J Clin Invest, 1980 Aug, 66(2), 194 - 9 Early bacterial clearance from murine lungs . Species-dependent phagocyte response; Rehm SR et al.; Two sets of phagocytic cells are available to defend the lung against inhaled bacteria . Both resident alveolar macrophages and granulocytes from the circulation have been observed in pulmonary air spaces after the deposition of bacteria; their functional roles, however, have been defined . We rendered mice selectively granulocytopenic with heterologous antiserum in order to ascertain the relative contributions of these two groups of cells in intrapulmonary bacterial killing . The clearance of Staphylococcus aureus was unimpaired in granulocytopenic animals, confirming the primary role of the alveolar macrophages in the killing of these organisms . In contrast, granulocytopenic animals cleared only 10.0+/-7.0% of an inoculum of Klebsiella pneumoniae compared with 33.0+/-4.0% clearance in normal animals (P < 0.02), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa proliferated to 513% of baseline levels in granulocytopenic animals, whereas normal mice cleared 26.8+/-10.6% of the inoculum . These findings indicate that circulating granulocytes play a major role in the clearance of the latter two organisms . This variation in cellular response to different bacterial species suggests that the defense of the lung against pathogenic bacteria is more complex than has been previously assumed. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 119(Pt 2), 443 - 50 Alginate synthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a chromosomal locus involved in control; Fyfe JA et al.; Mucoid variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in vitro or in vivo could be classified into two phenotypic groups based on whether alginate was produced on a chemically defined medium . Mucoid strains yielded lowe recombination frequencies than the non-mucoid parent when used as donors in FP2-mediated plate matings . The mucoid characteristic (muc) was co-inherited by a proportion of recombinants selected for the inheritance of chromosomal markers his-5075+ or cys-5605+ . The results of further experiments using either a mucoid recipient or a mucoid donor carrying plasmid R68.45 suggested that the control of alginate production in P . aeruginosa involves at least one chromosomal locus. Infect Immun, 1980 Aug, 29(2), 489 - 93 Polyvalent antisera to Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccines: protection of mice against clinically isolated strains; Lieberman MM et al.; The preparation of polyvalent antisera to ribosomal vaccines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described . The ability of these antisera to protect mice by passive immunization against challenge with randomly chosen, clinically isolated strains of P . aeruginosa is reported . Significant protection was achieved against 34 of 40 strains tested (85%) . Included among these strains against which protection was achieved were four mucoid strains . In addition, the degree of cross-protection attainable by the ribosomal vaccines was investigated . The results obtained indicated that these vaccines are generally serotype specific. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 26(8), 1015 - 7 Partial characterization of Pseudomonas phage 2 receptor; Castillo FJ; The lipopolysacharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BI contains the receptors for phage 2 and strongly inactivates this phage in vitro (95-98% within 15 min) . Several mono- and di-saccharides tested reduced phage 2 inactivation to 50% when present at the following concentrations: D-glucosamine, 0.25 M; maltose, 0.3M; lactose and cellobiose, 0.5 M; D-glucose, L-rhamnose, D-mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and sucrose, 1.0 M; D-galactose, D-xylose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, 1.4 M; and melibiose . greater than 1.6 M . These results suggest the possibility that phage 2 receptors in lipopolysaccharide contain L-rhamnose, D-glucosamine, and (or) D-glucose, or a structurally related molecule . Either one of the latter two could be located at a terminal position alpha-linked to the adjacent residue, or located internally in the polysaccharide chain linked through its C-4 position. Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Aug, 50(4), 263 - 5 Studies on the effect of plant seed extracts on different isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chatterjee PC et al.; Fourteen different seed extracts were tested for the agglutination reactions with eleven different isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Twelve seed extracts agglutinated the different Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates investigated . Out of these twelve seed samples tested, ten samples may be used for the differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Antibiotiki, 1980 Aug, 25(8), 576 - 9 {Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with infected burns}; Adarchenko AA et al.; Sensitivity to 15 drugs of 248 P . aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with infected burns was studied by the method of agar dilution . All of the strains were resistant to polymyxin M, ceporin, erythromycin and oleandomycin . Most of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, monomycin, ampicillin and rifadin . Moderate resistance of the strains to carbenicillin, morphocycline, vibramycin, kanamycin, tetraolean and tetracycline was observed: the maximum concentrations of these antibiotics (128 microgram/ml) inhibited the growth of 85, 69, 63, 51.8, 43.6 and 41.2 per cent of the strains respectively . Gentamicin proved to be most active against the strains of P . aeruginosa and inhibited 87 per cent of the strains when used in the therapeutic doses . The study provided recomendation of the drugs for parenteral and local use in treatment of burns infected with P . aeruginosa. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Aug, 151(2), 232 - 6 In vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activity of silver sulfadiazine and cerium nitrate; Saffer LD et al.; The antimicrobial activity of cerium nitrate and silver sulfadiazine was assessed in vitro and in vivo using Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In vitro, the activity of silver sulfadiazine was significantly greater than that of cerium nitrate . Synergism between silver sulfadiazine and cerium nitrate was observed in water or saline solution suspensions, but not in broth . In vivo, cerium nitrate offered no therapeutic benefit in reducing wound infection in contaminated wounds . Treatment of similar wounds with silver sulfadiazine resulted in a significant decrease in wound infection and in the level of viable bacteria when compared with that for untreated controls . The addition of cerium nitrate to silver sulfadiazine in aqueous soultion reduced the therapeutic benefit of silver sulfadiazine. Arch Intern Med, 1980 Aug, 140(8), 1076 - 7 Infectious complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography . A prospective assessment; Low DE et al.; A prospective assessment of the bacterial complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was made in 97 unselected patients undergoing 101 endoscopies . Blood cultures were taken before and five and ten minutes after completion of the procedure . In an attempt to identify a potential source of infection, aspirates were taken from the pancreaticobiliary duct (PBD) after injection of contrast material . Blood cultures from all procedures were negative . In 14 patients PBD aspirates yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyocin type 22 and serotype O6, suggesting a common source for this organism . Isolation of this strain ceased after more rigorous cleansing and disinfection of the endoscope . The occurrence of bacteremia following ERCP is low, but there is a risk of transmission of potential nosocomial pathogens with this procedure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Aug, 18(2), 299 - 306 Potential of mezlocillin as empiric single-agent therapy in febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients; Wade JC et al.; Mezlocillin was used as an initial empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile (> 101 degrees F, ca . 38.33 degrees C) granulocytopenic (< 1,000/microliter) cancer patients . Patients known to be colonized with an organism resistant to 100 micrograms of mezlocillin per mol were excluded . The initial 25 cases (23 patients) received intravenous mezlocillin, 260 mg per kg per day in six divided doses; the mean 1-h-postinfusion serum level was 69 micrograms/ml . Because of the low serum level, the next 25 cases (22 patients) received 450 mg/kg per day, also in six divided doses, resulting in a mean 1-h-postinfusion serum level of 161 micrograms/ml . Both dosage regimens provided similar efficacy . Combined results show that 11 of 21 microbiologically documented infections and 7 of 13 clinically documented infections improved . Instances of bacteremia (number of cases in parentheses) were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two), Staphylococcus epidermidis (two), Clostridia perfringens (one), and Bacillus species (one); only one case improved . A rise in granulocyte count to > 500/microliters, a serum bactericidal activity of greater than or equal to 1:8 against the infecting pathogen, or both were indicators of a good therapeutic response . Despite exclusion of patients known to be previously colonized with mezlocillin-resistant organisms, 7 of 23 pathogens required a minimal concentration of greater than or equal to 100 micrograms of mezlocillin per ml for inhibition . In addition, surveillance cultures from 18 cases showed resistant organisms colonizing the gingiva, rectum, or both . Side effects of mezlocillin were minimal and included pseudoproteinuria, asymptomatic transient rise in bilirubin, and easily reversible kypokalemia . Mezlocillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin with little toxicity, was found to be inadequate as a single-agent empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile, granulocytopenic cancer patients. J Bacteriol, 1980 Aug, 143(2), 872 - 8 Outer membrane protein H1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement in adaptive and mutational resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, polymyxin B, and gentamicin; Nicas TI et al.; It is well established that Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells grown in Mg2+-deficient medium acquire nonmutational resistance to the chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetate and to the cationic antibiotic polymyxin B; this type of resistance can be reversed by transferring the cells to Mg2+-sufficient medium for a few generations . Stable mutants resistant to polymyxin B were isolated and shown to have also gained ethylenediaminetetraacetate resistance . Both the mutants and strains grown on Mg2+-deficient medium had greatly enhanced levels of outer membrane protein H1 when compared with the wild-type strain or with revertants grown in Mg2+-sufficient medium . It was determined that in all strains and at all medium Mg2+ concentrations, the cell envelope Mg2+ concentration varied inversely with the amount of protein H1 . In addition, the increase in protein H1 in the mutants was associated with an increase in resistance to another group of cationic antibiotics, the aminoglycosides, e.g., gentamicin . We propose that protein H1 acts by replacing Mg2+ at a site on the lipopolysaccharide which can otherwise be attacked by the cationic antibiotics or ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Jul 15, 75(3), 122 - 5 {Endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ferrer Marin-Blazquez M et al.; A case of pseudomonas endocarditis of biliary origin with impairment of the mitral and tricuspid heart valves is reported . Former history of the patient did not reveal narcotic addiction or previous open-heart surgery . Osteomyelitis is an uncommon complication of pseudomonas endocarditis . Echocardiography was a useful diagnostic method in the present case, showing the vegetation on the tricuspid valve . The poor prognosis of cases with left valvular heart disease which are resistant to medical treatment is emphasized . Differential count of the colonies did not localize the affected heart valve in this case. Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Jul 15, 75(3), 104 - 8 {Antibiotic sensitivity, serology and typing by pyocine in 154 cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Cantos de la Casa A et al.; Pseudomonas infections continue to be an important problem in the hospital environment . Serious infections are always invariably associated with severe underlying conditions or with diminished host resistance . The increasingly resistance of strains and hospital epidemics favour the organism prevalence . During 1978, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 154 cultures from a variety of biological samples in the hospital . Tests of biochemical identification, serological typing, and typing by pyocine production were carried out . Susceptibility to aminoglycosides and beta-lactamic antibiotics was also tested . Serological study demonstrated a higher incidence of 4 and 11 serotypes; 69.4 percent corresponded to type I when typing by pyocine production was carried out . No relationship between serotypes and pyocine-types has been found . Ticarcillin showed a greater activity than carbenicillin (minimal inhibitory concentration less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml) . Amikacin, tobramicin, sisomicin and gentamicin inhibited 83.7 percent, 73.6 percent, 70.7 percent and 69.4 percent of the isolated strains, respectively. Biochemistry, 1980 Jul 8, 19(14), 3200 - 3 Location of the heme groups in cytochrome cd1 oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mitra S et al.; The disposition of the heme groups in cytochrome cd1 oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is studied by emission spectroscopy . This protein of molecular weight 120 000 is composed of two monomers each with a heme c and a heme d1 . It has been shown by electron microscopy to be oblong in shape and by preliminary X-ray crystallography to have a twofold axis of rotation . Three electronic energy donors, a singlet tryptophan, a triplet tryptophan, and an attached 8-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl group, all exhibit normal decay lifetimes . It follows that there are parts of the protein at least 80 A from the nearest heme . The conclusion is that the hemes are all at one end of the molecule. Arch Ophthalmol, 1980 Jul, 98(7), 1287 - 90 Topically administered corticosteroids: effect on antibiotic-treated bacterial keratitis; Leibowitz HM et al.; The effect of a topically administered corticosteroid, 1.0% prednisolone acetate, on bacterial replication in rabbit cornea receiving adequate antibiotic therapy was determined . Staphylococcus aureus keratitis was treated either with neomycin sulfate or gentamicin sulfate, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis was treated either with gentamicin or polymyxin B sulfate . Each antibiotic was administered topically at hourly intervals in both the commercially available concentration and as a formulation containing four times the quantity of drug found in the commercial preparations . In each instance, the antibiotic regimen sharply reduced the number of viable organisms in the cornea, although the concentrated preparations did so more rapidly and effectively . The addition of 1.0% prednisolone acetate had no measurable effect on outcome . In no instance was there a statistically significant difference between number of residual viable organisms in antibiotic-treated corneas and antibiotic/corticosteroid-treated corneas. J Pediatr, 1980 Jul, 97(1), 144 - 7 Is anti-Pseudomonas therapy warranted in acute respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis? Beaudry PH, Marks MI, McDougall D, Desmond K, Rangel R. A controlled study was designed to clarify the indications for antibiotic therapy in children with advanced cystic fibrosis hospitalized with respiratory exacerbations . Twenty-two children with severe CF and signs of acute lower respiratory infection were randomly assigned to receive either cloxacillin or carbenicillin plus gentamicin administered intravenously for ten days . Other aspects of therapy were constant . The groups were comparable in all respects and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant sputum pathogen in most patients . Clinical improvement, chest radiograph changes, evidence of airway obstruction, and bacteriologic flora of sputum were no different regardless of the regimen used . These results suggest that the use of anti-Pseudomonas medication in these children may not always be necessary . These observations need to be confirmed by blind-controlled studies in larger numbers of patients with mild as well as severe respiratory involvement. Res Vet Sci, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 63 - 7 The kinetics of haemopoietic differentiation assessed by in vitro bone marrow culture in endotoxin-treated and in anaemic calves; Kaaya GP et al.; Marrow aspirates from calves injected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin showed an increased number of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells, and a reduced number of erythroid progenitor cells . On the other hand, marrow aspirates from calves made anaemic by repeated phlebotomy showed an increased number of erythroid progenitor cells, and a reduced number of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells . These observations were interpreted as evidence of stem cell erythroid-granuloid directional competition occurring in response to the need for a particular cell type. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 12(1), 39 - 43 Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigenemia in granulocytopenic rabbits by radiommunoassay; Kohler RB et al.; We assessed the ability of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, modified to allow antigen detection in serum, to detect circulating antigens in granulocytopenic rabbits with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia . In vitro experiments with Pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide indicated that treatment of serum-lipopolysaccharide mixtures with heat, chloroform, or heparin improved the sensitivity for detecting lipopolysaccharide 8- to 16-fold . Chloroform treatment permitted antigen detection in serum or plasma of bacteremic rabbits in which antigen could be detected poorly or not at all in untreated specimens . However, chloroform-treated specimens occasionally caused dissolution of plastic tubes, resulting in nonspecific binding of 125I-labeled anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin G . Heating sera at 56 degree C for 30 min improved antigen detection both in both in lipopolysaccharide-serum mixtures and in bacteremic rabbits . Antigen was detected in the heated serum or plasma of 20% of 20 culture-positive granulocytopenic rabbits, none of 15 culture-negative granulocytopenic rabbits, and none of 38 normal rabbits . Antigen was detected in none of 15 rabbits with 2 to 300 colony-forming units of P . aeruginosa per ml of blood and in 4 of 5 rabbits with > 10(3) colony-forming units per ml . We conclude that circulating antigens are present in the blood of rabbits with high-level P . aeruginosa bacteremia and that these antigens can be detected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay . Further improvements in assay sensitivity will be required to detect antigens, if present, in animals with lower levels of P . aeruginosa bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 12(1), 131 - 3 Production of alkaline protease by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cryz SJ et al.; A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease . Production of alkaline protease was found to be strain variable and medium dependent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 94 - 100 Penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics into their target enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of a highly sensitive mutant with its parent strain; Zimmermann W; Pseudomonas aeruginosa K 799/WT and a mutant of this strain, P . aeruginosa K 799/61 ("mutant 61"), that is very sensitive to most beta-lactam antibiotics tested were used to assess the importance of penetration barriers in the resistance of P . aeruginosa to penicillins and cephalosporins . The affinities of various beta-lactams to the penicillin-binding proteins found in membranes prepared from both strains were compared by measuring their competition for the binding of benzyl{14C} penicillin to each of these proteins . Only minor differences between the wild type and the mutant 61 were found . The high sensitivity of the mutant therefore cannot be attributed to drastic alterations of these target proteins, nor can the resistance of the wild type be ascribed to penicillin-binding proteins with low affinities for beta-lactams . Experiments in which the ease of penetration of beta-lactams into the penicillin-binding proteins was measured with exponentially growing intact cells instead of membranes, however, clearly demonstrated an easy access of beta-lactam antibiotics to these proteins in the mutant and an efficient exclusion from the same targets in the wild type. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 210 - 1 Microdilution aminoglycoside susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with a cation-supplemented inoculum; Cherne JE et al.; The use of cation supplementation in aminoglycoside susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by microdilution produced MIC agreement (+/- one doubling dilution) with agar dilution testing 89% of the time as compared with 35% of the time with unsupplemented controls. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 182 - 9 Comparative bactericidal effects of azlocillin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; White AR et al.; Azlocillin was relatively ineffective against actively growing cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tests of bacteriolytic and bactericidal activity in which ticarcillin demonstrated pronounced bactericidal effects over a wide range of concentrations . Microscopic observation showed that azlocillin generally induced the formation of filamentous cells of P . aeruginosa which lysed only slowly, but ticarcillin caused the production of spheroplasts and subsequent rapid lysis . During the course of the bactericidal tests, azlocillin was inactivated, presumably by the beta-lactamase produced by P . aeruginosa, and the filamentous cells resumed normal cell division and growth . In contrast, there was no loss of ticarcillin activity, and there was no evidence of resumption of growth of P . aeruginosa in the presence of ticarcillin . These results suggest that the different bactericidal effects demonstrated by azlocillin and ticarcillin against P . aeruginosa are related primarily to dose-related differences in inhibition of cell wall synthesis and secondarily to the instability of azlocillin to pseudomonal beta-lactamase. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 555 - 60 {Possibility of detecting pyocyanine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells}; Gusev MV et al.; Pyocyanin can be detected in the cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using UV and IR spectroscopy of disturbed complete inner reflection (DCIR) . Intact cells of the parent strain liberating the pigment into the cultural broth and mutant cells lacking the ability contain pyocyanin within the cells . Occasionally, pyocyanin can be detected in the outer layers of the cells, which is more typical of the parent strain . In the freshly isolated fractions of the parent strain cellular walls, pyocyanin seems to be pesent in the bound state that has changed significantly its structural organization . In due course, the hypothetical complex pyocyanin--cellular wall decomposes to yield an "oxidized" pigment similar to that liberated into the cultural broth . the cell wall of the mutant possesses the properties of "oxidized" pyocyanin immediately after isolation of the fraction . The pigment cannot be identified in the fractions of cytoplasmic membranes; pyocyanin is present in the "oxidized" state in the fractions of cytoplasm for the cells of both types . The paper discusses the role of the permeability of cytoplasmic membranes in the transport of pyocyanin from the cytoplasm into the cellular wall of the bacterium and then into the surrounding medium. Infect Immun, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 13 - 6 Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on phagocytosis and killing of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Kamimura T et al.; Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the ability to interfere with phagocytosis of Escherichia coli, whereas PMN-sensitive strains of P . aeruginosa did not . When mice were infected with an ordinarily nonpathogenic strain of E . coli, addition of a PMN-resistant strain of P . aeruginosa gave a mortality considerably higher than that obtained with P . aeruginosa alone, whereas addition of a PMN-sensitive strain of P . aeruginosa gave a mortality not different from that observed with P . aeruginosa alone . This increased mortality in mixed infection with E . coli and PMN-resistant P . aeruginosa was obtained by facilitation of tissue invasion by both bacteria from the inoculum site. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 195 - 9 Affinity of cefoperazone for penicillin-binding proteins; Matsubara N et al.; Cefoperazone (T-1551, CFP) a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity . We investigated the affinity of CFP to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis by CFP . CFP had high affinities for Escherichia coli PBP-3, -1Bs, -2, and -1A, in descending order, and low affinities for PBP-4, -5, and -6 . Similarly, CFP showed high affinity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP-3, -1A, -1B, -2, and -4, in descending order . It is known that E . coli PBP-3 and P . aeruginosa PBP-3 participate in cell division . These results are in good agreement with the formation of filamentous cells of E . coli and P . aeruginosa treated with CFP . CFP had lower inhibitory activities on D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA and IB of E . coli than that of penicillin G, but its inhibitory activities on the cross-link formation in peptidoglycan synthesis were the same as those of penicillin G and higher than those of ampicillin. C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1980 Jun 2, 290(20), 1309 - 12 {Nitrite reduction by NADH, catalyzed by the nitrite reductase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Bessieres P et al.; Reduction of nitrite by NADH catalyzed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite reductase is inhibited by a high concentration of nitric oxide NO . Contrary to what is currently admitted, we find that the nitrite reduction proceeds to the nitrogen monoxide N2O stage . EPR spectra show that, during the catalytic cycle, the enzyme forms specific Fe2+-NO heminic complexes. Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 685 - 9 {Studies of dibekacin eye-drops . Intraocular penetration (author's transl)}; Tomono N et al.; Ocular tissue levels of dibekacin (DKB) were studied in rabbits after instillation of 0.3% DKB eye-drops five times every 5 minutes . (1) In normal eyes, DKB levels were determined in all of the outer parts of eye and some of inner parts such as aqueous humor and vitreous body . Such levels were relatively higher than those of gentamicin . (2) In cauterized eyes by NaOH tissue levels were several times higher than those obtained in normal eyes . (3) Considering these results and MIC levels against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus, it is suggested that 0.3% DKB eye-drops will show effectiveness in clinical use. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Jun, 88(3), 125 - 31 Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients treated at a cystic fibrosis centre; Hoiby N et al.; 484 isolates of P . aeruginosa were obtained from the respiratory tract of 45 out of 70 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of monthly examinations during one year at the Danish CF Centre . All isolates were serogrouped (O-antigens) and phage typed, and in this way 99 per cent of the isolates could be grouped and/or typed . The isolates from CF patients belonged to many different sero-groups, but 55 per cent were polyagglutinable, and most of these belonged to the 0-3/9 complex . This was significantly different from the distribution into O-groups of isolates obtained from non-CF patients . The results of the combined phage typing and sero-grouping of the isolates revealed the occurrence of 13 clusters of distinct epidemiological types of P . aeruginosa among small groups (2-10 individuals) of CF patients . The predominating endemic strain, which was isolated from 10 (22 per cent) of the patients, belonged to the 0-3/9 complex and was lysed by phage 109, either alone or in combination with a few other phages . Furthermore, in a few cases the eradication of another strain of P . aeruginosa by chemotherapy was followed by colonization of the lungs with the above-mentioned predominating strain, and this strain was associated with high lethality . According to these results, measures should be undertaken to identify and eliminate routes of cross-infection in CF centres in order to diminishe the prevalence of P . aeruginosa infection and thereby reduce the lethality of CF patients. J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Jun, 84(3), 457 - 65 Infection prevention in patients with cancer: microbiological evaluation of portable laminar air flow isolation, topical chlorhexidine, and oral non-absorbable antibiotics; Spiers AS et al.; The increasing use of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with solid tumours enhances the risk of opportunistic infection to levels formerly seen only in patients with acute leukaemia, and prevention of infection is a major concern . A relatively simple regimen of isolation, topical antisepsis, and orally administered non-absorbable antibiotics was studied in 18 patients . Sixteen of 21 studies were performed using portable laminar air flow apparatus and five with isolation only . All patients became severely neutropenic but there were no major infections . Microbiological results showed effective decontamination of the skin, which was maintained without recolonization or acquisition of new organisms . The ears, nose and throat were effectively decontaminated only when the regimen was intensified . Colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen in compromised hosts, did not occur . The protective regimen is less expensive than regimens previously described, is acceptable to patients, and requires no modification of existing hospital rooms . It merits further evaluation in patients with common cancers who receive intensive cytotoxic drug therapy. Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 668 - 74 {Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recently isolated from clinical specimens to various antimicrobial agents and changes of susceptibility to carbenicillin, gentamicin and amikacin (author's transl)}; Kosakai N et al.; We estimated the minimum inhibitory concentrations of following twenty-one antimicrobial agents against 161 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens during 1979 . Antimicrobial agents were 5 penicillins (carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, piperacillin, apalcillin and ticarcillin), 3 cephalosporins (cefsulodin, cefoperazone and ceftizoxime), 5 aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, amikacin and kanamycin), 3 tetracycclines (tetracyline, doxycycline and minocycline), chloramphenicol, colistin, polymyxin B, nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid . Among penicillins piperacillin and apalcillin showed strongest antibacterial activity and the activity of carbenicillin was weakest . Highly resistant strains against carbenicillin increased rapidly until 1975 . Among cephalosporins cefsulodin showed strongest antibacterial activity and its activity was stronger than piperacillin . Antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and ceftizoxime were weaker than cefsulodin, but stronger than carbenicillin and sulbenicillin . Among aminoglycosides kanamycin showed very weak antibacterial activity, but another four drugs showed very strong activity . But resistant strains against these four drugs increased gradually and over 20% of strains was resistant to gentamicin . Among gentamicin, tobramycin and dibekacin cross-resistance was observed, but not between amikacin and these three drugs . Recently the number of strains resistant to both amikacin and gentamicin increased . Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid showed rather weak activity, but colistin and polymyxin B showed very strong activity and resistant strains against these drugs were very few . Pipemidic acid showed rather stronger activity than nalidixic acid, but its activity was weaker than aminoglycosides excluding kanamycin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1980 Jun, 88(3), 149 - 54 Antibody response in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to a 'common antigen' from P . aeruginosa analysed by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods; Hoiby N et al.; 381 sera from 101 patients suffering from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection have been investigated for antibodies against a 'common antigen' (CA) and other antigens from P . aeruginosa by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel, using a polyspecific P . aeruginosa antigen/antibody reference system . The earliest antibody response during the P . aeruginosa infections included increased CA antibodies in only 38% of the patients examined . The peak level of the antibody response included increased CA antibodies in 71% of the patients . By means of 'absorption of antibodies in situ', it was found that the antibody response to CA was directed against both the common cross-reactive part of the CA molecule and the Pseudomonas-specific part, with individual variations . During infections caused by other bacteria containing CA, one-third of the patients developed antibodies against CA . The diagnostic implications of the results are discussed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Jun, (6), 63 - 7 {Protective properties of antigenic preparations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Grishina IA et al.; The protective activity of various Ps . aeruginosa cell antigens was studied, with the aim of isolating highly active components for a complex immunologic preparation against Ps . aeruginosa infection . The preparations of the supernatant fluid obtained by ultracentrifugation of slime or aqueous extract of Ps . aeruginosa were found to have the highest protective activity . Such preparations had low toxicity . Antigens with a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000 daltons obtained by the membrane fractionation of the aqueous extracts of acetone-treated bacteria, had also a high protective activity and were non-toxic for rats. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Jun, (6), 33 - 7 {Temperature-sensitive mutant of bacteriophage D3 and its use for the purpose of demonstrating the location of prophage in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells}; Galeeva NL et al.; For the first time a thermoinducible mutant, known as D3ct, has been obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage and used for lysogenizing culture PAO2604 Met--Ilv-- . After a temperature shock phage D3ctwas induced from lysogenic strain PAO2604 (D3ct), and its development went along the lytic line . From the population of PAO2604 (D3ct) cells only 0.07% survived; in these cells the faulty excision of the prophage probably occurred at a high temperature . After thermoinduction 2.8% of the colonies formed by the survivors were auxotrophic in leucine . Such frequency of the appearance of the additional nutritional requirement for leucine suggests that the prophage was incorporated into the chromosome adjacent to some gene responsible for biosynthesis of leucine . In the process of faulty excision phage D3 retained a part of the host chromosome. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Jun, 41(6), 906 - 9 Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disk diffusion and microdilution methods; Cox HU et al.; Disk diffusion susceptibility tests were performed on 180 recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Minimal inhibitory concentration values were determined at the same time by a broth microdilution method . All isolates were sensitive to colistin (< 4 migrogram/ml), but resistant to ampicillin (greater than or equal to 16 microgram/ml), cephalothin (greater than or equal to 64 microgram/ml), and nitrofurantoin (> microgram/ml) . More than 90% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (median, less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml), tobramycin (median, less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml), and amikacin (median, less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml) and more than 70% were sensitive to carbenicillin (median, 64 microgram/ml) . When the resistant and intermediate categories were combined, over 90% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (median 16 microgram/ml), chloramphenicol (median, > 32 microgram/ml), kanamycin (median, 16 microgram/ml), and trimethoprim-sulfonamide combiantion (median, 4 microgram/ml; 76 microgram/ml) . Differences between the disk diffusion and microdilution methods in distinguishing resistant isolates of P aeruginosa from sensitive isolates were minor . Complete agreement between the two methods was obtained in 87.0% of the observations. Pediatr Res, 1980 Jun, 14(6), 830 - 3 Circulating immune complexes in cystic fibrosis; Berdischewsky M et al.; Recurrent respiratory infections associated with "mucoid" Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterize the advanced stages of cystic fibrosis . To determine if chronic antigenic stimulation is associated with circulating immune complexes (CIC), we assayed the sera of 20 hospitalized patients using the technique of precipitation with 4% polyethylene glycol . Elevated CIC levels, defined by > 310 micrograms IgG per ml, were found in 18 of 20 patients, (range, 350 to 3200 micrograms/ml) . Serum, supernatant, and resuspended precipitates were assayed for hemagglutinating antibodies against pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin) and exotoxin A antigens . Both serum anti-LPS (range, 1:64 to 1:2048) and antitoxin titers (range, 1:64 to 1:16, 384) were markedly elevated and higher than titers in supernatants and resuspended precipitates, indicating antibody excess . "Enrichment" ratios for antibodies present in CIC were calculated by proportion of titer to immunoglobulin in the precipitated complex relative to these values in serum . Mean enrichment ratios of 13.1 and 13.9 were obtained for LPS antibody before and after 2 mercaptoethanol reduction, but the mean enrichment ratio for antitoxin was only 2.07 . Serially diluted supernatants and precipitates were boiled for 1 hr and tested for endotoxin-like activity by the limulus test . At > 1:8 dilutions, precipitates were positive, and supernatants were negative . These findings indicate that CIC's are common in advanced cystic fibrosis, and analysis of the precipitated complexes demonstrates significant (> 13-fold) enrichment of antibodies against LPS but not exotoxin antigens, as well as endotoxin-like activity in boiled precipitates. Infect Immun, 1980 Jun, 28(3), 899 - 908 Toxin A-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103: isolation and characterization; Ohman DE et al.; An immunological assay utilizing double-diffusion principles was developed for identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants deficient in toxin A . Mutations were chemically induced, and mutants were isolated from P . aeruginosa strain PA103 . Quantitative assays, both enzymatic and immunological, indicated that five mutants produced toxin A in vitro at levels of 0.3% or less of parental strain levels . Characterization indicated that the mutants fell into four classes and suggested that multiple genes are involved in the regulation of toxin A yields . Classes 1 to 3 produced less than 1% of parental levels of extracellular toxin A . Class 1 mutants are apparently specific for toxin A . Class 2 mutants are pleotropic and produced toxin A, protease, and other extracellular proteins at reduced yields . Class 3 mutants are pleotropic and in addition have relatively high levels of cell-bound toxin A . Class 4 mutants produce toxin A at levels greater than 1% of parental yields . Of 16 toxin A-deficient mutants examined, only 1 was a class 1 mutant . This mutant (PA103-29) was shown to be identical to the parental strain in all respects tested except for its marked deficiency in toxin A . The suitability of this class 1 mutant for use in virulence studies is discussed. J Bacteriol, 1980 Jun, 142(3), 836 - 42 Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutant that produces altered elastase; Ohman DE et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutants defective in elastase were isolated by plate assays of nitrosoguanidine-mutagenized clones . A total of 75 elastase mutants were isolated from 43,000 mutagenized clones . One mutant (PAO-E64) was apparently identical to the parental strain except for its deficiency in elastase activity . This mutant produced an enzyme which was antigenically indistinguishable from parental elastase . Furthermore, equal levels of elastase antigen were produced by this mutant and its parental strain . The mutant elastase, however, had greatly reduced enzymatic activity . Mutant PAO-E64 is presumed to have a mutation in the structural gene for elastase . We have designated the genotype of the mutation in PAO-E64 as lasA1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1980 Jun, 19(6), 694 - 7 Penetration of the unwounded immature mouse cornea and conjunctiva by Pseudomonas: SEM-TEM analysis; Hazlett LD et al.; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the early ocular response to infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated under the fused eyelids of immature mice . In the absence of experimental corneal wounding, the organisms produced lysis of the epithelium of the peripheral cornea and conjunctiva and penetrated and lysed the respective stromas as early as 15 min after inoculation . Bacteria were infrequently detected on the ocular surface at 3 hr after infection . At this time, corneal epithelial cells in the vicinity of the inoculation were markedly shrunken. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Jun, 88(3), 143 - 9 An antigen common to a wide range of bacteria . I . The isolation of a 'common antigen' from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sompolinsky D et al.; In crude water-soluble extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 64 antigens can be demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in agarose with polyvalent Pseudomonas-immunoglobulin . One of these antigens cross-reacts with antigens prepared from bacteria of a wide range of taxonomic groups . Monospecific immunoglobulins to this antigen (Common Antigen) were produced by immunization with the appropriate immunocomplex extracted from agarose . Common Antigen was purified by the combination of two fractionation methods: Precipitation of the crude extract with 18% (w/v) sodium sulfate, followed by gel filtration of the supernatant on a Sephadex G-200 column . By this method, 35% of Common Antigen from the crude extract was recovered, more than half of the fractions electrophoretically pure . Electrophoresis of reduced Common Antigen on a dodecyl sodium sulfate polyacrylamide gel revealed two protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 59-62 000 and 62-65 000, respectively . The untreated antigen, however, passed a column of Sephadex G-200 with the void volumen, indicating a substance of high molecular weight (> 4-600 000). Farmaco {Sci}, 1980 May, 35(5), 413 - 7 {Antimicrobial activity of various hydrazones containing benzofuran and 1H-indene units}; Chiarini A et al.; A few hydrazones holding benzofuran and 1H-indene moieties were synthesized and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity . The most active N'-(5-nitro-2-furoyl)-N2-(3-chloro-1H-indenyl-2-methylene)hydrazine (II c) showed higher activity than nitrofurantoin against some microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jugosl Ginekol Opstet, 1980 May-Aug, 19(3-4), 139 - 44 {The effect of amniotic fluid on bacteria}; Kalamaras E et al.; Antibacterial activity of the amniotic fluid (performed by transabdominal amniocentesis) was analysed in 61 pregnant women between the 15th and the 42nd week of gestational age by using laboratory stocks of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella of human origin . It is stated that up to the 30th week of pregnancy the amniotic fluid does not exert any inhibition effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Klebsiella . After the 31st week the inhibition activity of the amniotic fluid in thee bacteria progressively (with the gestational age) intensifies. Antibiotiki, 1980 May, 25(5), 381 - 3 {Therapeutic effectiveness of neomycin in staphylococcal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal lesions}; Verzin AA; Ophthalmic films (OPHF) with neomycin were used in treatment of 15 patients with staphylococcal infections of the cornea . OPHF were effective in treatment of 5 patients with affection of the cornea surface layers . These patients were discharged from the hospital on days 4-5 of the treatment . In the other 10 patients deeper layers of the cornea were affected by the infiltrates and their treatment with OPHF required longer periods (10-15 days) . Another 5 patients developed severe keratitis caused by Ps . aeruginosa after removal of foreign bodies from the eyes . These patients were treated with neomycin injections, electrophoresis and OPHF . When the patients received such treatment within the first days of the disease (3 patients), the development of the cornea purulent infection ceased and a favourable therapeutic effect was attained . When neomycin was administered at later periods (2 patients), i.e . 3-4 days after the infection, the treatment was not efffective . It is recommended that broad spectrum antibiotics be used for prevention of the cornea staphylococcal infections after removal of foreign bodies from the cornea surface. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 May, 37(5), 702 - 4 Penicillin-aminoglycoside inactivation: another possible mechanism of interaction; Russo ME; A case of a carbenicillin-tobramycin interaction resulting in laboratory test reports of subtherapeutic serum tobramycin levels in a 71-year-old man with renal failure is reported . The patient's Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was treated with carbenicillin, 2 g every eight hours, and tobramycin, 80 mg after daily hemodialysis . The serum antibiotic levels were monitored using a microbiologic assay and a radioimmunoassay technique . At 30 minutes and five hours after the tobramycin was administered, microbiologic assay of serum levels indicated negligible tobramycin concentrations (2 micrograms/ml) . Radioimmunoassay of tobramycin levels showed markedly higher concentrations (4.1 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes after infusion) . The difference in assay results was attributed to greater inactivation occurring with the microbiologic assay, which was the less rapid technique . In vitro and in vivo factors influencing the occurrence and extent of the carbenicillin-tobramycin interaction are reviewed . When using an aminoglycoside-penicillin combination in patients with renal failure, it is important to use a rapid assay technique or one that inactivates one of the antibiotics before bioassay, and to be aware of the patient-related factors that can alter assay results. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 May, 118(Pt 1), 229 - 34 The assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reductases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are encoded by different genes; Sias SR et al.; The phenotypes of certain mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were reported to be pleiotropic for nitrate reduction; these strains were selected for their inability to dissimilate nitrate and were found also to have lost the ability to assimilate nitrate . We now report that the isolation procedure selected two mutations, one in genes encoding the synthesis of dissimilatory nitrate reductase (narA, narB or narE) and another in one of the genes (nas) encoding the synthesis of assimilatory nitrate reductase . Thus in P . aeruginosa dissimilatory and assimilatory nitrate reductases are genetically distinct . However, a loss of both enzymes is necessary to prevent slow dissimilatory growth on nitrate . Assimilatory nitrate reductase requires molybdenum to function, as does dissimilatory nitrate reductase . Lesions in narD affect incorporation of molybdenum into both enzymes, and hence exert a pleiotropic effect. Infect Immun, 1980 May, 28(2), 546 - 56 Production of mucoid microcolonies by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within infected lungs in cystic fibrosis; Lam J et al.; Direct electron microscopic examination of postmortem lung material from cystic fibrosis patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa has shown that these bacterial cells form distinct fiber-enclosed microcolonies in the infected alveoli . Similar examination of bronchoscopy material from infected cystic fibrosis patients showed that the fibres of the enveloping matrix are definitely associated with the bacterial cells . The fibers of the extracellular matrix stain with ruthenium red and are therefore presumed to be polyanionic . When mucoid strains of P . aeruginosa were recovered from cystic fibrosis patients and grown in a suitable liquid medium, they were found to produce large microcolonies whose component cells were embedded in a very extensive matrix of polyanionic fibers that could be stabilized by reaction with antibodies to prevent collapse during the dehydration steps of preparation for electron microscopy . When these mucoid strains of P . aeruginosa were used to produce pulmonary infections of rats by the agar bead method, the infected alveoli contained large fiber-enclosed bacterial microcolonies . We conclude that the cells of P . aeruginosa that infect cystic fibrosis patients form microcolonies that are enveloped in a fibrous anionic matrix and that these microcolonies can be duplicated in in vitro cultures and in animal model systems. Eur J Biochem, 1980 May, 106(2), 643 - 51 Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The structure of the polysaccharide chain of Ps . aeruginosa O-serogroup 7 (Lanyi) lipopolysacharide; Dmitriev BA et al.; A loosely bound lipopolysaccharide-protein complex was extracted from cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 170015 (O:7ab; Lanyi classification) by saline solution and purified from contaminant nucleic acid by Cetavlon treatment followed by precipitation in an ultracentrifuge . The saline-treated cells were re-extracted with hot aqueous phenol to give firmly bound lipopolysaccharide which was isolated from the phenol layer and purified by ultracentrifugaiton . The identity of both lipopolysaccharide preparations was proved by serological and chemical evidence . Mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide resulted in the splitting off of a lipid component and led to polysaccharide which was purified by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column . The polysaccharide consisted of N-acetyl-D-fucosamine, N-acetyl-L-fucosamine and D-glucose in the ratio 1:1:1 . On the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, results of methylation analysis and two sequential Smith degradations, the following structure can be assigned to the repeating unit of the polysaccharide: -3)LFucNAc(alpha 1-3)DFucNAc(beta 1-2)DGlc(beta 1- . The polysaccharide did not show serological activity whereas alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide readily sensitised sheep erythrocytes and inhibited the passive haemagglutination reaction with anti-(O:7a,b)serum . Evidence is presented that the oligosaccharide repeating units of the polysaccharide and alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide are indistinguishable . Ps . aeruginosa strain 170016 (O:7a,c) was shown to have the O-specific lipopolysaccharide identical with that from strain 170015 . The presented data show that subfactors 7b and 7c in the Lanyi classification of Ps . aeruginosa O-antigens seem to relate to components of the bacterial surface other than lipopolysaccharides. J Am Optom Assoc, 1980 May, 51(5), 471 - 4 Fluress, fluorescein and benoxinate: recovery from bacterial contamination; Yolton DP et al.; The ability to recover from bacterial contaminations with Staphylococcus auresus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined for three optometric DPAs: Fluress, fluorescein and benoxinate . Results show that Fluress recovers from contamination more rapidly than benoxinate or fluorescein . This ability to recover from contamination and the relative ease of use of Fluress may make it the DPA choice for a number of optometric procedures including applanation tonometry. J Med Microbiol, 1980 May, 13(2), 201 - 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and vaccination in the rat; Kostiala AA; A large molecular-weight fraction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture filtrate protected rats and mice against a lethal infection with a heterologous serotype, and to some extent against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes . The active components were obtained from cultures grown for several days in a simple synthetic medium . Infection and vaccination with P . aeruginosa serotype 16 induced agglutinating and precipitating antibodies to the components of this serotype only; in rats infected or vaccinated with serotype 1, low titres of agglutinating antibody against type 16 were found . Vaccine prepared from type 1 or 16 increased, within 3 days of infection, the resistance of rats to type-16 organisms; within the same period agglutinins or precipitins were not produced . It is possible that the protection was based on opsonic and antitoxic activities. J Bacteriol, 1980 May, 142(2), 581 - 7 Iron uptake with ferripyochelin and ferric citrate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cox CD; Pyochelin is an iron-binding compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and demonstrates siderophore activity by its involvement in iron transport . During the transport process, an energy-independent association of {55Fe}ferripyochelin with bacteria occurred within the initial 30 s of reaction, followed by an energy-dependent accumulation of iron . The energy-independent association with iron appeared to be at the surface of the bacteria because the iron could be washed from the cells with thioglycolate, whereas accumulated iron was not washed from the bacteria . Energy-independent association of iron with bacteria and energy-dependent accumulation of iron in the presence of ferripyochelin varied concomitantly in cells grown under various conditions, but pyochelin synthesis appeared to be controlled separately . 55Fe complexed with citrate was also taken up by P . aeruginosa with a lower level of initial cell association . Bacterial mechanisms for iron uptake from ferric citrate were present in cells grown in a variety of media and were in lowest levels in cells grown in citrate . The synthesis of bacterial components for iron uptake from ferric citrate and from ferripyochelin was inhibited by high concentrations of iron supplied in growth media. J Infect Dis, 1980 May, 141(5), 686 - 8 A human lymphocyte mitogen extracted from the extracellular slime layer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Papamichail M et al.; Slime glycolipoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been found to exert a mitogenic effect on human peripheral blood and cord blood lymphocytes . The optimal concentration of glycolipoprotein was shown to be in the range of 100--200 micrograms/ml, and maximal incorporation of {14C}thymidine was seen on the fourth day of lymphocyte cultures. J Lab Clin Med, 1980 May, 95(5), 698 - 705 The relationship between adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to upper respiratory cells in vitro and susceptibility to colonization in vivo; Higuchi JH et al.; The relationship between adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to buccal cells in vitro and susceptibility of the oropharynx to colonization by P . aeruginosa in vivo was examined in rats subjected to food and water deprivation . After food and water deprivation for 3 days, buccal cell adherence of P . aeruginosa was significantly greater than the control group values, and all treatment animals inoculated intraorally with P . aeruginosa at that time became colonized . These changes in cellular adherence in vitro and susceptibility to colonization persisted through the fourth day of deprivation and the first day of refeeding, and no treatment animals inoculated with P . aeruginosa at that time became colonized . Following renal infarction, buccal cell adherence of P . aeruginosa was increased within 24 hr; the magnitude and duration of this increase were related to the extent of renal infarction . Nearly all animals (34 of 36) inoculated intraorally with P . aeruginosa at a time when their buccal cell adherence values in vitro were increased above control values became colonized with the organism . These data suggest a strong relationship between epithelial cell binding of gram-negative bacilli in vitro and susceptibility to colonization with these organisms . The mechanisms by which respiratory epithelial cell adherence of P . aeruginosa is increased remain speculative. Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 May, 33(5), 636 - 40 {Experimental studies on administration method of chemotherapeutic agents . 16 . Effect of polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Obana Y et al.; The most effective administration method of polymyxin B (PL-B), a peptide antibiotic, has been studied in the experimental mice infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa damaged by PL-B, when the drug was free, immediately began to regrow in vitro . 2) the therapeutic efficacy of PL-B on multiple administration was less effective than its single administration . 3) An important factor to decide the therapeutic efficacy of PL-B was the high drug concentration in plasma and peritoneal fluid. Infect Immun, 1980 May, 28(2), 411 - 6 Demonstration of cell envelope-bound exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Fernandes PB et al.; The quantity of membrane-bound and extracellular exotoxin A in four strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated . In strain PA-103, which is the prototype strain used for toxin production, all of the toxin was released into the growth medium and little toxin remained with the cell envelope . In a virulent strain from a clinical source, strain 119, exotoxin A was found in equal amounts in the growth medium and in the cell envelopes . An avirulent mutant of this strain, strain 119 (AP-), which was resistant to 800 microgram of polymyxin B per ml, had all the exotoxin A in a membrane-bound state and was unable to release exotoxin A into the growth medium . Thus, exotoxin A can be found in the membrane-bound form, in the extracellular form, or in both . The quantities of membrane-bound toxin and extracellular toxin vary with the strain P . aeruginosa . The polymyxin B-resistant mutant which is blocked in toxin release will be useful in studies of exotoxin A secretion. J Med Microbiol, 1980 May, 13(2), 345 - 8 Antibiotic inhibition of protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Shibl AM et al.; The effects of tetracycline, chloramphenicol and polymyxin B on growth and protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied . Tetracycline inhibited protease production at concentrations much lower than those required to cause growth inhibition; the effect was not due to inhibition of protease activity by the antibiotic . In contrast, chloramphenicol and polymyxin B inhibted protease production in direct proportion to the inhibition of growth . Lysozyme-release experiments with washed tetracycline-treated cells indicated that the protease did not accumulate intracellularly . The protease-inhibiting effect of tetracycline might have therapeutic significance if it were found to occur in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Apr 25, 622(2), 355 - 9 Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of oxidized and reduced cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Berger H et al.; Small-angle X-rays scattering experiments were performed with oxidized and reduced cytochrome oxidase purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The radii of gyration were calculated to be 40.5 A for the oxidized form and 37.0 A for the reduced . The longest dimension of the oxidized enzyme was 120 A while for the reduced it was 100 A . The volume of the oxidized protein was observed to be slightly greater than that of the reduced . These data indicate that there is a contraction of the structure of the enzyme during reduction of its constituent heme groups. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Apr 2, 590(2), 261 - 71 pH dependence of the redox potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551; Moore GR et al.; The redox potential of Ps . aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 varies with pH between pH 5 and 8 . The pH dependence can be analysed in terms of a pKa of 6.2 in the oxidised form and a pKa of 7.3 in the reduced form . The same pKa values are also observed in NMR spectra of the two oxidation states and the pKa of 7.3 is observed in titration of the visible absorption spectrum of the ferrocytochrome . From the NMR studies these pKa values have been assigned to the ionisation of one of the haem propionic acid groups . pH dependence of redox potential is of variable occurrence among cytochromes and the possible significance and basis of this variation is discussed. Arch Dermatol, 1980 Apr, 116(4), 446 - 7 Multiple erythematous nodules as a manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia; Schlossberg D; In two patients with Pseudomonas septicemia, numerous large, indurated, subcutaneous nodules developed . These lesions, as well as the other cutaneous manifestations present, resolved with antibiotic therapy. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1980 Apr, 28(4), 241 - 6 {Histopathological observations of experimental hematogenous infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice (author's transl)}; Bayo S et al.; The effect of intravenous injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice was studied in various conditions : dose of bacteria injected (2.5 X 10(6) to 4.5 X 10(7)) , moment of necropsy (one hour to 4 months after infection), number of injections (one, two and eight) . Gross and microscopic examinations of tissues included kidney, lung, spleen and liver . The frequency, the type and the time of appearance of the lesions depend upon the dose of organisms, upon the individual susceptibility of the mouse and upon the number of injections . Abscesses preferentially localised in kidneys appeared in mice that received only one injection of bacteria . They were visible to the naked eye as soon as two days after inoculation with a large dose . Granulomatous inflammatory reaction was observed in the different tissues, however it was predominantly seen in the kidney and in animals that received several injections . In the liver and the spleen hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lymphoid, myeloid, megacaryocytic and mononuclear phagocytic cells were observed . This model of experimental pyelonephritis due to P . aeruginosa seems to us useful to study the factors promoting localisation and multiplication of this organism in a tissue. Ann Ophthalmol, 1980 Apr, 12(4), 429 - 32 Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to modern eye-banking technique; Graul EE Jr et al.; Rabbit eyes were inoculated with different concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Copious irrigation and topical Neosporin solution decreased surface contamination by 90% as compared to controls . Ps . aeruginosa added to M-K medium and stored at 4 degree C remained viable for 6 days and multiplied rapidly when the medium was incubated at 35 degree C . Adding penicillin and streptomycin (125 units/ml each) suppressed, but did not prevent this growth . Gentamicin (100 micrograms/ml) suppressed growth in all vials by 72 hours at 4 degree C . These studies show that gentamicin is clearly superior to penicillin and streptomycin in preventing Ps . aeruginosa contamination of donor corneas . It is suggested that donor eyes and M-K media be routinely cultured upon arrival at the eye-bank and the time of surgery in order to avoid or immediately treat gentamicin-resistant donor cornea contamination. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Apr, 14(2), 109 - 15 {Pyocine types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients in Diyarbakir (author's transl)}; Yumul C; 240 Ps . aeruginosa strains were isolated from patients in Diyarbakir, 198 (82.5%) were typed, 42 (17.5%) could not been typed with Gillies-Govan Method . Pyocine type 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 24, 27, 31, 37 were found . Pyocine type 3 (23.8%) was more frequent than others. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 117(2), 539 - 42 Role of L-threonine deaminase and L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase in the utilization of L-threonine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Lam VM et al.; Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC1 which could grow on L-threonine were isolated . These mutants, like the parent strain, synthesized a biosynthetic threonine deaminase, but its apparent Km value for threonine was higher than that of the enzyme from strain PAC1 . These mutants also synthesized an inducible NAD-dependent threonine dehydrogenase, which was not present in the parent strain . No threonine aldolase activity could be detected . The results suggest that the threonine deaminase with lowered affinity for L-threonine, together with L-threonine dehydrogenase, enabled these mutants to utilize L-threonine as the sole source of carbon for growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 732 - 5 In vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to carbenicillin, glycine, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations; Gerberick GF et al.; Striking bacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9D-2 was achieved by glycine-carbenicillin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-carbenicillin, and glycine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations, whereas none of the agents used alone was capable of the same degree of bactericidal activity . Studies using a microtiter modification of the checkerboard technique were performed to evaluate the comparative activity of these antimicrobial combinations . Isobolograms showed synergistic effects with carbenicillin-glycine, carbenicillin-ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid, and glycine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations . Bacterial growth inhibitory curves with subinhibitory concentrations of these agents in combination confirmed these findings. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Apr, 87(4), 1119 - 25 Comparative study on R-type pyocins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ohsumi M et al.; Four R-type pyocins (R1, R2, R3, and R4) produced by different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were compared with respect to their structure and action methanism . It is known that these bacteriocins have structures similar to contractile bacteriophage tails and serologically cross-react with each other, but they are distinguished according to difference in range of sensitive strains . All these pyocins were shown to arrest the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid in sensitive cells, as previously reported for pyocin R1 . Action of pyocin R3 was shown to require calcium ion . Although antiserum prepared against one pyocin neutralized other R-type pyocins as well as the homologous pyocin, some differences in antigen specificity were found between pyocin R1 and pyocin R2 and R3 antibody blocking assays . Electron microscopic observation of pyocin particles treated with the antiserum pre-absorbed with heterologous pyocin revealed that specific antigens were located on the distal portion of the fibers . Comparison of protein composition showed these pyocins to be composed of essentially similar subunit proteins but a subunit protein supposed to be a main constituent of the fiber was different in its molecular weight among these pyocins . These results suggest that the main structural difference of these pyocins is to be found in the fiber. Infect Immun, 1980 Apr, 28(1), 178 - 84 Mitogenic effects of purified outer membrane proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Chen YH et al.; Three major outer membrane proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were purified and tested for their ability to stimulate resting murine lymphocytes to proliferate . It was demonstrated that picomole amounts of all three proteins were mitogenic for both intact and T-lymphocyte-depleted populations of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice . In contrast, they had no activity against either mature or immature thymocytes . Since the strain of mice used is unable to respond to lipopolysaccharide, we condlude that the three proteins are B-cell mitogens. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 125(3), 277 - 83 Adaptation to phenylacetamide as a growth substrate by an acetanilide-utilizing mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gregoriou M et al.; Mutants able to utilize phenylacetamide as sole nitrogen source were isolated from the acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) - utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strain A13 and from its parent strain L 10 . Growth properties of the mutants (Ph strains) on amide media and the physicochemical properties of their amidases in cell free extracts indicated that their phenylacetamidase activities were attributable to alterations in their amidases . Differences in amide hydrolase specificities between the AI3- and the L 10-Ph mutants were observed . The AI3 group had a high level of activity towards 4-nitrophenylacetamide, activity towards phenylacetyl-4-nitroaniline but, unlike strain AI3, no activity towards acetyl-4-nitroaniline; the L 10 group had a low activity towards 4-nitrophenylacetamide, no activity towards phenylacetyl-4-nitroaniline but retained the low level of activity towards acetyl-4-nitroaniline exhibited by strain L 10 . Confirmation of the association between these altered specificities and alterations in amidases was obtained from analysis of the properties of phenylacetamidases purified from an AI3-Ph mutant (pH 5) and an L 10-Ph mutant (Ph14) . The original mutation in the amidase gene of strain AI3 appeared responsible for the differences between the two groups of Ph mutants and the binding interactions with acetanilide that it determined were eliminated in AI3-Ph mutants. J Infect Dis, 1980 Apr, 141(4), 507 - 9 Enhanced chemotaxis to gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bassaris HP et al.; The chemotactic response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) to gentamicin-sensitive and gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied . Filtrates from the resistant strains markedly enhanced the chemotactic response of human PMNLs (leukotactic index {LI} = 40.4 micron), in contrast to the filtrates from the sensitive strains, which induced less migration of PMNLs (LI = 26.8 micron) . This finding may explain previous observations that suggested that gentamicin-resistant strains of P . aeruginosa are less virulent than gentamicin-sensitive strains. Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Apr, 50(2), 107 - 15 Complement activating property of the protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . II . Complement activating property of the lipopolysaccharide portion and the inhibition by polymyxin B; Inada K; In order to elucidate the active principle and the mechanism of complement activation of protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of P . aeruginosa, the complement consumption of the LPS from OEP was studied either in guinea pig serum (GPS) or in factor D-depleted GPS (D-dpl-GPS) in the presence or absence of polymyxin B . Polymyxin B is an inhibitor of the classical pathway (CP) activation due to the lipid A of LPS . The LPS from OEP had about 5 times higher the activity than OEP in GPS . This value corresponds to the LPS content (about 20%) in OEP . It was not likely that the protein portion (about 80%) of the OEP participates to activate complement . In GPS, the ability of the LPS from OEP was only partially inhibited by polymyxin B . In D-dpl-GPS in which the alternative pathway (AP) may be abrogated, the consumption by the LPS from OEP markedly decreased, and was furthermore diminished in the presence of polymyxin B . These results suggest that the LPS from OEP is the active principle of OEP and activates both the CP and the AP . It was noteworthy that two fold or less polymyxin B in weights did not inhibit the ability of E . coli 0111:B4 LPS to activate only the AP, but rather enhanced it. Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Mar 25, 74(6), 222 - 5 {Clinical and bacteriological aspects of purulent pericarditis (author's transl)}; Vilaseca J et al.; The clinical and bacteriological characteristics of eight cases with purulent pericarditis observed over the last five years are studied . The route of the infection and dissemination in the majority of the cases (75 percent) was through pleuropulmonary lesions in the form of pneumonia and/or empyema, attributing the remaining cases to a subhepatic abscess and a pericardial infection after a thoracic surgical operation . In seven patients the diagnosis of the disease was established while they were alive . The more orientative clinical data were the pericardial pain (50 percent), pericardial friction murmur (25 percent), and signs of cardiac tamponade (62.5 percent) . The observation of the above mentioned clinical signs together with the presence of cardiomegaly and electrocardiographic alterations suggestive of pericarditis, obliged the practice of a pericardial puncture, which confirmed the diagnosis of a purulent pericarditis by the macro and microscopic characteristics of the fluid . Staphylococcus and pneumoncoccus were isolated in two cases, respectively; other Gram-negative bacillus (E . coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated in the remaining cases . All patients were treated with the appropriate antibiotic according to the isolated germ; surgical drainage was carried out in six cases, and a pericardiectomy in one . Two patients died, one as a consequence of a septic myocardiopathy and the other in which the diagnosis of purulent pericarditis was not clinically suspected . During the follow-up period one case presented a constrictive pericarditis, which was corrected by a pericardiectomy. Ann Plast Surg, 1980 Mar, 4(3), 216 - 8 Potential pitfalls of quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures; Freshwater MF et al.; We present our experience with clinical correlation of quantitative cultures . A total of 285 cultures in 18 patients were carried out according to the technique of burn wound biopsy culture . The predominant organism by far was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by mixed Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus alone . There were two areas of divergence from classic correlations between biopsy results and the clinical course of the patient: data are presented from clinical burn wound sepsis and falsely low quantitative cultures, and from clinically aseptic patients pursuing a benign course with falsely high quantitative cultures . We believe that culture results must be interpreted in the light of total body surface area involved rather than as an isolated finding . Quantitative burn wound cultures are a useful guide to the management of burn patients, but must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Mar, 33(3), 272 - 9 FR-900137, a new antibiotic . I . Taxonomy and fermentation of the organism, and isolation and characterization of the antibiotic; Kuroda Y et al.; A strain of Streptomyces, isolated from a soild sample and identified as Streptomyces unzenensis sp . nov . has been found to produce FR-900137, an interesting new antibiotic, containing phosphorus in its molecule . The antibiotic, obtained as white powder, was shown to inhibit a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann Thorac Surg, 1980 Mar, 29(3), 254 - 7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia with gangrene of the lung and empyema; Young JN et al.; The following case report demonstrates the occasional necessity for staged thoracic surgical intervention in the management of a clinical condition commonly associated with high mortality: overwhelming pseudomonas pulmonary infection and septic shock . Intervention included the use of emergency wide-open drainage of gangrene of the lung and empyema, followed by sequential, interval lobectomy. Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1980 Mar-Apr, 7(2), 143 - 51 Degradation of DDT and its analogs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 640x; Golovleva LA et al.; The possibility of complete degradation of DDT by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 640x was demonstrated in principle . A study of the conditions of degradation of DDT by this culture was made . It was demonstrated that only dechlorination of DDT to DDD is accomplished without addition of a supplementary substrate . The rest of the processes right up to the formation of benzhydrol and phenylacetic acid take place only under conditions of cometabolism . For dechlorination of the aliphatic fragment of DDT and the aromatic rings, anaerobic conditions, nitrates in the form of electron acceptors, and calcium lactate as a cosubstrate are preferred . Degradation of nonchlorinated benzophenone takes place only under aerobic conditions with glycerol as a cosubstrate . Phenylacetic acid and benzhydrol are used by the culture as sole sources of carbon; aerobic conditions are necessary for their degradation . On the basis of analysis of decomposition products of DDT and a study of the pathways of degradation of its metabolites and analogs, a means of converting DDT by P . aeruginosa 640x is proposed. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 334 - 6 Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of beta-lactam antibiotics enhanced by the addition of low concentrations of gentamicin; Masuda G et al.; The combined effects of low concentrations of gentamicin on certain beta-lactam antibiotics were studied by the agar plate method . the combination of gentamicin with cephalothin produced synergism against 17 of 26 strains of Escherichia coli and 19 of 27 strains of Klebsiella sp . if assessed at the bacteriostatic (minimal inhibitory concentration) level . Synergy against many more strains was apparent when bactericidal concentrations were used . Synergy against most of these strains was observed if bactericidal concentrations with brief exposure times (3 h) to the antibiotics were used for measurement . Additive effects were observed in almost all of the remaining strains . The combination of gentamicin and carbenicillin were synergistic against most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa when any bacteriostatic or bactericidal measurement was used as the criterion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 293 - 7 Relationship between R and FP plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Royle PL et al.; The plasmid FP110 possessing chromosome mobilizing ability for Pseudomonas aeruginosa but carrying no determinants for antibiotic resistance, is found to be related by incompatibility, entry exclusion, and other criteria to the independently isolated R plasmids R18-1 and R56Be which carry resistance determinants for carbenicillin . The frequency of FP plasmid appearance in clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa suggests the possibility that they may be a source of R plasmids in this bacterium. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(3), 373 - 8 Transduction of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Knothe H et al.; In a series of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and/or netilmicin (Knothe and Krcmery, 1979), wild-type phage lysates could be prepared and two of them were studied more in detail . Both lysates were shown to mediate transfer of gentamicin, amikacin and carbenicillin resistance by direct selection . In some instances also fertility function (tra) could be demonstrated in transductants by further cycles of transfer . It could be speculated that, once such wild-type phages from resistant or toxinogenic strains are liberated into the hospital environment, they could mediate these and other properties to P . aeruginosa strains in that environment. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(3), 363 - 72 {Isolation, depolymerization and repolymerization of flagella of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ansorg R et al.; Flagellar filaments of P . aeruginosa are isolated and purified by cultivating the cells in fluid medium, followed by shaking in a rotation-homogenizer and by fractional centrifugation . The electronmicroscopically pure preparations are partially disintegrated by heating at 60-100 degrees C/30 min . The flagellin repolymerizes spontaneously into flagella-like but straight filaments . In the indirect fluorescent antibody test, isolated flagellar filaments and polymerized flagellin-filaments with antiflagellar antibodies like flagella of native cells. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(3), 353 - 62 Mouse-protection experience with monovalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine; Sourek J et al.; The protective effect of the soluble immunogenic complex from Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell surface was studied on white mice . Vaccines were prepared from a single strain by phenol-water extraction or via preparing the Zn-complex . The immunogenic complex which contained the Pseudomonas "common protective antigen" as well as endotoxin and exotoxins in the form of toxoid, provided reliable protection if it was administered with aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant in three consecutive doses of 10, 100 and 500 microgram per 0.2 ml per mouse at 5-7 day intervals . Under these conditions, the monovaccine produced in mice a 90-100% protective effect against a lethal challenge dose (2 LD100) of toxic P . aeruginosa strains given a week after the last vaccine dose. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(2), 197 - 203 {O-antigen determination and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ansorg R; The quality of the morphological-biochemical identification of P . aeruginosa affects the results of group determination with anti-O-sera (Institute Pasteur Production) to a great extent . Out of 563 isolates classified as P . aeruginosa on the basis of colony morphology, haemolysis, pigment formation, odor, gramstaining and oxidase test, 84,2% react with one monovalent antiserum . Out of 498 strains which are more exactly identified by additional use of the Oxi/Ferm tube-system (Hoffmann-La Roche), 94,0% are clearly to be grouped . The O-antigen determination is not appropriate for inter-species differentiation of P . aeruginosa, due to common antigens with P . aeruginosa related species. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 26(3), 350 - 5 Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated swimming pools; Seyfried PL et al.; Various types of swimming pools were investigated for the quantitative isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Incidence of the organism increased when the free chlorine residual dropped below 0.4 mg/L in pool water which ad a pH of 6.9-8.9 . As the water pH became more alkaline the efficiency of disinfection decreased . Excessive slime production caused certain strains to become more resistent to chlorine treatment . Immunotyping and phage typing, used to study the dynamics of P . aeruginosa populations in swimming pool waters, demonstrated that high densities of the organism consisted mainly of single predominant strains. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 117(1), 279 - 83 Localization of cholinesterase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K; Garber N et al.; The inducible cholinesterase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K (ATCC 25102) degraded propionylcholine, acetylthiocholine, acetylcholine and acetyl-beta-methylcholine at a high rate and butyrylcholine and succinylcholine at very low rates . The localization of the enzyme in the periplasmic space was indicated by a similar rate of acetylcholine degradation by intact cells or their extracts, by release of cholinesterase together with alkaline phosphatase into the culture medium during cell growth in a low phosphate-containing medium, by liberation of cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase during lysozyme-induced conversion of cells to spheroplasts and by freezing and thawing . Threatment of cells with diazo-7-amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulphonic acid, which inactivates surface-located enzymes, abolished most of the cholinesterase and 5'-nucleotidase activities. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 117(1), 1 - 7 Biosynthesis of the core part of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Asonganyi TM et al.; The incorporation of rhamnose and glucose into the core part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using enzyme preparations from strain PAC1R and LPS-defective mutants derived from it . Crude membrane preparations from the LPS-defective mutant PAC556 transferred rhamnose from dTDP-L-{14C}rhamnose to material insoluble in trichloracetic acid . The preparations contained both transferase enzyme and acceptor, the former being destroyed by heating . Between 60 and 70% of the radioactive rhamnose transferred to the membranes was extractable by aqueous phenol and non-diffusible . The material extracted did not move in any of the chromatography solvents tested and contained rhamnose as the sole radioactive component . Soluble dTDP-L-rhamnose-LPS rhamnosyltransferase was obtained from the parent strain PAC1R by ammonium sulphate precipitation of a 105000 g supernatant fraction from broken bacteria . It was most active at pH 8 with 5 mM-MgCl2 and required heat-treated membranes of PAC556 as acceptor . This mutant, whose LPS lacks both O-antigenic side-chains and rhamnose in the core, was shown to lack either the epimerase or the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase used to synthesize dTDPrhamnose . After preincubation with soluble transferase and UDPglucose, heated membranes of mutant strains PAC611, PAC612 and PAC605 could also act as acceptors for rhamnose . These mutants all lacked some or all of the glucose as well as the rhamnose from the core of their LPS and the experiments thus provided confirmation that rhamnose was the terminal hexose of the core in P . aeruginosa PAC1. J Clin Pathol, 1980 Mar, 33(3), 297 - 301 Sensitivity to carbenicillin and ticarcillin, and the beta-lactamases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the UK in 1978-79; King JD et al.; A total of 438 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa supplied by 10 hospitals in the UK reporting an increase in resistance to carbenicillin was tested for sensitivity to carbenicillin and ticarcillin . It was found that 85% of the strains were inhibited by 125 microgram carbenicillin/ml and 87% by 50 microgram ticarcillin/ml, and that ticarcillin was from two- to four-fold more active than carbenicillin against the majority of these strains . Strains with a high level of resistance to carbenicillin (MIC greater than 1000 microgram/ml) possessed constitutive beta-lactamases, and five different types of enzyme were identified . There was good correlation between minimum inhibitory concentrations and the results of disc sensitivity tests in this study, 82% with the 100 microgram carbenicillin disc and 90( with the 75 microgram ticarcillin disc, but results reported in the hospital laboratory tests with the carbenicillin disc were less satisfactory (64% correlation) . From a comparison with data reported in 1967 there does not appear to have been a significant increase in the incidence of carbenicillin-resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa in the UK. Infect Immun, 1980 Mar, 27(3), 777 - 83 Influence of anti-slime glycolipoprotein serum on the interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and macrophages; Bartell PF et al.; Glycolipoprotein, a purified fraction of the exopolysaccharide slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was identified as responsible for a number of the biological activities of viable cells, including toxicity and immunogenicity capable of stimulating protective antibody against the lethal effects of viable cells . Antiserum against glycolipoprotein also mediated the phagocytosis and subsequent killing of viable P . aeruginosa by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages . In the absence of anti-glycolipoprotein serum, macrophages did not significantly reduce the number of bacteria . The presence of complement in the experimental mixture did not affect the reduction of bacteria by the macrophage in the presence of anti-glycolipoprotein serum . The limiting effect of antiserum concentration on macrophage activity was studied, and maximal activity was found at 2%, with no further increase in activity at 5% Preopsonization of the bacteria with anti-glycolipoprotein serum had little effect on the course of phagocytosis within the experimental conditions . Variations in bacterium-to-macrophage input ratios, ranging from 30:1 to 1:30, did not affect the capacity of the macrophages for phagocytosis. J Bacteriol, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 1055 - 63 Purification and properties of a binding protein for branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoshino T et al.; A binding protein for branched-chain amino acids was purified to a homogeneous state from shock fluid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PML14 . It was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 4.3 x 10(4) or 4.0 x 10(4) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or gel filtration, respectively . The isoelectric point was determined to be pH 4.1 by electrofocusing . Amino acid analysis of the protein showed that aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine were major components and that the protein contained only one residue each of tryptophan and cysteine per molecule . The binding protein contained no sugar . The binding activity of the protein was specific for the branched-chain amino acids . The protein also bound alanine and threonine with lower affinity . The dissociation constants of this protein for leucine, isoleucine, and valine were found to be 0.4, 0.3, and 0.5 microM, respectively . Mutants defective in the production of the binding protein were identified among the mutants deficient in a transport system for branched-chain amino acids (LIV-I) . The revertants from these mutants to LIV-I-positive phenotype simultaneously recovered normal levels of the binding protein . These findings suggest strongly the association of the binding protein with the LIV-I transport system. Am J Public Health, 1980 Mar, 70(3), 279 - 81 A preliminary survey of the association of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with commercial whirlpool bath waters; Kush BJ et al.; Conditions in commercial whirlpool baths were investigated and populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa surveyed . Conditions generally favored growth, and P . aeruginosa was demonstrated in 62.5 per cent of 24 samples of bath waters surveyed . Serotype 11, implicated in outbreaks of skin rash among bathers at whirlpool baths, was demonstrated most frequently, being isolated from 30 per cent of the 24 survey samples, and from 70 per cent of 20 additional samples from a single bath sampled on two days. Afr J Med Med Sci, 1980 Mar-Jun, 9(1-2), 49 - 51 Transferable drug resistance in Pseudomonas patients with premature rupture of membranes in Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sogbanmu MO et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured in eight patients with premature rupture of membranes in a Maternity Unit of the University of Ife Teaching Hospital Complex within a period of 48 h . Three of the strains were found to harbour R-factor DNA conferring high-level resistance to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, while two strains are able to transfer this drug resistance en bloc to drug-sensitive Escherichia coli . The significance of this in the light of a continuing study of drug resistant bacteria in Ile-Ife is discussed. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 474 - 6 Activity of cefotaxime-aminoglycoside combinations against aminoglycoside-resistant Pseudomonas; Murray PR; The activity of cefotaxime, either alone or combined with an aminoglycoside, was determined against 50 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 50, 33, and 10 were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, respectively . Cefotaxime inhibited 34 isolates at a concentration of 16 microgram/ml and all isolates at 128 microgram/ml . The combinations of cefotaxime with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were synergistic against 30, 17, and 9 isolates, respectively, and no antagonism was observed with any combination . Synergism was obtained at clinically significant antibiotic concentrations for nine isolates with cefotaxime-gentamicin, five isolates with cefotaxime-tobramycin, and nine isolates with cefotaxime-amikacin. Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Feb, 50(1), 53 - 61 Effects of somatic component of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protective immunity in experimental mouse burn infection; Okada K et al.; In the mouse burn model of Stieritz and Holder {19}, a three-component vaccine consisting of elastase toxoid, protease toxoid and the common antigen (OEP) of P . aeruginosa was found significantly effective on protection against subcutaneous injection with strain IFO 3455, but not with strains M2 or PF 2243 . Investigating the differences, it was clarified that somatic antigens of strains M2 and PF 2243 did not contain serological antigens cross-reacting with OEP . Accordingly, the protective effects of the somatic antigen of strains M2 were investigated with the result that both formalin and heat-killed antigens demonstrated significant protection against challenge with strain M2 in the mouse burn model . As strains PF 2243 and M2 were found to belong to the same serotype 16 of Homma's schema {23}, it is presumed that somatic antigens of serotype 16 are devoid of OEP . At the same time, it is suggested that the somatic component of P . aeruginosa is essential to the effects of the multi-component vaccines on protective immunity. Jpn J Exp Med, 1980 Feb, 50(1), 13 - 21 Complement activating property of the protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . I . Activation of both the classical and the alternative pathways of guinea pig complement; Inada K; Complement activating property of the protein-rich endotoxin (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated . The ability of OEP to consume the hemolytic complement (CH50) of guinea pig serum (GPS) was relatively lower than zymosan, a potent activator of the alternative pathway (AP) . The profiles of the complement consumption with OEP in GPS suggested that classical pathway (CP) activation seems to occur in addition to the AP-activation, because the consumption of the C3-C9, i.e., C3 total was relatively higher than those of C1, C4 and C2 . Further results stated below is confirmed this . OEP consumed complement in certain extent in C4-deficient GPS and also in factor B- or D-depleted GPS . In these sera either pathway of the AP or the CP was operated . However, OEP consumed complement quite in full extent in the EGTA-chelated serum, in which AP-activation took place in normal level . OEP was therefore found in this experiment to activate only the AP . The conversion of C3 in immunoelectrophoresis which is a evidence of the CP-and/or AP-activation was observed with OEP . It was suggested that the antibody against OEP did not participate in the consumption of complement, because the GPS priorly absorbed with OEP-coated sheep RBC, was retained fully to react with OEP . It was discussed that the active site of OEP as to the complement activation located on the LPS portion of OEP. J Protozool, 1980 Feb, 27(1), 80 - 6 Interactions of pseudomonas aeruginosa hemagglutinins with Euglena gracilis, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, and Tetrahymena pyriformis; Sharabi Y et al.; The galactosephilic and mannosephilic hemagglutinins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adsorbed onto Euglena gracilis, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, and Tetrahymena pyriformis . Furthermore, peroxidase binding to the 3 protozoan species was shown to be mediated by these lectins . Binding of Pseudomonas lectins to E . gracilis and C . reinhardi caused their specific agglutination, whereas no agglutination was observed with T . pyriformis, even after treatment by papain or by NaF . Added to the culture medium, the Pseudomonas hemagglutins stimulated growth of E . gracilis and T . pyriformis due to their binding to these protozoa; this effect was partly inhibited by the specific sugar. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 381 - 9 Catabolism of L-arginine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mercenier A et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to break down arginine by the arginine deiminase pathway . An additional pathway has now been found whereby arginine is converted to putrescine with agmatine and N-carbamoylputrescine as intermediates . The following enzyme activities belonging to this pathway were detected in crude extracts: arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19), which catalyses the release of CO2 from arginine to give agmatine; agmatine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.12), which degrades agmatine to N-carbamoylputrescine; and N-carbamoylputrescine amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.-), which then removes the ureido group of carbamoylputrescine . In crude extracts, arginine decarboxylase activity was stimulated by pyridoxal phosphate, Mg2+ and by the products of the catabolic pathway, putrescine and spermidine . Growth of P . aeruginosa on arginine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source markedly increased the activity of arginine decarboxylase . Agmatine and N-carbamoylputrescine induced the synthesis of agmatine deiminase and N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase . Addition of succinate or citrate to medium containing arginine or agmatine led to repression of the enzymes involved in the arginine decarboxylase pathway . Moreover, the repression of agmatine deiminase and N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase was further increased when P . aeruginosa was grown in media with agmatine plus glutamine or agmatine plus succinate and ammonia . This suggests that the expression of the agmatine pathway may be regulated by carbon catabolite repression as well as nitrogen catabolite repression. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 371 - 80 The catabolism of arginine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rahman M et al.; Mutants isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1632 (Hut-Ami) were unable to utilize L-arginine or L-ornithine as the carbon source for growth . Arginine deiminase (AD), catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (cOTC) and N2-acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT) were present in the mutants but these enzymes were not induced to higher levels by exogenous L-arginine . One group of mutants could utilize L-ornithine but not L-arginine and in these strains L-arginine induced the synthesis of ACOAT but not AD or cOTC . The mutations of the arginine utilization-negative mutants were all in genes of the same transductional linkage group and mapped in the 45 to 50 min region of the chromosome . Revertants isolated on L-arginine or L-ornithine plates were derepressed for the synthesis of ACOAT . It is suggested that L-arginine is normally catabolized by the wild-type strain via the arginine deiminase pathway and requires a threshold level of ACOAT . The regulatory factors controlling the functioning of the divergent arginine deiminase and arginine carboxylase pathways are discussed. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 357 - 69 Genes and enzymes of lysine catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rahman M et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 cannot utilize L-lysine effectively as a carbon source for growth but grows on cadaverine and glutarate . Strains PAO1 and PAO1632 (Hut-Ami-) have low activities for L-lysine uptake and for L-lysine decarboxylase but both strains gave rise to mutants that grew well on L-lysine . Strain PAO2087, isolated from PAO1, had an active L-lysine uptake system and an inducible L-lysine decarboxylase . Strain PAO2070, isolated from strain PAO1632, had an active L-lysine uptake system and a constitutive L-lysine decarboxylase . We suggest that the genetic defect of strain PAO1 (and PAO1632) that prevents growth of L-lysine is in a regulatory gene controlling the expression of linked genes for L-lysine permease and L-lysine decarboxylase . Mutants unable to utilize L-lysine as a carbon source, isolated from strain PAO2070, exhibited four distinct growth phenotypes . Transductional analysis showed that the genetic defects of these mutants could be distinguished from each other and from that of strain PAO1 . Group I mutants, unable to utilize glutarate, formed a single transduction linkage group and were mapped at about 20 min on the chromosome . The mutations of groups II, III and IV appeared to be in separate but linked genes . The group II mutants had no detectable L-lysine decarboxylase activity and the gene locus was mapped by interrupted mating in the 50 to 60 min region of the chromosome . The group III mutants possessed all the early enzymes of the L-lysine decarboxylase pathway and lacked only an active L-lysine uptake system. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 11(2), 123 - 6 Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime production by staphylococcal extracellular product; Shibl AM et al.; Staphylococcus aureus produced an inhibitory factor that suppressed slime formation by Psuudomonas aeruginosa but had little effect on the growth of the organism . The inhibitory factor was not found in broth cultures but could be extracted from cultures grown on solid agar . The inhibitory factor moderately inhibited gram-negative bacteria in addition to inhibiting a variety of gram-positive bacteria . The inhibitory factor was found to have a low molecular weight, as judged by its diffusibility, and it could be partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 . It was observed to be heat labile; however, its activity was stable within a wide pH range . The factor was resistant to deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and lipase, but sensitive to trypsin . The role of the inhibition of slime production in pathogenicity is discussed. J Infect Dis, 1980 Feb, 141(2), 238 - 47 Immunologic investigations of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of susceptibility to opsonic antibody in mucoid and nonmucoid strains; Baltimore RS et al.; Mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis, were studied for the prevalence of each of the seven Fisher immunotype antigens and were compared with their nonmucoid transformants, obtained by repeated subculturing, for susceptibility to opsonic antibody . Of the 30 strains tested--one from each of 30 patients--16 were typable and were tested in the opsonophagocytic assay with use of immunotype-specific rabbit antiserum; eight had significant opsonization by complement without antiserum . Of the eight strains requiring antiserum, seven strains required a higher minimum concentration of antiserum for a 1.0 log10 reduction of viable P . aeruginosa than the paired nonmucoid derivative . These end-point titers were significantly greater for nonmucoid Pseudomonas (P = 0.0007) . A mucoid strain not requiring antibody for opsonization was shown to use primarily the alternative complement pathway . These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the immunodeterminant for opsonic antibody in nonmucoid strains is blocked in the mucoid strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Feb, 17(2), 115 - 9 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of the inhibitory effects of cefotaxime, its anti isomer, and the syn S-oxide compound; Mirelman D et al.; The intrinsic effect of three novel methoxyimino derivatives of cephalosporin (cefotaxime {syn HR 756}; its anti isomer, R 02 5328 A; and the syn S-oxide derivative, HR 109) on the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa X-48 was investigated . Cefotaxime at very low concentrations (50% inhibition at 0.025 microgram/ml) inhibited the transpeptidase reaction which catalyzes the incorporation and attachment of newly synthesized peptidoglycan to the preexisting cell wall sacculus . The S-oxide compound, HR 109, was a much less efficient inhibitor of this reaction (50% inhibition at 0.55 microgram/ml), whereas the anti isomer of cefotaxime, R 02 5328 A, had no inhibitory effect . All three compounds were quite similar in being relatively poor inhibitors of D-alanine carboxypeptidase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 39(2), 398 - 406 Microbial transformation of kepone; Orndorff SA et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain KO3 and a mixed aerobic enrichment culture, isolated from sewage sludge lagoon water, were found to aerobically transform the chlorinated insecticide Kepone, yielding monohydro-Kepone . Identification of the product was confirmed by gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry . The mixed culture and P . aeruginosa strain KO3 produced about 4 and 16%, respectively, dihydro-Kepone, determined by cochromatography using authentic standards . Reduced amounts of monohydro-Kepone, compared with the mixed and pure cultures, were produced by James River sediment microorganisms . Kepone was not utilized as a sole carbon or energy source by any of the bacteria or mixed cultures examined in this study. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 26(2), 155 - 60 Mobilization of chromosomal determinants for the polar pili of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO by FP plasmids; Bradley DE; Pseudomonas aeruginosa polar pili are determined by chromosomal genes which can be mobilized by the plasmid FP2 into a non-piliated Rec+ recipient, but not into its Rec- derivative . Matings between strains with no pili (selected by resistance to pilus-specific bacteriophages), and strains, with non-retractile pili, give rise to recombinants with retractile pili. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 26(2), 146 - 54 A function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO polar pili: twitching motility; Bradley DE; Twitching motility is a mode of flagella-independent surface translocation exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria on solid media . All species exhibiting it carry thin pili, usually polar . This work shows that only PAO and K strains of P . aeruginosa with retractile (PSA) pili were able to move in this way, those with no pili or non-retractile pili remaining stationary . Specific agents such as anti-pilus serum, which prevents otherwise functional pili from retracting, also prevented twitching motility. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 124(2-3), 197 - 203 The enzymes of the ammonia assimilation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Janssen DB et al.; Glutamine synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is regulated by repression/derepression of enzyme synthesis and by adenylylation/deadenylylation control . High levels of deadenylylated biosynthetically active glutamine synthetase were observed in cultures growing with limiting amounts of nitrogen while synthesis of the enzyme was repressed and that present was adenylylated in cultures with excess nitrogen . NADP- and NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase could be separated by column chromatography and showed molecular weights of 110,000 and 220,000, respectively . Synthesis of the NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase is repressed under nitrogen limitation and by growth on glutamate . In contrast, NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase is derepressed by glutamate . Glutamate synthase is repressed by glutamate but not by excess nitrogen. J Immunol Methods, 1980, 36(3-4), 359 - 68 Formation of adherent monolayers of murine lymphocytes in vitro: the use of serum-free medium and concanavalin A-coated surfaces to promote adherence; Moolten FL et al.; Murine thymus and spleen cells formed adherent monolayers in polystyrene tissue culture flasks when plated in serum-free medium . In the presence of 2% serum, thymus cells adhered poorly, but adherence was greatly enhanced if the flasks had been coated noncovalently with the lectin, concanavalin A . Adherence of leukemic lymphocytes (L1210) required both serum-free medium and concanavalin A-coated flasks; the extent of attachment was proportional to the concentration of the lectin used to coat the flasks at concentrations up to 0.1 mg/ml . Once L1210 cells had attached, they could not be removed by exposure to serum, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, trypsin, or alpha-methyl mannoside . Adherent L1210 cells remained capable of metabolism and proliferation during intervals of up to 7 days . The use of adherent monolayers for cytotoxicity assays was demonstrated by an assay for Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin in EL4 murine leukemia cells. Curr Med Res Opin, 1980, 6(10), 663 - 9 Comparison of sisomicin and gentamicin in the treatment of serious systemic infections; Leal del Rosal P et al.; Sixty-nine hospitalized patients with serious systemic infections, mainly surgical wound infections, soft-tissue abscesses, peritonitis, or pneumonia, were treated either with sisomicin or gentamicin by parenteral administration for periods ranging from 5 to 14 days . In general, sisomicin-treated patients received a mean daily dosage of 2.6 to 3.9 mg/kg and gentamicin-treated patients 3.0 to 5.1 mg/kg . The results, based on the combined clinical and bacteriological responses, showed an overall cure rate of 74% for the 34 patients on sisomicin compared with 37% of the 30 patients on gentamicin for whom a definite evaluation could be made . This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.005) . The bacteriological findings also suggest that sisomicin was more effective than gentamicin in eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa from infected patients . Local tolerance was good to both drugs . A change in auditory function was reported in 1 patient on gentamicin . Mild changes in renal function, possibly drug related, were recorded in 5 patients (1 on sisomicin and 4 on gentamicin). Chir Forum Exp Klin Forsch . 1980;:73-7. {Oral application of bacterial vaccine for infection prophylaxis (author's transl)}; Seifert J et al.; Guinea pigs were orally and subcutaneously immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Whereas 93% of untreated control animals died after a subsequent IP infection, vaccinated animals developed an efficient protection . The mortality rate in orally pretreated animals was only 20% - 30% . Some immunological parameters were also improved by vaccination . IgG and IgM concentrations in serum increased, as did the agglutination titer against bacteria . Oral vaccination with heat inactivated pathogenic bacteria seems to be a promising procedure to improve the resistance of patients to bacterial infections. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 44 - 8 FR-31564, a new phosphonic acid antibiotic: bacterial resistance and membrane permeability; Kojo H et al.; Mutants which acquired resistance to FR-31564 were also resistant to fosfomycin and vice versa . Some exceptions to cross-resistance were found among clinical isolates of certain species . F