Microflora

Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1992 May, 118(5), 507 - 8
Recurrent tonsillitis . The role of Chlamydia and Mycoplasma; Charnock DR et al.; The core tissue microflora of 40 patients who underwent tonsillectomies were examined with cultures, DNA probe tests, enzyme immunoassays, and direct immunofluorescence antibody tests for Chlamydia and Mycoplasma . We believe this is the largest and most accurate prospective study that has examined the role of Chlamydia and Mycoplasma in the core tonsil tissue of patients with recurrent or chronic tonsillitis . The data strongly indicate that, unlike acute tonsillopharyngitis, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma are not involved in recurrent or chronic tonsillitis.

Aviakosm Ekolog Med, 1992 May-Jun, 26(3), 41 - 8
{The cabin microflora of manned space vehicles and the problem of the biological destruction of the construction materials used in them}; Viktorov AN et al.; It is found that during operation of manned space objects there can occur the microbial growth on the structural materials of cabin interior and equipment which results in their biological destruction . The biodestructing processes can involve single parts of cabin interior, trainer linkages, connectors, cables, illuminators . Ninety four microbial species have been identified in spacecraft environment . The bacterial flora was presented by 19 genera pertaining to 11 families and involved 58 species . The mold and yeast-like fungi were presented by 12 genera and consisted of 36 species . The significant quantities of isolated microbial species were classified as potentially pathogenic microorganisms; many of them are known as biodestructers of polymeric materials . The isolated microbial cultures in space missions have become the basis of strain bank intended for further study and practical use in validating the construction materials.

Microbiologia, 1992 Apr, 8(1), 32 - 8
{Density and activity of microorganisms of the carbon cycle under the canopy of Myrica gale L.}; Pozuelo Gonzalez JM et al.; Plants, especially actinorhizal, regulate edaphic microflora through various ways, modifying thus nutrients recycling . Myrica gale effect on microorganisms in the carbon cycle is studied in this work by comparing soil samples collected under the canopy in summer and control samples . The results indicate that under M . gale C-organic and N-total concentration and anaerobic cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and amilolytic density increase, and pH, C/N ratio and aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms density decrease . Microbial activity in soil is also modified.

J Dent Res, 1992 Apr, 71 Spec No, 920 - 3
Intra-oral models: comparison of in situ substrates; Ogaard B et al.; Numerous intra-oral caries models have been designed for clinical and mechanistic purposes . Several factors--such as human vs . bovine enamel, sound vs . demineralized tissues, lesion type, dentin vs . enamel, the severity of the cariogenic challenge, and the microflora--may influence the reactivity of the hard tissue and hence lesion development and progression . Some models use unextracted teeth and are true in vivo models, whereas in situ models are based on hard-tissue substrates in the form of slabs or sections . Models producing a moderate cariogenic challenge usually show a fluoride dose response . However, caries is increasingly becoming a problem limited to some high-risk patients and to lesions located to areas where severe challenges exist (e.g., fissures and pits) . There is thus need for models that could mimic such situations . One of the requirements for intra-oral models producing severe cariogenic challenge conditions should probably be that it should be able to demineralize fluorapatite . A challenge for future caries research is to develop agents that have a better clinical effect in fissures and pits than those presently available . Because, in the past, much emphasis has been placed on remineralization of artificial lesions, more research on the demineralization process should be performed in the future, since this may give improved clinical effects . Ideally, an intra-oral caries model should take into account as many of the natural oral conditions as possible and minimize the degree of artificiality.

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 1992 Apr, 23(2), 161 - 72
Screening methods for assessment of biodegradability of chemicals in seawater--results from a ring test; Nyholm N et al.; An international ring test involving 14 laboratories was organized on behalf of the Commission of the European Economic Communities (EEC) with the purpose of evaluating two proposed screening methods for assessment of biodegradability in seawater: (a) a shake flask die-away test based primarily on analysis of dissolved organic carbon and (b) a closed bottle test based on determination of dissolved oxygen . Both tests are performed with nutrient-enriched natural seawater as the test medium and with no inoculum added other than the natural seawater microflora . The test methods are seawater versions of the modified OECD screening test and the closed bottle test, respectively, adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and by the EEC as tests for "ready biodegradability." The following five chemicals were examined: sodium benzoate, aniline, diethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, and 4-nitrophenol . Sodium benzoate and aniline, which are known to be generally readily biodegradable consistently degraded in practically all tests, thus demonstrating the technical feasibility of the methods . Like in previous ring tests with freshwater screening methods variable results were obtained with the other three compounds, which is believed primarily to be due to site-specific differences between the microflora of the different seawater samples used and to some extent also to differences in the applied concentrations of test material . A positive result with the screening methods indicates that the test substance will most likely degrade relatively rapidly in seawater from the site of collection, while a negative test result does not preclude biodegradability under environmental conditions where the concentrations of chemicals are much lower than the concentrations applied for analytical reasons in screening tests . Nevertheless, the screening tests are considered useful and cost-effective tools for an initial assessment of biodegradability in marine environments.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1992 Mar, 148(3), 287 - 90
{Local oxygen therapy combined with ultraviolet irradiation of the suppurative wounds in lactation mastitis}; Konstantinov VK et al.; A method of local oxygenation of wounds of the mammary glands in combination with UV irradiation with the help of the device proposed by the authors was used in the complex treatment of 72 patients with purulent lactation mastitis . The curative effect resulted from a considerable elevation of oxygen saturation of the mammary gland tissues which reduced tissue hypoxia, better microcirculation which results in the accelerated process of regeneration of the wounds . UV irradiation exerts bactericidal effect on microflora of the wounds.

J Periodontol, 1992 Mar, 63(3), 174 - 81
Clinical effectiveness of subgingival irrigation with a pulsated jet irrigator versus syringe; Itic J et al.; Previous studies have shown clinical and microbiological improvement with subgingival irrigation particularly after scaling and root planing . In this study we monitored the effects of saline irrigation on non-treated periodontal pockets . Ten subjects with severe periodontal disease and symmetrical lesions on multirooted teeth were selected . They had not received periodontal treatment or antibiotics for the previous 6 months . Patients were given simplified oral hygiene instructions . Neither scaling nor root planing was provided during the study . Two teeth were randomly selected per quadrant for subgingival irrigation with saline solution . One side was treated with a syringe and the other side with a pulsated jet irrigator with a modified tip, professionally administered . Clinical parameters (pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index, crevicular fluid, bleeding index, attachment level, and subgingival microflora) were evaluated on days 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 . Both subgingival irrigation products induced changes (reductions) in these indices during the study . Significant differences (P less than 0.001) with the oral irrigator were found for the following parameters: microscopy, pocket depth, crevicular fluid, and plaque index . In this study, professionally administered saline irrigation with a pulsated jet irrigator was more effective than syringe treatment with the same solution . Neither treatment resulted in a detectable gain in probing attachment level . Since gain in attachment level is achievable by other techniques, neither of these subgingival irrigation procedures alone can be considered adequate for periodontal therapy.

Curr Opin Dent, 1992 Mar, 2, 39 - 52
Periodontal disease activity; Lamster IB et al.; Periodontal disease activity is defined clinically by progressive loss of probing attachment and radiographically by progressive loss of alveolar bone . The natural history of periodontal disease was originally considered to be nearly continuous and slowly progressive . Clinical research conducted in the last decade suggests that periodontal disease demonstrates periods of exacerbation and remission . Using sensitive automated probes, studies published during the past year have demonstrated that different patterns of disease activity can exist, and that these patterns may be dependent on the disease threshold . Subtraction radiography continues to be refined, but cost and methodology prevent this diagnostic tool from having widespread clinical application . A variety of clinical, microbiologic, and host-response parameters have been studied for their relationship to periodontal disease activity . Many research groups are attempting to develop a diagnostic test that identifies the risk for development of active disease . A relatively simple test based on the presence of a microbial virulence factor, or the host inflammatory or immune response to the subgingival microflora, may be a practical means for clinicians to detect the active phases of periodontal disease.

Stomatologiia (Mosk), 1992 Mar-Apr, (2), 29 - 30
{A method for assessing the efficacy of means for interdental space hygiene}; Petrikas AZh et al.; A method for assessment of the efficacy of various means for maintenance of interdental space hygiene is suggested, based on measurement of the activity of acid producing oral microflora expressed through local pH-metry values . Three types of dental threads were under study.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1992 Mar-Apr, (2), 47 - 50
{The relation between changes in the intestinal microflora of mosquito larvae under the action of phytobacteriomycin and female susceptibility to the causative agent of malaria}; Ganushkina LA; A relationship was found between Pseudomonas suppression by phytobacteriomycin (PBM) in the mosquito larval gut and the mosquito vectorial capacity . The suppression of Pseudomonas bacteria in larvae caused a decrease in the vectorial capacity of emerged imagines . The results of the in vivo tests were verified in vitro with the culture of bacteria isolated from mosquito larva in liquid medium with pH 8.4 which is equal to intestinal pH of Ae . aegypti larva inside the peritrophic membrane . The laboratory Ae . aegypti fed on sugar with PBM addition (titer 100 U/ml) were 18.9% lees sensitive to malaria parasite . Without additional blood meal, mosquito sensitivity to malaria parasite sharply decreases at day 14, without substantially changing their intestinal microflora.

Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol, 1992 Feb, 14(1), 9 - 14
{Clinical-therapeutic considerations in the treatment of aspecific abdominal disturbances in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission: preliminary note on therapy with rifaximin}; Riegler G et al.; In this study the efficacy of a topic intestinal antibiotic, Rifaximine, on quiescent ulcerative colitis has been evaluated . Twelve patients, aged 20-45 years, affected by ulcerative colitis, with an endoscopic evidence of remission and abdominal symptoms referable to microflora alteration have been admitted . All patients have been treated with Rifaximine 800 mg p.o . three times a day for 10 consecutive days . Meteorism, abdominal pain, and the stool number have been evaluated at admission and on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th days of therapy . All symptoms and clinical parameters showed a mean significant early reduction on Rifaximine treatment . Only one patient failed to show a substantial improvement . In no case side effects appeared.

Khirurgiia (Mosk), 1992 Feb, (2), 45 - 9
{The use of plasma from donor convalescent patients in the combined treatment of peritonitis}; Mil'kov BO et al.; The article analyses the treatment of 12 patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis in whom the titers of specific antibodies against microflora causing peritonitis were corrected in the period of secondary immunodeficiency . The authors suggest a new method for the treatment of peritonitis which is based on inclusion of convalescents' plasma after peritonitis in the therapeutic complex . This plasma contains specific antibodies against the cultured microflora in high titers and is a polyvalent hyperimmune medium which makes it possible to cause an effect on the level of humoral immunity . This improved the results of treatment: the titres of specific antibodies against the cultured microflora grew, such complications of diffuse peritonitis as the formation of circumscribed abscesses in the abdominal cavity and suppuration of the postoperative wound were encountered less frequently, mortality reduced by 16.6% as compared to the control group . The efficacy of the suggested methods was also proved in experiments on 164 animals.

J Clin Microbiol, 1992 Jan, 30(1), 227 - 8
Clinical demonstration of isolation of Nocardia asteroides on buffered charcoal-yeast extract media; Vickers RM et al.; Nocardia asteroides was isolated only from sputum samples, obtained from three patients with pulmonary nocardiosis, that had been cultured onto buffered charcoal-yeast extract (BCYE) and selective BCYE media as part of laboratory workups for Legionella species . A decontamination procedure with low-pH pretreatment (KCl-HCl solution) had been performed on the sputa prior to culture onto the BCYE media because direct cultures on the media were overgrown with commensal microflora . Chalky white colonies, 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter, that were subsequently identified as N . asteroides grew well on the BCYE media . Thus, the techniques and the selective media used for Legionella species were useful for isolating Nocardia species from sputum.

Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 1992, 493, 119 - 26
Extended middle ear drug delivery . A new concept; a new device; Goycoolea MV et al.; The authors present the development of a new device that consists of a biodegradable support matrix incorporating a therapeutically releasable amount of ampicillin . This device is in an insertable shape that allows easy placement into the middle ear . Once in the middle ear cavity it expands, contacts the walls, and provides extended sustained release of ampicillin . In vitro studies over three months documented the consistent release of therapeutically effective levels of ampicillin . In vivo efficacy was demonstrated in the cat otitis media induced by eustachian tube obstruction . Cultures of normal cat middle ear cavities prior to obstruction revealed no microflora . Cultures after obstruction of the middle ears of animals treated with this device had no growth of bacteria as early as one week after obstruction (10 out of 12 cats) . The contralateral untreated ears became culture negative at two weeks post obstruction, suggesting that the effect of the device is not limited to the treated ear . Histopathological studies showed the effect of the device as early as one week post obstruction in treated ears and after two weeks in the contralateral ear . Both ears became normal at three months, while obstructed untreated animals (controls) developed chronic irreversible otitis media changes . In addition, histopathological findings documented a lack of inflammatory reaction from the device itself, and its capacity of being biodegradable . Topical extended middle ear drug delivery can become a significant form of treatment for middle ear disease and has the potential of being useful as a source for inner ear drug delivery.

Xenobiotica, 1992 Jan, 22(1), 1 - 11
Reductive metabolism of the anticonvulsant agent zonisamide, a 1,2-benzisoxazole derivative; Stiff DD et al.; 1 . The metabolism of zonisamide in vitro was characterized through aerobic and anaerobic incubations with rat liver subcellular fractions and cultured gastrointestinal microflora . 2 . Zonisamide reacted with rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and exhibited a Type I binding spectrum . 3 . Metabolism of zonisamide in vitro by hepatic subcellular fractions and cultured gastrointestinal flora produced a single metabolite, 2-(sulphamoylacetyl)-phenol (2-SMAP), by reductive cleavage of the 1,2-benzisoxazole ring . 4 . The reductive metabolism of zonisamide was primarily mediated by microsomal cytochrome P-450 . The soluble fraction enhanced reduction when combined with the microsomal fraction but itself possessed only weak reductive activity . 5 . Reduction of zonisamide by the most enzymically active liver fractions required NADPH, was stimulated by FMN and SKF-525A, and was inhibited by CO or air, as well as by n-octylamine . 6 . Unlike their involvement in the reduction of numerous nitro, azo, and N-oxide compounds, cultured aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora were not principally involved in the reduction of zonisamide.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1992, 104(2), 39 - 41
{Otitis externa in tropical diving and swimming}; Haider T et al.; Studies of the microflora of the external auditory canal should help to clarify the frequent acute diffuse external otitis which may occur in recreational scuba-divers and swimmers during a stay in the tropics . We found that colonisation with facultatively pathogenic microorganisms increased after exposure . Apart from this contamination, indirect factors such as the tropical climate and intensive exposure to water may play an important role in the aetiology of the external otitis . For individual preventive measures, topical application of paraffin-oil before, and an aqueous solution of alcohol and acetic acid after exposure are recommended.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1992, 32(1), 83 - 90
Kinetics of ethanol metabolism in sheep; Jean-Blain C et al.; Kinetic aspects of ethanol metabolism were studied in sheep after intravenous or intraruminal infusion of ethanol . Vmax and Km in fed animals were respectively 295 +/- 10 mg.h-1.l-1 (l = litre of body water) and 32.1 +/- 2.4 mg.l-1 . Elimination half-life was 1.47 +/- 0.26 h . The corresponding values in the fasted animal were not significantly different . During venous infusion an increase in plasma acetate, inversely correlated to plasma ethanol, was observed . No modification in glycemia occurred . Intraruminal infusion of ethanol increased the concentration of all SCFA in the rumen juice, the largest part of this modification being relative to acetate . Repetition of the infusion over a period of 11 consecutive days increased the number of SCFA in the rumen, indicating microflora adaptation to ethanol utilization . Taking into account the range of ethanol concentrations found in silage (10-50 g.kg-1 BW) we can consider that ethanol is readily metabolized simultaneously by the rumen microflora and the enzymatic system of the host . With a corresponding daily intake of ethanol (0.2-1 g.kg-1 BW) both systems are not saturated and plasma ethanol level always remains below 0.25 g.l-1.

Br J Nutr, 1992 Jan, 67(1), 91 - 102
Enzyme supplementation, degradation and metabolism of three U-14C-labelled cell-wall substrates in the fowl; Savory CJ; An experimental model is described that was used for assessing in vivo effects in fowls of exogenous enzyme supplementation on the degradation of plant cell walls to metabolizable monosaccharide residues . It was based on tube-feeding U-14C-labelled cell-wall substrates, cellulose, spinach (Spinacia oleracea) or Festuca, with and without enzyme treatments, and monitoring recovery of 14C radioactivity in exhaled carbon dioxide and excreta in the following 8 h . Normal digestion of cell-wall polysaccharides by endogenous microbial activity was also studied by pretreating birds with an antibiotic mixture intended to deplete their intestinal microflora . The results of this pretreatment appeared to confirm the existence of microbial degradation of cellulose in (conditioned) fowls . Judging from differences in 14CO2 production, effects of exogenous enzyme additions were greatly enhanced with all substrates by combining them with a wet pretreatment, thereby increasing the time-period available for them to act in aqueous conditions . However, estimations of digestibilities of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin with dry and wet treatments, based on recovery of 14C in excreta, indicated that it was only cellulose digestion that was improved by the wet pretreatment . This suggests that degradation of cellulose, which appeared to be slowest, was limited by the dry treatments, whereas that of hemicellulose and pectin was not . Respective digestibilities of these three cell-wall components, from all treatments combined, were in the proportions 1:1.5:4.2.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Jan, 58(1), 243 - 51
Interactions between marine bacteria and dissolved-phase and beached hydrocarbons after the Exxon Valdez oil spill; Button DK et al.; Turnover times for toluene in Resurrection Bay after the Exxon Valdez grounding were determined to be decades, longer than expected considering that dissolved hydrocarbons were anticipated to drift with the current and stimulate development of additional hydrocarbon-utilizing capacity among the microflora in that downcurrent location . These turnover times were based on the recovery of 14CO2 from added {14C}toluene that was oxidized . The concentrations of toluene there, 0.1 to 0.2 microgram/liter, were similar to prespill values . Oxidation rates appeared to be enhanced upstream near islands in the wake of the wind-blown slick, and even more within the slick itself . Specific affinities of the water column bacteria for toluene were computed with the help of biomass data, as measured by high-resolution flow cytometry . They were a very low 0.3 to 3 liters/g of cells.h-1, indicating limited capacity to utilize this hydrocarbon . Since current-driven mixing rates exceeded those of oxidation, dissolved spill components such as toluene should enter the world-ocean pool of hydrocarbons rather than biooxidize in place . Some of the floating oil slick washed ashore and permeated a coarse gravel beach . A bacterial biomass of 2 to 14 mg/kg appeared in apparent response to the new carbon and energy source . This biomass was computed from that of the organisms and associated naphthalene oxidation activity washed from the gravel compared with the original suspension . These sediment organisms were very small at approximately 0.06 microns 3 in volume, low in DNA at approximately 5.5 g per cell, and unlike the aquatic bacteria obtained by enrichment culture but quite similar to the oligobacteria in the water column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antibiot Khimioter, 1992 Jan, 37(1), 35 - 9
{Selective decontamination of the intestine and total gnotobiologic isolation in treatment of mice with acute radiation sickness}; Romanchuk LA et al.; Comparative study of ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and amikacin showed that ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin had a selective action on the intestinal microflora of conventional mice . Amikacin induced inhibition not only of the opportunistic bacteria but also of the representatives of the indigenous microflora . The use of the drugs in combination with total gnotobiological isolation in treatment of experimental radiation sickness provided an increase in survival of the irradiated animals, the more so as ciprofloxacin was used.

Gynecol Obstet Invest, 1992, 34(1), 31 - 5
Effects of steroid hormones and immunosuppressant drugs on defences against uterine microbial contamination in the rat; Gard PR et al.; This study used rats as a mammalian model to investigate the effects of steroid hormones and immunosuppressant drugs on uterine microflora . It was shown that prednisolone acetate predisposed to uterine contamination unlike oestradiol, ciclosporin and cyclophosphamide . It therefore appears that the leucocyte component of the immune system does not normally play a role in preventing bacterial colonization of the uterus and that prednisolone is producing its effect via some other mechanism, possibly an effect on cervical mucus.

J Med, 1992, 23(3-4), 161 - 73
Experimental and clinical gnotobiotics: influence of the microflora on graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation; Heidt PJ et al.; One of the major complications of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), which is caused by donor type lymphocytes which react against the recipient's tissues . An important factor which influences GvHD is the recipient's gastrointestinal microflora . This was originally observed in gnotobiotic mice . Infusion of 10(7) H-2 incompatible bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated (9.0 Gy X-rays) conventional mice results in a late onset type GvHD which causes the death of the majority of the recipients during the first two months after BMT . This mortality can be completely prevented if the recipients are germfree mice, or when they are conventional animals which have been subjected to complete or selective gastrointestinal decontamination (GID) . In a mouse model, the mechanism responsible for the influence of the microflora on GvHD after allogeneic BMT was investigated . These studies indicate that GvHD can be induced by activated T-lymphocytes from donor origin reacting against bacterial antigens which might be cross-reactive with the recipient's epithelial tissue antigens . Activation of these T-lymphocytes is confined to antigens of certain bacterial species of the recipient which are not present in the indigenous microflora of the donor mice . These bacteria most likely belong to the anaerobic flora of the recipient . The latter hypothesis is strongly supported by the observation in human patients that, in contrast to complete GID, selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract did not have any beneficial effect on moderately severe to severe GvHD after transplantation with MHC-matched sibling donor bone marrow grafts.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1992, (5-6), 34 - 7
{A system for the operative management of hospital infections in maternity hospitals}; Kornachev AS; A system for controlling the epidemic process of hospital infections in maternity hospitals and departments of infant pathology has been created . The specific feature of the proposed method is the prospective character of epidemiological surveillance: from the cause to the effect, and not vice versa . This is achieved by using the results of follow-up of the preconditions of the epidemic process activation (preterm delivery, gestosis, dry labor, birth injuries in mothers and infants) and the precursors of the beginning aggravation of the epidemic situation (the level of the contamination of infants with hospital microflora) . Early information in this respect will help foresee the possible activation of the epidemic process of hospital infections and take necessary measures when infant infection rate is just elevated.

Klin Khir, 1992, (6), 5 - 6
{Study of large intestinal microflora in newborns with Hirschsprung disease}; Krasovskaia TV et al.; In 35 newborns and children at the age under 4 mos with Hirschsprung's disease, colonic microflora was studied . Disbacteriosis at phase 1 was revealed in 1 (2.9%) child, at phase 2--in 7 (20%), at phase 3--in 27 (77.1%) . In acute form of Hirschsprung's disease, in 68.5% of cases, disbacteriosis at phase 3 with the signs of enterocolitis causing acute ileus was revealed . Intestinal perforation against background of enterocolitis developed in 8 cases.

Folia Biol (Praha), 1992, 38(3-4), 202 - 15
Autoimmunity: from physiology to pathology . Natural antibodies, mucosal immunity and development of B cell repertoire; Tlaskalova-Hogenova H et al.; Presence of spontaneously produced immunoglobulins bearing a broad spectrum of "natural" antibody specificities (including autoantibodies) in sera and other body fluids results mainly from inapparent immunization and polyclonal B cell activation by microflora and food antigens occurring mostly on mucosal surfaces . Early postnatal ontogeny in external environment is characterized by rapid growth and functional maturation of secondary lymphatic tissues as a consequence of this "natural" mucosal immunization . Under normal circumstances a state of "oral" tolerance to intestinal antigens is actively established after this period . Studies performed in germ-free, antigen-free and maternal antibody-deprived animals showed that low amounts of natural antibodies (mainly of IgM isotype) are formed without any known cause of stimulation . These "nonstimulated" antibodies, similarly as hybridomas originating from nonimmunized newborns, correspond to the preimmune repertoire of antibodies characterized by poly-specificity, high connectivity and reactivity against self antigens . Together with other innate humoral and cellular factors, they probably represent the first line of anti-infectious resistance . Moreover, due to their connectivity they are supposed to play an important role in B cell repertoire shaping (forming an idiotypic network), through interaction with a broad spectrum of immunological components they act as regulatory molecules, and through their participation in catabolic events they can promote morphogenetic changes during fetal development . Beneficial therapeutic effects of nonspecific gammaglobulin (IVIG) application observed recently in patients with autoimmune diseases suggest that they can influence autoimmune reactivity by a not yet analyzed mechanism . Other functions of natural autoantibodies can be suggested and expected to be found in the near future.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Eur Surg Res, 1992, 24(5), 309 - 12
The role of the gastrointestinal microflora in postsurgical adhesion formation--a study in germfree rats; Bothin C et al.; The elucidation of the pathogenesis of postsurgical adhesion formation is still lacking . In this study experimental adhesion formation was studied in germfree (i.e . void of bacteria) and conventional rats (intestinal flora comprising over 400 species) using a caecal crush model . The germfree rats responded significantly weaker to the same stimuli, forming adhesions in only 20% of the cases as compared to the conventional rats 87.5% (p = 0.0076) . The findings indicate that the bowel flora is of importance but not essential for postsurgical adhesion formation in rats.

Ann Rech Vet, 1992, 23(3), 225 - 32
Susceptibility of the rabbit to an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0103: effect of animals' age; Licois D et al.; Experimental infections with an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0103 were studied in SPF rabbits of different ages . Whatever the age, the weight gains in all animals were reduced more or less significantly . However, mortality differed considerably according to the age . Four to 5-week-old rabbits were most susceptible to the infection, with 80-100% mortality associated with diarrhoea, generally of the hemorrhagic type . Peak mortality was observed between 5-10 days post-inoculation . In general, 21-day-old rabbits died from the second week post-inoculation onwards . After the 6th week of age, mortality was rare . Study of the microflora showed that the colonization of the gut by E coli 0103 occurred whatever the age as 10(6)-10(9) bacteria per g of feces of the inoculated strain were recovered . The role of specific receptors has been discussed.

Pharm Acta Helv, 1992, 67(7), 198 - 203
In vitro deterioration of rhein anthraquinone in cecal content of rats; de Witte P et al.; The influence of the intestinal microbial reduction of rhein anthraquinone on the formation of deterioration products was studied . Therefore {14C}rhein and {14C}rhein anthrone were mixed with sterilized or non-sterilized cecal mass of rats and incubated for 20 hours at 37 degrees C . Extractions with a methanol-water (50:50) mixture or 4-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (0.1%) in pyridine revealed several radioactive derivatives after TLC and autoradiography, except in the case where the anthraquinone was mixed with sterilized cecal content . Gel permeation on a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer column of an methanol/water extract of non-sterilized cecal content incubated with {14C}rhein, showed radioactive deterioration products with a molecular weight higher than rhein anthraquinone . The high molecular weight of some deterioration products was confirmed by an ultrafiltration study where the methanol/water extract was centrifuged on a Centricon-3 microconcentrator (nominal cutoff: 3000 MW) . Aqueous extracts of non-sterilized cecal content incubated with rhein were extracted with chloroform to remove rhein anthraquinone, rhein anthrone and sennidins before being intracecally injected in rats . No laxative activity was found . Furthermore it was shown that the deterioration products which are probably formed through radical reactions, no longer develop a color with a solution of KOH . Therefore it is concluded that the reduction process of dihydroxy-anthraquinones in the gut microflora followed by an extraction, accounts for the loss of anthranoid equivalents in in vivo circumstances, as several times reported in the past.

Pediatriia, 1992, (4-6), 8 - 12
{Viral and bacterial associations and their role in the development of bronchopulmonary diseases in children}; Ivanova VV et al.; Clinical and laboratory criteria for estimating the role of viruses and bacteria that determine bronchopulmonary diseases have been derived . The clinical importance of the detectable microflora, part of which permanently invade the nasopharynx (pneumococcus, adenoviruses) is under critical review . Pneumonias that may develop within the first days of acute respiratory viral infection are characterized by monoviral influenzal or RS-infection; later pneumonias are marked by viral infection with the predominance of adenoviruses . Attempt has been made to reveal the role of geno- and phenotypic factors (N-acetylation, lipid peroxidation, synthesis of alpha-interferon) . The data obtained support an assumption about self-regulation of the child's immune system and the adaptation character of responses in mixed infections.

Dev Immunol, 1992, 2(2), 141 - 50
The involvement of the intestinal microflora in the expansion of CD4+ T cells with a naive phenotype in the periphery; Dobber R et al.; It is well known that immune reactivity declines with age . Recently, we demonstrated that the age-related decrease in IL-2 production by CD4+ T cells was accompanied by an increased production of IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) . This age-related shift in the profile of lymphokine production was related to phenotypic changes within the CD4+ T-cell subset, that is, a decrease in the percentage of CD45RB++ CD4+ T cells and an increase in the percentage of Pgp-1+ CD4+ T cells . To study whether these age-related changes were due to previous antigenic exposure, we performed a phenotypic and functional analysis on splenic CD4+ T cells isolated from individual germ-free (GF), specific pathogen-free (SPF), and clean conventional (CC) mice . Interestingly, the total number of splenic CD4+ T cells in GF mice was twofold lower as compared to age-matched SPF or CC mice, regardless whether mice were analyzed at young (10 weeks) or at advanced age (13-14 months) . Unexpectedly, the phenotypic composition of the CD4+ T-cell subset was comparable in the GF, SPF, and CC mice as determined by the expression of CD45RB and Pgp-1, indicating that CD4+ T cells with a naive phenotype (CD45RB++ Pgp-1-) were not enriched in GF mice . Moreover, at an age of 13-14 months, CD4+ T cells from GF mice frequently produced more IL-4 and IFN-gamma than their CC counterparts . These lymphokine data showed, therefore, that a relatively high proportion of CD4+ T cells with a memory phenotype can also be defined in GF mice on the basis of their function . The contamination of GF mice with a colonization resistant factor (CRF flora) resulted in twofold higher numbers of splenic CD4+ T cells . Surprisingly, not only CD4+ T cells with a memory phenotype (CD45RB-/+ Pgp-1++) had expanded, but also CD4+ T cells with a naive (CD45RB++ Pgp-1-) phenotype . Our results, therefore, strongly suggest that the expansion of naive CD4+ T cells in the periphery is mediated by the intestinal microflora.

Eur J Immunol, 1992 Jan, 22(1), 159 - 64
Age-associated increase in number of CD4+CD8+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in rats; Takimoto H et al.; A significant number of CD4+CD8+ T cells were detected in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of various strains of rats including Wistar, WKA, BN, LEW and F344 . The site of the CD4+CD8+ population in IEL increased with age in all strains we examined . Most IEL bearing CD8 expressed no CD5 antigen in young rats, while all CD4+CD8+ IEL and some of CD8+ IEL in aged rats were of CD5+CD45RB- phenotype . In germ-free Wistar rats, age-associated increase in the number of CD4+CD8+CD5+ IEL was not evident, indicating that stimulation by the intestinal microflora was important for expansion of the CD4+CD8+CD5+CD45RB- IEL . Aged athymic F344 nude rats contained appreciable numbers of CD4+ IEL and CD8+ IEL but few CD4+CD8+ IEL, suggesting that the CD4+CD8+ IEL may be derived from thymus-dependent populations . Unlike a majority of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes bearing a low intensity of CD3/T cell receptor (TcR) alpha/beta, the CD4+CD8+ T cells in IEL expressed a high intensity of CD3/TcR alpha/beta on their surface . The CD4+CD8+ IEL appear to contribute to the spontaneous proliferation of the IEL in aged rats as assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation after in vitro culture with medium only . These results suggest that with aging a unique CD4+CD8+ IEL may expand at a local site of the intestine under the influence of intestinal microflora and may contribute to the first line of defense against various pathogens in the epithelium.

J Nutr, 1992 Jan, 122(1), 178 - 90
Starch hydrolysis by the ruminal microflora; Kotarski SF et al.; The effects of grain type and processing on ruminal starch digestion are well documented but poorly understood at the biochemical and molecular levels . Waxy grains have starches high in amylopectin and are more readily digested than nonwaxy grains . However, the composition of the endosperm cell matrix and the extent to which the starch granules are embedded within it also affect starch digestion rates . Continued work is needed to determine the influence of specific cell matrix proteins, protein-starch interactions and cell wall carbohydrates on starch availability . The microbial populations that metabolize starch are diverse, differing in their capacities to hydrolyze starch granules and soluble forms of starch . Surveys show that the amylases are under regulatory control in most of these organisms, but few studies have addressed the types of amylolytic enzymes produced, their regulation and the impact of other plant polymers on their synthesis . Research in these areas, coupled with the development and use of isogeneic or near-isogeneic grain cultivars with biochemically defined endosperm characteristics, will enhance our ability to identify mechanisms to manipulate ruminal starch digestion.

Arch Med Res, 1992, 23(2), 213 - 5
Growth inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica by rat colon components; Jimenez-Delgadillo B et al.; Susceptibility to invasive amebiasis has been suggested to be due to intrinsic amebic factors and/or to such host factors as intestinal microflora, mucus and colonic redox potential . We investigated the effect of rat colon components on the growth of axenically cultured E . histolytica trophozoites . Extracts of rat colon tissue produced a 57% amebic growth inhibition . The main growth inhibitory components were precipitated by 65% ammonium sulfate and were heat-sensitive . These components were partially separated by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography . Thus, we found colonic components (Mr 50-100 kDa) that produced strong growth inhibition (75%) . These results suggest that rat colonic products may play an active role in resistance to amebic infection.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1992, 36(4), 390 - 5
Investigation of the causes facilitating formation of microflora in atomic reactor pool water; el-Gawi O et al.; In the course of investigations realized by us earlier it was found that there was no difference between radioresistance of microbes taken from various water sources . As a matter of fact quality of the microflora clearly reflects a unique phenomenon called selection which causes disappearance of all radiosensitive and survival of radioresistant types of microbes . There is indeed an increased number of radioresistant types of microbes with intensified activity of catalase and nuclease in pool water of atomic reactors.

Braz Dent J, 1992, 2(2), 115 - 22
Influence of age on the reactivity of the BANA test among Brazilian children; Orrico SR et al.; Three hundred and twenty samples of subgingival plaque were obtained from 80 caucasian girls, ranging from 10 to 13 years of age . The samples were analyzed to verify the influence of age upon colonization of the gingival sulcus by microorganisms potentially pathogenic to the periodontal tissues . The gingival and plaque status were evaluated through the gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PlI) and the microflora was assessed by the enzymatic method benzoyl-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) . The results of the BANA test were positive for 62.50% of the tested individuals and 40% of the examined sites . The influence of age was statistically significant on BANA reactivity, and the number of positive sites was greater at 11 (57.5%) than at 12 years (28.8%).

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 1992 Fall, 7(3), 330 - 7
Plaque-induced inflammation around implants; Bauman GR et al.; This article is a review of plaque-induced inflammation around dental implants . The microflora around successful implants is similar to healthy sulci, while that associated with failing implants is similar to periodontally diseased sites . Implant microflora is similar to the tooth microflora in the partially edentulous mouth . The microflora of implants in partially edentulous mouths differs from that in edentulous mouths . This seems to indicate a bacterial reservoir around the teeth and the possibility of reinfection of the implant sulcus by periodontal pathogens . The maintenance of a tooth microflora consistent with periodontal health in partially edentulous mouths may lead to maintaining an implant microflora consistent with peri-implant health . Thus, periodontal and implant maintenance are linked and neither can be overlooked.

J Surg Res, 1991 Dec, 51(6), 512 - 7
Small bowel transplantation promotes bacterial overgrowth and translocation; Browne BJ et al.; Alterations in the symbiotic relationship between immunocompromised hosts and their resident gut microflora may lead to serious complications following small bowel transplantation (SBT) . This study examined the effects of SBT and cyclosporine (CsA) immunosuppression on gut bacterial populations and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes . Sixty adult male meat-fed Lewis rats were divided into six groups: normal controls, CsA alone (24 mg/kg im qod), CsA carrier vehicle alone, isografts, isografts given CsA, and allografts given CsA . Rats were killed after 3 weeks and segments of small bowel and colon were harvested for quantitative tissue culture . Mesenteric lymph nodes and blood were cultured to identify translocation . Transplantation alone led to an increase in gram-negative aerobes from 2.6 to 4.6 colony forming units/100 mg tissue (P less than 0.05) in the distal ileum (transplanted segment) . Eighty-four percent of transplanted animals receiving CsA had bacteria recovered from their mesenteric lymph nodes compared to none in controls (P less than 0.001) and 20% in isografts not receiving CsA (P less than 0.02) . Intestinal transplantation alone appears to promote gram-negative overgrowth while the addition of CsA therapy facilitates translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes and may predispose to gut-associated sepsis following SBT.

J Nutr, 1991 Dec, 121(12), 1955 - 9
Bacterially synthesized folate in rat large intestine is incorporated into host tissue folyl polyglutamates; Rong N et al.; Unlike mammalian tissues, certain intestinal microflora are capable of de novo synthesis of folate . To explore the availability of bacterially synthesized folate to the host organism, we used {3H} p-aminobenzoic acid (3H PABA) to label folate newly synthesized by the intestinal microflora . Labeled folates were isolated by affinity chromatography and identified by ion-pair HPLC . In this study {3H}PABA was injected into rat cecum to determine whether the {3H}folate synthesized by bacteria appeared in rat liver and other tissues . Rats were kept in sling suits to prevent coprophagy . Ion-pair chromatography of the purified liver folate demonstrated that bacterially derived {3H}folate was incorporated into all host liver-specific folate polyglutamates, mostly penta- and hexaglutamyl derivatives . Similar results were observed in kidney folates . These data provide direct evidence that some of the folate synthesized by the microflora in the rat large intestine is incorporated into the tissue folate of the host.

J Prosthet Dent, 1991 Dec, 66(6), 733 - 6
Restorative margin placement and periodontal health; Reeves WG; Subgingival restorative margins are associated with the development of plaque-related inflammatory periodontal disease, primarily because of a shift in the subgingival microflora from a profile associated with health to one associated with disease . The degree and extent of the marginal inflammation is influenced by four factors: failure to maintain proper emergence profile, inability to adequately finish and/or close subgingival margins, placement of subgingival margins in an area with minimum to no attached gingiva, and violation of the biologic width . Supragingival margin placement is the location of choice for all restorative margins to avoid iatrogenic periodontal disease . However, consideration of these four factors will help reduce the adverse impact of restorative margins that must be carried subgingivally.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Dec, (12), 14 - 7
{The microbial colonization of the skin of newborn infants rooming in with the mother in maternity homes}; Bochkov IA et al.; The formation of skin biocenosis in children under the conditions of a maternity hospital with the joint care of mother and child was studied with the use of commercial bacteriological imprints manufactured in the USSR . The colonization of newborn infants in maternity hospitals with opportunistic, saprophytic and normal microflora was established . In newborn infants aged up to 5 years low skin resistance to colonization and, as a consequence, frequent colonization of the skin with opportunistic and saprophytic microflora was observed.

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1991 Dec, 30(4), 307 - 12
{Content of available lysine in gamma-irradiated soybean products}; Horvatic M et al.; The content in available lysine of soya protein products irradiated in a 60Co-gamma cell were investigated . The results indicate that available lysine content and crude protein content at irradiation doses of 1, 3 and 5 kGy were unaffected at the 95% significance level . During 3-month storage the irradiated samples showed no significant (p = 0,05) changes of available lysine content . In samples with high content of lecithin, which were irradiated at 1 kGy as well as non-irradiated the content of available lysine was significantly (p = 0,05) reduced after 8-month storage; the other products as well as the at 3 and 5 kGy irradiated samples showed no significant decrease . Immediately after irradiation the microflora was significantly (p = 0,05) reduced . Under the effect of radiation treatment at 3 and 5 kGy the microflora was reduced to nearly 100% after 3-month storage.

J Dent Res, 1991 Dec, 70(12), 1531 - 6
Effects of ascorbic acid depletion and supplementation on periodontal health and subgingival microflora in humans; Leggott PJ et al.; This study describes the relationship between varying ascorbate intake, periodontal status, and subgingival microflora as part of a multidisciplinary investigation of ascorbic acid (AA) metabolism in young men housed for 13 weeks in a nutrition suite that provided controlled periods of ascorbic acid depletion and repletion . Twelve medically healthy non-smoking men, aged 25 to 43 years, ate a rotating four-day diet adequate in all nutrients except ascorbic acid . Following an initial baseline period during which the subjects received 250 mg AA/day, the subjects received 5 mg AA/day for a 32-day depletion period . Eight of the 12 subjects participated in a subsequent 56-day repletion period designed to replace the reduced body AA pool slowly . Plasma and leukocyte ascorbate levels, Plaque Index, Gingival Index, probing depths, and attachment level were monitored at the beginning and end of the depletion and repletion periods . Subgingival plaque samples were obtained and examined for selected organisms by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy . A uniform oral hygiene program was reinforced after each examination . Ascorbate concentrations in plasma and leukocytes responded rapidly to changes in vitamin C intake . There were no significant changes in plaque accumulation, probing pocket depth, or attachment level during the study . In contrast, gingival bleeding increased significantly after the period of AA depletion and returned to baseline values after the period of AA repletion . However, no relationship could be demonstrated between either the presence or proportion of target periodontal micro-organisms and measures of bleeding or ascorbate levels.

Urol Nefrol (Mosk), 1991 Nov-Dec, (6), 40 - 3
{The use of prostatilen in treating patients with chronic prostatitis}; Tkachuk VN et al.; Conventional methods of chronic prostatitis treatment aimed at destruction of pathogenic microflora have certain shortcomings . A promising approach is biologic control of prostatic function . A trial was performed of a new drug prostatilen which is a polypeptide isolated from the animal prostate . The study included 307 patients with chronic prostatitis of 4 mon to 36 years duration . Their age ranged from 18 to 74 years . The drug dose of 5-10 mg was administered once a day i.m . for 5-10 days . The immediate effect and long-term one were measured upon the treatment completion and 4-6 months later . A clinical effect manifested following 2-3 injections and grew to maximal values after 5-6 ones . In rare cases the treatment lasted up to 8-10 injections . The drug promoted disappearance or attenuation of the symptoms in 96.7% of the patients . Positive shifts were achieved in pain complaints, diuresis, sexual function, sleep, general condition . The subjective response agreed with objective laboratory and urodynamic evidence . Prostatilen proved effective for chronic prostatitis because it is tolerable, induces no side effects, beneficial in combinations with other modalities in management of this persistent and prone to recurrences disease.

Mikrobiol Zh, 1991 Nov-Dec, 53(6), 71 - 7
{The characteristics of the microflora isolated in bovine endometritis}; Safronova LA et al.; 117 pure bacterial cultures of numerous species isolated by the authors at acute postnatal pyo-catarrhal cattle endometritis have been studied for their virulence and resistance to 18 antibiotics with the aim to determine their etiologic role in the development of the given pathology and to make a prediction estimation of possible therapeutic and preventive efficiency of the antibiotics . The experiments on white mice have revealed pathogenic properties and virulence in most studied strains of bacteria of different species . The studied microflora is, mainly, resistant practically to all 18 tested antibiotics . A direct dependence is established between virulence of the microflora, isolated in case of endometritis, and its resistance to antibiotics.

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1991 Nov-Dec, (6), 32 - 6
{The functional characteristics of the ultrastructure of the outer membranes of opisthorchid eggs . 2 . The mechanisms of egg retention on substrates}; Beer SA et al.; The studies of the functional features of the ultrastructure of the outer membranes of Opisthorchis felineus and Clonorchis sinensis eggs have been continued . The variants of egg behavior on different substrates (artificial, natural, organic and inorganic) have been experimentally studied . It has been established that O . felineus and C . sinensis eggs retain on a number of substrates due to covering with microflora (e.g . fungus mycelium clinging to the rubbed surface of the egg outer membranes); sticking in the uneven surface of the substrate; catching in the uneven surface of the substrate; catching on microfibers of plant fragments . The features found are to a great extent caused by a complex comb-like structure of egg membranes and are interpreted in terms of the earlier unknown mechanisms of parasite adaptation (at the egg stage) facilitating its contact with molluscs--their intermediate hosts.

Food Addit Contam, 1991 Nov-Dec, 8(6), 723 - 30
Mycofloral changes and aflatoxin contamination in stored chickpea seeds; Ahmad SK et al.; Chickpea seeds entering store carry a microflora of 'field' and 'storage' fungi . Field fungi gradually disappear and storage fungi then predominate . These fungi especially Aspergillus flavus, A . niger, A . nidulans, A . ochraceus and Penicillium spp . grow vigorously and initiate grain spoilage and aflatoxin elaboration . The shift in mycofloral spectrum was more rapid in seeds stored in jute bags than those stored in metal bins . Moisture content and aflatoxin contamination in seeds of jute bags was maximum during Sept.-Oct . The internal environment of metal bins is comparatively less influenced by the external conditions and initially restricts fungal growth and aflatoxin elaboration . Prolonged storage however, increases seed moisture content and alfatoxin is increased in chickpea seeds after six months storage in metal bins.

Stomatologiia (Mosk), 1991 Nov-Dec, (6), 45 - 8
{The sensitivity to antibiotics and disinfecting substances of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients with orthodontic pathology}; Balakliets NI et al.; Antibiotic and disinfectant sensitivities of opportunistic bacteria, isolated from the oral cavity of normal subjects and orthodontic patients, were under study . The findings evidence that oral microflora of patients with orthodontic conditions is more rich in microorganisms that can induce pyoinflammatory diseases than that in health . Among the isolated opportunistic bacteria strains were found that were resistant to both: antibiotics and disinfectants . Antibiotic sensitivities of the microorganisms isolated from normal subjects and patients were found virtually the same, whereas the strains isolated from the patients have shown a higher sensitivity to disinfectants . The authors emphasize that effective prevention of pyoseptic complications in the maxillofacial area involves not only bacteriologic monitoring and studies of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics, but analysis of the bacterial sensitivity to disinfectants as well.

Khirurgiia (Mosk), 1991 Nov, (11), 79 - 80
{Surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis using carbon dioxide laser}; Ordabekov SO; The results of using the laser scalpel in surgery for echinococcosis of the liver in 68 patients are discussed . It was established that carbon dioxide laser induces coagulation of small blood vessels and intrahepatic bile ducts and thus prevents postoperative complications like bleeding and escape of bile, destroys live protoscoleces, and has a harmful effect on the microflora . This creates favourable conditions for shortening the period of treatment for patients with echinococcosis.

J Clin Periodontol, 1991 Nov, 18(10), 729 - 39
The microflora of periodontal sites showing active destructive progression; Moore WE et al.; 20 adult periodontitis (AP) subjects were examined every 2 to 4 months and microbiological samples were collected and cultured when 2 mm or more loss of attachment (active sites) was detected by 2 examiners . Similar sites in which no progressive destruction was observed (control sites) also were sampled in the same subjects . By lambda-analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in floras of active (42 sites from 12 subjects) and control (36 sites from 12 subjects) sites or between the floras of the active and control sites and of 63 samples from 22 AP subjects that were examined previously in a cross-sectional study . By paired t test, no microbial species had a significantly greater association with active than with control sites . The only species that were detected in one or more samples from all subjects with active sites were Wolinella recta, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcus micros . Porphyromonas gingivalis and 9 other taxa were isolated from one-half or more of the persons with active sites . The composition of microbiological floras of all periodontitis samples was statistically significantly different from that of subjects with healthy gingiva . The composition of microfloras of sites in subjects with naturally-occurring gingivitis was intermediate between that of subjects with healthy gingiva and that of active and control sites in AP subjects.

Carcinogenesis, 1991 Nov, 12(11), 2053 - 8
DNA adduct formation in liver following the administration of {3H}2-nitrofluorene to rats in vivo; Wierckx FC et al.; The formation of RNA and DNA adducts by the environmental pollutant 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF) has been investigated in rat liver in vivo . The adduct pattern was studied after trifluoroacetic acid hydrolysis of DNA or RNA, followed by analysis of the adducts by HPLC . This was also done by enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA, followed by 32P-postlabeling . Both after oral and i.v . administration of {3H}2-NF, one major adduct was found . This adduct did not co-migrate with one of the known adducts of 2-(acetyl)-aminofluorene, N-deoxyguanosin-8-yl-2-aminofluorene (dG-C8-AF), which could have been formed after nitroreduction of 2-NF . 32P-Postlabeling revealed that two minor adducts were also formed, one of which was dG-C8-AF . The observation that the major adduct was also formed after i.v . administration of 2-NF to bile duct-catheterized rats makes a role for the intestinal microflora in the formation of this adduct very unlikely . In vitro experiments with inhibitors of the enzyme epoxide hydrolase indicated that epoxidation of 2-NF may play a role in the microsomal bioactivation of this compound.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1991 Oct, 112(10), 436 - 9
{Morphological characteristics of the small intestine and translocation of intestinal microflora in the post-resuscitation period}; Parkhomenko IuG et al.; Morphologic investigations were studied in rats during 1-3 hours after clinical death of the acute hemorrhage . The combination of morphologic and microbiologic methods obtained allow to describe the destruction of intestine wall and translocation of bacteria in the tissue and organs . In 3 days after clinical death the structure of small intestine regenerates, but the vital bacteria were isolated in the tissues and organs.

Khirurgiia (Mosk), 1991 Oct, (10), 30 - 5
{Transcutaneous endobiliary interventions in mechanical jaundice}; Karimov ShI et al.; The authors analyse experience in the treatment of 132 patients with obstructive jaundice which was caused by a neoplastic lesion in 61 and by a benign disease in 71 of them . Bearing in mind the serious condition of this category of patients and the high risk of the operative intervention, two-stage treatment is applied with preliminary decompression of the biliary system and restoration of the main hepatic functions in the first stage . Transcutaneous endo-biliary interventions are carried out when other sparing methods cannot be accomplished or are ineffective . The authors give an integral, finer evaluation of the functional condition of the liver, elimination of the biliary microflora, and in this manner develop the criteria of the indications for the second stage of the intervention (prolonged bile passage in the intestine) . In view of the high risk of the operative intervention, the authors suggest wider use of the methods of transcutaneous endo-biliary interventions according to indications . Nine patients died (6.8% mortality) in increasing hepatorenal insufficiency with growth of the oncological process.

FASEB J, 1991 Oct, 5(13), 2856 - 9
Human stools as a source of viable colonic epithelial cells; Iyengar V et al.; Human stools consist of a mixture of undigested food residues, colonic microflora, and cellular components shed from the walls of the gastrointestinal tract . The cellular components are made up mostly of terminally differentiated colonic epithelial cells . Using a combination of Percoll density gradient centrifugation and countercurrent centrifugal elutriation, it is now possible to recover these cells as an enriched fraction from fresh human stools . Cells can be visualized on heat-fixed smears of the enriched fractions stained with modified Wright's stain . The enrichment process is optimized by following the segregation of eukaryotic cells as determined by an ELISA technique using monoclonal antibodies against human double-stranded DNA . This work, demonstrating the feasibility of isolating intact colonic cells from stools, has important applications as a noninvasive approach to the biology of exfoliated cells from the gastrointestinal tract.

Am J Med, 1991 Sep 16, 91(3B), 54S - 64S
Surgical wound infection; Nichols RL; Wound infections remain a major source of postoperative morbidity, accounting for about a quarter of the total number of nosocomial infections . Today, many of these infections are first recognized in the outpatient clinic or in the patient's home due to the large number of operations done in the outpatient setting . This leads to errors in establishing the true incidence of their occurrence but undoubtedly decreases the overall real cost and length of hospital stay . The pathogens implicated in the development of wound infections remain largely the human microorganisms from the exogenous environment and the endogenous organ microflora . Many perioperative factors have been identified that increase the incidence of the development of postoperative wound infection . Avoidance of these factors as well as the appropriate use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis has decreased the incidence of wound infection . During the last decade many studies have reported on the individual risk factors that favor the development of postoperative infectious complications in various surgical procedures . It is hoped that this knowledge may allow for prospective alterations in the preventative and therapeutic modalities in the high-risk patient in the studies designed in the 1990s . The use of effective infection surveillance both in the hospital and in the outpatient setting is mandatory in order to collect meaningful data . The use of computer technology will greatly facilitate the proper surveillance, analysis, and control of infections in the surgical patient.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1991 Sep, 192(1), 1 - 13
{Survival capacity of genetically altered Escherichia coli strains . 2 . Survival of pure cultures in different water and soil matrices}; Dott W et al.; The survival of two genetically engineered E . coli strains (L+, CAG+) compared to that of 4 control strains (N0, K12, L-, CAG-), was investigated in drinking water, surface water, sewage and soil under different conditions . Both genetically manipulated strains are able to produce Prourokinase, an anticoagulant . It was found, that all strains died off inspite of high inoculated bacterial densities . In drinking water, no bacteria could be recultivated immediately following inoculation . Upon inoculation in surface water, the genetically manipulated strains L+ and CAG+ were more sensitive than the other strains . The same was found for sewage under aerobic conditions, whereby, the control strains N0 and K12 as well as the wild-strains of the genetically manipulated organisms, L- and CAG- survived the whole experimental period and kept their numbers at a level between 100 and 1000 CFU/ml . Under anaerobic conditions, a die-off of all tested strains was similarly registered with time . The influence of the autochthonous microflora of sewage water could be documented in that, under these conditions, all test strains survived the whole experimental period of 31 days with the exception of the genetically manipulated strain CAG+ . In soil experiments, it was found that the humus-rich garden soil was more effective in eliminating the E . coli strains than sand . The antagonistic effect of the autochthonous soil microflora was only clearly seen in experiments with garden soil . However, these results did not meet the expectations for the two CAG strains, for which a longer survival period had been previously established for in nutrient rich soil . In contrast to the E . coli control strains N0 and K12, the two L strains and the CAG+ strain survived the whole test period of 36 days . It can be concluded that under these simulated environmental conditions, all tested strains of E . coli die off more or less in a short period of time following inoculation with the autochthonous microflora of environmental samples.

Klin Med (Mosk), 1991 Sep, 69(9), 67 - 9
{Clinico-endoscopic data and the status of local immunity in intestinal lesions in patients with periodic disease}; Arutiunian VM et al.; Clinicoendoscopic and immunological evaluation of periodic disease patients shows that the disease-related inflammation of the colon is pathogenetically coupled with secretory IgA hypoproduction and abnormal intestinal eubiotic microflora . These facts should be allowed for when making differential diagnosis between periodic disease and gastrointestinal inflammations.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Sep, (9), 29 - 32
{The dynamics of the wound microflora in the victims of the earthquake in Armenia}; Men'shikov DD et al.; The data on the composition of wound microflora, as well as changes in the contamination index over the course of treatment of patients with the syndrome of prolonged compression, who were brought to the institute after the earthquake in Armenia, are presented . The authors characterize the structure of the causative agents of wound infection in the patients treated at the traumatological department of the institute over several years . The epidemiological situation in the hospital in the period when the earthquake victims were treated there is analyzed.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1991 Sep, 36(9), 41 - 4
{Ways of increasing the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in young children with severe forms of acute pneumonia}; Iulish EI; Examination of 136 children with the severe form of acute pneumonia treated in a resuscitation unit revealed a marked suppression of the immunity and lowered antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial microflora isolated from the respiratory tracts . The patients were previously treated with antibiotics of 2 to 5 families . Auto-blood irradiated with X-rays without the host was transfused to 72 children (group 1) with immunomodulating purposes . 64 children (group 2) were treated with the same purposes with eleuterococcus, pentoxyl and methyluracil . After transfusion of the auto-blood irradiated with x-rays without the host there was an increase in the antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial flora along with a marked and rapid improvement of the immunity status . The severe state was alleviated earlier in the patients of group 1 . The inflammatory lesions in the lungs of the group 1 patients were arrested sooner and the patients were discharged from the hospital 11 days earlier than the children treated with the routine immunomodulators.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Sep, (9), 9 - 13
{The adhesive and colonizing properties of Aerococcus viridans}; Gorbunova ML et al.; On the basis of experiments carried out in the course of this study the conclusion can be made that one of the mechanisms of the preventive effect of aerococci, the representatives of the indigenous microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, lies in their capacity for adhesion to and colonization of the mucous membrane, this enhancing the resistance of the enteric tract to infections . These properties of anterococci substantiate good prospects of using M-bacterin (live lyophilized aerococcal culture) for the control of enteric infections and dysbacteriosis.

Experientia, 1991 Aug 15, 47(8), 835 - 8
Administration of D-alanine did not cause increase of D-amino acid oxidase activity in mice; Nagata Y et al.; D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity was not altered in the liver and kidney by oral administration of D-alanine to adult mice . The enzyme was apparently not induced by the enteric microflora either, since the enzyme activity in the liver and kidney of germ-free mice was not different from that of specific-pathogen-free mice . The times of appearance of DAAO activity and of free D-amino acids in the kidney were elucidated using suckling mice . DAAO activity started to increase 7 days after birth, and reached almost the adult level by 28 days . The content of free neutral D-amino acids also increased with age, in a similar fashion . A possible conclusion is that the enzyme activity normally increases during this period, to eliminate the free D-amino acids which have increased with age in the suckling mice . Consequently, the administration of D-alanine had no further effect in increasing enzyme activity.

No To Shinkei, 1991 Aug, 43(8), 781 - 5
{Acute subdural empyema due to peptostreptococcus}; Ueno M et al.; A very rare case of acute subdural empyema due to peptostreptococcus was reported . A 11-year-old-girl was admitted to our hospital with high grade fever, unconsciousness and rt hemiparesis . CT scans showed the mass effect caused by the subdural empyema over the left frontotemporal region . Subdural empyema was evacuated by the craniotomy . Peptostreptococcus was found in the pus obtained during the operation . However, CT scans 10 days after the operation revealed another subdural empyema in the left frontal base and interhemispheric fissure, which was removed again by the craniotomy using coronal incision 14 days after the first operation . Frontal sinusitis was also demonstrated by CT scan . Killian's operation to the frontal sinusitis was performed by otorhinolaryngologists at the same time . Six weeks after the second operation, she was discharged without any neurological deficits . Peptostreptococcus is one of the indigenous microflora of the oral cavity, skin, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system and may be a causative microorganism in every type of human infection due to its abnormal localization . There is a controversy concerning surgical management subdural empyema . Both the burr hole drainage of pus and the craniotomy are advocated . Associated otorhinologic lesions must not be overlooked . Otorhinologic consultation should immediately be obtained so that the drainage of an infected paranasal or mastoid sinus can be performed at the time of craniotomy . This is critical to prevent the recurrence of the subdural empyema from further extension of the extracranial disease.

J Surg Res, 1991 Jul, 51(1), 18 - 23
The role of the gut in the development of sepsis in acute pancreatitis; Runkel NS et al.; The pathogenesis of sepsis in acute pancreatitis is unknown . Since the intestinal tract has recently been identified as a possible source for sepsis in other conditions, we explored whether the gut may serve as a reservoir for bacteria causing systemic and pancreatic infection in acute pancreatitis . Bacterial translocation, alterations of intestinal microflora, and intestinal motility, as reflected by gut propulsion, were studied in a rat pancreatitis model . Acute pancreatitis was induced by biliopancreatic obstruction (AP); sham manipulated animals served as controls (sham) . Bacteriologic cultures were obtained from various segments of the intestinal tract and from blood, liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes 48 and 96 hr after induction of AP or sham . Bacteria were recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes of all 12 animals with AP, but only from 3/14 sham animals (P less than 0.05) . Spread to distant organ sites occurred in 4 of 12 animals with AP compared to none of the sham animals (P less than 0.05) . A disruption of the intestinal microflora was found in the cecum, where the gram-negative bacterial count (log/g) was significantly higher during AP when compared with sham controls: 10.62 +/- 1.04 vs 8.05 +/- 1.45 at 48 hr and 7.92 +/- 0.62 vs 6.79 +/- 0.87 at 96 hr, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Jul, (7), 32 - 5
{The microfloral wound dynamics of the victims in the railroad disaster in Bashkiria}; Men'shikov DD et al.; The work deals with the microbial composition of burn wounds in the victims of the railroad catastrophe in Bashkiria during their stay in a hospital . The comparison of the microbial spectrum in the wounds of the burn victims of the catastrophe with the results of the monitoring of the causative agents of burn infections in patients treated at the department of thermal lesions over a period of 3 years is presented . The medicinal sensitivity of wound microflora at all stages of the hospital treatment of the patients was studied and compared with the medicinal sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from the wounds of burn patients in 1988.

Urol Nefrol (Mosk), 1991 Jul-Aug, (4), 50 - 5
{The complex assessment of gastrointestinal tract function in chronic kidney failure}; Karpov PF; The presented results of studying, morphofunctional disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with chronic renal failure revealed a myxedema, decreased hydrolytic and transport activity, increased elimination of nitrogen substances into the gastrointestinal lumen, replacement of obligate microflora by pathogenic bacterial associations, as well as a system of morphologic changes in gastrointestinal mucosa, ultrastructural abnormalities of enterocytes and their compounds.

Khirurgiia (Mosk), 1991 Jul, (7), 72 - 5
{The use of ultraviolet-irradiated plasma in the treatment of peritonitis}; Vasil'ev IT et al.; Intravenous infusion of the one-group lyophilized donor plasma irradiated with ultraviolet rays was included in the complex treatment of 43 patients with acute purulent peritonitis . The species-specific composition of the microflora was studied in the different groups of patients according to the cause of peritonitis and the degree of microbial contamination of the purulent wounds in patients treated with and without ultraviolet plasma irradiation (UVPI) . For prognosticating the course and outcome of the disease the authors used a complex of indices linked with the manifestation of neutrophil bactericidal activity and the level of exogenous intoxication . A positive effect of UVPI in the management of acute purulent appendicitis was noted, which was confirmed by clinical and microbiological tests.

J Periodontal Res, 1991 Jul, 26(4), 314 - 22
Identification of components in Fusobacterium nucleatum chemostat-culture supernatants that are potent inhibitors of human gingival fibroblast proliferation; Bartold PM et al.; The present investigation concerned the effect of chemostat-culture cell-free supernatants of Fusobacterium nucleatum on the growth and synthetic activity of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro . Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in fetal calf serum supplemented Dulbecco-Vogt medium containing various dilutions of conditioned or unconditioned bacterial culture medium . Cell proliferation was monitored by assessing cell growth over 5 days or incorporation of {3H}-thymidine into DNA . Protein and proteoglycan synthesis were monitored by the incorporation of {3H}-proline and {35S}-sulfate, respectively, into macromolecules . While the conditioned culture medium caused a complete inhibition of cell growth and incorporation of {3H}-thymidine DNA, there was no discernible effect on protein or proteoglycan synthesis . This indicated that the cells remained viable yet unable to divide . Such a view was supported by the observation that the inhibitory effect was reversible upon removal of the conditioned medium . This activity had a molecular size less than 30,000, was heat-stable and nonvolatile . Chemical analysis of the conditioned bacterial culture supernatants indicated that high proportions of butyrate, ammonium, and acetate were present . When these components were added to unconditioned medium and tested, most of the inhibitory activity could be attributed to ammonium and butyrate . Since many bacteria which constitute the subgingival microflora release ammonium and butyrate, a very high concentration of these metabolites may well accumulate . Clearly, the potential for inhibition of fibroblast proliferation has ramifications related to diminished tissue repair following bacterially-induced periodontal destruction.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1991 Jul, 46(7), 491 - 3
{Periodontal diagnosis based on an immunohistochemical-morphometric analysis}; Diekwisch T et al.; What is the correlation between immunoreactive blood cells, clinical parameters and the presence of special subclasses of bacteria in the subgingival microflora? To answer this question, patients suffering from juvenile and rapid progressive periodontitis were examined and compared with a control group without any periodontal disease . Cryostat sections from gingiva biopsies were marked immunohistochemically . Using the Kruskall-Wallis test, highly significant differences could be shown between the groups of disease in terms of immunoreactive cells such as leukocytes and monocytes, as well as in terms of the clinical parameters pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index and sulcus fluid and in terms of the microbiological subclasses coccoid cells, curved and motile rods and spirochetes . The results showed that immunohistochemical and morphometric methods of characterizing immunoreactive white blood cells might be used as an aid in diagnosis and understanding of periodontal diseases.

Khirurgiia (Mosk), 1991 Jul, (7), 44 - 7
{Spongy dressings from alginic acid salts in the treatment of suppurative wounds}; Arutiunian BN et al.; Spongy dressing materials made from alginic acid salts, specifically immobilized with terrilitinum (teralginum) were found to reduce the period of wound purification from suppurative and necrotic tissues and to facilitate more rapid, viz . 1.5-fold compared to the control, patient recovery, particularly after preliminary wound treatment with defocussed CO2 laser beam . In the group on teralginum, the cytological study demonstrated more intensive wound purification from microflora, more active growth and differentiation of reparation cells, specifically of fibroblasts, which influences the results of accelerated wound healing.

Diabetes Care, 1991 May, 14(5), 375 - 85
Epidemiology and prevention of periodontal disease in individuals with diabetes; Katz PP et al.; OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the epidemiological evidence of the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease, possible physiological mechanisms for the association, and effects of interventions on the occurrence and severity of periodontal disease among individuals with diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A comprehensive qualitative review of published literature in the area was performed . RESULTS: Much of the research in this area was found to contain methodological problems, such as failing to specify the type of diabetes, small sample sizes, and inadequate control of covariates such as age or duration of diabetes . CONCLUSIONS: Trends indicate that periodontal disease is more prevalent and more severe among individuals with diabetes . This trend may be modified by factors such as oral hygiene, duration of diabetes, age, and degree of metabolic control of diabetes . Generally, poor oral hygiene, a long history of diabetes, greater age, and poor metabolic control are associated with more severe periodontal disease . The association of diabetes and periodontal disease may be due to numerous physiological phenomena found in diabetes, such as impaired resistance, vascular changes, altered oral microflora, and abnormal collagen metabolism . With some modifications, the same prevention and treatment procedures for periodontal disease recommended for the general population are appropriate for those with diabetes . People with diabetes who appear to be particularly susceptible to periodontal disease include those who do not maintain good oral hygiene or good metabolic control of their diabetes, those with diabetes of long duration or with other complications of diabetes, and teenagers and pregnant women.

Grud Serdechnososudistaia Khir, 1991 May, (5), 52 - 5
{Causes, surgical treatment and prevention of chondritis and osteomyelitis of the ribs and sternum}; Get'man VG; The causes of chondritis and osteomyelitis of the ribs and sternum in 33 patients were analysed . It was found that in 70% of them purulent inflammation developed in the first 2-12 weeks after injury to and operations on the thoracic and abdominal organs . The average duration of the disease prior to hospitalization was about 16 months . Pathogenic microflora was isolated from the secretions of the affected tissues in 70.96% of patients . Different forms of the clinical course of the disease were distinguished according to the manifestation of the principal symptom: infiltrative-inflammatory, algesic, fistulous, empyema-like, mediastinitis-like, and a form poor in symptoms . The results of nonoperative treatment were studied . The use of X-ray therapy in a complex with nonoperative measures in 9 (25.71%) patients proved to be ineffective . Surgery was the main method for the management of chondritis and osteomyelitis of the ribs and sternum . It led to recovery of 31 (89.57%) patients without a second surgical intervention.

Tandlaegebladet, 1991 May, 96(7), 283 - 90
Dental studies of a Finnish skeletal material: a paleopathologic approach; Varrela J et al.; This paper reviews a series of paleo-pathologic studies made to investigate associations between dietary factors and development of occlusion, periodontal diseases and caries . The findings indicate that the change from hard to soft food, which has taken place during the last few hundred years, influences occlusion, craniofacial structures and oral health in several ways . Comparative studies show that the frequency of malocclusion has increased substantially . In the same time, a number of alterations have taken place in the morphology of the craniofacial skeleton . The results support the hypothesis that masticatory stress is a regulative factor in craniofacial growth and occlusal development . With soft food and low masticatory activity, jaw growth is not adequate for optimal occlusal development . Approximal wear itself, caused by the attritive diet, seems to be only a minor adjustive factor . Because of the occlusal wear, the crown height decreased with age and the teeth continued to erupt . As a result, root surfaces were exposed . This process has been equated with bone loss but the lack of inflammatory changes on the bone surface indicates that the alveolar bone was not affected by periodontal diseases . This suggests that the alveolar height was maintained at a constant level throughout life and no growth nor resorption took normally place at the crest . Only the exposure of the furcations increased the occurrence of periodontitis . The caries frequency was decreased by mechanical cleaning effect of attritive food but increased by exposure of the root surfaces . Furthermore, the oral microflora may have been modified by factors related to the chemical and physical properties of the diet.

Grud Serdechnososudistaia Khir, 1991 Apr, (4), 36 - 40
{Helium-neon laser irradiation in combined treatment of children with suppurative diseases of the lungs and pleura}; Tsuman VG et al.; The article discusses the results of treatment of acute ischemia of the pleura in 60 children with the use of intracavitary laser therapy . The empyema cavity was irradiated through a quartz flexible monocrystal light guide . The authors studied the effect of helium-neon laser beam on the empyema microflora, the condition of immunity, and the specific features of the clinical course of acute empyema of the pleura . Treatment by helium-neon laser radiation promotes rapid closure of bronchopleural fistulas, reduces the period of treatment, causes an immunocorrection effect, and does not exert a bactericidal effect on the flora.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1991 Apr, (4), 39 - 41
{The specific activity of a multicomponent vaccine made from the antigens of opportunistic microorganisms}; Mansurova NL et al.; Multicomponent vaccine prepared from the antigens of 4 representatives of opportunistic microflora possesses high specific activity . The passive hemagglutination (PHA) test with the use of associated diagnosticum showed that antibody titers in the sera of immunized rabbits increased 10- to 10(4)-fold in comparison with the titers observed prior to immunization . The PHA test with the use of the antigens contained in the vaccine revealed the accumulation of antibodies to each of the 4 components of the preparation in the blood sera of immunized rabbits . When stored at 4 degrees C, the vaccine was shown to retain its specific activity for 5 years (the term of observation).

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1991 Apr, 71(4), 195 - 8, 14
{Experimental study on the relationship between burn shock and infection}; Ma L; It is well known that burned patients with difficulty in passing through the shock stage are commonly complicated by early septicemia . But explanations about the mechanism vary and no one can account for all the cases . In the present study, Specific Pathogen-free mice (950), Germfree mice (50) and Wistar rats (720) were used in studying 25%-30% burn injury; limited time of hypotension; endotoxemia and simple intestinal obstruction to determine if the bacteria could translocate across the viable intestinal wall to cause systemic infection . The data showed that microflora from gut can cause systemic infection following early burn injury; and shock, endotoxemia and ileus which always complicate severe burns can function together in promoting bacteria translocation . These results suggest that gut origin infection may play an important role in irreversible burn shock and/or early fulminating septicemia following burn injury.

J Periodontol, 1991 Apr, 62(4), 235 - 41
Microflora and bacterial DNA restriction enzyme analysis in young adults with periodontitis; van Steenbergen TJ et al.; As a result of an epidemiological survey on the periodontal status of young adults, a school was found with a relatively high number of subjects showing loss of attachment (18 out of 87) . In 10 of these subjects the microflora of one pocket and of the dorsum of the tongue was investigated with special reference to black-pigmented species and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . Prevotella intermedia was the most prevalent species, being found in 9 patients . A . actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from 3 subjects and Porphyromonas gingivalis from 2 subjects . To determine whether cross-infection had occurred, the P . intermedia, P . gingivalis, and A . actinomycetemcomitans isolates were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis of the DNA after digesting with one or a combination of the endonucleases Pst I, Bam HI, and Hind III . Evaluation of the restriction endonuclease typing method showed it to be sensitive and useful for the typing of P . intermedia, P . gingivalis, and A . actinomycetemcomitans . Using this restriction endonuclease typing method, all isolates of A . actinomycetemcomitans, P . gingivalis, and P . intermedia obtained from single individuals showed different digest patterns . We conclude that in the present study bacterial cross-infection did not occur among subjects in this school.

J Prosthet Dent, 1991 Mar, 65(3), 365 - 72
Gingival enhancement in fixed prosthodontics . Part II: Microbiologic findings; Flemmig TF et al.; This study assessed the changes of the subgingival/marginal microflora during fixed prosthodontic procedures and evaluated the effect of adjunctive rinsing with 0.12% chlorhexidine on the subgingival/marginal microflora during fixed prosthodontic treatment . Thirty patients scheduled for fixed prosthodontics were randomly assigned to either rinsing with 15 ml of tap water b.i.d . (control) or rinsing with 15 ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate b.i.d . (experimental) . Subgingival and marginal plaque was analyzed at baseline, before crown preparation (2 weeks), before crown cementation (5 weeks), and 2 weeks after cementation (7 weeks) . The fixed prosthodontic procedures alone altered the subgingival and marginal microbiota toward a more health-associated flora . Adjunctive rinsing twice daily with 0.12% chlorhexidine had a significantly greater effect in reducing putative periodontal pathogens compared with the control regimen . This medication was a useful adjunct to regular oral hygiene during fixed prosthodontic procedures by permitting the establishment and maintenance of a microflora compatible with periodontal health.

Gastroenterology, 1991 Mar, 100(3), 768 - 74
Studies on the sterol-binding capacity of human pancreatic elastase 1; Sziegoleit A et al.; In previous studies we isolated human pancreatic elastase 1 from intestinal lavage fluids, where it was found to be part of a complex whose major component was cholesterol . The present study involves the isolation and characterization of this elastase 1-sterol complex recovered from feces of healthy subjects and patients whose intestinal microflora were nearly eradicated by antibiotics . Results indicate that elastase 1 essentially is complexed with neutral sterols, i.e., cholesterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone, in a weight ratio of about 1:1.5, corresponding to about 110 molecules of neutral sterols per one elastase 1 molecule . This complex is elutable with water from the solid moiety of the stools . Elastase 1 thus seems to fulfill the important function of maintaining water solubility of neutral sterols at low bile acid concentrations.

Gig Sanit, 1991 Mar, (3), 22 - 4
{Sanitary-microbiological studies of oysters and seawater by the coast of the northern Caucasus}; Puchenkova SG; Sanitary-microbiological studies carried out in 1985-1989 in the area of experimental raising of oysters at the northern Caucasus coast of the Black Sea have detected the correlation between the microflora of oysters and the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microflora of marine water, seasonal dynamics of the number of sanitary-indicative, tentatively pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms of water and the raised oysters.

J Biol Buccale, 1991 Mar, 19(1), 16 - 21
{A comparison between 4 subgingival bacteriologic sampling technics}; Sixou M et al.; A comparative study of four classical techniques employed in the sampling of subgingival microflora (paper points, swabbing, curette and washing followed by aspiration) has been carried out . This study was based upon quantitative criteria (number of bacteria sampled) and qualitative criteria (number of morphologically distinct colonies found per sampling technique) . Sampling was done on three different groups of patients: a control group, a group of patients with gingivitis and a group of patients with periodontitis . The curette sampling technique was found to be efficient both quantitatively and qualitatively . Difficulties in standardizing this method however were encountered with the failure to achieve reproducible results . For this reason the technique of paper point was preferred . This method was found to be more reliable and reproducible in each of the three groups of patients sampled.

Voen Med Zh, 1991 Mar, (3), 28 - 30
{Microscopy of the sputum in the etiological diagnosis of acute pneumonia}; Viazitskii PO et al.; The authors propose an algorithm for an early etiological diagnosis of pneumonia . The microscopy of Gram-stained smear of sputum is one of the main components of the algorithm . The character of microflora obtained as the result of the analysis determines the further medical examination and treatment of patient.

J Prosthet Dent, 1991 Feb, 65(2), 255 - 8
Scanning electron microscopic examination of ultrasonic and effervescent methods of surface contaminant removal from complete dentures; Raab FJ et al.; Dentures were examined by scanning electron microscopy to evaluate removal of surface contaminants such as plaque, calculus, microflora, and cigarette smoke . Ten complete dentures were obtained during patient appointments and prepared for SEM examination . Samples from 10 control surfaces, 10 surfaces cleaned with effervescent cleansers, and 10 surfaces ultrasonically cleaned were photographed at x5000 . One photograph of each sample was evaluated in random order by five judges for a total of 150 observations . Photographs were compared with one of a clean denture sample . Statistical analysis of the results validated the superiority of the ultrasonic method for cleaning dentures.

Cesk Gynekol, 1991 Feb, 56(1), 1 - 10
{Epidemiology and diagnostics in the vaginal area . I . Study of the vaginal flora using microscopy and evaluation of the microbial picture of the vagina}; Unzeitig V et al.; The microscopic characteristic of the vaginal microflora by means of microbial vaginal smears (MVS) according to Jirovec, Peter and Malek corresponds no longer to contemporary ideas on the physiology and pathology of the vaginal environment . The authors revealed on comparison of the results of MVS and the native preparation that in a group of 600 women selected at random the MVS diagnosis allowed to escape 80 cases of trichomoniasis (46.8%), 56 cases of mycotic infections (34.1%) and cases of suspect bacterial vaginosis with the finding of key cells . After elimination of suppurative and non-suppurative bacterial discharge the accurate diagnosis of which involves cultivation, it was revealed that in 156 women (26%) the pathological vaginal discharge was not diagnosed at all or its diagnosis was incomplete . The category of MVS type I, III and V or VI are highly specific but less sensitive . In the category MVS type II the specificity declined substantially, the sensitivity of the test is slightly higher . Predictive values in categories MVS III and MVS V or VI are high, much higher than values obtained in categories MVS I and in particular MVS II . In the diagnosis of vaginal infections transmitted by sexual intercourse native microscopy is irreplaceable . Its assett is rapid and more accurate diagnosis of diobscure findingsseases and the possibility to start immediate and aimed treatment . In case of obscure findings or relapses cultivation is essential.

Poult Sci, 1991 Feb, 70(2), 397 - 400
Nitrogen and energy utilization in germ-free and conventional chicks at early stages of growth; Furuse M et al.; Influence of aging on N and ME utilization in germ-free and conventional (CV) chicks was investigated at Stage 1 (2 to 6 days old) and Stage 2 (10 to 14 days old) . Chicks were fed diets for ad libitum consumption with protein concentrations of 116, 220, or 445 g/kg diet . The N utilization was not affected by the gut microflora at either stages, but it significantly decreased for chicks on the high-protein diet compared with those on the low-protein and adequate-protein diets . The ME values of diets were not influenced by treatments, except for the high-protein diet at Stage 1, in which ME was significantly reduced.

Caries Res, 1991, 25(1), 58 - 64
Comparison of the plaque microflora from natural and appliance-borne enamel surfaces; Macpherson LM et al.; Human enamel sections and slabs, mounted on a mandibular removable appliance, were worn by 5 adult subjects for a 1-week period . Plaque was allowed to accumulate on the in situ test sites and on the adjacent natural dentition . At the end of the experimental period, the plaque microflora associated with (1) the enamel sections, (2) the enamel slabs, and (3) the acrylic base of the appliance test site was compared with that obtained from lingual and interproximal areas of the lower molar teeth . In addition, the acid anion and pH profiles of plaque obtained from both the exogenous and natural tooth surfaces were also determined . Although some quantitative differences were found between the proportions of isolates obtained from the different enamel surfaces, qualitatively the microflora was very similar, and no significant differences were found in the plaque lactate/acetate ratios or pH measurements following a sucrose mouthrinse . Thus, human tooth specimens mounted on the intra-oral device produced a plaque ecosystem similar to that present on the adjacent natural dentition, suggesting that the model is suitable for studies on early plaque development and the microbiology of enamel demineralization.

Klin Khir, 1991, (1), 16 - 8
{Prevention of infection of surgical wounds under experimental conditions}; Rodoman GV et al.; A method for creation of an experimental model of the operative wound suppuration is presented . The expediency to use the antiseptic preparations for prevention of suppuration of the deliberately infected operative wound has been proved . The best results were noted in using the antiseptics effective towards the given microflora . This confirms the necessity of individual choice of an antiseptic preparation.

Nahrung, 1991, 35(2), 149 - 54
Effect of Laser trilobum spice on natural microflora of köfte, a Turkish ground meat product; Kivanc M et al.; The effect of Laser trilobum spice on natural microflora of "kofte", a Turkish ground meat product, prepared using three beef samples and stored at 7 degrees C and 20 degrees C was evaluated . Little or no inhibition was seen in all products and temperatures with 1.0% spice . Growth of natural microflora, namely total viables, coliforms, psychrotrophs and yeasts-moulds, was significantly inhibited by 2.0% of the spice, especially at 7 degrees C . The inhibitory effect of the spice increased with decreased fat content and increased water and protein contents of beef samples . It was concluded that the usual addition of the spice improved the hygienic quality of the product containing low fat and stored at 7 degrees C.

Carcinogenesis, 1991 Jan, 12(1), 141 - 3
Gastric nitrate reduction and nitrosation of trimethylurea in swine treated with pentagastrin or cimetidine; Maragos CM et al.; Swine were treated with cimetidine in order to quantify the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and the gastric formation of N-nitrosotrimethylurea (NTMU) under conditions similar to those in the achlorhydric human stomach . Gastric-fistulated swine were instilled with 6.0 mmol of nitrate in 50 ml water, after which gastric nitrate, nitrite and pH were monitored . Trimethylurea, 250 mumol in 50 ml water, was instilled via the fistula 10 min following the peak gastric nitrite concentration . Similar experiments were conducted with pentagastrin-stimulated animals, in order to quantitate the effect of gastric pH and microflora on the presence of nitrate, nitrite and NTMU formation . The stomachs of cimetidine-treated pigs (elevated pH) were colonized by nitrate reductase organisms to levels of 10(4)-10(7)/ml gastric fluid . Gastric nitrite concentration in cimetidine-treated animals reached a maximum of 370-2085 microM, 60 min following the nitrate dose . Trimethylurea was only marginally nitrosated (less than 0.1 mumol/l gastric fluid) in cimetidine- or pentagastrin-stimulated animals . The low yield of NTMU at elevated pH, in the presence of substantial nitrite, suggests that the nitrate-reducing bacteria present in the porcine stomach did not catalyze trimethylurea nitrosation in vivo.

South Med J, 1991 Jan, 84(1), 38 - 42
Intraoperative colonic lavage: failure to decrease mucosal microflora; Smith MB et al.; Few data exist concerning the ability of intraoperative colonic lavage to decrease colonic bacterial counts, and nothing is known about its effect on the recently described mucosa-associated bacteria . The goal of our study was to determine the impact of intraoperative colonic lavage on both the intraluminal and mucosal microflora . After intraoperative colonic washout in 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, quantitative and qualitative aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the intraluminal and mucosal bacteria were obtained . Tissue was also removed for scanning electron microscopic examination of the colon wall . Whereas 1000-fold to 10,000-fold reductions of aerobic and anaerobic intraluminal flora were achieved with mechanical lavage, reductions of aerobic or anaerobic mucosal bacteria were not significant . Failure to diminish bacterial colonization in this ecologic niche may be partly responsible for the persistently high infection rate after emergency colorectal surgery.

Leuk Res, 1991, 15(11), 1013 - 8
Recovery of murine myelopoiesis after cytostatic reduction by Ara-C . Effect of bacitracin-induced changes in the intestinal microflora and influence of timing; Daenen S et al.; The influence of intestinal flora modulation by oral bacitracin on the recovery of myelopoiesis after Ara-C was studied in C3H/Law mice . Bacitracin resulted in a 3-5 log increase of Gram-negative bacteria and a 10-fold increase of the intestinal endotoxin concentration . Initiation of bacitracin before Ara-C stimulated the initial rebound increase of colony-forming units for granulocytes and macrophages (CFU-GM) from 23.2 +/- 1.3 to 28.4 +/- 1.4 x 10(3) per femur . Starting the bacitracin after Ara-C advanced the second phase of the rebound CFU-GM increase with 6 days . An important role in the recovery of myelopoiesis after cytostatic drugs in C3H/Law mice is suggested for the intestinal Gram-negative microflora, probably mediated by bacterial endotoxin.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1991, 35(3), 241 - 9
Microflora of nuclear research reactor pool water; Saadawi A et al.; In the course of research done it was concluded that circulation of pool water through the nuclear reactor core produces a bactericidal effect on microflora due to influence of radiation of various types . Contents of microbes returns to the initial level after 2-4 months after circulation was stopped . Microflora of pool water comprises big amount of coccus, G-positive rods and fungi and a lower content of G-negative rods if compared to water which had been used to fill reactor pool . There is an increased number of radioresistant forms with intensified production of catalase and nuclease . Supposedly, presence of these enzymes gives to the microbes certain advances to survive in high-radiation zones.

J Dent Assoc Thai, 1991 Jan-Feb, 41(1), 24 - 31
{Comparison of some subgingival microflora from juvenile periodontitis before and after scaling and root planing}; Kasetsuwan J et al.; Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga are subgingival bacteria that have correlation with juvenile periodontitis . Studies were carried out in a group of 20 patients with juvenile periodontitis before, after treatment by scaling, root planing, oral hygiene instruction and 20 patients with healthy gingiva as a control group . Gingival index, plaque index, pocket depth were measured . Subgingival bacteria were counted on selective media and compared by phase contrast microscopy . Before treatment all measurements in the patients and the control group were significantly different (P less than 0.05) . In the patients before and after treatment all clinical measurements were significantly different (P less than 0.05) but the amount of A.actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) . These results indicate that treatment of juvenile periodontitis by scaling, root planing and oral hygiene instruction improve the clinical measurements but are not effective in reducing proportions of subgingival bacteria.

Ter Arkh, 1991, 63(5), 33 - 6
{The efficacy of bifidum-containing preparations in enterogenous reactive arthritis}; Rubtsov OV et al.; Analysis is made of the intestinal microflora in 43 patients suffering from reactive arthritides (ReA) that developed after intestinal infection . The overwhelming majority of the patients manifested a decrease of the level of the bifidoflora . The disorders of the intestinal microflora were related to the disease activity and standing . Bifidumbacterine was found to produce a significant beneficial effect on the course of ReA and to cause no serious side effects . According to the preliminary data, the efficacy of bifidumbacterin exceeded that of the known basic drug salazopyridazine, thus making it possible to apply the bifidum-containing drugs as basic agents in the treatment of ReA.

Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, 1991, (3), 20 - 7
{The prevention of suppuration of postoperative wounds}; Buianov VM et al.; A method to prevent operative wound suppuration is offered . An experimental animal model of operative wound suppuration was elaborated to specify rational antibiotic-antiseptic prophylaxis and adequate wound drainage . This yielded a complex of measures to prevent purulent complications on the part of the operative wound . In addition, an original turbidimetric technique to assess the resistance of the biological fluid microflora to antisepsis was elaborated . The complex prophylaxis against suppuration of infected wounds was clinically tested on 124 patients operated on for different acute surgical conditions of abdominal organs . The wound process was controlled by means of an original endoscopic-bacteriologic technique . The postoperative period was complicated by the wound suppuration in two of the 124 patients (1.6 per cent) . The postoperative hospital stay in most cases lasted 5-7 days.

Pediatriia, 1991, (5), 27 - 30
{Microbial biocenosis in normal newborn babies and in septic diseases}; Vasil'eva LI; A study was made of the symbion microflora of different biotopes in 185 neonates with sepsis and 200 healthy neonates on natural feeding . Appreciable differences were revealed in the formation of the microbial ecosystems in children with sepsis as compared to the healthy neonates . In the septic process the microbiological profile for different biotopes is poorly differentiated and is characterized by the similarity of opportunistic bacteria isolated . The children who suffered pyoseptic pathology need additional bacterial therapy aimed at the recovery of the normal microflora.

Pneumonol Alergol Pol, 1991, 59(11-12), 65 - 72
Adequate function of the immune system and physiological microflora are closely correlated; Pulverer G et al.; It is already known that physiological microflora of the digestive system plays an important role in local immunity . Studies on immunomodulating activity of some autoantibodies have shown that drugs affecting intestinal microflora possess potent immunosuppressive effect on systemic immunity . These observations inspired to recent investigation on the mechanisms of the influence of digestive tract bacteria on the immune system.

Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove Suppl, 1991, 34(4), 477 - 503
{The gastrointestinal post-irradiation syndrome}; Mandel L et al.; In the recent years, more attention is paid by radiobiologists to both prevention and therapy of a relatively less studied gastrointestinal postirradiation syndrome (GPS) . Moreover, the increase in interest in GPS is motivated with the requirement as to obtain the decrease in action of ionizing radiation on the intestinal mucosa at making radiotherapy of abdominal or pelvic region . The GPS occurs consequently to the affected abdominal region or all the organism with ionizing radiation . Its approximal doses from 10 to 100 Gy (gamma) are critical for the survival of intestinal mucosa, especially that of jejunum and ileum . Under the threshold of a single and total dose from 6 to 10 Gy, the intestinal mucosa may usually regenerate, and the survival depends mainly on the preservation or restoration of hemopoietic activity of blood forming tissues . The main pathogenetic GPS factor resides in the afflication of stem cells of mucosal crypts . The intestinal epithelium stops to be fluently replaced after the irradiation . The motion arrests of epithelial cells from crypts to the apex of villi . The elderly cells undergoes degradation, and after several days the denudation of mucosa occurs with possible distortion of deeper layers of intestinal wall . The intestinal microflora is involved in the pathogenesis both directly and indirectly . Amongst the former events is ranged the invasion of distorted mucosa in compromised both local and systemic immunity . Indirectly, the intestinal microflora is GPS associated by stimulating mitotic activity in crypts, therefore more cells are in the radiosensitive phase . In germ-free animals there is a significant decrease in mitotic activity of crypts, and the migration time of epithelial cells from crypts to the apex villi is twice more prolongated, what induces possible restoration of active center after the irradiation . The GPS also results in disorder of metabolic processes which are conditioned with intestinal mucosa . Its typical manifestation resides in the wash-out of mucus, decreased resorption of nutrients and loss of water and minerals into the intestinal lumen . The GPS-related are another disorders of the organism, those of liver and kidney apparently induced due to the intoxication with catabolic products . The microflora has been stated to be involved in GPS by the experiments on germ-free animals . In the absence of microflora, the survival is greater in duration . After a total pigs irradiation with 10-30 Gy, more than two times survival prolongation occurs . The abdominal irradiation with 12 Gy results to the death of only conventional pigs, whereas those germ-free show a survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Probl Tuberk, 1991, (7), 68 - 70
{Effect of carbon dioxide laser on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and microflora}; Kaliuk AN; The effect of CO2 laser on M . tuberculosis (MT) and nonspecific micro-organisms has been studied . Radiation of MT in suspension causes a decrease in the number of colonies . Laser action on MT and microflora after their growing in a solid nutrient media produces a bactericidal action in the exposed zone with the area of growth inhibition being in a direct proportion to the laser power and the time of its action.

Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, 1991, (9), 59 - 64
{Structural bases of the barrier-protective function of the stomach and small intestine}; Baibekov IM et al.; The gastrointestinal tract acts as a barrier-protective tool in addition to its digestive and transport functions . The structural bases of the barrier protective function of the stomach and small intestine were shown in health, duodenal ulcer (DU), experimental gastroduodenal ulcers (GDU), vagotomy, and peritonitis in case of the interaction of these structures with parietal microflora (PM) which may be a valid criteria for assessing the barrier-protective function . PM increases in number in DU, GDU, vagotomy, and peritonitis . Various modifying interventions can normalize this parameter . Identifying the components of protective levels makes it possible to differentiate the affect of protective levels and makes it possible to differentiate affect some links of the barrier-protective function in order to restore it or prevent its disturbance.

Lab Delo, 1991, (6), 53 - 4
{Microflora of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity in chronic nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the uterus and the adnexa uteri}; Stupko AI et al.; The authors analyze the data pointing to the heterogeneity of the bacteriologic status of the cervical canal and uterine cavity in the women suffering from nonspecific chronic inflammations of the internal genitals . Identification of the bacteriologic contents of the uterine cavity will permit individual antibiotic therapy of the patients.

Acta Pharm Nord, 1991, 3(1), 41 - 4
Stability of ketoprofen-dextran ester prodrugs in homogenates of various segments of the pig GI tract; Larsen C et al.; Initial velocities of ketoprofen formation from ketoprofen-dextran ester prodrugs incubated in homogenates of various segments of the pig GI-tract were determined . Enzyme-mediated drug release was found in caecum and colon homogenates with their contents, whereas release rates in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum homogenates were comparable to those determined in pure buffer solutions of identical pH . In colon homogenates adjusted to various pH values between 6.0 and 7.9, little variation in release rates was observed . However, the contribution of enzyme-catalyzed drug regeneration to the overall initial velocity of ketoprofen formation increased significantly as a function of decreasing pH . The presence of several antibiotics and betamethasone in colon homogenates did not affect the drug activation process, whereas the addition of various enzyme inhibitors slowed down the ketoprofen release rates . During incubation in colon homogenates the average molecular weight of the dextran esters decreased . The drug release may therefore involve an initial fragmentation of the drug-liganded dextran chains carried out by dextranases secreted from the microflora which reside in the pig's large bowel.

Lab Delo, 1991, (3), 34 - 7
{The determination of nitrites in saliva}; Kurnosov MN; A method for measuring salivary nitrites, developed by the authors, is based on the Griess-Iloswai test . Salivary microflora was found to synthesize and transform nitrites to other substances, their concentration passing its peak . If salivary excretion is stimulated, nitrite synthesis is accelerated . Nitrites are recommended to be measured in stimulated saliva over the course of its incubation starting from the first and up to the thirtieth minutes.

Ter Arkh, 1991, 63(10), 71 - 3
{The role of the hypophyseal-gonadal system in forming long-term nonhealing duodenal ulcers}; Preobrazhenskii VN et al.; The authors provide the data on the hormonal spectrum (STH, gastrin, sex hormones) in patients with long unhealing duodenal ulcers . It is shown that changes in the concentrations and ratios of the concentrations of hypophyseal-gonadal hormones may serve as a defensive adaptation reaction of the body and may be due to activation of the adaptation systems that mediate the neurohumoral mechanisms of regulation . Such changes are more remarkable in patients with common peptic ulcer . Apparently, in patients with long unhealing ulcers, these mechanisms tend toward depletion, as a result of which the other mechanisms start prevailing (microcirculatory disorders, immunologic abnormalities, pathological microflora).

Nahrung, 1991, 35(8), 849 - 66
{Lactose--a potential dietary fiber . The regulation of its microecological effect in the intestinal tract . 1 . Problems, state of knowledge and methods}; Schulze J et al.; Food components of different chemical structure which attain the colon without being attacked by digestion and absorption during their transit through the small intestine are defined as dietary fibre . In the colon they serve as energy or nutrient source for the intestinal microflora or are excreted without change . Not only chemical structure is decisive when a food component has to be assigned to either nutrients or dietary fibre: Substances resisting small intestine digestion due to the lack of corresponding catabolizing enzymes in man are supposed to be "obligate" dietary fibre . "Potential" dietary fibre are nutrients which are only partially digested in the small intestine . Lactose--the main carbohydrate of milk--represents a typical potential dietary fibre . The present paper investigates the factors being responsible for both the degree of lactose utilization in the small intestine and its efficiency in the colon.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1991 Jan, 146(1), 40 - 3
{Sodium hypochlorite in the treatment of suppurative wounds}; Petrosian EA et al.; Under observation there were 174 patients with purulent wounds, 54 of them were treated with application of 0.06% solution of sodium hypochlorite, and 20 patients made up a control group and were treated by traditional methods . It was found that the application of the solution of sodium hypochlorite results in sharp elevation of susceptibility of wound microflora to antibiotics and facilitates more rapid debridement of the wounds and makes the treatment at the hospital 3.7 and 2.4 times shorter correspondingly (as compared with the control group).

Gig Sanit, 1990 Dec, (12), 29 - 31
{Relation between the processes of water self-purification and the level of microbial pollution in the southern regions of the RSFSR}; Vinogradova LA et al.; It has been found out as result of complex sanitary-hygienic, microbiological and statistical studies, that the intensity of processes of self-purification of the water in water objects form potentially pathogenic microflora is reduced under the im fluence of the increasing anthropogenic stress on the water bodies in the Southern area which can produce unfavourable human health effects . The necessity that a complex of sanitary-microbiological indicators of water quality should be used to provide its epidemic safety has been revealed, and also a criterion of the assessment of the process of self-purification of the water in water bodies according to the acute intestinal infections morbidity of the population.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1990 Dec, 190(5-6), 547 - 57
A study on the survival of wild-type, laboratory and recombinant strains of the baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under sterile and nonsterile conditions; Broker M; Laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with an expression vector coding for the human coagulation protein FXIIIa (transglutaminase) under the control of a GAL promoter element have been constructed . Experiments were carried out to assess the potential biological risk of this genetically engineered microorganism . We analyzed the survival of this transgenic strain in comparison to the plasmid-free homologous strain and a wild-type isolate under various conditions . No differences could be detected in the survival rate under sterile or nonsterile conditions . In soil suspensions and waste water with limiting amounts of nutrients, the number of living yeast cells declined continuously over a period of several weeks . In the presence of nutrients, the autochtonic microflora overgrew the yeast and the yeast died rapidly . The results indicate, that the transgenic yeast strain behaves like wild-type strains and the plasmid-free laboratory strain and has no properties which would make it fitter under environmental conditions, which are inappropriate for baker yeast . The results presented in this paper indicate a rapid disappearance of the recombinant yeast strain under natural conditions.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1990 Nov, 31(3), 179 - 92
Metabolism of 1-nitropyrene by human, rat, and mouse intestinal flora: mutagenicity of isolated metabolites by direct analysis of HPLC fractions with a microsuspension reverse mutation assay; King LC et al.; The metabolism of {14C}-1-nitropyrene by human, rat and mouse intestinal microflora and a bioassay-directed chemical analysis of the isolated metabolites by assaying HPLC fractions with a microsuspension reverse mutation assay were examined . {14C}-1-Nitropyrene was metabolized by human, rat, and mouse intestinal microflora to 1-aminopyrene, N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene, N-formyl-1-aminopyrene, and two unknown metabolites identified as A and B . The predominant metabolite produced by human, rat, or mouse intestinal microflora following a 12-h incubation with {14C}-1-nitropyrene was 1-aminopyrene, which accounted for 93, 79, and 88% of the total 14C, respectively . Only minor amounts of N-formyl-1-aminopyrene (1.4, 1.2, and 1.0%), N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (4.4, 3.0, and 3.4%), unknown A (1.0, 1.2, and 1.0%), and unknown B (3.3, 5.0, and 1.2%) were detected . These data suggest that a similar mechanism exists in the biotransformation of 1-nitropyrene by intestinal microflora from all three sources . Direct mutagenicity analysis of the HPLC fractions produced by intestinal microflora with the microsuspension reverse mutation assay indicated that mutagenic fractions can be resolved using this methodology.

Parodontol, 1990 Nov, 1(4), 343 - 50
{The implant/tissue interface in a clinical perspective}; van Steenberghe D et al.; For a proper insight in the implant/tissue interface of permucosal oral implants it is good to refer to the tooth/periodontium interface . Although there are evident differences such as the lack of a periodontal ligament with its possibilities for eruption and migration and elaborate neural endings, it seems that classical periodontal parameters are the yardstick to discriminate failure from success of oral implants . Long cone radiographs and mobility assessment seem the only available clinical tools to detect a scar tissue interposition . On the other hand, their discrimination power is insufficient to prove close bone apposition . Further studies are needed to interpret the observations that around failing implants the subgingival microflora resembles that of active adult periodontitis . Periodontologists can learn a lot from the implant/periodontium interface to get a better understanding of the tooth/periodontium complex.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1990 Nov-Dec, 24(6), 56 - 8
{Microflora of drinking water reclaimed from waste water in an hermetically closed environment}; Shikina MI et al.; Microorganisms dwelling in drinking water reclaimed from water containing water in an enclosed environment were identified . The microbial species in the water reclaimed from the condensate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition products and from the air humidity condensate showed specific features and differences when compared to those in natural water.

Khirurgiia (Mosk), 1990 Oct, (10), 129 - 33
{Roentgenologically-guided biliary tract surgery in mechanical jaundice}; Karimov ShI et al.; From experience in radiologically-guided endobiliary surgery in 96 patients the authors claim it to be an effective method in the treatment of obstructive jaundice of various etiology, especially when endoscopic methods proved to be poorly effective while surgical operations were linked with a high degree of risk . Analysis of the microflora of the bile is indicated . The expediency of two-stage treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice is pointed out . Thirty one patients were cured by radiologically-guided endobiliary surgery.

J Clin Periodontol, 1990 Oct, 17(9), 613 - 5
Clearance of a topically applied fluorescein gel from periodontal pockets; Oosterwaal PJ et al.; The clearance of a fluorescein gel applied with an irrigation technique in periodontal pockets was studied . In order to evaluate the time a drug remains in a periodontal pocket, the alteration in concentration of this drug in a given time period was investigated . After application of the gel in 4 pockets of 10 patients, samples were taken from 1 of the 4 pockets at 5, 10, 20 and 40 min . The results show that in the 1st phase, directly after application, most of the gel disappeared from the pocket, while in the 2nd phase, the fluorescein gel is washed out with a calculated 50% reduction time of 12.5 min . The rapid clearance of the gel observed after irrigation might provide a partial explanation of the minor effect of pocket irrigation on the subgingival microflora.

World J Surg, 1990 Sep-Oct, 14(5), 636 - 41
Suppression of the human mucosal-related colonic microflora with prophylactic parenteral and/or oral antibiotics; Smith MB et al.; The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of preoperative administration of parenteral antibiotics with or without concomitant preoperative administration of oral antibiotics on the colonic mucosal-related microflora . Thirty-one patients were studied in a prospective fashion . Group A patients (n = 8) had colonoscopic mucosal biopsies performed after mechanical bowel preparation . Group B patients (n = 5) received neomycin and erythromycin (NE), 1 g each following mechanical bowel preparation, at 1, 2, and 11 p.m . the evening prior to either elective colon resection (n = 2) or prior to colonoscopic biopsy (n = 3) . Emergent trauma patients who had left colon or sigmoid perforations due to gunshot wounds requiring segmental resection comprised group C (n = 7) . These patients received cefoxitin or cefotetan 2 g intravenously preoperatively . Individuals in group D (n = 11) all had elective left hemicolectomies or sigmoid resections due to nonobstructing malignancies . These patients underwent the same regimen as group B patients in addition to receiving intravenous cefoxitin perioperatively . Quantitative and qualitative bacterial cultures as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the mucosa-associated flora . Tissue for culture and SEM were obtained from the pathologic specimen immediately after removal . The interval between the dosage of parenteral antibiotics to tissue removal was 3 hours in both groups . Anaerobic and aerobic counts were suppressed the greatest in patients receiving both oral and parenteral antibiotics (p = 0.0001) . Mean anaerobic counts decreased from 3.4 X 10(7) in group A to 1.8 X 10(2) (mean cfu/g) in group D patients . Mean aerobic counts in group A decreased from 3.7 X 10(6) to 64 (mean cfu/g) in group D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Histochem J, 1990 Sep, 22(9), 491 - 7
Pre-epithelial mucus layer in the colon of conventional and germ-free rats; Szentkuti L et al.; The pre-epithelial mucus layer (PML) and epithelial mucins were studied by mucin histochemistry in 10 microns-thick celloidinstabilized cryostat sections in the proximal and distal colon of conventional and germ-free rats aged 120 and 350 days . No continuous PML was found in the proximal colon . A continuous mucus blanket, of fairly homogenous thickness, was observed in the distal colon, where the PML-thickness was 40 +/- 24 microns at 120 days of age and 44 +/- 22 microns at 350 days of age in conventional rats, and 25 +/- 17 microns (120 days) and 22 +/- 10 microns (350 days) in germ-free rats . The stainability of the PML by periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian Blue at pH 2.5 and 1.0 was stronger in conventional rats than in germ-free rats, indicating higher concentrations of mucosubstances and of acid and sulphated mucins, respectively . The PML of the conventional rat distal colon showed a stratified structure of up to eight sublayers . In the distal colon of germ-free rats, the whole gut wall thickness was reduced 47% compared to the conventional rat (germ-free; 185 +/- 73 microns, conventional: 350 +/- 115 microns) . No stratification of the PML was observed . The presence of intestinal microflora obviously had a strong influence on the thickness, compactness, mucin content, mucin composition and structure of the pre-epithelial mucus layer.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1990 Aug, 45(8), 462 - 5
{Concentrations of A . actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque following short-term minocycline therapy}; Muller HP et al.; In the present study we examined alterations in the proportions of cultivable flora of A . actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) in subgingival plaque of 25 patients with different forms of periodontitis, 7 days after systemic administration of 200 mg/d Minocycline-HCl . Remarkable shifts in the flora were apparent . Sites with low or extremely low initial levels of A.a . (less than 10%) showed an increase in mean proportions from 2.7% to 15.7% (p less than 0.01) . A.a . was eliminated in only 18% of sites after 1 week of minocycline therapy . Subgingival scaling resulted in 80% of sites without detectable A.a . However, if present, the organism accounted for 51% of the cultivable microflora, on average . Our data emphasize the importance of a sufficiently extended period of antibiotic therapy and efficient mechanical debridement of all tooth surfaces to eliminate the organism.

Vrach Delo, 1990 Aug, (8), 50 - 1
{The intestinal microflora in nonspecific ulcerative colitis}; Navruzov SN et al.; On the basis of a complex clinical examination of patients with ulcer lesions of the large intestine it is concluded that differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis should be based no microbiological, serological, immunological, endoscopic methods of examination . Complex conservative treatment should include both routine measures and bacterial agents.

J R Coll Surg Edinb, 1990 Aug, 35(4), 243 - 4
Bacterial colonization of the skin after chemical depilation; Jaffray B et al.; A study of the effects of preoperative skin depilation on skin microflora has been performed . Areas of skin were prepared with a chemical depilatory agent and compared with areas of unprepared skin . Preparation of skin with a chemical depilatory agent causes no increase in skin microflora, in contrast to the effects of shaving as demonstrated by earlier studies.

Dis Colon Rectum, 1990 Jul, 33(7), 554 - 60
Effects of commonly used bowel preparations on the large bowel mucosal-associated and luminal microflora in the rat model; Lindsey JT et al.; Studies of colonic microflora have indicated there are two distinct populations, one intraluminal and one mucosal surface-associated . This investigation further characterizes the mucosal surface microflora and assesses the effects of common preoperative bowel preparations on both microflora . Quantitative and qualitative bacterial cultures and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microflora in five groups of seven rats each: control; intraoperative colonic instillation of ten percent povidone-iodine for 20 minutes; mechanical preparation with magnesium citrate; mechanical preparation followed by intramuscular cefoxitin (30 milligrams per kilogram) one hour preoperatively; and mechanical preparation followed by oral neomycin sulfate and erythromycin base (15 milligrams/kilogram each) given by gavage tube 18, 14, and 4 hours preoperatively . Microflora on the mucosal surface was visualized by scanning electron microscopy in all groups except the neomycin/erythromycin group . Results showed fewer bacterial isolates recovered from the mucosal surface compared with the lumen, as well as several log10 units lower for each bacterial classification . The greatest suppression of both microflora was seen in the neomycin/erythromycin group . Total aerobic and anaerobic luminal counts decreased by 3.7 (P less than 0.009) and 6.3 (P less than 0.009) log10 units, while total aerobic and anaerobic wall counts decreased by 2.3 (P less than 0.009) and 2.8 (not significantly) log10 units, respectively . Lesser reductions were noted in the povidone-iodine group (P less than 0.009, P less than 0.009, P less than 0.009, and P less than 0.048, respectively) . There were no statistically significant reductions in either total aerobic or anaerobic counts in the mechanical preparation or cefoxitin groups . These results indicate that neomycin/erythromycin is the most effective regimen in reducing both microflora.

Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Biol, 1990 Jul-Aug, (4), 519 - 23
{The antagonism of the natural microflora of grain as a regulating factor in Fusarium sporotrichiella toxin formation}; Kuvaeva IB et al.; The ability of 32 fungi species of 9 genera that belong to field grain microflora to inhibit the growth of F . sporotrichiella strain 53315 producing T2 toxin has been studied . Antagonistic properties have been found in representatives of Epicoccum and Drechslera genera . Estimation of T2 toxin in grain by microbiological method and by thin layer chromatography yielded similar results.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jul-Sep, 34(3), 566 - 70
Possibilities of bacteremia and toxemia in death of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella; Baba E et al.; The possibility that bacteremia and toxemia were the causes of death in cases of cecal coccidiosis was investigated . Germ-free and ordinary chickens with microflora were inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella . At 5 days postinoculation, cecal lesions in ordinary chickens were more severe than those in germ-free ones . Cardiac blood, spleen, and liver were examined in ordinary chickens for bacteremia and endotoxemia, and small numbers of bacteria were recovered from both infected and uninfected birds . Endotoxin levels in plasma of E . tenella-infected birds were low and not different from the levels of uninfected controls . To examine unknown toxic factors, a large volume of serum from infected chickens was injected intravenously into uninfected birds . No significant clinical signs were observed . It is concluded that the intestinal bacteria increase the severity of coccidial lesions without bacteremia and toxemia.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1990 Jul, 56(7), 2021 - 4
Colorimetric enumeration of Escherichia coli based on beta-glucuronidase activity; Adams MR et al.; A medium containing a chromogenic substrate was developed for the enumeration of Escherichia coli on the basis of beta-glucuronidase activity . In this medium there was an inverse linear relationship between the log initial E . coli concentration and the time taken for the color to reach a threshold optical density of 0.05 . This relationship applied even when the E . coli population contained 5% beta-glucuronidase-negative cells . Incubation at 44 degrees C reduced the time taken for color development and allowed the procedure to be used in the presence of a competitive microflora that outnumbered the E . coli population by a factor of 10(4) . Sodium lauryl sulfate as an additional selective agent gave no significant improvement . In the analysis of environmental water samples, the technique gave a good correlation with a standard cultural method . The procedure shows promise as a simple method for testing the compliance of environmental samples with microbiological criteria for E . coli.

Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 1990 Jul-Aug, 32(3-4), 287 - 95
Does mutarotation influence lactose digestion? Experimental investigations and a mathematical model; Zunft HJ et al.; The nutrient lactose acts as a potential dietary fibre . Depending on the composition of diet, lactose can partially escape from digestion and absorption in the small intestine and is utilised by the colonic microflora . The suggested mechanism, i.e . different rates of enzymatic hydrolysis of the lactose anomers and an influence of food ingredients on lactose mutarotation, seems to be supported by experimental results . The Michaelis constant of the mucosal beta-galactosidase of rats is 14 mmol/l with alpha-lactose and 50 mmol/l with beta-lactose as substrates . During intestinal perfusion of human infants, alpha-lactose is digested at a significantly higher rate than beta-lactose . The mutarotation of lactose is influenced by general acid-base catalysis . Milk formulae containing a high concentration of weak-acid anions, e.g . cow milk which is rich in phosphate and citrate, accelerate mutarotation, but milk formulae with a low content of these anions do not . With these experimental results a mathematical model has been set up simulating lactose digestion in the small intestine of human infants and of rats . The data show that certain dietary components may influence the ratio between lactose anomers, but, surprisingly, they do not influence the amount of digested lactose.

Minerva Stomatol, 1990 Jun, 39(6), 439 - 45
{Neutrophil function and microbial associations in rapidly progressing periodontitis and chronic periodontitis in the adult}; Caruso F et al.; Our study was focused on the functional characteristics of neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) and the subgingival microflora in two different forms of periodontal disease: 1) adult periodontitis (AP); 2) rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) . Our study dealt with the functional characteristics of neutrophil leukocytes in the gingival fluid and in the peripheral blood . These were found markedly reduced in the RPP group, while, in the AP group, they were comparable to those of a healthy control group . No difference between local and systemic values was detected . Moreover, some samples of subgingival plaque were taken from two groups of patients, affected by AP and RPP respectively . The above samples showed a predominance of Gram-negative flora over Gram-positive flora, and of anaerobic flora over the aerobic one, and the predominance of specific pathogens in each of the two forms of periodontal disease . The subgingival plaque samples taken at the end of the periodontal treatment from five out of ten patients affected by RPP showed inverse ratios, as well as the absence of the previously detected pathogens . The findings underline the relevance of tests of leukocytes functionality and that of microbiological analysis to allow correct diagnosis of dubious forms of periodontal disease and the checking of the posttreatment results.

J Periodontol, 1990 Jun, 61(6), 373 - 7
Periodontitis associated with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome; Bimstein E et al.; The predominant subgingival microflora, host immune response, and genetic history of a 14-year-old girl with Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome (PLS) are reported . The patient had high counts of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and surface translocating bacteria . She had significantly raised levels of antibodies to five of the bacterial species studied with the levels to A . actinomycetemcomitans remaining high after antibiotic therapy . The polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) also released significantly increased amounts of O2 compared to controls . The data presented support a role for A . actinomycetemcomitans and PMN dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PLS.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1990 May, 45(5), 280 - 2
{Leucrose metabolism in the microflora of the oral cavity}; Gulzow HJ et al.; The metabolizing activity towards leucrose in comparison to sucrose and sorbitol in human saliva and plaque-borne microorganisms was assessed using the Warburg-technique . Leucrose metabolism was slightly increased initially, but the overall rate and total amount of leucrose degraded was lower than that of sorbitol . This suggests that the cariogenic potential of leucrose, if there is any at all, is very low.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1990 May-Jun, 19(3), 437 - 46
Preventive measures for microflora and mycotoxin production in foodstuffs; Leitao J et al.; The conservation of foodstuffs by chemical or physical methods is now practiced on a wide scale . Certain procedures (drying, use of pesticides) are well proved and are used on an industrial scale, although in certain situations they are not without risk to human health . New techniques (controlled atmospheres, irradiation, fumigation) are in use and will undoubtedly see further development for conservation of seeds and cereals in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries . In the latter case, the use of cost-effective fumigants may be of particular value . Preventive measures for the control of molds in foodstuffs are discussed in this report.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 May, 28(5), 941 - 3
Swab-wash method for quantitation of cutaneous microflora; Keyworth N et al.; We describe a comparison of the scrub-wash method of Williamson and Kligman and a swab-wash method for the enumeration of cutaneous microflora . The swab-wash method provides a less traumatic alternative to the scrub-wash method and can be used to sample the cutaneous microflora of premature neonates.

Immunology, 1990 May, 70(1), 61 - 5
An increase in number of T-cell receptor gamma/delta-bearing T cells in athymic nude mice treated with complete Freund's adjuvants; Yoshikai Y et al.; It has been reported previously that environmental antigens such as intestinal microflora play an important role in an age-associated increase in number of T-cell receptor gamma/delta-bearing T cells . To extend the scope of this finding, this study examined the influences of local inflammation on the accumulation and/or proliferation of gamma/delta T cells in athymic nude mice injected subcutaneously with complete Freund's adjuvants (CFA) . The inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) in nude mice injected with CFA in their hind footpads 7 days previously contained an increased number of CD3+CD4-CD8- cells . Increased levels of proliferative responses against syngeneic stimulator cells were noted in the LN cells of CFA-injected nude mice in association with increases in expression of gamma- and delta-chain gene messages . Furthermore, the LN cells showed an early proliferative response to purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium bovis . These results suggest that local inflammation by CFA may induce functional gamma/delta T cells in nude mice, which may proliferate rapidly at the inflamed sites and represent a first line of defence in such animals against the invasion of various pathogens.

Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1990 May, 25(3), 138 - 41, 189
{Evaluation of dark field microscopic techniques and correlation between DFM data and clinical periodontal parameters}; Cao JN; Two subgingival sampling methods (curette and washing) used in DFM were compared . The effect of repeated washing sampling to subgingival microflora were also evaluated . These results demonstrated that washing techniques and curette could be used alternatively . No significant change of subgingival flora were observed after repeated washing sampling were used . 204 bacterial samples obtained from different periodontal status were analysed by DFM . The data showed that there was significant positive correlation between spirochete%, motile rods % and P1I . BI . PD, both incross-sectioned and longitudinal analysis (22 samples DFM assessed before and after periodontal treatment) . Also, our data suggested that it was impossible to establish a threshold level of microorganism to diagnose periodontal diseases only by DFM analysis.

Am J Physiol, 1990 Apr, 258(4 Pt 1), G576 - 84
Gastrointestinal luminal polyamines: cellular accumulation and enterohepatic circulation; Osborne DL et al.; The concentration of polyamines contained in the lumen of the gut was quantified . The duodenum and jejunum of the rat contained 2-3 mM putrescine and 1-2 mM cadaverine, whereas in the ileum and colon the concentration of these polyamines was significantly less . In addition, the concentrations of spermine and spermidine in the intestinal lumen were low to undetectable . Putrescine in the lumen of the gut was over 90% free with only 10% or less bound to protein . The activity of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of polyamines was also measured . In contrast to concentration, enzyme activity was found to be high in the ileum, cecum, and colon and nonexistent in the duodenal and jejunal lumen . This suggested the potential for enterohepatic circulation of polyamines that were synthesized by the colonic microflora and transported to the proximal gut via the portal circulation and biliary tree . Indeed, when {14C}putrescine was instilled into the lumen of the gut, it was secreted in pancreaticobiliary secretions . Upper and lower jejunum and colon all supported enterohepatic circulation of polyamines, whereas it was absent in the ileum . Polyamine accumulation in IEC-6 cells grown under in vitro conditions was also measured . Putrescine was transported under time- and temperature-dependent but sodium-independent conditions . The transporter displayed little selectivity for the various polyamines and compounds with related structures but did not recognize amino acids . The Michaelis constant for putrescine accumulation was 1.26 x 10(-6) M with a maximal velocity of the enzyme reaction of 5,184 pmol putrescine.mg protein-1.h-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Vrach Delo, 1990 Mar, (3), 98 - 100
{The use of bifidumbacterin in the prevention of mastitis}; Sytnik SI et al.; The efficiency of bifidumbacterin was studied in 160 parturients and 160 newborn for the prophylaxis of postpartum lactation mastitis and purulent-septic diseases in the infants 6 months after discharge from the hospital . The incidence of mastitis reduced from 6.88 to 1.25% while the morbidity in the newborn reduced three times . The agent does not inhibit the residence microflora of the breasts, favours early development of bifidoflora of the intestine in the new-born.

Agents Actions, 1990 Mar, 29(3-4), 131 - 7
Histamine and mast cell distribution in the intestinal wall of the germ free and conventional rats . Influence of the mode of sterilization of the diet; Meslin JC et al.; The influence of the mode of sterilization of the diet (gamma-irradiation vs . autoclaving) on the histamine and mast cells distribution in the intestinal mucosa, was studied in germ free (GF) and conventional (CV) rats . Interactions between the diet and the digestive microflora were observed . Histamine concentration and mast cells counts are higher in CV rats small intestine than in GF's . The differences are increased with the irradiated diet . At the opposite in the hindgut, these values are higher in GF than in CV rats, especially in the rats fed the steam sterilized diet . The variations in the wall histamine contents and in the mucosal mast cells counts due to the diet and/or the microflora do not appear to be always correlated.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1990 Mar, 9(3), 184 - 90
Herpes simplex virus and intraoral ulcers in immunocompromised patients with haematologic malignancies; Bergmann OJ et al.; Possible factors predisposing to the development of intraoral ulcers in immunocompromised patients with haematologic malignancies were investigated . Among 46 patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment, 18 developed an intraoral ulcer during the prospective study . Patients with or without ulcers were comparable with respect to underlying disease, presence of teeth, the qualitative composition of the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic oral microflora, herpes simplex virus (HSV) titer positivity, a past history of herpes labialis, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, and duration of fever . Viral cultures from saliva revealed an association between the presence of HSV in saliva and the presence of intraoral ulcers . HSV was not isolated from the saliva of any patient without ulcers . Viral cultures from the ulcers revealed growth of HSV in 11 (61%) of the 18 patients with ulcers . HSV-positive ulcers were located more often on the alveolar process than elsewhere in the oral cavity . Ulcers on the lateral borders of the tongue and on the buccal mucosa were found only in dentate patients . Development of intraoral ulcers was not associated with an increase of the HSV titer in serum in any patient . It is concluded that some intraoral ulcers, especially when located on the alveolar process, are associated with and probably caused by HSV, while mechanical trauma during mastication seems likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of ulcers elsewhere in the oral cavity.

Sci Total Environ, 1990 Mar, 92, 41 - 54
Volatilization of selenium from agricultural evaporation pond sediments; Karlson U et al.; Microbial volatilization of Se was evaluated as a means of detoxifying Se-contaminated sediments . Sediment samples containing 60.7 (Kesterson Reservoir) and 9.0 mg Se kg-1 (Peck ponds) were incubated for 273 days in closed systems located in the greenhouse . Volatile Se was collected from a continuous air-exchange stream using activated carbon . Various economical and readily available organic and inorganic amendments were tested for their capacity to enhance the microbial process, including Citrus (orange) peel, Vitis (grape) pomace, feedlot manure, barley straw, chitin, pectin, ZnSO4, (NH4)2SO4, and an inoculum of Acremonium falciforme (an active Se methylating fungus) . With the Kesterson sediment, the highest Se removal (44.0%) resulted from the combined application of citrus peel and ZnSO4, followed by citrus peal alone (39.6%), and citrus peel combined with ZnSO4, (NH4)2SO4 and A . falciforme (30.1%) . Manure (19.5%), pectin (16.4%), chitin (9.8%) and straw plus N (8.8%) had less pronounced effects . Without the amendments, cumulative Se volatilization was 6.1% of the initial inventory . Grape pomace (3.0%) inhibited the process . With the Peck sediment, the highest amount of Se removed was observed with chitin (28.6%), manure (28.5%), and citrus peel alone (27.3%) . Without amendments, 14.0% of the native Se was volatilized in 273 days . Cumulative Se volatilization was 24.7% with citrus plus Zn and N, 17.2% with citrus plus Zn, and 18.8% with citrus plus Zn, N and A . falciforme . Pectin (15.2%), straw plus N (16.4%), and grape pomace (7.3%) were among the less effective amendments for the Peck sediment . The differences in the effectiveness of each treatment between the two seleniferous soils may be a result of the residual N content of the sediments . With the Kesterson sediment, which was high in organic C and N, added N inhibited volatilization of Se, while with Peck sediments (low in organic C and N) N-rich materials tended to accelerate Se volatilization . Inoculation with A . falciforme did not enhance Se evolution from either sediment, indicating that there was a sufficient population of microflora capable of producing gaseous Se.

Res Immunol, 1990 Mar-Apr, 141(3), 235 - 40
Modulation of gut wall paf-acether and precursors by intestinal microflora; Denizot Y et al.; Comparison between holoxenic and axenic mice led to the conclusion that the presence of an intestinal microflora produced a decrease in wall paf in conventional mouse caecum, whereas an increase in wall lyso-paf and alkyl-acyl-glycerophosphocholine (A-A-GPC) content was noticed . By contrast, the presence of flora had no significant incidence on wall paf, lyso-paf and A-A-GPC content of conventional mouse jejunum . Thus, the modulation of gut wall phospholipid composition by intestinal microflora is evidenced for the first time.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1990 Mar-Apr, 73(2), 242 - 8
Dry rehydratable film for enumeration of total aerobic bacteria in foods: collaborative study; Curiale MS et al.; A rehydratable dry-film plating procedure for aerobic plate counts has been compared to the standard agar plate method (966.23B and C, 15th ed.; 46.014-46.015, 14th ed.) in a collaborative study by 12 laboratories . Each laboratory analyzed the normal microflora of 3 samples in duplicate for 6 products . The aerobic plate counts ranged from 1.0 x 10(3) to 1.0 x 10(8) cfu/g . The products were flour, nuts, frozen raw shrimp, spice, frozen raw ground turkey, and frozen and refrigerated vegetables . Repeatability standard deviations of the 2 methods did not differ significantly for 13 of 18 test samples . For 1 shrimp and 2 turkey samples, the dry-film method had lower repeatability variances (P less than 0.05) and for 1 spice sample the agar method had lower repeatability variances (P less than 0.05) . Relative standard deviations of repeatability were between 1.7 and 15.5% for the dry-film method and 1.2 and 16.0% for the agar method . Relative standard deviations of reproducibility ranged from 2.4 to 23.4% for the dry-film method and 2.3 to 18.8% for the agar method . The dry rehydratable film method has been adopted official first action for determination of the aerobic plate count.

Vrach Delo, 1990 Feb, (2), 51 - 2
{The role of sensitization to autologous intestinal microflora in the development of chronic cholecystitis}; Zhura II et al.; The authors proved the role of sensibilization with autologous microflora in the development and maintaining of the inflammatory process in the hepatobiliary system . This indicates the necessity of using desensitizing drug and the method of hyposensitization as a specific measure in the treatment complex of patients with this kind of pathology.

Can J Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 36(2), 140 - 4
Electron microscopy study of the bacteria adherent to the rumen wall in young conventional lambs; Rieu F et al.; The lamb rumen walls were rapidly colonized by an abundant bacterial population after birth . This colonization was examined by electron microscopy in neonatal conventional lambs . The sequence of establishment of the epimural species during the 3 weeks following birth, and the distribution of bacteria on the different sacs of the rumen, were examined by scanning electron microscopy . The population was very dense and consisted of a limited number of morphological types by 2 days after birth . Three types of rods were dominant at that time . The microflora was more complex 2 weeks later . Observations by transmission electron microscopy of desquamated epithelial cells revealed the presence of adherent bacteria that are surrounded by fibrous carbohydrate coats and sometimes partially enclosed by invaginations of the epithelial cell.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1990 Feb, 45(2), 90 - 2
{The adaptive responses of human oral microorganisms to sorbitol}; Gulzow HJ et al.; It was the goal of this study to evaluate the extent to which sorbitol is metabolized by the oral microflora of persons adapted to this sugar substitute (diabetics) . Resting saliva of 25 test persons with juvenile diabetes mellitus was incubated with sorbitol or sucrose in the Warburg-system both under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions . Saliva of 25 healthy persons served as control . Sorbitol was metabolized faster and to a higher total amount in the diabetic group . These results indicate that if sorbitol is offered continuously, the oral microflora will adapt and will metabolize sorbitol to a considerably higher extent.

J Dent Res, 1990 Feb, 69 Spec No, 660 - 7; discussion 682-3
Biochemical effects of fluoride on oral bacteria; Hamilton IR; Fluoride inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism by the acidogenic plaque microflora is well-established, although it has not always been appreciated that oral bacteria vary considerably in their susceptibility to fluoride . Early studies demonstrated that the F-induced reduction in acid production was due, in part, to the inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme, enolase, which converts 2-P-glycerate to P-enolpyruvate . The decreased output of PEP in the presence of F, in turn, results in the inhibition of sugar transport via the PEP phosphotransferase system (PTS) . Bacterial accumulation of fluoride involves the transport of HF, a process requiring a transmembrane pH difference or pH gradient, which is generated only by metabolically active cells . The uptake of HF into the more alkaline cytoplasm results in the dissociation of HF to H+ and F- and, if allowed to continue, the accumulation of protons acidifies the cytoplasm, causing a reduction in both the proton gradient and enzyme activity . Current information indicates that in addition to enolase, F- also inhibits the membrane-bound, proton-pumping H+/ATPase, which is involved in the generation of proton gradients through the efflux of protons from the cell at the expense of ATP . Thus, fluoride has the dual action of dissipating proton gradients and preventing their generation through its action on H+/ATPase . The collapse of transmembrane proton gradient, in turn, reduces the ability of cells to transport solutes via mechanisms involving proton motive force . In spite of these known effects on the bacterial cell, there is no general agreement that the anti-microbial effects of F contribute to the anti-caries effect of fluoride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Xenobiotica, 1990 Feb, 20(2), 223 - 30
Glucosinolates toxicity in growing rats: interactions with the hepatic detoxification system; Nugon-Baudon L et al.; 1 . Glucosinolate-rich diet (RM) in growing rats increased liver (a), kidneys (b), and thyroid (c) weights and depleted feed intake (d), growth curve (e) and T4 and T3 plasma levels (f) . 2 . Oral administration of phenobarbital enhanced the toxic effect of RM on (b), (d) and (e) and did not modify the toxic effect of RM on (a), (c) and (f) . 3 . RM had a depleting effect on hepatic microsomal P-450 specific activity . 4 . RM had an enhancing effect on hepatic glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase specific activities . 5 . These results indicate that some glucosinolate derivatives released by gut microflora metabolism are further metabolized by the hepatic detoxification system, and that they could play the role of co-toxic or co-detoxic molecules.

Ann Med, 1990 Feb, 22(1), 43 - 8
Intestinal microflora: metabolism of drugs and carcinogens; Goldin BR; The intestinal microflora are capable of performing a wide variety of metabolic transformations . The digestive tract can be exposed to orally ingested, bile excreted, or blood-borne exogenous and endogenous substances that can be converted by the intestinal flora into carcinogens, mutagens, cocarcinogens or tumor promoting agents . In addition, the intestinal microflora can metabolize a wide variety of pharmacological agents resulting in production of metabolites required for the physiological activity of these agents or conversely in the inactivation of these agents . This article reviews the current knowledge of the relationship between the intestinal microflora and the metabolic reactions leading to the transformation of drugs and the production of mutagenic or carcinogenic compounds . The composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract is discussed and the type of reactions these bacteria perform is summarized . The conversion of specific substrates such as, rutin, digoxin, cycasin, azulfidine and cyclamate are discussed and the physiological implication of these conversions are presented.

Radiobiol Radiother (Berl), 1990, 31(3), 243 - 6
{Principles of selective decontamination from the radiobiological point of view}; Henseke P et al.; Presented is the method of selective decontamination by van der Waaj . It is based on the conception of colonisation resistance deduced from animal experiments . So it means the concurrence of defense mechanisms which prevent the settlement of pathogenic germs and stabilize the normal microflora . First clinical and experimental results are reported.

Klin Khir, 1990, (3), 42 - 4
{The interaction of metal-containing carbon sorbents with pathogenic microflora}; Grigor'ev AV et al.; To give sorbents the bactericidal action, a modification of the carbonic sorbents by the metals is suggested . Modification of the SKN and KAU sorbents by copper and zinc didn't reduce sorption by them of microorganisms and their toxins . Inhibitory effect of a sorbent was provided by the lower concentrations of the copper and zinc than by those which in the solution of metallic salts had only bacteriostatic effect.

Arch Oral Biol, 1990, 35(2), 145 - 52
Constituents of salivary supernatant responsible for stimulation of oxygen uptake by the bacteria in human salivary sediment; Korayem M et al.; The 10,000 g supernatant of wax-stimulated whole saliva was fractionated by gel filtration and its components were tested along with amino acids, small peptides and urea for their ability to stimulate this oxygen uptake, and for their effects on pH . Fractions containing the larger components, the proteins and large peptides, stimulated much less oxygen uptake than unfractionated supernatant, and caused a small decrease in pH . Analysis with anthrone indicated that both these effects were due mainly to the carbohydrate associated with these constituents . In contrast, fractions containing the remaining lower molecular-weight components stimulated substantial oxygen uptake and a rise in pH; both effects were like those seen with whole saliva supernatant . The oxygen effects were attributed mainly to certain amino acids and small peptides in the small molecular-weight fractions . Ornithine, arginine, proline and glutamic acid consistently stimulated oxygen uptake by the oral microflora in a test of 23 amino acids with the sediments of 13 subjects . Ornithine and arginine at the same time stimulated a significant rise in pH, whereas the other two amino acids showed no such effect . Variable and sometimes significant oxygen uptake was seen with alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine and cysteine in 4-7 of the subjects; infrequent or no effects were seen with the remainder of the amino acids tested . There was some evidence to suggest that amino acid stimulation of oxygen uptake may be inducible . Urea had no effect on uptake but did contribute significantly to the pH rise . Small peptides containing those amino acids that could stimulate oxygen uptake also stimulated such uptake; peptides without such acids did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Klin Khir, 1990, (1), 45 - 6
{Use of ultraviolet irradiation of the blood in the complex treatment of peritonitis}; Mil'kov BO et al.; According to the data of tetrasolium nitroblue test and titer of the blood serum antibodies to the most frequently cultured microflora in complex treatment of 27 patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis, it was established, that the use of ultraviolet irradiation of the blood stimulated the specific and non-specific organism resistance.

Pediatriia, 1990, (1), 8 - 13
{The health of newborn infants as a microbiological problem}; Belokrysenko SS; The data provided are concerned with the etiological relation of the gravest pyoseptic infections in children of the first months of life, including cases of intrahospital epidemic outbreaks, to the disturbances in microflora formation and colonization of the intestine of the newborn staying at obstetrical and children's hospitals with hospital strains of gram-negative bacteria possessing multiple drug resistance (primarily K . pneumoniae, E . coli, S . marcescens, P . aeruginosa) . The microbiological approach to the prevention of pyoseptic infections in children of the first year of life should guarantee that neonates are supplied with sources of normal body microflora and that the control is exercised over the spreading of hospital bacterial strains in obstetrical and children's hospitals.

Pediatriia, 1990, (1), 13 - 8
{Study of the formation of intestinal microflora in newborn infants staying with or separated from their mothers}; Deshchekina MF et al.; In children of the first month of life, the formation of normal intestinal microflora was studied depending on whether they stayed with mothers or alone in the maternity home . Thirty healthy neonates born to young healthy mothers with a history of a favourable course of pregnancy which progressed to the delivery via the natural maternal passages were examined . Intestinal microbiocenosis in the newborn turned out more physiological provided they were placed at the "mother-child" department as compared to that when the newborn stayed alone . Organization of the joint staying of mothers and children in the wards of the maternity home increases the colonization resistance of the newborn, favours normal adaptation and may be one of the factors bringing about the diminution of the rate of pyoseptic diseases in the newborn.

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1990 Jan-Feb, 14(1), 1 - 6
Effect of commercially available chemically defined liquid diets on the intestinal microflora and bacterial translocation from the gut; Alverdy JC et al.; The effect of chemically defined liquid diets on the intestinal microflora and bacterial translocation from the gut was studied in the rat . Seventy-five female Fischer rats were randomized to five groups of 15 animals each . Group I was fed rat chow and water, group II was fed Vivonex TEN, group III was fed Ensure, group IV was fed Enrich, and group V was fed Ensure plus ground corn cobs, a crude fiber source . Animals were fed their respective diets ad libitum for 1 week and then killed . Quantitative culture of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and cecum was performed to determine bacterial translocation from the gut . A 66% translocation rate (10/15) of bacteria to MLN was observed in the animals fed Ensure and Enrich compared to 21% in the Vivonex TEN group (3/14) and 20% in the animals fed Ensure plus ground corn cobs (3/15) . None of the animals in the control group eating their normal diets of rat chow and water developed positive MLN . Statistical significance (p less than 0.001) was achieved between the Ensure and Enrich groups when compared to controls but not between the Vivonex TEN and Ensure plus corn cobs . Cecal culture revealed a statistically significant rise in cecal bacteria in all groups when compared to the control group (group I) . These results indicate that chemically defined liquid diets result in altered intestinal microflora and bacterial translocation from the gut.

Acta Anat (Basel), 1990, 137(2), 137 - 40
The influence of colonizing micro-organisms on development of crypt architecture in the neonatal mouse colon; Hill RR et al.; The effects of the normal colonizing microflora on postnatal development in the infant mouse were determined by comparison of crypt parameters in histological sections of the ascending colons of conventional specified-pathogen-free mice and their germ-free counterparts . Association of bacteria with the developing colonic mucosa in the third postnatal week caused a lengthening of the crypt column and depressed the total number of secreting goblet cells in each crypt . Thus the increasing bacterial burden during colonization of the developing colon was associated not only with expansion of the proliferative component of the crypt but also with modulation of the relative proportions of crypt cell populations.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1990, 335, 367 - 81
Ribonuclease in different chromosomal species of the mole rat, superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi: concentration in the pancreas and primary structure; Jekel PA et al.; Ribonucleases are found in considerable quantities in the pancreas of a number of mammalian taxa and a few reptiles . The ribonuclease content varies greatly in different species . Large quantities are found in ruminants and species that have a ruminant-like digestion and in a number of species with coecal digestion . This is a response to the necessity of digesting large amounts of RNA derived from the microflora of the stomach of ruminants or species with ruminant-like digestion or of the coecum of species with coecal digestion . The amino acid sequence of pancreatic ribonuclease from the chromosomal species 2n = 60 of the mole rat, superspecies Spalax Ehrenbergi was determined . From the comparison of the sequence with those of other mammalian species we found that Spalax diverged from the myomorph rodent branch before the divergence of the Muridae (mouse, rat) from the Cricetidae (hamster, muskrat) . Spalax ribonuclease shares several amino acid residues with other myomorph rodent species . These are not or only rarely observed outside this rodent suborder . Although the ribonuclease content varies greatly in different mammalian species, the variation in content between individuals within a species is small . Spalax is an exception to this with ribonuclease contents varying over more than an order of magnitude in different individuals . Ribonucleases isolated from the chromosomal species 2n = 52, 2n = 58 and 2n = 60 have identical elution positions on reversed-phase HPLC . The enzyme from the 2n = 54 species, however, elutes at a slightly earlier elution position . No amino acid sequence differences have been found hitherto between the ribonucleases of the four chromosomal species of Spalax ehrenbergi occurring in Israel . However, due to lack of material we were unable to determine more than about 20% of the sequence of the enzyme from the 2n = 54 species, which is the oldest offshoot.

Nutr Cancer, 1990, 13(3), 189 - 99
Changes in intestinal function of rats initiated with DMH and fed varying levels of butterfat, calcium, and magnesium; Behling AR et al.; The effects of dietary calcium, magnesium, and butterfat on intestinal function and flora in rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied . Male weanling rats were assigned to six isocaloric diets that varied in their levels of calcium and magnesium (0.25% Ca with 0.05% Mg, 1.0% Ca with 0.05% Mg, or 0.625% Ca with 0.50% Mg) and butterfat (5% or 20%) . One-half of the rats in each treatment were injected subcutaneously with DMH weekly for four weeks . This short-term exposure to DMH increased colonic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and the mass of cecal contents . Ingestion of the high levels of either calcium or magnesium depressed colonic ODC activity and depressed apparent absorption of organic matter, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus . Ingestion of excess magnesium increased the mass of the cecal contents by twofold, caused hypertrophy of cecal walls, and increased the total amount of protein and total nitroreductase and beta-glucuronidase activity in the ceca of rats . Ingestion of supplemental calcium had less dramatic effects and increased the mass of cecal contents by only 28% and decreased the total amount of protein in the ceca . On the basis of their different effects on cecal microflora, magnesium appears to have less potential than does calcium as a protective agent against colon cancer.

Sov Med, 1990, (8), 29 - 32
{Evaluation of the effectiveness of an antiseptic preparation "Apolam" for the treatment of surgeon's hands}; Buianov VM et al.; The authors discuss the efficacy of sterilizing the surgeon's hands with apolam, a new antiseptic . This antiseptic is a surfactant referred to quaternary ammonia salts . Studies carried out in 140 volunteers have demonstrated high quality of sterilization with this antiseptic and its high activity against pathogenic and opportunistic microflora . No allergic reactions or local irritation symptoms were recorded . Reliable sterilization of surgeon's hands is achieved by mere plunging and standard treatment of the hands in 0.5 percent apolam solution for 60 sec.

Klin Khir, 1990, (9), 31 - 2
{Duodenitis in surgical diseases of the organs of the hepatopancreaticoduodenal region}; Aliev MA et al.; In examination of 74 patients with surgical diseases of the hepatopancreatoduodenal organs, the authors have established the deepest morphological changes in the duodenal mucosa in patients with complicated form of cholelithiasis and chronic impairment of duodenal patency . Impaired motility of the duodenum contributed to reproduction of microflora in its contents, and led to the development of duodenitis in these patients.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(3), 253 - 9
On the health status of subjects employed at factories manufacturing enzyme preparations; Savchenko IL et al.; Intensive exposure to the antigens of industrial strains of microorganisms and their metabolites resulted in the suppression of cellular immunity and the activation of some components of humoral immunity (IgM) and neutrophil bacterial activity in workers employed in the manufacture of enzymes . Industrial microflora (Bac . Subtilis and Asp . awamori) utilized in the technological process of microbiological synthesis of enzyme preparations was isolated from the skin in 34.25% and 16.44% and nasal and pharyngeal mucosa in 39.73% and 28.77% workers respectively . On clinical examination, most frequently affected were the skin (70.4% tested subjects), nasopharynx (64.4%), bronchopulmonary apparatus, oesophagus and GIT . Endoscopic tests confirmed the diagnoses in detecting producing strains on bronchial and oesophageal mucosa in 23.08% workers . In view of the low efficacy of employed individual protective equipment, the prevention of occupational pathology should be directed towards development or improvement of existing technological processes which would rule out intensive exposure of the human organisms to producing strains.

Drug Metab Rev, 1990, 22(2-3), 161 - 78
The metabolism and mode of action of gentian violet; Docampo R et al.; Gentian violet has been used in medicine for almost 100 years: as an antiseptic for external use, as an antihelminthic agent by oral administration, and more recently, as a blood additive to prevent transmission of Chagas' disease . To date, no serious side effects have been reported when used externally . However, oral administration can cause gastrointestinal irritation, and intravenous injection can cause depression in the white blood cell count . Surprisingly, no acute toxic side effects were reported after administration of large amounts of gentian violet-treated blood . No studies have been done on long-term effects (chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity) of gentian violet-treated blood either in humans or in laboratory animals . Gentian violet is a mutagen, a mitotic poison, and a clastogen . The carcinogenic effects of gentian violet in rodents have been reported recently . In addition, a number of triphenylmethane-classed dyes, of which gentian violet is a member, have been recognized as animal and human carcinogens . A photodynamic action of gentian violet, apparently mediated by a free-radical mechanism, has been described in bacteria and in T . cruzi . However, the main target of gentian violet toxicity in the dark is the mitochondrion . Gentian violet is actively demethylated by liver microsomes from different animals and is reduced to leucogentian violet by intestinal microflora . Although the first process may represent a detoxication reaction, the second pathway may have toxicological significance because the completely demethylated derivative leucopararosaniline has been demonstrated to be carcinogenic in rats . A free-radical derivative of gentian violet is also formed by the action of rat liver microsomes, but whether this radical is involved in the cytotoxic effects of gentian violet in mammalian cells remains to be elucidated . Other pathways of gentian violet metabolism have recently been investigated that involve its oxidative N-demethylation by peroxidases . The N-demethylation of gentian violet by prostaglandin synthetase deserves further study . In this regard, the PGS system is being studied as an alternative activating pathway in xenobiotic metabolism because some carcinogenic intermediates can be formed during this cooxidation reaction.

Rev Infect Dis, 1990 Jan-Feb, 12 Suppl 2, S252 - 61
The intestinal microflora and the colon cancer connection; Gorbach SL et al.; Epidemiologic studies and laboratory research have indicated an association between the metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora and cancer of the large bowel . It has been suggested that activation of procarcinogens could be mediated enzymatically by intestinal bacteria . The levels of incriminated colonic bacterial enzymes are increased by dietary fat and inhibited by certain dietary fibers . Organic extracts of feces contain a mutagenic substance, presumably derived from bacterial metabolism in the large bowel, that is positive in the Ames test . Whether this substance or some other organic chemical is the putative proximate carcinogen remains speculative, but the evidence continues to point to intestinal bacteria as the metabolic intermediary in colon cancer.

Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl, 1990, 78(8), 699 - 703
{Root caries--scanning electron microscopic observations}; Heinrich R et al.; Sound and carious root surfaces of 24 extracted human teeth with extensive periodontal attachment loss were examined by SEM . The microflora covering the radicular surfaces was a complex flora consisting of filamentous and fusiform bacteria, short and long rods . Cocci and coccoid bacteria were observed on root surfaces . Bacterial invasion in the exposed peripheral root dentin was delayed by sclerotic dentin.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1990 Jan-Feb, 84(1), 63 - 5
Zymodeme conversion of isolates of Entamoeba histolytica; Andrews BJ et al.; A non-cloned and a cloned isolate of non-pathogenic (zymodeme I) Entamoeba histolytica derived from homosexual males were incubated in Diamonds' TP-S-1 medium in the presence of Crithidia for 52 d . A single addition of Escherichia coli irradiated at 1000 Gy rendered the culture axenic . Analysis of zymodeme patterns established that both isolates had transformed to zymodeme II . The re-establishment of cultures in the presence of microflora from the original cultures resulted in a return to zymodeme I, whereas incubation with microflora from an amoebic isolate exhibiting a zymodeme II pattern maintained the pathogenic pattern.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1990 Jan, 39(1), 21 - 31
{Synantrophic flies and other insects in the area of a hospital and microflora detected on their body surfaces}; Daniel M et al.; During the summer period (June-September) 1988 the authors examined the incidence of synantropic flies and other insects on the grounds of hospital in Prague . By means of isolation tests the microflora of their body surfaces was recorded . A total of 521 flies of 35 species were collected; furthermore 1 wasp species and 1 ant species were found . This material was subjektes to 90 tests, in which 108 strains of 21 species of microbes were isolated . In 96% G-rods were found . The majority of the microbes were intestinal, potentially pathogenic microbes which currently occur in hospital environment . The authors discuss the possible role of flies and other synantropic insects in the mechanism of transmission of the detected microflora.

Gig Tr Prof Zabol, 1990, (2), 45 - 7
{Hygienic characteristics of the air and air microflora in the weaving mill of the wool textile industry}; Garas'ko EV et al.; Modern wool textile factories are characterized by hygienically inadequate labour conditions which include exceeding dust and microbe contamination of the air in the working zone and poor microclimate conditions in some shops . Basing on the studies of the air contamination sources, the contributors propose recommendations for health-related improvement of the air conditions.

Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, 1990, (1), 58 - 61
{Bases of rational nutrition in old age}; Grigorov IuG et al.; Current theoretical concepts of gerontological dietetics have been analysed . Elaboration of rational nutrition patterns for the old should rest on the age-specific metabolic and functional changes in the organism . A possibility of influencing the acid-base balance of the blood, immunity, and intestinal microflora by means of a goal-oriented diet has been demonstrated . The alimentary factors, which have been revealed during studies of actual nutrition patterns in the regions of high-longevity (Abkhazia and Azerbaidjan) and low-longevity (Ukraine), and which may have some relevance to longevity, are discussed . The necessity of the nutrition rationalization for the old has been grounded, which may be achieved by lowering food caloric protein and fat contents, by increasing carbohydrate and fibre proportions, and by saturating food with the nutrients capable of geroprotective effects, which is possible when milk and vegetable products are predominant in the diet and new food products for the old are included in it.

Sud Med Ekspert, 1990 Jan-Mar, 33(1), 26 - 8
{The use of bacteriological analysis of the blood in the diagnosis of death by drowning}; Mishul'skii AM; Investigation of blood samples from the femoral vein of subjects drowned in water and died of other causes (control) was carried out . Penetration of microflora contained in water into the bloodflow of the drowned people was shown . Possibility of using bacteriologic analysis of the postmortal blood to diagnose death from drowning was stated . Ps . putida and Ps . fluorescens . that were not present in the blood of persons who had died of causes other than drowning were recommended as test bacteria . Selective media and methods to isolate the bacteria from the cadaveric blood were chosen.

Obstet Gynecol, 1990 Jan, 75(1), 18 - 21
Accumulation of penicillin in vaginal fluid; Sjoberg I et al.; The excretion of phenoxymethylpenicillin in vaginal fluid was determined in five women after intake of a single dose of 1 g phenoxymethylpenicillin and in five women on a 10-day medication scheme with 1 g twice daily . After the single dose, there was a steady increase of penicillin in vaginal secretion during the following 3 hours . During the same period, the concentrations in serum and saliva peaked and started to decline . Fifteen hours after intake, vaginal fluid contained more than 1 mg/L, whereas no activity was found in serum or saliva . During the 10-day course of treatment, vaginal concentrations ranged between 2-3 mg/L . The drug was not eliminated from the vagina until the second day after ceasing medication . The accumulation and slow pharmacokinetics of phenoxymethylpenicillin in the vagina may be explained by the countercurrent vascular system supplying the internal genitalia and upper vagina . The effect of the high concentrations of penicillin on the vaginal microflora is discussed.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1990, 34(4), 371 - 9
On the methods of disinfecting bronchofibroscopes; Ovchinnikov AA et al.; An apparatus is proposed for the wet disinfection of bronchofibroscopes which enables to wash with disinfectant solution the external surfaces of the tube and instrument channel while keeping dry the control mechanism . Several disinfecting regimens have been tested using chlorohexidine (Gibitan), benzalkonium chloride (Roccal), diocide and ethanol solutions . On experimental contamination of bronchofibroscopes with a P . aeruginosa culture effective disinfection was achieved using 0.5% aqueous and ethanol solution of chlorohexidine and 1% benzalkonium chloride solution (5-min, exposure in the circulation mode of the apparatus), 0.1% solution of diocide only produced a bactericidal effect after a 30-min, exposure . Adequate disinfection was not feasible when the endoscope was soaked in disinfectant . Similar results were obtained when bronchofibroscopes were disinfected in a clinical setup where they became contaminated with the most common pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microflora from the airways of patients suffering from purulent pulmonary diseases.

Probl Khig, 1990, 15, 26 - 30
{The effect of electrochemical silver on the microbiological qualities of drinking water}; Metodiev V et al.; The possibilities of silver ions, received by electrochemical way, are studied for having bactericidal effect on the microflora of potable water . For this purpose are taken waters with different bacterial insemination and the effect of silver on microorganisms with different resistance is traced . Parallel to that are studied the possibilities for preservation of preliminary disinfected potable water, as well as comparative evaluation at disinfection with chlorine preparations and with silver ions.

Probl Khig, 1990, 15, 121 - 7
{The mycotoxicological and dust contamination of the air in plants for the preliminary processing of cotton and hemp}; Dimitrov M et al.; Investigations are carried out in two enterprises for primary processing of cotton and one - of hemp . On the working places were determined dust concentrations on the technological lines and the mycotoxicological pollution of the air . Examinations were made on the workers . Concentrations above the norm were established of total dust and high rate of concentration with microbes and spores of microscopic fungi from the families Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium . The proved toxic and allergenic effect of the microflora and the high concentrations of the dust are prerequisites, which impose a reevaluation of the approaches to hygiene standardization of dust from natural textile fibres . Thus the prophylaxis of occupational diseases of a large contingent of workers will considerably improve.

Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove, 1990, 33(2), 89 - 94
Biohazard in microbiology, virology and in work with cell cultures; Lesko J; Possible biohazards are referred to in this report resulting from person's manipulation with microbes, viruses and cell cultures as well as risky contamination of examined biological material with the worker's microflora . Eventual intercontaminations are described throughout the hypo- and cryothermic conservation including the freeze-drying of biological material . Working security regulations are listed to conclude the report.

Arch Oral Biol, 1990, 35 Suppl, 1S - 7S
Epidemiology of dental caries; Winter GB; The most recent epidemiological data on the prevalence of dental caries in children indicate a halting of the increasing levels in many developing countries and a continuing decrease in many highly industrialized countries of the world . However, a further fall in caries levels predicted for 5-yr-old children in the U.K . has not occurred and the decline in caries may have begun to level out . 'Polarization' of caries to a minority of high-risk individuals is occurring in the developed world, with 20-25% of children accounting for more than 50% of the disease . Socio-economic factors are important in determining the proportion of high-risk children in these countries . The multifactorial aetiology of caries allows a number of different interpretations to account for changes in the prevalence of the disease with time, in both the developing and developed countries . These changes are variously ascribed to alterations in dietary habits, especially the consumption of sugar; variations in the patterns of oral hygiene; increased contact with trace elements, especially fluoride, in the environment; changes in the ecology and/or virulence of oral and dental plaque microflora and alterations in the oral protective mechanisms including the immune status . The epidemiological evidence available on the relationship of all these social, environmental and other factors to changes in the prevalence levels of caries does not, however, fully explain all the changes that have been observed . The claim that caries is no longer a public health problem is premature, as it ignores the still high proportion of individuals with tooth decay throughout the world.

Lab Delo, 1990, (10), 61 - 6
{A bioluminescent method of determining the sensitivity of microflora to antibiotics}; Titov AI et al.; A bioluminescent rapid method (a three-hour test) has been developed to assess the susceptibility of microflora to antibiotics . It is based on comparison of intracellular ATP content in a sample (pus) after 3 h incubation at 37 degrees C in liquid culture medium (dilution: sample/culture medium--1:9) on a shaker in the presence and absence (control) of a single antibiotic concentration . A criterion has been offered for quantitative estimation of antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms . The authors have optimized the measurements of intracellular ATP by the rapid bioluminescent method using immobilized firefly luciferase-based ATP reagent . The results of the method are in good correlation with those of the standard agar diffusion technique.

Lab Delo, 1990, (1), 50 - 2
{An improved method of obtaining smears for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on environmental objects}; Zueva MN et al.; To improve the isolation rate of M . tuberculosis and reduce the contaminating microflora growth, the authors have modified the technique of obtaining washings off the environmental objects by wetting the tampons with trisubstituted sodium phosphate instead of physiologic saline . This resulted in an increase of M . tuberculosis isolation rate by 1.3-1.5 times and a decrease of the contaminating microflora growth by 2-2.5 times.

Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1989 Dec, 3(4), 883 - 99
Unusual nosocomial pathogens; Mayer KH et al.; Multiple factors, including the widespread use of antibiotics, the spread of bacterial resistance plasmids and transposons, and the increased use of invasive procedures in traumatized or immunocompromised patients, have abetted the emergence of constant changes in the nosocomial microflora with selection for highly resistant and virulent bacteria . The introduction of new technologies, including enhanced life support techniques ranging from blood products to parenteral nutrient supplementation, also afford opportunities for previously nonpathogenic organisms to take advantage of new niches . Changes in the inanimate environment, such as ventilatory systems, and changes in personnel and infection control protocols (for example, disinfectants) may also alter the resident nosocomial flora . The resultant challenges to clinicians are to be aware of changes in the prevalence of different organisms and susceptibility patterns in the local hospital and community, and to be knowledgeable about new anti-microbial agents that have activity against multiply resistant pathogens . Judicious antibiotic use and careful application of hospital infection control measures are likely to be effective in meeting these challenges . Ongoing clinical and molecular epidemiological studies are required to better anticipate the emergency and spread of new, distinctive nosocomial pathogens.

J Trauma, 1989 Nov, 29(11), 1480 - 7
Lethal burn-induced bacterial translocation: role of genetic resistance; Deitch EA et al.; Since genetic factors may influence outcome after trauma or during infection, the current experiments were performed to examine the resistance of three genetically different mouse strains to burn-induced bacterial translocation . Outbred ICR, inbred Balb/c, and inbred C57/B1 mice, with a normal or disrupted (monoassociated with Escherichia coli C25) GI tract microflora, were subjected to sham or actual 25% body burns . In Balb/c, but not ICR mice, replacing the normal intestinal microflora with E . coli C25 converted the thermal injury from a nonlethal (0% mortality) to a lethal (68% mortality) injury . The increased mortality of the burned Balb/c mice monoassociated with E . coli C25 was associated with a higher incidence (p less than 0.05) and magnitude (p less than 0.05) of E . coli C25 translocation from the GI tract . The C57/B1 mice were intermediate between the Balb/c and ICR strains, in that C57/B1 mice monoassociated with E . coli C25 had a higher mortality and greater E . coli C25 translocation than mice with a normal microflora after thermal injury . Thus the composition of the intestinal microflora as well as the genetic background of the host influence the susceptibility of the host to burn-induced bacterial translocation and survival.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 55(11), 2954 - 9
Formation of delta 2- and delta 3-cholenoic acids from bile acid 3-sulfates by a human intestinal Fusobacterium strain; Robben J et al.; We isolated two strains of an unnamed Fusobacterium species from human intestinal microflora, which stereospecifically transformed bile acid 3-sulfates into C-3-unsubstituted, ring A-unsaturated bile acids . Both 3 alpha- and 3 beta-sulfates of 5 beta-bile acids were metabolized to delta 3-5 beta-cholenoic acids; 3 beta-sulfates of 5 alpha-bile acids were converted into a mixture of delta 2-5 alpha-bile acids and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-bile acids, whereas 3 alpha-sulfates of 5 alpha-bile acids were left intact . Unsulfated bile acids were not transformed into unsaturated derivatives . These strains differ from previously isolated intestinal bacteria, which desulfated bile acid sulfates without further transformation.

Radiobiologiia, 1989 Nov-Dec, 29(6), 817 - 20
{The anti-infective action of immunoglobulins administered at delayed times after irradiation}; Ulanova AM et al.; In experiments with CBA and CBA X C57Bl(F-1) mice it was shown that the radio-protective efficacy and the anti-infectious influence of homo- and heterologous immunoglobulin (IG) applied one, two and three times in the period from 4h to 9 days following irradiation with doses of LD80-95/30 . This was displayed by the increased survival rate and normalization of intestinal microflora in treated animals in comparison with untreated ones . Heterologous IG administered at varying times (5 to 20 days) after irradiation with the dose of 4.8 Gy increased the resistance of treated mice to infection with living E . coli culture.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Nov, 47(3), 338 - 45
Biochemical changes in the jejunal mucosa of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency following pancreatic duct ligation; Simpson KW et al.; The effects of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on the small intestinal mucosa were examined in dogs following pancreatic duct ligation . There were no significant changes either in villus architecture or enterocyte height after duct ligation, but numbers of bacteria in duodenal juice increased then subsequently decreased following treatment with exogenous pancreatic enzymes . Pancreatic insufficiency resulted in a considerable increase in the proportion of microvillar membrane proteins of molecular mass over 200 kDa from 3.3 +/- 4 per cent (mean +/- SEM) to 13.6 +/- 7.2 per cent, and this decreased to 6.9 +/- 5.2 per cent following pancreatic enzyme supplementation . However, anticipated increases in activities of maltase and sucrase were not observed following duct ligation, and there was a reduction in lactase activity which was reversed by pancreatic supplementation . Activities of marker enzymes for the other subcellular organelles showed relatively minor or no changes throughout the study . These findings are consistent with a specific role for pancreatic enzymes in the post-translational processing of intestinal microvillar membrane proteins, and suggest that reduced degradation of brush border proteins in the absence of pancreatic secretions may be masked by quantitative and qualitative changes in the intestinal microflora.

Mycopathologia, 1989 Nov, 108(2), 117 - 23
The efficiency of 1 M NH4Cl and 2 M NaCl for the isolation of pathogenic Nocardia from soil; van Gelderen de Komaid A et al.; The present paper reports an improvement to the classical method of the paraffin bait, by the usage of 1 M NH4Cl or 2 M NaCl to eliminate contaminant microflora of soil . The purpose is to introduce a change in the paraffin bait method in order to reduce time required to isolate pathogenic strains of Nocardia from their natural sources . For this study three main criteria were used: a) Determination of the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of salts on soil microflora; b) The tolerance of Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia caviae (Nocardia otitidis caviarum) strains to these chemical inhibitors; c) Determination of the efficiency of salts in the isolation of Nocardia from soil when strains are grown on paraffin baits.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1989 Nov-Dec, 23(6), 15 - 9
{Protective function of the skin}; Ignatova OV et al.; This paper reviews published data concerning the protective function of skin and discusses factors that may affect its bactericidal capability, including space flight factors that are known to reduce its protective effect . Various concepts of the mechanisms of the bactericidal function are discussed . It is shown that in an enclosed environment the species composition of the resident autoflora and pH value of the skin of an essentially healthy man may change . The qualitative composition of the water-oil film as a source of nutrition and a skin microflora environment is discussed . Its effect on the autoflora composition and localization in various skin areas and, consequently, on the bactericidal capability of different skin areas is described . The skin bactericidal function results from an interaction of various factors that should be taken into consideration when developing flight-oriented hygienic requirements because space flight induces changes in the skin status.

Clin Microbiol Rev, 1989 Oct, 2(4), 360 - 77
Mycobacterial disease, immunosuppression, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Collins FM; The mycobacteria are an important group of acid-fast pathogens ranging from obligate intracellular parasites such as Mycobacterium leprae to environmental species such as M . gordonae and M . fortuitum . The latter may behave as opportunistic human pathogens if the host defenses have been depleted in some manner . The number and severity of such infections have increased markedly with the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic . These nontuberculous mycobacteria tend to be less virulent for humans than M . tuberculosis, usually giving rise to self-limiting infections involving the cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of young children . However, the more virulent serovars of M . avium complex can colonize the bronchial and intestinal mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals, becoming virtual members of the commensal gut microflora and thus giving rise to low levels of skin hypersensitivity to tuberculins prepared from M . avium and M . intracellulare . Systemic disease develops when the normal T-cell-mediated defenses become depleted as a result of old age, cancer chemotherapy, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus . As many as 50% of human immunodeficiency virus antibody-positive individuals develop mycobacterial infections at some time during their disease . Most isolates of M . avium complex from AIDS patients fall into serotypes 4 and 8 . The presence of these drug-resistant mycobacteria in the lungs of the AIDS patient makes their effective clinical treatment virtually impossible . More effective chemotherapeutic, prophylactic, and immunotherapeutic reagents are urgently needed to treat this rapidly increasing patient population.

Obstet Gynecol, 1989 Oct, 74(4), 562 - 6
A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics in idiopathic preterm labor; Newton ER et al.; Because subclinical genital tract infection may play a major role in preterm birth, the efficacy of adjunctive antibiotic therapy in combination with standard parenteral tocolysis was examined in a randomized, blinded study of patients with idiopathic preterm labor . Labor was documented by three contractions in 20 minutes, cervical dilation of 1 cm or more, and the need for parenteral tocolysis . Enrollment was restricted to patients with intact membranes and without known causes for preterm labor . One hundred three patients at 24-34 weeks' gestation were randomized to intravenous ampicillin plus oral erythromycin or corresponding placebos . Compared with the placebo group, the adjunctive antibiotic group had a similar frequency of preterm birth (38 versus 44%), time to delivery (34 versus 34 days), birth weight (2847 versus 2855 g), and episodes of recurrent labor requiring parenteral tocolysis (0.43 versus 0.49) . In our population, we found no benefit to the adjunctive use of ampicillin plus erythromycin . Significant differences in genital microflora between our patients and those of other studies may explain our results.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1989 Oct, 143(10), 71 - 3
{The suppuration of surgical wounds}; Riabtsev VG et al.; An analysis of wound complications in 699 patients after operation has been made . Microbiological examinations of the wound exudate have shown that the content of "seromas" and "hematomas" is infected with aerobic and anaerobic nonsporulating microflora in 80% of the cases . "Seromas" and "hematomas" were proved to be typical cases of suppuration of operative wounds.

Poult Sci, 1989 Sep, 68(9), 1307 - 9
Relationship of microbiological quality and oxidative stability of raw broiler meat during cold storage; Lillard HS et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values could be used to predict microbiological spoilage of poultry meat . The TBA values of control and inoculated (cultured breast skin microflora, 10(5) cells/mL) chicken breast and leg meat were examined at 0, 2, 7, and 14 days storage in slightly adverse storage conditions (6 C) and at 26 and 20 days, respectively, when spoilage occurred (10(8) cfu/g) . Psychrotrophic counts were also obtained on these sampling days for control and inoculated breast and leg meat . Microbiological counts were significantly different for control and inoculated samples on each of the sampling days . However, no significant differences between TBA values of control and inoculated samples were noted on any of the sampling days . No difference was observed between the TBA value of the inoculated product, which had reached spoilage levels (10(8) cfu/g), and the control product, which was not spoiled (less than 10(7) cfu/g) . Therefore, the TBA test is not an accurate predictor of microbiological spoilage of poultry meat.

J Periodontol, 1989 Sep, 60(9), 526 - 8
Morphotypes of the subgingival microflora in diabetic adolescents in Finland; Sandholm L et al.; The morphotypes of the subgingival microflora from 85 12 to 18-year-old Finnish adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied in Gram- and Rhodes-stained smears . A comparison was made with subgingival plaque samples from paired age- and sex-matched healthy controls . Significant differences were found in the distribution of the morphotypes . The microflora in the IDDM patient group contained significantly lower proportions of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci and total Gram-positive bacteria and higher proportions of Gram-negative rods, fusiforms, and total Gram-negative bacteria . In the Rhodes-stained samples, the patients had more straight and curved rods and less fusiforms than the controls . The proportions of spirochetes and flagellated bacteria were almost identical in both groups . The clinical periodontal status of the subjects had been reported in a separate study . In spite of similar Plaque Index scores, the patients had more gingivitis than the controls . This finding may be explained by the distribution of morphotypes: more Gram-negative rods and total Gram-negative bacteria (periodontally more pathogenic forms) in the diabetic patients.

J Dent Res, 1989 Sep, 68(9), 1298 - 302
Effects of carbohydrate pulses and pH on population shifts within oral microbial communities in vitro; Bradshaw DJ et al.; A mixed culture chemostat system was used to distinguish between the effects of carbohydrate availability per se and the low pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism on the proportions of bacteria within microbial communities . Nine oral bacteria were grown at pH 7 and pulsed with glucose on ten consecutive days . In one chemostat, the pH was maintained automatically at 7 throughout the experimental period, while in the other, pH control was discontinued for six hours after each pulse . Glucose pulses at neutral pH had little effect on the composition of the microflora . Only the proportions of A . viscosus and V . dispar increased; L . casei and S . mutans remained at low levels (0.2% and 1.0%, respectively) . Acetate and propionate were low . In contrast, when pH was allowed to fall after each glucose pulse, the composition of the microflora altered dramatically . The amounts of L . casei and S . mutans increased both as a proportion of the total count and in absolute numbers, as did V . dispar, whereas the amounts of the other Gram-negative organisms (B . intermedius, F . nucleatum, and N . subflava) and S . sanguis were considerably reduced . Lactate formed a major portion of the metabolic end-products . Successive glucose pulses resulted in both amplified changes in the microflora and a steadily greater rate and final extent of acid production . This is in agreement with the reported shifts in the oral microflora in vivo in response to frequent carbohydrate intake . Analysis of the data strongly suggests that the pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism, rather than carbohydrate availability per se, is responsible for the widely reported shifts in composition and metabolism of the oral microflora in vivo.

Shikwa Gakuho, 1989 Sep, 89(9), 1425 - 39
{Clinical study of the correlation between bad breath and subgingival microflora}; Moriyama T; A dark field microscopic examination of subgingival microorganisms and gas chromatographic analysis of volatile sulphur compounds were employed to investigate the role of subgingival microflora in the production of bad breath . Subjects (11 female, 13 male; aged 24 to 61) were divided into the following 2 groups on the basis of apparent bad breath by the olfactory judgement; bad breath group (group B, n = 13), and no bad breath group (group N, n = 11) . A gas tight syringe was employed to withdraw 5 ml mouth air samples, which were injected directly into the gas chromatograph . Volatile sulphur compounds produced in mouth air were analyzed by gas chromatograph to determine volumes of CH3SH . Subgingival plaque samples were taken with sterilized paper points from the deepest site of probing depth in each subjects . The samples were examined by means of dark field microscopy and 100 bacteria in randomly selected fields were classified on a percentage basis into one of the following morphological categories: (1) spirochetes, (2) motile rods, (3) filaments, (4) fusiforms, (5) straight rods, and (6) coccoid cells . Total cell counts per 1 ml were calculated from bacterial counts of each categories . Comparison of 2 independent means from each groups were carried out by Wilcoxon's rank sum test for nonparametric values . Correlations of bacterial data with CH3SH values in mouth air were determined by means of Spearman rank correlation cofficient . Results were as follows; 1 . Significant differences existed in the microbial flora between the 2 groups: percentage of spirochetes and motile rods in group B were significantly higher than those in group N (p less than 0.01) . Total cell counts of group B were significantly greater than group N, and there were statistically significant differences (p less than 0.01) . 2 . CH3SH values in mouth air had positive correlations with the percentage of spirochetes, the percentage of motile rods, and total cell counts . These results are consistent with the view that subgingival microorganisms play a certain role in the production of bad breath . Moreover, it was suggested that spirochetes and motile rods are related to the mechanism of bad breath production.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Sep, 34(9), 665 - 9
{Effect of antibiotics on excretion of various microbial metabolites with feces}; Shenderov BA et al.; Concentrations of volatile fatty acids, free amino acids, ammonia, protein, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and some cations were determined in feces of intact animals (rats) chromatographically and spectroscopically . Oral administration of 8 chemotherapeutic drugs in the therapeutic doses to the animals resulted in changing excretion of the majority of the above compounds associated with vital activity of the large intestine microflora which depended on the drug type . Investigation of metabolic activity of normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is shown promising for estimation of intestinal microbial biocenosis.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1989 Sep-Oct, 23(5), 39 - 43
{Formation of microbial biocenosis of wheat in a manned spacecraft}; Drugova NA et al.; Mutual effects of microbial complexes of biological objects, men and their environment are of crucial importance for manned space missions . The present experiment to study wheat microflora flown in a manned spacecraft was a continuation of investigations the purpose of which was to identify the pattern of formation of microbial cenosis of higher plants in a closed ecological system . It was found that the microbial cenosis of plants grown during an early period of vegetation in space was formed under the influence of the anthropogenic factor . It was characterized by a high bacterial and fungal concentration of their phyllosphere and, to a lesser extent rhizosphere, occurrence of Escherichia coli representatives, and increased amount of cellulose-lytic bacteria.

Mikrobiol Zh, 1989 Sep-Oct, 51(5), 34 - 9
{Yeast antagonists in the normal microflora of the intestinal tract in the long-lived inhabitants of Abkhazia}; Nagornaia SS et al.; Yeast of different taxonomic groups isolated from the organism of long-livers of Abkhazia have been studied for their antagonistic activity relative to the conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria and for the presence of the killer factor . It is shown that representatives of ten species of fungi are antagonists of the studied bacteria, the strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae being the most active antagonists . The presence of the killer factor is found in representatives of five species o the yeast . It is supposed that the antagonistic activity relative to the bacteria and the killer activity in the yeast are due to substances of different chemical nature.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Sep, 34(9), 701 - 5
{Intraoperative bacteriological examination of patients operated on under extracorporeal circulation}; Bogomolova NS et al.; Results of bacteriological examination of 41 patients during surgical operations on the heart under conditions of artificial blood circulation are presented . The frequency of contamination of intraoperative++ samples and species composition of the isolated microflora were analyzed . It was shown that representatives of nonfermenting gram-negative++ bacteria isolated during the operations and characterized by high antibiotic resistance could be the agents causing purulent septic complications in the patients during the postoperative period . It is concluded that intraoperative++ bacteriological examination of cardiosurgical patients with successive investigation of several samples from the pericardium before and after perfusion, as well as specimens of perfusion blood at various stages and resected heart valves is advisable.

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1989 Sep-Oct, 13(5), 542 - 4
The absence of the diet-derived 7-deazapurine, queuine in artificial liquid diets; Reyniers JP et al.; Queuine is a derivative of guanine found in the transfer RNAs of most organisms including man . Higher mammals cannot synthesize queuine and must obtain it either from their diets or intestinal microflora . Tumor cells often contain much less queuine in their transfer RNAs than do normal cells . Cancer patients are frequently fed artificial liquid diets or are nourished by chemically defined intravenously administered liquids . In this report we present the results of our examination of five common artificial nutrition preparations obtained from a hospital pharmacy with respect to their content of queuine.

Aust N Z J Ophthalmol, 1989 Aug, 17(3), 289 - 93
Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for cataract surgery: a controlled trial of fusidic acid and chloramphenicol; Dallison IW et al.; The effectiveness of topical fusidic acid 1%, in a viscous drop base, to reduce or eliminate ocular microflora in patients undergoing cataract surgery has been studied . Forty-two patients received fusidic acid on a double-blind basis and for comparison 21 patients were similarly assessed with topical chloramphenicol . A further 17 patients received no treatment other than subconjunctival cephazolin administered to all operated eyes at the time of surgery . Quantitative bacterial counts from the conjunctivae and lash lines of each patient were made 24 hours before surgery, on the morning of operation and again 48 hours after surgery . With a regimen of five administrations on the day prior to surgery, neither topical fusidic acid 1.0% nor chloramphenicol 0.5% produced clinically or statistically significant reductions of the ocular microflora . In contrast perioperative subconjunctival cephazolin effectively reduced or eliminated lid and conjunctival microflora following surgery . This study indicates that the effectiveness of a topical antibiotic preparation for overt ocular infection cannot be directly extrapolated to the effect on resident ocular microflora, at least with short-term use for presurgical prophylaxis.

J Clin Gastroenterol, 1989 Aug, 11(4), 434 - 41
Intestinal autointoxication: a medical leitmotif; Chen TS et al.; The idea that putrefaction of the stools causes disease, i.e., intestinal autointoxication, originated with physicians in ancient Egypt . They believed that a putrefactive principle associated with feces was absorbed in to the general circulation, where it acted to produce fever and pus . This description of the materia peccans represented the earliest forerunner of our present notion of endotoxin and its effect . The ancient Greeks extended the concept of putrefaction to involve not only the residues of food, but also those of bile, phlegm, and blood, incorporating it into their humoral theory of disease . During the 19th century, the early biochemical and bacteriologic studies lent credence to the idea of ptomaine poisoning--that degradation of protein in the colon by anerobic bacteria generated toxic amines . Among the leading proponents of autointoxication was Metchnikoff, who hypothesized that intestinal toxins shortened lifespan . The toxic process, however, was reversed by the consumption of lactic acid-producing bacteria that changed the colonic microflora and prevented proteolysis . The next logical step in treatment followed in the early 20th century when surgeons, chief among them Sir W . Arbuthnot Lane, performed colectomy to cure intestinal autointoxication . By the 1920s, the medical doctrine fell into disrepute as scientific advanced failed to give support . However, the idea persists in the public mind, probably as an extension of the childhood habit of toilet training.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Aug, 34(8), 601 - 6
{Gnotobiotic studies to determine the colonization resistance of the intestines}; Gorskaia EM; The literature data and the results of the author studies on determination of intestine colonization resistance are presented . The mechanisms of the colonization resistance defined by the macroorganism factors and representatives of indigenic microflora are discussed . The results of the experiments with animal gnotobiotes aimed at elucidating new aspects of the colonization resistance mechanism: antagonistic interrelations between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and the role of transitory microflora, factors lowering the colonization resistance are presented . The up-to-date methods for testing the colonization resistance and the ways for its increasing are indicated.

J Hosp Infect, 1989 Aug, 14(2), 141 - 51
An in-use comparison of chlorhexidine gluconate 4% w/v, glycol-poly-siloxane plus methylcellulose and a liquid soap in a special care baby unit; Webster J et al.; The effectiveness and harshness of three hand-wash agents, chlorhexidine gluconate 4%, glycol-poly-siloxane gel and a bland liquid soap were studied in-use in a Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) . Each product was used for consecutive 2-week periods by the same groups of 8 health care workers among the 56 in the SCBU . The first group had normal skin, the second had 'sensitive skin' and the third group were known MRSA nasal carriers . Blood agar and methicillin mannitol salt agar were inoculated before and after hand washing and differences in colony counts calculated . Nursing activities before washing were graded from clean to dirty on an eight-point scale and correlated with before-wash colony counts . Product acceptability was assessed with a self-reporting questionnaire . Chlorhexidine was the most effective product in reducing skin microflora but users preferred to wash with the gel preparation . The sensitive-skin group achieved the best effects from washing, irrespective of the product used . Nasal carriers of MRSA recorded the lowest reduction levels of methicillin-resistant organisms but achieved the same reduction levels as the normal-skin group for other microflora . No relationship could be established between the pre-wash activity and the pre-wash colony count . The weekly MRSA colonization rate in neonates on the SCBU remained unaffected by any of the products tested.

Akush Ginekol (Mosk), 1989 Jul, (7), 35 - 8
{Occurrence of microorganisms in chronic salpingitis in infertile women}; Danilov AIu et al.; The authors presented the results of microbiological study of internal genitalia of 22 females operated on for tubal infertility caused by chronic salpingitis (all of them were subjected to laparoscopic or laparotomic intervention with subsequent salpingoovariolysis and fimbriostomatoplasty) . Cervical discharge, endometrial biopsy specimens, tissue and contents of sactosalpinx as well as abdominal exudates were subjected to bacteriological study . Quantitative and qualitative assessment of aerobic and anaerobic microflora composition was made . The findings stated the variety of inflammation activity levels disregarding the degree of anatomical changes in the genitalia . However, microorganisms were detected in the focus of inflammation only in the acute stage of the inflammation in the true pelvis.

Vrach Delo, 1989 Jul, (7), 32 - 4
{Pathogenetic mechanisms of the recurrence of chronic gastric erosions}; Preobrazhenskii VN et al.; The authors investigated the mechanism of recurrent course of chronic gastric erosions . It was established that of essential importance in the recurring course of the disease is the pathological microflora, disorders of humoral immunity and local microcirculation leading to prolonged existence of a fibrinoid necrosis zone.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 466 - 72
Furazolidone toxicity in neomycin-treated turkey poults; Czarnecki CM; Furazolidone (FZ) toxicity was evaluated in turkey poults treated with neomycin at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 5, 10, or 26 days . Neomycin treatment had no effect on FZ-induced anorexia, delayed the onset of altered electrocardiographic patterns by approximately 1 week, and did not significantly affect the development of FZ-induced cardiomyopathy . Data indicated that FZ toxicity is not significantly altered by the gut microflora.

Infection, 1989 Jul-Aug, 17(4), 269 - 71
The role of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal disease; de Graaff J et al.; The different forms of periodontitis are all associated with a distinct bacterial flora . However, a clear relationship is described between localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . Eleven LJP patients all harboured A . actinomycetemcomitans . The arrest of LJP is often impossible, due to the inability to eliminate A . actinomycetemcomitans . Therefore, antibiotic treatment was introduced in combination with the initial treatment . We studied the effect of periodontal treatment on the microflora and clinical status of periodontal disease patients using different therapies . Group 3 attained the best results (initial treatment and a combination metronidazole and amoxicillin), the group to eliminate A . actinomycetemcomitans effectively.

Infection, 1989 Jul-Aug, 17(4), 259 - 63
Recent studies on the microbial ecology of the upper gastrointestinal tract; Bernhardt H et al.; Microecological problems have escalated recently in clinical medicine . We studied the microecology of the upper small bowel . Duodenal flora was examined, displaying microbial growth in 90.8% of the 400 patients examined . The microflora was classified according to germ quality into definite types of colonization . Frequency of microbial colonization is normally 36.7% and 63.3% by overgrowth, indicating differing dysbioses . Simulation of microbial overgrowth in the duodenum is possible with a continuous-flow culture, demonstrating a biocenosis of several groups of micro-organisms with great metabolic activity . Continuous culture technique suggests possibilities for future studies of human gastrointestinal microecology.

Infection, 1989 Jul-Aug, 17(4), 255 - 8
Clinical significance of changes of flora in the upper digestive tract; Knoke M et al.; Dysbiosis does not necessarily mean disease . Typical clinical picture of disease caused by metabolic activity of dysbiotic microflora is the microbial over-growth syndrome . We studied case histories of 434 patients without consideration of their basic illnesses and correlated them with types of dysbioses of duodenal juice . 55% of 314 patients with gastrointestinal disorders revealed a dysbiosis . A dysbiosis could also be found in up to 64% of pancreatic diseases, whereas intestinal dysfunctions and chronic inflammatory diseases usually show normal colonization . These cases express alteration of milieu conditions and disturbed interorganic connections . We only treated cases with objective pathological findings, obtaining best results with chemotherapeutic treatment of dysbioses with only one species.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Jun, 34(6), 466 - 72
{Ecological approach to the assessment of skin microflora}; Sytnik SI; Possible use of quantitative criteria for estimation of cenoses in skin microflora was studied . The population measures and indices for description of ecosystems were differentiated . A rational order for application of quantitative and nominal characteristics depending on the study aim is proposed and illustrated by an example of investigation of breast skin microflora in pregnant and feeding women . The spheres of the criteria application are discussed . Expediency of the criteria use in clinical microbiology, hygiene, toxicology and cosmetology is grounded.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Jun, 34(6), 443 - 8
{New experimental models in microbial ecology}; Liz'ko NN; Peculiar features of dysbiosis development in persons under extreme conditions were studied . It was shown that a number of extreme factors participated in formation of dysbiotic disorders in intestinal microflora . Of paramount importance was the neuro-emotional stress . Lability of bifido- and lactoflora was considered as the starting mechanism in dysbacteriosis under the extreme conditions . In the experimental models with rats SPF and Primates during flights of biosatellites of the Kosmos series the role of indigenous++ microflora in maintaining the microecological homeostasis, as well as the need for development of artificial and controlled intestinal microflora promising in prophylaxis of dysbacteriosis under extreme conditions was shown . The theoretical and experimentally grounded necessity of maintaining constant intestine microbiocenosis was confirmed by the practice of using the system of measures for recovery, stabilization and optimization of microflora in persons under extreme conditions.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Jun, 34(6), 440 - 3
{Prediction of dysbiotic effect in toxico-hygienic assessment of antibiotics}; Zel'tser IZ; The results of the studies showed that there was relation between the changes in the size of the typhlon and the composition of the microflora of its contents under antibiotic effect . On the basis of the analysis of the literature data and the experimental results a new toxicometric index i . e . a typhlon weight coefficient was proposed . A procedure for probabilistic estimation of the index is described . Close coincidence of the values of the threshold concentrations determined by the typhlon weight coefficient and the bacteriological methods was observed.

ZWR, 1989 Jun, 98(6), 535 - 8
{Today's position on etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases}; Topoll HH; Page and Schroeder (1982) introduced a preliminary classification of the marginal periodontitis . Destructive forms like prepubertal, juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis seem to be associated with functionally defects of the leucocytes and monocytes . Some authors assign these different forms a specific subgingival microflora, although is seems to be too early, to name single microorganism as causative bacteria for different forms of marginal periodontitis . The destruction of the marginal periodontium during acute bursts might also be caused be an imbalance between the host response and the composition of the subgingival microflora.

Vet Hum Toxicol, 1989 Jun, 31(3), 247 - 54
A review of interstitial pneumonia in cattle; Kerr LA et al.; Interstitial pneumonias comprise a significant proportion of cattle respiratory diseases . Known by different names, such as acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPE), fog fever, atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and cow asthma, the condition seems to occur predominantly in late summer or fall . However, depending on the etiology, cases have occurred throughout the year . Interstitial pneumonia often begins with acute respiratory distress in animals that were clinically normal 12 hr earlier . Animals are observed breathing very rapid and shallow with their mouths open . If disturbed, death may occur rapidly from hypoxia . Causes of interstitial pneumonia are quite varied ranging from parasitic, viral and bacterial to toxic . Toxic agents constitute the most economically important cause of this condition in cattle . The primary toxin is the amino acid L-tryptophan in lush pasture grasses, a compound which is converted to 3-methylindole by rumen microorganisms . Other leading toxic causes of interstitial pneumonia are perilla mint and moldy sweet potatoes . Although treatments are mainly symptomatic and ineffective, preventive measures will reduce the occurrence of interstitial pneumonia . Prevention consists of denying animals exposure to know pneumotoxic agents, eliminating certain rumen microflora that break down the toxic compounds to reactive metabolites, and supplying ample good forage so that cattle will not as likely consume toxic plants.

Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, 1989 Jun, 51(3), 597 - 606
Escherichia coli associated endotoxemia in dogs with parvovirus infection; Isogai E et al.; Escherichia coli bacteremia and endotoxemia were observed in 3 adult mongrel dogs which had been prediagnosed as canine parvoviral disease . The endotoxin level was 46.5 pg/ml in the plasma of clinical cases, while 2.3 pg/ml in healthy controls . The microflora of the feces was confused in the clinical cases . The percentage of E . coli was major in the feces . Serologically similar strains were isolated from the blood . These strains did not produce enterotoxins such as heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) . Histopathologically, the lesions in the small intestine consisted of epithelial degeneration and necrosis . Viral inclusion bodies were frequently observed in the epithelial cells . Disseminated intravascular coagulation was observed in various tissues including the liver and small intestinal submucosa . After experimental infection with CPV, all dogs showed various clinical signs . CPV was positive in the feces . Endotoxin level in the plasma gradually increased and high level continued for long period from 10 to 30 days . Mean maximum level of endotoxin in the experimental dogs was 73.6 pg/ml . These results indicate that intestinal flora plays a important role in the pathogenesis of CPV infection and that endotoxin is one of the factors which predispose to severe disease after the infection.

Am J Physiol, 1989 Jun, 256(6 Pt 1), G1049 - 57
Microflora-derived polyamines modulate obstruction-induced colonic mucosal hypertrophy; Osborne DL et al.; Experiments were designed to determine the role of microflora-derived intraluminal polyamines in the colonic mucosal response to obstruction . Sprague-Dawley rats were treated per os with 0.9% NaCl or a combination of nonabsorbable antibiotics prior to the placement of either a sham or complete colonic obstruction . Sixty-six hours after surgery, wet tissue weight, DNA, RNA, and protein content were all increased in the mucosa proximal to the obstruction in NaCl-treated animals; however, DNA content was the only parameter increased after antibiotics . This induction was a purely local effect as neither hyperplasia nor hypertrophy was observed in the ileum or colon distal to the obstruction . In the NaCl-treated animals, mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity was not induced until 48 h postsurgery, yet mucosal spermidine concentrations were significantly higher as early as 24 h . Intraluminal bacterial lysine, ornithine, and arginine decarboxylase activities were induced by obstruction but were reduced by antibiotic treatment . {14C}putrescine uptake by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) in culture was blocked by the antibiotics employed in this study, but {14C}-lysine transport was relatively unaffected . These data demonstrate that intraluminal polyamines modulate the trophic response of the colonic mucosa after colonic obstruction.

Vopr Pitan, 1989 May-Jun, (3), 30 - 3
{New dairy products in the nutrition of children of preschool and school age}; Mostovaia LA et al.; New milk drinks are manufactured from milk of different fatness: (1) "Shkolnoye" milk including serum albumin, carrot juice concentrate and ascorbic acid, (2) Aerin obtained by letting sour with a specialized vitamin-synthetizing leaven . Inclusion of the new products in the diet exerted a beneficial effect on some parameters of the morphologic, protein and vitamin composition of the blood, on the redox processes and intestinal microflora in children . The data obtained made it possible to recommend that the new milk drinks may be included in the rational and treatment-and-prophylactic diet of children of varying age in order to optimize it with respect to the protein, fat and vitamin composition.

Grudn Khir, 1989 May-Jun, (3), 46 - 9
{Anaerobic infection and its effect on the immune status of patients with acute destruction of the lungs}; Levashev IuN et al.; From studying immunological reactivity in dynamics in 107 patients with acute destructions of the lungs, the authors proved that the severity and duration of the disorders are determined to a great extent by the presence of anaerobic infection in a pure form (18 patients) or in association with aerobic microflora (23 patients).

Med Parazitol (Mosk), 1989 May-Jun, (3), 49 - 53
{Microparasitocenosis of the intestines and the activity of intestinal enzymes in patients with trichocephaliasis during treatment}; Blagov NA et al.; Results of the studies of large intestine microflora, enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the feces of 298 children and adults suffering from trichocephaliasis are presented . Intestinal dysbacteriosis was observed in 51.7% cases, increased enterokinase activity, in 57.6% cases and increased alkaline phosphatase activity, in 55% cases . Enteric enzyme activity relation to the state of enteric microflora is demonstrated . Specific bephenium hydroxynaphthoate and mebendazole treatment was followed by increased dysbacteriosis and higher intestinal enzyme activity, especially in case of bephenium hydroxynaphthoate treatment . Normalization of the above-mentioned parameters was observed 90-120 days after the end of the treatment.

Klin Med (Mosk), 1989 May, 67(5), 77 - 80
{Complex treatment of patients with non-healing stomach ulcers using hyperbaric oxygenation}; Preobrazhenskii VN et al.; The possibilities of local therapy used together with hyperbaric oxygenation were studied in patients with persistent gastric ulcers . The most effective in combined therapy of these patients was local administration of granulocyte concentrate and the use of hyperbaric oxygenation because of the action on the basic pathogenetic links such as impairment of the local and systemic microcirculation and pathological microflora.

Lipids, 1989 May, 24(5), 454 - 9
The precursors of fecapentaenes: purification and properties of a novel plasmalogen; Van Tassell RL et al.; Fecapentaene-12 and fecapentaene-14 are genotoxic poly-unsaturated ether-lipids produced by the colonic microflora in humans and pigs . Although the fecapentaenes have been extensively characterized, little is known about the nature of the precursors from which they are produced . We purified one form of these precursors from feces of an individual who excreted high levels of fecapentaene-12 and its precursors . Purification was carried out by a series of extractions and precipitation in organic solvents followed by silica and amine high performance liquid chromatography . The purified precursor had identical UV spectral characteristics as the fecapentaenes indicating that it contained the same ether-linked pentaenyl functional group . However, it was not mutagenic . The precursor was amphiphilic in nature, behaving like a synthetic "model" ether-phospholipid on silica and C18 thin layer chromatography . When incorporated into phosphatidylcholine micelles it could be hydrolyzed in vitro by a combination of lipase and phospholipase C to fecapentaene-12 . Our findings indicate that the general structure of this precursor is that of a phospholipid, specifically a plasmalogen--the exact structures of which remain to be determined.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 May, 66(5), 365 - 78
Probiotics in man and animals; Fuller R; There is good evidence that the complex microbial flora present in the gastrointestinal tract of all warm-blooded animals is effective in providing resistance to disease . However, the composition of this protective flora can be altered by dietary and environmental influences, making the host animal susceptible to disease and/or reducing its efficiency of food utilization . What we are doing with the probiotic treatments is re-establishing the natural condition which exists in the wild animal but which has been disrupted by modern trends in conditions used for rearing young animals, including human babies, and in modern approaches to nutrition and disease therapy . These are all areas where the gut flora can be altered for the worse and where, by the administration of probiotics, the natural balance of the gut microflora can be restored and the animal returned to its normal nutrition, growth and health status.

Int J Food Microbiol, 1989 May, 8(2), 103 - 19
Odor volatiles associated with microflora in damp ventilated and non-ventilated bin-stored bulk wheat; Tuma D et al.; Western hard red spring wheat, stored at 20 and 25% moisture contents for 10 months during 1985-86, was monitored for biotic and abiotic variables in 10 unheated bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba . The major odor volatiles identified were 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol . The production of these volatiles was associated and correlated with microfloral infection . Ventilation, used for cooling and drying of grain, disrupted microfloral growth patterns and production of volatiles . The highest levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol occurred in 25% moisture content wheat infected with bacteria, Penicillium spp . and Fusarium spp . In non-ventilated (control) bins with 20% moisture content wheat, 3-methyl-1-butanol was correlated with infection by members of the Aspergillus glaucus group and bacteria . In control bins, 1-octen-3-ol production was correlated with infection of wheat of both moisture contents by Penicillium spp . The fungal species, isolated from damp bin-stored wheat and tested for production of odor volatiles on wheat substrate, included Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus repens (Corda) Saccardo, A . flavus Link ex Fries, A . versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium chrysogenum Thom, P . cyclopium Westling, Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, F . semitectum (Cooke) Sacc . In the laboratory, fungus-inoculated wheat produced 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol were also produced, but less frequently . Two unidentified bacterial species isolated from damp wheat and inoculated on agar produced 3-methyl-1-butanol.

Adv Dent Res, 1989 May, 3(1), 58 - 68
The specific pathogen-free human: a new frontier in oral infectious disease research; Taubman MA et al.; The indigenous flora acts as a deterrent to the establishment of some pathogenic species . We propose that advances in oral health research will lead to control of oral infections by altering the indigenous microflora to create a specific pathogen-free human . Investigations of important endogenous and exogenous factors which affect the oral flora and the interactions among these parameters, in health and disease, will have to be undertaken for this goal to be achieved . Several approaches to produce a specific pathogen-free human include: (1) introduction of individual or collective moieties which inhibit detrimental interactions on a genetic and molecular level; (2) genetic modification of salivary flow and protein composition by use of transgenic techniques; (3) therapeutic replacement with altered bacterial strains; (4) alteration of host immune responses to produce specific isotype immunity at the most appropriate time in the ontogeny of the oral environment; (5) production of isotype and/or antigen-specific regulatory molecules at the most appropriate time in development; (6) use of synthetic vaccines; (7) genetic alteration or replacement of cells with defective protective capabilities; and (8) use of anti-idiotype vaccines.

J Chemother, 1989 Apr, 1(2), 91 - 4
The influence of ofloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the aerobic flora in granulocytopenic subjects; Bartoloni A et al.; Ofloxacin (300 mg twice a day) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole twice a day) were given prophylactically to 19 adult patients with acute leukemia undergoing induction chemotherapy . The influence of the two regimens on the bacterial aerobic flora was evaluated . Both of the prophylactic regimens conditioned the aerobic microflora of the patients . Both groups acquired new microorganisms, prevalently gram-positive cocci, but also gram-negative bacteria with the TMP-SMZ regimen . Both treatment groups acquired yeasts.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Apr, 55(4), 1026 - 8
Effect of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution on intestinal microflora; Morotomi M et al.; The bacterial flora of colonic aspirates taken after oral administration of a polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution to patients undergoing colonoscopy was analyzed by standard bacteriological methods and DNA hybridization techniques . The data were compared with those for normal feces collected from the same patients the day before treatment . The results indicate that the bacterial composition of feces differs from individual to individual but is not altered by the oral intake of a polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution . This pilot study demonstrates that routine colonoscopy aspirates taken after standard colonoscopy preparation accurately reflect the microflora of feces and therefore may be used in large-scale epidemiological studies.

J Laryngol Otol, 1989 Apr, 103(4), 372 - 4
Nasopharyngeal bacterial flora before and after adenoidectomy; Talaat AM et al.; Fifty patients (23 males and 27 females), with chronically hypertrophied and infected adenoids were subjected to adenoidectomy . Pre- and post-operative nasopharyngeal swabs were taken to study bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx both quantitatively and qualitatively . Twenty healthy controls were included in this study . The swabs were cultured on MacConkey's and Columbia blood agar plates . The rate of isolation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms decreased markedly following operation, while normal inhabitant organisms showed notable increase in their numbers post-operatively to reach a near normal level . It is concluded from this work that adenoidectomy produces a physiological effect on the nasopharyngeal microflora by conversion of an abnormal flora to a nearly normal one.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1989 Apr, 44(4), 293 - 7
{Reduction of A . actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival microflora of adult advanced periodontitis}; Muller HP et al.; In 15 adult patients with severely advanced periodontal disease unrelated to localized juvenile periodontitis high numbers of A . actinomycetemcomitans (A . a.) were identified in samples of subgingival plaque (median log CFU 5.13) . In order to correlate clinical conditions with bacteriological findings, in every patient 2 deep periodontal pockets were treated with a 3-phase regimen of minocycline administration, mechanical, and surgical periodontal therapy . A . a . was eliminated by minocycline alone in 2 cases . Minocycline in combination with subgingival scaling resulted in 6 patients in A . a . negative samples . Following termination of minocycline therapy, frequently increasing numbers of A . a . were observed . Patients showed significant gain in clinical attachment or reduction of probing pocket depth during different phases of therapy, but only if A . a . was suppressed close to or below the lower limit of detection (5 CFU/ml) . Considerable problems with elimination of A.a . may be connected with frequently observed recurrent periodontal disease in these patients.

Infect Immun, 1989 Apr, 57(4), 1142 - 50
Nature and distribution of mucosal lesions associated with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in piglets and the role of plasmid-mediated factors; Tzipori S et al.; Bacterial attachment-effacement (att-eff) is emerging as an important virulence characteristic common to both enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E . coli (EHEC) . The contribution of the plasmid-encoded EPEC adherence factor to the production of mucosal lesions and diarrhea was investigated in gnotobiotic piglets . Bacterial att-aff in the intestinal mucosa of piglets infected with plasmid-cured EPEC strain E2348/69 (O127) was indistinguishable from that in piglets infected with the parent strain, but the distribution of lesions was different; it occurred in the small intestines of 6 of 7 piglets infected with the parent strain compared with only 2 of 11 (P = 0.006) infected with the plasmid-cured strain . Plasmid-encoded factors in EPEC and EHEC strains did not appear to contribute to bacterial competition with normal gut microflora . Of 13 strains belonging to five EPEC serogroups, O55, O142, O26, O119, and O111, 3 fulfilled the criteria for EHEC (2 O26 and 1 O111) . There were three distinct patterns of bacterial association with the intestinal mucosa of infected piglets . (i) EHEC strains caused bacterial att-eff associated with extensive destruction of surface and glandular epithelia in the large intestines with little or no inflammatory response . (ii) Some EPEC strains caused severe diarrhea which correlated with the extent of bacterial att-eff in the proximal small intestine, disruption of the epithelial cell membrane, and inflammation . It is suggested that, with respect to virulent strains, this degree of involvement determines the clinical outcome . Mildly pathogenic strains (O127 and O119), in which bacterial att-eff was restricted to the distal halves of the small and large intestines, caused little or no diarrhea . In such strains, nonimmune host factors (smaller, poorly feeding, and lethargic piglets) tended to play a determining role with regard to the degree of involvement of the small intestine and hence the clinical outcome . (iii) One strain (O55) caused illness and mucosal damage which could not be accounted for by the sparse bacterial att-eff observed in the gut . Instead, bacteria penetrated into and proliferated in the lamina propria, undermining the villous tips in the small intestine . Bacterial att-eff was the most important virulence factor in most of the strains examined, but plasmid-mediated factors facilitated bacterial adhesion in the small intestine, which may explain the reduced pathogenicity of the plasmid-cured variant of strain E2348/69 for human volunteers.

Cancer Res, 1989 Mar 1, 49(5), 1322 - 6
Case-control study of colorectal cancer and fecapentaene excretion; Schiffman MH et al.; The fecapentaenes are potent mutagens found in high concentrations in the stools of some individuals . These compounds are produced in vivo by common species of the colonic microflora, from precursors of unknown origin . The fecapentaenes have been postulated to increase the risk of colorectal cancer . To test this hypothesis, we measured fecapentaene excretion in 69 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, newly diagnosed at three Washington, DC area hospitals . The cases were compared with 114 surgical controls, frequency matched to the cases on age, sex, and hospital . We attempted to measure fecapentaene excretion 4 times for each subject: before surgery; and at 1 mo; 3 mo; and 6 mo following surgery . Contrary to our study hypothesis, we found fecapentaene excretion during the four study periods to be similar or even lower in cases compared to controls . An indirect measurement of fecapentaene precursors also tended to be lower in cases . The case-control differences could not be explained as effects of bleeding or of the colorectal diagnostic workup, which was assessed in a separate group of 86 patients . We conclude from these data that the excretion of fecapentaenes does not increase the risk of colorectal cancer, at least when measured near the time of diagnosis.

Obstet Gynecol, 1989 Mar, 73(3 Pt 2), 490 - 2
Neonatal cranial osteomyelitis: a complication of fetal monitoring; McGregor JA et al.; Use of a scalp electrode facilitates and adds precision to electronic fetal monitoring . We report an instance of neonatal osteomyelitis due to infection of the electrode insertion site . Electrode-associated soft and bony tissue infections are most commonly mediated by cervicovaginal microflora and appear clinically and microbiologically distinct from non-electrode-associated cases . Risk assessment, antiseptic care, and observation of the electrode insertion site are recommended . This report emphasizes the potential morbidity of scalp electrode use and suggests means to prevent or mitigate this morbidity.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1989 Mar, 23 Suppl C, 137 - 41
Efficacy of FCE 22101 compared with imipenem and with gentamicin plus metronidazole in the treatment of experimental intra-abdominal infections in rats; Nord CE et al.; A reproducible experimental model of intra-abdominal infection in rats has been created to simulate infection in humans . Preoperatively, the rats were fed with lean ground beef for two weeks in order to change the intestinal microflora into a flora similar to that found in humans . A 1-cm segment of ileum was isolated on its vascular pedicle . The intestine was then divided at each end of the segment and intestinal continuity was re-established by an end-to-end anastomosis . This experimental model was used to compare the efficacies of FCE 22101, imipenem, and gentamicin combined with metronidazole in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections . Eighty per cent of the untreated animals died within three days . Animals treated with FCE 22101, imipenem or the combination gentamicin plus metronidazole had significantly less mortality and greater cure rates during the experimental period . Only 5% of these animals died . FCE 22101 seems to be useful in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections and deserves further clinical investigation.

Nippon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi, 1989 Mar, 31(1), 241 - 8
{pH determination in human crevicular fluids . Examination of the pH meter and evaluation of the correlation between pH level and clinical findings or the microflora in each periodontal pocket}; Fujikawa K et al.; The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy and reproduction of a microelectrode with a glass capillary, and to discuss the correlation between the pH level and the microflora in periodontal pockets or the clinical findings in the various stages of periodontal disease . The upper or lower anterior teeth of 34 patients with mild to severe periodontal disease were examined . Before the measurement, supragingival plaque was removed from each tooth . A special glass capillary was incorporated in the microelectrode to cover its tip, so that it would not touch the pocket walls or tooth surfaces during pH measurement . After the pH in the crevicular fluid was determined, subgingival plaque was collected with paper points from each periodontal pocket . This bacterial plaque was sonicated with saline solution, and examined under a phase contrast microscope with a calibrated eyepiece graticule to count and morphotype groupings of microorganisms as 1) coccoid forms, 2) rods, 3) filaments, 4) motile rods, 5) spirochetes or other cell types . Crevicular fluid flow measurements and clinical findings (pocket depth, and gingival inflammation) were also investigated . The following conclusions were drawn: The electrode with capillary was useful to determine the pH of the crevicular fluid clinically . A reduction in pH level was seen in deep pockets or severe gingival inflammation . A close correlation was seen between salivary and crevicular pH . The pH level was significantly positively related with the proportion of coccoid forms, but was negatively correlated with the proportion of motile organisms that are reported to be related with periodontal disease.

J Clin Periodontol, 1989 Mar, 16(3), 179 - 84
Distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes including IgA subclasses in adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis; Kilian M et al.; The plasma cell population in gingival biopsies from 3 groups of patients with adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis was characterized with respect to the distribution of individual immunoglobulin isotypes, including IgA subclasses, by paired immunofluorescence staining . The median ratios of IgG:IgA plasma cells in gingival connective tissue from the 3 groups were 2.7 (range 2.0-6.5), 3.0 (1.4-6.2), and 2.0 (1.2-4.0), respectively . Cells staining for intracellular IgM were found in low numbers in all biopsies (range 0.3-6.3% of all plasma cells) . No statistically significant differences were observed between the 3 patient groups . In all 3 groups, the IgA plasma cell population was predominantly of the IgA1 isotype . One function of IgA seems to be to dampen inflammatory side-effects of other immune effector systems . The demonstrated predominance of IgA1 plasma cells indicates that the majority of IgA produced locally in gingivae of patients with periodontal diseases is susceptible to the IgA1-specific proteases excreted by important members of the disease-associated subgingival microflora . This may be an important factor in the apparently uncontrolled inflammation and tissue degradation taking place in the marginal periodontium during active periodontal disease.

Derm Beruf Umwelt, 1989 Mar-Apr, 37(2), 53 - 7
{Antiperspirants and deodorants--ingredients and evaluation}; Lukacs VA et al.; Antitranspirants and deodorants gain more and more interest . Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium zirkonium tetrachlorohydrate glycine complex are the most frequently used active ingredients in commercial antitranspirants today . Aluminium chloride and propantheline bromide, the anticholinergic substance, are important alternatives although less common . Active ingredients of deodorants are mainly perfumes or bactericidal/bacteriostatic substances, such as triclosan . In addition, there are substances which are meant to bind offending smells (e.g . zinc ricinoleate) or to influence the skin surface pH (e.g . triethyl citrate) . As in the cosmetics industry in general, both safety and efficacy of a product are major parameters in the experimental and clinical evaluation . Establishment of efficacy is based on olfactory tests in model situations as well as on the detection of associated effects (e.g . influence on cutaneous microflora).

Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1989 Mar, 3(1), 53 - 64
Malassezia furfur; Klotz SA; Malassezia furfur is a saprophytic fungus that is part of the normal cutaneous microflora of adults . It frequently causes tinea versicolor and less often, a distinctive folliculitis . In infants and occasionally in adults the fungus is associated with a sepsis syndrome that heralds a deep-seated infection . These entities, their diagnosis, and their treatment are discussed.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1989 Mar, 49(3), 542 - 5
Iron absorption: no intestinal adaptation to a high-phytate diet; Brune M et al.; The present study examined the possibility that a high bran and phytate intake over a long period would induce changes in the intestines or its microflora leading to a reduction of the inhibitory effect of dietary phytates on iron absorption . Such changes might occur in vegetarians and populations in developing countries with a usually very high dietary intake of phytates . The inhibitory effect of bran on Fe absorption was compared between a group of strict vegetarians with a regular high phytate intake and a control group by use of wheat rolls with and without bran labeled with 55Fe and 59Fe . The average individual decrease of the Fe absorption from adding the bran was 92 and 93% in the two groups, respectively . No intestinal adaptation to a high phytate intake could be observed . This finding has wide nutritional implications.

Klin Med (Mosk), 1989 Feb, 67(2), 89 - 94
{Opisthorchiasis-induced suppurative cholangitis (clinical course and diagnosis)}; Brazhnikova NA; Purulent cholangitis was found in 128 (44.6 per cent) of the 288 patients operated on for complicated forms of opisthorchiasis . Mechanical cholestasis due to sclerotic changes in the bile ducts, major duodenal papilla and pancreas is the most responsible factor in disease prognosis . Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, ultrasound examination, intra-operative cholangiography and fibrocholedochoscopy are used for diagnosis as well as study of bile microflora in the common bile duct . The acute form of purulent cholangitis was attended by acute liver insufficiency in 42.4 per cent of the cases; fatal outcomes took place in 8.2 per cent . Cholecystectomy must be supplemented by the restoration of passage of bile in the duodenum with external drainage of the bile ducts to eliminate bacterial flora and helminths.

Vrach Delo, 1989 Feb, (2), 8 - 11
{Composition of intestinal microflora in various kidney diseases}; Karpov PF et al.; The effect of intestinal microflora on the abdominal clinical signs was studied in patients with chronic diseases of the kidneys . Renal diseases are accompanied by morphological changes of digestive tract and by dysbacteriosis which may lead the clinical picture . The importance of these findings for the treatment of patients with renal diseases is emphasized.

Poult Sci, 1989 Feb, 68(2), 306 - 10
Utilization of dietary diammonium citrate by germ-free chicks; Yokota HO et al.; This study was conducted to clarify the effect of the gut microflora on the utilization of dietary diammonium citrate in the chick . Germ-free and conventional Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were given a basal diet, which contained adequate amounts of all essential amino acids but none of the nonessential amino acids as nitrogen sources, or a diammonium citrate-supplemented diet . Irrespective of presence or absence of the gut microflora, values for body weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein and energy utilization were improved by supplementing the basal diet with diammonium citrate . This suggests that the gut microflora are not required for the chick to utilize diammonium citrate.

Rev Infect Dis, 1989 Jan-Feb, 11 Suppl 1, S61 - 7
Normal vaginal microflora during use of various forms of catamenial protection; Onderdonk AB et al.; Although the effect of vaginal tampons on microbial flora during menstruation has been studied, the effects attributable to particular tampon fibers have received inadequate attention . The purpose of this report is to review previous studies and describe the results of laboratory tests that compare the effects of use of various tampons on the normal changes that occur in vaginal microflora during menstruation . Tampon and swab samples were obtained from volunteers on days 2, 4, and 21 after the start of menses . Statistical evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative data revealed that the same numerically dominant phenotypes were present regardless of sample type, sample time, or catamenial product . In general, total bacterial counts decreased during menstruation, and the total bacterial counts from tampon samples tended to be lower than those in concomitant swab samples . Predictable changes in total numbers of the dominant species were noted when the data were evaluated by day of menstrual cycle . Results indicate that the tampon type had little effect on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the vaginal microflora during the menstrual cycle.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1989 Jan, 107(1), 106 - 8
{Comparative volume of membrane microflora and morphology of the epitheliocytes during irradiation of chronic stomach ulcer with helium-neon laser in association with vagotomy}; Baibekov IM et al.; Effect of complex influence of subdiaphragmal vagotomy (VT) and experimental chronic gastric ulcers (GU) thrice-repeated radiation with helium-neon laser (HNL) on mucosal morphology and relative membrane microflora (MM) volume has been studied with the methods of transmission electron and light microscopy in 77 Wistar rats . Observed MM relative volume increase in GU and VT decreases with GU HNL radiation . This is due to fundal glands epitheliocytes "disregenerative" alterations decrease.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1989 Jan, 24(1), 21 - 7
Short-chain fatty acids and other intestinal microflora-associated characteristics in faeces of patients with severe B-cell immunodeficiency; Nilssen DE et al.; The intestinal microflora of 18 patients with severe B-cell immunodeficiency was studied by determination of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other intestinal microflora-associated characteristics in the faeces . Glucose-hydrogen (H2) breath test was also performed . The results were within normal values in most of the patients, indicating no major pathologic changes in the intestinal bacterial microflora . These findings do not indicate any important role of the mucosa-associated B-cell system in the regulation of the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora.

Z Versuchstierkd, 1989, 32(2), 83 - 6
Intestinal "normalization" of germ-free rabbits with rabbit caecal microflora: effect of dosing regimens; Boot R et al.; Hysterectomy-derived germ-free (GF) rabbits were given strictly anaerobic microflora obtained from the caecum of an antibiotic-decontaminated conventional rabbit . One group was given the caecal flora diluted in doe's milk . The second group received caecal flora without doe's milk and administration of the flora was repeated when the animals were given pelleted diet . Body weight and intestinal parameters determined in the two groups of rabbits were compared with values in rabbits conventionally raised with the doe . In GF rabbits given caecal flora, the values for most intestinal parameters were similar to values recorded in conventional animals . However colonization resistance to Escherichia coli was limited in GF rabbits given caecal flora diluted in doe's milk and severely impaired in GF rabbits given caecal flora without doe's milk, although relative caecal weight was normal . It is concluded that enteric microfloras should be preferably incorporated in doe's milk when dosed to GF rabbits to obtain acceptable gastrointestinal "normalization".

Radiobiol Radiother (Berl), 1989, 30(2), 137 - 41
{The effect of radiotherapy on the state of the intestinal flora in urologic cancer patients}; Dronova OM et al.; In radiotherapy of patients with prostate carcinoma the microflora of the intestine and its dynamics were studied . The mostly older patients with chronic affections of the digestive tract showed a considerable injury in composition of intestinal microflora . The radioeffects on regions of minor pelvis are accompanied by acute radioreactions and a chronic radiogenic intestinal syndrome that deteriorates the existing disorders of quantitative and qualitative composition of intestinal microflora considerably what, on its part, contributes to maintenance of the pathological process in intestine . In addition to therapeutic remedies to suppress radioreactions on intestine therefore it is appropriate to apply preparations that affect the composition of intestinal microflora in a normalizing manner.

Gig Tr Prof Zabol, 1989, (4), 19 - 22
{Aerogenic microflora in animal husbandry and poultry breeding areas, criteria of its harmful effect and hygienic regulation}; Erman MI et al.; In consequence of the analysis of workers' health status and microbic contamination of the working zone of animal and poultry husbandry production area the study established direct dependence of microorganism sensitization rate, incidence of infectious and allergic skin and respiratory diseases on microbic aerosol concentration . Feasibility of aerogenic microflora standardization was substantiated proceeding from the comparison of hygienic and clinical findings; MAC for microbic aerosol was set up for the working zone.

Vestn Dermatol Venerol, 1989, (2), 57 - 60
{The possibility of preventing post-gonorrhea diseases in women}; Lysenko OV; The author discusses the risk factors that may be conducive to the development of postgonorrheal diseases in women . When only opportunistic microflora can be isolated from urogenital discharge, postgonorrheal diseases may develop in patients with a poor local immunity . Before gonorrhea treatment the cervical mucus lysozyme activity has been reduced 10-fold in these women, and the level of secretory IgA has been but 7.33% of the normal value.

Gig Tr Prof Zabol, 1989, (1), 16 - 9
{Microbial contamination of the work area air at the tricot knitting mills}; Ikonomova ZL et al.; The study carried out during cold and warm periods of the year covered 2 knitting mills situated in different regions of Bulgaria . Workplace air microflora was characterized by a higher level of bacterial and fungal contamination during the warm period of the year compared to the cold one . Dust content in the work zone was analogous to that of microorganisms . Disease rate, its dynamics and structure were analyzed in order to determine the impact of air microbiology on workers' health status.

Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove, 1989, 32(4), 357 - 84
Prevention of infectious complications in immunocompromised patients . Part II: Selective decontamination; Merka V et al.; The method of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract represents a new possibility of protection of immunocompromised patients against infectious complications with frequent lethal issue . The method is based on employment of such antibiotics and chemotherapeutical drugs that eliminate the aerobic gram-negative microflora and yeasts preserving the anaerobic portion of the bowel microflora that is responsible for the so-called colonization resistance of the intestinal tract . Such a treatment provides patients with more resistance against infection and there is no need for strict reverse isolation . The theoretical exposition of the SD mechanism is given along with instruction on how to use this method and summarizing the hitherto clinical results of its employment . The authors' proper more than 6 year experience is compared with the world literature, and the SD method is stated to be a valuable import in preventing infections in hematological patients . Some unresolved problems and future prospects are also discussed.

Acta Vet Hung, 1989, 37(3), 265 - 79
Recent findings and future perspectives of digestive physiology in rabbits: a review; Fekete S; The rabbit is one of the most common laboratory animals . Consequently, there is an enormous number of publications concerning its physiology . The present review is restricted to a special field and deals with the new findings of the rabbit's digestive physiology . For the sake of better intelligibility the most important antecedents are also given . First the particularities of feed intake regulation are demonstrated . The strong control mechanism can be disturbed by feed antinutritives, mycotoxins and high environmental temperature . Caecotrophy depends on three main factors: stimulation of rectal mechanoreceptors, perception of the specific odour of the soft faeces, and the inner motive determined by the blood level of metabolites and hormones . The species characteristics of proportions, pH conditions, microflora and -fauna of the rabbit's digestive tract are given . The digestion and absorption of dietary nutrients are discussed . Special sections deal with the sorption of electrolytes and VFAs in the gut, the caecal digestive process, the formation of hard and soft faeces and the role of the caecotrophy in stomachal carbohydrate degradation . A relatively new area, i.e . the development and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, is also shown . The postnatal evolution of digestive enzyme activity is also summarized . The main endogenic factors (breed, sex, age, stress, caecotrophy, presence of hairball in the stomach) influencing the digestion of dietary nutrients are also described . The probable future trends are given, too.

Acta Vet Hung, 1989, 37(1-2), 3 - 16
Traditional and new concepts in protein evaluation of feeds: a review; Hegedus M; The purpose of protein evaluation of a diet is to determine its value for meeting amino acid requirements of animals . The early recognition that proteins can be utilized by different efficiency rates has promoted extended research to reveal quality differences and their reasons . A brief historical overview is given in this review about the development of concepts and theories in protein evaluation . Recent developments have focused attention on determination of available quantities of essential amino acids . In vitro chemical assays and dye-binding procedures are relatively fast and provide data without access to animals, however they do not always correlate well with biological estimates . Enzymic digestion methods and microbiological assays for prediction of availability of essential amino acids have the potential for serial determination in quality control, however they are constrained by a lack of information about the availability of peptides liberated and utilized during in vivo digestion of proteins . Animal growth assays and balance experiments can provide valuable estimates of available quantities of essential amino acids . However, the interpretation of data is complicated by the many factors affecting in vivo protein utilization, by the endogenous amino acid excretion and the effects of microflora of the alimentary tract . The search for reliable assays remains a worthwhile objective also in the future.

Arkh Patol, 1989, 51(9), 3 - 9
{Endotoxin of intestinal microflora in liver pathology}; Permiakov NK et al.; An important role in the endotoxin immobilization and transport from the intestine into the portal circulation belongs to the granulocytes which are likely able to transfer lipopolysaccharide to Kupffer cells . If the endotoxin diffusion into the mesenterial microvessels increases and (or) the portal circulation speed decreases, the interaction of lipopolysaccharide with granulocytes may become irreversible and facilitate the development of the systemic endotoxemia and the leucocyte-mediated liver damage . Intestinal flora endotoxin takes part in the liver damage pathogenesis in various forms of hepatitis, cirrhosis in various forms of hepatitis, cirrhosis and conditions followed by the circulation deficiency.

Lab Anim, 1989 Jan, 23(1), 48 - 52
The 'normalization' of germ-free guineapigs with host-specific caecal microflora; Boot R et al.; Hysterectomy-derived germ-free guineapigs were given colonization-resistant caecal flora from mice (mCRF) or microflora obtained from the caecum of an antibiotic-decontaminated conventional guineapig (gpCRF) and compared with guineapigs raised conventionally with the sow . Body weight and the following intestinal parameters were determined for the groups: colonization resistance (CR) to Escherichia coli, relative caecal weight (RCW), beta-aspartylglycine (faeces), volatile fatty acids (caecum) and bile acids (faeces) . mCRF guineapigs showed values quite different from control animals for CR and RCW, indicating the unsuitability of mouse CRF for normalizing guineapigs . In gpCRF guineapigs CR and RCW values were comparable with controls, indicating the suitability of the guineapig flora for normalizing guineapigs . mCRF guineapigs housed with gpCRF guineapigs, showed an improvement in CR and RCW, yielding values found in control animals.

Sov Med, 1989, (11), 27 - 30
{Algimaf treatment of burns}; Kuzin MI et al.; Application of algimaf, a new polymeric dressing, in local therapy of burn wounds is conducive to spontaneous epithelization of surface burns and favors effective autodermoplasty in thermal burns . Cytologic studies of the wound discharge and examination of the burn wound microflora qualitative and quantitative composition indicate a high therapeutic efficacy of the dressing.

Vestn Dermatol Venerol, 1989, (11), 41 - 5
{Secondary candidal infection in patients with chronic dermatoses}; Dovzhanskii SI et al.; Clinical and laboratory examinations of 250 patients with chronic dermatoses (eczema, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, pemphigus, etc.) have revealed secondary candidal involvement of the skin and mucosa in 121 (46.6%) . C . albicans, often associated with bacillary (33.3%) or bacterial (7.3%) microflora, predominated among the yeast-like fungi isolated from the patients . These data point to the necessity of prescribing, besides the antimycotic agents, a complex of pathogenetic therapy including immunomodulators, in order to cut down the terms of treatment and prevent secondary candidal infection in the patients with chronic dermatoses.

Klin Khir, 1989, (10), 5 - 7
{Types of microflora in acute suppurative-destructive diseases of the lungs and pleura}; Danilenko MV et al.; By means of the modern bacteriologic methods, including gas-liquid chromatography, the microflora of the sputum, bronchial contents, pus from the abscess cavities and pleura in 106 patients with acute purulent destructive diseases of the lungs and pleura was studied.

Klin Khir, 1989, (9), 6 - 7
{Disordered immunologic reactivity in patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis}; Koval'chuk LA et al.; In patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis, the number of T-lymphocytes decreased, the number of B-lymphocytes and their ability to transform into the blasts in response to stimulation of the specific bacterial antigen increased, the synthesis of immunoglobulins intensified, a titre of the antibodies specific to microflora of the biliary mucosa grew, the levels of complement, lysozyme and properdin decreased, the bacterial activity of blood serum was suppressed . It is necessary to correct these disorders in the process of preoperative preparation of the patients.

Klin Khir, 1989, (9), 15 - 7
{Suppuration of the postcholecystectomy wound}; El-Jamal MS et al.; In 212 patients after elective cholecystectomy, the bacteriologic study was performed . Bile infection was revealed in 43 (20.3%) patients, wound suppuration--in 28 . Of them in 20, pathogenic microflora was cultured . In 16 patients, the microorganism in the bile and wound were identical . Escherichia coli was the main microorganism cultured from the wound and bile . The incidence of wound suppuration after cholecystectomy with the common bile duct revision is higher than after cholecystectomy alone . Changes in the gallbladder function (excluded gallbladder), or cholangiography didn't increase the risk of wound suppuration . Microorganisms cultured from the bile were the most sensitive to gentamycin and cephalosporin . Prophylactic use of antibiotics for reduction of the incidence of wound suppuration is recommended.

Probl Tuberk, 1989, (9), 38 - 41
{The nonspecific microflora of patients with newly detected active pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by bronchial obstruction}; Selina LG et al.; Eighty-five new cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchial obstruction in some of them were subjected to bacteriological and serological examinations (quantitative estimation of nonspecific microflora and indirect immunofluorescence test, respectively) . Combination of the methods made it possible to show that bronchial obstruction in 52.8 per cent of the cases was due to the presence of nonspecific microflora and that Str . pneumoniae played the leading role in its development in 32.1 per cent of the cases.

J Exp Zool Suppl, 1989, 3, 66 - 9
The avian ceca: obligate combustion chambers or facultative afterburners? The conditioning influence of diet; Redig PT; Changes in the anatomy and microbiology of the gut of many galliforme birds are influenced by the amount of crude fiber in the diet; the response is biphasic . As crude fiber in the diet increases, the bird compensates for the dilution of dietary energy content by increasing the amount it eats, which causes an increase in gizzard size . After exceeding a threshold in fiber content, where the metabolizable energy intake is limited by the sheer bulk of the food consumed relative to the ability of the bird to ingest food, there is an increase in hindgut size and a change in the microflora that allows extraction of energy from cellulose through the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) . The result is a change in the apparent digestibility of the diet . Altering the energy demands through the application of environmental stressors, such as lowered temperature, may alter a hypothalamic or other regulatory mechanism setpoint at which hindgut hypertrophy occurs . The time frame required for such changes is between 4 and 8 weeks . Studies to determine digestibility of nutrients or the response of the gut of birds to altered diets must allow a sufficient period of time for gut adaptation prior to assessing its function . Other factors, such as age, photoperiod, and environmental factors, may affect the response of the gutPublication Types:

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