Pseudomonas aeruginosa

J Clin Invest, 1980 Aug, 66(2), 194 - 9
Early bacterial clearance from murine lungs . Species-dependent phagocyte response; Rehm SR et al.; Two sets of phagocytic cells are available to defend the lung against inhaled bacteria . Both resident alveolar macrophages and granulocytes from the circulation have been observed in pulmonary air spaces after the deposition of bacteria; their functional roles, however, have been defined . We rendered mice selectively granulocytopenic with heterologous antiserum in order to ascertain the relative contributions of these two groups of cells in intrapulmonary bacterial killing . The clearance of Staphylococcus aureus was unimpaired in granulocytopenic animals, confirming the primary role of the alveolar macrophages in the killing of these organisms . In contrast, granulocytopenic animals cleared only 10.0+/-7.0% of an inoculum of Klebsiella pneumoniae compared with 33.0+/-4.0% clearance in normal animals (P < 0.02), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa proliferated to 513% of baseline levels in granulocytopenic animals, whereas normal mice cleared 26.8+/-10.6% of the inoculum . These findings indicate that circulating granulocytes play a major role in the clearance of the latter two organisms . This variation in cellular response to different bacterial species suggests that the defense of the lung against pathogenic bacteria is more complex than has been previously assumed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 119(Pt 2), 443 - 50
Alginate synthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a chromosomal locus involved in control; Fyfe JA et al.; Mucoid variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in vitro or in vivo could be classified into two phenotypic groups based on whether alginate was produced on a chemically defined medium . Mucoid strains yielded lowe recombination frequencies than the non-mucoid parent when used as donors in FP2-mediated plate matings . The mucoid characteristic (muc) was co-inherited by a proportion of recombinants selected for the inheritance of chromosomal markers his-5075+ or cys-5605+ . The results of further experiments using either a mucoid recipient or a mucoid donor carrying plasmid R68.45 suggested that the control of alginate production in P . aeruginosa involves at least one chromosomal locus.

Infect Immun, 1980 Aug, 29(2), 489 - 93
Polyvalent antisera to Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccines: protection of mice against clinically isolated strains; Lieberman MM et al.; The preparation of polyvalent antisera to ribosomal vaccines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described . The ability of these antisera to protect mice by passive immunization against challenge with randomly chosen, clinically isolated strains of P . aeruginosa is reported . Significant protection was achieved against 34 of 40 strains tested (85%) . Included among these strains against which protection was achieved were four mucoid strains . In addition, the degree of cross-protection attainable by the ribosomal vaccines was investigated . The results obtained indicated that these vaccines are generally serotype specific.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 26(8), 1015 - 7
Partial characterization of Pseudomonas phage 2 receptor; Castillo FJ; The lipopolysacharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BI contains the receptors for phage 2 and strongly inactivates this phage in vitro (95-98% within 15 min) . Several mono- and di-saccharides tested reduced phage 2 inactivation to 50% when present at the following concentrations: D-glucosamine, 0.25 M; maltose, 0.3M; lactose and cellobiose, 0.5 M; D-glucose, L-rhamnose, D-mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and sucrose, 1.0 M; D-galactose, D-xylose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, 1.4 M; and melibiose . greater than 1.6 M . These results suggest the possibility that phage 2 receptors in lipopolysaccharide contain L-rhamnose, D-glucosamine, and (or) D-glucose, or a structurally related molecule . Either one of the latter two could be located at a terminal position alpha-linked to the adjacent residue, or located internally in the polysaccharide chain linked through its C-4 position.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Aug, 50(4), 263 - 5
Studies on the effect of plant seed extracts on different isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chatterjee PC et al.; Fourteen different seed extracts were tested for the agglutination reactions with eleven different isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Twelve seed extracts agglutinated the different Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates investigated . Out of these twelve seed samples tested, ten samples may be used for the differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Aug, 25(8), 576 - 9
{Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with infected burns}; Adarchenko AA et al.; Sensitivity to 15 drugs of 248 P . aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with infected burns was studied by the method of agar dilution . All of the strains were resistant to polymyxin M, ceporin, erythromycin and oleandomycin . Most of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, monomycin, ampicillin and rifadin . Moderate resistance of the strains to carbenicillin, morphocycline, vibramycin, kanamycin, tetraolean and tetracycline was observed: the maximum concentrations of these antibiotics (128 microgram/ml) inhibited the growth of 85, 69, 63, 51.8, 43.6 and 41.2 per cent of the strains respectively . Gentamicin proved to be most active against the strains of P . aeruginosa and inhibited 87 per cent of the strains when used in the therapeutic doses . The study provided recomendation of the drugs for parenteral and local use in treatment of burns infected with P . aeruginosa.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Aug, 151(2), 232 - 6
In vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activity of silver sulfadiazine and cerium nitrate; Saffer LD et al.; The antimicrobial activity of cerium nitrate and silver sulfadiazine was assessed in vitro and in vivo using Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In vitro, the activity of silver sulfadiazine was significantly greater than that of cerium nitrate . Synergism between silver sulfadiazine and cerium nitrate was observed in water or saline solution suspensions, but not in broth . In vivo, cerium nitrate offered no therapeutic benefit in reducing wound infection in contaminated wounds . Treatment of similar wounds with silver sulfadiazine resulted in a significant decrease in wound infection and in the level of viable bacteria when compared with that for untreated controls . The addition of cerium nitrate to silver sulfadiazine in aqueous soultion reduced the therapeutic benefit of silver sulfadiazine.

Arch Intern Med, 1980 Aug, 140(8), 1076 - 7
Infectious complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography . A prospective assessment; Low DE et al.; A prospective assessment of the bacterial complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was made in 97 unselected patients undergoing 101 endoscopies . Blood cultures were taken before and five and ten minutes after completion of the procedure . In an attempt to identify a potential source of infection, aspirates were taken from the pancreaticobiliary duct (PBD) after injection of contrast material . Blood cultures from all procedures were negative . In 14 patients PBD aspirates yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyocin type 22 and serotype O6, suggesting a common source for this organism . Isolation of this strain ceased after more rigorous cleansing and disinfection of the endoscope . The occurrence of bacteremia following ERCP is low, but there is a risk of transmission of potential nosocomial pathogens with this procedure.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Aug, 18(2), 299 - 306
Potential of mezlocillin as empiric single-agent therapy in febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients; Wade JC et al.; Mezlocillin was used as an initial empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile (> 101 degrees F, ca . 38.33 degrees C) granulocytopenic (< 1,000/microliter) cancer patients . Patients known to be colonized with an organism resistant to 100 micrograms of mezlocillin per mol were excluded . The initial 25 cases (23 patients) received intravenous mezlocillin, 260 mg per kg per day in six divided doses; the mean 1-h-postinfusion serum level was 69 micrograms/ml . Because of the low serum level, the next 25 cases (22 patients) received 450 mg/kg per day, also in six divided doses, resulting in a mean 1-h-postinfusion serum level of 161 micrograms/ml . Both dosage regimens provided similar efficacy . Combined results show that 11 of 21 microbiologically documented infections and 7 of 13 clinically documented infections improved . Instances of bacteremia (number of cases in parentheses) were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two), Staphylococcus epidermidis (two), Clostridia perfringens (one), and Bacillus species (one); only one case improved . A rise in granulocyte count to > 500/microliters, a serum bactericidal activity of greater than or equal to 1:8 against the infecting pathogen, or both were indicators of a good therapeutic response . Despite exclusion of patients known to be previously colonized with mezlocillin-resistant organisms, 7 of 23 pathogens required a minimal concentration of greater than or equal to 100 micrograms of mezlocillin per ml for inhibition . In addition, surveillance cultures from 18 cases showed resistant organisms colonizing the gingiva, rectum, or both . Side effects of mezlocillin were minimal and included pseudoproteinuria, asymptomatic transient rise in bilirubin, and easily reversible kypokalemia . Mezlocillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin with little toxicity, was found to be inadequate as a single-agent empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile, granulocytopenic cancer patients.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Aug, 143(2), 872 - 8
Outer membrane protein H1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement in adaptive and mutational resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, polymyxin B, and gentamicin; Nicas TI et al.; It is well established that Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells grown in Mg2+-deficient medium acquire nonmutational resistance to the chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetate and to the cationic antibiotic polymyxin B; this type of resistance can be reversed by transferring the cells to Mg2+-sufficient medium for a few generations . Stable mutants resistant to polymyxin B were isolated and shown to have also gained ethylenediaminetetraacetate resistance . Both the mutants and strains grown on Mg2+-deficient medium had greatly enhanced levels of outer membrane protein H1 when compared with the wild-type strain or with revertants grown in Mg2+-sufficient medium . It was determined that in all strains and at all medium Mg2+ concentrations, the cell envelope Mg2+ concentration varied inversely with the amount of protein H1 . In addition, the increase in protein H1 in the mutants was associated with an increase in resistance to another group of cationic antibiotics, the aminoglycosides, e.g., gentamicin . We propose that protein H1 acts by replacing Mg2+ at a site on the lipopolysaccharide which can otherwise be attacked by the cationic antibiotics or ethylenediaminetetraacetate.

Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Jul 15, 75(3), 122 - 5
{Endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ferrer Marin-Blazquez M et al.; A case of pseudomonas endocarditis of biliary origin with impairment of the mitral and tricuspid heart valves is reported . Former history of the patient did not reveal narcotic addiction or previous open-heart surgery . Osteomyelitis is an uncommon complication of pseudomonas endocarditis . Echocardiography was a useful diagnostic method in the present case, showing the vegetation on the tricuspid valve . The poor prognosis of cases with left valvular heart disease which are resistant to medical treatment is emphasized . Differential count of the colonies did not localize the affected heart valve in this case.

Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Jul 15, 75(3), 104 - 8
{Antibiotic sensitivity, serology and typing by pyocine in 154 cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Cantos de la Casa A et al.; Pseudomonas infections continue to be an important problem in the hospital environment . Serious infections are always invariably associated with severe underlying conditions or with diminished host resistance . The increasingly resistance of strains and hospital epidemics favour the organism prevalence . During 1978, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 154 cultures from a variety of biological samples in the hospital . Tests of biochemical identification, serological typing, and typing by pyocine production were carried out . Susceptibility to aminoglycosides and beta-lactamic antibiotics was also tested . Serological study demonstrated a higher incidence of 4 and 11 serotypes; 69.4 percent corresponded to type I when typing by pyocine production was carried out . No relationship between serotypes and pyocine-types has been found . Ticarcillin showed a greater activity than carbenicillin (minimal inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml) . Amikacin, tobramicin, sisomicin and gentamicin inhibited 83.7 percent, 73.6 percent, 70.7 percent and 69.4 percent of the isolated strains, respectively.

Biochemistry, 1980 Jul 8, 19(14), 3200 - 3
Location of the heme groups in cytochrome cd1 oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mitra S et al.; The disposition of the heme groups in cytochrome cd1 oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is studied by emission spectroscopy . This protein of molecular weight 120 000 is composed of two monomers each with a heme c and a heme d1 . It has been shown by electron microscopy to be oblong in shape and by preliminary X-ray crystallography to have a twofold axis of rotation . Three electronic energy donors, a singlet tryptophan, a triplet tryptophan, and an attached 8-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl group, all exhibit normal decay lifetimes . It follows that there are parts of the protein at least 80 A from the nearest heme . The conclusion is that the hemes are all at one end of the molecule.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1980 Jul, 98(7), 1287 - 90
Topically administered corticosteroids: effect on antibiotic-treated bacterial keratitis; Leibowitz HM et al.; The effect of a topically administered corticosteroid, 1.0% prednisolone acetate, on bacterial replication in rabbit cornea receiving adequate antibiotic therapy was determined . Staphylococcus aureus keratitis was treated either with neomycin sulfate or gentamicin sulfate, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis was treated either with gentamicin or polymyxin B sulfate . Each antibiotic was administered topically at hourly intervals in both the commercially available concentration and as a formulation containing four times the quantity of drug found in the commercial preparations . In each instance, the antibiotic regimen sharply reduced the number of viable organisms in the cornea, although the concentrated preparations did so more rapidly and effectively . The addition of 1.0% prednisolone acetate had no measurable effect on outcome . In no instance was there a statistically significant difference between number of residual viable organisms in antibiotic-treated corneas and antibiotic/corticosteroid-treated corneas.

J Pediatr, 1980 Jul, 97(1), 144 - 7
Is anti-Pseudomonas therapy warranted in acute respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis?
Beaudry PH, Marks MI, McDougall D, Desmond K, Rangel R.
A controlled study was designed to clarify the indications for antibiotic therapy in children with advanced cystic fibrosis hospitalized with respiratory exacerbations . Twenty-two children with severe CF and signs of acute lower respiratory infection were randomly assigned to receive either cloxacillin or carbenicillin plus gentamicin administered intravenously for ten days . Other aspects of therapy were constant . The groups were comparable in all respects and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant sputum pathogen in most patients . Clinical improvement, chest radiograph changes, evidence of airway obstruction, and bacteriologic flora of sputum were no different regardless of the regimen used . These results suggest that the use of anti-Pseudomonas medication in these children may not always be necessary . These observations need to be confirmed by blind-controlled studies in larger numbers of patients with mild as well as severe respiratory involvement.

Res Vet Sci, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 63 - 7
The kinetics of haemopoietic differentiation assessed by in vitro bone marrow culture in endotoxin-treated and in anaemic calves; Kaaya GP et al.; Marrow aspirates from calves injected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin showed an increased number of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells, and a reduced number of erythroid progenitor cells . On the other hand, marrow aspirates from calves made anaemic by repeated phlebotomy showed an increased number of erythroid progenitor cells, and a reduced number of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells . These observations were interpreted as evidence of stem cell erythroid-granuloid directional competition occurring in response to the need for a particular cell type.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 12(1), 39 - 43
Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigenemia in granulocytopenic rabbits by radiommunoassay; Kohler RB et al.; We assessed the ability of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, modified to allow antigen detection in serum, to detect circulating antigens in granulocytopenic rabbits with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia . In vitro experiments with Pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide indicated that treatment of serum-lipopolysaccharide mixtures with heat, chloroform, or heparin improved the sensitivity for detecting lipopolysaccharide 8- to 16-fold . Chloroform treatment permitted antigen detection in serum or plasma of bacteremic rabbits in which antigen could be detected poorly or not at all in untreated specimens . However, chloroform-treated specimens occasionally caused dissolution of plastic tubes, resulting in nonspecific binding of 125I-labeled anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin G . Heating sera at 56 degree C for 30 min improved antigen detection both in both in lipopolysaccharide-serum mixtures and in bacteremic rabbits . Antigen was detected in the heated serum or plasma of 20% of 20 culture-positive granulocytopenic rabbits, none of 15 culture-negative granulocytopenic rabbits, and none of 38 normal rabbits . Antigen was detected in none of 15 rabbits with 2 to 300 colony-forming units of P . aeruginosa per ml of blood and in 4 of 5 rabbits with > 10(3) colony-forming units per ml . We conclude that circulating antigens are present in the blood of rabbits with high-level P . aeruginosa bacteremia and that these antigens can be detected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay . Further improvements in assay sensitivity will be required to detect antigens, if present, in animals with lower levels of P . aeruginosa bacteremia.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 12(1), 131 - 3
Production of alkaline protease by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cryz SJ et al.; A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease . Production of alkaline protease was found to be strain variable and medium dependent.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 94 - 100
Penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics into their target enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of a highly sensitive mutant with its parent strain; Zimmermann W; Pseudomonas aeruginosa K 799/WT and a mutant of this strain, P . aeruginosa K 799/61 ("mutant 61"), that is very sensitive to most beta-lactam antibiotics tested were used to assess the importance of penetration barriers in the resistance of P . aeruginosa to penicillins and cephalosporins . The affinities of various beta-lactams to the penicillin-binding proteins found in membranes prepared from both strains were compared by measuring their competition for the binding of benzyl{14C} penicillin to each of these proteins . Only minor differences between the wild type and the mutant 61 were found . The high sensitivity of the mutant therefore cannot be attributed to drastic alterations of these target proteins, nor can the resistance of the wild type be ascribed to penicillin-binding proteins with low affinities for beta-lactams . Experiments in which the ease of penetration of beta-lactams into the penicillin-binding proteins was measured with exponentially growing intact cells instead of membranes, however, clearly demonstrated an easy access of beta-lactam antibiotics to these proteins in the mutant and an efficient exclusion from the same targets in the wild type.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 210 - 1
Microdilution aminoglycoside susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with a cation-supplemented inoculum; Cherne JE et al.; The use of cation supplementation in aminoglycoside susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by microdilution produced MIC agreement (+/- one doubling dilution) with agar dilution testing 89% of the time as compared with 35% of the time with unsupplemented controls.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 182 - 9
Comparative bactericidal effects of azlocillin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; White AR et al.; Azlocillin was relatively ineffective against actively growing cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tests of bacteriolytic and bactericidal activity in which ticarcillin demonstrated pronounced bactericidal effects over a wide range of concentrations . Microscopic observation showed that azlocillin generally induced the formation of filamentous cells of P . aeruginosa which lysed only slowly, but ticarcillin caused the production of spheroplasts and subsequent rapid lysis . During the course of the bactericidal tests, azlocillin was inactivated, presumably by the beta-lactamase produced by P . aeruginosa, and the filamentous cells resumed normal cell division and growth . In contrast, there was no loss of ticarcillin activity, and there was no evidence of resumption of growth of P . aeruginosa in the presence of ticarcillin . These results suggest that the different bactericidal effects demonstrated by azlocillin and ticarcillin against P . aeruginosa are related primarily to dose-related differences in inhibition of cell wall synthesis and secondarily to the instability of azlocillin to pseudomonal beta-lactamase.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 555 - 60
{Possibility of detecting pyocyanine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells}; Gusev MV et al.; Pyocyanin can be detected in the cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using UV and IR spectroscopy of disturbed complete inner reflection (DCIR) . Intact cells of the parent strain liberating the pigment into the cultural broth and mutant cells lacking the ability contain pyocyanin within the cells . Occasionally, pyocyanin can be detected in the outer layers of the cells, which is more typical of the parent strain . In the freshly isolated fractions of the parent strain cellular walls, pyocyanin seems to be pesent in the bound state that has changed significantly its structural organization . In due course, the hypothetical complex pyocyanin--cellular wall decomposes to yield an "oxidized" pigment similar to that liberated into the cultural broth . the cell wall of the mutant possesses the properties of "oxidized" pyocyanin immediately after isolation of the fraction . The pigment cannot be identified in the fractions of cytoplasmic membranes; pyocyanin is present in the "oxidized" state in the fractions of cytoplasm for the cells of both types . The paper discusses the role of the permeability of cytoplasmic membranes in the transport of pyocyanin from the cytoplasm into the cellular wall of the bacterium and then into the surrounding medium.

Infect Immun, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 13 - 6
Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on phagocytosis and killing of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Kamimura T et al.; Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the ability to interfere with phagocytosis of Escherichia coli, whereas PMN-sensitive strains of P . aeruginosa did not . When mice were infected with an ordinarily nonpathogenic strain of E . coli, addition of a PMN-resistant strain of P . aeruginosa gave a mortality considerably higher than that obtained with P . aeruginosa alone, whereas addition of a PMN-sensitive strain of P . aeruginosa gave a mortality not different from that observed with P . aeruginosa alone . This increased mortality in mixed infection with E . coli and PMN-resistant P . aeruginosa was obtained by facilitation of tissue invasion by both bacteria from the inoculum site.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 195 - 9
Affinity of cefoperazone for penicillin-binding proteins; Matsubara N et al.; Cefoperazone (T-1551, CFP) a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity . We investigated the affinity of CFP to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis by CFP . CFP had high affinities for Escherichia coli PBP-3, -1Bs, -2, and -1A, in descending order, and low affinities for PBP-4, -5, and -6 . Similarly, CFP showed high affinity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP-3, -1A, -1B, -2, and -4, in descending order . It is known that E . coli PBP-3 and P . aeruginosa PBP-3 participate in cell division . These results are in good agreement with the formation of filamentous cells of E . coli and P . aeruginosa treated with CFP . CFP had lower inhibitory activities on D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA and IB of E . coli than that of penicillin G, but its inhibitory activities on the cross-link formation in peptidoglycan synthesis were the same as those of penicillin G and higher than those of ampicillin.

C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1980 Jun 2, 290(20), 1309 - 12
{Nitrite reduction by NADH, catalyzed by the nitrite reductase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Bessieres P et al.; Reduction of nitrite by NADH catalyzed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite reductase is inhibited by a high concentration of nitric oxide NO . Contrary to what is currently admitted, we find that the nitrite reduction proceeds to the nitrogen monoxide N2O stage . EPR spectra show that, during the catalytic cycle, the enzyme forms specific Fe2+-NO heminic complexes.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 685 - 9
{Studies of dibekacin eye-drops . Intraocular penetration (author's transl)}; Tomono N et al.; Ocular tissue levels of dibekacin (DKB) were studied in rabbits after instillation of 0.3% DKB eye-drops five times every 5 minutes . (1) In normal eyes, DKB levels were determined in all of the outer parts of eye and some of inner parts such as aqueous humor and vitreous body . Such levels were relatively higher than those of gentamicin . (2) In cauterized eyes by NaOH tissue levels were several times higher than those obtained in normal eyes . (3) Considering these results and MIC levels against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus, it is suggested that 0.3% DKB eye-drops will show effectiveness in clinical use.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Jun, 88(3), 125 - 31
Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients treated at a cystic fibrosis centre; Hoiby N et al.; 484 isolates of P . aeruginosa were obtained from the respiratory tract of 45 out of 70 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of monthly examinations during one year at the Danish CF Centre . All isolates were serogrouped (O-antigens) and phage typed, and in this way 99 per cent of the isolates could be grouped and/or typed . The isolates from CF patients belonged to many different sero-groups, but 55 per cent were polyagglutinable, and most of these belonged to the 0-3/9 complex . This was significantly different from the distribution into O-groups of isolates obtained from non-CF patients . The results of the combined phage typing and sero-grouping of the isolates revealed the occurrence of 13 clusters of distinct epidemiological types of P . aeruginosa among small groups (2-10 individuals) of CF patients . The predominating endemic strain, which was isolated from 10 (22 per cent) of the patients, belonged to the 0-3/9 complex and was lysed by phage 109, either alone or in combination with a few other phages . Furthermore, in a few cases the eradication of another strain of P . aeruginosa by chemotherapy was followed by colonization of the lungs with the above-mentioned predominating strain, and this strain was associated with high lethality . According to these results, measures should be undertaken to identify and eliminate routes of cross-infection in CF centres in order to diminishe the prevalence of P . aeruginosa infection and thereby reduce the lethality of CF patients.

J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Jun, 84(3), 457 - 65
Infection prevention in patients with cancer: microbiological evaluation of portable laminar air flow isolation, topical chlorhexidine, and oral non-absorbable antibiotics; Spiers AS et al.; The increasing use of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with solid tumours enhances the risk of opportunistic infection to levels formerly seen only in patients with acute leukaemia, and prevention of infection is a major concern . A relatively simple regimen of isolation, topical antisepsis, and orally administered non-absorbable antibiotics was studied in 18 patients . Sixteen of 21 studies were performed using portable laminar air flow apparatus and five with isolation only . All patients became severely neutropenic but there were no major infections . Microbiological results showed effective decontamination of the skin, which was maintained without recolonization or acquisition of new organisms . The ears, nose and throat were effectively decontaminated only when the regimen was intensified . Colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen in compromised hosts, did not occur . The protective regimen is less expensive than regimens previously described, is acceptable to patients, and requires no modification of existing hospital rooms . It merits further evaluation in patients with common cancers who receive intensive cytotoxic drug therapy.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 668 - 74
{Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recently isolated from clinical specimens to various antimicrobial agents and changes of susceptibility to carbenicillin, gentamicin and amikacin (author's transl)}; Kosakai N et al.; We estimated the minimum inhibitory concentrations of following twenty-one antimicrobial agents against 161 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens during 1979 . Antimicrobial agents were 5 penicillins (carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, piperacillin, apalcillin and ticarcillin), 3 cephalosporins (cefsulodin, cefoperazone and ceftizoxime), 5 aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, amikacin and kanamycin), 3 tetracycclines (tetracyline, doxycycline and minocycline), chloramphenicol, colistin, polymyxin B, nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid . Among penicillins piperacillin and apalcillin showed strongest antibacterial activity and the activity of carbenicillin was weakest . Highly resistant strains against carbenicillin increased rapidly until 1975 . Among cephalosporins cefsulodin showed strongest antibacterial activity and its activity was stronger than piperacillin . Antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and ceftizoxime were weaker than cefsulodin, but stronger than carbenicillin and sulbenicillin . Among aminoglycosides kanamycin showed very weak antibacterial activity, but another four drugs showed very strong activity . But resistant strains against these four drugs increased gradually and over 20% of strains was resistant to gentamicin . Among gentamicin, tobramycin and dibekacin cross-resistance was observed, but not between amikacin and these three drugs . Recently the number of strains resistant to both amikacin and gentamicin increased . Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid showed rather weak activity, but colistin and polymyxin B showed very strong activity and resistant strains against these drugs were very few . Pipemidic acid showed rather stronger activity than nalidixic acid, but its activity was weaker than aminoglycosides excluding kanamycin.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1980 Jun, 88(3), 149 - 54
Antibody response in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to a 'common antigen' from P . aeruginosa analysed by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods; Hoiby N et al.; 381 sera from 101 patients suffering from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection have been investigated for antibodies against a 'common antigen' (CA) and other antigens from P . aeruginosa by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel, using a polyspecific P . aeruginosa antigen/antibody reference system . The earliest antibody response during the P . aeruginosa infections included increased CA antibodies in only 38% of the patients examined . The peak level of the antibody response included increased CA antibodies in 71% of the patients . By means of 'absorption of antibodies in situ', it was found that the antibody response to CA was directed against both the common cross-reactive part of the CA molecule and the Pseudomonas-specific part, with individual variations . During infections caused by other bacteria containing CA, one-third of the patients developed antibodies against CA . The diagnostic implications of the results are discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Jun, (6), 63 - 7
{Protective properties of antigenic preparations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Grishina IA et al.; The protective activity of various Ps . aeruginosa cell antigens was studied, with the aim of isolating highly active components for a complex immunologic preparation against Ps . aeruginosa infection . The preparations of the supernatant fluid obtained by ultracentrifugation of slime or aqueous extract of Ps . aeruginosa were found to have the highest protective activity . Such preparations had low toxicity . Antigens with a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000 daltons obtained by the membrane fractionation of the aqueous extracts of acetone-treated bacteria, had also a high protective activity and were non-toxic for rats.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Jun, (6), 33 - 7
{Temperature-sensitive mutant of bacteriophage D3 and its use for the purpose of demonstrating the location of prophage in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells}; Galeeva NL et al.; For the first time a thermoinducible mutant, known as D3ct, has been obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage and used for lysogenizing culture PAO2604 Met--Ilv-- . After a temperature shock phage D3ctwas induced from lysogenic strain PAO2604 (D3ct), and its development went along the lytic line . From the population of PAO2604 (D3ct) cells only 0.07% survived; in these cells the faulty excision of the prophage probably occurred at a high temperature . After thermoinduction 2.8% of the colonies formed by the survivors were auxotrophic in leucine . Such frequency of the appearance of the additional nutritional requirement for leucine suggests that the prophage was incorporated into the chromosome adjacent to some gene responsible for biosynthesis of leucine . In the process of faulty excision phage D3 retained a part of the host chromosome.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 Jun, 41(6), 906 - 9
Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disk diffusion and microdilution methods; Cox HU et al.; Disk diffusion susceptibility tests were performed on 180 recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Minimal inhibitory concentration values were determined at the same time by a broth microdilution method . All isolates were sensitive to colistin (< 4 migrogram/ml), but resistant to ampicillin (greater than or equal to 16 microgram/ml), cephalothin (greater than or equal to 64 microgram/ml), and nitrofurantoin (> microgram/ml) . More than 90% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (median, less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml), tobramycin (median, less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml), and amikacin (median, less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml) and more than 70% were sensitive to carbenicillin (median, 64 microgram/ml) . When the resistant and intermediate categories were combined, over 90% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (median 16 microgram/ml), chloramphenicol (median, > 32 microgram/ml), kanamycin (median, 16 microgram/ml), and trimethoprim-sulfonamide combiantion (median, 4 microgram/ml; 76 microgram/ml) . Differences between the disk diffusion and microdilution methods in distinguishing resistant isolates of P aeruginosa from sensitive isolates were minor . Complete agreement between the two methods was obtained in 87.0% of the observations.

Pediatr Res, 1980 Jun, 14(6), 830 - 3
Circulating immune complexes in cystic fibrosis; Berdischewsky M et al.; Recurrent respiratory infections associated with "mucoid" Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterize the advanced stages of cystic fibrosis . To determine if chronic antigenic stimulation is associated with circulating immune complexes (CIC), we assayed the sera of 20 hospitalized patients using the technique of precipitation with 4% polyethylene glycol . Elevated CIC levels, defined by > 310 micrograms IgG per ml, were found in 18 of 20 patients, (range, 350 to 3200 micrograms/ml) . Serum, supernatant, and resuspended precipitates were assayed for hemagglutinating antibodies against pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin) and exotoxin A antigens . Both serum anti-LPS (range, 1:64 to 1:2048) and antitoxin titers (range, 1:64 to 1:16, 384) were markedly elevated and higher than titers in supernatants and resuspended precipitates, indicating antibody excess . "Enrichment" ratios for antibodies present in CIC were calculated by proportion of titer to immunoglobulin in the precipitated complex relative to these values in serum . Mean enrichment ratios of 13.1 and 13.9 were obtained for LPS antibody before and after 2 mercaptoethanol reduction, but the mean enrichment ratio for antitoxin was only 2.07 . Serially diluted supernatants and precipitates were boiled for 1 hr and tested for endotoxin-like activity by the limulus test . At > 1:8 dilutions, precipitates were positive, and supernatants were negative . These findings indicate that CIC's are common in advanced cystic fibrosis, and analysis of the precipitated complexes demonstrates significant (> 13-fold) enrichment of antibodies against LPS but not exotoxin antigens, as well as endotoxin-like activity in boiled precipitates.

Infect Immun, 1980 Jun, 28(3), 899 - 908
Toxin A-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103: isolation and characterization; Ohman DE et al.; An immunological assay utilizing double-diffusion principles was developed for identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants deficient in toxin A . Mutations were chemically induced, and mutants were isolated from P . aeruginosa strain PA103 . Quantitative assays, both enzymatic and immunological, indicated that five mutants produced toxin A in vitro at levels of 0.3% or less of parental strain levels . Characterization indicated that the mutants fell into four classes and suggested that multiple genes are involved in the regulation of toxin A yields . Classes 1 to 3 produced less than 1% of parental levels of extracellular toxin A . Class 1 mutants are apparently specific for toxin A . Class 2 mutants are pleotropic and produced toxin A, protease, and other extracellular proteins at reduced yields . Class 3 mutants are pleotropic and in addition have relatively high levels of cell-bound toxin A . Class 4 mutants produce toxin A at levels greater than 1% of parental yields . Of 16 toxin A-deficient mutants examined, only 1 was a class 1 mutant . This mutant (PA103-29) was shown to be identical to the parental strain in all respects tested except for its marked deficiency in toxin A . The suitability of this class 1 mutant for use in virulence studies is discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jun, 142(3), 836 - 42
Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutant that produces altered elastase; Ohman DE et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutants defective in elastase were isolated by plate assays of nitrosoguanidine-mutagenized clones . A total of 75 elastase mutants were isolated from 43,000 mutagenized clones . One mutant (PAO-E64) was apparently identical to the parental strain except for its deficiency in elastase activity . This mutant produced an enzyme which was antigenically indistinguishable from parental elastase . Furthermore, equal levels of elastase antigen were produced by this mutant and its parental strain . The mutant elastase, however, had greatly reduced enzymatic activity . Mutant PAO-E64 is presumed to have a mutation in the structural gene for elastase . We have designated the genotype of the mutation in PAO-E64 as lasA1.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1980 Jun, 19(6), 694 - 7
Penetration of the unwounded immature mouse cornea and conjunctiva by Pseudomonas: SEM-TEM analysis; Hazlett LD et al.; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the early ocular response to infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated under the fused eyelids of immature mice . In the absence of experimental corneal wounding, the organisms produced lysis of the epithelium of the peripheral cornea and conjunctiva and penetrated and lysed the respective stromas as early as 15 min after inoculation . Bacteria were infrequently detected on the ocular surface at 3 hr after infection . At this time, corneal epithelial cells in the vicinity of the inoculation were markedly shrunken.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Jun, 88(3), 143 - 9
An antigen common to a wide range of bacteria . I . The isolation of a 'common antigen' from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sompolinsky D et al.; In crude water-soluble extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 64 antigens can be demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in agarose with polyvalent Pseudomonas-immunoglobulin . One of these antigens cross-reacts with antigens prepared from bacteria of a wide range of taxonomic groups . Monospecific immunoglobulins to this antigen (Common Antigen) were produced by immunization with the appropriate immunocomplex extracted from agarose . Common Antigen was purified by the combination of two fractionation methods: Precipitation of the crude extract with 18% (w/v) sodium sulfate, followed by gel filtration of the supernatant on a Sephadex G-200 column . By this method, 35% of Common Antigen from the crude extract was recovered, more than half of the fractions electrophoretically pure . Electrophoresis of reduced Common Antigen on a dodecyl sodium sulfate polyacrylamide gel revealed two protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 59-62 000 and 62-65 000, respectively . The untreated antigen, however, passed a column of Sephadex G-200 with the void volumen, indicating a substance of high molecular weight (> 4-600 000).

Farmaco {Sci}, 1980 May, 35(5), 413 - 7
{Antimicrobial activity of various hydrazones containing benzofuran and 1H-indene units}; Chiarini A et al.; A few hydrazones holding benzofuran and 1H-indene moieties were synthesized and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity . The most active N'-(5-nitro-2-furoyl)-N2-(3-chloro-1H-indenyl-2-methylene)hydrazine (II c) showed higher activity than nitrofurantoin against some microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Jugosl Ginekol Opstet, 1980 May-Aug, 19(3-4), 139 - 44
{The effect of amniotic fluid on bacteria}; Kalamaras E et al.; Antibacterial activity of the amniotic fluid (performed by transabdominal amniocentesis) was analysed in 61 pregnant women between the 15th and the 42nd week of gestational age by using laboratory stocks of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella of human origin . It is stated that up to the 30th week of pregnancy the amniotic fluid does not exert any inhibition effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Klebsiella . After the 31st week the inhibition activity of the amniotic fluid in thee bacteria progressively (with the gestational age) intensifies.

Antibiotiki, 1980 May, 25(5), 381 - 3
{Therapeutic effectiveness of neomycin in staphylococcal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal lesions}; Verzin AA; Ophthalmic films (OPHF) with neomycin were used in treatment of 15 patients with staphylococcal infections of the cornea . OPHF were effective in treatment of 5 patients with affection of the cornea surface layers . These patients were discharged from the hospital on days 4-5 of the treatment . In the other 10 patients deeper layers of the cornea were affected by the infiltrates and their treatment with OPHF required longer periods (10-15 days) . Another 5 patients developed severe keratitis caused by Ps . aeruginosa after removal of foreign bodies from the eyes . These patients were treated with neomycin injections, electrophoresis and OPHF . When the patients received such treatment within the first days of the disease (3 patients), the development of the cornea purulent infection ceased and a favourable therapeutic effect was attained . When neomycin was administered at later periods (2 patients), i.e . 3-4 days after the infection, the treatment was not efffective . It is recommended that broad spectrum antibiotics be used for prevention of the cornea staphylococcal infections after removal of foreign bodies from the cornea surface.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 May, 37(5), 702 - 4
Penicillin-aminoglycoside inactivation: another possible mechanism of interaction; Russo ME; A case of a carbenicillin-tobramycin interaction resulting in laboratory test reports of subtherapeutic serum tobramycin levels in a 71-year-old man with renal failure is reported . The patient's Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was treated with carbenicillin, 2 g every eight hours, and tobramycin, 80 mg after daily hemodialysis . The serum antibiotic levels were monitored using a microbiologic assay and a radioimmunoassay technique . At 30 minutes and five hours after the tobramycin was administered, microbiologic assay of serum levels indicated negligible tobramycin concentrations (2 micrograms/ml) . Radioimmunoassay of tobramycin levels showed markedly higher concentrations (4.1 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes after infusion) . The difference in assay results was attributed to greater inactivation occurring with the microbiologic assay, which was the less rapid technique . In vitro and in vivo factors influencing the occurrence and extent of the carbenicillin-tobramycin interaction are reviewed . When using an aminoglycoside-penicillin combination in patients with renal failure, it is important to use a rapid assay technique or one that inactivates one of the antibiotics before bioassay, and to be aware of the patient-related factors that can alter assay results.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 May, 118(Pt 1), 229 - 34
The assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reductases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are encoded by different genes; Sias SR et al.; The phenotypes of certain mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were reported to be pleiotropic for nitrate reduction; these strains were selected for their inability to dissimilate nitrate and were found also to have lost the ability to assimilate nitrate . We now report that the isolation procedure selected two mutations, one in genes encoding the synthesis of dissimilatory nitrate reductase (narA, narB or narE) and another in one of the genes (nas) encoding the synthesis of assimilatory nitrate reductase . Thus in P . aeruginosa dissimilatory and assimilatory nitrate reductases are genetically distinct . However, a loss of both enzymes is necessary to prevent slow dissimilatory growth on nitrate . Assimilatory nitrate reductase requires molybdenum to function, as does dissimilatory nitrate reductase . Lesions in narD affect incorporation of molybdenum into both enzymes, and hence exert a pleiotropic effect.

Infect Immun, 1980 May, 28(2), 546 - 56
Production of mucoid microcolonies by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within infected lungs in cystic fibrosis; Lam J et al.; Direct electron microscopic examination of postmortem lung material from cystic fibrosis patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa has shown that these bacterial cells form distinct fiber-enclosed microcolonies in the infected alveoli . Similar examination of bronchoscopy material from infected cystic fibrosis patients showed that the fibres of the enveloping matrix are definitely associated with the bacterial cells . The fibers of the extracellular matrix stain with ruthenium red and are therefore presumed to be polyanionic . When mucoid strains of P . aeruginosa were recovered from cystic fibrosis patients and grown in a suitable liquid medium, they were found to produce large microcolonies whose component cells were embedded in a very extensive matrix of polyanionic fibers that could be stabilized by reaction with antibodies to prevent collapse during the dehydration steps of preparation for electron microscopy . When these mucoid strains of P . aeruginosa were used to produce pulmonary infections of rats by the agar bead method, the infected alveoli contained large fiber-enclosed bacterial microcolonies . We conclude that the cells of P . aeruginosa that infect cystic fibrosis patients form microcolonies that are enveloped in a fibrous anionic matrix and that these microcolonies can be duplicated in in vitro cultures and in animal model systems.

Eur J Biochem, 1980 May, 106(2), 643 - 51
Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The structure of the polysaccharide chain of Ps . aeruginosa O-serogroup 7 (Lanyi) lipopolysacharide; Dmitriev BA et al.; A loosely bound lipopolysaccharide-protein complex was extracted from cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 170015 (O:7ab; Lanyi classification) by saline solution and purified from contaminant nucleic acid by Cetavlon treatment followed by precipitation in an ultracentrifuge . The saline-treated cells were re-extracted with hot aqueous phenol to give firmly bound lipopolysaccharide which was isolated from the phenol layer and purified by ultracentrifugaiton . The identity of both lipopolysaccharide preparations was proved by serological and chemical evidence . Mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide resulted in the splitting off of a lipid component and led to polysaccharide which was purified by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column . The polysaccharide consisted of N-acetyl-D-fucosamine, N-acetyl-L-fucosamine and D-glucose in the ratio 1:1:1 . On the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, results of methylation analysis and two sequential Smith degradations, the following structure can be assigned to the repeating unit of the polysaccharide: -3)LFucNAc(alpha 1-3)DFucNAc(beta 1-2)DGlc(beta 1- . The polysaccharide did not show serological activity whereas alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide readily sensitised sheep erythrocytes and inhibited the passive haemagglutination reaction with anti-(O:7a,b)serum . Evidence is presented that the oligosaccharide repeating units of the polysaccharide and alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide are indistinguishable . Ps . aeruginosa strain 170016 (O:7a,c) was shown to have the O-specific lipopolysaccharide identical with that from strain 170015 . The presented data show that subfactors 7b and 7c in the Lanyi classification of Ps . aeruginosa O-antigens seem to relate to components of the bacterial surface other than lipopolysaccharides.

J Am Optom Assoc, 1980 May, 51(5), 471 - 4
Fluress, fluorescein and benoxinate: recovery from bacterial contamination; Yolton DP et al.; The ability to recover from bacterial contaminations with Staphylococcus auresus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined for three optometric DPAs: Fluress, fluorescein and benoxinate . Results show that Fluress recovers from contamination more rapidly than benoxinate or fluorescein . This ability to recover from contamination and the relative ease of use of Fluress may make it the DPA choice for a number of optometric procedures including applanation tonometry.

J Med Microbiol, 1980 May, 13(2), 201 - 12
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and vaccination in the rat; Kostiala AA; A large molecular-weight fraction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture filtrate protected rats and mice against a lethal infection with a heterologous serotype, and to some extent against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes . The active components were obtained from cultures grown for several days in a simple synthetic medium . Infection and vaccination with P . aeruginosa serotype 16 induced agglutinating and precipitating antibodies to the components of this serotype only; in rats infected or vaccinated with serotype 1, low titres of agglutinating antibody against type 16 were found . Vaccine prepared from type 1 or 16 increased, within 3 days of infection, the resistance of rats to type-16 organisms; within the same period agglutinins or precipitins were not produced . It is possible that the protection was based on opsonic and antitoxic activities.

J Bacteriol, 1980 May, 142(2), 581 - 7
Iron uptake with ferripyochelin and ferric citrate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cox CD; Pyochelin is an iron-binding compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and demonstrates siderophore activity by its involvement in iron transport . During the transport process, an energy-independent association of {55Fe}ferripyochelin with bacteria occurred within the initial 30 s of reaction, followed by an energy-dependent accumulation of iron . The energy-independent association with iron appeared to be at the surface of the bacteria because the iron could be washed from the cells with thioglycolate, whereas accumulated iron was not washed from the bacteria . Energy-independent association of iron with bacteria and energy-dependent accumulation of iron in the presence of ferripyochelin varied concomitantly in cells grown under various conditions, but pyochelin synthesis appeared to be controlled separately . 55Fe complexed with citrate was also taken up by P . aeruginosa with a lower level of initial cell association . Bacterial mechanisms for iron uptake from ferric citrate were present in cells grown in a variety of media and were in lowest levels in cells grown in citrate . The synthesis of bacterial components for iron uptake from ferric citrate and from ferripyochelin was inhibited by high concentrations of iron supplied in growth media.

J Infect Dis, 1980 May, 141(5), 686 - 8
A human lymphocyte mitogen extracted from the extracellular slime layer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Papamichail M et al.; Slime glycolipoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been found to exert a mitogenic effect on human peripheral blood and cord blood lymphocytes . The optimal concentration of glycolipoprotein was shown to be in the range of 100--200 micrograms/ml, and maximal incorporation of {14C}thymidine was seen on the fourth day of lymphocyte cultures.

J Lab Clin Med, 1980 May, 95(5), 698 - 705
The relationship between adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to upper respiratory cells in vitro and susceptibility to colonization in vivo; Higuchi JH et al.; The relationship between adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to buccal cells in vitro and susceptibility of the oropharynx to colonization by P . aeruginosa in vivo was examined in rats subjected to food and water deprivation . After food and water deprivation for 3 days, buccal cell adherence of P . aeruginosa was significantly greater than the control group values, and all treatment animals inoculated intraorally with P . aeruginosa at that time became colonized . These changes in cellular adherence in vitro and susceptibility to colonization persisted through the fourth day of deprivation and the first day of refeeding, and no treatment animals inoculated with P . aeruginosa at that time became colonized . Following renal infarction, buccal cell adherence of P . aeruginosa was increased within 24 hr; the magnitude and duration of this increase were related to the extent of renal infarction . Nearly all animals (34 of 36) inoculated intraorally with P . aeruginosa at a time when their buccal cell adherence values in vitro were increased above control values became colonized with the organism . These data suggest a strong relationship between epithelial cell binding of gram-negative bacilli in vitro and susceptibility to colonization with these organisms . The mechanisms by which respiratory epithelial cell adherence of P . aeruginosa is increased remain speculative.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 May, 33(5), 636 - 40
{Experimental studies on administration method of chemotherapeutic agents . 16 . Effect of polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Obana Y et al.; The most effective administration method of polymyxin B (PL-B), a peptide antibiotic, has been studied in the experimental mice infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa damaged by PL-B, when the drug was free, immediately began to regrow in vitro . 2) the therapeutic efficacy of PL-B on multiple administration was less effective than its single administration . 3) An important factor to decide the therapeutic efficacy of PL-B was the high drug concentration in plasma and peritoneal fluid.

Infect Immun, 1980 May, 28(2), 411 - 6
Demonstration of cell envelope-bound exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Fernandes PB et al.; The quantity of membrane-bound and extracellular exotoxin A in four strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated . In strain PA-103, which is the prototype strain used for toxin production, all of the toxin was released into the growth medium and little toxin remained with the cell envelope . In a virulent strain from a clinical source, strain 119, exotoxin A was found in equal amounts in the growth medium and in the cell envelopes . An avirulent mutant of this strain, strain 119 (AP-), which was resistant to 800 microgram of polymyxin B per ml, had all the exotoxin A in a membrane-bound state and was unable to release exotoxin A into the growth medium . Thus, exotoxin A can be found in the membrane-bound form, in the extracellular form, or in both . The quantities of membrane-bound toxin and extracellular toxin vary with the strain P . aeruginosa . The polymyxin B-resistant mutant which is blocked in toxin release will be useful in studies of exotoxin A secretion.

J Med Microbiol, 1980 May, 13(2), 345 - 8
Antibiotic inhibition of protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Shibl AM et al.; The effects of tetracycline, chloramphenicol and polymyxin B on growth and protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied . Tetracycline inhibited protease production at concentrations much lower than those required to cause growth inhibition; the effect was not due to inhibition of protease activity by the antibiotic . In contrast, chloramphenicol and polymyxin B inhibted protease production in direct proportion to the inhibition of growth . Lysozyme-release experiments with washed tetracycline-treated cells indicated that the protease did not accumulate intracellularly . The protease-inhibiting effect of tetracycline might have therapeutic significance if it were found to occur in vivo.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Apr 25, 622(2), 355 - 9
Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of oxidized and reduced cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Berger H et al.; Small-angle X-rays scattering experiments were performed with oxidized and reduced cytochrome oxidase purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The radii of gyration were calculated to be 40.5 A for the oxidized form and 37.0 A for the reduced . The longest dimension of the oxidized enzyme was 120 A while for the reduced it was 100 A . The volume of the oxidized protein was observed to be slightly greater than that of the reduced . These data indicate that there is a contraction of the structure of the enzyme during reduction of its constituent heme groups.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Apr 2, 590(2), 261 - 71
pH dependence of the redox potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551; Moore GR et al.; The redox potential of Ps . aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 varies with pH between pH 5 and 8 . The pH dependence can be analysed in terms of a pKa of 6.2 in the oxidised form and a pKa of 7.3 in the reduced form . The same pKa values are also observed in NMR spectra of the two oxidation states and the pKa of 7.3 is observed in titration of the visible absorption spectrum of the ferrocytochrome . From the NMR studies these pKa values have been assigned to the ionisation of one of the haem propionic acid groups . pH dependence of redox potential is of variable occurrence among cytochromes and the possible significance and basis of this variation is discussed.

Arch Dermatol, 1980 Apr, 116(4), 446 - 7
Multiple erythematous nodules as a manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia; Schlossberg D; In two patients with Pseudomonas septicemia, numerous large, indurated, subcutaneous nodules developed . These lesions, as well as the other cutaneous manifestations present, resolved with antibiotic therapy.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1980 Apr, 28(4), 241 - 6
{Histopathological observations of experimental hematogenous infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice (author's transl)}; Bayo S et al.; The effect of intravenous injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice was studied in various conditions : dose of bacteria injected (2.5 X 10(6) to 4.5 X 10(7)) , moment of necropsy (one hour to 4 months after infection), number of injections (one, two and eight) . Gross and microscopic examinations of tissues included kidney, lung, spleen and liver . The frequency, the type and the time of appearance of the lesions depend upon the dose of organisms, upon the individual susceptibility of the mouse and upon the number of injections . Abscesses preferentially localised in kidneys appeared in mice that received only one injection of bacteria . They were visible to the naked eye as soon as two days after inoculation with a large dose . Granulomatous inflammatory reaction was observed in the different tissues, however it was predominantly seen in the kidney and in animals that received several injections . In the liver and the spleen hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lymphoid, myeloid, megacaryocytic and mononuclear phagocytic cells were observed . This model of experimental pyelonephritis due to P . aeruginosa seems to us useful to study the factors promoting localisation and multiplication of this organism in a tissue.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1980 Apr, 12(4), 429 - 32
Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to modern eye-banking technique; Graul EE Jr et al.; Rabbit eyes were inoculated with different concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Copious irrigation and topical Neosporin solution decreased surface contamination by 90% as compared to controls . Ps . aeruginosa added to M-K medium and stored at 4 degree C remained viable for 6 days and multiplied rapidly when the medium was incubated at 35 degree C . Adding penicillin and streptomycin (125 units/ml each) suppressed, but did not prevent this growth . Gentamicin (100 micrograms/ml) suppressed growth in all vials by 72 hours at 4 degree C . These studies show that gentamicin is clearly superior to penicillin and streptomycin in preventing Ps . aeruginosa contamination of donor corneas . It is suggested that donor eyes and M-K media be routinely cultured upon arrival at the eye-bank and the time of surgery in order to avoid or immediately treat gentamicin-resistant donor cornea contamination.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Apr, 14(2), 109 - 15
{Pyocine types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients in Diyarbakir (author's transl)}; Yumul C; 240 Ps . aeruginosa strains were isolated from patients in Diyarbakir, 198 (82.5%) were typed, 42 (17.5%) could not been typed with Gillies-Govan Method . Pyocine type 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 24, 27, 31, 37 were found . Pyocine type 3 (23.8%) was more frequent than others.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 117(2), 539 - 42
Role of L-threonine deaminase and L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase in the utilization of L-threonine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Lam VM et al.; Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC1 which could grow on L-threonine were isolated . These mutants, like the parent strain, synthesized a biosynthetic threonine deaminase, but its apparent Km value for threonine was higher than that of the enzyme from strain PAC1 . These mutants also synthesized an inducible NAD-dependent threonine dehydrogenase, which was not present in the parent strain . No threonine aldolase activity could be detected . The results suggest that the threonine deaminase with lowered affinity for L-threonine, together with L-threonine dehydrogenase, enabled these mutants to utilize L-threonine as the sole source of carbon for growth.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 732 - 5
In vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to carbenicillin, glycine, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations; Gerberick GF et al.; Striking bacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9D-2 was achieved by glycine-carbenicillin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-carbenicillin, and glycine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations, whereas none of the agents used alone was capable of the same degree of bactericidal activity . Studies using a microtiter modification of the checkerboard technique were performed to evaluate the comparative activity of these antimicrobial combinations . Isobolograms showed synergistic effects with carbenicillin-glycine, carbenicillin-ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid, and glycine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations . Bacterial growth inhibitory curves with subinhibitory concentrations of these agents in combination confirmed these findings.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Apr, 87(4), 1119 - 25
Comparative study on R-type pyocins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ohsumi M et al.; Four R-type pyocins (R1, R2, R3, and R4) produced by different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were compared with respect to their structure and action methanism . It is known that these bacteriocins have structures similar to contractile bacteriophage tails and serologically cross-react with each other, but they are distinguished according to difference in range of sensitive strains . All these pyocins were shown to arrest the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid in sensitive cells, as previously reported for pyocin R1 . Action of pyocin R3 was shown to require calcium ion . Although antiserum prepared against one pyocin neutralized other R-type pyocins as well as the homologous pyocin, some differences in antigen specificity were found between pyocin R1 and pyocin R2 and R3 antibody blocking assays . Electron microscopic observation of pyocin particles treated with the antiserum pre-absorbed with heterologous pyocin revealed that specific antigens were located on the distal portion of the fibers . Comparison of protein composition showed these pyocins to be composed of essentially similar subunit proteins but a subunit protein supposed to be a main constituent of the fiber was different in its molecular weight among these pyocins . These results suggest that the main structural difference of these pyocins is to be found in the fiber.

Infect Immun, 1980 Apr, 28(1), 178 - 84
Mitogenic effects of purified outer membrane proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chen YH et al.; Three major outer membrane proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were purified and tested for their ability to stimulate resting murine lymphocytes to proliferate . It was demonstrated that picomole amounts of all three proteins were mitogenic for both intact and T-lymphocyte-depleted populations of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice . In contrast, they had no activity against either mature or immature thymocytes . Since the strain of mice used is unable to respond to lipopolysaccharide, we condlude that the three proteins are B-cell mitogens.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 125(3), 277 - 83
Adaptation to phenylacetamide as a growth substrate by an acetanilide-utilizing mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gregoriou M et al.; Mutants able to utilize phenylacetamide as sole nitrogen source were isolated from the acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) - utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strain A13 and from its parent strain L 10 . Growth properties of the mutants (Ph strains) on amide media and the physicochemical properties of their amidases in cell free extracts indicated that their phenylacetamidase activities were attributable to alterations in their amidases . Differences in amide hydrolase specificities between the AI3- and the L 10-Ph mutants were observed . The AI3 group had a high level of activity towards 4-nitrophenylacetamide, activity towards phenylacetyl-4-nitroaniline but, unlike strain AI3, no activity towards acetyl-4-nitroaniline; the L 10 group had a low activity towards 4-nitrophenylacetamide, no activity towards phenylacetyl-4-nitroaniline but retained the low level of activity towards acetyl-4-nitroaniline exhibited by strain L 10 . Confirmation of the association between these altered specificities and alterations in amidases was obtained from analysis of the properties of phenylacetamidases purified from an AI3-Ph mutant (pH 5) and an L 10-Ph mutant (Ph14) . The original mutation in the amidase gene of strain AI3 appeared responsible for the differences between the two groups of Ph mutants and the binding interactions with acetanilide that it determined were eliminated in AI3-Ph mutants.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Apr, 141(4), 507 - 9
Enhanced chemotaxis to gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bassaris HP et al.; The chemotactic response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) to gentamicin-sensitive and gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied . Filtrates from the resistant strains markedly enhanced the chemotactic response of human PMNLs (leukotactic index {LI} = 40.4 micron), in contrast to the filtrates from the sensitive strains, which induced less migration of PMNLs (LI = 26.8 micron) . This finding may explain previous observations that suggested that gentamicin-resistant strains of P . aeruginosa are less virulent than gentamicin-sensitive strains.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Apr, 50(2), 107 - 15
Complement activating property of the protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . II . Complement activating property of the lipopolysaccharide portion and the inhibition by polymyxin B; Inada K; In order to elucidate the active principle and the mechanism of complement activation of protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of P . aeruginosa, the complement consumption of the LPS from OEP was studied either in guinea pig serum (GPS) or in factor D-depleted GPS (D-dpl-GPS) in the presence or absence of polymyxin B . Polymyxin B is an inhibitor of the classical pathway (CP) activation due to the lipid A of LPS . The LPS from OEP had about 5 times higher the activity than OEP in GPS . This value corresponds to the LPS content (about 20%) in OEP . It was not likely that the protein portion (about 80%) of the OEP participates to activate complement . In GPS, the ability of the LPS from OEP was only partially inhibited by polymyxin B . In D-dpl-GPS in which the alternative pathway (AP) may be abrogated, the consumption by the LPS from OEP markedly decreased, and was furthermore diminished in the presence of polymyxin B . These results suggest that the LPS from OEP is the active principle of OEP and activates both the CP and the AP . It was noteworthy that two fold or less polymyxin B in weights did not inhibit the ability of E . coli 0111:B4 LPS to activate only the AP, but rather enhanced it.

Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Mar 25, 74(6), 222 - 5
{Clinical and bacteriological aspects of purulent pericarditis (author's transl)}; Vilaseca J et al.; The clinical and bacteriological characteristics of eight cases with purulent pericarditis observed over the last five years are studied . The route of the infection and dissemination in the majority of the cases (75 percent) was through pleuropulmonary lesions in the form of pneumonia and/or empyema, attributing the remaining cases to a subhepatic abscess and a pericardial infection after a thoracic surgical operation . In seven patients the diagnosis of the disease was established while they were alive . The more orientative clinical data were the pericardial pain (50 percent), pericardial friction murmur (25 percent), and signs of cardiac tamponade (62.5 percent) . The observation of the above mentioned clinical signs together with the presence of cardiomegaly and electrocardiographic alterations suggestive of pericarditis, obliged the practice of a pericardial puncture, which confirmed the diagnosis of a purulent pericarditis by the macro and microscopic characteristics of the fluid . Staphylococcus and pneumoncoccus were isolated in two cases, respectively; other Gram-negative bacillus (E . coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated in the remaining cases . All patients were treated with the appropriate antibiotic according to the isolated germ; surgical drainage was carried out in six cases, and a pericardiectomy in one . Two patients died, one as a consequence of a septic myocardiopathy and the other in which the diagnosis of purulent pericarditis was not clinically suspected . During the follow-up period one case presented a constrictive pericarditis, which was corrected by a pericardiectomy.

Ann Plast Surg, 1980 Mar, 4(3), 216 - 8
Potential pitfalls of quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures; Freshwater MF et al.; We present our experience with clinical correlation of quantitative cultures . A total of 285 cultures in 18 patients were carried out according to the technique of burn wound biopsy culture . The predominant organism by far was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by mixed Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus alone . There were two areas of divergence from classic correlations between biopsy results and the clinical course of the patient: data are presented from clinical burn wound sepsis and falsely low quantitative cultures, and from clinically aseptic patients pursuing a benign course with falsely high quantitative cultures . We believe that culture results must be interpreted in the light of total body surface area involved rather than as an isolated finding . Quantitative burn wound cultures are a useful guide to the management of burn patients, but must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Mar, 33(3), 272 - 9
FR-900137, a new antibiotic . I . Taxonomy and fermentation of the organism, and isolation and characterization of the antibiotic; Kuroda Y et al.; A strain of Streptomyces, isolated from a soild sample and identified as Streptomyces unzenensis sp . nov . has been found to produce FR-900137, an interesting new antibiotic, containing phosphorus in its molecule . The antibiotic, obtained as white powder, was shown to inhibit a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1980 Mar, 29(3), 254 - 7
Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia with gangrene of the lung and empyema; Young JN et al.; The following case report demonstrates the occasional necessity for staged thoracic surgical intervention in the management of a clinical condition commonly associated with high mortality: overwhelming pseudomonas pulmonary infection and septic shock . Intervention included the use of emergency wide-open drainage of gangrene of the lung and empyema, followed by sequential, interval lobectomy.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1980 Mar-Apr, 7(2), 143 - 51
Degradation of DDT and its analogs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 640x; Golovleva LA et al.; The possibility of complete degradation of DDT by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 640x was demonstrated in principle . A study of the conditions of degradation of DDT by this culture was made . It was demonstrated that only dechlorination of DDT to DDD is accomplished without addition of a supplementary substrate . The rest of the processes right up to the formation of benzhydrol and phenylacetic acid take place only under conditions of cometabolism . For dechlorination of the aliphatic fragment of DDT and the aromatic rings, anaerobic conditions, nitrates in the form of electron acceptors, and calcium lactate as a cosubstrate are preferred . Degradation of nonchlorinated benzophenone takes place only under aerobic conditions with glycerol as a cosubstrate . Phenylacetic acid and benzhydrol are used by the culture as sole sources of carbon; aerobic conditions are necessary for their degradation . On the basis of analysis of decomposition products of DDT and a study of the pathways of degradation of its metabolites and analogs, a means of converting DDT by P . aeruginosa 640x is proposed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 334 - 6
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics enhanced by the addition of low concentrations of gentamicin; Masuda G et al.; The combined effects of low concentrations of gentamicin on certain beta-lactam antibiotics were studied by the agar plate method . the combination of gentamicin with cephalothin produced synergism against 17 of 26 strains of Escherichia coli and 19 of 27 strains of Klebsiella sp . if assessed at the bacteriostatic (minimal inhibitory concentration) level . Synergy against many more strains was apparent when bactericidal concentrations were used . Synergy against most of these strains was observed if bactericidal concentrations with brief exposure times (3 h) to the antibiotics were used for measurement . Additive effects were observed in almost all of the remaining strains . The combination of gentamicin and carbenicillin were synergistic against most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa when any bacteriostatic or bactericidal measurement was used as the criterion.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 293 - 7
Relationship between R and FP plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Royle PL et al.; The plasmid FP110 possessing chromosome mobilizing ability for Pseudomonas aeruginosa but carrying no determinants for antibiotic resistance, is found to be related by incompatibility, entry exclusion, and other criteria to the independently isolated R plasmids R18-1 and R56Be which carry resistance determinants for carbenicillin . The frequency of FP plasmid appearance in clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa suggests the possibility that they may be a source of R plasmids in this bacterium.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(3), 373 - 8
Transduction of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Knothe H et al.; In a series of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and/or netilmicin (Knothe and Krcmery, 1979), wild-type phage lysates could be prepared and two of them were studied more in detail . Both lysates were shown to mediate transfer of gentamicin, amikacin and carbenicillin resistance by direct selection . In some instances also fertility function (tra) could be demonstrated in transductants by further cycles of transfer . It could be speculated that, once such wild-type phages from resistant or toxinogenic strains are liberated into the hospital environment, they could mediate these and other properties to P . aeruginosa strains in that environment.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(3), 363 - 72
{Isolation, depolymerization and repolymerization of flagella of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ansorg R et al.; Flagellar filaments of P . aeruginosa are isolated and purified by cultivating the cells in fluid medium, followed by shaking in a rotation-homogenizer and by fractional centrifugation . The electronmicroscopically pure preparations are partially disintegrated by heating at 60-100 degrees C/30 min . The flagellin repolymerizes spontaneously into flagella-like but straight filaments . In the indirect fluorescent antibody test, isolated flagellar filaments and polymerized flagellin-filaments with antiflagellar antibodies like flagella of native cells.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(3), 353 - 62
Mouse-protection experience with monovalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine; Sourek J et al.; The protective effect of the soluble immunogenic complex from Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell surface was studied on white mice . Vaccines were prepared from a single strain by phenol-water extraction or via preparing the Zn-complex . The immunogenic complex which contained the Pseudomonas "common protective antigen" as well as endotoxin and exotoxins in the form of toxoid, provided reliable protection if it was administered with aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant in three consecutive doses of 10, 100 and 500 microgram per 0.2 ml per mouse at 5-7 day intervals . Under these conditions, the monovaccine produced in mice a 90-100% protective effect against a lethal challenge dose (2 LD100) of toxic P . aeruginosa strains given a week after the last vaccine dose.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(2), 197 - 203
{O-antigen determination and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ansorg R; The quality of the morphological-biochemical identification of P . aeruginosa affects the results of group determination with anti-O-sera (Institute Pasteur Production) to a great extent . Out of 563 isolates classified as P . aeruginosa on the basis of colony morphology, haemolysis, pigment formation, odor, gramstaining and oxidase test, 84,2% react with one monovalent antiserum . Out of 498 strains which are more exactly identified by additional use of the Oxi/Ferm tube-system (Hoffmann-La Roche), 94,0% are clearly to be grouped . The O-antigen determination is not appropriate for inter-species differentiation of P . aeruginosa, due to common antigens with P . aeruginosa related species.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 26(3), 350 - 5
Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated swimming pools; Seyfried PL et al.; Various types of swimming pools were investigated for the quantitative isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Incidence of the organism increased when the free chlorine residual dropped below 0.4 mg/L in pool water which ad a pH of 6.9-8.9 . As the water pH became more alkaline the efficiency of disinfection decreased . Excessive slime production caused certain strains to become more resistent to chlorine treatment . Immunotyping and phage typing, used to study the dynamics of P . aeruginosa populations in swimming pool waters, demonstrated that high densities of the organism consisted mainly of single predominant strains.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 117(1), 279 - 83
Localization of cholinesterase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K; Garber N et al.; The inducible cholinesterase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K (ATCC 25102) degraded propionylcholine, acetylthiocholine, acetylcholine and acetyl-beta-methylcholine at a high rate and butyrylcholine and succinylcholine at very low rates . The localization of the enzyme in the periplasmic space was indicated by a similar rate of acetylcholine degradation by intact cells or their extracts, by release of cholinesterase together with alkaline phosphatase into the culture medium during cell growth in a low phosphate-containing medium, by liberation of cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase during lysozyme-induced conversion of cells to spheroplasts and by freezing and thawing . Threatment of cells with diazo-7-amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulphonic acid, which inactivates surface-located enzymes, abolished most of the cholinesterase and 5'-nucleotidase activities.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 117(1), 1 - 7
Biosynthesis of the core part of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Asonganyi TM et al.; The incorporation of rhamnose and glucose into the core part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using enzyme preparations from strain PAC1R and LPS-defective mutants derived from it . Crude membrane preparations from the LPS-defective mutant PAC556 transferred rhamnose from dTDP-L-{14C}rhamnose to material insoluble in trichloracetic acid . The preparations contained both transferase enzyme and acceptor, the former being destroyed by heating . Between 60 and 70% of the radioactive rhamnose transferred to the membranes was extractable by aqueous phenol and non-diffusible . The material extracted did not move in any of the chromatography solvents tested and contained rhamnose as the sole radioactive component . Soluble dTDP-L-rhamnose-LPS rhamnosyltransferase was obtained from the parent strain PAC1R by ammonium sulphate precipitation of a 105000 g supernatant fraction from broken bacteria . It was most active at pH 8 with 5 mM-MgCl2 and required heat-treated membranes of PAC556 as acceptor . This mutant, whose LPS lacks both O-antigenic side-chains and rhamnose in the core, was shown to lack either the epimerase or the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase used to synthesize dTDPrhamnose . After preincubation with soluble transferase and UDPglucose, heated membranes of mutant strains PAC611, PAC612 and PAC605 could also act as acceptors for rhamnose . These mutants all lacked some or all of the glucose as well as the rhamnose from the core of their LPS and the experiments thus provided confirmation that rhamnose was the terminal hexose of the core in P . aeruginosa PAC1.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Mar, 33(3), 297 - 301
Sensitivity to carbenicillin and ticarcillin, and the beta-lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the UK in 1978-79; King JD et al.; A total of 438 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa supplied by 10 hospitals in the UK reporting an increase in resistance to carbenicillin was tested for sensitivity to carbenicillin and ticarcillin . It was found that 85% of the strains were inhibited by 125 microgram carbenicillin/ml and 87% by 50 microgram ticarcillin/ml, and that ticarcillin was from two- to four-fold more active than carbenicillin against the majority of these strains . Strains with a high level of resistance to carbenicillin (MIC greater than 1000 microgram/ml) possessed constitutive beta-lactamases, and five different types of enzyme were identified . There was good correlation between minimum inhibitory concentrations and the results of disc sensitivity tests in this study, 82% with the 100 microgram carbenicillin disc and 90( with the 75 microgram ticarcillin disc, but results reported in the hospital laboratory tests with the carbenicillin disc were less satisfactory (64% correlation) . From a comparison with data reported in 1967 there does not appear to have been a significant increase in the incidence of carbenicillin-resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa in the UK.

Infect Immun, 1980 Mar, 27(3), 777 - 83
Influence of anti-slime glycolipoprotein serum on the interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and macrophages; Bartell PF et al.; Glycolipoprotein, a purified fraction of the exopolysaccharide slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was identified as responsible for a number of the biological activities of viable cells, including toxicity and immunogenicity capable of stimulating protective antibody against the lethal effects of viable cells . Antiserum against glycolipoprotein also mediated the phagocytosis and subsequent killing of viable P . aeruginosa by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages . In the absence of anti-glycolipoprotein serum, macrophages did not significantly reduce the number of bacteria . The presence of complement in the experimental mixture did not affect the reduction of bacteria by the macrophage in the presence of anti-glycolipoprotein serum . The limiting effect of antiserum concentration on macrophage activity was studied, and maximal activity was found at 2%, with no further increase in activity at 5% Preopsonization of the bacteria with anti-glycolipoprotein serum had little effect on the course of phagocytosis within the experimental conditions . Variations in bacterium-to-macrophage input ratios, ranging from 30:1 to 1:30, did not affect the capacity of the macrophages for phagocytosis.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 1055 - 63
Purification and properties of a binding protein for branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoshino T et al.; A binding protein for branched-chain amino acids was purified to a homogeneous state from shock fluid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PML14 . It was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 4.3 x 10(4) or 4.0 x 10(4) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or gel filtration, respectively . The isoelectric point was determined to be pH 4.1 by electrofocusing . Amino acid analysis of the protein showed that aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine were major components and that the protein contained only one residue each of tryptophan and cysteine per molecule . The binding protein contained no sugar . The binding activity of the protein was specific for the branched-chain amino acids . The protein also bound alanine and threonine with lower affinity . The dissociation constants of this protein for leucine, isoleucine, and valine were found to be 0.4, 0.3, and 0.5 microM, respectively . Mutants defective in the production of the binding protein were identified among the mutants deficient in a transport system for branched-chain amino acids (LIV-I) . The revertants from these mutants to LIV-I-positive phenotype simultaneously recovered normal levels of the binding protein . These findings suggest strongly the association of the binding protein with the LIV-I transport system.

Am J Public Health, 1980 Mar, 70(3), 279 - 81
A preliminary survey of the association of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with commercial whirlpool bath waters; Kush BJ et al.; Conditions in commercial whirlpool baths were investigated and populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa surveyed . Conditions generally favored growth, and P . aeruginosa was demonstrated in 62.5 per cent of 24 samples of bath waters surveyed . Serotype 11, implicated in outbreaks of skin rash among bathers at whirlpool baths, was demonstrated most frequently, being isolated from 30 per cent of the 24 survey samples, and from 70 per cent of 20 additional samples from a single bath sampled on two days.

Afr J Med Med Sci, 1980 Mar-Jun, 9(1-2), 49 - 51
Transferable drug resistance in Pseudomonas patients with premature rupture of membranes in Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sogbanmu MO et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured in eight patients with premature rupture of membranes in a Maternity Unit of the University of Ife Teaching Hospital Complex within a period of 48 h . Three of the strains were found to harbour R-factor DNA conferring high-level resistance to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, while two strains are able to transfer this drug resistance en bloc to drug-sensitive Escherichia coli . The significance of this in the light of a continuing study of drug resistant bacteria in Ile-Ife is discussed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 474 - 6
Activity of cefotaxime-aminoglycoside combinations against aminoglycoside-resistant Pseudomonas; Murray PR; The activity of cefotaxime, either alone or combined with an aminoglycoside, was determined against 50 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 50, 33, and 10 were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, respectively . Cefotaxime inhibited 34 isolates at a concentration of 16 microgram/ml and all isolates at 128 microgram/ml . The combinations of cefotaxime with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were synergistic against 30, 17, and 9 isolates, respectively, and no antagonism was observed with any combination . Synergism was obtained at clinically significant antibiotic concentrations for nine isolates with cefotaxime-gentamicin, five isolates with cefotaxime-tobramycin, and nine isolates with cefotaxime-amikacin.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Feb, 50(1), 53 - 61
Effects of somatic component of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protective immunity in experimental mouse burn infection; Okada K et al.; In the mouse burn model of Stieritz and Holder {19}, a three-component vaccine consisting of elastase toxoid, protease toxoid and the common antigen (OEP) of P . aeruginosa was found significantly effective on protection against subcutaneous injection with strain IFO 3455, but not with strains M2 or PF 2243 . Investigating the differences, it was clarified that somatic antigens of strains M2 and PF 2243 did not contain serological antigens cross-reacting with OEP . Accordingly, the protective effects of the somatic antigen of strains M2 were investigated with the result that both formalin and heat-killed antigens demonstrated significant protection against challenge with strain M2 in the mouse burn model . As strains PF 2243 and M2 were found to belong to the same serotype 16 of Homma's schema {23}, it is presumed that somatic antigens of serotype 16 are devoid of OEP . At the same time, it is suggested that the somatic component of P . aeruginosa is essential to the effects of the multi-component vaccines on protective immunity.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Feb, 50(1), 13 - 21
Complement activating property of the protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . I . Activation of both the classical and the alternative pathways of guinea pig complement; Inada K; Complement activating property of the protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated . The ability of OEP to consume the hemolytic complement (CH50) of guinea pig serum (GPS) was relatively lower than zymosan, a potent activator of the alternative pathway (AP) . The profiles of the complement consumption with OEP in GPS suggested that classical pathway (CP) activation seems to occur in addition to the AP-activation, because the consumption of the C3-C9, i.e., C3 total was relatively higher than those of C1, C4 and C2 . Further results stated below is confirmed this . OEP consumed complement in certain extent in C4-deficient GPS and also in factor B- or D-depleted GPS . In these sera either pathway of the AP or the CP was operated . However, OEP consumed complement quite in full extent in the EGTA-chelated serum, in which AP-activation took place in normal level . OEP was therefore found in this experiment to activate only the AP . The conversion of C3 in immunoelectrophoresis which is a evidence of the CP-and/or AP-activation was observed with OEP . It was suggested that the antibody against OEP did not participate in the consumption of complement, because the GPS priorly absorbed with OEP-coated sheep RBC, was retained fully to react with OEP . It was discussed that the active site of OEP as to the complement activation located on the LPS portion of OEP.

J Protozool, 1980 Feb, 27(1), 80 - 6
Interactions of pseudomonas aeruginosa hemagglutinins with Euglena gracilis, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, and Tetrahymena pyriformis; Sharabi Y et al.; The galactosephilic and mannosephilic hemagglutinins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adsorbed onto Euglena gracilis, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, and Tetrahymena pyriformis . Furthermore, peroxidase binding to the 3 protozoan species was shown to be mediated by these lectins . Binding of Pseudomonas lectins to E . gracilis and C . reinhardi caused their specific agglutination, whereas no agglutination was observed with T . pyriformis, even after treatment by papain or by NaF . Added to the culture medium, the Pseudomonas hemagglutins stimulated growth of E . gracilis and T . pyriformis due to their binding to these protozoa; this effect was partly inhibited by the specific sugar.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 381 - 9
Catabolism of L-arginine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mercenier A et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to break down arginine by the arginine deiminase pathway . An additional pathway has now been found whereby arginine is converted to putrescine with agmatine and N-carbamoylputrescine as intermediates . The following enzyme activities belonging to this pathway were detected in crude extracts: arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19), which catalyses the release of CO2 from arginine to give agmatine; agmatine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.12), which degrades agmatine to N-carbamoylputrescine; and N-carbamoylputrescine amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.-), which then removes the ureido group of carbamoylputrescine . In crude extracts, arginine decarboxylase activity was stimulated by pyridoxal phosphate, Mg2+ and by the products of the catabolic pathway, putrescine and spermidine . Growth of P . aeruginosa on arginine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source markedly increased the activity of arginine decarboxylase . Agmatine and N-carbamoylputrescine induced the synthesis of agmatine deiminase and N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase . Addition of succinate or citrate to medium containing arginine or agmatine led to repression of the enzymes involved in the arginine decarboxylase pathway . Moreover, the repression of agmatine deiminase and N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase was further increased when P . aeruginosa was grown in media with agmatine plus glutamine or agmatine plus succinate and ammonia . This suggests that the expression of the agmatine pathway may be regulated by carbon catabolite repression as well as nitrogen catabolite repression.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 371 - 80
The catabolism of arginine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rahman M et al.; Mutants isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1632 (Hut-Ami) were unable to utilize L-arginine or L-ornithine as the carbon source for growth . Arginine deiminase (AD), catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (cOTC) and N2-acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT) were present in the mutants but these enzymes were not induced to higher levels by exogenous L-arginine . One group of mutants could utilize L-ornithine but not L-arginine and in these strains L-arginine induced the synthesis of ACOAT but not AD or cOTC . The mutations of the arginine utilization-negative mutants were all in genes of the same transductional linkage group and mapped in the 45 to 50 min region of the chromosome . Revertants isolated on L-arginine or L-ornithine plates were derepressed for the synthesis of ACOAT . It is suggested that L-arginine is normally catabolized by the wild-type strain via the arginine deiminase pathway and requires a threshold level of ACOAT . The regulatory factors controlling the functioning of the divergent arginine deiminase and arginine carboxylase pathways are discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 357 - 69
Genes and enzymes of lysine catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rahman M et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 cannot utilize L-lysine effectively as a carbon source for growth but grows on cadaverine and glutarate . Strains PAO1 and PAO1632 (Hut-Ami-) have low activities for L-lysine uptake and for L-lysine decarboxylase but both strains gave rise to mutants that grew well on L-lysine . Strain PAO2087, isolated from PAO1, had an active L-lysine uptake system and an inducible L-lysine decarboxylase . Strain PAO2070, isolated from strain PAO1632, had an active L-lysine uptake system and a constitutive L-lysine decarboxylase . We suggest that the genetic defect of strain PAO1 (and PAO1632) that prevents growth of L-lysine is in a regulatory gene controlling the expression of linked genes for L-lysine permease and L-lysine decarboxylase . Mutants unable to utilize L-lysine as a carbon source, isolated from strain PAO2070, exhibited four distinct growth phenotypes . Transductional analysis showed that the genetic defects of these mutants could be distinguished from each other and from that of strain PAO1 . Group I mutants, unable to utilize glutarate, formed a single transduction linkage group and were mapped at about 20 min on the chromosome . The mutations of groups II, III and IV appeared to be in separate but linked genes . The group II mutants had no detectable L-lysine decarboxylase activity and the gene locus was mapped by interrupted mating in the 50 to 60 min region of the chromosome . The group III mutants possessed all the early enzymes of the L-lysine decarboxylase pathway and lacked only an active L-lysine uptake system.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 11(2), 123 - 6
Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime production by staphylococcal extracellular product; Shibl AM et al.; Staphylococcus aureus produced an inhibitory factor that suppressed slime formation by Psuudomonas aeruginosa but had little effect on the growth of the organism . The inhibitory factor was not found in broth cultures but could be extracted from cultures grown on solid agar . The inhibitory factor moderately inhibited gram-negative bacteria in addition to inhibiting a variety of gram-positive bacteria . The inhibitory factor was found to have a low molecular weight, as judged by its diffusibility, and it could be partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 . It was observed to be heat labile; however, its activity was stable within a wide pH range . The factor was resistant to deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and lipase, but sensitive to trypsin . The role of the inhibition of slime production in pathogenicity is discussed.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Feb, 141(2), 238 - 47
Immunologic investigations of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of susceptibility to opsonic antibody in mucoid and nonmucoid strains; Baltimore RS et al.; Mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis, were studied for the prevalence of each of the seven Fisher immunotype antigens and were compared with their nonmucoid transformants, obtained by repeated subculturing, for susceptibility to opsonic antibody . Of the 30 strains tested--one from each of 30 patients--16 were typable and were tested in the opsonophagocytic assay with use of immunotype-specific rabbit antiserum; eight had significant opsonization by complement without antiserum . Of the eight strains requiring antiserum, seven strains required a higher minimum concentration of antiserum for a 1.0 log10 reduction of viable P . aeruginosa than the paired nonmucoid derivative . These end-point titers were significantly greater for nonmucoid Pseudomonas (P = 0.0007) . A mucoid strain not requiring antibody for opsonization was shown to use primarily the alternative complement pathway . These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the immunodeterminant for opsonic antibody in nonmucoid strains is blocked in the mucoid strain.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Feb, 17(2), 115 - 9
Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of the inhibitory effects of cefotaxime, its anti isomer, and the syn S-oxide compound; Mirelman D et al.; The intrinsic effect of three novel methoxyimino derivatives of cephalosporin (cefotaxime {syn HR 756}; its anti isomer, R 02 5328 A; and the syn S-oxide derivative, HR 109) on the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa X-48 was investigated . Cefotaxime at very low concentrations (50% inhibition at 0.025 microgram/ml) inhibited the transpeptidase reaction which catalyzes the incorporation and attachment of newly synthesized peptidoglycan to the preexisting cell wall sacculus . The S-oxide compound, HR 109, was a much less efficient inhibitor of this reaction (50% inhibition at 0.55 microgram/ml), whereas the anti isomer of cefotaxime, R 02 5328 A, had no inhibitory effect . All three compounds were quite similar in being relatively poor inhibitors of D-alanine carboxypeptidase.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 39(2), 398 - 406
Microbial transformation of kepone; Orndorff SA et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain KO3 and a mixed aerobic enrichment culture, isolated from sewage sludge lagoon water, were found to aerobically transform the chlorinated insecticide Kepone, yielding monohydro-Kepone . Identification of the product was confirmed by gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry . The mixed culture and P . aeruginosa strain KO3 produced about 4 and 16%, respectively, dihydro-Kepone, determined by cochromatography using authentic standards . Reduced amounts of monohydro-Kepone, compared with the mixed and pure cultures, were produced by James River sediment microorganisms . Kepone was not utilized as a sole carbon or energy source by any of the bacteria or mixed cultures examined in this study.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 26(2), 155 - 60
Mobilization of chromosomal determinants for the polar pili of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO by FP plasmids; Bradley DE; Pseudomonas aeruginosa polar pili are determined by chromosomal genes which can be mobilized by the plasmid FP2 into a non-piliated Rec+ recipient, but not into its Rec- derivative . Matings between strains with no pili (selected by resistance to pilus-specific bacteriophages), and strains, with non-retractile pili, give rise to recombinants with retractile pili.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 26(2), 146 - 54
A function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO polar pili: twitching motility; Bradley DE; Twitching motility is a mode of flagella-independent surface translocation exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria on solid media . All species exhibiting it carry thin pili, usually polar . This work shows that only PAO and K strains of P . aeruginosa with retractile (PSA) pili were able to move in this way, those with no pili or non-retractile pili remaining stationary . Specific agents such as anti-pilus serum, which prevents otherwise functional pili from retracting, also prevented twitching motility.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 124(2-3), 197 - 203
The enzymes of the ammonia assimilation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Janssen DB et al.; Glutamine synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is regulated by repression/derepression of enzyme synthesis and by adenylylation/deadenylylation control . High levels of deadenylylated biosynthetically active glutamine synthetase were observed in cultures growing with limiting amounts of nitrogen while synthesis of the enzyme was repressed and that present was adenylylated in cultures with excess nitrogen . NADP- and NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase could be separated by column chromatography and showed molecular weights of 110,000 and 220,000, respectively . Synthesis of the NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase is repressed under nitrogen limitation and by growth on glutamate . In contrast, NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase is derepressed by glutamate . Glutamate synthase is repressed by glutamate but not by excess nitrogen.

J Immunol Methods, 1980, 36(3-4), 359 - 68
Formation of adherent monolayers of murine lymphocytes in vitro: the use of serum-free medium and concanavalin A-coated surfaces to promote adherence; Moolten FL et al.; Murine thymus and spleen cells formed adherent monolayers in polystyrene tissue culture flasks when plated in serum-free medium . In the presence of 2% serum, thymus cells adhered poorly, but adherence was greatly enhanced if the flasks had been coated noncovalently with the lectin, concanavalin A . Adherence of leukemic lymphocytes (L1210) required both serum-free medium and concanavalin A-coated flasks; the extent of attachment was proportional to the concentration of the lectin used to coat the flasks at concentrations up to 0.1 mg/ml . Once L1210 cells had attached, they could not be removed by exposure to serum, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, trypsin, or alpha-methyl mannoside . Adherent L1210 cells remained capable of metabolism and proliferation during intervals of up to 7 days . The use of adherent monolayers for cytotoxicity assays was demonstrated by an assay for Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin in EL4 murine leukemia cells.

Curr Med Res Opin, 1980, 6(10), 663 - 9
Comparison of sisomicin and gentamicin in the treatment of serious systemic infections; Leal del Rosal P et al.; Sixty-nine hospitalized patients with serious systemic infections, mainly surgical wound infections, soft-tissue abscesses, peritonitis, or pneumonia, were treated either with sisomicin or gentamicin by parenteral administration for periods ranging from 5 to 14 days . In general, sisomicin-treated patients received a mean daily dosage of 2.6 to 3.9 mg/kg and gentamicin-treated patients 3.0 to 5.1 mg/kg . The results, based on the combined clinical and bacteriological responses, showed an overall cure rate of 74% for the 34 patients on sisomicin compared with 37% of the 30 patients on gentamicin for whom a definite evaluation could be made . This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.005) . The bacteriological findings also suggest that sisomicin was more effective than gentamicin in eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa from infected patients . Local tolerance was good to both drugs . A change in auditory function was reported in 1 patient on gentamicin . Mild changes in renal function, possibly drug related, were recorded in 5 patients (1 on sisomicin and 4 on gentamicin).

Chir Forum Exp Klin Forsch . 1980;:73-7.
{Oral application of bacterial vaccine for infection prophylaxis (author's transl)}; Seifert J et al.; Guinea pigs were orally and subcutaneously immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Whereas 93% of untreated control animals died after a subsequent IP infection, vaccinated animals developed an efficient protection . The mortality rate in orally pretreated animals was only 20% - 30% . Some immunological parameters were also improved by vaccination . IgG and IgM concentrations in serum increased, as did the agglutination titer against bacteria . Oral vaccination with heat inactivated pathogenic bacteria seems to be a promising procedure to improve the resistance of patients to bacterial infections.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 44 - 8
FR-31564, a new phosphonic acid antibiotic: bacterial resistance and membrane permeability; Kojo H et al.; Mutants which acquired resistance to FR-31564 were also resistant to fosfomycin and vice versa . Some exceptions to cross-resistance were found among clinical isolates of certain species . FR-31564 was found to be incorporated into bacterial cells more efficiently than fosfomycin although the extent of incorporation varied among species . In particular, the uptake rate of FR-31564 by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was ten times that of fosfomycin . The uptake rate of FR-31564 by both FR-31564- and fosfomycin-resistant mutants was less than one-tenth of that by the parent strain . FR-31564 was scarcely inactivated in the culture broths of FR-31564-resistant strains . All of the FR-31564-resistant mutants of P . aeruginosa came under the classification of strains lacking an L-alpha-glycerophosphate transport system.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1980, 12(2), 139 - 48
Empiric treatment of fever in acute leukaemia with tobramycin-cephalothin, and the escape clause provision of corticosteroids; Hjorth M et al.; 29 episodes of suspected septicaemia in patients with acute leukemia were treated empirically with tobramycin 180--240 mg/day intravenously together with cephalothin 12 g/day . Patients without documented infection who did not respond to antibiotics and whose fever developed after a course of cytotoxic drugs, were given the provision of high dose corticosteroid therapy . Infection was documented microbiologically or clinically in 13/29 episodes . Septicaemia was proven in 7, and 6 had pneumonia . Neutropenia was present in 18/29 episodes . A satisfactory response to initial therapy was achieved in 7/13 with documented infection and in 9/16 without proven infection . The overall good response was 55%, 5/7 cases with septicaemia, but only 2/6 with pneumonia responded well . The 2 septicaemia patients who did not respond had Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis . In 16 episodes without documented infection 7 did not respond to initial therapy . To 4 of them, who were subject to recent cytotoxic drug administration, high dose corticosteroid therapy was given, and 3 of them responded well . Of the remaining 3 non-responders, one became afebrile after cytostatic and one after prednisolone treatment . Serum assays of tobramycin were done on the 1st and 5th day of therapy and no difference in concentration was observed on these 2 occasions . Five patients developed renal failure, but this was attributed to antibiotic therapy only in 1, who initially had an elevated serum creatinine . It is concluded, that in hospitals where pseudomonas is not a dominating pathogen, tobramycin--cephalothin may be a good combination to start empiric therapy with . In patients without proven infection, who have recently been subjected to cytotoxic therapy, and who do not respond to the initial course of antibiotics, a high dose of corticosteroids may be tried, provided the patient is monitored for the hazard of bacterial infection.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(2), 135 - 40
Azlocillin in respiratory tract infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis; Michalsen H et al.; In 5 children with cystic fibrosis, 13 courses of lower respiratory infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with azlocillin, 100--200 mg/kg body weight intravenously every 8 h for 10--15 days . The clinical course during azlocillin treatment was more favourable than had been the case previously in the same patients when treated with combinations of carbenicillin and aminoglycosides . No side effects ascribable to azlocillin were observed, although one allergic reaction occurred, but this was probably elicited by another allergen . Upon repeated courses of treatment, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the infecting organisms increased steadily against both azlocillin and carbenicillin . It is concluded that azlocillin represents an important alternative in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections due to P . aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Adv Shock Res, 1980, 4, 27 - 32
The effect of intravenous fluid administration on the cardiopulmonary sequelae of burn wound sepsis; Traber DL et al.; Burned sheep, which were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and received intravenous fluid administration, were compared to similarly infected animals allowed free access to oral fluid . In both instances cardiopulmonary variables were measured for three days following inoculation . Both groups demonstrated an elevation in heart rate and hematocrit and a fall in PaO2 and leukocyte count . The animals that received fluid resuscitation demonstrated basically the same cardiovascular response to sepsis as animals that resuscitated themselves . We conclude that the hypodynamic response to sepsis is not secondary to an inadequate fluid intake.

Ther Drug Monit, 1980, 2(4), 359 - 63
Hospital acquired gram-negative pneumonias: response rate and dosage requirements with individualized tobramycin therapy; Cipolle RJ et al.; Individualized tobramycin therapy was systemically evaluated in 26 patients with gram-negative pneumonias involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens . Patient prognoses were classified by underlying diseases, and response was determined according to previously established criteria . Twenty-three patients (88%), including all 11 cases involving multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens and 12 of 15 cases involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa, successfully responded to individualized tobramycin therapy . Tobramycin daily dosages and pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated a wide interpatient variability . Measured peak and trough serum concentrations resulting from individualized dosage regimens closely matched desired peak and trough concentrations . Clinical ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity were not observed . Individualizing dosage regimens was an important factor in obtaining therapeutic serum concentrations that may influence treatment response to tobramycin therapy.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(9), 1478 - 80
{Bacteriological studies in vitro on cefsulodin, a new cephalosporin active against Pseudomonas (author's transl)}; Grimm H; In vitro comparison of MIC from cefsulodin, cefataxime, and azlocillin for 265 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrates that of the available beta-lactam antibiotics cefsulodin has the highest anti-pseudomonal activity . In the agar-diffusion test (30 micrograms disc) cefsulodin zone diameters greater than or equal to 12 mm (corresponding to MIC less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) are considered as showing susceptibility of the organisms.

Recent Results Cancer Res, 1980, 75, 220 - 5
Tumor-necrotizing serum production by administration of BCG + Pseudomonas: its application in treatment of fibrosarcoma in mice; Kiger N et al.; A Pseudomonas aeruginosa (i.v.) treatment (10(8) killed organisms) has shown the capacity to induce the release of tumor-necrotizing factor in the serum of BCG-pretreated mice to the same extent as an LPS treatment . Lower doses of P . aeruginosa (10(7) killed organisms) were applied in BCG-pretreated mice (1 mg given IV 7 days prior to or 1 day after tumor graft) bearing a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma . In both cases this combined treatment significantly delayed tumor growth without a toxic side effect.

Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1980, 10(3), 207 - 12
{Bacteriological evaluation of a procedure for disinfecting the Olympus GIF-D2 panendoscope}; Ramirez Ramos A et al.; We have performed a total of 107 cultures from three critical areas of an Olympus Panendoscope Model GIF-D2 in order to evaluate bacteriologically cur system of desinfection of this endoscope . Samples were taken from the distal end, external surface and biopsy canal before and after an endoscopic examination was performed . The procedure of desinfection employed was as follows: washing of the distal end, external surface and biopsy canal with Hexaclorophel (Phisohex) diluted 50% with water and a second washing with tap water . In the middle of the study, we added a second washing of the biopsy canal with ten ml . of ether alcohol to allow for better drying . As a result of the present study we observed that in the distal end in 50% of the samples we encountered bacteria . Cultures of the external surface were positive in 20% of samples . The biopsy canal should be washed with ether alcohol to allow for complete drying, because when we did not use this method, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was isolated . After this modification we did not isolate bacteria . The most frequent types of isolated bacteria were from the normal oropharyngeal flora . From the present study we can conclude that desinfection of the Panendespe with Hexaclorophen gives satisfactory results on the external surface of the endoscope . Biopsy canal requires additional washing with ether alcohol . However, both procedures do not assure a satisfactory desinfection of the distal end.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, suppl 25, 96 - 100
Cefamandole alone and combined with gentamicin or tobramycin in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis; Gentry LO et al.; Ninety-four cases of pyelonephritis including 20 who had concurrent bacteremia were treated with cefamandole alone or in combination with either gentamicin or tobramycin . Doses of cefamandole ranged from 1--2 g by intermittent intravenous (VI) infusion every 4 to 8 h; gentamicin and tobramycin doses ranged from 1--1.7 mg/kg every 8 h also by intermittent IV infusion . Duration of therapy ranged from 5 to 23 days (mean 7.3 days) . Both single and combination therapy successfully treated acute pyelonephritis and bacteremia in all patients . Seven strains of E . coli and one of Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for initial infection were resistant to cephalothin but sensitive to cefamandole . Relapse with cefamandole sensitive bacteria occurred in 27% of patients receiving only cefamandole and 8% of those patients receiving combination therapy . Reinfection with cefamandole resistant organisms, predominantly Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred in five patients . One patient had an intrarenal abscess due to E . coli which was successfully treated with 23 days of cefamandole . One patient died . However, death was due to acute pulmonary embolism, not infection . None of the patients receiving cefamandole plus gentamicin or tobramycin experienced a significant decrease in creatinine clearance during or after therapy . Skin rash, mild thrombophlebitis at the IV site and transient elevation of alkaline phosphatase and SGOT were the only side effects noted.

Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(9-10), 3 - 8
{Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from frozen bull seminal fluid to antibiotics, sulfamides and furazolidone}; Kuradzhiiski N; A total of 66 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from frozen bull semen were studied with regard to their sensitivity to antibiotics, sulfamides, and furazolidone with the employment of the disk method after Anderson . All strains were found resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, novobiocin, neomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, oleandomycin, spectam, furazolidone, borgal, tylan, oxacillin, and sulfathiazole . Experiments are carried out to find antibiotics that would have good activity against this species of bacteria . The attention is focused on gentamycin, carbenicillin, and rimactan which inhibit the growth of these strains at a minimal suppressive concentration ranging from 1.5 up to 50 microgram/cm3 . Regressive lines have been drawn for these antibiotics . It is suggested to use the graphs of the same lines in the rapid determination of the minimal suppressive concentration of gentamycin, carbenicillin, and rimactan against Ps . aeruginosa strains contaminating the semen of bulls.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 248(1), 99 - 109
INfluence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases on prothrombin, plasminogen and fibrinogen; Pulverer G et al.; Out of 136 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested, 101 produced a procoagulant protease and 70 a protease with fibrinolytic activity . Strain No . 1800 producing both these proteases served as a source of the crude enzyme mixture . The crude enzyme was isolated from the supernatant and subjected to fractionation by isoelectric focusing . Five active components were isolated . Activities of individual proteases were compared . It was found that for prothrombin activation a protease characterized by isoelectric point of 7.0 is responsible; this protease is different from both collagenase and elastase . Protease available at isoelectric point of 8.8 is plasminlike and is also not identical with collagenase and elastase.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1980, 28(4), 619 - 23
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from wounds of burned patients; Gosciniak G et al.; Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in mucoid and nonmucoid state were studied . All strains were isolated from wounds of burned patients and belonged to Habs serogroup 0:6 . It has been found that nonmucoid P . aeruginosa were phagocytized by guinea-pig leukocytes in greater proportion than mucoid variants of the same strain . Similarly, nonmucoid organisms were more susceptible to phagocytic killing than mucoid ones . These differences have been found statistically significant.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1980, 12(4), 295 - 302
Gentamicin resistance in gram-negative bacilli: occurrence of modifying enzymes and their influence on susceptibility testing; Dornbusch K et al.; Among 272 gram-negative bacilli, regarded as strains with reduced susceptibility to gentamicin by the disc test, 156 strains were resistant (greater than or equal to f microgram/ml) by the agar dilution method . Altogether 76% of the 156 strains were cross-resistant to tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin and amikacin . Amikacin showed the highest antibacterial activity in vitro . 32 of the resistant strains produced acetylating or adenylylating enzymes, which caused resistance . The production of enzymes was not limited to any genera . Complete cross-resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics was recorded in 45%, 98% and 22% respectively, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps . maltophilia and other gram-negative rods . Enzyme-producing strains were not cross-resistant to all aminoglycosides . Changes in MICs and inhibition zones with different inocula among enzyme-producing strains emphasize the importance of standardized inocula in susceptibility testing.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1980, 168(2), 111 - 8
Mouse footpad infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for delayed hypersensitivity to specific bacterial antigen; Garzelli C et al.; Mouse hind footpad inoculation with 1 x 10(7) viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells produces a long-lasting, self-limiting disease process characterized by a bacterial multiplication that parallels the swelling of the infected footpad . Regional popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes and spleen of infected animals show cellular modifications which are almost entirely due to lymphocyte proliferation, as indicated by sponteneous DNA synthesis experiments in vitro . Furthermore, mice which had been infected in their footpad either 20 or 27 days previously and challenged with P . aeruginosa antigens into the controlateral footpad show, 24 h later, a marked increase in regional popliteal lymph node weight, indicating the development of delayed hypersensitivity to Pseudomonas antigens.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Jan, 14(1), 9 - 12
{Serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from human sources in Diyarbakir (author's transl)}; Yumul C; 951 Ps . aeruginosa strains were isolated from the patients at the hospital wards of Diyarbakir Medical Faculty . These strains were identified on the basis of methods employed by Gilardi . Anti-O typing sera were prepared with 17 Ps . aeruginosa strains obtained from Pasteur Institute of Paris . Ps . aeruginosa strains, isolated by slide agglutination and tube agglutination techniques were identified using Anti-O typing sera . According to these tests, Habs's strains 0:1, 0:3, 0:4, 0:7, 0:8, 0:9 0:10, 0:11, 0:12 and Sandvik's 0:13 and Veron's 0:2b, 0:2ab, 0:5d, 0:5cd strains were identified . Habs's strains 0:2, 0:5, 0:6 were not detectable . The most frequent type was 0:12 (26.39%) and the less frequent ones were 0:1 (2.31%) and 0:8 (2.31%).

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Jan, 14(1), 13 - 20
{Serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the hospital environment (author's transl)}; Cakir N et al.; Pseudomonas, especially after misuse of antibiotics began to play an important part in hospital infections . Pseudomonas was classified by many investigators, starting with Habs, according to their thermo stable (O) antigens . In this study, we examined 41 stains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, out of 278 samples taken from the hospital, apart from the patients, according to their (O) antigens . We found 6 from Habs 0:11, 4 from Veron 60 BL, 5 from Habs 0:7, 5 from Veron 61B, 6 from Veron 60 BT, 4 from Habs 0:3, and one from Habs 0:5, 0:9, 0:8 and Sandvik serotype II respectively . We couldn't isolate the strains Habs 0:1, 0:2, 0:4, 0:6, 0:10, 0:12, Veron 59AH (0:5 cd) in our hospital.

J Immunol Methods, 1980, 38(1-2), 103 - 16
Use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide immunoadsorbents to prepare high potency, mono-specific antibodies; Fick RB Jr et al.; Potent, mono-specific anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulins were isolated from serum and lung lavage fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis using immunotype specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) substituted immunoadsorbent gel . Iodinated monovalent Pseudomonas LPS somatic antigens, Fisher immunotypes, were used as ligands for two different insoluble gel matrices . LPS iodination, using the water insoluble chloroglycoluril reagent, permitted quantitation of the percent LPS bound as a ligand . The coupling efficiencies of epoxy-activated and cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose matrices for various Pseudomonas immunotype specific LPS preparations were compared . Although each of the 7 LPS somatic antigens produced an equivalent amount of coupling, higher percentages of coupling were found using the cyanogen bromide-activated gel when compared to the epoxy-activated gel . IgG fractions prepared from cystic fibrosis sera and lung lavage fluid were passed through the LPS affinity gels, and Pseudomonas LPS immunotype specific antibodies were eluted . The presence of specific antibody activity against individual Pseudomonas immunotypes was determined with a passive micro-hemagglutination assay . Bronchial lavage fluid seemed to be as effective as serum as a source of Pseudomonas specific antibody . Use of such a LPS substituted gel permits direct recovery of Pseudomonas monospecific antibodies suitable for physical-chemical analyses and for biologic functional assays.

Microbios, 1980, 27(109 110), 133 - 44
Oxidative phosphorylation coupled with nitrate respiration . IV . Replacement of soluble fraction from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium avium; Ota A; The optimal pH range was from 7.0 to 7.5 in oxidative phosphorylation coupled to nitrate reduction . A cell-free extract of Escherichia coli showed weak myokinase activity . Oxidative phosphorylation coupled to nitrate reduction occurred with fractions of cell-free extracts of Mycobacterium avium . Soluble and particulate fractions separated from the cell-free extract of the organism were necessary for oxidative phosphorylation coupled to nitrate reduction . Each soluble fraction could be replaced by that obtained from another organism, e.g . Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium avium . This suggests the existence of coupling factors common to these soluble fractions, and the possibility that the coupling factors are ATPase and components of the ATP-Pi exchange reaction . The P/NO3- ratio depended more on soluble fractions than on particulate fractions . Both phosphorylation and nitrate reduction activity were reduced by washing particulate fractions of Escherichia coli with 0.1 M KCl, while the P/NO3- ratio slightly increased.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1980, 15(5), 485 - 505
Degradation of carboxin (Vitavax) and oxycarboxin (Plantvax) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil; Balasubramanya RH et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa capable of utilizing carboxin and oxycarboxin as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from red sandy loam soil perfused with the solutions of these fungicides . The bacterium hydrolyzed oxycarboxin via the intermediate compound 2-(vinylsulphonyl) acetanilide liberating 2- (2-hydroxyethylsulphonyl) acetic acid and aminophenol, whereas carboxin was first oxidized to its sulphoxide and then to its sulphone before hydrolysis . Further hydrolysis of aminophenol by the organism resulted in the accumulation of ammonium which was partly oxidized to nitrite . Nitrite accumulated in the medium without further oxidation to nitrate.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1980, 170(5-6), 449 - 56
A comparison of the quantitative suspension tests for the assessment of disinfectants; Reybrouck G; The germicidal effect of two disinfectant standards has been determined by three quantitative suspension tests: the Dutch Standard-Suspension Test, the French AFNOR test, and the in vitro test . Particularly in case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa the germicidal-effect values found according to the three methods differ in a significant way (Tables 1 and 2) . The only factors that could explain these differences, since they are not the same in the three techniques, are the preparation of the bacterial suspension and the diluent of the disinfectant solution . Through this the composition of the reaction mixture is different: in the in vitro test only 0.0085% NaC1 and 0.001% Tryptone are contained, in the AFNOR test the same constituants are ten times more concentrated and in the Standard-Suspension Test 0.882% NaC1 and 0.0306% albumin are present . If in the same trial these substances have been incorporated in the final concentration above-mentioned, then germicidal-effect values equal to those of the original tests have been obtained (Table 3) . The disinfectant diluent and the bacterial suspension fluid have to be the main factors responsible for the differences in activity found by the three testing methods . In our opinion the in vitro test gives the clearest picture of the anti-bacterial properties of a disinfectant since in this test the less addition of extraneous matter is encountered.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1980, 25(4), 281 - 8
Genetic mapping of the G101 bacteriophage (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by temperature-sensitive mutations; Spanova A; Temperature-sensitive (ts mutations of the G101 phage were isolated after mutagesis with hydroxylamine . A complementation analysis of 61 ts mutants showed that these mutants may be divided into a least 12 complementation groups . Two ts mutants probably originated in genes which control lytic functions of the G101 phage . It was shown by three factor crosses that all of the 12 ts mutations tested are localized on that side of the "c" region where the probable cI repressor gene is positioned . Seven ts mutations is closely linked to the cI26 clear marker, three exhibit a closer linkage and two do not exhibit any linkage with cI . All mutations isolated until now can be arrange linearly . According to the present knowledge the preliminary genetic map of the G101 phage is linear.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 26(1), 87 - 93
Demonstration of a cell-associated, inactive precursor of an exocellular protease produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Jensen SE et al.; The enzymatically active form of protease 1, the major exocellular protein produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 34362, has been shown to exist exclusively exocellularly with no significant cell-associated activity . However, the presence of a cell-associated, enzymatically inactive protein which is serologically cross-reactive with, and convertible to, active enzyme has been demonstrated . One method of conversion of "precursor" to active enzyme is via limited proteolysis . Two assay systems for precursor were developed, one a radioimmune assay, and the other a proteolytic activation procedure . Localization studies suggest that the association while more tenacious than classical periplasmic enzymes is still an ionic rather than a covalent one . Kinetics of production studies showed to precursor to be synthesized early in the growth cycle and to accumulate prior to the rapid release of the active enzyme . Molecular weight studies showed only slight changes produced upon activation.

Pharmazie, 1980, 35(4), 228 - 30
Effect of carbenicillin, gentamicin and vaccines on rats experimentally burned and infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Toama MA et al.; Carbenicillin and gentamicin were tested on rats experimentally burned and infected by a selected strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Carbenicillin injection was found to be the best treatment as it decreased pus formation and enhanced healing . Gentamicin was less effective than carbenicillin . The use of hydrophilic base ointment containing antibiotics is contraindicated, as it probably provides a favourable environment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth . The administration of supernatant vaccines and cell vaccines alone and in conjunction with the antibiotics did not modify the course of infection and healing.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1980, 168(3), 217 - 26
{Immunological and electrophoretic characterization of flagellins of different H-types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ansorg R et al.; P . aeruginosa flagella of the complex serotype a (a0, a2, a3) and the uniform serotype b were isolated, purified, and depolymerized by heat . The flagellins obtained form one precipitin band each and show reactions of non-identity in Ouchterlony tests . The immunologic reaction is not altered by treatment with SDS and mercaptoethanol . In disc microelectrophoresis and SDS gradient gel microelectrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, the flagellins migrate as homogeneous proteins . They have identical electrophoretic mobilities and a molecular weight of about 50,000.

Infection, 1980, 8(2), 73 - 80
Selection of variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant of Beta-lactam antibiotics; Gwynn MN et al.; In broth cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, containing carbenicillin or azlocillin, regrowth occurred after a period of bactericidal action, to reach visible proportions overnight . Regrowth in the presence of relatively high concentrations of carbenicillin or azlocillin could not be accounted for on the basis of growth of resistant variants nor as a result of drug inactivation . On the other hand, resistant variants could be selected from the regrowth which occurred at concentrations of carbenicillin or azlocillin only slight in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) . Antibiotic resistant variants could also be isolated from individual colonies growing on agar plates containing carbenicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin or piperaccillin at concentrations above the MIC for the majority of the population . Two types of resistant variant were isolated . The first showed a 2-5 fold increase in resistance to carbenicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin and piperacillin while Beta-lactamase production in these variants appeared to be unchanged . The second type of resistant variant showed unchanged sensitivity to carbenicillin and ticarcillin, or only a slight increase in resistance, whereas resistance to azlocillin and piperacillin was increased as much as 40-fold or more . These variants showed increased constitutive Beta-lactamase production and may be derepressed mutants of the parent culture . Variants of this type were readily selected by culture in the presence of azlocillin or piperacillin but only infrequently as a result of culture in the presence of carbenicillin or ticarcillin . The existence in cultures of P . aeruginosa of variants showing elevated Beta-lactamase production may account at least in part for the effect of inoculum size on the activity of azlocillin and piperacillin against P . aeruginosa and the marked discrepancy between MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) which is characteristic of the ureido penicillins.

Can J Ophthalmol, 1980 Jan, 15(1), 28 - 9
Relative efficacy of the topical use of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin in experimental Pseudomonas keratitis; Davis SD et al.; In a quantitative model of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in guinea pigs, topical solutions of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin were equally effective . Solutions of 20 mg/ml were more effective than solutions of 3 mg/ml.

Tohoku J Exp Med, 1980 Jan, 130(1), 103 - 4
Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among patients with maxillary sinusitis; Umenai T et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated with high frequency from sinus secretions of sinusitis patients . The infection was not caused by the contaminated medical apparatuses with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Jan, 141(1), 71 - 5
Experimental osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Norden CW et al.; An experimental model of chronic osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established with use of techniques identical to those employed previously with Staphylococcus . Infection of bone was consistently produced, but the disease was less severe than that seen with Staphylococcus . There were lower mortality, decreased severity of infection as demonstrated by X ray, and less evidence of sequestrum formation with P . aeruginosa than with Staphylococcus . Carbenicillin was used alone and in combination with sisomicin in the treatment of experimental pseudomonas osteomyelitis . The combination, when administered for four weeks, was significantly more effective than either agent alone.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(1), 1 - 10
Pyomelanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . I . Transformation of pyomelanin productivity; Arai T et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was successfully transformed from a pyomelanin-producing strain to a non-pyomelanin-producing strain by genetic transformation, with an average frequency of 1.17 X 10-3/recipient . Although the transformation frequency was not affected by doses of DNA between 17 and 51 microgram/ml, it was influenced by the growth phase of the recipient bacteria, i.e., it was highest in the late logarithmic phase . Biochemical functions of the transformants were the same as those of the recipient strain except for pyomelanin production . Some of them, however, showed an intermediate growth behavior and cell arrangement between the donor and recipient . The serological type of the donor strain was sometimes contransduced although a few transformants became nonagglutinable with either donor or recipient type antiserum . The pyomelanin producing activity and serological type gained of some transformants were eliminated by either subculturing in nutrient broth or acridine treatment . The results obtained suggested that the pyomelanin productivity of P . aeruginosa is controlled by a plasmid.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 87(1), 323 - 31
Effect of iron concentration in the growth medium on the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to pyocin S2; Ohkawa I et al.; The iron concentration in the growth medium was found to affect the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PML1550 to pyocin S2, a bacteriocin . The efficiency of killing by pyocin S2 was very low when the indicator cells were grown in an iron-rich medium . The capacity of these cells to adsorb pyocin S2 was reduced . Cultivation under limitation of iron (1 microM or less) was necessary to produce a fully sensitive cell population . The growth under iron limitation was accompanied by the appearance of four protein components in the outer membrane of the cells . Nine mutants resistant to pyocin S2 were isolated and their outer membranes were analyzed . They all lacked one component (Fe-b protein) as well as the adsorption capacity for pyocin S2 . These findings suggest a possible role of this protein as the receptor for pyocin S2.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jan, 141(1), 389 - 92
Membrane-bound respiratory chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically; Matsushita K et al.; The electron transport chain of the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, grown aerobically, contained a number of primary dehydrogenases and respiratory components (soluble flavin, bound flavin, coenzyme Q9, heme b, heme c, and cytochrome o) in membrane particles of the organism . Cytochrome o, about 50% of the b-type cytochrome, seemed to function as a terminal oxidase in the respiratory chain . The electron transport chain of P . aeruginosa grown aerobically was suggested to be lined up in order of primary dehydrogenase, b, c1, c, o, and oxygen.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jan, 141(1), 199 - 204
Iron reductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cox CD; Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contain enzyme activities which reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) when iron is provided in certain chelates, but not when the iron is uncomplexed . Iron reductase activities for two substrates, ferripyochelin and ferric citrate, appear to be separate enzymes because of differences in heat stabilities, in locations in fractions of cell-free extracts, in reductant specificity, and in apparent sizes during gel filtration chromatography . Ferric citrate iron reductase is an extremely labile activity found in the cytoplasmic fraction, and ferripyochelin iron reductase is a more stable activity found in the periplasmic as well as cytoplasmic fraction of extracts . A small amount of activity detectable in the membrane fraction seemed to be loosely associated with the membranes . Although both enzymes have highest activity reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced glutathione also worked with ferripyochelin iron reductase . In addition, oxygen caused an irreversible loss of a percentage of the ferripyochelin iron reductase following sparge of reaction mixtures, whereas the reductase for ferric citrate was not appreciably affected by oxygen.

Genetika, 1980, 16(2), 223 - 9
{Transducing phages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa related to phage F116L}; Ianenko AS et al.; New phages K104 and B26, which are relative to F116L by a number of biological characters, appeared to show general transducing activity . Phage K104 transduces all tested markers with higher frequency than the phage B26 . Linkage of the bacterial markers pair ilv202--met28 durspectively . When recipient bacteria lysogenic for phages K104 and B26 are used, frequencies of transduction by phage F116L are decreased . In the presence of F116L prophage the frequency of transduction by phage B26 is 10-fold increased . Phages B26 and F116L do not grow on bacteria lysogenic for these phages . Phage F116L does not grow on the lawn of bacteria, lysogenic for phage K104, while phage B26 grows on the same lawn with the efficiency of plating about 10(-2).

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jan, 17(1), 96 - 8
Comparative susceptibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 1-oxacephalosporin (LY 127935) and eight other antipseudomonal antimicrobial agents (old and new); Yu VL et al.; In vitro susceptibilities of 53 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to nine antipseudomonal antibiotics were determined . From 96 to 100% of the isolates were susceptible to piperacillin, ticarcillin, and 1-oxacephalosporin (LY 127935) . Of the aminoglycosides, 89, 82, 79, and 29% were susceptible to amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and netilmicin, respectively . A total of 96% and 78% of the isolates were susceptible to 1-oxacephalosporin (LY127935) and cefotaxime, respectively, at concentrations of 62.5 micrograms/l . Supplementation of testing media by calcium and magnesium not only markedly increased the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the aminoglycosides, but also raised those of cefotaxime and the penicillins; no significant effect was noted with 1-oxace-phalosporin . Synergy was not demonstrated consistently in vitro with 1-oxace-phalosporin combined with either carbenicillin, ticarcillin, gentamicin, or tobramycin.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980 Jan, 121(1), 55 - 63
Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in bacillary colonization of the respiratory tract; Johanson WG Jr et al.; Bacterial colonization of mucosal surfaces may be mediated by bacterial adherence to epithelial cells . To study the role of adherence in gram-negative bacillary colonization of the upper respiratory tract, we studied 32 noncolonized patients undergoing elective surgery . Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 other bacilli to patients' buccal cells in vitro was studied pre- and postoperatively; results were correlated with occurrence of bacillary colonization of the oropharynx in vivo . Adherence of all species was similar . Preoperatively, mean +/- SD adherence was 4.3 +/- 2.0 Pseudomonas aeruginosa/cell . Postoperatively, adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exceeded 8.3 (preoperative mean + 2 SD) bacilli/cell in 16 patients, 11 (69%) of whom became colonized . None of 16 patients whose cells adhered fewer than 8.3 bacilli/cell postoperatively became colonized . Buccal cell binding of 3H-concanavalin A was increased both pre- and postoperatively among patients who became colonized . Gram-negative bacillary colonization of the upper respiratory tract is associated with increased adherence of bacilli to buccal cells . Epithelial cell binding may provide the mechanism whereby ill patients are rendered susceptible to colonization.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980 Jan, 121(1), 23 - 9
Immune complexes and humoral response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis; Moss RB et al.; We studied the humoral immune status of 51 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) as compared to 25 patients with other respiratory diseases (RD) . CF patients had higher serum concentrations of IgG and IgA (p less than 0.001), C5, and CH50 (p less than 0.05), than did RD patients . Twenty-three % of CF patients had increased IgE concentrations . Of 32 CF and 1 RD patients colonized with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), 91% had serum precipitins to PA, whereas no precipients were found in patients not colonized with mucoid PA . Fifty-one % of CF patients had circulating immune complexes detected by 125I-C1q binding (for CF patients mean values +/- SD, 14.5 +/- 12% versus 7.5 +/- 3.4% for RD patients; p less than 0.005) . Complexes were correlated with higher serum IgA concentrations but not other immunoglobulins, complement components, response to PA, or pulmonary function at time of assay . Extra vascular formation of complexes was suggested by uniform absence of plasma C3 activation in vivo.

Clin Ther, 1980, 3(Spec Issue), 134 - 8
A study of cefoperazone alone and in combination with tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pavillard ER et al.; The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefoperazone for 507 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were measured by plate dilution technique . On a cumulative percentage basis, 81% of isolates were inhibited by less than or equal 3.13 microgram/ml of cefoperazone . The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was found to be generally twice the MIC . Synergy occurred between cefoperazone and tobramycin, judged by a lowering of the MIC in 69% of isolates, for which the MIC of cefoperazone alone was less than or equal to 6.2 microgram/ml.

Microbios, 1980, 28(111), 47 - 60
Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the growth and properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Kenward MA et al.; Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 atmospheres absolute of 100% oxygen at 37 degrees C produced two types of abnormal colonies--stunted, rough colonies, termed dwarfs, and large, domed, mucoid colonies, termed giants . The occurrence of these variants depended upon the partial pressure of oxygen and the inoculum size . Subculture of dwarf or giant colonies produced a mixture of both colony types after incubation in hyperbaric oxygen, and colonies of normal appearance after incubation in air . Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections showed that cells from dwarf colonies had a more clearly defined envelope region than cells from normal colonies . Giant colony and normal colony-derived cells were of similar appearance . Whole cells from giant colonies contained more carbohydrate, readily extractable lipid, neutral lipid and free fatty acid than cells from normal colonies; the two cell types showed similar contents of 2-keto,3-deoxyoctonic acid and total phospholipid, but different proportions of individual phospholipids . Cells from dwarf, giant and normal (air-grown) colonies were incubated in air on nutrient agar containing either polymyxin, tetracycline or phenoxyethanol . Relative to cells from normal colonies, cells from dwarf colonies showed enhanced resistance to all three agents and cells from giant colonies showed enhanced resistance to polymyxin and tetracycline only . The resistance of cells from variant colonies was lost following a single subculture in air in the absence of antibacterial agents . It was concluded that the envelopes of cells from dwarf and giant colonies differed both from each other and from those of normal cells . These differences, and the formation of variant colonies, appeared to result from bacterial adaptation to hyperbaric oxygen rather than from mutation.

Genetika, 1980, 16(6), 975 - 84
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages with DNA structure similar to the DNA structure of Mu1 phage . II . Evidence for similarity between D3112, B3, and B39 bacteriophages: analysis of DNA splits by restriction endonucleases, isolation of D3112 and B3 recombinant phages}; Krylov VN et al.; It is found that bacteriophages B3 and B39 specific for Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the same genome structure as previously described phage D3112 . On the right (S) end of their genomes a variable non-phage DNA is located (approximately 0.9-2.5 kilobases for different phages) . It is probable that this variable DNa has its origin from different regions of bacterial chromosome . In genome of one of the phages, B3 phage, such variable DNA (not more than 150 base pairs) was found on the left end of DNA molecule . Isolation of a viable B3XD3112 recombinant phage and analysis of its genome with restriction technique and with studies of homo- and heteroduplex molecules had confirmed genetical relationship of B3 and D3112 . Some essential non-homology of B3 and D3112 DNAs have been found on the right ends of genomes of the phages.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 26(1), 77 - 86
Purification and characterization of exocellular proteases produced by a clinical isolate and a laboratory strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Jensen SE et al.; Exocellular protease production was examined in two separate strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one a clinical isolate and the other a laboratory strain . Both strains produced two separate proteases (proteases 1 and 2) which were indistinguishable from one strain to the other . The two proteases were purified by a two-step procedure of gel filtration chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography . Proteases 1 and 2 were shown to be distinct serologically and unrelated by physiochemical parameters examined . Protease 1 was the major exocellular protein produced and contributed about 95% of the total protease activity of the culture . It was etimated to have a molecular weight of 34850 and was also shown to contain 10% glucosamine by weight . Protease 2, in contrast, had an estimated molecular weight of 52750 and contained no detectable carbohydrate . Proteases 1 and 2 were both stimulated by Ca2+, and Mg2+ and inhibited by Co2+Zn2+, and 1,10-o-phenanthroline . Protease 1 was also inhibited by EDTA . In addition to protease activity, both proteases 1 and 2 demonstrated elastase activity as well as a limited collagenase activity . Specificity of the two protease against synthetic peptides was, however, quite different . Protease 1, but not protease 2, showed a preference for peptide bonds in which the amino group was contributed by an amino acid with a hydrophovic R group.

Mol Gen Genet, 1980 Jan, 177(2), 311 - 20
The construction in vitro of derivatives of bacteriophage lambda carrying the amidase genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Drew RE et al.; The amidase genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inserted into a lambda replacement vector following cleavage with the restriction endonuclease HindIII . The recombinant lambdaami was detected by enhanced growth of Escherichia coli around plaques of the recombinant phage on minimal medium containing acetamide as the nitrogen source . Low levels of amidase activity were detected in E . coli cultures infected with lambdaami and these were sufficient to allow growth with acetamide as nitrogen source . Lysis-defective derivatives of lambdaami were made by introducing Q-, S-, mutations . Cultures of E . coli infected with lambdaamiQ-S- synthesised amidase as the major protein . The amidase produced by these cultures was identical to that produced by PAC strains of P . aeruginosa in substrate specificty, thermal stability and immunological cross-reaction.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(3), 177 - 83
Comparative in vitro activity of cefotaxime (HR 756); Peters G et al.; The in vitro activity of cefotaxime (HR 756) was tested in comparison with cefuroxime, cefamondole, cefoxitin, cefazolin, ampicillin, mezlocilline, gentamicin and amicacin . MIC values were investigated on 168 freshly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from clinical sources . Enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa behaved cefotaxime-resistant . All the other species examined showed a very good sensitivity range against cefotaxime . Cefotaxime was the most active antibiotic of our study.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(1), 28 - 35
Inhibitory effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on reduction of cytochrome c from Candida krusei; Yamabe S; Five aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGAs)--kanamycin (KM), bekamycin (AKM), dibekacin (DKB), ribostamycin (RSM) and paromomycin (PRM)--were studied for their effects on the nonenzymic reduction of cytochrome c by FeSO4 (Yamabe's system) . Their inhibitory activity was in the order: DKB greater than AKM greater than KM greater than RSM greater than PRM . As this order correlated closely with that of the antibacterial activity of AGAs, Yamabe's system has proved useful in predicting the latter activity . Divalent metal ions other than Fe2+ enhanced the AGA-dependent inhibition of Yamabe's system in the order: Cu2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Zn2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Ni2+ greater than . This order was similar to that of stability constants with general chelators except for the low positions of Ni2+ and Co2+ . These findings suggested a metal chelation with free or bound Fe2+ for the action mechanism of AGAs on Yamabe's system and the bacterial growing system . The antagonistic effects of exogenous Fe2+ on the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as measured by the agar dilution method supported this concept . A dual relationship of molecular structure with chelating and antibacterial activities demonstrated the importance of high molecular basicity in a potent AGA . However, the combination effect of pipemidic acid (stimulator on Yamabe's system) with KM was different from that with 1,10-phenanthroline (inhibitor on Yamabe's system) as measured by Dye's method using Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Immunol Commun, 1980, 9(7), 677 - 91
Different serum requirements for opsonization of two serologically identical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ogle CK et al.; Two strains of serotype 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one species of E . coli were compared regarding their opsonic requirements using human sera and polymorphonuclear leukocytes . None of the three organisms tested activated exclusively one complement pathway . Both strains of Pseudomonas had an absolute requirement for antibody for opsonization, but differed in complement requirements . The studies described herein showed significant differences in the mechanism of opsonization of the two strains of Pseudomonas.

Allergy, 1980 Jan, 35(1), 23 - 9
Pseudomonas aeruginosa allergy in cystic fibrosis . Involvement of histamine release in the pathogenesis of lung tissue damage; Skov PS et al.; Basophil histamine release by P . aeruginosa standard antigen was examined in cystic fibrosis patients chronically infected with mucoid P . aeruginosa (CF +P) and with pronounced antibody response against these bacteria, and in patients without P . aeruginosa infection (CF +P) . All the patients showed eosinophil counts and total IgE, which did not differ significantly from that of normal persons . In the absence of patient's sera, histamine release was only found in two patients in the CF +P group, indicating that type I allergy to P . aeruginosa is not predominating in cystic fibrosis . In the presence of patients' sere significantly more of the CF+P patients responded to P . aeruginosa with histamine release compared with the CF-P patients . The response was lost by complement inactivation and regained by reconstitution of the complement activity . The involvement of a type III-mediated complement-dependent histamine release is therefore suggested in the pathogenesis of lung damage in cystic fibrosis.

Infect Immun, 1980 Jan, 27(1), 204 - 10
Ribonuclease-sensitive ribosomal vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gonggrijp R et al.; In mice, active protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be induced with two fractions derived from a crude preparation of ribosomes from P . aeruginosa . The two fractions were obtained by gel filtration chromatography of the crude ribosomal preparation on Sepharose CL-2B . In fraction I, less than 1% of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) applied to the column was recovered . Fraction II contained RNA and protein in a ratio of 1.94 . The presence of ribosomes in this fraction was confirmed by analysis on a sucrose density gradient . The protection by fraction I was not affected by treatment with ribonuclease; in contrast, incubation of fraction II with ribonuclease completely abolished active protection . Fraction I contained lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as was indicated by the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid . No LPS was found in fraction II . The adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide enhanced the protection by fraction II; however, immunity by a low dose of fraction I was abolished by dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide . Protection by fractions I and II appeared to be restricted to the homologous serotype of P . aeruginosa . These results indicate that RNA is required for protection by fraction II . Active protection by fraction I is likely due to LPS.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jan, 141(1), 365 - 73
Electron microscopic mapping of secondary structures in bacterial 16S and 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and 30S precursor ribosomal ribonucleic acid; Edlind TD et al.; Electron microscopy revealed reproducible secondary structure patterns within partially denatured 16S and 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) from Escherichia coli . When prepared with 50% formamide-100 mM ammonium acetate, 16S rRNA included two small hairpins that appeared in over 50% of all molecules . Three open loops were observed with frequencies of less than 25% . In contrast, 23S rRNA included a terminal open loop and two additional large structures in over 75% of all molecules . These secondary structure patterns were conserved in the 16S and 23S rRNA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The secondary structure of the 30S precursor rRNA from the ribonclease III-deficient E . coli mutant AB105 was mapped after partial denaturation in 70% formamide-100 mM ammonium acetate . Two large open loops were superimposed on the 16S and 23S rRNA secondary structure patterns . These loops were the most frequent structures found on the precursor, and their stems coincided with ribonuclease III cleavage sites . A tentative 5'-3 orientation was determined for the secondary structure patterns of 16S and 23S rRNA from their relative locations within 30S precursor rRNA . The relation of secondary structure to ribosomal protein binding and ribonuclease III cleavage is discussed.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Dec 8, 109(47), 1902 - 3
{In vitro study on the problem of optimal gentamicin therapy in leukopenic patients: short injections or parenteral infusions?}; Gerber A et al.; Killing curves of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were performed in an in vitro system simulating in-vivo gentamicin kinetics, i.e . decay of the antibiotic concentration with a 2.1 h halflife time . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of gentamicin killed 99.999% of the initial Pseudomonas inoculum whereas 99.99% were killed at a continuously falling gentamicin concentration (starting from the MIC level) in the same period of time . Regrowth of persistent germs occurred only after 6 hours in cultures exposed to falling gentamicin concentrations, and after 8 hours in cultures kept at the MIC . Thus, a postulated superiority of gentamicin infusions over intermittent gentamicin therapy could not be demonstrated in vitro . Intervals between bolus injections of gentamicin should probably not be longer than 6 hours.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Dec, 16(6), 833 - 7
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas maltophilia to antimicrobial agents, singly and in combination; Felegie TP et al.; Pseudomonas maltophilia is resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents including those active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The susceptibility of 14 clinical isolates of P . Maltophilia to 18 antimicrobial agents was determined by broth dilution testing . All organisms were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), minocycline, and LY127935 . A total of 87 and 79% of the organisms were susceptible in vitro to colistin and chloramphenicol, respectively . With the exception of sisomicin, the organisms were resistant to the aminoglycosides . Of 21 combinations of antimicrobials examined for synergy, only the combination of TMP-SMZ with carbenicillin was consistently (86%) synergistic in vitro . Supplementation of the testing media with calcium and magnesium increased the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the aminoglycosides, the penicillins, and TMP-SMZ against P . maltophilia.

Infect Immun, 1979 Dec, 26(3), 1221 - 3
Genetic control of the murine corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Berk RS et al.; Inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to intracorneal challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Genetic studies indicate that resistance to corneal infection is dominant over susceptibility and is controlled by autosomal genes, at least one of which is located outside of the H-2 locus . On the basis of genetic complementation studies, the susceptible strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 each bear one resistance gene, since the F1 hybrid (BALB/c X C57BL/6) was uniformly resistant to infection.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Dec, 140(6), 896 - 903
The role of antibody and complement in phagocytosis by rabbit alveolar macrophages; Murphey SA et al.; The relative importance of antibody and complement in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two common bacterial pathogens, by alveolar macrophages from rabbits was studied . Normal rabbit serum was a satisfactory opsonin for the phagocytosis of S . aureus but not for P . aeruginosa . Normal rabbit serum opsonized S . aureus by both the classic and the alternative complement pathways; loss of both pathways destroyed opsonic activity . The presence of complement was not required for maximal phagocytosis when 10% staphylococcal immune serum was used . However, an intact alternative complement pathway enhanced phagocytosis when the concentration of staphlyococcal immune serum was lowered to 0.3% . Similarly, 10% pseudomonas immune serum opsonized P . aeruginosa without complement . When the concentration of pseudomonas immune serum was lowered to 1%, either the classic or the alternative complement pathway could significantly enhance phagocytosis of P . aeruginosa . Similar results were obtained with alveolar macrophages activated with bacille Calmette-Guerin . These studies demonstrate the importance of complement in enhancing phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages of bacterial pathogens when antibody concentration is the limiting factor.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Dec, 140(6), 881 - 9
Comparison of antibiotic regimens for treatment of experimental pneumonia due to Pseudomonas; Pennington JE et al.; The high mortality associated with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa prompted a comparative trial of several currently available antibiotic regimens for this infection in a guinea pig model . Normal guinea pigs receiving an intratracheal challenge of 10(8) colony-forming units of Pseudomonas routinely died within 3-48 hr when treated with saline injections . Treatment with carbenicillin or ticarcillin did not affect this uniformly fatal outcome . Groups of animals treated with gentamicin or tobramycin had survival rates of 39% and 67%, respectively . The addition of either carbenicillin or ticarcillin to an aminoglycoside failed to enhance further the survival rates or durations of survival after infection . These survival data were supported by studies showing superior clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissues in aminoglycoside-treated animals chosen at random for sacrifice 3 hr after infection . Thus, in animals experimentally challenged with P . aeruginosa to cause pneumonia and in which only a single isolate of Pseudomonas was evaluated, protection from pulmonary infection was best provided by an aminoglycoside rather than by a beta-lactam antibiotic.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Dec, 140(3), 902 - 10
Outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: heat- 2-mercaptoethanol-modifiable proteins; Hancock RE et al.; A number of polyacrylamide gel systems and solubilization procedures were studied to define the number and nature of "major" polypeptide bands in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . It was shown that five of the eight major outer membrane proteins were "heat modifiable" in that their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was determined by the solubilization temperature . Four of these heat-modifiable proteins had characteristics similar to protein II of the Escherichia coli outer membrane . Addition of lipopolysaccharide subsequent to solubilization caused reversal of the heat modification . The other heat-modifiable protein, the porin protein F, was unusually stable to sodium dodecyl sulfate . Long periods of boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate were required to cause conversion to the heat-modified form . This was demonstrated both with outer membrane-associated and purified lipopolysaccharide-depleted protein F . Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide treatment had no effect on the mobility of heat-modified protein F . Thus it is concluded that protein F represents a new class of heat-modifiable protein . It was further demonstrated that the electrophoretic mobility of protein F was modified by 2-mercaptoethanol and that the 2-mercaptoethanol and heat modification of mobility were independent of one another . The optimal conditions for the examination of the outer membrane proteins of P . aeruginosa by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Dec, 140(3), 809 - 16
Identification of cistrons involved in conjugal transfer of narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Carrigan JM et al.; The development of a transductional method for complementation tests between transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmic R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has allowed the indentification of cistrons involved in the conjugal transfer of this plasmid . Complementation tests performed between transfer-deficient mutants characterized phenotypically with respect to sensitivity to donor-specific phage, ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101, and expression of entry-exclusion has identified a minimum of 10 transfer cistrons . Although most mutagen-induced mutants were relatively heterogeneous and appeared to be affected in a single cistron only, a high proportion of mutants isolated after selection for donor-specific phage resistance had deletions but always included tra Y . Mutants selected directly on the basis of transfer deficiency which also became donor-specific phage resistant fell into all 10 cistrons, suggesting that many R91-5 transfer cistrons are concerned with the synthesis of sex pili and other surface structures necessary for conjugal transfer . Conversely, most retaining donor-specific phage sensitivity belonged to one cistron, whereas transfer-deficient mutants which had also lost the ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101 comprised four cistrons.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Dec, 24(12), 921 - 2
{Comparison of the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures that synthesize melanin and other pigments to 12 antibiotics and 5-nitro-8-quinolinol}; Rozhavin MA et al.; Sensitivity of 80 Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures forming melanin and 80 cultures synthesizing other pigments to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, levomycetin, monomycin, 5-NOK, polymyxin M, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tobramycin and erythromycin was determined . It was found that the cultures of Ps . aeruginosa synthesizing melanin were less resistant to most of the antibiotics that the other representatives of this species.

J Virol, 1979 Dec, 32(3), 958 - 67
Bactericidal activity of the tail of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage PS17; Shinomiya T et al.; The tail of bacteriophage PS17 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to be bactericidal, and its properties were compared with those of pyocin R1 . Temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated from PS17, and the products at nonpermissive temperature were morphologically characterized . Bactericidal substances were found in the lysates of such mutants that were defective in the head formation but not in the tail formation . Phage tails were purified from the lysate of one such mutant, and its chemical and biological properties were studied . Isolated tails killed sensitive cells by a single-hit process and repressed the uptake of leucine in sensitive cells . These results were consistent with the previous findings on the serological and morphological relationship between PS17 and pyocin R1 . However, certain differences were also shown between them in shape and protein composition.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Dec, 83(3), 445 - 50
Microbial contamination of topical medicaments used in the treatment and prevention of pressure sores; Baird RM et al.; Topical medicaments used in the treatment and prevention of pressure sores in patients in three hospitals were examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus contamination . Contamination rates were found to vary between hospitals and were affected by differences in the packaging of the product and in the method of application used by the nursing staff.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Dec, 245(4), 534 - 43
{Effect of bacterial infections and antibiotics on tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) (author's transl)}; Wetzel H et al.; The membrane feeding technique (in vitro feeding) used for the rearing of tsetse flies has advantages over the conventional method of feeding the flies on host animals . However, as long as blood remains the sole source of tsetse fly nutrition, the risk remains of blood being contaminated during collection, storage or feeding with bacteria pathogenic to the flies . The resulting high mortality of the tsetse flies endangers the success of this rearing . The experiments described here have shown that Glossina m . morsitans Westw . are more sensitive to Pseudomonas aeruginosa than G . p . palpalis Rob.-Desv . Rearing experiments over several years have confirmed this finding in that the latter species has never been threatened by high bacterial-induced mortality, whereas in 1973-74, due to contamination of the in vitro fed blood, a population of G . m . morsitans was difficult to colonize . The quantity of infected blood intake (14 to 70 mg) had no influence on the survival rate . However, when flies were infected once with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (dilution stage of 10(-3)), the organisms were eliminated after only nine days in living G . p . palpalis, but after 14 days in living G . m . morsitans . Females were infected at different stages of pregnancy but the same bacteria were not isolated in any puparia . Therefore, transmission of the bacteria to larvae growing in the uterus could not be demonstrated . All antibiotics used, to which bacteria isolated from tsetse flies in the laboratory were sensitive, caused a reduction in productivity . Parental females as well as females which emerged from larvae deposited by these flies (= F1-generation) 6 days after the administration of the drug to the pregnant females showed a similar loss in productivity . This corresponds with a degeneration of mesenteric symbionts . The most successful way to cope with bacterial infection in the membrane feeding technique in the rearing of tsetse flies has proved to be prophylactic measures, i.e . sterile membranes, sterile underlying aluminium trays and sterile blood . The methods employed at this laboratory, where up to 20 000 flies are being fed daily through membranes, have prevented dangerous bacterial infections in both species.

S Afr Med J, 1979 Nov 24, 56(22), 887 - 96
The pathology of human cardiac transplantation: an assessment after 11 years' experience at Groote Schuur Hospital; Uys CJ et al.; Over a period of 11 years, commencing in December 1967, 31 cardiac transplants, 10 orthotopic and 21 heterotopic, were performed at Groote Schuur Hospital . Two patients with orthotopic transplants have a long survival, 1 for 7 1/2 and 1 for 9 1/2 years, and 1 with a heterotopic transplant for 4 years . Eighteen patients have died, and autopsy was performed from 13 to 623 days postoperatively . Rejection of the donor heart was found in 61,1% and was the cause of death in 44,4% of cases . Infection, attributable to immunosuppression, was a common finding and consisted of extensive pneumonia, usually due to Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38,8%), herpesvirus infection (38,8%), cytomegalic virus infection (37,5%), aspergillosis and other opportunistic infections . A combination of cardiac rejection and infection accounted for most of the deaths . The cardinal microscopic features of acute rejection were interstitial lymphocytic infiltration and myocytolysis, while chronic rejection was typified by obliterative myo-intimal proliferation of coronary arteries, with concurrent lipid deposition in the major coronary arteries . These lesions resembled atherosclerosis and caused graft failure due to myocardial ischaemia . Ultrastructurally, severe myofibre damage was reflected in extensive loss of cytoplasmic myofilaments . The advantages of heterotopic over orthotopic transplantation are discussed.

Lancet, 1979 Nov 10, 2(8150), 977 - 82
Controlled trials of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine in burns; Jones RJ et al.; A polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine has been tested in controlled clinical trials at two burns units, in Birmingham and New Delhi, in children and adults with burns more than 15% full skin thickness . None of the vaccinated patients in either trial showed blood cultures containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vaccinees showed raised titres of protective antibody and increased phagocytic activity against Ps . aeruginosa . In the New Delhi unit, where death from Ps . aeruginosa infection is common, the mortality in adults was reduced from 40.6% (13/32) in the unvaccinated group to 6.6% (2/30) in the vaccinated group, and in children from 20.8% (5/24) in the unvaccinated group to 4.8% (1/21) in the vaccinated group.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Nov 3, 109(42), 1594 - 9
{Effect of aerobic and anaerobic germs on the healing of decubitus ulcers}; Seiler WO et al.; Bacteriological examinations of decubitus ulcers were performed in 34 geriatric patients . A total of 179 wound swabs were analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria . The decubitus ulcers were divided into three groups according to wound healing: group A with progressive worsening, group B, stationary, and group C with healing within 10 weeks . The aerobic bacteria isolated from the three groups were significantly different (p less than 0.0001) . In group A Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 88%, enterococci in 73% and Providentia in 34%, whereas in group B staphylococci were found in 69%, enterococci in 62% and E . coli in 32% . In group C staphylococci dominated with 91%, followed by enterococci (51%) and E . coli (25%) . Anaerobic microorganisms were significantly (p less than 0.01) more frequent in decubitus ulcers with poor healing tendency (group A and B) than in healing ulcers (group C) . These results suggest that bacterial growth on decubital ulcers significantly influences decubital ulcer healing . Furthermore, bacteriological examinations are of prognostic value and the results should be considered in treatment.

Anaesth Intensive Care, 1979 Nov, 7(4), 377 - 80
Pseudomonas infection and the anaesthetist; Cumpston P et al.; Cultures of specimens taken from anaesthetic equipment after routine cleaning and chemical decontamination revealed contamination with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa . Attention is drawn to the widely practised but unsatisfactory methods of decontaminating equipment . Consideration of the subject of decontamination of anaesthetic equipment led to the re-evaluation of our current practice, with surprising results . At the end of our brief look, we had changed our methods of decontamination dramatically and heightened awareness of a large section of theatre staff with regard to aseptic technique . We had also found a possible method of eliminating Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from the sinks in the operating theatre . Recommendations as to future practice are included.

J Pharm Sci, 1979 Nov, 68(11), 1436 - 8
Pseudomonas cepacia resistance to antibacterials; Richards RM et al.; Reproducible growth rates of Pseudomonas cepacia were obtained . P . cepacia had a markedly different resistance pattern to single and combined antibacterials from that characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Benzalkonium and chlorhexidine were more active against log phase P . cepacia than against log phase P . aeruginosa, but polymyxin B sulfate was inactive against log phase P . cepacia at all concentrations tested (smaller than or equal to 16 units/ml) . Antagonism of antibacterial activity between edetate disodium-benzalkonium and edetate disodium-chlorhexidine combinations was marked with 16-hr P . cepacia and with 16-hr Staphylococcus aureus . Phenylethanol-benzalkonium and phenylethanolchlorhexidine combinations had no more than additive activity against log phase P . cepacia . These results have relevance to hospital disinfection and preservation of pharmaceutical solutions.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1979 Nov, 17(11), 421 - 8
Amikacin: in vitro bacteriological studies, levels in human serum, lung and heart tissue, and clinical results; Farago E et al.; The amikacin sensitivity of bacteria cultured from 3282 clinical cases of mixed type was determined . Gentamicin and amikacin were equally effective against E . coli strains . Amikacin inhibited the growth of more Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains than did gentamicin . Against Gram-positive bacteria gentamicin proved to be more effective . Many of the gentamicin-resistant strains were sensitive to amikacin . Amikacin levels were measured during 21 pulmonary and 14 heart operations, subsequent to a intramuscular administration of 500 mg amikacin . The serum contained 17-20 microgram/ml amikacin, in the intact, inflamed and tumourous parts of removed lung tissue 9, 6 and 6 microgram/g concentrations were detected, respectively, whereas the cardiac auricle and the pericardial fluid contained 3-4 and 2-4 microgram/ml, respectively . These amikacin levels reach or in most cases even exceed the minimal inhibiting concentrations against the bacteria . Therefore, amikacin is excellent for the treatment of respiratory infections, pericarditis and endocarditis caused by Gram-negative, gentamicin-resistant bacteria . Amikacin treatment of 8 patients with grave diseases as well as the successful local administration of amikacin based on the therapy of 55 cases of surgical suppurations is reported.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 10(5), 657 - 61
Effect of osmotic stabilizers on radiometric detection of cell wall-damaged bacteria; Martinez OV et al.; The effect of osmotic stabilizers on the 14CO2-dependent radiometric detection of cell wall-damaged Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in BACTEC 14C-labeled blood culture medium . The organisms were previously exposed to cefamandole or carbenicillin at 63 to 80% of the minimum inhibitory concentrations . The addition of 10% sucrose, 2.2% glycerol, and 2.2% ethylene glycol to the medium failed to reduce the time required for detection and diminished the amounts of 14CO2 released by the growing cultures . Viable counts made after 4 to 7 h of incubation showed a decreased culture density in osmotically stabilized media as compared with saline or Ficoll controls . Sucrose and Ficoll had little or no inhibitory effect on 14CO2 evolution by P . aeruginosa . The osmotic stabilizers tested did not seem to improve the survival of the bacterial inoculum and failed to increase the sensitivity of the radiometric system of detection.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Nov-Dec, 130B(4), 477 - 84
{"In vitro" activity of a new cephalosporin (CGP-7174-E or cefsulodin) against "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" (author's transl)}; Berche P et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four betalactamins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin and (CGP-7174-E) against 109 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined by an agar dilution method . CGP-7174-E was the most active (MIC 3.4 micrograms/ml), followed in descending order by piperacillin (MIC 4.9 micrograms/ml), ticarcillin (MIC 22 micrograms/ml) and carbenicillin (MIC 36 microgram/ml) . High correlation was found between the MIC of these betalactamins (r greater than 0.60) . In 12 strains where MIC for carbenicillin was greater than or equal to 1,024 microgram/ml, MIC for CGP-7174-E was less than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml and less than 16 micrograms/ml in four strains.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 115(1), 161 - 6
Differing contribution of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages to protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tatsukawa K et al.; Bacterial growth and lethality of Listeria monocytogenes in mice were augmented by carrageenan-treatment and X-irradiation (8 J kg-1), whereas growth and lethality of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were augmented by X-irradiation but not by carrageenan-treatment . Protection against L . monocytogenes, at least in the early phases, appears to depend mainly on macrophages, since carrageenan depletes macrophages but not polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), whereas protection against P . aeruginosa appears to depend mainly on PMN . Ineffectiveness of PMN in elimination of L . monocytogenes is supported by histological examination and observation of intracellular killing in vitro.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Nov, 140(5), 822 - 5
Inhibitory effect of heat-labile serum factors on detection of staphylococcal, pseudomonas, and hepatitis B surface antigens by solid-phase radioimmunoassay; Tabbarah ZA et al.; Specific antibodies have previously been found to impair detection of staphylococcal antigen by solid-phase radioimmunoassay . The inhibitory effect of heat-labile serum factors on the detection of antigen is now described . Heating of serum at 56 C for 30 min prior to addition of antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus improved sensitivity by eight- to 32-fold . Heating was less effective when performed after addition of antigen . Treatment with zymosan reduced the inhibitory effect of serum, although less effectively than did preheating . Antigen in buffer was detected with 16 times less sensitivity in antibody-coated tubes exposed to fresh serum than in tubes exposed to heated serum . These findings suggest that complement factors can interact with antibody in coated tubes and at least some antigens and thereby inhibit detection of antigen . The finding that heat treatment improved the sensitivity of Ausria II -125 (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois) for hepatitis B surface antigen is of potential immediate clinical applicability.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Nov, 72(5), 861 - 3
Evaluation of the moving intermediate zone concept for determing susceptibility of pseudomonads to gentamicin by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test; Woolfrey BF et al.; The usefulness of the moving intermediate zone concept for improving the performance of the standardized disk agar-diffusion test in measuring susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin was studied . For this purpose, a 3-mm moving intermediate zone lying --3 mm and --6 mm below that measured for the quality control microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATCC 27853, and a wider moving intermediate zone lying --2 mm and --7 mm below that for the quality control microorganism were investigated . Data from the authors' previous study of the usefulness of using fixed breakpoints and fixed zones for assessing susceptibility of the fluorescent pseudomonads to gentamicin were used for this analysis . The results indicate that both the 3-mm moving intermediate zone and the wider 5-mm moving intermediate zone produced unacceptably high rates of error for testing the susceptibility of the fluorescent group of pseudomonads to gentamicin by the standardized disk agar-diffusion test.

Crit Care Med, 1979 Nov, 7(11), 487 - 91
Insignificance of colonic bacteria in the sputum of patients in a new ICU; French GL et al.; Over a 12-month period, 27% of patients in a new ICU grew bacterial pathogens from sputum or tracheal cultures . The commonest isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species . Endotracheal intubation, the length of time intubated, and antimicrobial therapy all predisposed to the isolation of organisms from sputum . No patient developed a gram-negative pneumonia, and there was no case of septicemia associated with a positive sputum culture . The presence of epithelial or pus cells in sputum was unrelated to the culture results . It was concluded that the growth of colonic bacteria from sputum or tracheal aspirates was of little prognostic or clinical significance . No significant common environmental site or cross-infection pathway was identified: sinks were contaminated by patients rather than vice versa . Most sputum isolates were probably endogenous in origin.

Clin Orthop, 1979 Oct, (144), 238 - 48
Primary skeletal infections in heroin users: a clinical characterization, diagnosis and therapy; Roca RP et al.; Experience with 24 patients and 101 cases reported in the English literature demonstrate that primary skeletal infections occur in heroin users . In young individuals with no significant underlying disease, predominant involvement in the lumbar vertebrae and sternoclavicular joint, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the dominant pathogen . Clinical manifestations, except for pain or local tenderness, and laboratory findings were of limited value . Diagnosis ultimately depended on isolation of the pathogens from either bone or joint fluid . The treatment, as indicated, was prolonged parenteral antibiotics, generally with an aminoglycoside, incision and drainage, and immobilization.

J Inorg Biochem, 1979 Oct, 11(2), 95 - 100
Electron transfer kinetics between Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin and cytochrome c (horse heart cytochrome c and Pseudomonas cytochrome c551); Wilson MT et al.; The electron transfer reactions between Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin and either horse heart cytochrome c or Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c551 were investigated by rapid reaction techniques . The time course of electron transfer is monophasic under all conditions, and thus consistent with a simple formulation of the reaction . Both stopped-flow and temperature-jump experiments yield equilibrium constants in reasonable agreement with values calculated from the redox potentials . The differences in reaction rate between the two cytochromes and stellacyanin are discussed in terms of the Marcus theory.

Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 4 - 11
Depression of contact sensitivity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced suppressor cells which affect the induction phase of immune response; Garzelli C et al.; The cellular basis of depression of contact sensitivity to oxazolone in mice injected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied . Cells from draining lymph nodes of mice sensitized with oxazolone 18 h previously were able to induce contact sensitivity to normal mice when administered in their footpads . In contrast, cells from draining lymph nodes of P . aeruginosa-injected and oxazolone-sensitized donors failed to induce contact sensitivity when injected in the footpad of normal mice and were capable of actively blocking the immunizing process brought about by lymph node cells from sensitized mice when injected together in the footpad of normal recipients . The P . aeruginosa-induced suppressor cells required antigenic stimulation, had precursors sensitive to cyclophosphamide, and did not affect the effector mechanisms of contact sensitivity . Thus, the results suggest that P . aeurginosa depresses contact sensitivity to oxazolone by enhancing the activity of suppressor cells which normally arise during the sensitization process and which affect the afferent limb of the immune response, probably by inhibiting the normal recruitment of T lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes.

Biomedicine, 1979 Oct, 30(4), 200 - 5
Comparative study of the histologic reactions to intravenous injections of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of BCG; Khalil A et al.; Intravenous injection (i.v.) of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice produced histologic changes in the thymic cortex, some of which resembled, while others differed from, those produced by i.v . injection of living BCG . The changes that were similar consisted of pyroninophilia of cortical lymphocytes and hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the medulla and at the corticomedullary junction with increased PAS positive cells and secretions . Major differences, however, in the sequence and nature of the histologic events were observed . Pseudomonas injections produced thymic epithelial cell hyperplasia with increased PAS positive cells and secretions and pyroninophilia of thymic cortical lymphocytes earlier than did i.v . BCG (day 1 versus day 7) . Corticomedullary inversion of thymic structure and early transient hyperplasia of the thymus dependent areas in the lymph nodes and spleen occurred after Pseudomonas but not after BCG injections . Hyperplasia in the B cell areas and germinal centers started to appear at day 10 after injection of Pseudomonas and persisted up to day 21 (compared to day 7 and day 14, respectively, for BCG) . In contrast to i.v . BCG, Pseudomonas injections did not produce granulomas or macrophage proliferations.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1979 Oct, 49(5), 331 - 6
Combined action of semisynthetic penicillin and macrolide antibiotic on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo; Kawaharajo K et al.; For the purpose of studying therapy for pseudomonas infection, the synergistic effect of carbenicillin and midecamycin or 9,3''-di-O-acetyl midecamycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in vitro and in vivo . Midecamycin and 9,3''-di-O-acetyl midecamycin were effective against spheroplasts of P . aeruginosa induced by carbenicillin treatment . As a result of investigating treatment using a combination of both carbenicillin and macrolide antibiotics on mouse infection model caused by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan solution containing viable cells of P . aeruginosa, the combined treatment was demonstrated to be significantly more effective than the control's single treatment by carbenicillin or the macrolide antibiotic alone.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Oct, 87(5), 319 - 24
Autoantibodies in serum and sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis; Schiotz PO et al.; Sera from 89 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 88 control persons were examined for the occurrence of rheumatoid factors (RF) of the IgG, IgA and IgM classes by an indirect immunofluorescence method and by the latex fixation slide test . The prevalence of RF-IgG was significantly higher (88%) (p less than 0.0005) among the CF patients than among the control persons (7%), while no difference was found between the two groups with regard to RF of the IgA or IgM classes . Fifty-five of the CF patients had chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in their lungs and two or more precipitins against these bacteria in their sera determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis . These CF patients did not differ from the 34 CF patients without chronic P . aeruginosa infection, neither with regard to prevalence nor titer of RFs, but there was a positive correlation between the number of P . aeruginosa precipitins in the 55 chronically infected CF patients and their titers of IgG-RF . Nineteen CF patients were examined also for RFs, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-DNA antibodies in their sputum sol phase and corresponding sera . RFs were demonstrated in the sputum sol phase from 6 of the patients by the latex fixation test, whereas their sera were negative in this test, possibly indicating a local production of RF . Positive reactions for ANA and anti-DNA antibodies were found in 7 and 10 of the sputa respectively, and in higher titers than in the corresponding sera, also suggesting a local production . Titers of autoantibodies in sputum were low and no difference was found between patients with chronic P . aeruginosa infection and patients without P . aeruginosa infection . The possible role of autoantibodies in the patogenesis of pulmonary tissue damage in CF patients is discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Oct, (10), 103 - 8
{Immunological study of the cellular components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . VI . The toxicity and protective properties of its mucus and its fractions}; Stanislavskii ES et al.; Capsule-like mucus was obtained from two newly isolated mucoid strains of P . aeruginosa and then treated with ethanol . The mucus was fractionated by the method of differential centrifugation (at 15, 000 g for 1 h, at 105, 000 or 170, 000 g for 3 h) and gel chromatography in columns packed with Sepharose 4B . The sediment fractions contained 30--80% of high molecular polysaccharide protein (peptide) mucus components which were toxic for mice and protected 25--77% of rats against experimental P . aeruginosa infection . The supernatant fluid fractions contained 60--80% of predominantly protein components with molecular mass between 20,000 and 60,000 daltons . These mucus components were slightly toxic for mice and rats and protected 80--100% of rats against P . aeruginosa infection.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Oct, 86(4), 991 - 1000
A novel peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein found in the cell envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli; Mizuno T; Protein H, one of the major outer membrane proteins Pseudomonas aeruginosa, shows an interesting interaction with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell . It is retained by peptidoglycan after extraction of the cell envelope with SDS solution at 35 degrees C . A protein of the same molecular weight (21,000) as protein H was found in the peptidoglycan-associated fraction of Escherichia coli K-12 prepared under the same conditions . This protein, designated here as protein 21K, was purified from the cell envelope of E . coli, and the properties of two proteins (protein H and protein 21K) were compared . By gas chromatographic analysis of purified protein 21K and protein H, it was found that both contained covalently linked fatty acid . In isotopic labeling experiments, {14C}palmitic acid and {2-3H}glycerol were incorported into both proteins H and 21K . These two proteins showed similar amino acid compositions, but no apparent correlation was found between protein 21K or protein H and Braun's lipoprotein . These results suggest that protein 21K of E . coli K-12 and protein H of P . aeruginosa PAO are a novel type of lipoprotein . All nine gram-negative bacteria tested, including enteric and non-enteric bacteria, contained a similar protein of apparent molecular weight 21,000 as a peptidoglycan-protein complex.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Oct, 86(4), 979 - 89
Isolation and characterization of major outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO with special reference to peptidoglycan-associated protein; Mizuno T et al.; The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO contains six major proteins (proteins D, E, F, G,H, and I) . Two of them (protein F and protein H) were found to be retained by the peptidoglycan layer when cell envelopes were extracted with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution at 35 degrees C . At higher temperature (greater than 55 degrees C), no proteins were retained by peptidoglycan . By making use of this property, purification of protein F and protein H was achieved . Three other major outer membrane proteins, D, E, and I were also isolated and characterized . Their amino acids compositions were determined . Circular dichroism spectra of these isolated proteins were measured in SDS solution . Protein F was rich in beta-structure, while protein I was rich in alpha-helix . When isolated protein F was heated (100 degrees C-15 min) in SDS solution, the circular dichroism spectrum changed significantly . In parallel with the conformational change, the electrophoretic mobility of protein F on urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel also changed . These results indicate that protein F is a so-called heat-modifiable protein.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Oct, 86(4), 1159 - 62
The complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Iwaki M et al.; The complete amono aicd sequence of the beta-subunit of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase is presented . The beta-subunit contained 237 amino acid residues, 4 of which were methionines . Accordingly, cyanogen bromide cleavage of the S-carboxymethylated beta-subunit produced five peptides . The sequences of these peptides were determined by analyses of the peptides obtained by tryptic, staphyloccal protease and thermolysin digestions . The alignment of the cyanogen bromide peptides was deduced by the use of overlapping peptides containing methionine which were obtained by tryptic digestion of the S-carboxymethylated beta-subunit . The calculated molecular weight was 26,588, which is close to the value estimated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Oct, 140(1), 37 - 42
Transformation and transfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of metal ions; Mercer AA et al.; The ability of different metal ions to promote transformation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by deoxyribonucleic acid of the plasmid RP1 was examined . CaCl2, MgCl2, and MnCl2 were found to promote such transformation, although at different frequencies and with the optimum response at different concentrations . Only MgCl2 promoted transfection of P . aeruginosa by the linear deoxyribonucleic acid of phage F116 . CaCl2 was demonstrated to allow adsorption and entry into the cell of F116 deoxyribonucleic acid such that it became resistant to exogenous deoxyribonuclease, but phage production occurred only when MgCl2 was provided . Inactivation of linear phage deoxyribonucleic acid taken up in the absence of MgCl2 was observed . The transfection frequencies at various concentrations of MgCl2 were compared, and the optimum response occurred at the concentration which promoted the highest frequency of transformation by RP1 deoxyribonucleic acid.

Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 118 - 24
Passage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in compromised mice; Cox CD; There was no appreciable increase in the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 after six passes through infections in mice . When strain PAO-1 was passed through mice compromised with iron and methotrexate, the virulence of the passed bacteria increased for normal as well as compromised mice . Bacteria harvested from intraperitoneal passage in compromised mice were more virulent than bacteria harvested from intrathoracic passage . These bacteria expressed 50% lethal dose values distinctive of the respective bacterial isolate when injected intraperitoneally, intrathoracically, or intravenously . Differences between bacteria from intraperitoneal and intrathoracic passage were apparently due to differences in the selective pressures in the two sites of infection, because the intrathoracically passed bacteria assumed the virulence characteristics of the intraperitoneally passed bacteria after intraperitoneal passage in compromised mice.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Oct, 100(1), 41 - 9
Comparative studies of penicillin-binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli; Noguchi H et al.; Penicillin-binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared with those of Escherichia coli . These in P . aeruginosa were found exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction (fraction soluble in sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate) . Sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins bound to {14C}penicillin G resulted in the separation of six major bands and several minor bands . The proteins in these bands are referred to as proteins 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in order of increasing electrophoretical mobility . The electrophoretic mobilities and other properties of penicillin-binding proteins in P . aeruginosa and E . coli were compared and correlated . Fundamentally they seem to be very similar in the two bacteria, but proteins 1A and 1B in P . aeruginosa seem to correspond respectively to proteins 1B and 1A in E . coli, and protein 6 seems to be missing or present in only small amount in P . aeruginosa . In addition, the affinities of currently developed beta-lactam antibiotics to each protein of P . aeruginosa and E . coli were examined in relation to the morphological changes of the cells induced by these antibiotics and their antibacterial potencies . Mecillinam showed high affinity to only protein 2 in both P . aeruginosa and E . coli . At a minimal inhibitory concentration, it converted cells of both P . aeruginosa and E . coli from rods to spherical cells, although its minimal inhibitory concentration was much higher for P . aeruginosa than for E . coli.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 96 - 105
Serum IgG, IgA and IgM changes during infectious complications induced by facultative pathogenic gram-negative bacteria; Petras G et al.; IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations were measured at 40 acute and 9 chronic patients continuously during complications induced by facultative pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, primarily by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . On the basis of the results the sudden decrease of Ig concentrations at the onset of complications, during shock, and before death was, beside the consuming effect of antigen-antibody reactions, most probably a consequence of increased capillary permeability and haemodinamic disorders due to antigen-antibody reactions and the effect of endotoxin . It was conspicuous, that a correlation could be found between the concentration of IgM and the development or final outcome of the complications: IgM values in cases of lethal complications in the acute patients were essentially lower than in the other patients surviving severe complications, even at the early period of complications still without any clinical signs of the outcome.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 25(10), 1175 - 81
Biochemical studies on pili isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO; Paranchych W et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PAO and PAK bear polar pili which are flexible filaments having a diameter of 6 nm and an average length of 2500 nm . Both types of pili are retractile and promote infection by a number of bacteriophages . The present communication describes the partial biochemical characterization of PAO pili isolated from a multipiliated nonretractile mutant of PAO . The observed properties are compared to those of PAK pili which were characterized previously . PAO pili were found to contain a single polypeptide subunit of 18 700 daltons . This is similar to PAK pili which contain a single polypeptide of 18 100 daltons . The amino acid composition of PAO pilin was also similar to that of PAK pilin . Neither protein contained phosphate or carbohydrate residues and both were found to contain N-methylphenylalanine at the amino terminus . Sequencing of 20 amino acid residues at the amino terminal end of PAO pilin revealed the sequence to be identical with that of PAK pilin, while tryptic peptide analyses of PAO and PAK pilin indicated that the two proteins probably contain a number of homologous regions within the polypeptide . It was concluded that PAO and PAK pili were closely related structures.

J Inorg Biochem, 1979 Oct, 11(2), 79 - 93
Characteristics of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa via 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Hill HA et al.; Assignments of resonances in the 1H nmr spectra of Cu(I) azurin to proton groups in the protein are discussed in detail . Comparisons are drawn between Cu(I), Cu(II), apo, Hg(II), and Co(II) azurin samples . Redox titration of Cu(I) azurin with K3Fe(CN)6, is used to correlate Cu(I) and Cu(II) 1H nmr spectral features, and observed line broadenings deriving from Cu(II) paramagnetic effects are used to deduce the distances of assigned proton groups from the copper center . Histidine residues are characterized in terms of pK values, rates of acid-base exchange near the the pK, and rates of C2H exchange with solvent deuterium . The possibility of histidine involvement in the azurincytochrome 551 electron exchange mechanism is discussed . A small number of NH protons observed to be distinctively inert to 2H exchange with solvent 2H2O, in the Cu(I) protein, are found to show increased lability on removal of the metal.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Oct, 140(1), 306 - 8
Partial purification and characterization of thiosulfate oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Schook LB et al.; Soluble thiosulfate oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified 85-fold and coverted thiosulfate to tetrathionate by using either ferricyanide or cytochrome c as an electron acceptor.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1979 Sep 11, 7(1), 167 - 77
PaeExo IX: a unique deoxyribonuclease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa active in the presence of EDTA; Scurlock TR et al.; A new deoxyribonuclease, PaeExo IX, has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO . This enzyme, which is active in the presence of EDTA, is equally efficient in hydrolyzing native and heart-denatured DNA to acid-s-luble products . The enzyme is partially or totally inhibited by the presence of several divalent cations . The active protein has a molecular weight of 1.6 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) and is composed of two nonidentical polypeptides with molecular weights of 78,000 and 69,000.

Infect Immun, 1979 Sep, 25(3), 828 - 30
Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A in experimental rat burn wound sepsis; Walker HL et al.; The search for methods to achieve control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues with the introduction of aluminum-absorbed toxoid developed from P . aeruginosa exotoxin . This toxoid induces significant titers of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies for toxin A when given with appropriate adjuvants . These experiments show that immunization with aluminum phosphate-absorbed toxoid failed to protect burned rats infected with P . aeruginosa . These and previous experiments show that active immunization with live P . aeruginosa provides good strain-specific protection in the same model . No cross-protection was demonstrated between strains of P . aeruginosa in these experiments.

Can J Surg, 1979 Sep, 22(5), 447 - 51
Predictive value for survival of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis; McCredie JA et al.; To study their value in predicting prognosis, tests were performed on peripheral blood lymphomononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 34 critically ill patients with sepsis . Intially, the number of lymphomononuclear cells was reduced by 32% compared with healthy control subjects and was 42% lower in those who died than in survivors . The values remained low in those who died . The numbers of T and B cells, determined by rosette formation using sheep and mouse erythrocytes, did not change during the period of observation . Intially, K cell activity was decreased by 48% compared with normal activity . In those younger than 65 years, K cell activity was 68% lower in patients who later died than in survivors . It returned to normal at 20 to 30 days and decreased in those who died . Polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence was decreased by 50% compared with healthy control subjects and tended to be lower in those who died . Chemotactic migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not impaired . It was concluded that the lymphomononuclear cell count, K cell activity and adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were decreased in patients with sepsis and that the values were useful in predicting prognosis.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Sep, 244(4), 506 - 14
{Nonspecific prophylaxis and therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound-infections with paramunization using a mouse-model (author's transl)}; Mayr A et al.; The effectiveness of paramunization as a antigen nonspecific method to activate mechanisms against wound-infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using a model of direct infection of mice with a "mice-pathogenic" Ps . aeruginosa strain on artificially set wounds . Active paramunization by means of a biological inducer "PIND-AVI" (M-HP 438) significantly reduced the mortality rate between treated and placebo animals . The best results were obtained by parenteral prophylactic application . A four times repeated injection of PIND-AVI before the wound-infection reduced the mortality rate from 80% (placebo animals) to 26.6% . Almost equally good results were obtained by clinically useful therapeutic application of the preparation . A four times repeated treatment of the mice after wound infection lead to a decrease of mortality rates from 86.6% to 36.6% . The paramunization inducer PIND-AVI caused no side effect in any of the experiments . The mode of inducer action in Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections appears to be complex . Increased phagocytosis by nonspecific opsonisation, increased macrophage activity and concurrent stimulation of the lymphopoetic system could possible occur . On the other hand the nonspecific action of mediators could also play a role due to the inducer stimulated T-cells and cellular antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . However both mechanisms in cooperation with specific and nonspecific humoral factors are probably interacting together . To what extent a simultaneous synthesis resp . release of endogeneous interferon plays a role is not known.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1008 - 14
Effect of divalent cations on the inhibition of alkylsulfatase induction and the generation of ATP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa after exposure to exogenous uridine 5'-triphosphate; Stewart GJ et al.; In the absence of added Mg2+, alkylsulfatase induction in resting cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inhibited 17% by exogenous 0.05 mM UTP . Under these conditions, the cells converted UTP to ATP and rapid degradation of these nucleotides did not occur . In the presence of 0.73 mM Mg2+, 0.05 mM UTP repressed the synthesis of the enzyme by 71% . Under these conditions, the cells rapidly degraded both ATP derived from UTP as well as residual UTP . In the presence of Mg2+ and 0.1 mM UTP, full repression of alkylsulfatase formation occurred whereas Mg2+-depleted cell suspensions were still capable of synthesizing 47% of the enzyme under these conditions compared with control levels . The inhibition of alkylsulfatase induction was highly specific for UTP . Some inhibition was observed with exogenous uracil, uridine, and pyrophosophate but only at concentrations greater than 1.0 mM . Exogenous UMP and UDP (2mM) had no effect.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep, 97(9), 1699 - 1702
Topical antibiotic therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis; Kupferman A et al.; The in vivo antibacterial effectiveness in the rabbit cornea of several commercially available ophthalmic antibiotic preparations was determined against a single strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a human corneal ulcer . Each antibiotic was instilled topically at hourly intervals, and the number of residual viable organisms in the cornea subsequently was ascertained . In vivo measurements correlated well with in vitro data and with generally held clinical impressions . Three antibiotics, gentamicin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate, and colistin sulfate, suppressed corneal growth of P aeruginosa in commercially available concentrations . Gentamicin was slightly more effective than polymyxin B; both drugs were substantially more effective than colistin . Formulations of gentamicin and polymyxin B containing approximately four times the quantity of drug found in commercial preparations eliminated this P aeruginosa strain from the cornea much more rapidly than did the commercial preparations.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 Sep-Oct, 6(5), 666 - 70
Influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the formation of keto and amino acids by a barotolerant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Red'kina TV et al.; The peculiarities of the growth and extracellular accumulation of free keto and amino cids by a barotolerant culture (strain 0798) in culturing on Ran's glucose-mineral medium conditions of 1, 200, 300, and 500 atm were investigated . At a high pressure the culture possesses the ability for extracellular accumulation of free keto and amino acids, pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric, and oxaloacetic acids, alanine, and glutamic acid, while under conditions of atmospheric pressure, chiefly valine is accumulated in the medium, and there are no extracellular keto acids . The established specificity of the extracellular accumulation of keto and amino acids under conditions of high hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure is due to the different sensititivy of the enzyme systems participating in the biosynthesis of free keto and amino acids to the influence of high hydrostatic pressure.

Rev Cubana Med Trop, 1979 Sep-Dec, 31(3), 245 - 50
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis caused by an intravenous catheter and successfully treated with amikacin}; Sellen Crombet J et al.; A patient with complicated acute myocardial infarction in who coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in serial cultures of catheter and blood samplles is reported . The latter was only sensitive to amikacine sulfate and was resistant to other specific antibiotics which have been recently introduced in Cuba . This event evidences the hazard and resistance of the new generations as well as the mutations experienced by these microorganisms . Care to be taken when the patient needs emergency medical instrumentations as puncture s, catheterizations, etc., is emphasized . Assistential institutions must be always prepared in order to prevent or combat infections.

Pol J Pharmacol Pharm, 1979 Sep-Oct, 31(5), 533 - 8
Some structure-activity relationships of iodophorous iodine complex compounds . Part II . Biological; Lucka B et al.; The iodophors described in the part I {5} were subjected to studies in order to determine their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . General effectiveness was evaluated and useful concentration was determined using the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) method and a test with mechanical carriers . The obtained results were compared with respective values for a commercial product--Iosan (Ciba--Geigy); we found that properties of the products were comparable . The possibility of removal of iodophors, labelled with 131I, from glass, rubber and polystyrene surfaces was also examined . We found that the iodophors are suitable for disinfection of glass and drug packages.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1103 - 7
Methionine transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Montie TC et al.; A high-affinity (Km = 2.7 x 10(-7) M) energy-requiring methionine-transport system has been characterized in RM 46 and RM 48, two different PAO methionine auxotrophs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . After 8 s of transport 40--60% of the methionine label in the alcohol extract appears in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) with the remaining activity in free methionine . Methionine transport required a high degree of structural specificity for transport . Stimulation of transport occurred by addition of glucose or organic acids . The ability of a given substrate to stimulate transport was related to the type of carbon source used for growth . Transport was sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and required oxidative phosphorylation, as indicated by the inhibitory effects of anaerobiosis, cyanide, and arsenate . The degree of inhibition by arsenate correlated with the level of ATP in the cell . Rapid transport in a SAM-deficient mutant (TM 1) and inhibition by arsenate of transport in this mutant suggested that SAM formation was not directly linked to transport and that ATP supplied energy for transport . Inhibition by arsenate was more severe in glucose- compared to citrate-stimulated cells . This result was also observed with proline transport indicating that this was not a peculiarity of the methionine-transport system . These data emphasize the close link between glucose metabolism, ATP levels, and transport . This ATP level is not so critical for transport in cells metabolizing citrate.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 114(1), 75 - 85
Molecular basis of altered enzyme specificities in a family of mutant amidases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Paterson A et al.; A family of mutant amidases has been derived by experimental evolution of the aliphatic amidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAC1 . Mutation amiE16, in the structural gene for the enzyme, results in the production of the mutant B amidase by strain B6 . This strain, unlike the wild-type, can utilize butyramide for growth . Strain B6 gave rise by a single mutational event to strain V9, utilizing valeramide, and strain PhB3, utilizing phenylacetamide . Strain V9 was not itself able to utilize phenylacetamide but gave rise by mutation to the phenylacetamide-utilizing mutant PhV1 . Peptide 108 was isolated from chymotryptic digests of mutant amidases from strains B6, PhB3 and PhV1, but could not be detected in chymotryptic digests of the wild-type amidase . The sequence of peptide 108 was established as Met-Arg-His-Gly-Asp-Ile-Phe . Thermolytic digests of mutant amidases from strains B6, PhB3, PhV1 and V9 were compared with digests of the wild-type amidase . A peptide of the composition Met, Arg, His, Gly2, Asp3, Ile, Ser3, Thr, Val was found in the digest of the wild-type amidase and was replaced in the digests of the mutant amidases by a peptide of the composition Met, Arg, His, Gly2, Asp3, Ile, Ser3, Thr, Val, Phe . Mutation amiE16 is common to the four mutant enzymes and can be accounted for by the mutation Ser leads to Phe . The sequence of the chymotryptic peptide corresponds with the N-terminal sequence of the amidase protein, and can also be related to the thermolysin peptides . It is concluded that mutation amiE16 is a Ser leads to Phe change at position 7 from the N-terminus and the effect of this on the enzyme conformation is discussed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 417 - 20
Lytic effect of di- or tricarboxylic acids plus sodium dodecyl sulfate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Adair FW et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rapidly lysed and killed when treated with several multiple-carboxylic acids at 100 micrograms/ml, followed by exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate at 5 mg/ml.

Pediatr Res, 1979 Sep, 13(9), 1085 - 8
Inhibitory effect of cystic fibrosis serum on pseudomonas phagocytosis by rabbit and human alveolar macrophages; Thomassen MJ et al.; This report presents experimental observations indicating the presence of an inhibitory activity in cystic fibrosis (CF) serum which impairs phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by rabbit as well as human alveolar macrophages . Of the 49 patient serum samples studied, 40 consistently showed greater than or equal to 60% inhibition, 3 showed no inhibition and 6 were in the range of 20-60% inhibition of Pseudomonas phagocytosis . In parallel studies, the phagocytosis of S . aureus and S . marcescens was found not to be inhibited by CF serum . Mixing of CF serum with normal serum could not overcome the inhibitory effect, indicating the presence of an inhibitory factor rather than the lack of a necessary component . The inhibitory activity is not lost upon exposure of serum to glass, upon freezing the serum once, or upon heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1979 Sep, 5(5), 563 - 7
Bacteriological studies with cefsulodin (CGP 7174/E), the first antipseudomonal cephalosporin; Ullmann U; The new cephalosporin, cefsulodin, has considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . When 217 strains of Ps . aeruginosa were tested against both azlocillin and cefsulodin, 26.3% were found to have the same minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC); the MIC for azlocillin was lower than that for cefsulodin in 16.6% of strains, but higher in 57.1% . 22 gentamicin-resistant strains were all susceptible to cefsulodin . Biophotometer investigations demonstrate less bactericidal effects for cefsulodin and azlocillin than for carbenicillin and ticarcillin using higher inocula than used in the agar of tube dilution test . Cefsulodin and gentamicin are synergistic against Ps . aeruginosa . Using high pressure liquid chromatography and biological techniques, cefsulodin is found to be moderately stable in solution and in standard solid laboratory media.

Infect Immun, 1979 Sep, 25(3), 1029 - 34
Evaluation of a new polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine in respiratory infections; Pennington JE et al.; A new polyvalent, cell wall extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine (PEV-01), was evaluated by using a guinea pig model of experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia . Guinea pigs routinely developed fourfold rises in serum hemagglutinating Pseudomonas antibodies after four vaccine injections given over 2 weeks . Vaccinated animals survived an intratracheal Pseudomonas challenge (1 X 10(8) colony-forming units) significantly better (13 of 14 survived) than did a control group (5 of 14 survived) (P less than 0.01) . Clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue was significantly better in vaccinees than controls at both 3 h (P less than 0.02) and 6 h (P less than 0.05) after infection . Both gross and histological examinations of lung tissue revealed less pulmonary tissue damage in vaccinated animals following Pseudomonas infection . Thus, PEV-01 Pseudomonas vaccine appears capable of eliciting a specific protective response in the guinea pig respiratory tract.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 953 - 60
Effect of repair deficiency and R plasmids on spontaneous and radiation-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Lehrbach PR et al.; The effect of R plasmids on spontaneous and radiation (ultraviolet and gamma)-induced mutability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in strains containing the radiation-sensitive markers polA3 or rec-2 and the revertable auxotrophic markers hisO27 and trpB1 . In the absence of an R plasmid, the radiation-induced mutability was dependent on the recA+ genotype and independent of the polA+ genotype, whereas spontaneous mutability was similar in all genetic backgrounds . R plasmids pPL1, R2, and pMG15 increased the ultraviolet radiation survival and ultraviolet-induced mutability of wild-type and polA host cells but did not alter either effect in a recA mutant . These R plasmids also increased the gamma radiation survival and gamma-induced mutability of wild-type host cells bud pMG15 also enhanced the level of spontaneous mutagenesis in wild-type host cells but not in a polA or recA mutant . These data suggested that a common plasmid gene product(s) may participate in various recA-dependent, error-prone deoxyribonucleic acid repair pathways of P . aeruginosa . The properties of a mutant R plasmid, pPL2, originally selected because it lacked enhanced ultraviolet-induced mutability, supported this conclusion.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 877 - 82
Transposable plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which mediates resistance to gentamicin and four other antimicrobial agents; Rubens CE et al.; A 9.1 x 10(6)-dalton transposable deoxyribonucleic acid sequence resides within Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid R1033 and mediates resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and mercuric chloride . Transposability was demonstrated in Escherichia coli when this sequence, designated Tn1696, excised from R1033 and integrated into plasmid pMB8 . Excision and insertion of Tn1696 occurred independently of the host Rec phenotype and may involve the 140-base pair, inverted deoxyribonucleic acid repeated region that flanks this sequence . Occurrence of a multiresistance transposon on a transferrable plasmid that has a broad host range may have serious epidemiological and therapeutic consequences.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 713 - 20
Genetic and physiological characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants affected in the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase; Hass D et al.; In Pseudomonas aeruginosa arginine can be degraded by the arginine "dihydrolase" system, consisting of arginine deiminase, catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and carbamate kinase . Mutants of P . aeruginosa strain PAO affected in the structural gene (arcB) of the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase were isolated . Firt, and argF mutation (i.e., a block in the anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase) was suppressed specifically by a mutationally altered catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase capable of functioning in the anabolic direction . The suppressor locus arcB (Su) was mapped by transduction between hisII and argA . Second, mutants having lost suppressor activity were obtained . The Su- mutations were very closely linked to arcB (Su) and caused strongly reduced ornithine carbamoyltransferase activities in vitro . Under aerobic conditions, a mutant (PA0630) which had less than 1% of the wild-type catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity grew on arginine as the only carbon and nitrogen source, at the wild-type growth rate . When oxygen was limiting, strain PA0630 grown on arginine excreted citrulline in the stationary growth phase . These observations suggest that during aerobic growth arginine is not degraded exclusively via the dihydrolase pathway.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 705 - 12
Transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoshino T; The cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high activity for leucine transport in the absence of Na+, giving a Km value of 0.34 microM . In the presence of Na+, however, two Km values, 0.37 microM (LIV-I system) and 7.6 microM (LIV-II system), were obtained . The former system seemed to serve not only for the entry of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, but also for that of alanine and threonine, although less effectively . However, the LIV-II system served for the entry of branched-chain amino acids only . The LIV-II system alone was operative in membrane vesicles, for the transport of branched-chain amino acids in membrane vesicles required Na+ and gave single Km values for the respective amino acids . When cells were osmotically shocked, the activity of the LIV-I system decreased, whereas the LIV-II system remained unaffected . The shock fluid from P . aeruginosa cells showed leucine-binding activity with a dissociation constant of 0.25 microM . The specificity of the activity was very similar to that of the LIV-I system . These results suggest that a leucine-binding protein(s) in the periplasmic space may be required for the transport process via the LIV-I system of P . aeruginosa.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Sep, 97(9), 1640 - 1
Pseudomonas corneal ulcer . The causative role of contaminated eye cosmetics; Reid FR et al.; The clinical significance of contaminated ocular cosmetics is illustrated by the case of a 47-year-old woman in whom a Pseudomonas corneal ulcer developed immediately after she sustained minor corneal trauma with a mascara applicator . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the corneal ulcer and the mascara . In addition to the causative role in acute corneal ulcers, contaminated eye cosmetics contribute to chronic external eye infections . Retail eye cosmetics are typically free of contamination when purchased . The inoculation of the cosmetic occurs during normal use.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Sep, 86(3), 643 - 56
An esterase on the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the hydrolysis of long chain acyl esters; Ohkawa I et al.; A new esterase activity which hydrolyzes palmitoyl-CoA was found in the membrane fraction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . All the 11 strains of P . aeruginosa tested possessed this esterase activity . The esterase was constitutive and was fully active on the intact cell bodies toward substrates in the medium . It was located on the outer membrane of the cell envelope, and was not released into the culture medium . This activity was designated as OM (outer membrane) esterase . OM esterase was solubilized from the cell envelope with EDTA-Triton X-100 and purified 690-fold . It was a minor component of the outer membrane . Its molecular weight was approximately 55,000 . The activity was rather stable to heat, a wide range of pH, and treatment with detergents and organic solvents . No cofactors were required . The pH optimum of the reaction was 8.5 . Among various acyl-CoAs, only long chain (C12--C18) thioesters were hydrolyzed . OM esterase also hydrolyzed some kinds of oxy-esters such as p-nitrophenyl acyl esters, monoacyl esters of sucrose and Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) . On the other hand, triglycerides, phospholipids, or hydrophobic monoesters were not hydrolyzed at all . Thus, this enzyme seems to have specificity for long chain acyl esters with hydrophilic groups, whether thio- or oxy-ester . Mutants deficient in this esterase activity were isolated . These mutants were unable to grow on Tween 80 as a sole carbon source . This suggests a possible role of OM esterase in the utilization of acyl esters as carbon sources.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Aug 15, 569(2), 287 - 92
Catabolism of taurine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Shimamoto G et al.; Cell-free extracts of taurine-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyze the transamination of taurine and pyruvate resulting in the formation of L-alanine and sulfoacetaldehyde . The enzyme responsible for this activity has been partially purified in order to demonstrate its participation in a pathway of taurine degradation . Ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of Ps . aeruginosa yielded a mutant deficient in taurine transaminase and incapable of growing on taurine indicating that the enzyme is of physiological significance in this organism.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1979 Aug 1, 34(15), 417 - 9
{Progressive necrotizing otitis externa in an elderly diabetic with cranial nerve paralysis}; Fleischmann HJ et al.; On the basis of an own observation the rare clinical picture of an external otitis with pareses of the brain nerves is casuistically described . Up to now it was observed only in elder persons with diabetes mellitus . The pathogenic agent is always Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The inflammatory process, issuing from the external auditory passage and under circumvention of the tympanum, spreads to the skull base and according to the localisation causes adequate pareses of the brain nerves . Early operation and aimed antibiotic therapy is the therapy of choice.

J Pediatr Surg, 1979 Aug, 14(4), 481 - 2
Pseudomonas septicemia; necrotizing bowel lesions (NEC) and skin lesions in a 5-mo-old child; Krasna IH et al.; Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) that occurs in the high risk neonate is not usually associated with pathogenic organism . In older children the presence of NEC is often due to infection with a specific pathogen . A case of a five month old child with pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia presented with typical NEC . in the course of two laparotomies, most of the small bowel was resected . Necrotizing skin lesions were also present, and the likely source of both of these lesions were septic embolic.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Aug, 72(2), 230 - 2
Infection of a burn wound by Aspergillus niger . Gross appearance simulating ecthyma gangrenosa; Panke TW et al.; Growth of Aspergillus niger on a burn wound clinically simulated the early (hemorrhagic) phase of an invasive infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or ecthyma gangrenosa . Wound biopsy for histologic examination and culture readily yielded a definitive diagnosis of noninvasive mycotic infection of the burn wound . Pigmentation surrounding mycotic hyphae (otherwise typical for Aspergillus spp.) strongly suggested Aspergillus niger . Cultural data confirmed the diagnosis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Aug, 76(8), 3982 - 6
Ultraviolet light induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts; Glover TW et al.; The UV induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant (DTr) mutants in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts has been quantitatively characterized . A concentration of diphtheria toxin at which DTr cells are cross-resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was determined and used in the selection of resistant mutants . Recovery of mutants was not influenced by the presence of wild-type cell densities of 1-8 x 10(5) per 9-cm plate, indicating no metabolic cooperation exists, in contrast to what is seen in the selection of some other variant phenotypes . Expression periods for UV-induced mutations differed with the severity of mutagen treatment and cell strain used . A relatively long (10-15 days after UV treatment) expression period was required for the maximum recovery of DTr mutants . Maximum recovery was followed by a decrease in mutation frequency on subsequent days evaluated . An apparent linear dose response within the dose range used was observed for UV-induced mutations in both normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts . Our results indicate that xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts have higher UV-induced mutation frequencies per unit UV dose but similar frequencies per unit survival compared to normal cells within the range of UV doses tested.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1979 Aug, 167(3), 181 - 8
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection depresses contact sensitivity to oxazolone by enhancing suppressor cell activity; Colizzi V et al.; The depression of contact sensitivity to oxazolone in mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied . In oxazolone-sensitized mice, P . aeruginosa infection affects cell proliferation in the lymph nodes draining the site of sensitization . This impaired cell proliferation does not seem to be due to an altered lymphocyte reactivity, since lymph node and spleen cells from infected animals show a normal mitotic responsiveness to both T and B cell mitogens . In addition, the draining lymph nodes and spleens of mice exhibiting a depressed response to oxazolone contain a cell population able actively to suppress the response to the same antigen of syngeneic recipients sensitized immediately before the cell transfer . These suppressor cells require antigenic stimulation and appear to act on the induction phase of contact sensitivity.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 113(2), 261 - 6
Light-mediated changes in pigmentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures; Propst C et al.; Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO grown under uninterrupted broad-spectrum light showed different pigmentation from dark-grown cultures . Whereas dark-grown bacteria produced pigments which resulted in blue-purple coloured agar, light-grown organisms produced red coloured plates . Extraction and quantification of pigments showed that both dark- and light-grown cultures produced similar concentrations of pyorubrin (red) and pyoverdin (yellow) . In contrast, the concentration of pyocyanin (blue) was substantially reduced under certain lighting conditions . This decrease was dependent on both the light intensity and wavelength and occurred with light in the ultraviolet and violet region of the spectrum . After its release from bacteria, pyocyanin was rapidly and nonreversibly photoinactivated with first-order kinetics to produce colourless photoproduct(s).

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Aug, 32(8), 834 - 8
The effect of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on the in vivo susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin; Light B et al.; A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (TRIEN dihydrochloride) increased the efficacy of gentamicin in vivo against a clinical isolate of P . aeruginosa, designated Ps 15 . Mice which were inoculated with 10 X LD50 of Ps 15 and treated with doses of 2 approximately 16 mg of gentamicin per kg per day all died . However, treatment with 8 mg of gentamicin per kg body weight per day plus 30 mg of Trien dihydrochloride per day markedly reduced the mortality . The combined therapy also reduced the number of viable organisms that accumulated in the kidney during a 24-hour period post inoculation . When a dosage level of 8 mg of gentamicin was exceeded in the combined treatment regimen, all of the infected mice died, and a high concentration of endotoxin could be detected in the mouse sera by the limulus assay.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Aug, (8), 83 - 6
{Ultrastructural changes in the cells of a nonsynchronous Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture occurring under the influence of chlorhexidine bigluconate}; Litovchenko PP; Total preparations of P . aeruginosa (strain 65) were studied after contrastive treatment with 2% phosphato-tungstic acid and 2% uranyl acetate; ultrathin sections of bacteria treated with chlorhexidine bigluconate in various concentrations and fixied by the method of Hoffmann et al . were also studied with the use of an electron microscope IEM 100 v . Structural and morphological changes depending on the concentration and the time of action of the antiseptic were discovered; these changes were manifested by bacterial lysis and coagulation, the lossening of the cell wall with revealing its five-layer structure.

Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 558 - 64
Secretion of phospholipase C by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stinson MW et al.; The conditions necessary for the secretion of phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied . Enzyme secretion by washed cell suspensions required a carbon source and ammonium, potassium, and calcium ions . The calcium requirement could be substituted by magnesium and strontium but not by copper, manganese, cobalt, or zinc . During growth in liquid medium, cells secreted phospholipase C during late logarithmic and early stationary phases . Secretion was repressed by the addition of inorganic phosphate but not by organic phosphates, glucose, or sodium succinate . Studies with tetracycline indicated that de novo protein synthesis was necessary for the secretion of phospholipase C and that the exoenzyme was not released from a preformed periplasmic pool . Similarly, extraction of actively secreting cells with 0.2 M MgCl2 at pH 8.4 solubilized large quantities of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase but insignificant amounts of phospholipase C . Bacteria continued to secrete enzyme for nearly 45 min after the addition of inorganic phosphate or rifampin.

Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 477 - 83
Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and burned skin extract: role of extracellular proteases; Cicmanec JF et al.; Growth curves and mean generation times (MGT) were determined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain M-2 (protease +) and strain PA-103 (protease +/-) in burned skin extract (BSE) and in normal skin extract (NSE) . Strain M-2 grew on NSE or BSE with an MGT of 30 min . Strain PA-103 grew in NSE at a similar MGT; however, PA-103 in BSE had a MGT of 65 min . When protease was added to BSE, PA-103 grew as rapidly as M-2 . When ammonium sulfate was added to inhibit protease production, the MGT of M-2 slowed to that of M2 in both BSE in NSE . The MGT of PA-103 in amino acid-supplemented BSE was similar to that of PA-103 in BSE . The MGT of PA-103 in amino acid-supplemented BSE was similar to that of M-2 in both BSE andNSE . These data suggest that protease may serve as a virulence factor by modifying the available nutrients in burned skin . As a result, nutrients are formed that permit an enhanced growth rate and amore rapid establishment of the infection in the host.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Aug, 24(8), 585 - 90
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids that control streptomycin resistance}; Boronin AM et al.; Wide distribution of streptomycin resistance determinants (83 per cent) among the resistance plasmids of the clinical strains of Ps . aeruginosa isolated in several clinics of 2 towns was found . Nine plasmids determining resistance to this antibiotic, as well as some other antibiotics, sulfanilamides, metallic ions, hydroxyanions and UV radiation were studied . The frequency of the conjugation transfer in these plasmids was different, i.e . from 10(1) to 10(6) . They belonged to the following incompatibility groups: P-1, P-2, P-5 and apparently P-3 . Eight out of the 9 plasmids determined the synthesis of streptomycin phosphotransferase which was evident of wide distribution of the streptomycin inactivation mechanism by phosphorylation among the strains of Ps . aeruginosa . The strains carrying the plasmids significantly differed by the content of the enzyme . However, all the enzymes could inactivate only streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin and had approximately the same molecular weight (about 20 000) . The strain carrying plasmid pBSII had no enzyme inactivating streptomycin (by phosphorylation or adenylation) . The antibiotic resistance determined by this plasmid must be connected with changes in permeability of the bacterial cell wall by streptomycin.

Am J Med Technol, 1979 Aug, 45(8), 688 - 91
A Pseudomonas pyocin typing method applicable to the clinical laboratory; Barnes WG et al.; A new pyocin typing method for the identification of specific strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described . The method involves a bilayer agar technique in which the pyocin produced by the organism diffuses from the top agar layer number 2 through a filter paper into the bottom agar layer number 1 . The filter paper permits the removal of agar layer number 2 and exposes layer number 1 which is then streaked with the indicator strains . Pyocin typing of fifty clinical isolates using both the bi-layer method and the scrap-chloroform reference method of Gillies and Govan produced identical typing results . A total of 375 clinical isolates has been typed by this inexpensive and time-saving bi-layer agar method.

J Med Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 12(3), 303 - 10
Transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Auckland; Bremner DA; Of 422 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23 (5.5%) were resistant to gentamicin; 19 were also resistant to tobramycin and sisomycin, and one was resistant to tobramycin, sisomycin and amikacin . Of the gentamicin-resistant strains, 20 were also resistant to kanamycin . Sixteen strains with a high level of resistance to gentamicin (MIC greater than 160 microgram/ml) transferred all their resistance determinants to recipient strains of P . aeruginosa and four transferred some resistance determinants to P . aeruginosa but none transferred resistance to a recipient strain of E . coli K12 . These results show that gentamicin resistance in strains of P . aeruginosa isolated in Auckland is mediated by R plasmids.

J Lab Clin Med, 1979 Aug, 94(2), 201 - 14
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: susceptibility of 100 blood culture isolates to seven antimicrobial agents and its clinical significance; Baltch AL et al.; The susceptibility of 100 blood culture isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed during 4 1/2 years was tested for tobramycin, netilimicin, gentamicin, amikacin, pirbenicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin, singly and in combination . For aminoglycosides, the agar MICs were twofold to threefold greater than tube dilution MICs but for the penicillins they were similar . For aminoglycosides and ticarcillin, the MBCs were twofold greater than the tube dilution MICs . The MBCs were not achieved at concentrations as high as 512 micrograms/ml for 40% of the isolates for pirbenicillin and for 10% for carbenicillin . Tobramycin and pirbenicillin had the lowest MICs for the aminoglycosides and penicillins, respectively . Synergism was tested and observed between tobramycin + ticarcillin and amikacin + ticarcillin . No overall increase in resistance to gentamicin or carbenicillin was seen from 1974 to 1977 . However, patients given repeated courses of gentamicin had more resistant strains . Following the administration of 1.5 mg/kg/dose of gentamicin, peak serum concentrations failed to achieve the MIC for the microorganism in 22% of the patients . The MIC was achieved in all patients receiving the same dose of tobramycin . The overall fatality rate was 67% with one third of the patients dying within 36 hr . There was no relationship of patient fatality rate and MIC for the microorganism . Although in the rapidly fatal group of all patients receiving inappropriate therapy died, the fatality rates of appropriately or inappropriately treated patients in the ultimately fatal and nonfatal groups were similar . Underlying host disease was the major determining factor in patient survival.

Med J Aust, 1979 Jul 28, 2(2), 63 - 4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis treated with ticarcillin and tobramycin; Prociv P; A corneal ulcer, infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and complicated by conjunctivitis and endophthalmitis, was treated successfully with systemic administration of ticarcillin and topical application of tobramycin . It is unlikely that carbenicillin, to which the organism was much less sensitive, would have attained sufficient tissue levels to control the infection.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jul 5, 554(2), 323 - 31
Identification of the protein producing transmembrane diffusion pores in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01; Hancock RE et al.; The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 is permeable to saccharides of molecular weights lower than about 6000 . Triton X-100/EDTA-soluble outer membrane proteins were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of Triton X-100 and EDTA, and the protein contents of the various fractions analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Each of the major protein bands present in the Triton X-100/EDTA soluble outer membrane was separated from one another . Adjacent fractions were pooled, concentrated and extensively dialyzed to reduce the Triton X-100 concentration . Vesicles were reconstituted from lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids and each of these dialyzed fractions, and examined for their ability to retain {14C}sucrose . Control experiments indicated that the residual levels of Triton X-100 remaining in the dialyzed fractions had no effect on the formation or permeability to saccharides of the reconstituted vesicles . It was concluded that a major outer membrane polypeptide with an apparent weight of 35,000 is a porin, responsible for the size-dependent permeability of the outer membrane.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jul, 244(2-3), 240 - 50
Tracing of pseudamonas aeruginosa infection by the use of commercial antisera and pyocin production and the evaluation of the results on the basis of the chi2 test; Sticht-Groh V; One hundred randomly collected Psuedomonas aeruginosa isolates were examined during a two months period of time in order to determine their origin in a hospital environment . Initially, neither the source of the isolates, nor the patients' names were known . The serogroups were determined with commercial antisera, and the pyocin patterns were established with the simplified method of mitomycin C induced pyocin production . The results were analysed in the chi2 test . A highly significant probability value (p less than 00004) was taken as evidence of the identity of the isolates, especially among strains originating from the neurosurgical, surgical and medical intensive care units investigated . The simplified method of the originally devised mitomycin C induced pyocin production with a selected number of 'indicator' strains in conjunction with the initial serogroup determination by the commercially available antisera, allowed a rapid tracing of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates . This combined method is recommended as an easy and useful epidemiological tool for the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital acquired infections.

Biochem J, 1979 Jul 1, 181(1), 215 - 22
Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Partial purification and characterization of gamma-glutamyl kinase; Krishna RV et al.; A gamma-glutamyl kinase (ATP-L-glutamate 5-phosphotransferase) was purified about 85-fold from crude extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO 1 by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, molecular-sieving by Sephadex G-150 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography . The molecular weight of this enzyme was 84,000 . The preparation catalysed formation of gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate from L-glutamate, ATP and Mg2+ or Mn2+ with concomitant hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi . L-Proline inhibited the gamma-glutamyl kinase activity by 50% at 5 mM and almost completely at 30 mM . The inhibition of L-proline was non-competitive, wherease L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine inhibited the enzyme competitively . Proline was found to inhibit the gamma-glutamyl kinase activity of the wild-type strain and of representatives of two of the three transductional classes of proline-auxotrophic mutants . Strain PAO 879, a mutant representing the third transductional class of proline auxotrophs, lacked proline-inhibitible gamma-glutamyl kinase . Thiol-blocking reagents inhibited the gamma-glutamyl kinase and this effect was prevented by dithiothreitol.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Jul, 24(7), 511 - 4
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa melanin}; Rozhavin MA; The EPR, IR, UV and visible absorption spectra of a melanin-like pigment from P . aeruginosa were studied . By the whole complex of the spectral characteristics the pigment may be classified as belonging to the melanin group . The study of the antibiotic properties of the pigment showed that it did not inhibit the growth of P . aeruginosa and E . coli . Still, it possessed some antistaphylococcal activity.

Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 Jul-Aug, 6(4), 459 - 63
Variability in the enzyme properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 2x oxidizing p-xylene; Golovleva LA et al.; A culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x was observed for its spontaneous variability for growth on p-xylene and the intermediate products of its metabolism . The highest variability was found for ability to grow on p-xylene and pyrocatechol, and a variability an order of magnitude lower was found for ability to grow on protocatechuate and p-toluate . No variability was found for the character "ability to grow on p-hydroxybenzoate." The activity of the key enzymes for the oxidation of p-xylene was studied in p-xylene-negative strains . The difference between the p-xylene-positive wild type strain and the spontaneous p-xylene-negative strains was found to be linked to changes in the regulatory mechanisms for several enzymes: p-xylene methylhydroxylase and the enzymes involved in the breakdown of the aromatic ring . In addition, the appearance of p-xylene-negative strains was linked with a significant fall in the specific activity of all enzymes, except pyrocatechuase, which was replaced by metapyrocatechuase on a number of substrates.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 32(7), 711 - 7
In vitro microbiological evaluation of TEI-1194 and TEI-2012, novel antipseudomonal semisynthetic penicillins; Suzuki Y et al.; TEI-1194, sodium 6-{D-(-)-alpha-(coumarin-3-carboxamide)-phenylacetamide} penicillanate and TEI-2012, sodium 6{D-(-)alpha-(8-hydroxy-coumarin-3-carboxamide)-phenylacetamide} penicillanate are new semisynthetic penicillin derivatives both possessing a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activities . Minimal inhibitory concentrations of both agents were compared with carbenicillin . TEI-1194 and TEI-2012 were clearly found to have more potent activities especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than carbenicillin . At a concentration at 6.25 micrograms/ml, 85 approximately 90% of a total of 50 strains of clinically isolated P . aeruginosa were inhibited by TEI-1194 and TEI-2012, whereas carbenicillin had no effect . Evaluation of the antibacterial activity against a series of mutants producing different levels of beta-lactamases and test of the susceptibilities to some beta-lactamases demonstrated that TEI-1194 and TEI-2012 had low susceptibility to various cephalosporinases . However, both compounds were susceptible to penicillinase from Klebsiella pneumoniae H-2 at a rate of about 15% of penicillin-G taking its absolute rate as 100.

Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi, 1979 Jul, 53(7), 777 - 92
{An experimental study on Pseudomonas osteomyelitis with special reference to the production of experimental osteomyelitis in mice (author's transl)}; Yamamoto M; I) The author has successfully produced a model of experimental osteomyelitis caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa using the following procedure though such a demonstration has been said to be very difficult . After impregnation in a solution containing about 10(5) pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3 mm silk thread of No . 5 was dried under low-pressure atmosphere and then inserted into the metaphysis of right tibia of a mouse . This method can be produced experimental osteomyelitis in 100% of the animals . In the experimental osteomyelitis generated pathologically by this method, inoculated organisms do not transmigrate into blood, the kidney and the contralateral tibia . This may therefore be regarded as a local infection causing no death, making a long period of observation possible . In view of the X-ray and patho-histological findings, it is similar to human osteomyelitis . Furthermore, its host is a pure-bred mouse with constant elements making a league-scale experiment possible . II) This is an experimental model of osteomyelitis proved quite useful for the quantitative analysis of the effects of antibiotics, and would be a good method for evaluation of antibiotics to be developed in the future.

J Clin Pathol, 1979 Jul, 32(7), 723 - 7
Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relation to laboratory-induced resistance to gentamicin; Dimitracopoulos G et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain C2 was habituated to gentamicin by serial passage in broth containing increasing concentrations of the antibiotic and up to 250 microgram/ml . The resistant progenies differed from the parent strain in antibiotic susceptibility to two other aminoglycosides, colonial morphology, lytic phage patterns, phage adsorption, and agglutination with the seven Fisher's antisera . All the progenies failed to grow at 42 degrees C and oxidised glucose in O/F tubes after incubation at 37 degrees C for three days but were catalase- and oxidase-positive . Reversion to the original properties of the parent strain was demonstrated in all cases after 10 serial subcultures in antibiotic-free broth.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Jul, 76(7), 3562 - 6
Effects of pseudomonas toxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin on electrical characteristics of turtle bladder; Brodsky WA et al.; Rapidly developing changes in the short-circuiting current (Isc), conductance (G), and potential (PD) of turtle bladders in Na-rich or Na-free media are seen after the mucosal addition, at 10 nM, of each of three toxins that contain ADP-ribosylation activity: Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A, diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin . Toxin A irreversibility decreased the Isc, PD, and G of bladders in Na-rich media and the Isc and PD of bladders in Na-free media . Diphtheria or cholera toxin reversibly increased Isc and PD (not G), but only in Na-free media . The effects of toxin A in the turtle bladder, like those in other host cell systems, were eliminated by preexposure of this toxin to heat, specific antitoxin, or dithiothreitol and urea . Because exposure to this last condition increases the ADP-ribosylation activity of toxin A, it is suggested that the proenzyme is the required transport-inhibiting form of toxin A . The effects of all three toxins occurred rapidly, possibly before any of the possible intracellular ADP-ribosylation reactions are initiated . Whereas a recognition binding of toxin of toxin to receptors on the apical membrane completely accounts for the reversible effects of diphtheria or cholera toxin, this and additional toxin-membrane interactions (e.g., translocation) are needed to account for the irreversible effects of toxin A.

Poult Sci, 1979 Jul, 58(4), 799 - 806
Studies on egg disinfection; Adler HE et al.; Various concentrations of alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC), Na2CO3, and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) were tested for antimicrobial activity singly and in combination against Escherichia coli, Arizona hinshawii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Bactericidal activity of the reagents were evaluated in embryonating eggs, trypticase soy broth, and a medium containing lecithin . Toxicity of the chemicals was assayed in embryonating eggs . An appraisal was made of an egg-washing solution composed of 250 ppm QAC, 100 ppm Na2CO3, and 10 and 100 ppm EDTA . The mixture was effective and nontoxic for this purpose . All egg treatments had an adverse effect on fertility and hatchability . Using the temperature differential procedure in egg dipping, the disinfectant mixture was relatively nontoxic if 10 ppm EDTA was used with 3000 ppm tylosin tartrate . One hundred parts per million of the chelator in the dip solution caused excessive embryo mortality due to synergistic toxicity with the antibiotic . The germicidal action of the QAC solution was markedly increased with Na2CO3 . Ten parts per million EDTA did not improve the biocidal effect of QAC solutions in distilled water but increased bactericidal activity in tap water that contained 16 ppm Ca and 22 ppm Mg.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Jul, 97(2), 623 - 9
Regions of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa essential for antitumor and interferon-inducing activities; Tanamoto K et al.; Resistance against ascites tumor development and interferon-inducing activity were demonstrated in lipopolysaccharide derived from the protein-lipopolysaccharide complex obtained from an autolysate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharide was sufficient to induce interferon in vitro but no antitumor activity was found if lipid A or the polysaccharide derived from lipopolysaccharide was injected into the animal . Chemical modification of the polysaccharide portion or deacylation of the lipopolysaccharide also diminished antitumor activity . In contrast, interferon was induced by these incomplete lipopolysaccharides . These results indicate that both the lipid A portion and covalently linked polysaccharide are necessary for the inhibition of ascites tumor development, whereas incomplete lipid A with amide-linked fatty acids is sufficient to induce interferon in vitro.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Jul, 24(7), 514 - 6
{Gentamycin activity in combination with etonium in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Tydel'skaia IL et al.; Gentamicin is one of the most effective drugs for treatment of infections caused by Ps . aeruginosa . However, isolation of the strains resistant to the antibiotics was not infrequent . It was shown in the experiments with 40 cultures that the activity of gentamicin against Ps . aeruginosa increased approximately 20 times when it was used in combination with ethonium, a derivative of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Jul, 140(1), 73 - 80
Lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine: efficacy against pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pennington JE; Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs with increased frequency and high mortality in certain populations of patients . The potential of vaccination with a heptavalent lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine for specific protection of respiratory tissues from infection with Pseudomonas was evaluated with a guinea pig model of experimental pseudomonas pneumonia . Animals routinely responded to vaccination with a fourfold rise in titer of serum hemagglutinating antibody to Pseudomonas . Of 25 control animals, all but nine died after lung challenge with Pseudomonas, whereas vaccinated animals had a greater survival rate (22 of 25 animals survived; P less than 0.01) . Rates of clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue were significantly greater in vaccinated animals than in controls during the first 6 hr after infection . Both gross and microscopic findings of lung tissue damage from pseudomonas pneumonia were less in vaccinated than in control animals . Thus, lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine appears to produce a local protective response in respiratory tissue against Pseudomonas.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Jul, 139(1), 137 - 40
Transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a mutant of bacteriophage E79; Morgan AF; A mutant of the virulent bacteriophage E79 was isolated which mediated generalized transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Variable recovery of transductants as a result of phage killing was avoided by the use of recipients carrying the IncP-2 plasmid R38, and transduction frequencies of 4 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-5) per plaque-forming unit were obtained . Linkage studies have indicated that the coinheritance frequencies are less than would be expected from the published molecular weight of E79 deoxyribonucleic acid (120 X 10(6) . By using recipients carrying R38, low-frequency transduction by wild-type E79 and two other virulent phages, F8 and phi 16, was demonstrated.

Biochemistry, 1979 Jun 26, 18(13), 2917 - 22
Allosteric cooperative interactions among redox sites of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase; Blatt Y et al.; Anaerobic reductive spectrophotometric titrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome oxidase were performed . Both types of hemes (C and D) of the dimeric enzyme were monitored . The reduction process was found to involve cooperative allosteric and spectroscopic interactions between the two subunits . The model fitting the data best involves the following features . (1) The redox potential of heme C is about 60 mV higher than that of heme D . (2) In the electron uptake, a positive cooperativity of about 30 mV exists between the two D-type hemes residing in the two subunits . (3) A negative cooperativity of the same magnitude (30 mV) is found between the two C-type hemes bound to two subunits . (4) No interaction was found between heme C and D in the same subunit or in the different subunits . (5) It is suggested that the reduction of the heme, of each kind, has about twice the spectral change compared to that observed upon reduction of the second one . The possible significance of this model for the mechanism of action of the enzyme is discussed

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jun 19, 578(2), 392 - 400
Circular dichroism studies on cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c-551 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ronnberg M et al.; Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of ferric, ferrous and ferrous-carbonyl forms of Pseudomonas cytochrome c peroxidase have been recorded in the wave length range 200 to 650 nm . CD spectra in the Soret region show that in the oxidized enzyme the two hemes are degenerate, whereas in the reduced form the hemes are perturbed differently and one of the hemes appears to be non-degenerate . Changes in optical activity upon formation of the carbonylderivative suggest a spin-state conversion and indicate the presence of one high-spin and a low-spin heme . A histidine residue is proposed for the axial ligand of the heme iron . The alpha-helical content of the enzyme is estimated to be 34% . Ligand binding or changes in the oxidation state of the heme iron do not alter the conformation of the protein backbone . The dichroic spectra of oxidized and reduced cytochrome c-551 (P . aeruginosa) are included for comparison . In the visible region the cytochrome exhibits CD spectra similar to those of the peroxidase, whereas in the Soret region the dichroic spectra of the cytochrome are simpler . CD spectra in the far-ultraviolet region show the cytochrome to have a high alpha-helix content.

Ophthalmology, 1979 Jun, 86(6), 1138 - 41
Management of infections associated with soft contact lens; Bohigian GM; This study suggests that there is a higher incidence of infectious corneal ulcers with soft contact lenses than with hard contact lenses . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly identified organism associated with soft contact lens corneal ulcers . Early and aggressive management can improve the prognosis of this disease . A plan of therapy and management is recommended and discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 839 - 45
Chemical alterations in cell envelopes of polymyxin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; Gilleland HE Jr et al.; Cell envelopes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to polymyxin were compared with cell envelopes from polymyxin-sensitive strains as to their content of total protein, carbohydrate, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and as to their protein composition as determined by slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The cell envelopes of the polymyxin-resistant strains had reduced amounts of lipopolysaccharide, as indicated a reduction in both carbohydrate and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate concentrations, and a greatly altered protein composition as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . There was a quantitative increase in total cell envelop protein in these strains . However, those protein bands identified as being major outer membrane proteins upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of separated outer and cytoplasmic membranes were reduced greatly in concentration in the polymyxin-resistant cell envelopes . Thus, it appears that polymyxin resistance in these strains is associated with the alteration of the outer membrane through a loss of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 722 - 35
{"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" in the hospital of Avellino, and the presence of colonies in the obstetric, pediatric and neonatal wards . A microbiological study of the environment and of hygienic and prophylactic measures (author's transl)}; Guarino A et al.; We observed two episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation taking place in a Hospital . This organism was isolated in a pure culture from the faeces of 41 newborn children, many patients and from a large part on the obstetrics and pediatry division's staff . The AA . investigated the ways of spreading of this germ which caused both in the adults and the babies, no sign of illness . Biotypes one causing the first episode and the other related to the second one were isolated them showed a wide spectrum of resistance to several antibiotics and they of disappeared after accurate measures of hygiene concerning persons and places were adopted.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 704 - 21
{"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" in the hospital of Avellino, and the presence of colonies in the obstetric, pediatric and neonatal wards . A microbiological and epidemiological study (author's transl)}; Guarino A et al.; Two episodes of unexpected and widely spread colonisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital urged us with a series of measures concerning personnel and environmental hygiene and prophylaxis . We referred on the microbiological researches made on nine stories of the hospital building in which the microorganism settled and the countermeasures were adopted . The isolates proved to have a strong resistance to the various types of disinfectant we used and it was particularly difficult to clean wash-hand-basins and some medical tests . The AA . think that carefully instructing the staff in the hospital on bacterial biology and their channel of diffusion, and on the appropriate measures to avoid and fight them, could give better results compared to those we actually obtain by simply disinfecting the environment.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 700 - 3
{Observations on antibiotic sensitivity of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" strains isolated in pediatric wards (author's transl)}; D'Antonio D et al.; It has been studied the antibiotic sensitivity of 27 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains belonging to only two types, isolated hospitalized children and responsible of different clinical pictures . The strains were in vitro resistant to Carbenicillin, Sisomicine, Gentamycine and many other antibiotic tested, partially resistant to Tobramycin and sensitive to Amikacine, Polimixine B and Colistatin.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 Jun, 168(5-6), 463 - 79
A collaborative study on a new quantitative suspension test, the in vitro test, for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants; Reybrouck G et al.; In a collaborative study on a new quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants, three laboratories performed the in vitro test on a phenol and an aldehyde standard in the critical use dilutions using Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms . The most striking finding was that the means of the germidical effect of one laboratory were significant lower than those of both others . Nevertheless the dispersion of the results did not differ among the laboratories . The differences could not be attributed to the subculture technique followed, nor to the daily inconstancy of the bacterial suspension resistance . The only feature that could explain the difference was the assessment of the microbiological work in itself . It should be stated, however, that the variance of the germicidal-effect values were rather low for this kind of microbiological work, so that differences between laboratories were significant even if the absolute values differed less than 1 unit.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 9(6), 705 - 8
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A; Schultz WW et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A . A double antibody sandwich method was used, employing polyvinyl microtiter plates as the solid phase, a primary coat of monospecific rabbit antitoxin serum, an outer layer composed of a horseradish peroxidase-sheep antitoxin immunoglobulin G conjugate, and an ortho-phenylene-diamine substrate . Absorbance (optical density) of hydrolyzed end product was read spectrophotometrically at 492 nm . ELISA detected as little as 30 pg (0.3 ng/ml) of purified toxin, and absorbance was linear over a 20-fold or greater concentration range . Toxin was demonstrated in culture filtrates from 42 of 48 (88%) consecutive clinical P . aeruginosa isolates compared with 37 of 48 (77%) positive by hemagglutination inhibition . Results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) . Specificity was confirmed by neutralizability of ELISA activity with monospecific antitoxin . ELISA was thus a sensitive, specific, and quantifiable technique for the assay of P . aeruginosa exotoxin A in both purified and crude culture materials.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1979 Jun, 49(3), 199 - 207
Protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia of mink by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multicomponent vaccine; Aoi Y et al.; An attempt to prevent epidemics of hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was made in the course of epidemics with injection of the multicomponent vaccine consisting of common protective antigen (OEP) of P . aeruginosa mixed with toxoids of protease and elastase of the bacillus . Enzootics of hemorrhagic pneumonia, due to P . aeruginosa serotype 8, broke out from August to October 1977 in a total of 13 sheds of 3 farms (A, B and C) which were located in the northeast area of Hokkaido . These farms were raising 7,452, 2,553 and 10,639 mink respectively . The mortality rate of the mink on farms A, B and C were 11.8%, 13.0% and 1.0% respectively . The vaccination was performed on the 3 farms 5, 8 and 21 days after the onset of the disease . Inoculation of each mink with 200 micrograms or 100 micrograms of each of the three components of the multicomponent vaccine was effective in most of the male and female groups of mink . The period required for revealing the effect of the vaccination was very short, in some cases only a few days . Administration of the vaccine 21 days after the onset of the enzootic was also effective.

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