Pathogenic bacterium

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Oct, 44(10), 1923 - 7
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the contagious equine metritis organism by equine neutrophils in genital secretions; Bertram TA et al.; Equine neutrophils were combined with contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO) or Escherichia coli in vitro in the presence of seminal plasma, uterine flushings, or Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) . Phagocytosis and intracellular killing were estimated by bacterial culture and light and electron microscopy . With lysed neutrophils, the numbers of colony-forming units of CEMO and E coli increased in seminal plasma and uterine flushings . Numbers of CEMO decreased in HBSS . The numbers of CEMO increased more in the presence of seminal plasma than the other media . When neutrophils were in the various media, 29% to 32% of the CEMO were phagocytized by 120 minutes . At all sampling times and in all media types, more E coli than CEMO were observed to be associated with neutrophils . By 210 minutes' incubation in uterine flushings, seminal plasma, and HBSS, 60% to 75% of the intracellular CEMO were killed . Of the intracellular E coli in the various media, 85% to 90% were killed by 210 minutes . Seemingly, CEMO is an extracellular pathogenic bacteria and immunoglobulins in seminal plasma and uterine flushings from horses not previously infected with CEMO do not enhance CEMO phagocytosis or intracellular killing.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Sep, 44(9), 1641 - 3
Protection by oral administration of brucella abortus strain 19 against an oral challenge exposure with a pathogenic strain of Brucella; Nicoletti P et al.; Twenty heifers were vaccinated orally with Brucella abortus strain 19 . These heifers and 21 control heifers were challenge exposed in midgestation with strain 2308 by the oral route . Ten of 19 pregnant control heifers aborted and 14 were culture positive . Two additional heifers were seropositive at slaughter . Strain 2308 was recovered from 4 vaccinates at slaughter; none of the vaccinates aborted . Titers after oral vaccination persisted for less than 82 days.

J Gen Virol, 1983 Sep, 64 (Pt 9), 1973 - 82
Neuropathogenicity of herpes simplex virus in mice: protection against lethal encephalitis by co-infection with a non-encephalitogenic strain; Schroder CH et al.; Intraperitoneal infection of susceptible mice with an apathogenic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain prevented the lethal outcome of a challenge infection with a pathogenic strain, even if the challenge preceded the protective infection . It was found that the protective inoculation blocks the initial replication of the challenge virus . In addition, intraperitoneal infection with the protective HSV-1 strain led to the induction of a refractory state in the central nervous system, resulting in resistance to direct intracranial infection with HSV-1 . This state is also inducible locally by intracerebral inoculation of a non-replicating mutant virus . The results indicate that HSV-1 strains differing in neurovirulence may differ in the induction or the sensitivity to this protective effect . Experiments with non-replicating HSV-1 temperature-sensitive strains demonstrated that protection against lethal infection does not depend on replication or expression of late genes of the protective strain . Inoculation of animals with detergent-soluble extracts of infected cells or infected and u.v.-irradiated syngeneic cells protected the animals against co-infection with encephalitogenic challenge virus . The experiments define this protective effect as an antigen-induced-immediate host defence mechanism active within 24 h post-infection.

Infect Immun, 1983 Sep, 41(3), 1279 - 83
In vivo replication of pathogenic and attenuated strains of Junin virus in different cell populations of lymphatic tissue; Laguens M et al.; Lymphatic tissue is one of the main sites for replication of Junin virus . To characterize which cells are involved in that replication, the presence of Junin virus in purified populations of macrophages and dendritic cells from the spleens of guinea pigs infected with pathogenic and attenuated strains was investigated by immunofluorescence and intracerebral inoculation into newborn mice . The pathogenic strain was present both in macrophages and in dendritic cells, but the attenuated strain selectively infected dendritic cells . These observations suggest that the pathogenic behavior and replication efficiency of these two strains of Junin virus may be related to a difference in cell targets.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Aug, (8), 27 - 31
{Comparative study of the phospholipase activity of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira cultured on a serum-lecithin agar}; Levina LF et al.; The phospholipase activity of leptospires cultivated on serum-lecithin agar has been studied . Two zones of changes in the medium have been found to appear around the colonies of saprophytic Leptospira strains: transparent (5.25 +/- 2.09 mm wide) and turbid (6.90 +/- +/- 1.46 mm wide), which is linked with the production of phospholipases A and C . Only a single clear zone is formed around the colonies of pathogenic strains due to the production of phospholipase A . At the same time virulent Leptospira strains show greater phospholipase activity (the zones are 6.0 +/- 1.2 mm wide) than avirulent strains (the zones are 1.6 +/- +/- 0.04 mm wide).

Plast Reconstr Surg, 1983 Aug, 72(2), 217 - 21
Clinical experience with polydioxanone monofilament absorbable sutures in plastic surgery; Chusak RB et al.; Various sizes of undyed monofilament polydioxanone surgical suture were assessed in 52 surgical patients who underwent plastic surgery . With a single exception, follow-up observations were carried out for at least 40 days . Clinical results were judged satisfactory in 13 patients and excellent in 39 patients . The suture was found significantly better than gut in terms of pliability, ease of passage through tissue, ease of tying, strength, fray resistance, and overall handling properties . The undyed suture material tested in this study was rated as having inferior visibility when compared with surgical gut . This new suture material, the first synthetic absorbable available as a monofilament, would appear to be particularly useful in situations requiring extended wound support, in potentially infected wounds in which a monofilament suture would have lessened tendency to harbor pathogenic bacteria, and in cases where ease of passage through tissue, smooth tie-down, and precise knot placement are important.

Lab Anim Sci, 1983 Aug, 33(4), 355 - 60
Mouse hepatitis virus S in weanling Swiss mice following intranasal inoculation; Barthold SW et al.; Three-week-old outbred mice were inoculated intranasally with a mildly pathogenic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-S) . Tissues were analyzed for distribution of infectious virus, lesions, and viral antigen at intervals up to 49 days after inoculation . Sera were tested for neutralizing antibody to MHV-S . Within the first week of infection, virus was isolated from lung and brain of most mice and liver of one mouse, but not from blood, spleen, or intestine . Microscopic lesions consisted of mild olfactory mucosal necrosis, neuronal necrosis of olfactory bulbs and tracts, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and vacuolation in the brain, mild nonsuppurative pulmonary perivascular lymphocyte infiltration, focal interstitial pneumonia, and focal necrotizing hepatitis . The presence and distribution of MHV antigen, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence, correlated with virus recovery and acute lesions . No virus or antigen was demonstrable beyond day 7 . Serum antibody was first detected on day 10, and titers peaked on day 28 after infection.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Jul, 254(4), 561 - 5
Candida adherence to mucosal epithelial cells with regard to its pathogenicity; Macura AB et al.; Twelve Candida strains were tested to compare their ability to adhere to human buccal and vaginal mucosa epithelial cells in vitro . The tests were performed in 0.9% saline and in phosphate buffer with both kinds of cells and additionally in saliva with buccal cells . The time of incubation was either 30 or 90 min . The pathogenicity of all of the fungal strains had been evaluated previously using viability test in mice . Eight strains were found to be pathogenic while four strains were considered to be not pathogenic . Out of the pathogenic ones, 5 strains of C . albicans, two strains of C . guilliermondi and one strain of C . stellatoidea were found . Non-pathogenic single strains were identified as C . krusei, C . parapsilosis, C . pseudotropicalis and C . tropicalis . The adherence tests with the pathogenic strains revealed significantly higher values for vaginal epithelial cells after 30 as well as after 90 min of incubation both in phosphate buffer and in saline in comparison to non-pathogenic ones (p less than 0.01) . The adherence of the pathogenic strains to the buccal cells was significantly greater only after incubation in saline (p less than 0.05 after 30 min and p less than 0.01 after 90 min) . The above findings suggest that adherence may be of importance in fungal colonization on mucous membrane surface resulting in development of fungal infection.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1983 Jul, 32(4), 825 - 8
Protection against a pathogenic strain of Junin virus by mucosal infection with an attenuated strain; Samoilovich SR et al.; In order to determine the degree of mucosal infectivity of the attenuated XJCl3 strain of Junin virus, guinea pigs were orally or nasally inoculated . Infectivity was 85% for the oral and 100% for the nasal route, as detected by death or serum antibody development . The presence of serum antibodies was closely associated with resistance to challenge with the XJ pathogenic strain, which killed 100% of controls when inoculated by the parenteral or nasal route . However, mortality rates after mucosal infection were low, depending on the dose . Guinea pigs which survived nasal inoculation developed serum neutralizing antibodies, and were fully resistant to challenge with the XJ pathogenic strain.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Jul, 155(1), 438 - 42
Tn3 labeling of a cryptic plasmid found in the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas tabaci and mobilization of RSF1010 by donation; Obukowicz M et al.; pBPW1, a conjugative cryptic plasmid isolated from the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas tabaci BR2, was labeled with Tn3 . pBPW1::Tn3 and RSF1010 mobilization into Pseudomonas mellea recipients were separate events, not involving recombination of the two plasmids during conjugation.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jun, (6), 33 - 7
{Bactericidal activity of normal sera from various animal species against pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires}; Anan'ina IuV et al.; The leptospirocidal activity of 5 animal species against L . interrogans, L . biflexa and L . kazachstanica I and II, belonging to different serogroups and serovars, was studied . Cattle and sheep sera had no lytic effect on 36.9-40.1% of pathogenic Leptospira strains, but other pathogenic strains, as well as saprophytes, were lyzed by these sera . L . pomona and L . grippotyphosa exhibited high resistance to cattle serum, the latter being also resistant to sheep serum.

Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1983 Jun, 8(2), 145 - 63
Interstrain mitochondrial DNA polymorphism detected in Acanthamoeba by restriction endonuclease analysis; Bogler SA et al.; The genus Acanthamoeba includes pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of amebas with unclear taxonomic and evolutionary relationships . To explore these relationships further, we have examined mitochondrial DNA fragment patterns obtained for 15 Acanthamoeba strains by use of five restriction endonucleases . The mitochondrial DNA molecules were circular, averaging 41.6 +/- 1.5 kilobase pairs . Fragments resulting from endonuclease digestion of the DNA were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis . Ten distinct families of electrophoretic patterns (digestion phenotypes) were observed . Seven phenotypes were found for seven strains considered nonpathogenic or of unknown pathogenicity . Three phenotypes were associated with pathogenic strains . One of these phenotypes included a single pathogenic strain, a second included one pathogen and one strain of unknown pathogenicity, and the third included five pathogenic strains . The latter five were of widespread geographic origin and previously were assigned to two different species . The results suggest that extensive nucleotide sequence diversity occurs among strains from a single species of Acanthamoeba, but that subgroups of strains with similar sequences also occur . Thus, restriction enzyme analysis can identify clusters of strains and may be a useful approach to classification in the genus . Improvements in classification should help clarify relationships among pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.

Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 640 - 6
Acquisition of alpha 1-Antitrypsin by a pathogenic strain of Trichomonas vaginalis; Peterson KM et al.; The interaction of alpha 1-Antitrypsin, the major serine protease inhibitor in plasma, with pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis and the acquisition by trichomonads of this host protein from normal human plasma were investigated . alpha 1-Antitrypsin acquired by intact parasites could not be removed by repeated washings in phosphate-buffered saline . Saturation kinetics were observed after incubation of glutaraldehyde-fixed organisms with 125I-labeled alpha 1-antitrypsin . Evidence suggesting that specific parasite membrane sites were responsible for trichomonal acquisition of alpha 1-antitrypsin was obtained through competitive binding experiments using purified preparations of homologous versus heterologous plasma proteins . No evidence of degradation of bound antitrypsin by live parasites was observed . The avid binding of alpha 1-antitrypsin by pathogenic T . vaginalis after incubation in normal human plasma was demonstrated by using sensitive electrophoretic and immunodetection techniques . Radioimmunoprecipitation of intrinsically labeled, detergent-solubilized extracts of T . vaginalis incubated with monospecific antisera against alpha 1-antitrypsin and other human plasma proteins revealed the inability of parasites to biosynthesize any substance cross-reactive with host plasma proteins . Finally, T . vaginalis organisms pretreated with alpha 1-antitrypsin inhibited trypsin caseinase activity in an in vitro assay . The implications of these observations are discussed.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Apr 5, 131(3), 473 - 80
Quantitative double-label radiography of two-dimensional protein gels using color negative film and computer analysis; Goldman RC et al.; We have devised a method of data collection and computer analysis which allows utilization of the resolving power of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins, in conjunction with the versatility of using two different radionuclides simultaneously . Cultures of Escherichia coli growing with exponential growth rate constants (mu) of 0.32 and 1.43 were labeled with {3H}leucine and {14C}leucine, respectively; these samples were mixed, and cell protein was separated on a two-dimensional gel . Spacial and quantitative data for both radionuclides were recorded on color negative film by radiographic exposure . Data for 14C alone were then collected photographically from the red-light-sensitive layer of the film using a red filter, while data for 3H and spillover of 14C were collected photographically from the blue-light-sensitive layer using a blue filter . These two data sets were analyzed by CINT, a computer program for analysis of two-dimensional gels, and quantitative data for 3H were calculated after determination of spillover of 14C in a manner analogous to quantification of 3H and 14C by liquid scintillation counting . Quantitative data from over 1000 protein spots representing from 0.002% to 10% of the total 3H or 14C, respectively, are available in a matter of hours . We have used this method to analyze the effect of growth rate and medium composition on the relative levels of individual proteins in a pathogenic strain of E . coli which contains group 111 O-antigen . As expected, the relative levels of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, protein chain elongation factors, ribosomal proteins, and the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase are all increased with increased growth rate; the magnitude of these changes agreed with previous data derived using other strains of E . coli . Alterations in the levels of other proteins identified on the two-dimensional gels could be interpreted in terms of changes in medium composition . When compared to manual data collection by excising radiolabeled proteins and quantifying 3H and 14C in a liquid scintillation counter following combustion to H2O and CO2, respectively, this new method of data collection and computer analysis increases the resolution of data collection and decreases the time involved from days to hours.

Cornell Vet, 1983 Apr, 73(2), 125 - 30
Infertility in heifers caused by pathogenic strain of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium; Saed OM et al.; Mycoplasma bovigenitalium (M . bovigenitalium, strain AL) was inoculated by insemination during estrous into the uterus or the cervix of 12 heifers . The inoculum consisted of a mixture of M . bovigenitalium (strain AL) and diluted semen taken from a highly fertile bull free of mycoplasma infection . Mycoplasma organisms were recovered 3 days postinoculation (PI) from the vaginal mucous of eight of 12 inoculated heifers, and at weekly intervals thereafter until the time of necropsy . All inoculated heifers had granular vulvovaginitis; some also had mucopurulent vaginal discharges . Six of the 12 infected heifers were inseminated more than once, yet none became pregnant . Macroscopic changes observed at necropsy in the genital tracts, in addition to granular vulvovaginitis, consisted of mucopurulent discharges emananting from the uterus, cervix, and vagina . All ovaries had corpora lutea . Mycoplasmas were recovered at necropsy from eight of the 12 heifers . Isolations were made from the vaginal wall, cervix, uterus, right and left oviducts, and the ovaries . All recovered mycoplasms were identified as M . bovigenitalium . It was concluded that M . bovigenitalium (strain AL) can cause inflammatory changes and infertility in heifers.

J Clin Pathol, 1983 Apr, 36(4), 454 - 8
Demonstration of pathogenic bacteria in "sterile" inflammatory exudates; Bridger RC; One hundred and twenty-seven exudates from inflammatory processes, judged sterile after incubation on standard isolation media, were further investigated . This involved the exclusion of slow-growing strains by a further 48 hours incubation of the primary plates and subcultures from hypertonic broth that had been inoculated concurrently with the initial cultures . Over 80% of otherwise sterile exudates grew presumptive pathogens only after passage through the hypertonic broth and no further isolations resulted from extended incubation of the primary cultures . A history of current, or recent, antibiotic therapy commonly accompanied the demonstration of these aberrant strains and clinical remission of symptoms usually followed fresh antibiotic therapy directed solely against the revertant isolates.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Apr, 254(2), 261 - 5
Activation of complement by leptospires and its bactericidal activity; Cinco M et al.; Bactericidal activity of complement was found to be effective on saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strains and not on Leptospira interrogans strains, by means of viable counting; the killing effect on saprophytic strains was probably due to a direct activation of the complement system via the alternative pathway . On the contrary the pathogenic strains seemed to activate the complement at a lower extent and were, in any case, resistant to the lytic action of the activated complement.

Conn Med, 1983 Mar, 47(3), 138 - 41
The Dalkon Shield debate; Goodhue PA; PIP: The literature seems to have settled the controversy among physicians as to whether or not the Dalkon Shield is the real culprit in the relationship between IUD use and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) . This review of the literature suggests that all types of IUDs in use have the potential to enhance PID . The Dalkon Shield debate today is primarily between attorneys for A.H . Robins and attorneys for Plaintiffs who claim injury from PID and infected pregnancies . The National Law Journal on January 11, 1982 reported that in July 1979 a jury in Denver, Colorado awarded a patient $600,000 in compensatory damages and $6.2 million punitive damages against A.H . Robins, maker of the Dalkon Shield . Already verdicts and settlements against Robins in some 3200 cases have cost the company about $69 million . More than 1500 lawsuits are pending, seeking a total of $2.8 billion in compensatory and punitive damages from Robins . In view of this information another review of the literature is not superfluous . Clinical experience proved that the Dalkon Shield was the 1 IUD most likely not to be expelled . The disadvantages were pain on insertion and removal . Many of this doctor's patients, especially those who were nulliparous, experienced syncopal attacks on insertion . The clinical experience was also that the contraceptive failure rate was greater than the reported 1.1% . For these reasons Dalkon Shield insertions were stopped . Pelvic infection was not a determining factor in abandoning the use of the Dalkon Shield . A most damaging study for the Dalkon Shield appeared in June 1974 . Christian reported 5 midtrimester maternal deaths and 7 cases of septic abortion associated with IUD usage . The Dalkon Shield was involved in 10 cases, and 2 cases involved the Lippes Loop . This report created suspicion that there might be something about the design of the Dalkon Shield that allows dissemination of infection . June 28, 1974 Robins voluntarily suspended domestic distribution of the Dalkon Shield at the request of the US Food and Drug Administration, but there was no recall of the device until September 1980 . An extensive study in 1977 by Eschenbach et al . concluded that IUD users have a 4.4 times greater risk of developing PID than nonusers, and no particular type of IUD was found to be disproportionately associated with PID . Purrer et al . in 1979 published a 2nd in vitro study on IUD tails exposed to pathogenic bacteria . The study totally disagreed with the conclusions of Tatum that condemned the multifilament tail of the Dalkon Shield . In sum the Dalkon Shield debate is no longer of clinical significance .

Angew Parasitol, 1983 Feb, 24(1), 55 - 9
Haematophagous behaviour of Menacanthus eurysternus (Mallophaga, Amblycera); Agarwal GP et al.; Haematophagous nature of some mallophagan species is of great concern to the scientists working in the field . Such species cause harm to the host directly by reducing vitality and productivity and indirectly by acting as reservoir and transmitter of pathogenic strains of infectious diseases . Menacanthus eurysternus infesting common myna Acridotheres tristis feeds exclusively on host blood obtained by piercing the quill of pin feathers and by gnawing through the epidermis . As much as 88.56% adults, 73.91% third instar nymphs, 66.66% second instar nymphs and 83.21% first instar nymphs were found feeding on the host blood, when examined microscopically . This mallophagan species does not harbour any triturating agent and is not involved in cannibalism or predation.

Vopr Virusol, 1983 Jan-Feb, 28(1), 43 - 6
{Enzyme activity of the neuraminidase from various strains of the influenza A virus}; Mazhul' LA et al.; Some chemical properties of neuraminidase of the mouse-pathogenic strain A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and the mouse-apathogenic strain A/Krasnodar/101/59 (H2N2) were studied . Neuraminidase of the pathogenic strain was shown to have a lower specific activity, lower resistance and lower sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of CI ions than neuraminidase of the nonpathogenic strain.

Acta Chir Scand, 1983, 149(3), 307 - 13
The incidence of bacteria in gallbladder bile at acute and elective cholecystectomy; Truedson H et al.; Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultivation was carried out on gallbladder bile collected from all patients operated on with cholecystectomy during a 10-month period . Acute cholecystectomy was performed on 34 patients because of acute cholecystitis . Elective cholecystectomy was performed on 177 patients because of non-acute gallbladder pathology . Bacteria were found in gallbladder bile in 16.4% of patients with non-acute cholecystopathy compared to 58.8% of patients with acute cholecystitis (p less than 0.001) . An increased incidence of pathogenic bacteria was observed in the acute compared to the elective cholecystectomy material . The acute inflammatory process, its severity and the age of the patient seemed to be important factors which could be related to the increased occurrence of bacteria in the gallbladder bile . A higher incidence of postoperative morbidity and infectious complications was found in patients with pathogenic bacteria in gallbladder bile than in patients with no growth of bacteria or opportunistic bacteria in gallbladder bile.

Ann Rech Vet, 1983, 14(4), 469 - 72
Role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of porcine Escherichia coli enterotoxaemia; Bertschinger HU et al.; The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of E . coli enterotoxaemia was studied in weaned pigs inoculated with a field strain of E . coli O139:K82(B):H 4 . Feeds extremely low in nutrients (5% crude protein, 4.6 MJ/kg digestible energy, 17% crude fibre) completely prevented the disease by inhibiting proliferation of the pathogenic bacteria in the intestine . This protective effect of the diet could not be used for disease control, because the pigs did not develop immunity . A diet moderately low in nutrients (8% crude protein, 9 MJ/kg digestible energy, 11% crude fibre) allowed proliferation of the inoculated bacteria to the point, where most of the pigs developed solid immunity and losses were significantly reduced . This diet combined with inoculation of the pigs with herd specific organisms allowed control of the disease in the field.

Acta Chir Scand, 1983, 149(3), 315 - 21
Elective cholecystectomy with intraperitoneal drain . A bacteriological evaluation; Truedson H et al.; The occurrence of bacteria in 108 patients operated on with elective cholecystectomy was investigated in specimens from preoperative skin, gallbladder bile, drain wound secretion and drainage fluid . Growth of bacteria in gallbladder bile was found in 13% and in drainage fluid in 46% of the patients . The occurrence of bacteria in drainage fluid was not correlated with the operative time or the experience of the surgeon . The presence of pathogenic bacteria in the drainage fluid in our investigation was related to increased amounts of drainage fluid and to increased incidence of infectious complications (manifest or suspected intra-abdominal abscess and wound infection) . Growth of bacteria analogous to those found in drainage fluid was observed in gallbladder bile (5% of the patients), in preoperative skin culture (12%) and in drain wound secretion (14%) . Most of the bacteria in the drainage fluid seemed to come from an exogenic source . However, in 35% of the patients with bacteria in the gallbladder bile analogous bacteria were demonstrated in the drainage fluid . Since an increased occurrence of bacteria in gallbladder bile has been found in patients with acute cholecystitis and in patients more than 60 years of age the use of intraperitoneal drain from a bacteriological point of view could thus be limited to these groups of patients.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1983 Jan-Feb, 134C(1), 25 - 30
Synergism between iron chelators and complement for bactericidal activity; Rivier D et al.; Iron-binding agents such as the plasma protein transferrin or the siderophore desferal from Streptomyces pilosus inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, supposedly by interfering with iron uptake by those bacteria . This study shows that anti-Escherichia coli activity exerted by desferal and transferrin can be increased in a synergistic way by complement and anti-E . coli antibodies of normal serum.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983, 77(2), 248 - 53
Resistance to lysis by human serum of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica; Reed SL et al.; A comparison was made of susceptibility to lysis by human sera among five non-pathogenic and 11 pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica already characterized into zymodemes . The nonpathogenic strains were found to be uniformly susceptible to lysis . Nine of 11 pathogenic strains, including five strains isolated from liver abscesses, were found to be resistant to lysis by serum under identical conditions . Resistance to complement-mediated lysis may be an inherent property of most pathogenic strains and may prove to be a necessary virulence factor for dissemination.

Intervirology, 1983, 19(1), 44 - 6
Cytogenetic effect of two strains of Junin virus in the guinea pig; Dulout FN et al.; The cytogenetic effect of two strains of Junin virus on bone marrow chromosomes of the guinea pig was studied . Animals infected with the attenuated strain XJ-Cl3 showed no differences from control animals . Guinea pigs inoculated with the pathogenic strain XJ exhibited a significant increase of abnormal cells, chromatid breaks, and chromosome fragments . The clastogenic ability of the XJ strain is similar to the reported effect of other viruses, while the XJ-Cl3 strain does not appear to be clastogenic.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983 Jan, 80(1), 70 - 4
Characterization of an antigenic determinant of the glycoprotein that correlates with pathogenicity of rabies virus; Dietzschold B et al.; The pathogenicity of fixed rabies virus strains for adult mice depends on the presence of an antigenic determinant on the viral glycoprotein . Two virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been used to identify this determinant . All pathogenic strains of fixed rabies virus bind to these antibodies and are neutralized by them, whereas nonpathogenic strains fail to react with these monoclonal antibodies and are not neutralized by them . Antigenic variants of the rabies virus with altered glycoprotein were selected by growing virus in the presence of one monoclonal antibody, 194-2 . All variants that lost their ability to react with this antibody and an additional antibody, 248-8, were found to be nonpathogenic for adult mice . Analysis of tryptic peptides of the glycoproteins of pathogenic parent virus and nonpathogenic variants and the amino acid sequence of a specific variant tryptic peptide revealed that the change in pathogenicity corresponded to an amino acid substitution at position 333 of the glycoprotein molecule . The nucleotide sequence of the nonpathogenic variant glycoprotein gene contained a base change that confirmed the single amino acid substitution in the tryptic peptide replacing arginine-333 in the parental glycoprotein . We conclude that arginine-333 is essential for the integrity of an antigenic determinant and for the ability of rabies viruses to produce lethal infection in adult mice.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(4), 219 - 22
{Infection of New World primates with Junín virus . IV . Aotus trivirgatus}; Samoilovich SR et al.; Owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) were inoculated with XJ, a pathogenic strain of Junin virus, seeking new animal models for Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever . Nine monkeys were inoculated intramuscularly with 30 or 300,000 TCID50 of junin virus . Hematological and virological studies showed no alteration in blood elements such as red cell, reticular cell and platelets, up to 28 days after inoculation . Hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations also remained constant . However, significant neutropenia was seen at day 11 and minimal viremia was detected in some animals during the second and third week post-inoculation . No clinical or behavioral modifications were observed during the eighty-days observation period . Non-specific necropsy findings included pyelonephritis, pneumonitis, liver abscess and eosinophilic spleen infiltrate . All of these findings seem to be unrelated to Junin virus inoculation . No virus was present in organs of animals killed 29, 57 or 85 days post-inoculation . All nine owl monkeys developed serum neutralizing antibodies by day 22 . It is concluded that the owl monkey suffers a subclinical infection when inoculated with Junin virus, similar to that seen in other primate species (Saimiri sciureus and Alouatta caraya).

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(4), 205 - 12
{Development of the infection in guinea pigs infected with the attenuated variant XJO of Junín virus}; de Guerrero LB et al.; As previously shown, the XJO variant of Junin virus (JV) is attenuated and elicits in guinea pigs a lasting humoral response and resistance to the challenge with XJ pathogenic strain, during at least three months . In this paper the long term evolution of guinea pigs inoculated with XJO by im route was studied . Ten animals were infected with 10(3) PFU of XJO at day 0 (group I) and an other 10, at days 0 and 77 (group II) . Another 30 guinea pigs were inoculated with 10(2) PFU at day 0 (group III) and 30 at days 0 and 12 (group IV) . The animals were observed during 12 months . Circulating complement fixing (CF) and neutralizing (Nt) antibodies were measured at different periods pi in all groups, and lots of four guinea pigs from groups III and IV were challenged with 10(2) PFU of XJ strain at 120, 180, 240 and 360 days pi . Independently of the number of inoculations, the humoral response was similar in the four groups . CF antibodies appeared in all animals around 30 days pi in low values (1:4-1:8) and after a peak, which in a few animals reached 1:32-1:64, returned to previous levels by 12 months pi . Nt antibodies, first detected 15-20 days pi, reached maximum titers by 75-80 days pi, decreasing afterwards to a plateau which persisted throughout the 12 month period (Fig . 1A-B) . Probably the continuous presence of antibodies could account for the 100% resistance to the challenge with XJ pathogenic strain shown by these animals (table I).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1982 Nov-Dec, 18(6), 885 - 92
{Quantitative bacteriology of sputum collected by a simple technic limiting salivary contamination}; Beck G et al.; A simple non-invasive method to improve the reliability of bacteriological analyses of sputum was evaluated in 25 patients with chronic bronchitis . This method consists of placing dental cotton swabs between the cheek and the gum and under the tongue at the level of the excretory salivary glands . Once these plugs are in place, the sputum is collected by coughing under the control of a physiotherapist . The quantitative bacteriological data from sputum collected by the "protected" and "unprotected" methods were compared with those from bronchial secretions collected by transtracheal aspiration, used as reference method . Oropharyngeal cells and commensal bacteria were isolated at a significantly lower frequency in sputum collected by the protected method . Considering the predominant pathogenic bacteria, an excellent correlation was obtained between transtracheal aspiration and sputum in 80% of cases when sputum was collected by protected method and in 68% of cases by unprotected method . In four patients, the transtracheal aspiration was sterile, while a potentially pathogenic organism associated with a high leukocyte numeration was identified in sputum . All the potential pathogens isolated in the positive transtracheal aspiration were recovered in the protected sputum (100%), but they could be associated with a non-predominant commensal flora (11 cases) or a potentially misleading pathogenic bacteria (2 cases).

Infect Immun, 1982 Oct, 38(1), 360 - 7
Toxoplasmosis in immunoglobulin M-suppressed mice; Frenkel JK et al.; Mice challenged with a pathogenic strain of Toxoplasma gondii develop fatal infections . However, if such mice are initially treated with sulfadiazine (SD), they develop immunity and survive with chronic infections . The role of antibody (Ab) in establishing protective immunity against acute parasitemias and in maintaining chronic infections was investigated using B-cell-deficient (immunoglobulin M-suppressed), T-cell-deficient (athymic), and normal BALB/c mice . All mice not receiving SD treatment rapidly died (mean 7.5 days) after infection, but the majority (80%) of intact mice developed immunity during SD treatment and survived for over 5 months with chronic toxoplasmosis . Athymic mice rapidly died (mean 6.0 days) after the removal of SD treatment . Although all SD-treated immunoglobulin M-suppressed mice eventually died, they lived considerably longer (18 to 83 days) in the complete absence of antitoxoplasma Ab than unprotected mice (7 to 9 days) . Histopathological sections of liver, lung, brain, and other tissues showed that toxoplasma organisms gave rise to fatal lesions in all nonsurviving animals . The injection of Ab into acutely infected and athymic mice imparted no protection, but transfer of antitoxoplasma Ab (titer greater than 1:8,000) to immunoglobulin M-suppressed mice after SD treatment resulted in elimination of the parasites in 50% of the mice . Results of this study suggest that Ab may not be decisive in acute infections, but may be important in controlling long-term toxoplasmosis.

Infect Immun, 1982 Oct, 38(1), 35 - 40
Purification of TR-b, a Reiter treponeme protein antigen precipitating with antibodies in human syphilitic sera; Petersen CS et al.; TR-b is a Reiter treponeme antigen, cross-reacting with an antigen in Treponema pallidum (Nichols pathogenic strain) . Sera from patients with secondary syphilis contain precipitating antibodies against TR-b . The isolation of TR-b from a bacterial sonic extract is described here . It involved five fractionation steps: anion-exchange chromatography (DE-52 Whatman), gel filtration (Ac-A-22 Ultrogel), and affinity chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose CL 4B, iminodiacetic acid-Sepharose CL 4B, and lysine-Sepharose 4B, respectively . The purified TR-b was enriched 199 times compared with the starting material, and the recovery was 12% . TR-b was shown to be a protein; it did not bind to a series of lectins, and by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the molecular weight was determined to be 610,000 to 630,000 . It was found by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be composed of identical 70,000-dalton subunits . The isolated TR-b was immunologically pure when tested in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against polyspecific anti-Reiter immunoglobulin . The purified TR-b antigen was used for the production of a monospecific rabbit antiserum, giving strong fluorescence with both the Reiter treponeme and T . pallidum in an indirect immunofluorescence test.

Klin Padiatr, 1982 Sep-Oct, 194(5), 295 - 7
Bacteriological quality control in a human milk bank; Ikonen RS et al.; The best nutrient for newborn babies is breast milk and preferably provided via breast feeding . Pooled human milk must be used when the babies' own mother's milk is not available . Very often pooled milk is pasteurised . Recent studies, however, suggest avoidance of any sterilisation procedures in view of the decreased nutritional value and loss of anti-infective benefits associated with heating of human milk . In this study a quality control system of banked human milk based on the recent literature is presented . The purpose of systematic bacteriological monitoring is to separate those milk samples contaminated with pathogenic bacteria from the bulk of the collected milk which has only light contamination with likely nonpathogenic skin bacteria . According to our new standards of classification, over 60 per cent of the collected milk proved to be sufficiently free of bacteria to be fed unheated to pre-term infants . Most of the remainder could be fed unheated to full-term infants and less than 10 per cent had to be pasteurised.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1982 Aug, 14(3), 127 - 40
Causal agents of bovine theileriosis in southern Africa; Uilenberg G et al.; One pathogenic and 4 mild bovine Theileria strains from southern Africa, all transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, were compared amongst themselves as well as to bovine and buffalo strains of the T . parva complex from eastern and southern Africa and to bovine strains of T . taurotragi from Tanzania considered to be derived from eland antelope . Criteria used were parasitological, clinical, serological and cross-immunity characters . The mild strains are similar to bovine T . taurotragi . Serological evidence suggested that T . taurotragi is also infective to sheep . The pathogenic strain belongs to the T . parva complex; the latter consists of a series of types with different behaviour ranging from the lawrencei-type (of buffalo) causing Corridor disease, through the bovis-type causing Rhodesian malignant theileriosis to the parva-type causing classical East Coat fever . Seven cattle-tick passages of a bovis-type strain did not result in transformation into a parva-type . Four species of bovine Theileriae are now known to occur in southern Africa: T . parva (lawrencei- and bovis-types) and T . taurotragi, both transmitted by R . appendiculatus, and T . mutans and T . velifera both with Amblyomma spp . as vectors.

J Gen Virol, 1982 Jul, 61 (Pt l), 101 - 4
The overall evolution of the H7 influenza virus haemagglutinins is different from the evolution of the proteolytic cleavage site; Bosch FX et al.; It has been shown previously that the pathogenicity of avian influenza A viruses depends strictly on the proteolytic cleavability of their haemagglutinins (HAs) in infected cells . In this communication, pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of the H7 subtype have been studied by comparing the genetic relatedness of their HA genes . Some of the cleavable HAs of pathogenic strains were genetically more closely related to the uncleaved HAs than to other cleavable HAs . These data clearly demonstrate that the overall evolution of the H7 haemagglutinins is different from the evolution of the specific cleavage site.

J Periodontol, 1982 Jul, 53(7), 446 - 8
Material adherent to probes during a periodontal examination . Light and electron microscopic observations; Barnett ML et al.; The material adherent to a periodontal probe during the examination of deep periodontal pockets was studied with light and electron microscopy . Most of the specimens contained bacteria with a morphology which has been associated with a pathogenic flora . The findings suggest that periodontal probes may have the potential of transmitting pathogenic bacteria from involved sites to other sites in the mouth, although it remains to be demonstrated that this will result in actual implantation of the organisms at the new sites.

J Parasitol, 1982 Jun, 68(3), 457 - 62
Polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis to secretions of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis; Mason PR et al.; Polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis to secretions of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were investigated . Cells from three groups, laboratory workers, patients with urogenital symptoms, and asymptomatic patients attending an antenatal clinic, all showed greater response to secretions of pathogenic strains, when the secretion was dilute . At higher concentrations of secretion, responses to both strains were similar, except in the pregnant group, where increased chemotaxis to pathogenic strains was still evident.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1982 May, 14(2), 93 - 7
Mastitis survey in Bolivia; Edwards S et al.; Quarter milk samples were taken from 1,090 cows on 24 dairy farms in southeastern Bolivia . Nineteen per cent were positive in the milk quality test for subclinical mastitis, 12% for presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and 4% for both . The prevalence of infection was related to management factors.

Arch Microbiol, 1982 May, 131(3), 252 - 4
Age dependent alterations in phospholipid composition of a saprophytic and a pathogenic strain of Nocardia; Trana AK et al.; Nocardia polychromogenes (saprophytic) and Nocardia asteroides (pathogenic) showed characteristic patterns in changes of cellular lipids during growth . Total lipids and total phospholipids decreased with the age of the culture in the saprophytic strain, whereas in the pathogenic strain total lipids increased throughout the culture period and the total phospholipids decreased in the late stationary phase . The decrease in total phospholipids in saprophytic strain was reflected in the individual phosphatides . In the pathogenic strain, the phosphatidylinositomannoside content doubled in early stationary phase . Differences were observed in fatty acid composition of phosphatides at various stages of growth, but the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids remained unaltered.

Infect Immun, 1982 May, 36(2), 830 - 3
Capsular material of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and its possible relevance to the pathogenic process; Tajima M et al.; A ruthenium red-staining capsule was observed on two pathogenic strains, but not on one nonpathogenic strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum . The capsule appeared to mediate cytadsorption of mycoplasmas to the chicken tracheal epithelium without evidence of membrane fusion . No relationship was seen between the presence of capsule and hemagglutination titers of the strains examined.

Fortschr Med, 1982 Apr 8, 100(13), 592 - 8
{What therapeutic possibilities exist in acute antibiotic-resistant and chronic infections}; Seifert J et al.; Since the rate of mortality in severe sepsis could not be changed in the last years even not by sophisticated antibiotics, and since the mutants of bacteria resistant to antibiotics are permanently increasing, other possibilities must be taken into considerations to prevent or to treat infections . The improvement of the patient's own immune resistance by active or passive immunizations seems to be a cooperative or alternative way to overcome severe and chronic infections . In animal experiments the efficacy of gammaglobulin treatment of a severe infection was tested . The positive result i.e . improvement of the mortality from 75% to 45%, stimulated to a controlled clinical study, in which severe infected patients were additionally treated with gammaglobulin and compared with those without gammaglobulin treatment . Patients with gammaglobulin treatment showed a much better outcome of their infection than control patients . The rate of infections as well as time of hospital stay and other clinical and laboratory parameters were markedly improved in gammaglobulin-treated patients . Also the principle of active immunization was tested in animal experiments . Guinea pigs were orally vaccinated with heat inactivated pathogenic bacteria . In a following challenge infection vaccinated animals survived in a high percentage whereas control animals died . This success in vaccinating animals did lead to a controlled clinical study with patients suffering from chronic bone infection . Patients were treated orally with heat inactivated bacteria over a time of 8 weeks . Not only laboratory data indicating an improved immune response were changed by the treatment but also the clinical findings . These results indicate clearly that infections can be treated not only by attacks against bacteria but also by the improvement of the patient's own bacterial resistance.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1982 Mar, 13(1), 91 - 5
Further studies on the susceptibility of new Taiwan foci of Oncomelania hupensis to geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum; Lee KM et al.; Two known colonies of O.h chiui in Alilao and of O.h . formosana in Changhua and four new foci of snails in Nantou, Chiayi, Hualien and Taitung on Taiwan were exposed each to 5 miracidia of Changhua Zoophilic strain and Chinese, Philippine and Indonesian anthropopilic or human strains of S . Japonicum . The results showed that all four new foci demonstrated various degrees of susceptibility to this parasite . Infectivity of Chinese strain of S . japonicum in 4 new foci of snails is reported for the first time . Changhua race of O . hupensis was also found slightly susceptible to Chinese strain of the parasite . The average infection rate to both zoophilic and human strains of S . japonicum was 39.0%, 14.5%, 10.8% and 9.8% for Taitung, Chiayi, Hualien and Nantou snails respectively . Susceptible snails now been found in 7 counties and if by chance human pathogenic strains of the parasite were accidentally introduced into Taiwan, a public health problem could possibly develop.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1982 Mar, 106(3), 108 - 11
Sporadic Legionellaceae pneumonia in renal transplant recipients . A survey of 70 autopsies, 1964 to 1979; Goldstein JD et al.; The discovery in recent years of previously unrecognized pathogenic bacteria now classified in the family Legionellaceae raised the possibility that significant but undetected infections from these organisms might have occurred in the past . The known susceptibility of immunosuppressed patients to these organisms led us to examine, by direct immunofluorescence, lung tissue from 70 autopsies of renal transplant recipients . Only two cases were detected, one each due to Legionella bozemanii (WIGA) and L micdadei (Pittsburgh pneumonia gent) . The lack of cases in this high-risk population contrasts with recent outbreaks at several other institutions and highlights the focal and frequently nosocomial distribution of these infections . A reservoir for these organisms probably did not exist at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, during the 15-years period of this study.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Mar, 145(3), 331 - 6
New attenuation marker for junin virus based on immunologic responses of guinea pigs; Galassi NV et al.; A new attenuation marker to distinguish a virulent strain (XJJV) from an attenuated strain (XJC13JV or XJOJV) of Junin virus by means of the humoral and cellular responses to unrelated antigens was studied in guinea pigs . Strain XJJV suppressed the humoral immune response, as shown by the lower titers of precipitating antibody to ovalbumin . The concomitant decrease in serum complement level contributed to a milder Arthus cutaneous reactivity . In contrast, the attenuated strains did not decrease the humoral response . The pathogenic strain suppressed cell-mediated immunity, as demonstrated by decreased contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene and by depression of delayed skin reactions to tuberculin purified protein derivative . When attenuated strains were used, such suppressive effects were not observed . For virulent strain XJJV, virus replication in lymphoid organs and immunosuppressive effects were correlated . These findings provide a further means to differentiate between virulent and attenuated strains of Junin virus for the purpose of vaccine control of Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

Infect Immun, 1982 Feb, 35(2), 425 - 30
Cross-protection in nonhuman primates against Argentine hemorrhagic fever; Weissenbacher MC et al.; The susceptibility of the marmoset Callithrix jacchus to Tacaribe virus infection was investigated to perform cross-protection studies between Junin and Tacaribe viruses . Five marmosets inoculated with Tacaribe virus failed to show any signs of disease, any alterations in erythrocyte, leukocyte, reticulocyte, and platelet counts or any changes in hematocrit or hemoglobin values . No Tacaribe virus could be recovered from blood at any time postinfection . Anti-Tacaribe neutralizing antibodies appeared 3 weeks postinfection . The five Tacaribe-infected marmosets and four noninfected controls were challenged with the pathogenic strain of Junin virus on day 60 post-Tacaribe infection . The former group showed no signs of disease, no viremia, and no challenge virus replication, whereas the control group exhibited the typical symptoms of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, high viremia, and viral titers in organs . Soon after challenge, the Tacaribe-protected marmosets synthesized neutralizing antibodies against Junin virus . These results indicate that the marmoset C . jacchus can be considered an experimental model for protection studies with arenaviruses and that the Tacaribe virus could be considered as a potential vaccine against Junin virus.

Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1982, 60, 229 - 33
Crown gall: tumor as a result of oncogenic DNA transfer; Schell J; It has been well documented that some viruses can cause neoplasmic transformations in animal cells because particular segments of the virus genome integrated in the animal cell DNA alter the differentiated state of these transformed cells . Therefore, the DNA of these viruses is oncogenic . Recent studies on so-called crown gall tumors in plants have shown that oncogenic DNA's need not always be of viral origin . Indeed, it was shown that these plant tumors result from the integration, maintenance, and expression in the plant cell nucleus of a specific DNA segment introduced in the plant cells by some pathogenic bacteria . Thus crown gall neoplastic transformation is a natural example of "genetic engineering" because it was shown that the growth of the tumor-inducing bacteria is stimulated by organic compounds (so-called "opines") excreted by the transformed plant cells . The bacterial DNA transferred to and expressed in the plant cells is directly responsible for the synthesis of the opines and for the tumorous character of the transformed plant cells . The bacterial oncogenic DNA (T-DNA) is a segment of an extrachromosomal element (Ti-plasmid) carried by the tumor-inducing bacteria . A complicated set of genes on the Ti-plasmid control the various steps involved in the tumorous transformation and are thus responsible for the transfer of the oncogenic T-DNA . A molecular study of the products of the T-DNA will allow us to have a better understanding of the control of growth and differentiation in eukaryotic cells . Furthermore, the Ti-plasmid can be used as a gene vector and thus allow the transfer of selected genes into plants.

Arch Dis Child, 1982 Jan, 57(1), 59 - 62
Cefuroxime in the treatment of neonates; de Louvois J et al.; The new broad spectrum cephalosporin, cefuroxime, was used to treat 28 neonates with suspected or proved infection . All of them had had complications at birth or in early neonatal life which were known to predispose to infection . The treatment regimen consisted of intramuscular or intravenous cefuroxime (50 mg/kg twice a day) for 5 days . Previously, such infants would have received gentamicin with penicillin or ampicillin . Pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 7 (25%) of them . All of these organisms were sensitive to cefuroxime . None of the babies had meningitis, but blood cultures from 2 gave positive results . There was significant clinical improvement in 27 of them after 5 days of treatment and each was well on discharge from hospital . Serum urea, total protein, albumin, and alanine transaminase levels were estimated before, during, and after cefuroxime treatment . There were no changes attributable to cefuroxime nor were any changes in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, or total differential white cell counts observed . There were no adverse clinical side effects . One hundred and ninety-four samples of serum were assayed for cefuroxime . The mean peak level after intramuscular injection (42.7 mg/l) was reached in 0.8 hours, and the mean trough level was 10.5 mg/l . The mean half-life of cefuroxime in infants aged less than 4 days was 5.8 hours . In 4 infants older than 8 days, it ranged from 1.6-3.8 hours . Half-life was not associated with birthweight . Cefuroxime is a safe, well-tolerated, and rapidly absorbed drug for the treatment of neonates with suspected or proved infections; it is a useful alternative to gentamicin, if the use of an aminoglycoside is not clearly indicated.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982 Jan, 125(1), 53 - 7
Bacteriologic diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in primates . Usefulness of the protected specimen brush; Higuchi JH et al.; We evaluated the usefulness of a protected specimen brush (PSB) in obtaining uncontaminated lower respiratory tract material for bacteriologic examination in a primate model of oleic acid-induced acute diffuse lung injury and naturally occurring "nosocomial pneumonia." The bacterial cause of each pneumonia was established by either an immediate postmortem lung aspirate and/or antemortem blood culture . Bacterial pneumonia occurred in 12 of the 15 animals studied . The PSB cultures were sterile in 11 normal, intubated baboons and in 7 animals with non-pneumonic infiltrates by chest radiography . In each of these instances contamination of the specimen by proximal airway flora was avoided with the PSB . Among 10 baboons with bacteriologically documented pneumonias, the PSB cultures correctly identified the causative pathogen in 7 animals despite the presence of diffuse lung infiltrates radiographically, and multiple pathogenic bacteria in proximal airway secretions . Only 1 of 10 (10%) PSB specimens in these animals was contaminated with a possibly unrelated pathogen . The PSB largely avoided contamination of the culture specimen by proximal airway flora, and therefore should be useful in differentiating bacterial colonization of the airways from pneumonia in the presence of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Jan, 35(1), 251 - 60
{Clinical results of 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)}; Shinozaki T et al.; MOM was administered at a daily dose of 20 to 40 mg/kg q.i.d . orally to 65 pediatric patients . These consisted of 37 cases of acute feverish respiratory tract infection, 13 cases of Mycoplasma infection, 1 case of scarlet fever and 14 cases of whooping cough . Forty pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the 37 patients with acute feverish respiratory tract infection and 1 pathogenic bacteria was isolated from the patient with scarlet fever . Thirty-five of these clinical isolates disappeared as a result of MOM administration . For these 65 cases, the clinical efficacy was good in 51 cases (78.5%), fair in 5 cases (all whooping cough) and poor in 9 cases . Twelve strains of St . pyogenes were isolated from 12 cases and 3 of these isolates persisted (25%) . Ten strains of S . aureus were isolated from 10 cases and 1 of these isolates persisted . Superinfection was observed in 3 cases, 2 of which were the same species . Although the clinical effect in the 40 mg/kg/day treatment group was superior to the effects in the 20 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day treatment groups, the difference was not statistically significant.

Arch Oral Biol, 1982, 27(3), 183 - 91
Morphological, chemical and antigenic characterization of M-1 N-acetylmuramidase-digested cell walls of the oral pathogenic bacterium Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV; Brown DA et al.; The cell walls were enzymically solubilized with M-1 N-acetylmuramidase . The minimum amount of enzyme required for maximum response was 70 micrograms/mg of wall . The action of the enzyme seemed localized, producing holes in the wall structure . Chemistry and morphology suggested that all of the wall was solubilized . Antigenically, anti-T14AV formed precipitates with 11-14 antigens from the solubilized walls, of which 3 are unique to strain T14AV . Many of these antigens have not been observed previously due to the physical and/or chemical degradation associated with the extraction procedures . Antisera prepared against strain T14V whole cells formed precipitates with only a few antigens common to both strains . The results suggest that immunological processing and/or surface localization of these antigens are different.

Curr Med Res Opin, 1982, 8(4), 233 - 41
A histological, enzymatic and water-electrolyte study of the action of smectite, a mucoprotective clay, on experimental infectious diarrhoea in the rabbit; Rateau JG et al.; The histological, enzymatic and water-electrolyte modifications induced by the administration of smectite, a type of clay reputed to be mucoprotective, have been studied in the rabbit ileal mucosa during infection by saprophytic bacteria and toxigenic E . coli 0128B12 . Smectite diminished the bacterial mucolysis and the destruction of the luminal surface membranes of the intestinal epithelium by pathogenic bacteria, as evidenced by the elevation of the disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase levels . As a result of these effects, the net ion fluxes and net fluid changes favour absorption . These results could account for the mechanism of action of smectite in infectious human diarrhoea.

Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 1982, 95, 1 - 7
Pathogen-host jujitsu: phagocyte impotence caused by internalized bacterial adenylate cyclase; Confer DL et al.; Humans and animals infected with Bordetella species show evidence of impaired host defenses . These pathogenic bacteria produce a unique adenylate cyclase which enters human phagocytes and catalyzes the unregulated formation of cAMP, a known cellular inhibitor . This unique pathogen-host interaction may explain the unusual features of human B . pertussis infection and represents a powerful new probe for the investigation of cAMP-governed processes.

Ann Rech Vet, 1982, 13(2), 143 - 8
{Behavior of an attenuated strain of Pigeon Herpesvirus 1 and pathogenic strains in successive infections of pigeons}; Vindevogel H et al.; Behaviour in pigeons of an attenuated strain of Pigeon herpesvirus 1 (PHV1) was studied . After the first infection, it multiplied in the animal to the same extent as the natural strain it was derived from but only provoked mild and irregular symptoms . It persisted in the animal after infection . Primary infection of the pigeon with a pathogenic strain of PHV1 prevented recurrence of the disease after re-infection but did not significantly decrease viral dissemination and did not prevent spontaneous re-excretion of the virus.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1982 Jan 1, 107(1), 4 - 11
{Recombinant DNA and genetic manipulation, reality and fantasy (author's transl)}; Winkler KC; Genetic manipulation deliberately tries to influence the progeny of a living organism to achieve a human purpose . Well-known instances are artificial insemination and embryo transfer . The species barrier is not broken in this procedure and a surrogate mother is required in every case . In frogs, the nuclei og a number of fertilized ova may be replaced by the nuclei of vegetative cells of a single frog (a) and thus produce a clone of identical frogs (a) . This is impossible in mammals . Parts of plants and even cultures of vegetative plant cells may develop into complete plants . This fact is gratefully used for the rapid propagation of useful hybrids . The recombinant DNA procedure is a method by which particles of any DNA can be multiplied in a culture of bacteria . This DNA can consequently be cloned . The basic principles of the procedure are discussed . When the recombinant DNA technique is used, the species barrier is passed . It can only be used, however, to influence the heritable characteristics of unicellular organisms or vegetative cells in cultures . This may possibly include plants . The risks run by the investigator using this technique are much smaller than those to which he is exposed in the case of pathogenic bacteria . When non-pathogenic bacteria showing a high degree of biological containment are used, the hazard of spreading in the environment is small . This problem undoubtedly merits further attention in other organisms . Mammals cannot be 'clonized' or freaks produced using recombinant DNA procedures.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981 Dec, 174(5), 453 - 60
{To the multiplication ability of intestinal bacteria in water (author's transl)}; Daubner I et al.; In three series of laboratory tests, the influence exercised on intestinal bacteria by waste water from dairies, breweries, starch factories and the meat-processing industry, as well as by the individual potential nutritive substances such as casein, yeast autolysate, starch and bovine serum was examined in native and sterilised surface water . This was the continuation of the experiments with waste water from sugar factories . All substances tested so far can being about a growth of potentially and obligate pathogenic bacteria . However, the influence exercised by the different types of waste water and their potential nutritive substances varies . Yeast autolysate has the most striking effect, e.g . E . coli grow in the order of 4-5, P . aeruginosa in the order of 2-3, and in the order of 1-2 in the case of the 2 serotypes examined, S . enteritidis and S . schottmuelleri . A lesser effect was produced by casein, while the influence exercised by starch and bovine serum was minimal or nil . When nutritive substances are again added, the growth of all test organisms examined is less marked and it is mainly attributable to the action of yeast autolysate and casein . However, the possibility of a secondary increase of the potential infectiousness of the water under the influence of specific trophic conditions of the outfall, was clearly demonstrated.

Vopr Virusol, 1981 Nov-Dec, (6), 746 - 9
{Damaging action of Venezuelan equine and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses on the chromosome apparatus of mouse bone marrow cells}; Miriutova TL et al.; Cytogenetical study of bone marrow cells of mice infected with pathogenic and attenuated strains of Venezuelan (VEE) and Eastern (EEE) equine encephalomyelitis viruses was carried out to elucidate the pattern of changes of the chromosomal apparatus in the infected animals, and differences in the effect of strains with different degree of pathogenicity on the cell during mitosis . It was shown that inoculation of mice with pathogenic and attenuated VEE and EEE virus strains led to the appearance in the bone marrow of a larger number of aberrant cells . Both VEE virus strain induced a significant increase both of the total number of aberrant cells and of the cells with true aberrations . The pathogenic and attenuated EEE virus strains also caused a marked increase in the number of aberrant cells, but while the number of true aberrant cells is significant for the pathogenic strain, the attenuated strain causes an insignificant change in this parameter.

Avian Dis, 1981 Oct-Dec, 25(4), 882 - 93
Natural killer cell activity in chickens exposed to Marek's disease virus: inhibition of activity in susceptible chickens and enhancement of activity in resistant and vaccinated chickens; Sharma JM; Chickens of 2 genetic lines (lines P and N) were inoculated with a pathogenic strain of Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) and chronologically examined for disease response and natural killer (NK) cell expression . The NK cell reactivity was assayed in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay in which effector cells from the spleen of test chickens were reacted with 51Cr-labeled LSCC-RP9 target cells . Chickens of line P developed progressive debilitating disease and a high incidence of gross tumors and death . The NK cell reactivity of line-P chickens infected with MDV was significantly lower than that of uninfected control hatchmates . In contrast, NK cell levels were significantly elevated in MDV-inoculated line-N chickens that were resistant to MD and in chickens of lines P or N that had been inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) . NK cell levels were also elevated in line P if chickens were vaccinated with HVT before infection with MDV . Inhibition of NK reactivity in susceptible chickens and elevation of reactivity in naturally resistant or vaccinated chickens may indicate a role for the NK cell system in regulating resistance to MD.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1981 Oct, 19(5), 409 - 12
Bacteriologic studies in second-trimester pregnancy termination: a comparison of intra- and extra-amniotic methods; Reichman J et al.; Vaginal and cervical cultures were obtained in 20 women undergoing intra-amniotic saline infusion and 20 women having extraamniotic saline infusion for second-trimester abortion . Following expulsion intrauterine cultures were taken and the patients were followed for signs of clinical infection . Sixty percent of the patients had pathogenic bacteria cultured intrauterine cultures after abortion and 7.5% had clinical infection . There was a positive correlation between infection-abortion time and pathogenic intrauterine cultures . No significant differences in the incidence of positive intrauterine cultures or clinical infection between the two groups were found . Of those patients with positive preabortion cultures 70% had identical pathogens cultured from the uterus after expulsion suggesting that most postabortal pathogens arise from endogenous vaginal and cervical sites rather than from exogenous sources.

J Virol, 1981 Sep, 39(3), 823 - 34
Mouse hepatitis virus A59: mRNA structure and genetic localization of the sequence divergence from hepatotropic strain MHV-3; Lai MM et al.; The composition and structure of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-specific RNA in actinomycin D-treated, infected L-2 cells were studied . SEven virus-specific RNA species with molecular weights of 0.6 X 10(6), 0.9 X 10(6), 1.2 X 10(6), 1.5 X 10(6), 3.0 X 10(6), 4.0 X 10(6), and 5.4 X 10(6) (equivalent to the viral genome) were detected . T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting studies suggested that the sequences of each RNA species were totally included within the next large RNa species . The oligonucleotides of each RNA species were mapped on the 60S RNA genome of the virus . Each RNA species contained the oligonucleotides starting from the 3' end of the genome and extending continuously for various lengths in the 3' leads to 5' direction . All of the viral RNA species contained a polyadenylate stretch of 100 to 130 nucleotides and probably identical sequences immediately next to the polyadenylate . These data suggested that the virus-specific RNAs are mRNA's and have a stairlike structure similar to that of infectious bronchitis virus, an avian coronavirus . A proposal is presented, based on the mRNA structure, for the designation of the genes on the MHV genome . Using this proposal, the sequence differences between A59, a weakly pathogenic strain, and MHV-3, a strongly hepatotropic strain, were localized primarily in mRNA's 1 and 3, corresponding t genes A and C.

Contact Dermatitis, 1981 Jul, 7(4), 177 - 9
Subacute parathion poisoning with erysipeloid-like lesion; Svindland HB; A case of subacute parathion poisoning with an erysipeloid-like eruption of the left index finger is reported . Laboratory investigations showed no growth of pathogenic bacteria and cholinesterase activity in the blood showed a rise 10 days after the poisoning . Further blood investigations 6 weeks later showed subnormal levels of cholinesterase activity indicating chronic parathion poisoning.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1981 Jul-Aug, 74(4), 391 - 3
{Mycobacteria in the digestive tract of pink Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus, Pallas)}; Rollin PE et al.; Cloacal swabs were taken from 37 young wild Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus, Pallas) in Camargue (South of France) . Neither pathogenic strain, nor environmental one were found . The absence of the latter could be attributed to the high NaCl levels of the ecosystems.

Isr J Med Sci, 1981 Jul, 17(7), 669 - 73
Vaccination of chickens with nonpathogenic Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a means for displacement of pathogenic strains; Levisohn S et al.; Attempts to solve the problem of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) infection of poultry by a combination of eradication and antibiotic treatment have at best met with only partial success . As a result of the continuing economic burden of the disease, there has been a renewed interest in vaccination as a tool in the control of Mg . A particularly pressing problem exists in the commercial egg industry, where the occurrence of MG infection of layer hens at the onset of egg production leads to a marked depression in productivity . Vaccination with the F strain of Mg has been demonstrated to efficacious in the alleviation of this problem, and the procedure is widely employed in the USA . Under field conditions of vaccination the F strain was found to be virtually nonpathogenic, although challenge experiments show that it retains some pathogenicity . The strain is carried in the trachea of vaccinated layers for as long as one year, but only spreads slowly . A specific serological response to Mg is produced in response to vaccination . To some extent, this response is dose dependent, but it is quantitatively less than that produced by virulent strains introduced by the same route . It has been suggested that the continued presence of a nonvirulent Mg in the upper respiratory tract, and the concomitant local immunological response, may prevent infection by field strains of Mg . In fact, judicious vaccination procedures appear to lead to the displacement of pathogenic Mg by the vaccine strain . By these means, it may be possible to eradicate Mg from flocks while maintaining production.

Isr J Med Sci, 1981 Jul, 17(7), 589 - 92
Attachment of mycoplasmas to erythrocytes: a model to study mycoplasma attachment to the epithelium of the host respiratory tract; Kahane I et al.; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M . gallisepticum and M . pulmonis are pathogens of the respiratory tract . Their adherence to the host tissue is a prerequisite for manifestation of the disease . The attachment occurs between membrane components of the mycoplasmas and the host cells . In the attachment of M . pneumoniae and M . gallisepticum, binding sites of a protein nature of the mycoplasma membranes interact primarily with sialic acid residues of sialoglycoproteins of the host cell membranes . The latter was clearly indicated in studies on the pathogenic strain of M . pneumoniae and its nonpathogenic nonhemadsorbing mutants, and by the assessment of the direct binding of glycophorin {the major sialoglycoprotein of human red blood cells (RBC)} and other sialoglycoproteins to M . pneumoniae and M . gallisepticum . The components involved in the interaction of M . pulmonis with the host cells are not as well characterized, since the attachment is not affected by proteolytic treatment of the mycoplasmas, nor by removal of sialic acid residues from the host cell membranes . The attachment of the mycoplasmas to the host cells also occurs with nonviable organisms and can, in addition, by reproduced by isolated membranes . The binding sites of M . pneumoniae and M . gallisepticum were partially purified by affinity chromatography, using the high affinity of the binding sites for glycophorin . By this procedure the membranes were solubilized with detergents and chromatographed through glycophorin attached to Sepharose 4B as an affinity matrix . The binding sites retained the high affinity for glycophorin and bound to RBC membranes . Are the binding sites distributed throughout the membrane? Since the binding of the mycoplasma is via a polar structure (the tip or bleb), one may suggest that these structures harbor them . Experimental evidence for their distribution is being sought.

Immun Infekt, 1981 Jul, 9(4), 121 - 30
{Bacteriological examination of bronchitis and pneumonia . Part II: quantitative analysis of homogenized sputum with respect to leucocytes, protein, erythrocytes and bacteria (author's transl)}; Schonard G et al.; This study is concerned with the value of bacteriological sputum examination by lower respiratory tract infections . Prominence was given to quantitative aspects; colony forming units and markers of infection as leucocytes, albumin and erythrocytes were determined from homogenized specimens . It turned out that numbers exceeding 10(6) per ml of pathogenic bacteria correlated in more than 90% with clinical evidence of bronchitis or pneumonia if cases with antibiotic treatment are not taken into account . There is, in addition to that, more than 90% correlation between the number of colony forming units of these sizes and a leucocyte count of more than 20 per 125 magnification field, which is significant of infection . The markers of infection mentioned above, can be determined by a simple semi-quantitative test-stick method . It was possible to show good relation between the number of leucocytes counted by microscope and the "Cyturtest" . Compared to the "routine method" especially pneumococcus and H . influenzae could be isolated much more frequently by applying the method of homogenizing sputum . The rough quantitative informations of the "routine method" did hardly coincide with the exactly determined bacterial numbers.

Cancer, 1981 Jul 1, 48(1), 40 - 2
Endocarditis due to Eikenella corrodens in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia; Fainstein V et al.; A patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia in relapse and bacterial endocarditis due to Eikenella corrodens is described . After appropriate treatment was instituted, blood cultures became negative, but the patient died of intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to thrombocytopenia . The role of Eikenella corrodens as a pathogenic bacterium in immunocompromised hosts is described.

J Environ Health, 1981 Jul-Aug, 44(1), 7 - 14
Hazard analysis critical control point approach: epidemiologic rationale and application to foodservice operations; Bryan FL; Operations in foodservice establishments that have contributed to foodborne disease have been identified during investigation of outbreaks . Examination of foodborne disease surveillance data discloses need for a new or modified approach to foodborne disease control . Recommended constituents of a new approach include (a) Hazard analysis to identify operations in which foods could become contaminated, to determine whether or not pathogens survive heat treatment, and to detect opportunities for pathogenic bacteria to multiply to concentrations that are dangerous to the consumer; (b) Identification of critical control points of the operation; (c) Implementation of appropriate control and preventive measures; (d) Monitor, routinely, operations at each critical control point.

Clin Otolaryngol, 1981 Jun, 6(3), 159 - 64
Comparative studies of two systems of prophylactic antibiotics in head and neck surgery; Suarez Nieto C et al.; One hundred and seventeen patients undergoing operations on the head and neck were investigated for the causes of infection . There was a close relationship between the pre-operative culture and the risk of infection . There was a greater risk of infection (10.7%) when the pharynx was opened than when it was not (0.0%) . The operations most liable to infection are laryngopharyngectomy and those in which skin flaps are used . The isolation of pathogenic bacteria in the operative exudate did not in general predispose to the development of infection, which did not occur when these cultures were negative . Positive cultures obtained from the drain on 3 consecutive days were a significant indication that infection will probably occur.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jun, 19(6), 945 - 51
Enhanced susceptibility of Escherichia coli to intracellular killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after in vitro incubation with chloramphenicol; Pruul H et al.; The effect of brief exposure to chloramphenicol of a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli on susceptibility to normal human leukocytes was examined . Leukocytes killed chloramphenicol-pretreated E . coli more efficiently than they did untreated controls . Phagocytosis of pretreated bacteria, as measured by the uptake of radiolabeled bacteria and by direct visual count of engulfed bacteria, was not significantly increased . The decrease in viability was associated with enhanced intracellular killing of phagocytosed antibiotic-damaged bacteria . Chloramphenicol pretreatment altered the frequency distribution of intracellular bacteria by decreasing the number of leukocytes containing multiple stainable bacteria . Leukocytes failed to kill chloramphenicol-pretreated E . coli in the presence of phenylbutazone, which allowed an accumulation of intracellular bacteria . These results indicate that exposure of E . coli to chloramphenicol renders the bacteria more susceptible to intracellular killing and degradation.

Z Plast Chir, 1981 Jun, 5(2), 123 - 9
{The effect of intubation, tracheotomy and central venous catheter on pneumonia and sepsis in burn patients}; Papp C et al.; In 58 patients with extensive deep dermal burns the consequences of intubation, tracheotomy and central venous catheter in respect to pneumonia and bacteriaemia were studied . The sputum of tracheotomized patients showed twice as many pathogenic bacteria as the sputum of patients with prolonged intubation . From 93 subclavian catheters under bacteriological control 16 (17%) showed pathogenic bacteria on the tip . An identity between the bacille found in the blood stream and on the catheter tip was only found in 21% . From this study it seems conclusively that prolonged intubation is generally preverable to tracheostomy in severely burned patients and that the venous catheter can not be the most frequent cause of bacteriaemia.

Fertil Steril, 1981 Jun, 35(6), 666 - 70
Factors affecting sperm motility . VI . Sperm viability under the influence of bacterial growth in human ejaculates; Makler A et al.; The influence of bacterial growth on human sperm motility and viability was evaluated objectively with the multiple-exposure photography method . Experimental semen specimens, obtained from normal donors bh nonaseptic means of masturbation, were incubated with antibiotics at room temperature or body temperature for 24 hours . Although bacteria, grew in control specimens, were totally eradicated in all antibiotic-treated specimens, no significant difference was found between these groups with regard to sperm motility throughout the time of incubation . Sperm survival was not inhibited, nor was it extended as a result of suppression of bacterial growth . In both groups, survival time was much shorter in specimens incubated at body temperature than in those kept at room temperature . Sperm motility was not affected after 2 hours of incubation of fresh specimens with concentrations of various pathogenic bacteria similar to those found in severe prostatitis . The question of whether the use of antibiotics in the treatment of asthenospermia per se has a prognostic value is discussed.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1981 Jun, 48(2), 105 - 8
Attenuation of turkey meningo-encephalitis virus in BHK21 cells; Barnard BJ et al.; Turkey meningo-encephalitis virus was adapted to BHK21 cell culture . Cytopathic effects were characterized by rounding and detachment of cells within 48 hours . Attenuation was achieved by 41 successive passages in BHK21 cell cultures . Turkeys and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), kept under laboratory conditions and inoculated with the attenuated virus, did not develop symptoms of turkey meningo-encephalitis but reacted by the production of haemagglutination inhibition antibody . They resisted intracerebral challenge with pathogenic strains of turkey meningo-encephalitis virus.

Lancet, 1981 May 16, 1(8229), 1093 - 4
Disinfection in upper-digestive-tract endoscopy in Britain; Axon AT et al.; A contaminated endoscope may infect patients at upper-gastrointestinal-tract endoscopy (oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy and endoscopic cholangio-pancreatography) either by the transmission of infection from one patient to another or by inoculation of potentially pathogenic bacteria which have multiplied in the instrument and ancillary equipment during storage . These dangers can be eliminated by careful disinfection with glutaraldehyde, other aldehyde disinfectants, or povidone-iodine . Few centres in Britain are using an effective disinfection procedure and of those who have used glutaraldehyde (the most widely employed) 37% have had serious problems with staff sensitivity . A quick, effective, and safe method for the disinfection of fibreoptic instruments is urgently needed.

Scand J Immunol, 1981 May, 15(5), 459 - 65
Isolation and characterization of TR-c, an antigen of the Reiter treponeme precipitating with antibodies in syphilis; Sand Petersen C et al.; TR-c is a Reiter treponemal antigen that cross-reacts with an antigen in Treponema pallidum (Nichols pathogenic strain) . Sera from patients with secondary syphilis contain precipitating antibodies against TR-c . The isolation of TR-c from a crude bacterial sonicate involves five fractionation steps: anion exchange chromatography (DE-52 Whatman), gel filtration (Ac-A-22, Ultrogel), and affinity chromatography respectively on phenyl-Sepharose CL 4B, iminodiacetic acid-Sepharose CL 4B, and lysine-Sepharose 4B . The purified TR-c was enriched 320 times compared with the starting material, and the recovery was 22% . TR-c was shown to be a protein, it did not bind to a series of lectins, and by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and mol . wt was determined to be in the range of 630,000-730,000 . It was found by SDS-PAGE to be composed of identical subunits, each having a mol . wt of 48,000 . The isolated TR-c was immunochemically pure when tested in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against polyspecific anti-Reiter Ig . The purified TR-c antigen was used for production of a monospecific rabbit antiserum . Monospecific rabbit anti-TR-c gave strong fluorescence with both the Reiter treponeme and T . pallidum.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1981 May-Jun, 90(3 Pt 1), 272 - 5
Discrimination of purulent from nonpurulent maxillary sinusitis . Clinical and radiographic diagnosis; Berg O et al.; For the rational treatment of sinusitis, it is essential to distinguish sinusitis of bacterial origin from that of other etiologies . In maxillary sinusitis, antral purulence indicates a significant amount of pathogenic bacteria, whereas the presence of bacteria seems to be of less or no relevance in nonpurulent sinusitis . Hence, from a therapeutic point of view one important diagnostic goal is the differentiation of purulent from nonpurulent sinusitis . In this respect clinical examination is fairly reliable . Sinus radiography cannot distinguish purulent from nonpurulent sinusitis and offers few advantages when deciding on antibiotic therapy . Antral aspiration offers the most comprehensive information on which to base a reliable diagnosis.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1981 May-Aug, 13(2), 59 - 68
{Experimental infection of guinea pigs with Tacaribe virus: effect on the functioning of the immunocompetent system}; Blejer J et al.; Tacaribe virus is the member most closely related to Junin virus within the Tacaribe complex . It has been demonstrated that both viruses are indistinguishable by complement-fixation, due to the high cross-reactivity . However, adult guinea pigs are highly sensitive to infection with the XJ pathogenic strain of Junin virus whereas Tacaribe virus is nonpathogenic for this species . Furthermore this last virus protects them against Junin virus . The XJ strain reduces the immune response of guinea pigs to many antigens . Both the humoral response and the hypersensitivity of the Arthus type have been reduced in infected animals . Considering that Tacaribe virus could be used as vaccine antigen, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Tacaribe infection on the immune system of guinea pigs . The data reported here supports earlier findings showing that the XJ strain of Junin virus suppresses humoral immune response as indicated by lower precipitating antibody titers to ovoalbumin (which contributed to milder Arthus cutaneous reactivity) and a significant depression of plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes . In contrast, Tacaribe-infected guinea pigs did not show detectable immunosuppression employing the same models . Similar results were found when the cell-mediated immunity was investigated . Tacaribe-infected guinea pigs had a normal immune response to contact sensitivity to 2-4 dinitro-1-fluorobenzene as demonstrated by measuring ear swelling and unmodified tuberculin reaction, after injection with complete Freund's adjuvant . Our results and those of previous investigations justify the consideration of Tacaribe immunization as an approach to the prophylaxis of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever.

J Biol Chem, 1981 Mar 25, 256(6), 2649 - 55
beta-lactamase from Streptomyces cacaoi . Purification and properties; Ogawara H et al.; A beta-lactamase was purified to an apparently homogeneous state from Streptomyces cacaoi . The molecular weight calculated from the mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 34,000 . pI was 4.7 and the optimal pH was 6.5 . The optimum temperature was found to be between 40 degrees C and 45 degrees C, but the enzyme lost activity above 50 degrees C . N-Bromosuccinimide was the strongest inhibitor among the reagents tested, followed by iodine . p-Chloromercuribenzoate showed a weak inhibitory effect . Diisopropylfluorophosphate and sodium chloride did not show any inhibitory effect on the enzyme . The beta-lactamase catalyzed the hydrolysis of methicillin and cloxacillin at two-thirds to one-third the rate of benzylpenicillin . On the other hand, the enzyme hydrolyzed cephalosporins and 7-methoxycephalosporin only slowly . With benzylpenicillin as a substrate, the Km increased sharply with decreasing pH and the pK alpha estimated from the Km versus pH curve was 6.5 to 7.0 . In contrast, with cloxacillin as a substrate, the Km showed a minimum at pH 7.5 . The Vmax changed with pH in a bell-shaped curve in the case of benzylpenicillin, but the Vmax for cloxacillin changed only within a small range . In addition, the ratio of the hydrolysis rate of benzylpenicillin and cloxacillin at 30 degrees C and 20 degrees C (V30 degrees/V20 degrees) was found to be 1.23 and 1.55, respectively . These results indicate that the S . cacaoi beta-lactamase behaves differently toward benzylpenicillin and cloxacillin, although both are penicillins . S . cacaoi seems to release beta-lactamase into the culture medium soon after its biosynthesis without retaining it in the membrane and the soluble fraction . The possible relationships between beta-lactamases from Streptomyces and those from pathogenic bacteria are discussed.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1981 Mar, 88(3), 308 - 13
The effect of pre-operative povidone iodine vaginal pessaries on vault infections after hysterectomy; Blackmore MA et al.; The frequency of clinical infection of the vaginal vault after hysterectomy was compared in two groups of patients, a study group treated with povidone-iodine vaginal pessaries for 36 hours pre-operatively and prepared with povidone-iodine preparations at the time of operation, and a control group given no preliminary treatment and prepared with chlorhexidine preparations at the time of operation . No significant difference was demonstrated between the two groups . Vault infection occurred in 32% of the entire series of patients (severe infection 14%) and infection correlated with the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina . No significant differences in bacterial colonisation of the vagina between the two groups were demonstrated at any stage of the investigation . Preliminary preparation of the vagina with povidone-iodine pessaries is not recommended.

J Protozool, 1981 Feb, 28(1), 56 - 9
Pathogenic and nonpathogenic Acanthamoeba spp . in thermally polluted discharges and surface waters; de Jonckheere JF; During spring and autumn, the total number of amoebae and the number of acanthamoeba species able to grow at 37 degrees C were determined in six thermally polluted factory discharges and the surrounding surface waters . The isolated Acanthamoeba strains were studied for growth in axenic medium, cytopathic effect in Vero cell cultures, and virulence in mice . Although more amoebae were isolated in autumn, the number of Acanthamoeba species was lower than in spring, when the percent of pathogenic strains among the isolates was highest . Higher concentrations of amoebae were found in warm discharges, and more virulent strains occurred in thermal discharges than in surface waters.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1981 Jan 15, 106(2), suppl 3:38 - 45
Bovine serum albumin and cell counts in the diagnosis of subclinical udder infections; Verhoeff J et al.; Puncture of the milk cisterns was performed in 120 bacteriologically positive quarters of the forty-seven lactating dairy cows on three farms . This method was used to determine whether the existing infection was an infection of the teat canal or one of the udder . The results were related to the concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the cell count in the milk . Of the bacteriologically negative quarters, both BSA levels (91 per cent of the quarters the BSA concentration was 0.20 mg . per ml . of milk or less) and cell counts (in 92 per cent contained less than 500,000 cells per ml . of milk) were low . In cases of udder infection with primary pathogenic bacteria there was a marked increase in cell count (90 per cent more than 500,000 cells per ml . of milk), whereas the increase in BSA was rather small (51 per cent still contained 0.20 mg . BSA per ml . of milk or less) . While the difference in cell counts of milk from quarters with udder infections and teat canal infections with primary pathogenic bacteria was significant, the difference between the BSA levels of these two groups was not . Therefore, the cell count supplies more reliable information than does the BSA level of the milk . Of all infections, 23 per cent were found to be infections of the teat canal.

Acta Chir Scand, 1981, 147(7), 513 - 8
Bacteriological findings in the first 12 hours following experimental missile trauma; Dahlgren B et al.; The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate and magnitude of bacterial growth in gunshot wounds following debridement one, 6 and 12 hours after infliction of a standardized missile trauma (spherical steel bullet, 0.88 g, 6.00 mm in diameter, impact velocity 1 000 m/sec) . 39 pigs were shot in one or both thighs (n of wound, 54) . The skin was not cleaned before the trauma but was disinfected preoperatively . Before trauma infliction, swab samples were taken from the nose, the rectum and the skin . At the operation, all muscle tissue judged to be devitalized was removed . Samples for bacteriological culturing were taken from the removed tissue and from the margins of the wound cavity . Isolated bacterial strains were classified and a semiquantitative evaluation of the number of, bacteria was performed . Bacterial growth in the devitalized tissue was indicated in about 70% of the wounds . Cultures from tissue judged as viable and left in the wound indicated contamination in 25% of the wounds in the 1-hour group, contamination in 37 and infection in 11% of the 6-hour group, and in the 12-hour group infection in 60 and contamination in 33% . The conclusion is that wound infection can be overcome by adequate surgical treatment within 6 hours but will be out of control after 12 hours' delay . Furthermore, the results indicate that the presence of a sparse mixed flora probably creates the necessary conditions for infection with other pathogenic strains.

Ann Rech Vet, 1981, 12(2), 183 - 91
{Microscopic and ultramicroscopic lesions from experimental mycoplasma infection in respiratory tract of chickens . Possible difference between pathogenic and non pathogenic strains (author's transl)}; Charlier G et al.; For three weeks after experimental infection of trachea and scroll bone with Mycoplasma gallisepticum no lesions were detected in scroll bone, but only an abundant mucous secretion . Mycoplasmas were present and adhered to cilia of epithelial cells . In trachea an almost complete destruction of cilia was observed allowing swollen epithelial cells to appear with mycoplasmas adhering to villi . Strain W31 serotype C caused no lesions but cells and cilia were covered with a thick layer of mucous.

Scand J Immunol, 1981, 13(2), 143 - 50
Antigenic analysis of Treponema pallidum: cross-reactions between individual antigens of T . pallidum and T . Reiter; Pedersen NS et al.; Seven antigens were demonstrated in the Nichols pathogenic strain of Treponema pallidum when tested by cross immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antibodies raised by immunization with T . pallidum sonicate . Indirect evidence was obtained for the presence of two more T . pallidum antigens . Of the nine antigens six reacted with antibodies in a human syphilitic serum pool . Cross-reactions between individual T . Reiter antigens and the seven directly demonstrated T . pallidum antigens were studied by different immunoelectrophoretic techniques, using rabbit anti-T . Reiter Ig, rabbit anti-T . pallidum Ig, and human syphilitic serum pool . Of the seven T . pallidum antigens three were found in T . Reiter, three had epitopes identical to corresponding antigens in T . Reiter, and one had both cross-reacting and T . pallidum-specific epitopes . Human syphilitic serum had antibodies against two of the T . pallidum-specific antigens and against four T . pallidum antigens cross-reacting with antigens of T . Reiter.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1981 Jan, 172(4-5), 299 - 311
{Air pollution and biological defence (author's transl)}; Schlipkoter HW et al.; Differences of individual reactivity and, therefore, in the strength of effect air pollution exerts in different subjects of a population under study, are well known . Several experimental and epidemiologic results point to the possibility that this phenomenon is due to variations in the defence mechanisms of the human body . Some important findings relating to this problem are: Deterioration of lung clearance by inhalation of NO2 or lead chloride; damage to alveolar macrophages by air borne particulates in vitro and in vivo; enhanced activation or synthesis of the C'3 complement fraction under the influence of air pollutants; higher frequency of enlarged tonsils and lymph nodes, of pathogenic bacteria on tonsillar surfaces, and of relatively lower lysozyme concentrations in children living in urban or industrialized areas; decreased resistance to infections, elicited by inhalation of O3 or a lead aerosol; immuno-suppressive effect of heavy metals and organic compounds; allergic reactions against quite a number of chemicals; detoxification and toxification, e.g . formation of ultimate carcinogens, of organic molecules; induction or inhibition of the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by particulate extracts or by CO, NO2, and lead, resp.; deficiency of DNA--repair in disease conditions predisposing to the development of cancer; tendency, in allergics, to a relatively lower incidence of cancer; adaptation to the effects of CO or SO2 . These facts, and knowledge not cited here, are in favour of the existence of close connections between various defence mechanisms, air pollution, and its effects on the human organism.

J Gen Virol, 1981 Jan, 52(Pt 1), 159 - 61
Protection of mice by an apathogenic strain HSV-1 against lethal infection by a pathogenic strain of HSV-1; Schroeder CH et al.; DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice were infected intraperitoneally with two different strains of herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1 ANG and HSV-1 WAL . Unlike HSV-1 WAL, HSV-1 ANG was apathogenic by this mode of infection . Furthermore, infection with HSV-1 ANG protected mice of both inbred strains against infections with lethal doses of pathogenic HSV-1 WAL . This protection was observed when the apathogenic virus was given with the pathogenic virus or 4 to 24 h before it.

Am J Epidemiol, 1980 Dec, 112(6), 814 - 9
Differing virulence of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains; Wright PF et al.; Sequential influenza A/Texas/77 (H3N2) and A/USSR/77 (H1N1) epidemics occurred during the winter of 1977-1978 in two populations under viral surveillance for influenza . In college students who reported to the Vanderbilt student health service, roughly equivalent amounts of typical influenzal disease were documented by virus isolation and total health service visits with both strains . However, considering that the college population was fully susceptible to the first introduction of H1N1 virus in 20 years and partially immune to H3N2 viruses through repeated exposure, A/USSR appeared to be a relatively less pathogenic strain . Stronger proof of this was seen in a closely monitored group of 200 largely seronegative infants and young children less than 4 years of age enrolled in an experimental vaccine clinic . In this young population, A/USSR caused no recognizable illness and A/Texas caused typical febrile respiratory disease . Thus, two influenza strains circulating in close temporal association differed in virulence when observed in carefully monitored susceptible populations.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Nov, 248(2), 260 - 7
Cytotoxic activity of supernatant extracts of virulent and saprophytic leptospires; Cinco M et al.; Extracts from supernatants, obtained from culture of virulent strain PB-3 and saprophytic strain Isola Sacra 1, were assayed for cytotoxicity . A cytotoxic factor produced by the pathogenic strain was found to affect specifically the tested cells, at determined concentrations; on the other side a not clear and scarce cytotoxicity was shown for the extract from the saprophytic strain Isola Sacra 1 . Cytotoxic factor produced by strain PB-3 was heat resistant and trypsin sensitive, suggesting to be a thermostable protein . An inhibitory doses it induced a typical, cytopathic effect on the treated cells.

J Pediatr, 1980 Nov, 97(5), 715 - 20
Rapid diagnosis of infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria by means of an enzyme radioisotopic assay; Yolken RH et al.; We developed a sensitive enzyme radioisotopic assay for the measurement of beta-lactamase, an enzyme produced by a number of pathogenic bacteria . This ERIA was 100-fold more sensitive than the commonly used iodometric or spectrophotometric assays for the measurement of beta-lactamase and, unlike these other assays, the ERIA was not significantly influenced by serum proteins or unlabeled penicillin . Clinical specimens consisting of blood, peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal fluids from patients infected with beta-lactamase-producing organisms yielded positive ERIA tests; fluids from uninfected patients were negative . The ERIA takes approximately 90 minutes to perform, and offers great potential for the rapid diagnosis of serious bacterial infections caused by bacteria which produce beta-lactamase.

J Laryngol Otol, 1980 Sep, 94(9), 1037 - 45
Serum immunoglobulins in patients with chronic tonsillitis; El-Ashmawy S et al.; In this work, the serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD) levels were determined in ten patients with chronic tonsillitis . The serum immunoglobulins were estimated before and two months after tonsillectomy, using the radial immuno-diffusion method . Ten normal individuals with intact tonsils were chosen as a control group . The patients had elevated serum levels of IgG and IgA . These high levels may be due to repeated antigenic stimulation . The IgM and IgD were not significantly higher than in the normal controls . The serum IgG level did decrease significantly following tonsillectomy; the other three immunoglobulins were reduced, but insignificantly . The fall in immunoglobulins may be due to a reduction in the antigenic load, to the removal of immunoglobulin-producing tissue, or to alteration in the oropharyngeal pathogenic bacteria . Tonsillectomy does not seem to compromise immunological integrity or the immunoglobulin-producting apparatus . Estimations of the serum immunoglobulin, or simply of IgA, may help us to select those candidates for adeno-tonsillectomy who will have a good prognosis, or at least to exclude those with an underlying sub-clinical immunodeficiency disease.

Infect Immun, 1980 Sep, 29(3), 897 - 901
Interaction of Escherichia coli K88 antigen with porcine intestinal brush border membranes; Anderson MJ et al.; The fimbria-associated Escherichia coli antigen, K88, was purified to homogeneity as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion . This polymeric antigen consists of noncovalently linked subunits, containing little or no carbohydrate, and has a monomeric molecular weight of 23,000 . When a binding assay employing differential filtration was used, K88 formed complexes with isolated porcine intestinal brush border membranes . The formation of complexes was inhibited by glycoproteins with terminal N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine residues and to a lesser extent by free N-acetylhexosamines . These amino sugars may play a role in the interaction of this pathogenic strain of E . coli with the intestinal epithelia of pigs.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1980 Sep, 41(3), 547 - 58
Factors affecting the differential counting of human lymphocyte subpopulations in blood smears; Bratescu A et al.; We have previously used the antibody-mediated binding of bacteria to identify Ig-bearing cells and the natural binding of bacteria to identify several lymphocyte subpopulations . By using bacteria this identification can be carried out in conventional blood smears since bacteria are small and easily distinguished from all blood elements . To develop a standardized method for identification of lymphocyte subpopulations that may become useful in clinical laboratories, we investigated here several parameters that might affect the safety and accuracy of the test, and that might simplify the procedure . We found that: (1) the rosettes formed between bacteria and lymphocytes cannot be disrupted by vigorous handling; (2) the ability fo form rosettes is a stable property of the bacterial strains; (3) for optimal results the blood sample must not be stored for more than 4 hr at 25 degrees C and the entire procedure must be performed in medium supplemented with 6% bovine serum albumin; (4) a large excess of anti-Ig antibody is required for the optimal coating of bacteria to detect Ig-bearing cells; (5) both the antibody-coated bacteria and formaldehyde-fixed bacteria can be stored at 4 degrees C or at -20 degrees C for at least 6 months; (6) the buffy coat from the blood sample can be used instead of the whole blood to reduce the time required for reading the smears; and (7) some of the pathogenic bacteria can be killed by autoclaving without modifying their binding properties . A complete and simple method which uses the bacterial adherence for the identification of lymphocyte subpopulations in blood smears is presented.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1980 Jul, 98(7), 1211 - 3
Ocular microbial flora in immunodeficient patients; Friedlaender MH et al.; The eyes of 20 patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes were examined, and microbial cultures of their lids and conjunctivae were made . Nine patients had a history of recurrent external ocular infections, and six of these had active blepharitis or blepharoconjunctivitis at the time of examination . A single pathogenic bacterium was isolated from the lids and conjunctivae of six patients with a history of infection; a mixture of two possible pathogens was cultured from eyes of three other patients . Three of the nine patients with infections had impaired B-cell and intact T-cell immunity, whereas three patients had impaired B cell and T-cell immunity . Two patients had chronic granulomatous disease in which a defect in phagocytosis was the predominant immunologic abnormality, and one patient (with mucocutaneous candidiasis) had intact B- and T-cell function at the time of testing . Although the immunodeficient patients had a higher incidence of lid or conjunctival infection than 20 age-matched controls, the microbial flora of the lids and conjunctivae did not differ between the two groups.

Jugosl Ginekol Opstet, 1980 May-Aug, 19(3-4), 191 - 4
{An analysis of complications and bacteriological and histological studies following extraction of an intrauterine contraceptive device (Beospir) which was inserted several years ago}; Kracunovic M et al.; Ninety-nine women with the average IUCD (Beospir type) insertion length of 45.2 months were investigated . Pathological changes were clinically evidenced in 9 women (9.09%) . Causes of the IUCD removal were bleeding in 4 women (4.04%) and pregnancy during the IUCD use in situ in 3 women (3.03%) . The IUCD and endometrium were bacteriologically and the endometrium also histologically analysed . In 58 women (58.58%) the endometrium and in 29 women (29.29%) the IUCD remained sterile . The dominant findings were facultatively pathogenic bacteria commonly present in the cervix . The infection, i.e . when the same kind of bacteria was found in the whole material, was evidenced in 6 women (6.06%), and this was also histologically confirmed . The same kind of bacteria were found in the IUCD and the endometrium . The histological analysis has shown that at the moment of the IUCD removal the endometrium was in physiological phases in 86 women (86.86%) . There was glandular hyperplasia in 4 (4,04%) women whose bacteriological vaginal flora was positive . By the Papanicolau test all the women belonged to group II . The IUCD produces no pathologic effect most probably because there is a cyclic renewal (regeneration) of the endometrium.

Clin Allergy, 1980 May, 10(3), 277 - 84
Predictable clinical disorders related to serum and saliva Ig-levels and the number of circulating T cells in asthmatic chidren; Ostergaard PA; An examination was made of 221 children with bronchial asthma, who were divided into six groups according to serum and saliva Ig levels and the number of circulating T cells . Absence or small amounts of IgA and low or low-normal numbers of T cells were associated with (1) atopic dermatitis, (2) hypersensitivity to house dust mite and animal danders, (3) previous hospital admissions due to respiratory tract infections with pathogenic bacteria and (4) a high family incidence of allergic diseases . In a group of patients with IgA deficiency and elevated serum and saliva IgM, respiratory tract infections were not common, and furthermore, in another group of IgA-deficient patients with normal numbers of circulating T cells, atopic dermatitis was rare . In the latter patients, allergic rhinitis occurred very frequently, and in that respect they resembled a group of patients with combined high IgM/high IgE levels . Another group of asthmatic children with normal Ig levels represented an intermediate type of patient with regard to hypersensitivity to different allergens and family incidence of allergy on the one hand, and the occurrence of atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis on the other . Investigations on Ig levels and circulating T cells in asthmatic children may provide important clues into disease classification and mechanisms of such patients.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Apr 25, 122(17), 637 - 41
{Availability of cefotaxime . Pharmacokinetic studies on the distribution in central and various peripheral compartments (author's transl)}; Wittmann DH et al.; After 2 g as a bolus injection the concentration of Cefotaxime was determined in serum, bone, tissue fluid, peritoneal exudate and bile under clinical conditions in 43 patients with a mean age of 61 years . Pharmacokinetic constants were calculated using a modified two compartment model . The basis for these calculations was a mean serum curve from 299 serum samples . The geometric mean and deviation factors of time-dependent values in tissue and tissue fluid are presented . The results are compared to the minimal inhibitory concentrations of pathogenic bacteria . The clinical success in 121 severe infections at a dose of 2 g every 12 hours support the theoretical results of this study.

J Anim Sci, 1980 Apr, 50(4), 610 - 6
Mastitis and udder abnormalities as related to neonatal lamb mortality in shed-lambed range ewes; Kirk JH et al.; Bacterial isolations were attempted from milk samples taken from 242 range ewes in a southwestern Idaho shed lambing enterprise . Eighty-five percent of the ewe milk samples had no pathogenic bacterial growth at lambing and 3 weeks later . The few organisms that were isolated did not appear to affect udder condition of the ewe or contribute to lamb mortality . Shed conditions did not affect the frequency of isolation of potentially pathogenic bacteria . The prevalence of udder abnormalities, however, did appear to have a positive association with ewes that lost theim lambs . The most frequent abnormality was a diffuse homogeneous induration of the udder . This hardening was apparently unrelated to bacterial isolation or the age of the ewes . Mastitis, either subclinical or clinical, did not appear to be a serious problem in this particular flock . Mastitis was not related to lamb mortality.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 39(4), 681 - 5
Growth characteristics, cytopathic effect in cell culture, and virulence in mice of 36 type strains belonging to 19 different Acanthamoeba spp; De Jonckheere JF; A total of 36 strains belonging to 19 different species of Acanthamoeba were compared for temperature tolerance, ability to grow in an axenic medium, cytopathic effect in Vero cell culture, and virulence in mice . Pathogenic strains appeared to belong to different species, whereas pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains occurred in one species . Although growth at high temperatures and readiness to grow axenically indicated a potential for pathogenicity, each such strain had to be tested in cell cultures or laboratory mice to determine whether or not it was virulent . This study was not intended to differentiate Acanthamoeba spp., but to provide methods to be used for the specific isolation and identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1980 Mar, 47(1), 31 - 4
Studies on neonatal calf diarrhoea caused by rotavirus: transmission of the disease and attempted vaccination of colostrum-deprived calves; Theodoridis A et al.; Mild to severe scouring could be produced in colostrum-deprived calves with tissue culture-adapted rotavirus and feacal material from field cases of calf diarrhoea . The feaces of experimentally infected calves contained rotavirus for at least 3 days . Pathogenic bacteria were presented in one calf only and this calf also showed the most severe gastroenteritis . Eight calves were vaccinated with a live rotaviral calf diarrhoea vaccine and subsequently challenged with infective rotavirus . Mild scouring was observed after vaccination, but the calves remained normal after challenge . Rotavirus particles were detectable in the faeces for a few days after vaccination and challenge.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1980, 11(1 Suppl), 115 - 22
{Cellular behavior of axenic amebas cultured in the presence of different carbohydrates}; Juan Segura J et al.; Carbohydrates are an essential requirement of the culture medium in many cells . Axenic cultures of amebas require a concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 per cent glucose . The purpose of this work is to demonstrate possible differences on the carbohydrates requirements between pathogenic and nonpathogenic amebas strains . The experimental work was done in two phases: a) observation of the cultures growing at different concentrations of glucose in TP-S-1 medium (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 g/100 ml), and b) the substitution of glucose by other carbohydrates: D-fructose; D-galactose; D-manitol, maltose, lactose, sucrose and soluble starch . Four axenic strains were used: Entamoeba histolytica HM-2:IMSS and HK-9:NIH; E . invadens PZ and E . moshkovskii FIC . Enumeration of cultured protozoa was determinated with the aid of an hemacytometer . The results obtained indicate no difference between pathogenic strains (HM-2, HK-9 and PZ), at the concentrations of glucose in the medium (0.5 g/100 ml), however FIC strain (unique non-pathogenic strain tested), had the highest growth when 0.25 per cent glucose was used . All strains supported without any significant difference in growth, the substitution of glucose by maltose and starch.

Arch Virol, 1980, 65(2), 123 - 33
Cleavability of hemagglutinin determines spread of avian influenza viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryo; Rott R et al.; The spread of infection in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been analysed with pathogenic and non-pathogenic avian influenza A viruses . After allantoic inoculation of pathogenic strains, high titers of infectious virus were found in the allantoic fluid, and virus growth could be demonstrated by immunohistology and electron microscopy in the allantoic epithelium, the mesenchyma, and in the chorionic epithelium . By the same route of inoculation, non-pathogenic strains yielded also higher titers of infectious virus in the allantoic fluid, but virus replication was restricted to the allantoic epithelium and did not occur in the other cell layers . After chorionic inoculation of pathogenic strains, replication occurred in all layers of the CAM, and infectious virus was released into the allantoic fluid . However, when the chorionic epithelium was infected with a non-pathogenic strain, infection did not spread beyond the site of inoculation . These differences in virus spread are based on differential activation of the hemagglutinin by proteolytic cleavage . The hemagglutinin of pathogenic strains is cleaved in cells of each layer, whereas the hemagglutinin of non-pathogenic strains is cleaved only in the allantoic epithelium . In epithelial cells, virus budding occurred nearly exclusively at the apical side of the cell surface, but this polarization of virus maturation was found with both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains, indicating that it does not account for the differences in virus spread and, thus, in pathogenicity.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(4), 281 - 90
Susceptibility of germ-free mice to infectious megaenteron; Itoh K et al.; Germ-free (GF)-ICR mice were shown to be less susceptible to oral inoculation with a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E . coli 0115a, c: K(B) than GF-CF No.1 mice . In GF-CF No . 1 mice a large number of organisms were recovered from the intestinal wall from the cecum to the rectum 3 to 7 days after inoculation . Unlike those in GF-CF No . 1 mice, lesions in GF-ICR mice were localized in a part of the cecum and organisms were recovered only from the cecal wall and rarely from organs other than those of the alimentary tract . In both strains of mice, however, organisms were recovered in large number from the intestinal contents . Histopathology and immunofluorescence revealed organisms closely attached to the surface of the cecum, colon and rectal epithelia in GF-CF No . 1 mice but only in a part of the cecal epithelium in GF=ICR mice . After being in contact with conventional CF No . 1 mice for 21 days and then inoculated orally with the pathogenic E . coli, ex GF-CF No . 1 mice died within 14 days with severe intestinal lesions, but ex-GF-ICR mice survived without lesions.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 23, 151 - 4
Netilmicin: efficacy and tolerance in the treatment of systemic infections in neonates; Peitersen B et al.; 38 newborn infants, 28 males and 10 females, were treated with netilmicin in doses 6-7 mg/kg/day for suspected or verified infections . 19 patients were mature (mean birth weight 3169 g) and 19 were premature (mean birth weight 1864 g) . 32 had moderate or severe underlying diseases . 37 babies survived, 33 were cured or improved markedly and in 4 the results were indeterminate . Pathogenic bacteria were demonstrated in 24 cases and were eliminated in 15 . Only one baby died . He suffered from severe respiratory distress syndrome and Escherichia coli septicemia . No E . coli was isolated at autopsy . The mean netilmicin peak serum value was 7.7 micrograms/ml (range 1.0-30.0) and the mean trough concentration 2.1 micrograms/ml (range 0.0-9.2) . No adverse effects were seen.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1980, 11(4), 461 - 75
Study of the trophozoite surface of Entamoeba histolytica with high resolution cytochemical studies and scanning electron microscopy; Feria-Velasco A et al.; A study of positive and negative electrical surface charges of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites axenically cultured was carried out by means of incubation with colloidal iron solutions at pH 4.0 and 1.8, respectively . The samples were examined under the transmission electron microscope . Human erythrocytes were studied using the same experimental conditions as controls . In these cells the surface negative charges were homogeneously distributed on the surface, whereas the positive charges were observed as irregularly distributed patches . No electrical charges were labelled into the trophozoite surface with the colloidal iron solutions employed . It can be correlated with previous biochemical and cytochemical studies, as well as with experimental data obtained by other authors . Likewise surface configuration was studied using the scanning electron microscope in three pathogenic strains of E . histolytica cultured in axemic or monoxenic conditions . A detailed description of the trophozoite surface configuration was made and findings were correlated with data obtained from transmission electron microscopy studies of the parasite . There were no differences in the trophozoite surface structure which could be related to the strains of E . histolytica examined or to the culture conditions employed.

Mycopathologia, 1979 Dec 28, 69(3), 167 - 70
Spore ultrastructure in Sporothrix schenckii; Findlay GH et al.; Pathogenic strains of Sporothrix schenkii may show triangular spores, whose angular shape is maintained by a tie-beam effect in the inner cell wall structure . This difference in wall structure lies adjacent to a folded and possibly more active part of the spore cytoplasm . The supposed generation of asci in old cultures was simulated by the death of hyphae which are reinvaded by intrahyphal growth with intrahyphal spore production, while true asci were not seen.

J Clin Periodontol, 1979 Dec, 6(7), 61 - 7
Prevention of periodontal disease in the future; Listgarten MA; Existing knowledge about periodontal disease is sufficient to permit the interested individual to carry out a preventive program which can result in preventing the major forms of the disease from developing . It is likely that the sooner such a program is started in a person's lifetime, the likelier it is to succeed . With the additional knowledge obtained from current avenues of research, clinical microbiology and immunology will become applicable to the management of selected forms of periodontal disease, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes . Some of the information gained may help in fostering the establishment of a desirable microbial flora and in better control of potentially pathogenic strains . The implementation of an effective preventive program for periodontal and other dental diseases will vary on a regional basis depending on political, economic, social and ethical considerations.

Fortschr Med, 1979 Nov 8, 97(42), 1938 - 40
{Bacterial vaginal fluor in intrauterine contraception}; Feichter GE et al.; PIP: Examinations for vaginal bacteria were given to 100 IUD users . 51 of the patients had fluor vaginalis (32 nulliparae), and 49 of the patients did not have fluor vaginalis (19 nulliparae) . In 87 cases, potentially or definitely pathogenic bacteria were found . Anerobic bacteria colonies tended to occur more often among the nulliparae than among the multiparae . Bacteria were found slightly more often among the patients with fluor vaginalis, as was an increase in the diversity of the bacteria . IUD users with fluor vaginalis should be treated in order to avoid possible pelvic inflammation of the genital tract .

J Protozool, 1979 Nov, 26(4), 613 - 5
Starch gel electrophoresis: an effective method for separation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria strains; Nerad TA et al.; Isoenzyme electrophoresis of 7 different enzyme systems was used to compare 24 strains of Naegleria fowleri and 6 strains of N . gruberi . The 30 strains could be grouped into 4 distinct categories based upon zymogram patterns . No interstrain band variation in all enzyme systems was demonstrated in pathogenic strains of N . fowleri . Three nonpathogenic high temperature-tolerant strains of Naegleria had similar zymograms . Four of the 5 remaining nonpathogenic Naegleria strains had no interstrain band variation . Based upon zymograms, the 22 pathogenic strains constitute a homogenous species . Similarly the high temperature-tolerant nonpathogenic strains formed a cohesive group . The remaining nonpathogenic strains could be separated into 2 groups.

J Gen Virol, 1979 Nov, 45(2), 263 - 72
The spread of a pathogenic and an apathogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus in the chick embryo as depending on the protease sensitivity of the virus glycoproteins; Nagai Y et al.; The pathogenic strain Italien and the apathogenic strain Ulster of Newcastle disease virus have been compared with respect to organ tropism and spread of infection in 11-day-old chick embryos . After infection of the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane by intra-allantoic inoculation with strain Italien, high virus titres are found in all extra-embryonic membranes and fluids and in the embryo itself . Infection results in early death of the embryo . In contrast, after infection with strain Ulster by the same route of inoculation, high virus titres are found only in the allantoic sac and embryos are not killed . Inoculations with strain Italien on to the ectodermal layer through an artificial air sac results in rapid spread of infection in the chorioallantoic membrane and the embryo dies before the virus invades other tissues including the embryo . Under the same conditions of infection, strain Ulster neither spreads within chorioallantoic membrane nor does it kill the embryo . Virus spread in each germinal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane was analysed by immune fluorescence . These studies showed that endoderm as well as mesoderm and ectoderm allowed the spread of strain Italien, whereas only the endoderm is permissive for strain Ulster . These differences in host range are based upon differential activation of the virus glycoproteins by proteolytic cleavage . The glycoproteins of strain Italien are cleaved in each germinal layer, whereas those of strain Ulster are cleaved only in endoderm . These studies demonstrate that, in the system analysed here, spread of infection and organ tropism are important factors for pathogenicity and both of these factors are determined by the susceptibility of the virus glycoproteins to proteolytic cleavage.

Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 90 - 8
Depression of vaccinal immunity to Marek's disease by infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus; Witter RL et al.; The effect of infection with low-virulence, tissue culture-propagated strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) on protective vaccinal immunity against Marek's disease (MD) lymphomas was investigated . Vaccinated chickens inoculated at hatching with greater than 10(4) focus-forming units of REV and challenged with MD virus were poorly protected against MD lesion development as indicated by protective indices of 53 to 79% for strain CS (P less than 0.05) and 42 to 49% for strain T (P less than 0.01) compared to 78 to 100% for REV-free controls . Furthermore, the response of blood lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation and the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes and Brucella abortus were less in REV-inoculated chickens than in controls . The REV-induced depression of immune responses was more severe in chickens infected with mildly pathogenic strain T than in chickens infected with the apathogenic strain CS and was generally transient with both virus strains . Little or no depression of immune responses was observed in chickens inoculated with less than 10(3) focus-forming units of REV . These studies extend knowledge on the immunodepressive ability of low-virulence REV strains and establish that infection with these viruses depresses certain parameters of MD vaccinal immunity, an important model for cellular immunity against virus-induced neoplasia in the chicken.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1979 Sep, 5(5), 517 - 25
Mezlocillin and azlocillin: an evaluation of two new beta-lactam antibiotics; Ellis CJ et al.; Mezlocillin and azlocillin are broad spectrum penicillins for parenteral administration . In this study it was shown that they were very active against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria . Thirty-five patients were treated with mezlocillin, and 5 patients were treated with azlocillin (in combination with cefoxitin in 3 cases) . The serum, bile and CSF levels of the drugs were measured . Both antibiotics would appear to be safe and efficacious in treating serious infections by sensitive pathogens . Infections caused by unknown pathogens could be treated by one of these agents in combination with a broad spectrum beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin or cephamycin.

Arch Dis Child, 1979 Aug, 54(8), 587 - 92
Role of viruses and bacteria in acute wheezy bronchitis in childhood: a study of sputum; Horn ME et al.; Sputum, nasal swabs, and throat swabs were obtained from 22 children aged between 5 and 15 years during 72 attacks of wheezy bronchitis . A virus, most commonly a rhinovirus, was isolated in 49% of all episodes and in 64% of 22 severe episodes requiring treatment with corticosteroids; the isolation rate was higher early in the illness than later . Virus was recovered more often from sputum than from the nose or throat, suggesting that viral replication occurs freely in the lower respiratory tract: the cytological findings in sputum were compatible with an inflammatory response to viral infection . Pathogenic bacteria appeared to play a minor role compared with viruses, and routine antibiotic treatment was probably of little value in moost cases . The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of childhood wheezy bronchitis.

J Urol, 1979 Aug, 122(2), 168 - 9
Prostatosis, prostatitis or pelvic floor tension myalgia?
Segura JW, Opitz JL, Greene LF.
Patients with symptoms suggestive of prostatitis or prostatosis who do not have pathogenic bacteria in the prostatic secretions may, in fact, not have prostatic problems . The possibility of pelvic floor tension myalgia should be considered in these patients.

Biomedicine, 1979 Jul, 31(4), 99 - 104
Infantile gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus: comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electron microscopy for rapid diagnosis; Seigneurin JM et al.; ELISA and negative contrast EM have used for the detection of rotavirus in one hundred stools from children, less than two years old, hospitalized for acute gastro-enteritis during the winter 1977-78 . Samples obtained from the same children some months after hospitalization were also tested . A good correlation was found between the results given by EM and ELISA, but the later technique turned out to be more sensitive (12% more positive using ELISA) . A rotavirus infection could be demonstrated in 73% of the patients . In the stools of 3 children we found a second virus in association with the rotavirus, and in two cases a pathogenic bacterium . When a second serum specimen was available from children previously infected by rotavirus it was always possible to detect a significant increase in CF antibodies . Several months after hospitalization a 2nd survey indicated that the rotavirus was no longer present but calicivirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus and adenovirus could be detected in those asymptomatic children.

Med Hypotheses, 1979 Jun, 5(6), 707 - 10
Enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and epilepsy; Pitajanmaki EE; Evidence exists that cyclic nucleotides play an important role in the stabilisation of developing synapses during the early postnatal period, and later on participate in the generation of the slow excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials . It is postulated that enterotoxins of Escherichia coli, due to their long-lasting and specific action on cyclic nucleotide-dependent processes, provide a unique mechanism for selective impairment of synaptogenesis in the abscence of cell loss . Therefore it seems possible that early enteritis, when caused by certain pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, might be an aetiological factor in the genesis of idiopathic epilepsy.

Am J Vet Res, 1979 Jun, 40(6), 795 - 801
Specificity in response of vaccinated swine and mice to challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of various serotypes; Wood RL; Swine and mice were vaccinated with standard erysipelas adsorbate bacterins made from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serotype 2 and were subsequently exposed to pathogenic strains of E rhusiopathiae, serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, and 11 . Response to challenge of immunity in swine was determined by presence of urticarial lesions at the sites of intradermal injection of culture; response in mice was determined by the quantal (live-dead) method . After vaccination with standard bacterins, swine and mice were significantly more susceptible (P less than of equal to 0.01) to infection with strains of serotypes 9 and 10 than with strains of serotypes 1, 2, 4, or 11 . An adsorbate bacterin made from the challenge strain of serotype 10 induced specific immunity to homologous challenge exposure in swine but not in mice . Bacterins made from the other challenge strains induced little or no immunity.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1979 May, 86(5), 374 - 8
In vitro study of the possible role of the intrauterine contraceptive device tail in ascending infection of the genital tract; Purrier BG et al.; PIP: A detailed analysis was undertaken of the role of the IUD tail in ascending pelvic infections . Findings are reported on a laboratory model designed to establish whether bacteria ascend in the mucus which coats the IUD tail following insertion of the device . Cervical mucus was aspirated from the cervical canal by syringe at the mid-cycle when the mucus was most copious and was either used immediately or stored at +4 degrees Centigrade until required . All samples were cultured and only those yielding small numbers of commensal bacteria were used . The IUD tails studied were the multifilamentous tail of the Dalkon shield, test modified monofilamentous tails measuring 0.25, 0.3 and 0.5 mm in diameter and the monofilamentous tail of the Gravigard (Copper 7) . The cervical mucus was introduced into the new 1 ml tuberculin syringe barrels up to the 0.4 ml mark using a double ended needle . The experimental model used was designed to determine if bacteria migrate through the layer of mucus coating the IUD's outer surface . 2 controls were used . 1st, when the IUD tail was omitted from the model, bacteria were found not to migrate above the level of the mucus plug in the syringe . 38 negative control tests were made using different combinations of potentially pathogenic bacteria . In the 2nd control system, the mucus plug was omitted so that the tail of the IUD directly entered the suspension of bacteria in agar . In 22 such tests, bacteria were found not to migrate above the bacterial agar suspension . These controls establish that the recovery of bacteria from the IUD tail above the mucus/air interface represent the migration of bacteria in the mucus film coating the tail . A total of 135 test models was made . Bacteria were cultured from the cervical mucus in 132 of these . In the remaining 3, growth was confined to the length of tail in the agar suspension . In 72 (55%) of the 132 tests which showed bacteria in the cervical mucus, bacteria were cultured from the surface of the tails above the mucus/air interface . No differences were noted between the multifilamentous and monofilamentous tails, but the Gravigard tails yielded significantly fewer cultures from above the mucus/air interface . With all types of tails, bacteria were cultured from as high as 20-30 mm above the mucus/air interface . At a height of 30-40 mm, bacterial growth was recorded on the multifilamentous Dalkon shield, and the 0.3 mm and 0.25 mm monofilamentous nylon tails . There were no differences between the devices with individual bacteria . In sum, the study suggests that the IUD tail may be responsible for the passage of vaginal bacteria into the uterus .

Isr J Med Sci, 1979 Apr, 15(4), 356 - 61
Infantile jejunal mucosa in infection and malnutrition; Kaschula RO et al.; Sixteen children with refractory diarrhea and three malnourished children who had frequent episodes of acute gastroenteritis but little diarrhea at the time of hospital admission, were studied by peroral upper small intestinal biopsy . Six children were adequately nourished; five children weighed 62 to 79% of expected weight and eight weighed less than 60% of expected weight . Two of the malnourished children had giardiasis . Pathogenic bacteria were found in only one case . Varying degrees of mucosal atrophy with reduction of mean villous height were seen in 18 cases . The concentration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and plasma cells was about half that seen in well-nourished children with severe nongastrointestinal infections . The concentration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria was about twice that seen in normal adults . The proportions of IgA-producing cells and cells that stained for secretory component were significantly reduced, as compared with normal adult control values . This reduction was most striking in children with malnutrition complicated by giardiasis . Enzyme histochemical studies were performed for leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase . There was a tendency for considerably reduced acid phosphatase activity in all clinical groups (kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor and marasmus) of growth-retarded infants.

J Wildl Dis, 1979 Apr, 15(2), 309 - 18
Mandibular lesions in the Western Arctic caribou herd of Alaska; Doerr JG et al.; Lesions were noted in 7.0 and 4.4% of mandible pairs collected from the Western Arctic caribou herd of northwestern Alaska in 1959-61 and 1975-77, respectively . The prevalence of mandibular lesions in the 1959-61 collection is believed to be the highest reported in wild caribou herds of North America . The frequency of occurrence of mandibular lesions was highest in caribou 7 years of age and older, and there was a higher prevalence in adult males than in adult females . Trauma, dental abscesses, and periodontal disease were the probably cause of most lesions . Pathogenic bacteria were not isolated from mandibular lesions from an 11 year-old female . Thirty-three of 98 (33.7%) mandibles with lesions were missing one tooth, while ten (10.2%) were missing more than one tooth . The first molar (M1) was the most common tooth lost in association with lesions, although the loss of two or more teeth was more common among premolars than among molars.

Biokhimiia, 1979 Mar, 44(3), 394 - 9
{Activity, isoenzyme composition, thermostability and molecular weight of peroxidase from intact and virus infected tobacco plant leaves}; Andreeva VA et al.; The enzyme peroxidase was isolated from the leaves of the tobacco plant Xanthi (intact and infected with weakly (XY) and highly (XT) pathogenic strains of potato X-virus) and partially purified . The original extract (the 30,000 g supernatant) was purified by ammonium sulfate at 30--80% of saturation and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25 and G-100 in 0.05 M tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 containing 17% sucrose . Disc electrophoresis revealed that both intact and infected plants contain 10 isoperoxidases . The electrophoregrams of isoenzymes from infected plants with the Rf values of 0.1, 0.48, 0.53 and 0.59 stained with benzidine produced a more intensive colouring as compared to the corresponding isoenzymes from intact plants . The total enzymatic activity for the plants infected with the XY and XT strains made up to 180% and 240% of that for the intact plants, respectively . The molecular weights of the peroxidase isoenzymes were found to be the same and equal to 40,000 . Study of the thermostability at 60 degrees C and pH 7.0 showed that after 90 min the enzyme activity was 12.4% and 5.1% of the original one in intact and infected plants, respectively . The data obtained suggest that the activity, thermostability and synthesis of some peroxidase isoenzymes in tobacco plant leaves are affected by viral infection.

N Z Med J, 1979 Feb 28, 89(630), 128 - 30
Bacterial contamination of radial artery catheters; Davis FM et al.; A prospective survey of 113 radial artery catheters showed a total contamination rate using an enrichment media culturing technique of 39% . The yield from routine culturing alone was only 9% . In six cases pathogenic bacteria were isolated . In this study no correlation between contamination and aspects of catheter insertion and management was shown.

Arch Dermatol, 1979 Feb, 115(2), 170 - 3
Blastomycosis-like pyoderma; Su WP et al.; Seven patients with blastomycosis-like pyoderma had skin lesions of four months' to six years' duration . The criteria for the diagnosis of blastomycosis-like pyoderma include the clinical presentation of large verrucous plaques with multiple pustules and elevated border, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with abscess histologically, and the growth of at least one pathogenic bacteria from the culture of a tissue-biopsy specimen . The differential diagnosis includes deep fungus infection (especially North American blastomycosis), bromoderma, pyoderma gangrenosum, mycobacterial infections, giant keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma . Generally, the patients had one or more conditions that could have affected their systemic or local immunologic competence to infection . We believe that the clinical and histologic features in these cases of blastomycosis-like pyoderma were produced by an unusual, exaggerated, vegetating-tissue reaction to a primary or secondary bacterial infection.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1979, 11(1), 59 - 62
The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of neutrophil granulocytes from newborn infants and their mothers in relation to the occurrence of bacteria in amnion fluid and cord blood; Ostergren J et al.; The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes from cord blood, when measured without in vitro stimulation with bacteria, was significantly higher than that of maternal granulocytes . This elevated activity may be an adequate response to the presence in cord blood of degradation products from the placenta but also of potentially pathogenic bacteria, found in cord blood of infants with high NBT values . On in vitro stimulation cord blood granulocytes displayed the same high NBT activity as those of the mothers and of healthy non-pregnant women . All but one blood culture from the infants 25--48 h after delivery were sterile . The only child with a low non-stimulated NBT activity of cord blood granulocytes was also the only one presenting a clinical picture of neonatal septicemia, though not bacteriologically verified.

Vet Med (Praha), 1979 Jan, 24(1), 29 - 36
{Comparison of the suitability of phase-contrast and immunofluorescence technics in the laboratory diagnosis of porcine dysentery}; Hornich M et al.; Immunofluorescence technique, compared with the method of phase contrast, does not appear to be better for laboratory diagnostics of swine dysentery because neither of these methods can be used for distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of treponemas . The number of treponemas contained in faeces should still be considered to be the main criterion in laboratory diagnostics . In clinically healthy pigs from stocks which never suffered from dysentery treponemas were found only in few cases and always in small numbers . The numbers of treponemas contained in the faeces of dysenteric pigs were several times higher . Antigenic relationship of one nonpathogenic and three pathogenic strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae was proved by the agglutination and fluoresence methods.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1979, 28(4), 269 - 76
Transferable drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from infant diarrhoea; Lagowska-Zlotorzycka M et al.; The resistance to several drugs was determined in 29 pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (026, 055 and 0111) isolated from infant diarrhoea and 18 non-pathogenic E . coli strains isolated from the same individuals . Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were resistant to at least 1 to 10 drugs, but only in four cases resistance patterns of the pathogenic strains were identical with those of non pathogenic ones . The majority of the strains were resistant to sulfonamide, tetracycline, ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin and kanamycin . The drug resistance (except the resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin) was associated with conjugative R-plasmids . Some of the tested strains carried two R-plasmids in one cell, being in hetero R-state.

Hautarzt, 1978 Dec, 29(12), 648 - 51
{Protein concentrations in the ejaculate of patients with chronic prostatitis}; Krause W et al.; In 158 patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and 23 healthy men seminal fluid concentrations of IgG, IgA, C3c, coeruloplasmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-glycoprotein were determined by immunodiffusion . Concentration of IgG is closely correlated to leucocyte counts, that of IgG, C3c, and coeruloplasmin to erythrocyte counts . C3c, coeruloplasmin, alapha-1-glycoprotein and alpha-1-antitrypsin are further correlated to sperm counts . IgG and C3c concentrations are related to pathogenetic factors . If pathogenic bacteria are found, they are significantly higher than in patients with mycoplasmas, without bacteria or normal men . The same relation is found when observing the leucocyte count . IgG is significantly lower when mycoplasmas are found.

Immun Infekt, 1978 Dec, 6(6), 209 - 13
{Routine test for sensitivity (author's transl)}; Wiedemann B; The agar diffusion test is a simple but in most instances reliable method for the determination of the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria, if it is performed under controlled standardised conditions and evaluated by defined criteria . The accuracy of the test results can be achieved by a permanent control of the test with control strains during routine testing.

J Exp Med, 1978 Nov 1, 148(5), 1137 - 43
Surface properties of Entamoeba: increased rates of human erythrocyte phagocytosis in pathogenic strains; Trissl D et al.; The assertion that ingestion of human erythrocytes is restricted to invasive strains of Entamoeba histolytica has not been evaluated previously by comparative studies . In this report we describe the in vitro ingestion of human erythrocytes by pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba . Microscopic evaluation of erythrophagocytosis by eight different Entamoeba grown in culture revealed that strains of E . histolytica isolated from cases of human dysentery show a much higher rate of erythrocyte ingestion than nonpathogenic strains . However, all strains are able to phagocytize erythrocytes . The extremely high rate of phagocytic activity shown by pathogenic E . histolytica could be one of the properties related to the pathogenicity of this parasitic protozoan.

Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo), 1978 Oct-Dec, 45(4), 313 - 7
{Immuno-stimulating effect of levamisole in the immunization of guinea pigs vaccinated against brucellosis}; Sandoval LA et al.; The immuno-stimulating Levamisole action was checked by the authors in guinea-pigs vaccinated against brucellosis and exposed to the challenge test afterwards against 2.308 Brucella abortus pathogenic strain . Twelve lots of eight guinea-pigs were used disposed in the following distribution: Lots I, III, IV were vaccinated with B-19 strain vaccine; lots II, IV and VI were vaccinated with the same vaccine and, after 48 hours, received the Levamisole injection . Lots VII VIII received only the Levamisole injection and the pathogenic Brucella strain, forming the control groups . The vaccinated guinea-pigs showed a higher protection against challenge, always above 75% in relation to the lots that were only vaccinated, demonstrating a dear immuno-stimulating action of the essayed product . Considering the obtained results in this assay, the authors speculate on the anti-brucellosis vaccines potentialization with immuno-stimulating products, as Levamisole.

Avian Dis, 1978 Oct-Dec, 22(4), 721 - 31
Immune response and pathogenicity of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus applied as vaccines; Winterfield RW et al.; Eight strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were characterized by the criteria of immunity and pathogenicity engendered in young chickens . Some strains have been used commercially, and the others are potential candidates for vaccines . They were administered by drinking water, eyedrop, vent drop, and subcutaneous and aerosol routes . The viruses varied widely in pathogenicity in terms of bursal damage, morbidity, and mortality . Immunity induced with different routes of administration also differed markedly when measured by challenge, virus serum-neutralizing antibody titers, and the agargel precipitin test . Maternally derived immunity interfered with stimulation of active immunity by some of the less pathogenic strains . The more virulent strains, however, were able to provide protection under similar circumstances, although bursal damage was frequently severe . Two strains proved relatively virulent by the criteria employed . Characteristics desirable for IBDV strains to be given as vaccines under field conditions to young chickens are discussed briefly.

Paediatr Indones, 1978 Jul-Aug, 18(7-8), 199 - 208
An oral electrolyte solution (Pedialyte) in the treatment of acute infantile gastroenteritis; Sunoto et al.; PIP: During a 3-month period, 35 pediatric patients with infantile acute gastroenteritis were treated with a premixed oral glucose electrolyte solution . The study group consisted of 17 boys and 18 girls with a mean age of 12.4 months (range of 5.5-20 months) . 13 patients (37%) had mild dehydration, 16 (46%) had moderate dehydration, and 6 (17%) had normal hydration . 29 (83%( had isotonic dehydration and only 6 (17%) presented with hypotonic dehydration . Almost all of the patients were admitted for a hospital stay of 3 days and on discharge, all were in good condition . None developed severe dehydration or needed intravenous fluid treatment . The mean weight gain during hospitalization was 147 gm with a range of 100-400 gm . Unexpectedly, pathogenic bacteria organisms were discovered in 24 (68.7%) of the total cases, but all the children recovered very well with the oral electrolyte solution only without the need for antibiotics . From clinical, chemical, and other observations, it could be concluded that this ready-to-feed oral electrolyte solution can be used safely and effectively for the treatment of acute infantile gastroenteritis both with or without mild or moderate dehydration . No complications were observed in this study .

Paediatr Indones, 1978 Jul-Aug, 18(7-8), 191 - 8
A question on the use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhoeal disease; Sunoto et al.; PIP: 310 patients with acute infantile gastroenteritis were divided into 2 groups . Group 1 was treated with oralyte only and group 2 was treated with oralyte plus antibiotics . Of the 310 patients, 201 (113 boys and 88 girls) returned for followup and are included in this report . There were 99 patients in group 1 and 102 patients in group 2, with the average age of 10 months, ranging from 2-24 months in both groups . Most patients (80%) had concomitant diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections, OMA, sugar intolerance, undernutrition, etc . The degree of dehydration in group 1 was mild in 78, moderate in 19, and severe in 2 patients, whereas in group 2, it was mild in 81, moderate in 20, and severe in only 1 patient . Pathogenic bacteria were recovered from 21 patients in group 1 and from 22 patients in the second group . The results of the treatment in both groups through clinical observation revealed no difference . Thus, the benefits of antibiotic use in the treatment of acute infantile gastroenteritis are open to question .

Cutis, 1978 Jul, 22(1), 61 - 4
Cytologic examination and viral and bacterial culture in herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and varicella; Veien NK; Cytologic examination of epithelial cells from the base of vesicles, virus isolation, and bacterial culture were carried out in thirty-one patients with herpes simplex, in eleven patients with herpes zoster, and in three patients with varicella . Determination of herpes simplex complement fixation reaction was made in the patients with herpes simplex . Cytologic manifestations consistent with herpes were found 65 percent of patients with herpes simplex, while herpesvirus hominis was isolated in 77 percent of these patients . Diagnostic cytologic manifestations were found in 82 percent of the patients with herpes zoster or varicella . Varicella-zoster virus was isolated in 27 percent of these patients . The presence of pathogenic bacteria did not seem to influence the frequency of virus isolation or finding of characteristic cytologic features.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 Jul, 39(7), 1223 - 8
Neonatal calf diarrhea caused by a virus that induces villous epithelial cell syncytia; Mebus CA et al.; Intestinal lesions caused by a virus serologically unrelated to the calf diarrheal rotavirus or coronavirus were studied in gnotobiotic calves . The virion purified from feces from infected calves was a fringed particle with a diameter of about 100 nm . The incubation period from time of inoculation per orum to onset of diarrhea in calves was as short as 8 hours . The viral infection in bacteria-free calves or calves not contaminated with pathogenic bacteria caused severe illness for only 24 hours . When bacteria such as the K99 antigen Escherichia coli were present, the combined infection caused mortality . Lesions occurred only in the small intestinal villous epithelium . Calves euthanatized shortly before or after the onset of diarrhea had developed villous epithelial cell syncytia that contained numberous virions in the cytoplasm . Within 2 to 3 hours after onset of diarrhea, the infected cells were shed and the villi had denuded tips or had cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells.

Vet Rec, 1978 Jun 3, 102(22), 479 - 83
Vaccination against canine bordetellosis: protection from contact challenge; McCandlish IA et al.; Eight collie-cross pups, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks . Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a control group of four unvaccinated animals were placed in contact with a group of five pups of similar age which had been experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of B bronchiseptica by an aerosol method . All four unvaccinated control dogs as well as all five experimentally infected dogs developed a respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing . Six of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while disease was less severe and of shorter duration in the remaining two than in controls . Only slight changes were found in the lungs of vaccinated animals at necropsy while in the controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis . There was a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals when compared with controls . An aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring canine respiratory disease in which B bronchiseptica is involved.

Scand J Respir Dis, 1978 Apr, 59(2), 91 - 100
The pleiotropic effect of spontaneous single-step variant production in Mycobacterium intracellulare; Kajioka R et al.; A strain of M . intracellulare, AT 13786, derived from human sputum, gave rise to transparent and opaque colony forms which were cloned and investigated . From the results the conclusion was drawn that the opaque form was a mutant of the transparent type and possessed alterations in the cell envelope which were responsible for enhanced permeability . The opaque form was more susceptible to a number of antibiotics; it grew faster in standard medium, and was not dependent on tween for dextrose utilization . Tween enhanced the antibiotic susceptibility of the opaque form more than that of the transparent . The avirulent opaque colony form of the pathogenic strain serotype Boone also revealed a loss of tween dependence for dextrose utilization . The significance of the overall change has been discussed with respect to the question of virulence.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1978 Mar, 85(3), 314 - 6
{Production of interferon and virus-neutralizing antibodies in adult mice infected with enteroviruses during the neonatal period}; Priimiagi LS et al.; Newborn albino mice were inoculated with enteroviruses and in 6 weeks reinfected with homologous or heterologous strains . Strains moderately pathogenic for newborn mice led to formation of specific immunologic memory . Mice infected after birth with highly pathogenic strains produced specific antibodies for a long time and lacked secondary response . Production of interferon was not associated either with the strain pathogenicity for newborn mice or with the presence of antibodies.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(5), 394 - 8
Incompatible reactions between some plants and pathogenic bacteria; Mukherjee N et al.; Incompatible combinations of plant and plant bacteria produce an incompatible reaction at different rates, producing, besides the typical hypersensitive reaction, also darkening, yellowing, and fading . Plants differ in their responsiveness to plant bacteria in terms of reaction rate . Study of incompatible reactions may differentiate the species and strains of plant bacteria if properly explored.

Exp Cell Biol, 1978, 46(5), 277 - 88
Protective effect of rabbit immune serum administered orally to rats infected by a human pathogenic strain of E . coli; Rivier D et al.; 1-week-old rats were inoculated orally with a strain of E . coli (serotype 078) isolated from the blood of a newborn baby who had died of septicemia . During the 3 weeks following inoculation, approximately 50% of the animals died of septicemia and 60% of the surviving rats had pathogenic bacteria in their rectum . Some of the surviving rats were severely impaired in their development . Autopsy showed evidence of active intestinal infection localized mainly in the ileum and cecum . A rabbit anti-E . coli (strain 23) serum (agglutinating titer: 1/2,500) afforded 100% protection when as little as 0.03 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight was orally administered in a single dose . The immune serum had an effect both on the mortality rate and on the growth of the rats . However, it never affected the survival of pathogenic bacteria in the rectum, even when administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight on 4 consecutive days . The immune rabbit serum had only a weak bactericidal effect in vitro . The hemagglutination test showed the presence in the immune serum of antibodies against the fimbriae of the pathogenic E . coli strain (titer: 1/1,000) . The role of antibody in inhibiting the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells and/or their progression across the mucous layer are discussed as possible immune mechanisms in the intestinal lumen.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1978, 9 Suppl 1, 247 - 52
Protective immunity and possible autoimmune regulation in amebiasis; Meerovitch E et al.; Hamsters were injected intradermally with axenic trophozoites of a pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica, and controls similarly with culture medium . Localized lesions were produced in all animals injected with amebae . After the lesions healed all the animals were challenged intrahepatically with axenic amebae . Extensive liver abscesses were produced in all the controls, but a small abscess in only one of the vaccinated hamsters . In the protected animals the indirect hemagglutination antibody titers were high (I:512), while in the controls they ranged between 1:32 and 1:128 . In the vaccinated hamster with the small abscess the IHA titer was 1:32 . To investigate a possibility of autoimmune regulation in amebiasis, sera of hamsters with experimental amebic liver abscesses were acidified and tested by counter-current-immunoeletrophoresis against untreated autologous sera and amebic antigen . In most cases there was a direct correlation between the two titers . With human antisera in autologous systems there was reactivity against anti-amebic IgG antibodies . These experiments showed that autoimmune complexes may be present in cases of hepatic amebiasis . As in chronic hepatitis and some malignancies, it is possible that immune complexes have an immunoregulatory function in amebiasis.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1977 Nov 30, 56(5), 429 - 31
{Changes in the vaginal mucosal bacterial flora ecosystem during the menstrual cycle in women}; Galdiero F et al.; It was shown that bacteria of mucosae of higher organisms, mostly have specific receptors for chemical complementary structures of cell surface . On the other hand it is known already that vaginal flora changes during ovulation and afterwards, some infections begin and reveal during some periods of the ovulatory cycle . Therefore, it was studied the adherence of saprophytic and pathogenic bacteria to vaginal cell in different phases of the ovulatory cycle . It was shown that, during the cycle, the bacterial adherence changes because of environment modifications, caused by secretion under hormonal control.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Nov, 136(5), 697 - 700
In vitro activity of five oral cephalosporins against anaerobic pathogenic bacteria; Shadomy S et al.; The in vitro inhibitory activities of cefaclor and and cefatrizine, two new orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotics, against 44 isolates of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria were measured using the agar dilution procedure of the World Health Organization-International Collaborative Study . Tests also were performed with cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephadrine, as well as with the parenteral cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin . Cefoxitin was the most active antibiotic and inhibited the majority of isolates at a concentration of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml . None of the oral cephalosporins was clearly superior against all of the anaerobic isolates; only cephadrine and cefatrizine appeared to have any potential clinical value.

J Med Microbiol, 1977 Nov, 10(4), 479 - 82
Treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infection in mice with colicine V; Smith HW et al.; Concentrated non-toxic preparations of colicine V were obtained by filtering centrifugates of soft-agar cultures of a Col V+ K12 strain of E . coli through Millipore filters in which the colicine V was retained . These preparations, given subcutaneously, favourably influenced the course of disease in mice infected intraperitoneally with a pathogenic strain of E . coli that was very sensitive to colicine V in vitro . A beneficial effect was noted even when treatment was delayed until the mice were visibly ill.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1977 Oct, 58(5), 478 - 83
Aerobic and anaerobic mixtures of human pathogens: a rapid 4-plate counting technique; Kelly MJ; A reliable, cheap, labour-saving technique is presented for counting viable organisms in mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic human pathogenic bacteria . Series of 0.1-ml blood agar droplets containing antibiotics are used and only 4 Petri dishes are required . A system of controls makes recognition of any errors of technique particularly simple whilst allowing direct subculture of any unexpected colonies.

Acta Physiol Scand, 1977 Oct, 101(2), 219 - 29
Fever and behavioural temperature regulation in the frog Rana esculenta; Myhre K et al.; The skin and colonic temperatures were recorded in frogs (Rana esculenta) which had selected a suitable microenvironment in a box filled with 2-3 cm water . The water temperatures ranged from 0 degrees C to + 40 degrees C . Such measurements were performed before and after intraperitoneal injections of killed pathogenic bacteria (M . xenopi and M . range), killed non-pathogenic bacteria (M . aquae II) and 0.9% sterile saline, intraperitoneal injections of blood plasma from frogs pre-injected with killed M . ranae, injections of PGE1 into the brain . The injections of pathogenic bacterial endotoxin caused, after latencies of 5-120 min, higher preferred water temperatures, which produced an average maximum colonic temperature increase of 6.5 degrees C +/- 1.0 degrees C (S.E.) (p less than 0.001) . The non-pathogenic bacteria and sterile saline caused no temperature change . Monophasic hyperthermia of shorter latency was caused by injections of blood plasma from frog preinjected with M . ranae . Monophasic hyperthermia of the shortest latency was observed after diencephalic injections of PGE1 . Based on their similarity we suggest that ectothermic and endothermic fever have a common phylogenetic origin.

J Clin Pathol, 1977 Oct, 30(10), 948 - 52
Astrovirus associated gastroenteritis in a children's ward; Kurtz JB et al.; During an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a paediatric ward astroviruses were found in faeces from 17 to 27 symptomatic children and from four of 14 members of the staff with diarrhoea . No viruses were found in 10 asymptomatic children . Fourteen of the 21 astrovirus excretors were free of any recognised pathogens, but in the other seven, rotaviruses or pathogenic bacteria were also present . Serological evidence of astrovirus infection was obtained in five adults and two children.

Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Aug 6, 117(3), 223 - 6
Alternatives to hexachlorophene bathing of newborn infants; Hnatko SI; In controlled trials newborn infants were bathed with Lactacyd, pHisoHex, Hibitane, Lanohex or tap water . Bacteriologic samples were taken from three sites (groin, axilla and cord) immediately after birth, following an initial bath with one of the test agents, and on day 3 or 5 after a water bath . Initial bathing with all agents, including water, reduced the concentration of bacteria on the skin to a similar extent . However, comparisons of bacterial flora at birth versus those on days 3 and 5 indicated differences in the actions of the various agents on pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms . Lactacyd and Hibitane appeared to be suitable alternatives to hexachlorophene in the control of pathogenic bacteria on the skin of newborns . However, their absorption and toxicity in the newborn are unknown and, unless use of a skin disinfectant is warranted, routine bathing of newborns with tap water appears to be satisfactory.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Jul, (7), 57 - 61
{Validation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination}; Gapochko KG et al.; Reactogenic properties and survival of the smallpox vaccine virus in the organism of the vaccinated rabbits were studied for the purpose of experimental substantiation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination; serological shifts were determined, and also the intensity of the immunity created to the intracerebral and intranasal infection with the pathogenic strain of the causative agent was assessed . The results of experiment were confirmed in revaccination of humans pointing to weak reactogenic properties and high immunological efficacy of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Jul, 131(1), 224 - 8
Detection and characterization of plasmids in Pseudomonas glycinea; Curiale MS et al.; Pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas glycinea were shown to possess plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by dye-buoyant density gradient centrifugation . The size and number of plasmids of four different isolates were determined by neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation . Two isolates were found to harbor a single plasmid; however, they differed in size, having molecular weights of 43 X 10(6) and 54 X 10(6) . Two other isolates each contained two different plasmids . Plasmids with molecular weights of 43 X 10(6) and 73 X 10(6) were observed in one isolate, and the other carried plasmids with molecular weights of 25 X 10(6) and 87 X 10(6) . An auxotrophic mutant derived from the latter strain was found to contain plasmids of identical size . The plasmids were found to be under stringent control of replication, having plasmid copies of 1.0 to 2.7 per chromosome equivalent . By the dye-cesium chloride technique, the mutant showed twice as much covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid as did the parental strain.

Res Vet Sci, 1977 Jul, 23(1), 62 - 5
The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on lysosomal enzymes in the domestic fowl; Butler EJ et al.; During the 2 h following the injection of chickens (aged nine to 11 weeks) with endotoxin isolated from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O78) there was a transient rise in the activity of acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the plasma, suggesting increased release of these enzymes from lysosomes . This was followed by a fall in their activity which may have been due largely to stabilisation of the lysosomal membrane brought about by increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and/or accelerated removal of the enzymes from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system.

Res Vet Sci, 1977 Jul, 23(1), 20 - 3
Escherichia coli endotoxin as a stressor in the domestic fowl; Butler EJ et al.; During 24 h after the injection of fowls (aged eight to 11 weeks) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 to 3 mg/kg) isolated from a pathogenic strain (O78) there were changes in the ascorbate content of the adrenal gland and increases in the plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating that the toxin behaves as a mild stressor.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Jun, 85(3), 178 - 86
IgA levels and carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in 27 children previously tonsillectomized; Ostergaard PA; The object of the present paper is to present laboratory and clinical data on 27 children of ages between 6 and 11 years, who in connection with tonsillectomy 2 1/2 years earlier had been found to have low serum and saliva IgA levels, low serum IgE levels, and a considerable lack of IgA and IgE plasma cells in the excised tonsils; correlation between deficiency in IgA and culture of pathogenic bacteria from the tonsils was significant . From a clinical point of view, 22 of the children had benefit of the tonsillectomy and had no longer a tendency towards a development of recurrent infections . The remaining 5 patients continued to complain of recurring respiratory infections; in addition, levels of serum and saliva IgA were low . Furthermore, 4 or these 5 children harboured pathogenic bacteria in their throats . Many of the 27 patients still had low serum IgA and IgE levels as compared with levels in healthy, age-related controls; in 3 patients, however, the IgE levels in serum had risen considerably parallel with the development of atopic diseases . Saliva IgA was rather constant after tonsillectomy as compared with the preoperative levels, though it had risen in some of the children . As regards serum IgG and IgM, these immunoglobulins had decreased significantly, and the question is raised, whether it might had been due to the tonsillectomy, either by the removal of chronically infected organs or by the removal of important immunological tissue.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Jun, 85(3), 187 - 95
IgA levels, bacterial carrier rate, and the development of bronchial asthma in children; Ostergaard PA; A total of 54 children, earlier hospitalized for asthma, were reinvestigated with regard to immunoglobulin formation in serum and saliva . Furthermore, the carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in their throats was investigated, and in some of the children, who had their adenoids removed, immunofluorescent studies were performed . The study revealed highly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA in the younger children with asthma . In addition, in these children a connection between recurring respiratory infections and high carrier rate of presumably pathogenic bacteria was observed . Also in the older children, significantly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA compared with age related controls were found, but these children did not have an increased frequency of pathogenic bacteria or repiratory infections . In addition, low levels of serum IgM were found in the older children with asthma . The results of the study support the theory that low IgA levels facilitate the entrance of pathogenic bacteria through the epithelial surfaces, resulting in an overstimulation of the IgE system and the development of bronchial asthma in the younger children . In the younger as well as the older patients, a high frequency of atopy among the closest relatives was observed.

Br Med J, 1977 May 14, 1(6071), 1246 - 8
Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis; Larson HE et al.; A girl aged 12 developed pseudomembranous colitis after a short course of oral penicillin . She had no history of adverse reaction to penicillin before or after the illness . No pathogenic bacteria, mycoplasmas, or viruses were found in her faeces, but they did contain a toxin . Toxin was also found in four of five other patients with pseudomembranous colitis but not in six specimens obtained from patients with diarrhoea caused by other disorders . Further studies may show that pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a bacterial toxin.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 751 - 7
Use of an axenic medium for differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri isolates; De Jonckheere J; Growth in an axenic medium composed by Chang (3rd Int . Congr . Parasitol . Munich Abstr . ICPIII 1:187-188, 1974) allowed separation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri strains, since only the former show luxuriant growth in this medium . On the basis of these results, this medium was used in early screening for virulent Naegleria isolates . During an extensive ecological study, data were obtained on 102 Naegleria strains . Twenty of these strains grew luxuriantly in this liquid medium . Seventeen of them were tested by intranasal instillation in mice, and all proved to be highly pathogenic . Strains showing only moderate growth or no growth at all in this axenic medium were found to be nonpathogenic for mice . Moreover, it was found that using this medium in the early stage of Naegleria sampling favors isolation of pathogenic strains in mixtures of Naegleria . During these experiments, further evidence was obtained that thermal polluted waters are the main origin of N . fowleri in the environment.

Leber Magen Darm, 1977 Apr, 7(2), 84 - 90
{The blind-loop syndrome after side-to-side anastomoses of the gut (author's transl)}; Seitz W et al.; The postoperative blind-loop syndrome can occur after side-to-side, end-to side or by-pass anastomoses of the gut and presents clinically as malabsorption syndrome . Pathogenetically, stasis or slowing of the bowel movements will cause a rapid increase of pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine . Malabsorption is characterized by 3 symptoms: Loss of weight, anemia, steatorrhoea . The method of choice for therapy is to perform a new, end-to-end, anastomosis of the intestine in order to re-establish a physiological situation . During the last 6 years 14 patients with malabsorption syndromes of varying degrees were operated upon: 6 had pure small intestinal anastomoses, 7 anastomoses between the small and large intestine and 1 patient had a side-to-side sigmoidal anastomosis . In all patients the side-to-side or by-pass anastomoses could be reversed.

Br Med J, 1977 Mar 26, 1(6064), 798 - 800
Partial antibiotic decontamination; Guiot HF et al.; Partial antibiotic decontamination and reverse isolation were carried out in nine patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation . The aim of this approach was to eradicate the patient's endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria while preserving the anaerobic flora of the gut, which help to prevent recolonisation . No exogenous infections developed, and only one patient developed an infection associated with endogenous recolonisation . Colonisation resistance seemed normal in patients during partial antibiotic decontamination . This form of decontamination deserves further study in patients with immunodepression.

Res Vet Sci, 1977 Mar, 22(2), 138 - 45
Comparison of live Newcastle disease vaccines in a simple vaccination and challenge experiment; Voeten AC et al.; Groups of day-old chicks with haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (HIA) were exposed by the spray method to equal doses of three different live Newcastle disease (ND) commercial vaccines and allantoic preparations of them . After three weeks the HIA response was measured and the chicks were challenged with a pathogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) . The degree of protection of each bird was compared with its HIA response . The commercial vaccines all provided good protection at identical levels, but significant differences were detected between the allantoic fluid preparations . Two of the commercial vaccines produced significantly better protection than the allantoic fluid preparations . In addition to the protection conferred by HIA antibody, other mechanisms of protection apparently played a part.

Tubercle, 1977 Mar, 58(1), 35 - 8
In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of some new amino-glycoside antibiotics; Gangadharam PR et al.; Four new aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin and sisiomycin were tested against several pathogenic strains of so-called 'typical' and 'atypical' mycobacteria . Only amikacin exhibited considerable in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and not against other mycobacterial pathogens . None of the other three antibiotics exhibited activity against any of the mycobacteria at low concentrations.

Tropenmed Parasitol, 1977 Mar, 28(1), 26 - 34
Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania . VI . Second field trial on immunization against cattle theileriosis; Schreuder BE et al.; Nine cattle, immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of Theileria parva (Muguga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed) and nine controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in Tanzania . All controls contracted fatal East Coast Fever within 2 months of exposure . All immunized animals survived the period of exposure (over 2 months), but later one died of ECF, one of heart-water, one of an undetermined cause (not a theileriosis), and one disappeared from the herd . The 5 remaining animals survived for over 3 months after exposure ended . It is thought that this method of immunization is of value in protecting valuable animals at risk . An attempt to immunize against pathogenic Theilereia mutans, by injecting blood containing an apathogenic strain of this parasite, gave inconclusive results as no pathogenic strains were encountered during the trial.

Tropenmed Parasitol, 1977 Mar, 28(1), 1 - 7
{Agglutination reaction of T . cruzi, T . cruzi like Strains, T . rangeli and T . conorhini with Soja hispida lectin and Aaptos papillata protectin (author's transl)}; Muhlpfordt H et al.; Protectin from the sponge Aaptos papillata (Keller) was used in the characterization of five strains of T . cruzi (Venezuela, Guatemala, Y . Brasilien, Peru, Wien) and six T . cruzi like strains (Triatoma, Maryland, ITMAP 943, FH4, FH5, LN) . Based upon their membrane receptors, these T . cruzi and T . cruzi like isolates could be differentiated from rangeli (Venezuela Strain) and T . conorhini (Hawai Strain) by agglutination reaction to the proctectin . Furthermore, after pronase treatment T.rangeli could also be distinguished from T . conorhini by agglutination test with A . papillata protectin and also Soja hispida lectin . It is not possible to differentiate the T . cruzi complex with S . hispida lectin, because it did not agglutinate T . cruzi (Vienna Strain) and T . cruzi like (Maryland Strain) . However, after treating this human pathogenic strain with pronase the pseudocrypt antigen of the first order is made available to the S . hispida lecting thereby producing agglutination . The T . cruzi like strain however did not agglutinate with this treatment . On the other hand, while T . rangeli did not agglutinate even after pronase treatment, T . conorhini showed the agglutination reaction . This observed reaction is explained by the availability of the pseudocrypt antigens of the first order after pronase treatment.

J Exp Med, 1977 Mar 1, 145(3), 652 - 65
Surface properties related to concanavalin A-induced agglutination . A comparative study of several Entamoeba strains; Trissl D et al.; Pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica are more easily agglutinated with concanavalin A (Con A) than strains isolated from human asymptomatic carriers . All three pathogenic strains studied here were found to agglutinate with low concentrations of Con A in contrast to various nonpathogenic axenic strains of amebas, characterized by their ability to grow at room temperature . Our present observations suggest that the extreme susceptibility of pathogenic strains of E . histolytica to agglutinate with Con A is related to their higher capacity for lectin binding and to their lack of detectable repulsive charges at the cell surface . The amount of fluorescein-tagged Con A bound to the surface was much higher in pathogenic strains . Only nonpathogenic strains showed a detectable negative surface charge as studied both by means of cell microelectrophoresis and by labeling cells with cationized ferritin at 0 degrees C . The mobility of surface Con A receptors estimated as the percentage of caps was comparable in all strains . Results of one strain cultured in axenic and monoxenic conditions suggested that bacteria can modify the behaviour of E . histolytica trophozoites by altering surface properties of the amebas.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1977 Jan, 26(1), 10 - 5
The distribution of Naegleria fowleri in man-made thermal waters; de Jonckheere J et al.; The discharges of 16 thermal polluting factories were examined for the occurrence of Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis . Seven of these waters were shown to harbor this ameba . Of 22 N . fowleri isolates, 3 were highly virulent for mice when inoculated intranasally . The three pathogenic strains were isolated from three different places during summer . More N . fowleri were found during summer than in winter, which could be attributed to the lower temperature during winter . The distribution seems to be bound to the cooling waters of older factories and is not restricted to one type of factory . There are strong indications that the isolation of nonpathogenic seropositive strains from water is an indication for the occurrence of pathogenic N . fowleri.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23(1), 58 - 64
Amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; Pines A et al.; 100 hospital patients suffered from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis . 50 were treated with amoxycillin in a dose of 500 mg, three times a day for 10 days and the results compared with 50 patients treated with co-trimoxazole in a dose up to 480 mg trimethoprim and 2,400 mg of sulphamethoxazole daily in males, and two thirds of this dose in females . The trial was single-blind . During the acute phase of infection, both treatments were equally effective in clinical improvement, conversion of the sputum from purulent to mucoid, diminution of quantity and elimination of pathogenic bacteria . Amoxycillin was quicker in sputum conversion and gave less side effects, but the differences were not significant . During the 2-4 weeks following treatment, only a third of the patients who had received co-trimoxazole remained well and free from purulent relapse, as opposed to 72% who had received amoxycillin, a difference significant at the 2% level.

J Helminthol, 1977, 51(4), 347 - 57
Immunization of sheep against a virulent strain of Schistosoma mattheei using a strain of S . mattheei attenuated by hamster passage; Dargie JD et al.; We have previously described the characteristics of a relatively non-pathogenic laboratory strain of S . mattheei, attenuation of which was apparently caused by passage in hamsters . We now show that chronic infection with this avirulent strain largely protects sheep from the manifestations of acute schistosomiasis when challenged with a virulent strain of S . mattheei . Four sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the avirulent strain and, together with four wormfree sheep, challenged 63 weeks later with 10 000 S . mattheei cercariae of a pathogenic strain . Four more sheep acted as uninfected controls . Following challenge, the animals were weighed and bled weekly for PCV and serum protein determinations, and egg counts were carried out fortnightly on faeces taken from the rectum . Red cell and albumin turnover were monitored for two weeks immediately before challenge and for a similar period before necropsy, when the adult worms were recovered by perfusion and tissues sampled for histopathology and egg counting . The unvaccinated sheep developed severe disease 6-12 weeks after exposure characterised by marked anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyper-gamma globulinaemia coinciding with the passage of blood-stained faeces and progressive inappetence . In the vaccinated sheep, there was an even earlier rise in gamma globulins, but the other clinico-pathological changes were generally slower to devleop and much milder in severity . The parasitological data showed that although this was partly due to a reduction in the establishment of the challenge worm population the main factor was probably a reduction in the fecundity of these worms.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1977, 55(1-6), 487 - 95
In vitro infection of murine macrophage by Leishmania brasiliensis . Mechanism of penetration; Merino F et al.; The in vitro infection of peritoneal murine macrophages by a cultured pathogenic strain of Leishmania brasiliensis was studied . By phase contrast and light microscopy it could be observed that L . brasiliensis is rapidly endocytosed by the macrophages and localized in the cytoplasm in a vacuole inside which it multiplies . By phase contrast and electron microscopy it was observed that L . brasiliensis enters the macrophage by the anterior end through which it first attaches to the cell membrane . This penetration involves invagination of the cell membrane around the entering flagellum and parasite body . A mechanism of entry involving and active participation of the parasite membrane through receptor sites and membrane activity by the microfilament system is presented.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23(1), 58 - 64
Amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; Pines A et al.; 100 hospital patients suffered from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis . 50 were treated with amoxycillin in a dose of 500 mg, three times a day for 10 days and the results compared with 50 patients treated with co-trimoxazole in a dose up to 480 mg trimethoprim and 2,400 mg of sulphamethoxazole daily in males, and two thirds of this dose in females . The trial was single-blind . During the acute phase of infection, both treatments were equally effective in clinical improvement, conversion of the sputum from purulent to mucoid, diminution of quantity and elimination of pathogenic bacteria . Amoxycillin was quicker in sputum conversion and gave less side effects, but the differences were not significant . During the 2-4 weeks following treatment, only a third of the patients who had received co-trimoxazole remained well and free from purulent relapse, as opposed to 72% who had received amoxycillin, a difference significant at the 2% level.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 22(12), 1756 - 61
Dehiscence and active spore release in pathogenic strains of the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata var . australis: possible predatory implication; Lachance MA et al.; Strains of Metschnikowia bicuspidata var . australis, pathogenic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina), were observed to form asci which, upon reaching maturity, forcibly expelled their needle-shaped spores . The mechanical force responsible apparently originates from the formation of an ectoplasmic mucilage capable of exerting pressure over all of the ascus contents; when the apex of the peduncle ruptures, the ascospores are violently released . Cytochemical analyses indicated that the gel is a substance highly resistant to chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis . Its chemical nature is not known as yet . The morphogenetic events of this process are described, and its ecological implication, the possibility of active mechanical predation in yeast, is discussed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Oct, 236(1), 127 - 30
Activity of various compounds against a pathogenic strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae; Laber G; A test method for in vitro investigations of chemotherapeutics against a pathogenic strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae is described . The sensitivity of this organism against various compounds especially against the pleuromutilin derivative 81723 hfu, a new antibiotic, was evaluated.

Mycopathologia, 1976 Sep 24, 59(2), 81 - 90
{Comparative enzymatic study of two strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and of A . fischeri of sapropytic origin or isolated from human or animal lesions: practical diagnostic applications}; Duriez T et al.; 14 enzymatic activities (3 dehydrogenases and 11 hydrolases) were systematically investigated in the extracts of 2 strains of Aspergillus fischeri and 14 strains of A . fumigatus (8 isolated from human or animal lesions named 'pathogenic' strains and 6 strains of saprophytic origin) . The enzymic composition of A . fumigatus appeared to be very different from one strain to another but no relationships could be established between enzymic differences and origin of the strains . In addition, the immunoelectrophoretic analysis of these antigenic extracts using rabbits immunsera and sera of patients with pulmonary asperigllosis was performed . The type II chymotrypsic activity, corresponding to C arc, was shown more frequently and gave stronger reaction when antigenic extracts from pathogenic strains were allowed to react with sera of patients . Moreover, when sera of patients revealed a same enzymic activity in a saprophytic strain and a pathogenic strain, the number of precipitin lines was significantly larger with the latter one . Accordingly, antigenic extracts used for precipitin tests had to be preferably prepared from pathogenic strains and tested, for value, against sera of patients with pulmonary aspergillosis.

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1976 Jul-Aug, 51(4), 401 - 6
{Study of free living amoebae in the waters of Strasbourg . Preliminary report (author's transl)}; Molet B et al.; 75 strains of free living amoebae were isolated from public drinking water supplies, swimming pools and official swimming ponds in Strasbourg . 42 strains were identified till now . No pathogenic strain of Naegleria fowleri was found.

Avian Dis, 1976 Jul-Sep, 20(3), 483 - 95
Electron-microscope studies on the pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease after intrabursal application of the causal virus; Kaufer I et al.; Intrabursal application of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is of advantage in studying sequential morphological events since the time of infection of the bursa is exactly known . A highly pathogenic strain caused first clinical symptoms 12 hr postinfection (PI) and death 24-30 hr PI . These are respectively 12 and 18 hr earlier than after per-oral infection . Numerous virus particles 53-58 nm in size, arrayed in a crystalline pattern and not surrounded by a membrane, are first found 6 hr PI in the cytoplasm of normal-looking lymphoid cells and macrophages . Some of the particles are less electron-dense and obviously immature; others have no core and therefore are regarded as incomplete . However, there is no evidence for the presence of more than one type of virus particle . Seven hr PI a membrane to segregate the virus clusters is formed, finally leading to autophagic vacuoles containing virus particles and cellular remnants . Within these vacuoles virus degradation takes part, though most of the infected cells, particularly the lymphoid cells, undergo cellular lysis, release the virions, and spread the infection to other cells of the bursa . At 18 hr PI the follicles are almost depleted of lymphoid cells . The findings show that early replication of IBDV is in the lymphoid cells and macrophages . These cells represent the main areas of virus multiplication, but the virions also can replicate in heterophils, reticulum cells, and reticular epithelial cells of the bursa.

Tubercle, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 151 - 9
Differences in biochemical tests performed on photochromogenic mycobacteria isolated from human sources; Epners ZK; The photochromogenic mycobacteria do not all belong to one homogeneous species . With a simple heat-stable esterase (HSE) test it is possible to divide photochromogenic mycobacteria into two groups: HSE-positive--strongly pathogenic strains; and HSE-negative--weakly pathogenic strains . HSE-positive strains are mostly associated with pulmonary disease . HSE-negative strains are seldom associated with pulmonary disease, but are often associated with renal disease . It is rather difficult to draw a clear dividing line between pathogenic and non-pathogenic photochromogenic mycobacteria; and such a distinction probably does not exist in nature.

Naturwissenschaften, 1976 Jun, 63(6), 286 - 91
{Self cleaning of natural waters}; Seidel K; The planting of the waters left the question open as to whether the necessary expenditure of work is really worthwhile and should be encouraged . The investigations reported here with higher and particularly emersed plants, show what an astonishing influence the higher plants exert on organic and inorganic matter, on pH regulation, destruction of pathogenic bacteria, worms' eggs, and viruses, and also how they influence the waters and waste waters.

JAMA, 1976 Mar 22, 235(12), 1248 - 9
Bacterial contamination of skin used as a biological dressing . A potential hazard; Monafo WW et al.; Bacterially contaminated skin used as a biological dressing on burn wounds can cause serious or even lethal infections, three examples of which are cited . Cadaver-skin allografts were frequently found to contain pathogenic bacteria . The frequency of infections due to the use of contaminated skin grafts on open wounds is unknown.

Cancer Res, 1976 Feb, 36(2 pt 2), 696 - 700
Prevention of Marek's disease: a review; Purchase HG; Marek's disease (MD) is a highly infectious neoplastic condition of chickens caused by a herpesvirus . The virus is cell associated in tumors and in all organs except in the feather follicle where enveloped infectious virions egress from the body . From this source, infection is spread horizontally by the airborne route to the environment and to other chickens . Vertical transmission from dam to offspring does not occur or at best is very rare . The nonpathogenic herpesvirus of turkeys (HTV) is ubiquitous in turkeys and is probably spread horizontally by the airborne route . When chickens are inoculated with this virus, they do not subsequently develop MD even after infection with virulent Marek's disease virus . The Marek's disease virus, not the HVT, will spread horizontally from dually infected birds . The HVT vaccine is safe and highly effective in preventing MD under field conditions, and most chickens throughout the world are vaccinated with this vaccine . Other vaccines that have been used but have disadvantages over HVT include the following: (a) the highly pathogenic HPRS 16 strain of Marek's disease virus was attenuated by passage in cell culture . The attenuated virus protects against MD and does not spread, but "over-attenuated" virus does not protect; (b) naturally apathogenic strains virologically, immunologically, and epizootiologically similar to pathogenic strains will protect when adminstered before infection with the virulent strains; (c) virus preparations that have been chemically treated to inactivate infectivity protect only slightly . When a candidate vaccine virus for the prevention of herpesvirus-induced cancer in humans is developed, the purity of the vaccine preparations will be easily determined by modern techniques . However, measurements of safety and effectiveness are a significant problem . If, analogous to the MD model, the vaccine will have to be administered shortly after birth and the incubation period to development of neoplasms is long, then pathogenicity tests in nonhuman primates and other animals may be of limited valued . However, biochemical demonstration that the segment of the nucleic acid responsible for oncogenesis is absent from the vaccine virus may be the major indication that the vaccine is nonocogenic and therefore safe . Because of the low incidence of neoplasia and long incubation period, the effectiveness of the vaccine will be difficult to test . The vaccine possibly will protect against an acute manifestation of viral infection . Future research on MD will be directed to determining the mechanism of protection against disease, i.e., whether immunity is mediated by thymus- or bursa-dependent systems, and to identifying the protective antigen, i.e., which cell surface or an interior antigen induces the protective immunity . The prevention of MD by vaccination may become a very fruitful area for model studies on prevention of human cancer by vaccination.

Vet Med (Praha), 1976 Feb, 21(2), 107 - 18
{Marek's disease--characterization of the VUB-70 strain in vivo}; Jurajda V; In the course of serial passaging of the strain of Marek's disease (MD) (VUB-70) in White Leghorns the author investigated the morbidity, mortality, development of the MD-specific changes, and the effect of sex on these indices, for the purpose of characterization of the biological properties of an isolated strain of MD in vivo . The incubation period lasted from 41 to 46 days p . inf . on the first day of life . Pullets showed greater sensitiveness towards infection not only through higher morbidity and mortality, but also due to a larger number of tumorous changes . In MD-positive animals the same proportion of macroscopic and microscopic changes was found . The average occurrence of Marek's disease amounted to 74.4 p . c . On the basis of the biological properties in vivo the VUB-70 strain was characterized as a medium pathogenic strain of the acute form of Marek's disease.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1975 Dec 15, 281(23), 1895 - 6
{Endocellular pathogenic bacteria in the monogenean Euzetrema knoepffleri}; Fournier A et al.; Intracellular bacteria (Rickettsia) are found in the Monogenean Euzetrema knoepffleri, vesicular endoparasite of the Amphibian Euproctus montanus (Urodela) . In some conditions, they cause cytoplasmic damage in the host tissues, which demonstrates their pathogenicity . These bacteria are present during all the stages of the life-cycle of E . knoepffleri . Their transmission from one generation to the next occurs through the gametes.

Infect Immun, 1975 Dec, 12(6), 1472 - 4
Induction of herpes simplex virus immunity in newborn mice; Koyama H et al.; It was demonstrated that newborn mice, surviving an infection with attenuated herpes simplex virus, become resistant to challenge with a pathogenic strain of herpes simplex virus . This resistance did not seem to be mediated by antibody.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Nov 15, 100(22), 1193 - 206
{Comparative studies on the effectiveness of intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis cattle (author's transl)}; Breeuwsma AJ et al.; To study the effectiveness of intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis in cattle, three different suspensions containing antibiotics for intramammary injection were compared in a field trial in the provinces of Friesland and North Brabant . Milk samples from the clinically abnormal as well as from the clinically normal quarters were examined for pathogenic bacteria and cell counts were made prior to treatment, within one week after treatment and within three weeks after treatment . The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory studies in approximately 90 per cent of the cases in which quarters were abnormal . However, 50 per cent of the clinically normal quarters also showed increased cell counts and/or bacterial infection . Treatment of these quarters should therefore be considered . Apart from regional variations as regards the character of the mastitis and the results of treatment, there were no significant differences between the effects of the three suspensions . Clinical recovery occurred in approximately 90 per cent of the cases, the pathogenic bacteria disappeared in approximately 75 per cent of the cases and the increased cell counts were restored to normal in approximately 60 per cent of the abnormal quarters.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1975 Nov, 141(5), 731 - 3
Intraoperative bacterial transmission; Moylan JA et al.; A clinical evaluation of bacterial penetration through operating room gowns was made during 100 general surgical procedures . A comparison of the degree of penetration through the standard cloth and a commercially available disposible gown was carried out . Cloth gowns, even in the dry state, were shown to be ineffective bacterial barriers . In addition, routine laundering of scrub suits failed to eliminate pathogenic bacteria.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1975 Oct 1, 167(7), 662 - 4
Airsacculitis in the baboon; Lewis JC et al.; A baboon (Papio anubis) that had been given opiate compounds through an indwelling catheter developed mucopurulent airsacculitis . After a prolonged course, the infection was eventually controlled by medical and surgical means . Air-sac involvement, though rarely reported in nonhuman primates, appeared frequently in the group of baboons to which this subject belonged--all of which were being treated experimentally with opiates . Proposed explanations for this unusual incidence included the propensity of opiates to induce a histamine response, almost continuous contamination of pathogenic bacteria in the indwelling catheters, and a suggested anatomic predisposition of the baboon larynx to drain secretions into the air sac.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1975 Sep 29, 281(13), 957 - 60
{Effects of cyclophosphamide on rabies infection in the mouse . Protection confered by serotherapy}; Tsiang H et al.; A very low pathogenic strain of "fixe" rabies (HEP-Flury) gives a rise in mortality in mice immunodepressed with cyclophosphamide . In this experiment model, the rabies antiserum gives efficient protection against the virus.

J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Aug, 75(1), 7 - 13
The effect of thermal pollution on the distribution of Naegleria fowleri; De Jonckheere J et al.; The distribution in the environment of Naegleria fowleri, the causal agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis has been investigated in this study . N . fowleri was isolated only from a thermally polluted canal . These amoebaflagellates were not isolated from another thermally polluted canal in the neighbourhood indicating that, apart from high temperature, other factors are involved in the selective proliferation of N . fowleri . This species was absent in all other samples originating from two canals, a stream, two lakes, several reservoirs and slow sandfilters of a water supply service and also a water distribution network . Many other amoebae able to grow at 42 degrees C . were found in different places . Most of the N . fowleri strains isolated were not virulent for mice, although they showed all the characteristics of the pathogenic strains.

Int J Cancer, 1975 Jul 15, 16(1), 134 - 41
Vaccination against feline leukaemia virus using a cell membrane antigen system; Jarrett W et al.; Cats inoculated with live feline lymphoblastoid cells of the FL74 line developed high titres of antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) . Eight cats were subsequently challenged with a large dose of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) of a highly pathogenic strain . All resisted infection while 10 cats given the challenge virus alone became infected . The FeLV produced by FL74 cells was shown to be of extremely low infectivity in cats and in cultured feline cells . Cats inoculated with either FL74 cells or virus purified from them did not become infected . The purified virus did not induce FOCMA antibody in cats not previously exposed to FeLV . The fact that FL74 cells are highly immunogenic, but produce virus of low infectivity, is of value in devising vaccines against FeLV . Cats were also inoculated with FL74 cells which had been inactivated with paraformaldehyde . They developed FOCMA antibody, reaching a peak titre of 256, and no virus could be cultured either from the vaccine preparations or from the tissues of the cats.

J Gen Virol, 1975 Jul, 28(1), 37 - 47
Serological relationship between a pathogenic strain of Marek's disease virus, its attenuated derivative and herpes virus of turkeys; Ross LJ et al.; Precipitating antigens present in extracts of chick embryo cells infected with the HPRS-16 attenuated strain of Marek's disease virus (att-MDV) were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G200 and some of their properties determined . The two main antigens detected with convalescent MD serum, referred to as 'B' and 'C' antigens, had mobilities of 0-55 and 0-25 respectively relative to phenol red on electrophoresis in 7-5% acrylamide gel . The B antigen was relatively stable and of low mol . wt . in comparison with the C antigen . B and C antigens were in some instances also detected in culture medium of infected cells, but were distinguishable from the A antigen, a major glycoprotein antigen released into the culture medium of cells infected with HPRS-16 . The results of immunodiffusion studies suggest that B antigen is common to MDV and strains of herpes virus of turkeys(HVT) and that at least 2 antigens (including C) are MDV specific . The A antigen was also common to MDV and HVT strains . It was noted however that the capacity of HPRS-16/att to synthesize A antigen was considerably reduced in comparison with HPRS-16 and HVT strains, and in some preparations the A antigen could not be detected . Evidence was also obtained for the presence of HVT-specific antigens associated mainly with the cell fraction.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1975 Jun, 8(2), 142 - 5
Escherichia coli isolation from raw milk in central and southern Taiwan and their susceptibility to drugs; Chang SH; From September 1972 to May 1973, 285 raw milk samples and 25 samples of high temperature treated retail milk were examined for Escherichia coli . High temperature treated mild was negative but from raw milk samples 320 strains of E . coli were isolated, among which 25 were enteropathogenic . Using Poly A, Poly B and nonovalent antisera whose pathogenic strains were classified into 6 serotypes: 0-26, 0-55, 0-119,0-125, 0-126 ad 0-128 . About half (12) of them belonged to 0-119 . Three pathogenic E . coli were sensitive to all of the 8 antibiotics tested while others were resistant to 1-3 antibiotics . Among the 295 nonpathogenic strains, 115 were sensitive to all antibiotics whereas the rest were resistant to 1-5 kinds of antibiotics.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 73 - 7
{Polymorphism of water-soluble and triton-X 100-extractable esterases and proteins from Leptospira}; Atanasov NA et al.; Electrophoresis in gel from polyacrylamide was used to study the water-soluble intracellular esterases, triton-X 100-extracted and proteins of three saprophytic and three pathogenic strains of leptospirae belonging to different serological types . The results of investigation of a relative mobility of 27 fractions with an esterasic activity and the molecular weight of eight of them showed that their polymorphism was mainly consecuent of structural differences . In examination of proteins extracted from the cell residues with triton-X 100 there was also revealed an intertype polymorphism: by acrylamide electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulphate they were divided into 3--10 fractions with a molecular weight of from 20000 to 200000 . The results of these studies are discussed as a manifestation of biochemical individuality of leptospirae of individual serological types.

Infect Immun, 1975 May, 11(5), 877 - 85
Cross-protection among feline caliciviruses; Povey C et al.; Each of five groups of specific-pathogen-free and conventionally reared cats was infected with a different strain of feline calicivirus . Two of the strains were pathogenic, producing characteristically fever, depression, loss of appetite, buccal ulceration, and occasionally increased ocular and nasal secretion . Two of the other strains were midly pathogenic and associated with fever or buccal ulceration or both; the fifth strain was nonpathogenic . The two pathogenic strains plus three others shown also to be pathogenic were used 3 months after the initial infection to challenge the cats in rearranged groupings . Of the 28 conventional cats challenged six (21.4%) showed at least a febrile response, although none of the 30 specific-pathogen-free cats showed any clinical signs . After challenge, virus was recovered from throat swabs of 37 or the 58 cats (63.8%) including the six which showed symptoms, but the duration of the excretion of virus was significantly less than that seen with the initial infection . The homologous and heterotypic antibody responses correlated well with the clinical protection, or lack of it, seen on challenge . The results provide further evidence for significant cross-relationships between feline caliciviruses.

Isr J Med Sci, 1975 May, 11(5), 458 - 64
Protracted diarrhea of unknown etiology in Israeli soldiers; Theodor E et al.; Twenty-five Israeli soldiers, seen over a period of five years, suffered from diarrhea lasting from one month to three years . This was accompanied by weight loss and, in some cases, by evidence of malabsorption and/or mild abnormalities in small bowel and rectal biopsies . The etiology of the diarrhea is unknown, since a routine search for parasites or pathogenic bacteria was unrewarding . An infectious etiology is, however, most likely.

Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1975 May-Aug, 7(2), 61 - 7
{Mark's disease: V . Experimental behavior of 3 isolates taken place in the country}; Schudel AA et al.; Three experiments were designed to determine the parameters of virus infection, antibodies and mortality with three different MD isolates inoculated in one day old birds from commercial origin . The animals were divided in three inoculated lots (1-2-3) and three control groups (4-1, 4-2, 4-3) and were followed weekly from hatching through 17 weeks . The former were inoculated respectivelly with FOV-6, FCV-8 and FCV-9 . Each day old bird received between 50-75 FPU/bird by I.P . route . Samples were taken from circulating blood of five birds by cardiac puncture with an heparinized syringe (20 U/ml), were centrifuged and the white cells inoculated to 5-15 four day old embryos by yolk salk route for virus detection; plasma was assayed by immunodiffusion against MD antigen in order to detect precipitating antibodies, and mortality was recorded after microscopical examination . Infection appeared to persist indefinitelly in the host chicken flock and coexist with (100%) precipiting antibodies, (Fig . 1-2-3) . First virus isolation was accomplished after 4 weeks post-inoculation and the 100% porcentage of antibodies, was found only 1-3 weeks after the first peak of viraemia . With the most pathogenic isolate FCV-6 (ig . 1) the antibody response was significantly delayed . Maternal antibodies decreased more rapidly in inoculated than in control birds . Accumulative mortality showed isolate FCV-6 and FCV-8 as pathogenic strains and FCV-9 strain as less pathogenic . Mortality begun 1-3 weeks after the first peak of virus detection in the flock, independently of the pathogenic pattern of the isolate, but frecuencies of death were markedly different.

Br J Surg, 1975 Apr, 62(4), 295 - 7
Bacteria in flower vase water: incidence and significance in general ward practice; Bartzokas CA et al.; Culture of flower vase water from wards in the David Lewis Northern Hospital, Liverpool, revealed large numbers of potentially pathogenic bacteria . The types of organisms isolated may reflect the particular ecology of this hospital as they differed in some ways from those reported from other centres . The incidence of wound infections during the period of study was low (5-2 per cent) despite the regular overgrowth of bacteria in flower vases, and there did not appear to be any definite correlation between the types of bacteria isolated from flower vase water and those responsible for wound infections . The addition of hydrogen peroxide to flower vases proved a very effective antiseptic and is recommended for general use as a precautionary measure.

J Parasitol, 1975 Apr, 61(2), 199 - 208
Experimental infections with pathogenic free-living amebae in laboratory primate hosts: I (A) A study on susceptibility to Naegleria fowleri; Wong MM et al.; Studies were conducted on 27 Old World monkeys to determine their susceptibility to pathogenic strains (HB-1 and C-66) of Naegleria fowleri by intranasal, intravenous, or intrathecal inoculation of trophozoites . No clinically detectable disease resulted from either intranasal or intravenous inoculation, but 11 of 18 monkeys inoculated intrathecally succumed to acutely fatal meningoencephalitis, while the other 7 survived with no obvious permanent brain damage . Pathogenicity of N . fowleri appeared to be influenced by the strain virulence, growth phase, and cultural condition of the amebae, as well as age, immune competence, and other as yet unknown host factors.

Vopr Virusol, 1975 Mar-Apr, (2), 151 - 5
{Evaluation of arbovirus attenuation by changes in the histamine level in the blood of immunized animals}; Beketova ZP et al.; Changes in the content of histamine in the blood of rabbits inoculated with pathogenic and attenuated strains of tick-borne encephalitis, eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses were studied . Pathogenic strains of the test viruses were found to produce much greater increases in histamine concentration in the blood of animals than attenuated strains . This index is suggested to be used for additional characterization of arbovirus attenuation.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Mar, 0(3), 84 - 8
{Isolation of A . boydii from the soil of the Tadzhik SSR}; Otchenashek M et al.; The authors present a detailed description of a pathogenic strain of Allescheria boydii Shear, isolated from a soil sample obtained from the karst cave in the vicinity of the Iskan derkerev lake, the Tajik SSR (the morphology of the conidial and ascosporic stages of the fungus, its physiological and biochemical activity and experimental pathogenicity) . Data on the existence of this causative agent as a saprophyte in the soil of various continents are also given . A conclusion was drawn that A . boydii was an unpretencious geophilic fungus readily adaptible to the environmental conditions, much more widespread in nature than believed formerly.

JAMA, 1975 Feb 17, 231(7), 711 - 7
The Dalkon Shield controversy . Structural and bacteriological studies of IUD tails; Tatum HJ et al.; The recent report of 209 cases of septic spontaneous abortion and 11 maternal deaths in the United States in women using the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device (IUD) raised the question about a possible causal relationship between the IUD and pelvic sepsis . It is essential to determine whether or not this sipsis is unique to the Dalkon Shield or generic to all types of IUDs . Our studies permit the conclusion that the tail of the Dalkon Shield is structurally and functionally different from the tails of the four other IUDs tested . The unique characteristics of the Dalkon tail theoretically could provide a mechanism whereby pathogenic bacteria from the vagina enter the uterine cavity and cause sepsis.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Feb-Mar, 126(2), 193 - 201
{Purification of a protein characteristic of pathogenic strains of "Beauveria tenella" (author's transl)}; Paris S et al.; Purification of the protein which in immunoelectrophoresis is responsible for the precipitation are characteristic of the pathogenic strains, can easily be obtained by isoelectrofocalisation: two protein fractions are isolated . These differ in their isoelectric points and in their relative electrophoretic migration coefficients in polyacrylamide gel, but exhibit the same antigenic specificity.

Nord Vet Med, 1975 Feb, 27(2), 85 - 101
Preweaning mortality in pigs . 4 Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs; Svendsen J et al.; The incidence of fatal gastroenteropathies in sucking pigs was studied during a 2-year period in 17 sow herds involving 2,936 litters . The results showed that 2.8 per cent of the liveborn pigs died with gastroenteropathies during the sucking and immediate post weaning period . The incidence was lowest in offspring from second-litter sows (Table I) and the progeny from large litters tended to have the highest incidence (Table II) . Fatal gastrointestinal diseases were observed in a total of 17.6 per cent of the examined litters, and the average number of death per affected litter was 1.5 (Tables III and IV) . The progeny of sows with post parturient diseases had significantly higher death losses than had the progeny from normal healthy sows (Table V) . Climate had no apparent influence on death losses, but they were lowest during the warmer period of the year (April-September) (Tables VIII and VI.) The incidence varied considerably from herd to herd, but was not influenced by herd size (Table III) . However, the level of hygiene exerted a pronounced influence on the incidence (Table VII), and self-contained herds had significantly lower death losses than had herds where female breeding stock was occasionally brought in (Table IX) . Approximately 65 per cent of the pigs which succumbed due to gastrointestinal diseases died during the first week of life, which means that 1.8 per cent of the pigs at risk died during this period (Table X) . The material was grouped according to the results of the post mortem and bacteriological examinations (Table XI) . Approximately 50 per cent of the fatal cases were associated with an intestinal bacterial infection, which in most instances was caused by pathogenic strains of E . coli (Tables XII and XIII), while approximately 14 per cent had distinct gross pathological lesions which alone were indication of a diagnosis . In the remaining one third of the fatal cases the aetiology and pathogenesis remained by and large unexplained; however, nutritional and dietetic disorders played a role in many of these cases . Aetiological, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the fatal gastrointestinal diseases are discussed, and it is concluded that a high level of hygiene, the prevention and treatment of post parturient diseases, "closed" management systems, and the avoidance of unsuitable or damaged sow feed would be instrumental in keeping the level of fatal gastrointestinal diseases low among sucking pigs.

Arch Virol, 1975, 49(4), 317 - 22
Abortive rabies in rabbits and white rats infected intracerebrally; Gribencha SV; Non-fatal rabies was successfully reproduced in rabbits infected intracerebrally with a highly pathogenic strain of street virus isolated from a man who had died of hydrophobia abter a dog bite and in white rats infected intracerebrally with the CVS strain of fixed virus . All the animals were pretreated with a sublethal intraperitoneal dose of live rabies virus . The surviving animals showed residual neurological symptoms (except one rat) in the form of paresis (both mild and marked) and high titres of virus-neutralizing antibody in the brain comparable to the level of serum antibody . Successful reproduction of abortive rabies in rabbits infected intracerebrally with the classical strain of street virus suggests that different forms of rabies infection may probably exist in nature.

Pol Arch Weter, 1975, 18(1), 75 - 86
{Course of beta-hemolytic E . coli carrier state in piglets during weaning}; Molenda J et al.; The investigations were carried out on 22 sows and 44 piglets (one sow and 2 piglets from each litter) . The pigs were divided into 4 groups according to the different additions to their diet during weaning which might have an effect on the carrier state and dissemination of beta-haemolytic E . coli . Group I was given a feed concentrate and separated milk, group II - a feed concentrate and sour milk, group III - a feed concentrate and milk with addition of garlic (200 mg/kg of body weight), group IV - a feed concentrate and milk with addition of vitamin C (20 mg/kg of body weight) . The beta-haemolytic E . coli carrier state was examined before starting supplemental feeding (3 times between the 21st and 30th day of life) and after weaning (3 times between the 49th and 56th day of life) . The carrier state under discussion was found in 27.2% of sows and in 25% of piglets at the beginning of supplemental feeding, and in 40.1% of sows and 36.3% of piglets during weaning, which means an increase of the number of carriers both among the sows and piglets at that time . Twenty-two strains of E . coli isolated from the carriers belonged to serotypes responsible for colibacteriosis of pigs (O149:K91, K88a, c, O8:K87, K88a, c, O139:K82); 23 strains belonging to E . coli groups O6, O8 and O116 were devoid of K and H antigens, 9 strains possessed a double O antigen (O9, O60: :H-, O117, O120: :H-, O102, O25: :H21) . An inhibitory effect of the addition of sour milk to the feed on the intensity of the carrier state of beta-haemolytic E . coli was observed in piglets kept on that diet . The pathogenic strains of E . coli were observed more often in the carrier-piglets (60%), and in the sows predominated the strains of beta-haemolytic E . coli devoid of the K antigens.

Infect Immun, 1975 Jan, 11(1), 95 - 108
Comparative antigenic analysis of pathogenic and free-living Naegleria species by the gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis techniques; Visvesvara GS et al.; Antigens prepared from each of five strains (CA, CJ, HB-1, HB-3, and TY) of pathogenic Naegleria and the EG strain of nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi were compared by the gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis techniques . Axenically grown amoebae were used as sources of antigens . Antisera were produced in individual rabbits against three strains (CA, CJ, and HB-1) of pathogenic Naegleria and the EG strain of N . gruberi . In the gel diffusion experiment each of the six antigens was reacted with each of the four antisera in agar gel . The results of these experiments revealed that the antigens of N . gruberi reacted strongly with the homologous antiserum but minimally with each of the three heterologous antisera . The antigens of all five pathogenic strains reacted extensively with the anti-CA, anti-CJ, and anti-HB-1 sera and moderately with the anti-EG serum . In the immunoelectrophoresis test each of the six antigens was separated electrophoretically in agar gel and reacted with each of the four antisera . The EG strain reacted extensively with its homologous antiserum and produced multiple precipitin arcs; it reacted minimally with anti-CA, anti-CJ, and anti-HB-1 sera and produced only three arcs . The antigens of all five strains of Naegleria fowleri reacted very strongly with anti-CA, anti-CJ, and anti-HB-1 sera and produced multiple precipitin arcs . They, however, reacted variably with the anti-EG serum and produced three to six precipitin arcs . Comparative immunoelectrophoretic analysis carried out on the CA and HB-1 strains revealed the antigenic identity of these two strains . Based on these results, together with those from the reciprocal absorption experiments, it was concluded that (i) the pathogenic strains of Naegleria, though they shared three to six common antigens with N . gruberi, were nevertheless distinct from it, and (ii) the five pathogenic strains were antigenically close and belonged in the same species . Antigens of Acanthamoeba castellanii, A . culbertsoni, and Entamoeba histolytica were also reacted with the four anti-Naegleria sera in gel diffusion experiments . Results of these tests indicate that these three organisms are antigenically distinct from Naegleria.

IARC Sci Publ, 1975, (11 Pt 2), 329 - 36
Characterization of a new serotype of Marek's disease herpesvirus; von Bulow V et al.; The HPRS-24 strain of Marek's disease herpesvirus was selected for closer study from a group of virus isolates that appeared apathogenic under standard test conditons . Protection studies revealed an immunological relationship between this virus strain and acute Marek's disease herpesvirus . In chicken kidney cell cultures, the HPRS-24 strain caused small and slowly developing plaques, and the proportion of infected cells was less than with other strains . In chicken embryo fibroblast cultures, this virus multiplied rapidly, yielding a comparatively high proportion of infected cells . Electron microscopic studies revealed that infected fibroblasts contained more enveloped virus particles than those infected with other strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus . Infectious cell-free virus was extracted from cultured fibroblasts with titres high enough for use in neutralization studies . Cross-neutralization, immunofluorescence and precipitin tests served for serological comparison of the HPRS-24 strain with turkey herpesvirus and representatives of acute and classical Marek's disease herpesvirus . Antibody titres were 4-10 times higher against the homologous than against the heterologous virus strains . Qualitative differences between precipitating "A" antigens were characterized by spur line patterns of precipitation bands . These results suggest that the group of Marek's disease and turkey herpesviruses consists of at least three serological types . One of them is represented by the HPRS-24 strain of apathogenic Marek's disease virus . The other two types comprise pathogenic strains of Marek's disease virus and their attenuated variants, and turkey herpesvirus.

Folia Parasitol (Praha), 1975, 22(4), 317 - 21
The effects of some factors on the growth and morphology of Naegleria sp . and three strains of the genus Acanthamoeba; Kadlec V; The effects of various biophysical and chemical factors on the cytology of vegetative stages of Naegleria sp., Vitek strain, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff strain and Acanthamoeba polyphaga, No . 1289, were studied . The amoebae were cultured in a liquid medium under axenic conditions . The optimum temperature was 37 degrees C for pathogenic strains of Naegleria sp . and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and 20 degrees C for A . castellanii . No changes were observed in the growth of A . polyphaga at the temperatures 20 degrees and 37 degrees C . The strains investigated grew at pH values of 5.6 to 7.7 using Soerensen's buffer . At the limit values the growth was inhibited and the morphology of cells was markedly changed . All of the four strains grew still at pH 8.4 kept by NaHCO3 . A . polyphaga grew at partial anaerobiosis . The three tested strains of the genus Acanthamoeba grew in liquid axenic medium with 0.89% NaCl . The growth of Naegleria sp., Vitek was inhibited already at 0.2% concentration of this salt . The addition of 3 X 10(-2) m KCl to the culture medium had a harmful effect on the growth and morphology of three tested strains, except A . polyphaga . In the culture medium containing 2 X 10(-3) m CaCl2 the encystment of both pathogenic strains was stimulated . The cytological changes under experimental conditions were manifested by atypical movement of trophozoits and their intracellular structure.

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