The procoagulant activity of human granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes stimulated by endotoxin . Coagulation and electron microscopic studies; Hiller E et al.; Leukocytes from donor blood were separated by ficoll/Urovison density centrifugation into granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes . The cell fractions were suspended in a culture medium to which endotoxin of Salmonella enteritidis was added at a final concentration of 10 microgram/ml . Endotoxin-stimulated monocytes developed a very high tissue factor (thromboplastin) activity while in granulocytes an only negligible amount of tissue factor activity was detectable . The tissue factor activity measured in the preparation of the lymphocytes can be explained by contamination with monocytes . Eelectron microscopic studies showed the lysosomes of all monocytes to be enlarged and activated . Only a fraction of the granulocytes appeared degranulated with prominent vacuoles containing inclusion bodies . Possibly the high tissue factor activity of the monocytes triggers the development of the disseminated intravascular coagulation in the Shwartzman phenomenon. Johns Hopkins Med J, 1977 Aug, 141(2), 63 - 70 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea of travelers: a prospective study of American Peace Corps volunteers; Sack DA et al.; Travelers' diarrhea was studied prospectively in a group of 39 American Peace Corps Volunteers (PCVs) during their first five weeks in Kenya . Twenty-seven developed diarrheal disease and 12 remained well . Multiple episodes were documented in 11 of the symptomatic volunteers . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of many serotypes producing heat-labile and/or heat-stable enterotoxin were isolated from 17 of the 27 volunteers with diarrhea and from 1 of the 12 well volunteers . The enterotoxigenic E . coli were more likely to be antibiotic sensitive than the non-enterotoxigenic E . coli . A serum antibody rise to the heat-labile toxin (LT) was detected in six symptomatic volunteers, five of whom had a positive culture for LT-producing E . coli, and from one asymptomatic, culture negative volunteer . Salmonella cubana was isolated from two volunteers, and three volunteers had serologic evidence of infection with human reovirus-like (rotavirus) agent . This study confirms the role of enterotoxigenic E . coli as a major cause of travelers' diarrhea and suggests that the disease is similar in widely separated geographic areas. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Aug, 238(4), 489 - 93 {On the similarity of antigen between torulopsis and salmonella . 2 . (communication) (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Torulopsis castellii, T . ernobii, T . humilis, T . insectalens, T . musae, T . pintolopesii and T . silvatica agglutinated Salmonella cholerae suis (6,7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae suis agglutinated Torulopsis castellii, T . ernobii, T . humilis, T . insectalens, T . musae, T . pintolopesii and T . silvatica . Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Torulopsis species and in S . cholerae suis (6,7). J Infect Dis, 1977 Aug, 136 Suppl, S174 - 80 Cross-protective immunity to Gram-negative bacilli: studies with core glycolipid of Salmonella minnesota and antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae; Young LS et al.; Two immunoprophylactic approaches to the control of infections caused by gramnegative bacilli were evaluated by study of experimental infections in animals . The core glycolipid antigen derived from the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota R595 is shared by virtually all enteric bacteria, and immunization with this endotoxin protects against the hemodynamic sequelae of bacterial infection and pyrexia without enhancing intravascular clearance of bacteria . The degree of protection afforded by active and passive immunization with core glycolipid was significantly less than that conferred by type-specific immunization . Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae share capsular antigens with some strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae; by the mechanism of enhanced opsonization, antibodies to S . pneumoniae may cross-protect against infection with E . coli or K . pneumoniae. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Jul, 238(3), 370 - 8 {Phage-typing and tetracycline resistance in Salmonella panama strains of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany (1969-1975) (author's transl)}; Kempf G et al.; 505 out of 1369 S . panama strains isolated mainly from animals, foods, and feedstuffs from 1969 to 1975 were phage-typed . 41% (= 207) of the S . panama isolates examined originated from swine, 26% from cattle and calves, 15% from dogs, and 13% were from other animal species and materials . 465 strains (=92%) showed typical reactions . 23% were specified as phage-type A, 24% as phage-type B and 36% as phage-type G . Phage-types D, E, and F did not occur . In swine, being the most frequent carriers of S . panama, phage-types A, B, and G had nearly the same shares . In dogs, phage-type G predominated to which nearly one half of the examined S . panama isolates from this species belonged . 205 (=41%) out of 505 strains examined for their resistance to antibiotics proved to be tetracycline-resistant . All 123 strains of phage-type B were tetracycline-resistant, all 35 strains of phage-type C were tetracycline-sensitive . 5 strains of phage-type A exhibited transferable tetracycline-resistance determinants. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Jul, (7), 39 - 43 {Several controversial problems in the epidemiology of intestinal infections . III . Features of the mechanism of transmission and systematization of the source of infection in salmonelloses}; Zaritskii AM; Features peculiar to the transmission mechanism in anthroponosis and zoonosis salmonelloses were formulated on the basis of studying the sources of salmonella infection in the Ukkrainian SSR for 10 years and analysis of the literature data . Inequality of different representatives of the animal world in the spread of salmonelloses was determined by these peculiarities permitting to differentiate the source of infection with the leading zoonosis mechanism of the infection transmission and the sources with the anthroponosis transmission mechanism. Arch Dis Child, 1977 Jul, 52(7), 569 - 72 Porcine pancreatin as a source of salmonella infection in children with cystic fibrosis; Lipson A et al.; Contamination of a powdered preparation of pancreatin with Salmonella schwarzengrund and S . eimsbuettel resulted in the infection of at least 31% of one group of paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis . The pancreatin contained very small numbers of Salmonellae, the infecting dose in at least one child being less than 44 organisms . More stringent bacteriological standards are needed for pharmaceuticals and foods used by paediatric patients. Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 626 - 32 {Biochemical typing of salmonellae by a miniaturized system (API - 50 E) (author's transl)}; Ottaviani F et al.; The biochemical properties of clinical isolates of Salmonella have been studied by means of a commercially available miniaturized system (API - 50 E), which permit an easier examination of 50 chemical reactions . This miniaturized system seems to be helpfull not only in epidemiological researches but also in characterization of "atypical strains". Clin Orthop, 1977 Jul-Aug, (126), 235 - 8 Salmonella spondylitis . Report of 2 cases; Mnaymneh W; Two cases of Salmonella spondylitis with unusual features appeared in patients who have no sickle cell disease and no history of typhoid fever . One case presented with paraparesis, was misdiagnosed and originally treated for Pott's disease . The other case was diagnosed correctly by specific laboratory tests, but failed to respond to the conventionally accepted conservative antibiotic treatment and required surgical excision and drainage . Salmonella spondylitis with paraparesis may not have been reported heretofore. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1977 Jul, 3 Suppl B, 101 - 2 The treatment of enteric fever with mecillinam; Geddes AM et al.; In vitro studies carried out in this Department confirmed the high activity of mecillinam against Salmonella spp . As a result we set up a study to investigate the efficacy of mecillinam in patients suffering from enteric fever . To date 13 out of 15 patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever have been successfully treated with this new amidinopenicillanic acid antibiotic. Infect Immun, 1977 Jul, 17(1), 136 - 9 Effect of indomethacin on intestinal water transport in salmonella-infected rhesus monkeys; Giannella RA et al.; Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, will abolish salmonella-induced rabbit ileal secretion when given prior to the establishment of infection . In the present study, we assessed whether indomethacin can inhibit salmonella-induced intestinal secretion when administered after infection and net intestinal secretion are well established . A physiological model of salmonellosis, salmonella-infected rhesus monkeys, was used . This model also permitted an examination of the effects of indomethacin in both the small and large intestines . The effect of indomethacin in control monkeys was also studied . Indomethacin caused a striking enhancement of net intestinal water transport in the jejunum,, ileum, and colon of salmonella-infected monkeys . These effects occurred promptly and were of sufficient magnitude in the ileum and colon to cause a reversal in the direction of net transport from net secretion to net absorption . Indomethacin also enhanced net water transport in the jejunum ileum, and colon of normal animals . These data show that indomethacin markedly enhances net intestinal water transport in both the small and large intestines of salmonella-infected monkeys, even when administered after salmonella infection and intestinal secretion are well established . Similar enhancement also occurs in the normal intestine . The mechanism(s) by which indomethacin produces these effects is not known. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Jul, 11(3), 425 - 6 {Postoperative focal salmonella infections of hydatid cysts}; Baykal M et al.; S . typhi and S . typhimurium were isolated from postoperative cavities of hydatid cysts of two patients . Both focal salmonella infections were cured by using appropriate antibiotics. Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 613 - 7 {Structure of the antibiotic resistance of the salmonellae found in Transcarpathia}; Grishchenko RI et al.; Resistance of 1280 strains of Salmonella of various serological types isolated in the Zakarpatskaya region within 1967-1976 was studied with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin tetracycline, levomycetin, monomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and oleandomycin . An Increase in the resistance of Salmonella to streptomycin, tetracycline, levomycetin, monomycin and neomycin was shown . During the last years Salmonellae carrying 4-8 resistance determinants were spreading in the region . Among S . typhimurium strains with 7-8 resistance determinants predominated (58.8 per cent) . The cases of salmonollosis were mainly due to these strains. Arch Surg, 1977 Jul, 112(7), 843 - 5 Salmonella abscess . A potential nosocomial hazard; Gremillon DH et al.; Abscess formation by Salmonella species is an uncommon but significant manifestation of salmonellosis . These localized infections can serve as sources for hospital outbreaks . Appropriate isolation measures and management require early recognition . Three patients with Salmonella abscess were admitted to hospital with a diagnosis other than Salmonella infection . In two, admitted with diagnoses of cholelithiasis and acute appendicitis, respectively, postoperative Salmonella infections developed . A third was diagnosed as having traumatic epididymitis, but was found to have Salmonella orchitis . Appropriate antibiotic therapy was effective in two of the three instances; the other resolved spontaneously . There were no recognized nosocomial infections related to these patients, in spite of delayed diagnosis and treatment . Proper routine wound care plus handwashing after patient contact can minimize the spread of these organisms from unsuspected infections. J Bacteriol, 1977 Jul, 131(1), 119 - 22 Origin of the heterogeneity of cell wall O-polysaccharides from Salmonella zuerich (1,9,12,(46),27); Nghiem HO et al.; The heterogeneity of the cell wall O-polysaccharide of Salmonella zuerich (factor 1 present or absent) is probably not due to mutations in the stock since it was seen in essentially similar fashion (proportion one 1+ to four 1-forms) in four separate lots of polysaccharide extracted from separate culture batches . The results of indirect fluorescent antibody studies suggest that form variation of factor 1, occurring at an unusually high rate, is the most probable basis of the heterogeneity. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Jul, 11(3), 393 - 8 {Serological relationship between candida and salmonella}; Kilicturgay K et al.; To investigate the reported relationship among certain candida and Salmonella C1 group O antigen, an antigen and antiserum from C . albicans strain, isolated in our institute from patient, and another antigen and antiserum prepared from S . cholera suis strain were used . On the other hand C . melinii, which does not share any antigen with Salmonella, and S . newport antigen and antiserum, sharing no antigen with C . albicans were used as negative controls . C . albicans antigen and antiserum available in our institute, gave positive results with Salmonella C1 group O antigen and antiserum . The same titers were obtained as in the literature reports. Eur J Immunol, 1977 Jul, 7(7), 497 - 500 Restriction in the immune response to flagellar proteins in inbred mice; Smith AM et al.; Anti-idiotypic sera prepared in both AL/N mice and rabbits identify specificities common to the IgA MOPC 467 myeloma protein and day-7 affinity-absorbed antibodies to Salmonella milwaukee polymerized flagellin (S . mil-POL) raised in BALB/c and C57BL/Ka mice . Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of reduced and alkylated BALB/c anti-S . mil-POL gave a banding pattern of L and H-chains identical to MOPC 467 . C57BL/Ka anti-S . mil-POL had a similar L-chain pattern but a different H-chain pattern . Both BALB/c and C57BL/Ka contain predominantly IgA . The IEF patterns in the two strains are consistent with a monoclonal response at day 7. Cancer Lett, 1977 Jul, 3(1-2), 99 - 105 The ability of enteric bacteria to catalyze the covalent binding of bile acids and cholesterol to DNA and their in ability to metabolize benzo(a)pyrene to a binding product and to known metabolites; Zachariah PK et al.; The capacity of enteric bacteria (E . coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Shigella and Klebsiella) to catalyze the covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and cholesterol was investigated . In general, these bacteria were incapable of activating BP to a covalently bound product with calf thymus DNA . Metabolism studies of BP by fluorometric assay failed to indicate any accumulation of BP-3-hydroxy in the incubation medium . Detailed metabolic investigation with high-pressure liquid chromatography indicated that these bacteria did not produce any known metabolites which are formed by mammalian systems . However, radioactivity was detected in all fractions, suggesting that the bacteria were readily metabolizing BP into smaller molecules for energy and carbon sources . Although the enteric bacteria did not metabolize BP into known metabolites, some were capable of activating cholesterol, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid to covalently bound products with DNA . The binding data with cholesterol and bile acids also suggested that the binding process required NADPH as a cofactor because binding level was rather low without NADPH. Lancet, 1977 Jun 11, 1(8024), 1249 - 50 Outbreaks of salmonella food-poisoning over a period of eight years from a common source; Payne DJ et al.; In an outbreak of turkey-borne food-poisoning lasting 8 years there were 185 cases and 1 death . 10 incidents were traced to one breeding establishment . The investigation of the outbreak revealed the advantage of close medicoveterinary collaboration. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1977 Jun, 6(4), 489 - 95 {Study of folic acid blood levels during estro-progestagen treatments}; Karlin R et al.; When the blood levels of folates were estimated in 100 women following treatment with oestro-progestagens the following facts emerged : 1) There is no significant difference between the folate levels found in women on oestro-progestagens compared with a control population of the same age . 2) We have not found any evidence of frank folic acid deficiency in women on oestro-progestagens, but there have been slight drops in the levels of folates in women who show other reasons for folic acid deficiency than taking oral contraceptives . These are : troubles in absorption, salmonella, an increase in the need for folic acid in pregnancy, and failure of transport . Furthermore the incidence of lower levels in the control population was exactly the same as in the experimental population. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1977 Jun, 17(2), 225 - 36 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene: a potential environmental toxicant; Hsia MT et al.; 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), a potential environmental toxicant formed in the industrial manufacturing and the microbial degradation of chloroanilide herbicides, has been prepared in 87% yield by an improved procedure . In vitro experiments with C3H/10T1/2 cells have shown that TCAB is toxic to mammalian cells, which may be correlated with observable cytological changes . TCAB has also been found to be weakly mutagenic by the Salmonella/microsome test . In addition, C3H/10T1/2 cells are transformed following a ten day incubation with TCAB . These data suggest the potential health hazard associated with the environmental occurrence of TCAB. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 1977 Jun, 3(1), 32 - 6 Candida as a cause of diarrhoea in children; Alam SA et al.; In a study of 134 children under 12 years of age suffering from diarrhoea, candida was responsible either directly or indirectly in 23 (17.1%) cases . Mixed incidence of candida and shigella were found in 2 (1.7%) cases . Candida species were isolated in 78(58.2%) specimens . Shigella and salmonella were recovered from 10(7.4%) children suffering from diarrhoea. Arch Dis Child, 1977 Jun, 52(6), 482 - 5 Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in infancy and early childhood in southern India; Maiya PP et al.; The aetiology of acute gastroenteritis was studied in 50 infants and young children . Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 33, enteropathogenic E . coli (EPEC), Salmonella, and Shigella being the commonest isolates . Rotaviruses were detected in the stools of 13 of the cases . All children with gastroenteritis in whom rotavirus was detected were seen during the months July to December . In 30 children who served as controls, EPEC were isolated in 6, but rotavirus was detected in none . It is concluded that infection with rotaviruses is a significant cause of morbidity in children with gastroenteritis in southern India. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Jun, (6), 62 - 7 {Strains of salmonella with altered antigenic structure}; Stepanova LK et al.; The authors studied 260 freshly isolated and laboratory cultures of salmonellae belonging to different serological groups . Heterogeneity of the majority of the strains studied by colour fluorescence of the colonies in the oblique light flux was demonstrated . Genetically bound spontaneous stable mutants with a different antigenic composition were selected by this method from a number of serological types . The isolated mutants were in the S-form and failed to differ by morphological, cultural and biochemical properties from the initial parental strains . A study of the antigenic structure by the method of agar immunoelectrophoresis and determination of their serological properties showed the mutants to have disturbances in the processes of O- or K-antigen synthesis. Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Jun, 67(6), 526 - 7 Mutagenicity of benzidine and related compounds employed in the detection of hemoglobin; Ferretti JJ et al.; Seven compounds commonly used as chromagens for the detection of hemoglobin and its derivatives have been assayed for mutagenicity employing the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test . Three of these compounds, benzidine, o-dianisidine, and o-tolidine, were shown to be mutagenic . Since benzidine and o-tolidine are already known to be carcinogens, there is a high probability that o-dianisidine will also prove to be a carcinogen . Four compounds tested with this system, o-anisidine, diphenylamine, guaicol, and o-toluidine, were not mutagenic. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Jun, 78(3), 439 - 48 Salmonella surveillance with reference to pigs--Cardiff abattoir, 1968-1975; Harvey RW et al.; Between 1968 and 1975, well over 3000 samples of pig faeces and 407 samples of pig mesenteric glands were examined for salmonellas . A very wide range of serotypes was isolated . The material from this survey was used to evaluate certain aspects of salmonella isolations . The factors studied were: selective motility enrichment, size of inoculum of faeces, comparison of drain swab with animal sample and comparison of selenite F broth with Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth . The conclusions drawn from these investigations allowed an efficient routine to be developed during the survey. Cancer Res, 1977 Jun, 37(6), 1915 - 7 Mutagenicity of pesticides containing 1,3-dichloropropene; De Lorenzo F et al.; In a systematic study of the mutagenic effect of chemical compounds used as pesticides, we found that D . D . soil fumigant and Telone are mutagenic . The test was performed using the bacterial tester strains following the procedure developed by Ames . The active principle of D . D . soil fumigant and Telone is a mixture of the cis and trans isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene . Both isomers are mutagenic in Salmonella strains TA 1535 and TA 100 . 2,3-Dichloro-1-propene, a minor component (5%) of the commercial preparation Telone, was also found to be mutagenic in strains TA 1535 and TA 100 . Mutagenesis of these tester strains is an indication of a base-pair substitution event causing a missense mutation . 1,3-Dichloropropene is widely used in agriculture all over the world . In Italy 2,187,100 kg were produced in 1972 . In California over 1,000,000 kg of 1,3-dichloropropene-containing pesticides were used in 1971. Aust N Z J Med, 1977 Jun, 7(3), 307 - 8 Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome in typhoid fever; Samantray SK; A case is described of a 15-year-old girl who developed Landry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl Syndrome (LGBSS) on the ninth day of typhoid fever . In the absence of other known cause or association of LGBSS Salmonella typhi is believed to be aetiologically related . The patient recovered uneventfully from her neurological illness in about ten weeks from onset of symptoms. J Infect Dis, 1977 Jun, 135(6), 965 - 9 Detection by immunofluorescence of common antigenic determinants in unrelated gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides; Eskenazy M et al.; Various gram-negative bacteria were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis . The acid-treated bacteria exhibited strong cross-reactivity with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antiserum to the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota . Hydrolyzed bacteria showed considerably stronger fluorescence than heat-treated bacteria . It is assumed that acid hydrolysis uncovers shared glycolipid determinants that are responsible for cross-reactivity . Isolated homologous and heterologous lipopolysaccharides were allowed to react with antibody to S . minnesota Re insolublized by covalent binding to aminohexyl Sepharose 4B . The resulting antigen-antibody complexes were visualized by exposure to the fluorescent antiserum . This treatment allows the demonstration of glycolipid structures of intact lipopolysaccharides. Mol Gen Genet, 1977 May 20, 153(1), 5 - 10 Incompatibility and bacteriophage inhibition properties of N-1, a plasmid belonging to the H2 incompatibility group; Taylor DE et al.; N-1, a plasmid isolated from a strain of Shigella flexneri in Japan more than 10 years ago, mediates the phage inhibition phenotype which has recently been found to be characteristic of plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group . Using the criteria of phage inhibition, surface exclusion and incompatibility, the N-1 plasmid is shown to be closely related to H2 plasmids isolated from non-typhoid salmonella and distantly related to H1 plasmids isolated from Salmonella typhi . Plasmids of other incompatibility groups did not show the H2 type of phage inhibition. Eur J Biochem, 1977 May 16, 75(2), 613 - 8 Separation of two Salmonella O-antigen polysaccharides by means of a glutaraldehyde-concanavalin-A polymer . Primary studies on the separated fractions; Nghiem HO; The Salmonella zuerich (1,9,12,(46),27) cell wall O-polysaccharides have been characterized as a mixture of two immunologically distinct fractions differing in the presence or absence of the antigenic determinant 1 usually carried by side chains of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue . In this paper, we describe the use of concanavalin A in separating the two O-polysaccharides . The procedure involves polymerization of concanavalin A with glutaraldehyde, followed by selective adsorption of the polysaccharide containing O factor 1 and elution with D-glucose . Immunological and chemical analyses showed that the separation was successful and demonstrated chemical differences between these two fractions in relation to their immunological behaviour. Med Klin, 1977 May 6, 72(18), 806 - 8 {Little epidemic caused by Salmonella panama (author's transl)}; Kienitz M et al.; Between 8 . 1 . 1976 and 10 . 8 . 1976 16 new or premature born children got a gastroenteritis due to salmonella panama . All these children were together in one pediatric ward of the hospital . Most of them came directly for the labour ward or from the newborn-ward . They had antibiotic therapy due to the indication of the mother or the child . It was impossible to fine the source of the salmonella infection, therefore, finally the ward was closed . After radical desinfection new patients came to the ward . Again they were infected with salmonella panama . Now it became clear that contaminated milk (Humanan-Heilnahrung) was the source of infections . Most papers mention a mild benign course of the infections . In contrary we could see severe conditions dependent on the pre-damage of the child or his reduced immunity . The minimal number of germs of dietic food products needs to be examinated. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 May, (5), 67 - 70 {Transfectable strains of Salmonella}; Zaikin VL et al.; It the Ca2+-dependent system of an intact bacterial recipient the efficacy of DNA transfection of P22 H5 bacteriophage was determined in 48 strains of bacteria belonging to the Salmonella genus and in 5 Escherichia coli strains with known genetic characteristics and phenotypical properties . The sensitivity of the salmonella strains under study to R- and RS-specific bacteriophages, and also their capacity to ferment galactose were determined . Transfectable mutants of bacteria belongin to the Salmonella genus were referred to the Ra-type . The salmonella P22 H5 bacteriophage of the heterologous E . coli recipient isolated DNA transfection was demonstrated. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 May, 33(5), 1026 - 9 Small pet aquarium frogs as a source of Salmonella; Bartlett KH et al.; Salmonellae were isolated from 21% of the samples of freshwater aquarium frogs tested and from 25% of the samples of aquarium water containing these frogs . The salmonellae were Salmonella arizonae, S . bovis-morbificans, S . hadar, S . saint-paul, S . typhimurium, and S . worthington . These isolations were made over a period of 9 months and from three different cities . This association of salmonellae with frogs may contribute to cases of human salmonellosis since other aquarium species have already been shown to contribute to such cases. Res Vet Sci, 1977 May, 22(3), 371 - 5 Altered absorption and regulation of iron in chicks with acute Salmonella gallinarum infection; Hill R et al.; Chicks aged 15 days were infected orally with Salmonella gallinarum . During the six-day period immediately following infection the absorption of 59Fe from the gut fell progressively to be eventually about half that in noninfected chicks . This reduced uptake was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of the 59Fe absorbed, more occurring in the spleen and less in the liver and blood . During the eight-day period that immediately followed infection in another experiment, serum iron concentration on day 4 and 6 in infected chicks was significantly lower than that in noninfected birds . In the infected chicks also the transferrin saturation was significantly lower and the unsaturated ironbinding capacity higher, on days 4, 6, and 8 after infection . These findings show that there is a major disturbance in iron regulation in acute systemic bacterial infection in the immature fowl and suggest that the mild anaemia which occurs in chicks during acute S gallinarum infection a shortage of iron in the body. Postgrad Med J, 1977 May, 53(619), 265 - 6 Cardiac tamponade and acute renal failure following Salmonella agona pericarditis; Webster J et al.; A 19-year-old female presented with cardiac tamponade complicated by acute renal failure . Salmonella agona was cultured from pericardial aspirate after repeated pericardiocentesis in several sites . Treatment with ampicillin and intermittent haemodialysis led to complete recovery. J Trauma, 1977 May, 17(5), 402 - 4 Compression hepatic necrosis in a child; Jona JZ et al.; A child with compression ischemia of a segment of the liver is described . Such an insult may cause insignificant early abdominal findings and serious delay in the diagnosis may follow . An unusual colonization of the ischemic liver with Salmonella organisms caused sepsis, leading to the patient's demise. Ann Sclavo, 1977 May-Jun, 19(3), 490 - 3 {Polyresistant "Salmonella bredeney" in a general surgical ward (author's transl)}; Caroli G et al.; A series of cases of postoperative gastroenteritis by Salmonella bredeney in a general surgical ward has been described . The particular serotype of Salmonella in question, the widerange of drug-resistance of the strains, the epidemiological stages of the outbreak and the kind of the ward interested have been considered of uncommon occurrence. Ann Sclavo, 1977 May-Jun, 19(3), 393 - 401 {Infections of Salmonella in Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) . Epidemiology from 1973 to 1976 (author's transl)}; Andreoni G et al.; The epidemiology of Salmonella infections in Sassari in the last four years was reported . The remarkable increase of gastroenteritis caused by uncommon Salmonella and by S . wien in 1975 and 1976 was point out: about all cases were related with 3 epidemic episodes in hospitalized patients that were notified as paratyphoid cases in 91% and as infancy's gastroenteritis in 9% . The 201 strains of Salmonella isolated from June 1975 to May 1976 belong for 91% to group B (for 80,5% to S . wien), for 2% to group C1, for 1,5% to group C2, for 5% to group D1 and for 0,5% to group E4 . The hypothesis on introduction of S . wien in Sardinia were examined; the rules for limitation of Salmonella diffusion and for prevention of the endemicity of new imported strains, were examined. Ann Sclavo, 1977 May-Jun, 19(3), 386 - 92 {Morphology of the nucleus in bacteria of the Salmonella genus (author's transl)}; Macerata U et al.; Through the use of the Piekarski-Robinow's technique, the Authors have studied the morphology of the nucleus in bacteria of the Salmonella genus and their changes brough about by lithium chloride, tripflavin and penicillin. Chem Biol Interact, 1977 May, 17(2), 129 - 36 Factors for efficiency of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay; Malaveille C et al.; Factors were studied which modify the enzymatic capacity of mouse liver microsomal mixed-function oxidase to convert vinylidene chloride (1.1-dichloroethylene) (VDC) into mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . A microsomal fraction incorporated in soft agar layer converted VDC into mutagens during 7 h at a constant rate; these were detected with S . typhimurium TA100 . In absence of VDC the enzymatic activity declined gradually to nil after 14 h of incubation at 37 degrees C . The presence of EDTA greatly enhanced the microsome-mediated mutagenicity of VDC and led to prolonged enzymatic viability, but only when liver fractions from phenobarbitone (PB) pretreated mice were used . The efficiency of the plate incorporation assay for the detection of mutagens is discussed in comparison with assays in liquid suspension. Scand J Dent Res, 1977 May, 85(4), 272 - 8 Endotoxic activities of lipopolysaccharides of microorganisms isolated from an infected root canal in Macaca cynomolgus; Dahlen G et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from a strain of Bacteroides oralis, a strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a strain of F . nucleatum, all isolated from an infected root canal in monkey (Macaca cynomolgus), were examined for endotoxic activities using primary skin reactions in rabbits and induction of leukocyte chemotaxis in rats . LPS of B . oralis showed considerably lower ability to cause skin inflammation than LPS of the fusobacteria . However, the leukotactic effect of the LPS preparations as determined by the wound chamber method in rats was approximately of the same proportion . In both tests the reactions were compared with those of commercial LPS of Salmonella typhi . This study shows that endotoxic LPS can be isolated from oral Gram-negative bacteria, which have infected the root canal . Therefore LPS may play a role in the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation of the periapical tissues. Ann Sclavo, 1977 May-Jun, 19(3), 409 - 19 {Sensitivity to chemoantibiotic therapy of new isolated Salmonellae strains (author's transl)}; Lamanna A et al.; The results of chemoantibiotic sensitivity tests carried out on 626 Salmonellae strains, isolated in 1973, 1974 and 1975 at the Bacteriol . Laboratory of S . Maria Nuova Hospital, Florence (Italy), are here related . The lowest percentages of antibiotic resistance have been noted to gentamycin and colimycin . Significant differences of antibiotic resistances were observed in single tested strains: the Salmonella wien strains were polyresistant, while the Salmonella panama strains showed a very high sensitivity to all the antibiotics . The conclusion is that in order to conduct a correct and useful antibiotic therapy, the microbic sensitivity test on isolated Salmonellae strains should be always performed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 May, (5), 23 - 6 {Study of the role of the plasmid-determined sucrose index in Salmonella newport in the development of experimental infectious process}; Petrovskaia VG et al.; The authors studied the role played by Sac-plasmide of atypical S . newport strains inducing a more severe course of the disease in the development of the infectious process in man . In experiments with genetically-bound strains of salmonellae and E . coli K12, differing by the presence of Sac-plasmide, it was shown that the acquisition or the loss of the latter failed to effect significantly the capacity of the microbes to cause death of chick embryos infected on the membrane, to reproduce in the pulmonary tissue of mice infected intranasally, and affect the cells of the L1 strain . Genetic confirmation of the absence of any connection between the sucrose sign determined by plasmide and the capacity of the strains to cause dilatation of the ligated rabbit intestinal loop was presented . The data obtained indicated that high virulence of the S . newport strains under study was not associated with the presence of Sacplasmide in them. J Hered, 1977 May-Jun, 68(3), 184 - 5 Mutagenicity of dieldrin in the Salmonella-microsome test; Majumdar SK et al.; Dieldrin was assayed in vitro for its mutagenic activity in several strains of S . typhimurium with and without Aroclor 1254 treated mouse liver homogenate (S-9M) . The mutagenicity of the insecticide was expressed maximally in all strains in the presence of liver S-9M and less so in three strains without liver microsomes. J Pharm Sci, 1977 May, 66(5), 723 - 4 Spectrophotometry as a tool for assaying endotoxins; Karamian NA et al.; A spectrophotometric method is reported for assaying endotoxins over a wide concentration range, including low parts per billion levels . Five solution of endotoxins . Escherichia coli 0127:B8, Escherichia coli 055:B5, Salmonella abortus-equi, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella flexneri, were examined . Each exhibited an absorption maximum at 259 nm, but the absorptivities differed in each case . Thus, rigorous quantification requires that the identity of the endotoxin be known . The uv absorbance and the statistical data for the standard curves for three groups of standard solutions are presented . The absorbance for each group was linear with concentration within acceptable limits. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1977 May, 2(5), 1019 - 29 Mutagenicity of waste products from vinyl chloride industries; Rannug U et al.; The by-product from vinyl chloride production, EDC-tar, is a complex mixture of mainly short-chained chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons . This mixture has been tested for mutagenicity by means of Ames' Salmonella/mammalian microsome method . Since most of the components in the tar are poorly soluble in water, three agents were used as solvents or emulsifier: ethanol, DMSO, and Tween 80 . The results with all these agents showed that EDC-tar contains direct as well as indirect mutagenic constitutents . It could be concluded that the mutagenic effect observed in the test could not be due to any significant extent to one of the main components, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) . This substance showed a weak mutagenic effect, but only at higher concentrations than could be available in the highest concentration tested of the tar . Although the microsomal system enhanced the mutagenicity both of the EDC-tar and of 1,2-dichloroethane, this enhancement was dependent on NADPH in the case of EDC-tar but independent of NADPH with 1,2-dichloroethane . The Salmonella/mammalian microsome method seems to be a suitable tool for both mutagenicity screening of complex chemical mixtures and identification of mutagenic constituents in such mixtures. J Infect Dis, 1977 May, 135(5), 807 - 12 Emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol in salmonella. {On the similarity of antigen between torulopsis and salmonella (author's transl)} Aksoycan N, Saganak I. The immune sera for Torulopsis apicola, T . bovine, T . colliculosa, T . fructus, T . glabrata, T . haemulonii and T . kestoni agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (6,7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae-suis agglutinated Torulopsis apicola, T . bovina, T . colliculosa, T . fructus, T . glabrata, T . haemulonii and T . kestoni . Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Torulopsis species and in S . cholerae-suis (6,7). J Biochem (Tokyo), 1977 May, 81(5), 1567 - 9 A sensitive substrate for the clotting enzyme in horseshoe crab hemocytes; Nakamura S et al.; An endotoxin-activated hemocyte lysate from horseshoe crab (Tachypleus and Limulus) was found to hydrolyze specifically BZ-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide, which was recently introduced as the substrate for assay of the blood coagulation factor, Factor Xa . Further, this amidase activity increased by increasing the concentration of bacterial endotoxin (Salmonella minnesota R595) added to the lysate . Thus, the measurement of the amidase activity in the hemocyte lysate can be very useful to detect and determine the endotoxin. Can J Microbiol, 1977 May, 23(5), 559 - 62 Preenrichment procedure for detection of Salmonella in gelatin; Park CE et al.; Trypticase soy broth was superior to nutrient and lactose broths as a preenrichment medium for the detection of Salmonella in artificially and naturally contaiminated gelatin . The detection rate for Salmonella were further enhanced when homogenization of the gelatin-broth mixture was accomplished by the use of gelatinase rather than by heating of 45 degrees C . Detection rats were also increased by adjusting the pH of the gelatin-broth mixture of 7.0, optimum pH for gelatinase (EC 3.4.23.2) activity. Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Apr 9, 116(7), 761 - 4, 767 Typhoid outbreak in Kingston, Ont: experience with high-dose oral ampicillin; Hardy G et al.; Twenty-four children contracted typhoid fever at a summer camp near Kingston, Ont . Six were treated with chloramphenicol alone and 15 with high doses of ampicillin (300 mg/kg-d) by mouth . Ampicillin in this dosage was well tolerated except in three children in whom severe urticarial rashes developed and two who had significant diarrhea . However, high-dose oral ampicillin therapy had no advantage over that with lower doses or over chloramphenicol as judged by the rate of defervescence after the start of treatment, the rate of clinical relapse and the frequency of excretion of Salmonella typhi during convalescence. Science, 1977 Apr 8, 196(4286), 170 - 2 Recombinational switch for gene expression; Zieg J et al.; Flagellar antigens are specified by two genes, H1 and H2 . The expression of these genes is regulated such that only one gene activity, or phase, is expressed at a given time . Molecular cloning techniques were used to isolate the segments of Salmonella DNA which contain these genetic loci . Heteroduplex analyses revealed an anomaly in the cloned fragment, that is, and apparent inversion, which was shown to be adjacent to the H2 gene . A correlation was demonstrated between the phase state of the H2 gene and the sequence of the adjacent segment . We propose that an inversion of this region is the phase-determining event in flagellar gene expression in Salmonella. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Apr, 11(2), 279 - 81 {Similarities between Metchnikowia and Salmonella 0 6,7 antigens}; Aksoycan N; The antigenic similarity between Metschnikowia and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigen is reviewed and discussed briefly. Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Apr, 28(1), 35 - 9 Development of immune response during typhoid fever in man; Sarma VN et al.; The development of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR) to antigens prepared from Salmonella typhi was investigated in patients suffering from typhoid fever . The antibodies were determined by the standard Widal test while the leucocyte migration test was used for CMIR . These immunological parameters were correlated with the duration of illness, the duration of chloramphenicol therapy and the severity of the illness . It was found that CMIR appeared after the first week of illness in uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever, where as it remained negative in the patients who had complications . The antibody titres were similar in the two groups . On further follow up of complicated cases, the clinical recovery coincided with the development of CMIR . It may be concluded that for recovery in typhoid fever CMIR is more important than antibodies. J Physiol, 1977 Apr, 266(2), 397 - 410 Intracerebroventricular taurine in rabbits: effects of normal body temperature, endotoxin fever and hyperthermia produced by PGE1 and amphetamine; Harris WS et al.; 1 . Intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injections of taurine into rabbits resting at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 10 degrees or 23 degrees C caused hypothermia but at 30 degrees C ambient temperature, rectal temperature was unchanged . 2 . An I.C.V . bolus of 0=5 mg taurine immediately followed by a slow infusion of taurine (0-01--0-2 mg/min) into rabbits at 23 degrees C ambient temperature caused sedation and peripheral vasodilation and blocked the febrile response to Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (1 microng/kg i.v.) . Sustained fevers, characteristic of fevers caused by central administration of pyrogens, developed after taurine infusions were stopped . Control infusions of taurine at the same rates in the same rabbits when they were afebrile had little effect on rectal temperature . 3 . An I.C.V . injection of 0-5 mg taurine reduced the hyperthermia caused by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1; 2 microng) given I.C.V . A dose of 5-0 mg not only blocked PGE1 hyperthermia but also caused marked hypothermia . 4 . Bilateral injections of taurine into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region, at sites where injections of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin caused long-lasting fevers, had no effect on rectal temperature . Similar injections into the reticular substance of the medulla oblongata, in the region believed to be concerned with a secondary temperature control function, were also without effect on body temperature . 5 . Taurine (0-5 and 5-0 mg, I.C.V.) had no consistent effect on hyperthermia induced by amphetamine (2 mg/kg, I.V.) 6 . We conclude that the hypothermic effect of taurine is not due to an action on the central neurone pool or pools concerned with the integrative control of thermoregulatory effectors . This amino acid appears to inhibit neuronal activity in efferent pathways which control peripheral vasomotor tone and heat production and to depress the level of arousal . Taurine delays the onset and extends the duration of endotoxin-induced fever, perhaps by two separate action: by inhibiting activity in central thermoregulatory pathways and by promoting accumulation of endogenous pyrogen in the brain. J Infect Dis, 1977 Apr, 135(4), 649 - 53 Typhoid fever in the United States associated with the 1972-1973 epidemic in Mexico; Baine WB et al.; In 1972 and 1973 a nationwide outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Mexico . The responsible strain of Salmonella typhi had a characteristic pattern of phage lysis, resembling the type A pattern, referred to as degraded Vi(A), and was resistant to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobial agents in vitro and in vivo . Eighty cases of infection with strains of S . typhi that were related to the Mexican epidemic strain were reported in the United States . The epidemic in Mexico subsided in mid-1973, and no further cases of typhoid fever due to chloramphenicol-resistant organisms were reported in the United States . Infections with chloramphenicol-sensitive strains of S . typhi with the phage lysis pattern of degraded (Vi(A) occurred in association with travel in Mexico before and after the height of the epidemic in Mexico . Although typhoid fever due to chloramphenicol-resistant organisms has not been reported in the United States since the subsidence of the Mexican epidemic, testing of isolates of S . typhi for antibiotic sensitivity is recommended because of the continued existence of resistant strains elsewhere. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1977 Apr, 83(4), 440 - 3 {Mechanism of tolerance to VI-antigen of Salmonella typhi induced by cyclophosphane}; Prigozhina TB et al.; High dose Vi-antigen treatment and injection of cyclophosphamide 46 to 48 hours later induced in mice a state of immunological unresponsiveness remaining stable in adoptive transfer . Only low amounts of the antigen were revealed in the blood and spleen of tolerant animals 2 to 3 weeks after the tolerogenic treatment . No T-suppressors were found in the spleen of tolerant mice--the cells of tolerant mice failed to suppress the immune response of normal lymphocytes when transferred together to the irradiated recipients, or to induce tolerance in normal mice . Normal spleen cells restored partially the immune responsiveness in tolerant animals . The results obtained suggest that cyclophosphamide tolerance was due to deletion or the long-term inactivation of the immunocompetent cells. Antibiotiki, 1977 Apr, 22(4), 320 - 4 {Antibiotics sensitivity of "hospital" strains of S . typhimurium}; Rozhnova SSh et al.; Sensitivity of Styphimurium strains isolated under conditions of a hospital infection to antibiotics were studied in comparison with the strains of the given serological type isolated from other sources and with the strains of other serological types of groups B, C, D and E . It was shown that the strains causing outbreaks of hospital infections were characterized by polyresistance to 7 out of 9 antibiotics tested . All the Salmonella strains tested were sensitive to gentamicin and about a half of them was sensitive to polymyxin M. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Apr, 11(2), 245 - 50 {Properties of the common fractions of candida, various yeasts and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigens}; Aksoycan N et al.; The agglutinating serum of S . cholerae suis, obtained against the 0 6,7 antigens, agglutinated C . guilliermondii var . Carpophila and T . candida, both in tube and on slide . The anti-0 serum obtained from R phase of S . cholerae suis did not agglutinate the mentioned strains anylonger. Jikken Dobutsu, 1977 Apr, 26(2), 115 - 21 {Studies on the resistance of a congenic resistant strain of mice (DKIR) against infection with Salmonella enteritidis (author's transl)}; Kishimoto Y et al.; A congenic strain of mice (DKIR) having a relatively resistant gene for mouse typhoid was established by the beckcross mating between C3H/He and DKI strains . DKI strain is highly and uniformly susceptible to the infection with Salmonella enteritidis and C3H/He is relatively resistant to that infection . The present paper reported the consistency of resistance to Salmonella infection of DKIR strain throughout generations after 10 backcross matings . Difference of the number of infected organisms in the peritoneal fluid and organs between DKIR and DKI or C3H/He strains was also described . The newly established DKIR strain seems to be a suitable experimental animal for the study of genetical resistance for mouse typhoid when compared with its original DKI strain. Mutat Res, 1977 Apr, 48(2), 249 - 54 Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons . II . Monitoring genetical hazards of chrysene in vitro and vivo; Basler A et al.; Mutagenicity tests were performed with chrysene in the Salmonella/microsome test, NMRI-mice oocytes, bone-marrow cells and spermatogonia of Chinese hamsters . Only in mice oocytes was a weak but significant increase of structural chromosome aberrations observed . Correlations were found between weak carcinogenic and observed weak mutagenic activities of chrysene in vitro and in vivo. Avian Dis, 1977 Apr-Jun, 21(2), 141 - 59 The Dillon Beach Project--a five-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection in turkeys and their environment; Zecha BC et al.; A 5-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection 2 basic strains of turkeys and their environment was completed . Multiple generations of these turkeys, free from salmonella infection, were raised on a new commercial breeding ranch (the Dillon Beach Ranch) in California during a 31/2-year period . Eight salmonella serotypes eventually gained access to the ranch . Egg transmission and prior contamination of the premises were ruled out as the source of these infections . The most likely means of their introduction was physical transport into the ranch by contaminated feed, personnel, and/or equipment . Several serotypes of salmonella were isolated from pelleted feed delivered to the ranch, demonstrating its role in introducing infection . The low isolation rate from feed samples and environmental samples taken from many buildings indicates the need for intensive sampling as a reliable indicator of infection . The most severe and consistently detected infection occurred in young birds grown in forced-air-ventilated buildings . A total of 17,858 bacteriological cultures representing about 102,756 environmental, feed, and bird samples, and 93,930 serological tests on 46,977 serum samples, were run during the study. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 829 - 35 Ambient-temperature primary nonselective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella spp . from an estuarine environment; Kaper JB et al.; A primary, nonselective, ambient-temperature enrichment procedure for isolation of Salmonella spp . is described . The procedure was superior to elevated-temperature selective enrichment for Salmonella when estuarine water samples were examined . Five Chesapeake Bay stations were monitored, over an 8-month period, for the presence of salmonellae . Of 72 water and sediment samples collected, 17 (23.6%) yielded Salmonella spp . Seven serotypes were identified among the isolates . A seasonal pattern was noted for the incidence of the salmonellae . A most probable number procedure, performed by membrane filtration and nonselective enrichment, yielded Salmonella most probable number indices as high as 110 per 100 g of sediment . The results suggest that new methods, such as the one described in this report, are required for isolation of human intestinal pathogens from estuaries and coastal waters. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 791 - 801 Salmonella in surface waters of central New York state; Dondero NC et al.; Six tributary streams and southern Cayuga Lake in central New York state were sampled for the presence of Salmonella on swabs immersed for 4 days . Of a total of 322 swabs, 39% yielded salmonellae . Swabs were cultured in tetrathionate enrichment at 41.5 degrees C . Isolations were made from brilliant green agar . Salmonellae were isolated from many sites on the streams and from some lake sites . Twenty-five serotypes (11 somatic antigen groups) and a distinct biotype of S . typhimurium (H2S negative) were found . Most frequent isolates, in order of decreasing occurrence, were S . typhimurium, S . thompson, S . oranienburg, and S . enteritidis . Several uncommon isolates also appeared . When tested for mouse infectivity, the isolates generally showed little or no virulence . The incidence of clinical salmonellosis among humans was low in the area and the variety of serotypes had not been noted among cattle . The presence of Salmonella in waters ranging in classification from potable to agricultural and industrial indicated the existence of a low level and undefined reservoirs of the bacteria in the region. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med, 1977 Apr, 31(4), 335 - 40 Radiovaccine of S . typhimurium cells; Nerkar DP et al.; Gamma-irradiation of S . typhimurium cells up to a dose of 500 krad significantly reduces their toxicity . However, the antigenicity of these cells is not altered, which suggests that these cells could be used as a vaccine . The protection offered by the irradiated cells is comparable to that of formalin-treated cells . The radio-vaccine, however, offers an additional advantage of significant detoxification of the endotoxin, thereby minimizing side effects . The lipopolysaccharide extracted from the irradiated S . typhimurium cells offered cross-protection against other Salmonella species tested. J Immunol, 1977 Apr, 118(4), 1480 - 2 Detection of plaque-forming cells in the peripheral blood of actively immunized humans; Thomson PD et al.; Ten adult human volunteers were immunized with Salmonella typhi and their peripheral blood leukocytes were collected for 14 days after immunization . These peripheral blood leukocyted, rich in lymphocytes, were plaqued in a modified Jerne assay against sheep erythrocytes coated with either Salmonella or Escherichia lipopolysaccharide . A specific direct and indirect PFC response developed in immunized individuals by day 7 and peaked at day 10 . This vigorous PFC response rapidly declined to normal levels by day 14 . This marked and specific PFC response of human peripheral blood leukocytes may be developed as a useful tool for monitoring the humoral immune response of patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Apr, 78(2), 253 - 60 Salmonella in pig carcasses for human consumption in Hong Kong: a study on the mode of contamination; Chau PY et al.; A very high proportion (75%) of the pigs slaughtered in Hong Kong were found to be infected with salmonellas . Seven serotypes including Salmonella choleraesuis were isolated but the majority (91%) were S . anatum and S . derby . These serotypes, especially S . anatum and S . derby, had been isolated frequently from clinical cases, symptomless carries and in this study from abattoir workers, suggesting that the pig was a significant source for human salmonella infection . The majority of pigs slaughtered are imported and the high level of apparent infection was thought to be due to cross-infection during transport of the pigs under stress . S . anatum and S . derby were also isolated from pigs at 60 degreesC for 5 min caused no great reduction in the degree of superficial contamination . The two predominant serotypes were isolated from the tank and from drain swabs, and also from the latter held under scalding tank conditions . Thus, in spite of the introduction of hygienic slaughter under modernized conditions employing an automatic conveyance system 55% of the carcases were superficially contaminated after dressing before despatch to customers . Control of infection before slaughtering would appear crucial and a more thorough rinsing or washing of the dressed carcasses desirable. Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Mar 28, 152(1), 93 - 103 Plasmid (pKM101)-mediated enhancement of repair and mutagenesis: dependence on chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12; Walker GC; The drug resistance plasmid pKM101 plays a mojor role in the Ames Salmonella/microsome carcinogen detecting system by enhancing chemical mutagenesis . It is shown that in Escherichia coli K-12 the plasmid pKM101 enhances both spontaneous and methyl methanesulfonate-caused reversion of an ochre mutation, bacterial survival after ultraviolet irradiation, and reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda in unirradiated cells . All these effects are shown to be dependent on the recA+ lexA+ genotype but not on the recB+ recC+ or recF+ genotypes . The recA lexA-dependence of the plasmid-mediated repair and mutagenesis suggests an interaction with the cell's inducible error-prone repair system . The presence of pKM101 is shown to cause an additional increase in methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in a tif mutant beyond that caused by growth at 42 degrees . The presence of the plasmid raises the level of the Weigle-reactivation curve for the raactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated lambda in E . coli and causes a shif of the maximum to a higher UV fluence . These observations suggest that pKM101 does not exert its effects by altering the regulation of the cell's error-prone repair system but rather by supplying a mechanistic component or components. Br Med J, 1977 Mar 12, 1(6062), 676 - 9 Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B among immigrant children in Glasgow; Goel KM et al.; Two hundred Asian and 100 each of African, Chinese, and Scottish children were screened for intestinal parasitic infestations, salmonellosis, brucellosis, hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and tuberculosis . There was a fairly high incidence of Giardia lamblia among Asian and Scottish children and of Trichuris trichiura among the Chinese . Hookworm ova were seen only in Africa children . There were no chronic carriers of Salmonella or Brucella, and no one was suffering from salmonellosis or brucellosis . Tuberculin sensitivity was found in only 4% of immigrant and 1% of Scottish children: the difference was small and neither figure suggests a continuing high incidence of tuberculosis in Glasgow . Only seven immigrant children were found to be HBsAg carriers . Among the families of these carriers there was a high incidence (84%) of HBsAg or antibody (HBsAb) . The survey shows that immigrant children in Glasgow do not constitute a health hazard to the indigenous population . Moreover, severe overcrowding is not a prominent feature among the immigrant families in Glasgow but is greatest among the local Scots. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1977 Mar, 48(1), 51 - 2 The effect of sample size and culture method on the recovery of salmonella spp . from naturally contaminated carcase meal; van den Heever LW et al.; The results of parallel examination by two methods of 223 consignment samples of carcase meal were compared . Selective pre-enrichment of 5 g of sample prior to plating on to a solid media disclosed that 2,7% of consignments were contaminated with Salmonella . Non-selective pre-enrichment of 100 g followed by selective enrichment prior to plating food 21,5% of the consignment to contain Salmonella. Res Vet Sci, 1977 Mar, 22(2), 151 - 7 Enhancement of survival in acute experimental fowl typhoid in chicks by the administration of iron dextran; Smith IM et al.; Chicks aged 15 days were infected orally with 10(6-4) living Salmonella gallinarum . Iron from iron dextran or ferric ammonium citrate (DFe and CFe respectively), in doses of 2-0 or 0-4 mg/kg given intramuscularly at the time of infection, had no effect on subsequent mortality compared with infected controls . Increasing the amount of CFe to the maximum (20 mg/kg) that was non-toxic intramuscularly was also ineffective but when the dose of DFe was increased to 20 or 50 mg/kg the survival rate rose sharply . If given at other times in relation to the time of infection, or more frequently, 50 mg/kg or more of DFe was less active . The increased survival rate among infected chicks given 50 mg/kg of DFe at the time of infection was accompanied by decreases in the severity of the morbid changes in the disease, and by reductions of between c 10- to 100-fold in the numbers of viable S gallinarum in the liver, spleen or blood at the height of the acute infection . DFe (50 mg/kg) given at the time of infection also eliminated the difference in the survival rate noted previously between infected chicks fed respectively with diets containing fish or meat meal as the sole source of supplementary protein. Nord Vet Med, 1977 Mar, 29(3), 141 - 3 A comparison of tetrathionate broth and Rappaport's medium as enrichment media for Salmonella; Nielsen BB et al.; Tetrathionate broth (Muller-Kauffmann) and Rappaport's medium were compared in isolating Salmonella from meat- and bone-meal, receiving waters, sewage, and sludge . The results (Table I) show no difference in isolations from meat- and bone-meal, receiving waters, or sewage, while in studying sludge isolations were significantly less frequent from Rappaport's medium than from tetrathionate broth . The Salmonella positive plates, however, were easier to read when inoculated from Rappaport's medium than from tetrathionate broth. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 5(3), 302 - 14 Single phage-typing set for differentiating salmonellae; Gershman M; A phage-typing system is described for characterizing commonly isolated salmonellae . Fifty-eight serovars representative of groups A, B, C1, C2, D, E1, E2, E3, and E4 were delineated by using a single set of 50 phages isolated from sewage . All of the 735 cultures used in this effort were typable and were distinguished and differentiated on the basis of the 347 phage patterns observed . All results were reproducible . Characteristic phage patterns were produced by a variety of Salmonella serovars isolated from a campus incident and a number of hospital and family outbreaks to indicate an existing epidemiological relationship. Vet Pathol, 1977 Mar, 14(2), 113 - 20 Neurologic disease in naturally occurring Salmonella choleraesuis infection in pigs; Wilcock BP et al.; A granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was seen in 17 feeder pigs submitted for diagnostic evaluation from eight farms . Vasculitis and destructive microgranulomas were widespread in both brain and spinal cord . Occasionally there were microabscesses . Salmonella choleraesuis var . kunzendorf was isolated from six of the eight groups, and there were lesions of acute salmonellosis in all animals examined . In three of the affected herds the principal disease manifestation was neurologic. Johns Hopkins Med J, 1977 Mar, 140(3), 121 - 4 Peripheral and optic neuritis in a patient with hemoglobin SC disease during treatment of salmonella osteomyelitis with chloramphenicol; Charache S et al.; Peripheral and optic neuritis developed in a girl with hemoglobin SC disease, during long-term high-dose treatment of Salmonella osteomyelitis with chloramphenicol . Although the neurotoxicity of this antibiotic is well documented, the child's pain was initially considered to be a form of sickle-cell dactylitis. Ann Sclavo, 1977 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 251 - 72 {Detection of Salmonella in surface waters}; Nardi G et al.; After a detailed description of some of the methods used for the research of Salmonella in superficial waters, the AA . examine some problems relative to the collection of the samples and to the culture of these bacteria . Results obtained in the Po river and its affluents are also briefly presented; the high incidence of samples positive for Salmonella is stressed and some aspects of an epidemiological nature are considered. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Mar, (3), 56 - 60 {Characteristics of the virulence of a strain of S . typhimurium and its glycerin mutant in a HEp-2 cell line model}; Ravdonikas LE et al.; Sensitivity of the HEp-2 cell culture to the infection with the virulent salmonella strains was shown; active penetration and multiplication of bacteria in the monolayer cells indicated this . Gly 90, a glycerine mutant defective by glycerokinase, obtained under the action of ethylmethanesulphonate, displayed a distinct difference from the initial virulent strains of salmonella by decreased invasive properties and the absence of any capacity to multiplication in the epithelial cells . The data on the avirulence of the glycerine mutant obtained on a model in vitro confirmed the observations carried out in vivo in intraperitoneal infection of albino mice (LD50 = 1-10(7) cells) and in keratoconjunctival infection of guinea pigs. South Med J, 1977 Mar, 70(3), 375 - 7 Salmonella empyema: a review; Burney DP et al.; A 35-year-old man developed salmonella pleural empyema during a three-month illness . Cultures of the empyema fluid yielded S enteritidis, serotype typhimurium . Cure was achieved by decortication and obliteration of the pleural empyema space, in combination with chloramphenicol therapy given parenterally . Review of the published reports revealed eight similar instances of salmonella empyema . Manifestations and treatment of this group are reviewed. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1977 Mar-Apr, 34(2), 487 - 506 {Treatment with human colostrum of children with prolonged infectious gastroenteritis}; Coello-Ramirez P et al.; The results of treatment with human colostrum in 6 babies with protracted infectious diarrhea from enteropathogenic E . coli and/or Salmonella are reported . Active diarrhea was present in 5 cases and the 6th was a carrier . Remission was obtained in cases with diarrhea and all showed increase in weight . Negativeness of stool cultures was achieved in four cases and in the other two, the bacteriologic control was not complete . One patient died from a secondary pulmonary infectious problem . As an average, all patients showed rise in secretory IgA and in IgG measured at the duodenal fluid level and in comparison with a control group, there were statistically significant differences . Serum immunoglobulins showed no changes following administration of human colostrum . Although the number of patients reported is small, the results obtained may be considered favorable. J Appl Physiol, 1977 Mar, 42(3), 355 - 61 Comparison of endotoxin and leukocytic pyrogen pyrogenicity in newborn guinea pigs; Blatteis CM; Guinea pigs under 8 days of age generally are unable to develop fever (viz., deltaTre greater than 0.5 degrees C) in response to a standardized dose of endotoxin (2 mug/kg iv of Salmonella enteritidis {SE}) . This study was undertaken to determine whether this lack of responsiveness might be due to an incapacity of leukocytes from young neonates to produce sufficient leukocytic pyrogen (LP) . Three series of experiments were performed at Ta = 27 degrees C: guinea pigs aged 0-2, 4, and 8 days were injected iv with: a) 2, 4, 8, or 16 mug/kg of SE, b) 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 ml of LP generated by 8 mug of SE/25 X 10(6) leukocytes from adult guinea pigs (LPa), or c) 0.1 or 1.0 ml of LP generated by 8 mug of SE/25 X 10(6) leukocytes from 0-5-, 6-12-, and 13-16-day-old guinea pigs (LPn) . Adult guinea pigs received iv 1.0 ml of LPa or LPn . The results revealed that fever could be induced in these animals from birth, but the required doses of SE, LPa and LPn were greater the younger the guinea pigs . Under these conditions, LPn, regardless of the donors' ages, produced fever in all the recipients . It is concluded that the pyrogenic unresponsiveness of newborn guinea pigs to endotoxin may be related not to an inability of leukocytes from these neonates to elaborate LP, but rather to an insensitivity of, presumably, their hypothalamic febrogenic mechanisms to low levels of LP. Biomedicine, 1977 Mar, 27(2), 70 - 3 Some immunological parameters in rheumatoid arthritis from India; Palit J et al.; The present study describes the immune status of 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from India . The results showed a high level of immunoglobulins, normal levels of C3, less proportion of seropositivity (54%) than that reported from the west and 26% having antinuclear antibody in their serum . T lymphocyte proportion in the blood was found to be low in acutely ill patients only . Mantoux and streptokinase-streptodornase skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity were positive only in about 50% of that of controls . However, all the patients could be sensitized to DNCB . For testing the humoral antibody response TAB vaccine was given . The levels of antibody produced against O and H antigens of "Salmonella typhi" were comparable in patients and controls . However, the level of IgM rose significantly in the patients in comparison to that of controls . The cause of this, at least partially, was found to be due to a very significant rise of rheumatoid factor after TAB vaccine in the patients . Also 3 out of 8 patients converted to a seropositive state after TAB vaccination . Controls did not show the development of rheumatoid factor. South Med J, 1977 Mar, 70(3), 305 - 8 Antimicrobial resistance and R factors in Salmonella isolated from humans and animals in Georgia and South Carolina; Saad AF et al.; Three hundred and five strains of Salmonella isolated from humans and 152 strains isolated from animals in Georgia and South Carolina during 1973 were examined for resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents . S typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype (30% of human isolates and 13% of animal isolates) . The overall incidence of antimicrobial resistance was 16% in human starins and 21% in animal strains . The most commonly found resistance were to streptomycin (11% in human strains and 16% in animal strains) and tetracycline (10% in both human and animal isolates) . A higher prevalence of resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, and nitrofurantoin, which are currently used primarily in veterinary medicine, was found in animal Salmonella . Conversely, resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin, which are used mainly in human medicine, was found more frequently in human Salmonella . No resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, tobramycin, rifampin, or trimethoprim was detected . Sixty-five percent of resistant strains from humans and 60% of resistant strains from animals transferred their resistance patterns partially or in toto. S Afr Med J, 1977 Feb 12, 51(7), 199 - 200 Necrotizing enterocolitis in Black neonates; Stein H; Several years ago neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNE) was commonly seen in an open ward for premature babies at Baragwanath Hospital, which was affected by recurrent outbreaks of gastro-enteritis and Salmonella infections . Since outbreaks of infection have been prevented, NNE has been uncommon, in spite of a high incidence of babies of low birth weight, many of who experience neonatal shock from anoxia and hypothermia, conditions considered as predisposing to NNE . The animal experimental work on the protective function of breast milk against NNE is discussed, and it is suggested that the low incidence of NNE at this hospital is due to the establishment of breast milk banks and the encouragement of breast feeding for all neonates. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 98(2), 535 - 42 Relationships between electrophoretic patterns of esterases from Salmonella; Goullet P; Esterases of 85strains of the four biochemically-defined subgenera of Salmonella, when analysed by the acrylamide-agarose zymogram technique using several synthetic substrates, gave four principal bands (E1, E2, E3, E4) and two minor ones . The E1 esterase band hydrolysed alphs-naphthyl acetate, whereas the E2 band hydrolysed beta-naphthyl acetate . These bands were resistant to di-isofluoropropyl phosphate (DFP) and their electrophoretic distribution among the strains occurred within a relatively small MF range, MF being the distance moved by the esterase band as a percentage of the distance moved by the dye front . The E3 band hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl napbuyyrate and, to a lesser degree, beta-naphthyl esters, whereas the E4 band hydrolysed alpha-naphthyl acetate . These bands were sensitive to DFP and their electrophoretic distribution among the strains occurred in a wide MF range . ALL Salmonella strains were closely related in terms of their esterase profiles . However, the divergences in electrophoretic distribution of bands E3 and E4 were sufficient to recognize the subgenera of most of the Salmonella strains analysed. Br J Haematol, 1977 Feb, 35(2), 285 - 99 Membrane changes in human platelets induced by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin; Hawiger J et al.; The unexplained occurrence of thrombocytopenia in cases of Gramnegative sepsis in man led us, in the light of animal experiments indicating the blood platelet as the target cell for endotoxin, to examine the effect of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide B on human platelets . Human platelets were separated from a coat of plasma proteins by Sepharose 2B filtration or by a combined procedure of albumin gradient and Sepharose 2B filtration . The action of endotoxin on human platelets resulted in membrane changes manifested by dose-dependent release of {3H}serotonin and adenine nucleotides . Cytoplasmic marker, lactic dehydrogenase, and lysosomal marker, beta glucuronidase, were retained indicating that the release reaction was selective . Release of {3H}serotonin was specific for endotoxin since other particulates, zymosan and erythrocyte stroma, were without effect . Endotoxin, added to gel-filtered human platelets, induced a significant evolution of platelet factor 3 procoagulant activity . Preincubation of endotoxin with a membrane-rich homogenate of human platelets inhibited its labilizing effect on human platelets thus suggesting an interaction between endotoxin and the platelet membrane itself . Other plausible factors in this interaction {fibrinogen, adenine nucleotides, thrombin, sialic acid residues, and IgG} were eliminated on the basis of a series of control experiments . From the negligible effect of aspirin and indomethacin, we may infer that the interaction of endotoxin with platelets does not depend on the platelet prostaglandin synthesis pathway . The direct interaction of endotoxin with the human platelet membrane comprises a new mechanism which may help to clarify the pathogenesis of vascular and haemostatic disorders accompanying bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 33(2), 480 - 1 Stable gas-liquid chromatography column for fatty acid analysis; Hansen LB et al.; A mixed gas-liquid chromatography column of FFAP and Apolar-7CP has excelelnt thermal stability and shows excellent characteristics for the separation of the methylesters of fatty acids from Salmonella enteritidis call wall lipids. J Med Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 10(1), 29 - 35 Transfer of R factors from Escherichia coli to salmonellas in the rumen of sheep; Smith MG; Adult sheep were given into the rumen c . 10(8) cells each of donor strains of E . coli containing an R factor and prospective salmonella-recipient organisms and were maintained on a diet of lucerne chaff; the animals excreted the organisms, remained healthy, and no transfer of the R factor was detected . When the animals were starved for 48 h before inoculation, the ruminal environment was altered so that, on resumption of feeding, small numbers (c . 10(2)-10(4) cells--less than one cell per ml of rumen fluid) of the introduced organisms were able to multiply and reach sufficient numbers for the transfer of R factors to occur within the rumen . One animal, given 7-8 X 10(3) cells of recipient S . lomita after starvation for 48 h, became a carrier of this organism . A second animal, given 4-4 X 10(2) cells of S . typhimurium after starvation for 48 h, developed acute, fatal salmonellosis 5 days later; at the time of death, large numbers of salmonella organisms (c . 10(9) cells per g) were present in the faeces; these included many (c . 10(6) cells per g) that had received the R factor by transfer in vivo . These results indicate that short periods of starvation may enhance the transfer of R factors and possibly other plasmids between suitable micro-organisms in vivo, and may increase the susceptibility of animals to pathogenic micro-organisms. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Feb, 78(1), 43 - 56 Incidence of salmonella infection in animals in England and Wales 1968--1974; Sojka WJ et al.; Of a total of 23,609 incidents of salmonella infection reported during the period 1968--74, 20,326 occurred in cattle, 1744 in poultry and other birds, 675 in sheep, 558 in pigs and 306 in other species of animals . Despite the large number of serotypes isolated (153), 88% of incidents were due to only two stereotypes: S . dublin (15,929 incidents of which 15,446 occurred in cattle ) and S . typhimurium (4842 incidents of which 3785 occurred in cattle and 732 in birds) . S . choleraesuis was the third (314 incidents which with only 5 exceptions occurred in pigs) and S . abortusovis (243 incidents all in sheep) was the fourth most commonly isolated serotype . The following six serotypes were each recorded in more than 100 incidents: S . newport (177), S . agona (170), S . virchow (169), S . anatum (152), S . enteritidis (150) and S . montevideo (111) . The other 143 serotypes accounted for only 5-8% of total incidents . The trends of annual incidence of salmonella infection in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and other birds during the 17-year period 1958-74 and the distribution of the main serotypes in the individual species of animals from 1968 to 1974 are discussed. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Feb, 78(1), 121 - 7 Salmonella dublin infection in adult cattle: a slaughter house and knackery survey in South West Wales; Hinton M et al.; A survey was carried out between June 1970 and December 1971 in which gall bladders from cattle either slaughtered for food consumption or disposed of through knackeries were cultured for salmonellas . Salmonella dublin was isolated from 28 of 1917 gall-bladders of adult cattle killed in the slaughterhouse at Carmarthen, and from 23 of 197 gall-bladders obtained from adult cattle sent to a knackery at Abergwili, near Carmarthen . The results are compared with a similar survey carried out in 1947 and 1948 . Between June and November 1971 gall-bladders and uteri were also obtained from a slaughterhouse in Newcastle Emlyn, North Carmarthenshire, and a knackery in Tanygroes, South Cardiganshire . S . dublin was cultured from two gall-bladders but from none of the uteri of the 161 slaughterhouse cases . Seven of the 46 cows from the knackery yielded S . dublin on culture: 2 in the gall-bladder only, 3 in the uterus only and 2 in both gall bladder and uterus. J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Feb, 78(1), 113 - 9 Hospital Salmonella johannesburg infection and its possible role in the community spread of the infection in Hong Kong; Teoh-Chan CH et al.; Salmonella johannesburg (1, 40: b: e, n, x), a previously rare salmonella serotype, has established itself rapidly as an important and highly prevalent cause of gastroenteritis among children . The clinical features of the infection are usually mild but chronic . It has been suggested that S . johannesburg was introduced into Hong Kong through imported foods but no common vehicle could be traced as the source of infection . A thorough investigation of one paediatric ward in a general hospital revealed that non-infected patients admitted to the ward usually acquired S . johannesburg infection within 3-7 days, with or without symptoms . Thus hospital cross-infection could be a significant factor in contributing to its rapid spread in the community . Furthermore, the rapidity with which S . johannesburg spread was facilitated by (a) its tendency to produce a chronic infection, (b) its multiple resistance to antibiotics, and (c) the higher infectivity of S . johannesburg over other salmonellas endemic in this locality . These factors combined with the overcrowded conditions in many of the hospitals in Hong Kong facilitated the occurrence of hospital infection, which in its turn contributed to the spread of the infection in the local community. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Jan 21, 102(3), 84 - 6 {Transferral of Salmonella from mother to newborn infant (author's transl)}; Kramer J; Two newborn infants were infected with Salmonella originating from their mothers . After infection of a newborn infant with Salmonella typhi from a mother, known for a long time to be a chronic carrier, no pathological findings were observed but the child continued to secrete typhoid bacilli for three years . The infection of the second child with S . panama, from a mother recognized as a carrier post-partum, caused a fulminating diarrhoea accompanied by septicaemia which had a fetal outcome. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1977 Jan 15, 107(2), 38 - 42 {Yersinia enterocolitica infections in the Zurich area . Bacteriologic-serological diagnosis and case reports}; Mosimann J et al.; It has been investigated whether in the region of Zurich there are infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, and, if so, whether these could readily be diagnosed by us . Both questions can be answered in the affirmative . Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was identified in 5 of the 837 stool specimens sent to our Salmonella diagnosis unit . In 19 of the 1125 blood serum specimens the titer of agglutinin against Yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was higher than 1 : 160 . Our methods of isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica are described . The clinical findings were in accordance with previously published observations by different authors . In none of the cases could any other causal agent have been responsible for the symptoms. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(5), 37 - 41 {Induction of an allergic response of the delayed type against Salmonella abortus-ovis}; Kostov G; Studied were several of the conditions of inducing an allergy reaction of a delayed type in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella abortusovis as well as the correlation between the production of agglutinins and precipitins and the allergic reaction of a delayed type . It was found that a live culture of Salmonella abortusovis produced strongest allergic effects when injected into the pads . The injection (in the pads) of a killed culture, using no adjuvant, and the oral administration of a live culture did not sensibilize the animals . No correlation was established between the agglutinin and precipitin production and the allergic reaction of a delayed type. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(5), 31 - 6 {Antibody dynamics in growing birds experimentally infected or naturally sick with white diarrhea}; Savov D et al.; Serologic studies were carried out with growing birds, aged 37-70 days, experimentally and spontaneously infected with Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum, respectively . More positively reacting birds were found by means of the whole-blood agglutination reaction with typhoid-pullorum test than in the study of the same birds when aged 6-7 months . The investigation of birds when young is also advantageous in that there are no losses of eggs, it is more readily carried out, and the infected flocks could as early as the first selection be intended for market production, being replaced with healthy flocks . It is believed that certain changes in the programme for the control on pedigree and reproduction flocks would be purposeful, the first investigation for pullorum disease being carried out when the birds are aged 40-70 days and not when 6-7 months old. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(5), 24 - 30 {Effect of several biologically active substances on the reactivity and immune response of the body}; Konstantinov P et al.; Experiments were carried out with a total of 140 guinea pigs to study the effect of a tissue emulsion of swine embryos on some of the general defense reactions, the cell and humoral immunity of the organism in the treatment with an intact and a killed (with 3 per cent formalin) vaccine produced with two strains of Salmonella abortus ovis . Investigated were the phagocytic activity of the lung macrophages and the immobile cells of the reticulo-endothelial system in the spleen and the liver, the protein spectrum, the blood serum level of properdine, and the histologic changes in the parenchymal organs of the test animals . It was found that the application of a tissue emulsion simultaneously with the injection of the animals with an anti-Salmonella vaccine raised the unspecific reactivity of the organism . This was expressed with the rise of the gammaglobulin and properdine levels of the blood serum and the change in the immunologic pattern of the organism, an increase in the phagocytic activity of lung macrophages and RES immobile cells from 16 to 25 per cent, and the titer of agglutinins--from 10 to 32 times . Highest agglutinin titers of the blood and most active phagocytic defense were reached with the use of a vaccine having a whole antigen, combined with a tissue emulsion. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(2), 81 - 8 {Age-related dynamics of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum}; Vodas K; Agglutinin production in birds experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum directly correlates with age . The older the birds, the earlier setting on of agglutinogenesis, and the better the immune response . Along with this agglutinins persist longer in the blood serum . It is suggester to carry out the first serologic examination in infected flocks of the Leghorn breed when the birds are aged 50-55 days . This term may be essential only in cases where the birds have been infected at the earliest age . The second investigation should take place when the birds are six months old. J Immunol Methods, 1977, 17(3-4), 257 - 61 Comparative study of macrophage migration in different strains of mice: absence of migration in C3H mice; Goichot J et al.; In the course of studying the susceptibility of mice to Salmonella infection, we discovered that C3H/HeJ mice differ from other strains in both their susceptibility to infection and their response to prior vaccination . Others have noted the absence of the usual B cell stimulation by LPS in these mice . To investigate the status of delayed hypersensitivity in C3H/HeJ mice, we tried to use the technique of macrophage migration . Under conditions of normal migration for other strains, C3H/HeJ peritoneal and splenic macrophages failed to migrate, thus establishing another differentiating immunological trait for this strain. Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(7), 341 - 63 Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica . I . Experimental infection in rabbits; Une T; Analysis of the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica was performed with an experimental model successfully produced in rabbits by intraduodenal inoculation with strains isolated from various sources . Pathogenic strains easily penetrated the epithelial linings of the intestinal mucous membrane into the target reticuloendothelial tissues of the intestine, such as the lamina propria and lymph follicles, where they multiplied within mononuclear cells and produced granuloma . Granuloma, in severe infections, underwent necrobiosis and sometimes progressed to ulceration accompanied by colony formation of the organisms . In mild infections, granulomatous lesions were localized in lymph follicles and never progressed to ulceration . Nonpathogenic strains were rapidly excreted without penetration of epithelial linings . Y . enterocolitica should be within the category of invasion type enteropathogenic bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella . Pathogenic behavior of Y . enterocolitica is discussed in comparison with that of Shigella and Salmonella. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(3), 95 - 9 {Transmission of a delayed allergic reaction to Salmonella abortus-ovis via the blood plasma of gamma-irradiated guinea pigs}; Kostov G; Use was made of blood plasma taken from guinea pigs (sensibilized with a live culture of Salmonella abortus ovis and then irradiated wiht 800 rad gamma-rays) to transmit the skin allergy reaction to normal, nonsensibilized guinea pigs . The allergy reaction was demonstrated in the recipients of plasma as early as the 3-4th hour following the injection of the allergen into the skin . It reached its peak at the 12-24th hour and later on strongly diminished, remaining in few of the animals only up to the 48th hour . The infiltrate at the site of injection in the skin of positively reacting animals contained at the 24th hour cells of the polymorphonuclear type which predominated, while the cells of the mononuclear type were few in number . There were no precipitins in the plasma of the donors, and the titer of the agglutinins and the cytophile antibodies was very low . Regardless of these findings it was concluded that the transmitted allergy reaction was of the fast type (after Arthuss), and not of the delayed one. Respiration, 1977, 34(4), 232 - 5 Salmonella empyema as a complication in malignant pleural effusion; Carel RS et al.; Salmonella empyema in an immunologically compromised patient with malignant pleural effusion is described . Antimicrobial treatment was ineffective when given parenterally . Intrapleural administration of antibiotics resulted in a rapid rise of the antibacterial activity of the pleural fluid, leading to rapid clinical improvement and eradication of the infections. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Jan, 128A(1), 69 - 73 Six new Salmonella sub-genus III serotypes isolated from snakes in Israel; Cahan D et al.; Six new Salmonella sub-genus III serotypes (Arizona) were isolated from snakes in Israel . Their antigenic structure was established as follows: S . arizonae 16:Z52:Z35 (Ar.25:26-21); S . arizonae 18:1,v:e,n,x,z15 (Ar.7a,7b:23-28); S . arizonae 21:i:1,5(7) (Ar.22:33-30); S . arizonae 41:c:e,n,x,z15 (Ar.13:32-28); S . arizonae 51:k:z35 (Ar.1,2:29-21); and S . arizonae 53:1,v:z35 (Ar.1,4:23-21). Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Jan, 11(1), 83 - 98 {Evaluation of new media for the isolation of salmonella and shigella}; Mehmet A et al.; Two hundred stool specimens were studied by using direct and indirect methods on XLD, HE, EMB and SS culture media . The results were consistent with the previous studies . As the media currently used in Turkey seem inadequate in the bacteriological diagnosis of salmonella and shigella infections, the introduction of the more satisfactory media such as XLD and HE is suggested for routine use. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Jan, 11(1), 125 - 8 {The antigenic relationship between Syringospora albicans, Candida rhagii and the salmonella C1 group O antigen}; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Syringospora albicans and Candida rhagii agglutinated Salmonella cholerae suis (0 6,7)