Arthritis Rheum, 1978 Nov-Dec, 21(8), 896 - 903 Mechanisms of cellular interaction with monosodium urate crystals . IgG-dependent and IgG-independent platelet stimulation by urate crystals; Ginsberg MH et al.; Monosodium urate crystals (MSU) stimulate suspensions of washed platelets or neutrophils . When MSU crystals are coated with IgG, as occurs in plasma, stimulation is markedly enhanced . These studies which use MSU-induced human platelet serotonin secretion as a model examine the nature of cellular recognition mechanisms for MSU crystals and IgG-coated MSU crystals . F(ab')2 fragments of specific anti-Fc antibody blocked and the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595 enhanced human platelet secretion induced by IgG-coated urate crystals . These agents had little effect on stimulation by uncoated crystals . This indicated that urate crystals stimulate platelets independently of fluid phase IgG . Urate crystals directly stimulated suspensions of washed rabbit platelets which lack Fc receptors . In contrast to human cells, stimulation was blocked by IgG . This again demonstrated IgG-independent cell stimulation by urate crystals . Calcium pyrophosphate dihyrate crystals could trigger human platelet secretion only when coated with IgG . This suggests that when crystals are coated with IgG, the surface-bound IgG alone may be the stimulus to the cell . This was supported by the finding that polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide, a hydrogen acceptor, blocked human platelet stimulation by uncoated, but not IgG-coated, urate crystals . These data indicate that urate crystals (and potentially other surface or particles) can stimulate a mediator cell by at least two mechanisms: by direct stimulation without the mediation of adsorbed IgG or, when coated with IgG, by triggering the cell via immunoglobulin receptors. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Nov, 242(2), 194 - 205 Observations on morphological, cultural and biochemical changes concomitant with chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B; Shaikh DB; It is possible to induce chloramphenicol-resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B in vitro and to isolate mutants with different levels of resistance by different techniques . The resistance is invariably accompanied by definite changes in the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties . The degree of resistance and the conditions of isolation seem to influence the biological properties of the mutants . The higher the level of resistance, the greater will be the diversion from the normal. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Nov, 27(6), 1128 - 32 Giardiasis in American travelers to Madeira Island, Portugal; Lopez CE et al.; A high incidence of diarrhea was reported in a group of approximately 1,400 Americans who traveled to the Portuguese island of Madeira in October 1976 . A mail questionnaire survey revealed that 39% of the responding 859 travelers experienced diarrhea; in 42% of these diarrhea lasted for longer than 1 week . The most frequent accompanying symptoms were abdominal cramps (75%), abdominal distention (72%), nausea (70%), and weight loss (40%) . Of all travelers surveyed, 33% developed an illness resembling giardiasis with a median incubation period of 4 days . Of 35 ill patients who had a stool culture, enteric pathogens were recovered from 4 (3 Shigella and 1 Salmonella) . On the other hand, of 58 ill patients whose stools were examined for parasites, Giardia lamblia was recovered from 27 (47%) . Analysis of the epidemiologic data showed that drinking tap-water on the island was significantly associated with illness; eating ice cream or raw vegetables on the island was also implicated . There was no evidence of continuing transmission of giardiasis in American tourists visiting Madeira 8--12 months after the outbreak. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Nov 1, 103(21), 1174 - 9 {Salmonella in scrapings from meat vans (author's transl)}; Smit MP et al.; Throughout a period of thirteen years (from 1965 to 1977 inclusive), samples of scrapings from meat vans were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella . Samples were collected from the vans on the precincts of the public slaughter-house in Groningen . Of the total number of 6,751 samples studied, 213 (3.16 per cent) were positive for the presence of Salmonella . During the period from 1965 to 1970, the proportions of contaminated samples gradually decreased from 4.85 to 1.11 per cent, whereas it increased again up to 6.33 per cent in 1976 . There was a limited seasonal effect on contamination of the scrapings with Salmonella, the highest rates of contamination being recorded during the period from May to October inclusive (warm and humid season) . The serotypes most frequently isolated on examination were S . typhi-murium, S . brandenburg and S . panama . These serotypes were also constantly found to be present in other material such as samples of minced meat and scrapings from slaughter-house and butcher's shops . It is concluded that contaminated meat vans are a factor in maintaining cycles of contamination by Salmonella organisms in a rather large area. Poult Sci, 1978 Nov, 57(6), 1546 - 9 Antibacterial properties of sodium nalidixate against avian Salmonellae in liquid and on solid media; Williams JE et al.; The in vitro inhibitory effect of sodium nalidixate (NaNA) for 206 avian salmonella cultures of varying serotypes was established in both liquid and on solid media . Salmonella cultures were much more resistant to the lethal effects of NaNA in veal infusion broth than on a solid medium such as MacConkey agar . The inhibitory effects of NaNA varied in liquid media, depending on the nutritive support afforded by the medium . Growth-suppressive effects were enhanced by less nutritive media . Reasons are suggested as to the possible differences in the inhibitory effect of NaNA on avian salmonella cultures grown in liquid and on solid media. Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 231 - 9 Comparative mutagenesis of plant flavonoids in microbial systems; Hardigree AA et al.; The plant flavonoids quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), myricetin (3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexahydroxyflavone), myricitrin (myricetin-3-rhamnoside), hesperetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone), quercitrin (quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosylglucoside or quercetin-3-rutinoside), and hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rutinoside) have been assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal activation system . Quercetin, morin, kaempferol, fisetin, myricetin, quercitrin and rutin were mutagenic in the histidine reversion system with the frameshift strain TA98 . The flavonols quercetin and myricetin are mutagenic without metabolic activation, although more effective when a rat liver microsomal preparation (S-9) is included; all others require metabolic activation . Flavonoids are common constituents of higher plants, with extensive medical uses . In addition to pure compounds, we have examined crude extracts of tobacco (snuff) and extracts from commonly available nutritional supplements containing rutin . Mutagenic activity can be detected and is correlated with the flavonoid content. J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1978 Nov-Dec, 2(2), 571 - 8 Effects of N-nitrosodiethylamine on murine hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities; Tucker AN et al.; Administration of N-nitrosodiethylamine (diethylnitrosamine, DEN) to mice caused a loss of cytochrome P-450 and a corresponding depression in the activities of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase . Maximum effects were achieved 24 hr . after a single dose of 100 mg/kg . In chronic experiments, similar effects were achieved after animals had been drinking water containing 50 ppm of DEN for 12 weeks . The effects of DEN on aminopyrine demethylase could not be reproduced by collecting microsomes, from homogenates which had been treated with DEN in vitro . Homogenates prepared from livers of mice treated chronically with DEN were used to activate compounds to mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test of Ames . Activation by these homogenates was not lower than activation by homogenates prepared from control animals . In fact, activation of aflatoxin B1 was enhanced by use of homogenates from DEN-treated animals as source of activating enzymes. J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1978 Nov-Dec, 2(2), 313 - 24 Mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum; Stark AA et al.; Twelve mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum in solid-state fermentation on grains were purified and tested for mutagenicity and antibacterial activity in Salmonella/mammalian microsome assays . The mutations studied were reversions of histidine auxotrophs to prototrophy in strains TA98 and TA100 and forward mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance (8AGR) in strain TM677 . Rubroskyrin, (+)rugulosin, lumiluteoskyrin {a photoproduct of (-)luteoskyrin}, and simatoxin {a new water-soluble metabolite of unknown structure} induced 8AGR mutations in strain TM677 but not histidine reversions in strains TA98 and TA100 . Mutagenic potency was reduced by rat-liver microsomes . The carcinogens (-)luteoskyrin and cyclochlorotine were antibacterial but not mutagenic . (+)Rugulosin, rubroskyrin, lumiluteoskyrin, and high concentrations of simotoxin were also antibacterial . Antibacterial activity but not mutagenicity was observed with pibasterol and skyrin . Chrysophanol, islandicin, iridoskyrin, and emodin were inactive as mutagens or as antibacterial agents. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Nov, 242(1), 42 - 51 {Incidence of intestinal disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)}; Bockemuhl J et al.; Enteropathogenic bacteria have been identified in 413 of 7054 patients (5.9%) with intestinal disease who were examined at the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wurzburg (South Germany), during the period November 1975 to November 1977 . Salmonella was most frequently isolated (304 cases = 4.3%), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (102 cases = 1.5%) . Cases of shigellosis (7 cases) or infections with so-called enteropathogenic serogroups of Escherichia coli (20 cases) were rarely observed . Disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica occurred in 57 male and 45 female patients . Sixty-two patients were children of less than 15 years; among them, the age-group of 1 to 3 years (31 cases) was most frequently attacked . -Mild to severe enteritis was prevalent in 84 cases . Thirteen patients developed pseudo-appendicitis or abdominal cramps without diarrhea, three of whom had appendectomies . One female patient suffered from mild diarrhea followed by fever and arthritis; in three other subjects intestinal symptoms were lacking . In the two years' period the highest incidence of salmonellosis was observed during August to October . On the other hand, most Yersinia cases occurred during September to December . At the end of the year (December 1976 and November 1977, respectively) Yersinia enterocolitica became the most important agent of bacterial enteritis . The results are discussed in view of the current Federal German Public Health Regulations. Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 259 - 62 Mutagenic effects of thioacetamide in Drosophila melanogaster; Magnusson J et al.; Thioacetamide, which is carcinogenic in mice and rats, has been reported as negative in Ames's test on Salmonella his- with and without liver microsomal fraction (S 9 mix) . Tests on Drosophila reported here showed a significant increase in sex-linked recessive lethals after treatment with thioacetamide, both after injection and after feeding of males. Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 143 - 50 Mutagenicity of benzotrichloride and related compounds; Yasuo K et al.; Benzotrichloride (BTC), benzal chloride (BDC), benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOC) were surveyed for their mutagenicity in microbial systems such as rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis and reversion assays using E . coli WP2 and Ames Salmonella TA strains with or without metabolic activation in vitro . BTC and BDC required metabolic activation for their mutagenic activities in several strains of E . coli and Salmonella . The mutagenic metabolites of these compounds may not have been produced by hydrolysis . BC was weakly mutagenic without metabolic activation . Only BOC exhibited no mutagenic activity in the detection procedures used . The mutagenic metabolite of BTC might be very unstable under our experimental conditions . The strain E . coli WP2 try hcr was more sensitive than E . coli B/r WP2 try (hcr+) with regard to the mutagenicity of BTC. Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 125 - 32 Azo reduction of trypan blue to a known carcinogen by a cell-free extract of a human intestinal anaerobe; Hartman CP et al.; The azo reductase activity of a cell-free extract of Fusobacterium sp . 2 is characterized using trypan blue as a substrate . Either chemical reduction of this dye with sodium hydrosulfite or reduction by the cell-free extract produces a mutagenic product, o-tolidine . The o-tolidine is mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test when activated by a rat liver S9 preparation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Nov, 36(5), 710 - 4 Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: dry-heat destruction kinetics; Tsuji K et al.; Dry-heat destruction kinetics of lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Salmonella typhosa at 170 to 250 degrees C are described . The destruction rate seems to follow the second order and can be linearized by the equation, log y = a + b . -10cx . Because c is the slope, 1/c = D3 . Both a and b are constant at a given temperature and are linear functions of temperature . The D(3)170, D(3)190, D(3)210, D(3)230, and D(3)250 values for E . coli lipopolysaccharide are 251, 99.4, 33.3, 12.3, and 4.99 min, respectively, with a z value of 46.4 min . The D values for lipopolysaccharides from S . marcescens and S . typhosa are not significantly different from those from E . coli lipopolysaccharide. Genetika, 1978 Nov, 14(11), 2037 - 42 {Genetic limitations of erythrocyte lysis by bacteria of the genus Salmonella}; Rumiantsev SN et al.; Lytic effect of Salmonella bacteria on the erythrocates of 1301 humans (including 150 twins), 1059 hens, 600 mice, 33 guinea pigs, 47 rabbits, 22 horses, 16 sheeps, 7 dogs, 2 cats and 2 monkeys was investigated . Erythrocytes of all horses, guinea pigs and rabbits tested appeared to be sensible . The same cells of humans, sheeps, hens, dogs, monkeys and cats turned to be either sensible, or stable . Human erythrocytes were the most stable . Erythrocytes of humans having had typhus or other Salmonella infections appeared to be more sensible . Homozygous twins developed complete two by two concordance of the sign of sensibility in all details investigated . Relation of erythrocytes to Salmonella hemolysins was not influences with time and specific immunization, did not correlate with blood groups and factors ABO, MN, P and rhesis systems, with age, sex and nationality of people tested . It also did not correlate with the presence of anti-salmonella agglutinins, with different osmotic and acid stability of erythrocytes . The display of hemolytic activity of Salmonella is limited by genetically predestinated species and individual properties of erythrocytes. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1978 Oct 20, 165(3), 191 - 201 Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial flagellin as assessed by leucocyte adherence inhibition; Aaskov JG et al.; Leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) was used to detect cell-mediated immunity of mice to Salmonella adelaide polymeric flagellin and its monomeric derivative . In the direct LAI technique, antigen inhibited the in vitro adherence to glass of peritoneal cells (PC) from antigen-primed mice which were capable of exhibiting in vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigen . In the indirect technique, primed PC exposed to antigen in vitro released a soluble factor, which inhibited the adherence of normal PC . Production of the factor was prevented by prior treatment of primed PC with anti-theta serum, indicating the participation of T-lymphocytes . The LAI reaction could be blocked by serum from mice which had been re-injected with antigen 72 h after a priming injection . Features of the production and biological properties of serum blocking activity suggest that it may be attributed to antigen-antibody complexes. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1978 Oct 16, 287(9), 891 - 4 {Short term tests of carcinogenesis . Evaluation, predictive values, and diverse strategies}; Bedouelle H et al.; The concepts of validation, evaluation and predictive values of short term tests for carcinogenicity are rigorously defined . The relationships between the parameters measuring these concepts are established . This allows and estimation of the practical efficiency of Ames Salmonella test (1) . A new strategy for the evaluation of tests is proposed. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol, 1978 Oct 16, 28(3), 187 - 202 Site of initiation of the plasma cell reaction in the rabbit lymph node . Ultrastructural evidence for two distinct antibody forming cell precursors; Veldman JE et al.; Two times sublethal total body-X-irradiation with weekly local thymus irradiation established a T-cell deprived experimental model in rabbits . Humoral immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes have been analyzed histologically and at the submicroscopical level after challenge with Salmonella Java vaccine, horse spleen ferritin, horse-gamma-globulin, a chemical sensitizer oxazolone (2 phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone) and after skin allografting respectively . The time sequence studies in these animals with an 'isolated B-cell system' are compared with similar experiments in normal non-irradiated rabbits . The site of initiation of the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent plasma cell response is established in the lymph node . The (ultra)structural features of the antibody forming (-B-)cell precursors, the marginal zone cells, are described and discussed . The differentiating off-spring of two (sub)microscopically recognizable plasma cell lines is presented. Br J Cancer, 1978 Oct, 38(4), 521 - 9 Thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl: evaluation in vitro; Ashby J et al.; A biologically active molecule with one or more aromatic rings often retains its activity when one of these rings is replaced by an isosteric and/or isoelectronic aromatic ring . Consideration has been given to whether this effect can be expected to apply to aromatic organic carcinogens . The literature relevant to this topic has been reviewed and the thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl have been synthesized and evaluated for potential carcinogenicity . The compounds prepared were 5-p-acetamidophenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIII), 5-phenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIV), N-(5-p-acetamido-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide (XV) and N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (XVI) (see Chart for structures) . Each compound was evaluated in the Salmonella reverse-mutation assay of Ames and the cell-transformation assay of Styles . The activity profiles observed for these compounds in vitro were consistent with their known chemistry, and indicate potential carcinogenicity . However, their overall chemical and biological behaviour casts doubt upon whether they would be capable of eliciting tumours in vivo . Because it is important to establish the degree of reliance which can be placed upon in vitro predictions of potential carcinogenicity generated for structurally new compounds, one of the thiophene derivatives, N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide ((XVI), is currently being evaluated for carcinogenicity in mice. J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Oct, 8(4), 360 - 8 Assessment of availability and efficacy of commercial Salmonella grouping antisera; Evins GM et al.; Salmonella somatic antisera for groups A to E were purchased from four commercial producers directly by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and indirectly through two hospitals . CDC specifications and methods were used to evaluate antisera shipped directly to CDC . To assess the performance of the products under simulated user conditions, we used the commercial antisera purchased indirectly through the hospitals to group coded cultures . Of the 23 antisera ordered by CDC and the hospitals, the CDC received all 23, a large medical complex received 20, and a private hospital received 9 . Similar results were obtained with producer and CDC test methods . Forty-five different lots of antisera were evaluated, of which 20% did not meet CDC specifications . The CDC specifications and latest revisions are discussed. J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Oct, 81(2), 303 - 9 Contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis; Koplan JP et al.; Roof-collected rainwater is a common water source in subtropical regions and has not been associated with human illness . In Trinidad, the West Indies, a church group, attending a rural camp, developed gastrointestinal illness, caused by Salmonella arechevalata . This rare serotype was isolated from stool specimens of campers, foods eaten at the camp, and a water tap, which was supplied by a storage tank of roof-collected rainwater . The surface of the roof, used as water catchment, was covered with bird faeces . It is postulated that rainwater, falling on the roof, washed off animal excrement which contained S . arechevalata and led to the outbreak of salmonellosis through camper ingestion of contaminated food and water. Can J Comp Med, 1978 Oct, 42(4), 400 - 6 Salmonella investigation in an Ontario feed mill; Hacking WC et al.; The frequency of Salmonella contamination of feedstuffs and finished broiler chicken feeds at an Ontario feed mill were investigated over a four-month period . Samples of feed ingredients and finished pelleted feeds were collected at various points during manufacture and cultured in trypticase soy broth prior to selective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella . Salmonella contamination was found in 4.3% of 93 finished pelleted broiler feeds examined . The contamination appeared to result primarily from the incorporation of contaminated animal protein ingredients into the feed . Meatmeal and the broiler, premix, which contained meatmeal as a filler, were most frequently contaminated followed by feather meal . Pelleting failed to eliminate the Salmonellae from the feeds . The methods used failed to detect Salmonella in the environment of the feed mill or its delivery trucks . Recommendations for control are made. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Oct, 241(4), 407 - 17 Detection of conjugative R plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic and feral pigeons and crows; Sato G et al.; A total of 87 domestic pigeons of 2 lots and 184 feral pigeons of 15 lots were examined from 1975 to 1977 for the presence of drug-resistant (especially chloramphenicol resistant) Escherichia coli . 20 (23.0%) of the domestic pigeons of the 2 lots, and 39 (21.2%) of the feral pigeons of 5 lots (33,3%) showed resistant E . coli . Usage of selective media containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin or tetracycline resulted in the increase in isolation frequency of resistant E . coli excepting one lot of domestic pigeons in which isolation of chloramphenicol resistant E . coli was very frequent without selection by the drug . Among a total of 106 resistant E . coli isolates from pigeons, 64 (60.4%) were multiply resistant and 58 of the 64 isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol . 58 (90.6%) of the multiply resistant E . coli carried conjugative R plasmids, including 13 thermosensitive R plasmids . 8 (19.0%) of 42 singly resistant E . coli isolates had conjugative R plasmids . 10 crows of 2 lots were examined similarly . Half of them had resistant E . coli . 15 (78.9%) of a total of 19 resistant E . coli isolates were multiply resistant . Of the 15 multiply resistant E . coli isolates, 5, from 2 Japanese jungle crows, were resistant to chloramphenicol . 11 (73.3%) of the 15 multiply resistant isolates carried conjugative R plasmids, including one thermosensitive R plasmid . Difference of drug resistance status between Salmonella and E . coli isolated from pigeons was discussed. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1978 Oct, 86C(5), 237 - 44 Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens: characterization of the antibody response to Tyvelose 1 leads to 3 alpha mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin representative of Salmonella 0-antigen 9; Carlsson HE et al.; Immunization of rabbits with the synthetic disaccharide-protein conjugate, tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin (TM-BSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant, gave rise to antibodies directed against both the disaccharide hapten and the carrier protein . The hapten antibodies were specific for O-antigen 9 of Salmonella and were superior in terms of specificity to conventional O factor 9 antibodies, as judged by passive haemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . A complement dependent bactericidal assay demonstrated that the TM-BSA antibodies had bacteriolytic activity also directed against the O-antigen 9 Salmonella . The high specificity was evident in both the IgG and IgM antibody classes . In the bactericidal assay the IgM antibodies were more active than antibodies of the IgG class . The results suggested that IgG antibodies in hyperimmune serum blocked the complement dependent bactericidal activity of IgM antibodies. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1978 Oct, 86B(5), 283 - 90 Identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination, using antibodies against synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens O2, O4 and O9, adsorbed to protein A-containing staphylococci; Svenungsson B et al.; Protein A-containing staphylococci sensitized with antisera against synthetic Salmonella O-antigens 2, 4 and 9, representative of serogroups A, B and D, respectively, were used for identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination . Out of 416 Salmonella bacteria tested the reagents correctly identified all 24 serogroup A strains, 119 serogroup B strains and 39 serogroup D strains . Unexpected agglutination was registered with two of 144 strains belonging to serogroup C 2 with reagent containing antiserum against synthetic O antigen 4 . No agglutination occurred when 24 non-Salmonella bacterial strains were tested . Approximately 10(8)bacteria were required for positive co-agglutination . As compared to standard slide agglutination with conventional anti-Salmonella O factor sera, the co-agglutination metod was favourable in that the reactions were stronger, although the concentration of antiserum used was from 20 to 200 times lower . The co-agglutination method could also be used for detection of soluble antigens in the form of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella bacteria in concentrations of 1 microgram/ml . When the sensitivity of the co-agglutination technique was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), the IFL method was shown to be at least 1000 times more sensitive. Cancer Lett, 1978 Oct, 5(4), 199 - 204 The need for a mammalian test system for mutagens: action of some reducing agents; Stich HF et al.; Reducing agents and cysteine, cysteamine, glutathione, ascorbic acid and H2O2 with and without the addition of Cu2+ did not increase significantly the frequency of mutations in the Salmonella test at non-toxic concentrations but triggered a marked DNA repair synthesis and induced a relatively high frequency of chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells . Both latter effects were reduced by the addition of catalase to solutions of the reducing agents plus Cu2+ . To avoid 'False Negatives' in mutagenicity screening the use of several test subjects including mammalian cells seems to be required. Infect Immun, 1978 Oct, 22(1), 195 - 9 Immunogenicity of gonococcal Gc2 polysaccharide: comparative studies with pneumococcal type III polysaccharide and Salmonella typhosa Vi antigen; Breen JF et al.; A plaque assay technique was used to assess the immunogenicity of a gonococcal cell wall polysaccharide (Gc2 antigen) in BALB/c mice . The Gc2 antigen was shown to be immunogenic, and the kinetics of the response differed from that of a pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) and a polysaccharide antigen of Salmonella typhosa (Vi antigen) . In addition, using antithymocyte sera, the T-lymphocyte dependency of these antigens was investigated . The immune response to the Gc2 antigen was demonstrated to be dependent on a population of helper T cells, whereas the response to SSS-III appears to be regulated by suppressor T cells . There appears to be marked differences in the immune response of mice to different bacterial polysaccharides. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Sep 15, 103(18), 948 - 55 {Studies on the possibility of producing broilers free from Salmonella (author's transl)}; Notermans S et al.; The results of the present study show that the only method by which broilers could be reared free from Salmonella would be to adopt a number of radical measures at the same time . These measures include the production of Salmonella-free one-day chicks, decontaminating the feed, thorough cleansing and decontamination of the houses and preventing the introduction of Salmonella from the environment . Adopting separate measures was found to have a very slight effect. Vet Rec, 1978 Sep 9, 103(11), 233 - 7 Treatment of experimental calf salmonellosis with amoxycillin; Osborne AD et al.; Treatment of experimental Salmonella dublin infection in the calf with amoxycillin is described . In most animals a rapid response occurred when the drug was administered by the parenteral route . Results were moderately good when the oral route was used in calves fed solely on a milk replacer diet . In calves consuming hay and concentrates oral administration was much less efficient. Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Sep 8, 164(3), 331 - 4 Ant-mediated transactivation of early genes in Salmonella prophage P22 by superinfecting virulent P22 mutants; Prell HH; The virulent mutants P22 virB vy and P22 vy mutants, both insensitive to mnt-repressor, transactivate the early genes of a P22 prophage . The transactivation of early P22 prophage genes depends strictly on the expression of gene ant ("antirepressor"-protein) by the superinfecting P22 mutant and therefore occurs by derepression. Ann Sclavo, 1978 Sep-Oct, 20(5), 753 - 62 {Sensitivity in vitro of 61 strains of Salmonella to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to cephalosporins}; Boemi G et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of 61 strains of Salmonella from pathological specimens was tested by an agar dilution technique to four aminoglycoside and to seven cephalosporin antibiotics . Aminoglycosides were effective against these isolates . Ten strains of Salmonella wien were found resistant to cephapirine, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, but susceptible to cepharidine and expecially to cefuroxim. Infect Immun, 1978 Sep, 21(3), 721 - 8 Parameters affecting the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of immunoglobulin G antibody to a rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota; Bruins SC et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies against purified lipopolysaccharide of the rough Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota . The time necessary for each step was investigated, and this resulted in a test that could be completed in 1 working day . Serial dilutions of rabbit sera drawn throughout immunization with the Re mutant revealed an elimination of the prozone effect upon prolonged immunization . We interpret this to demonstrate an increase in immunoglobulin G affinity for the lipopolysaccharide on prolonged immunization . We propose that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay prozone effect be investigated for use as a measure of antibody affinity. Exp Hematol, 1978 Sep, 6(8), 688 - 93 Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on proliferation of CFU-S; Vos O; Multiple injections of S . typhosa LPS increased the number of CFU-S in the spleen 20-50 fold and decreased the number in the femur to one half or less . LPS injections did not affect the growth rates of CFU-S in the spleen or femur of lethally irradiated mice . The plateau levels which were attained in these mice after proliferation, corresponded with the levels in LPS-treated non-irradiated mice . Local irradiation of the spleen with 3000 rad hardly affected the capacity of the spleen to accommodate the increased CFU-S numbers after LPS injection . These results suggest that irradiation resistant microenvironmental factors in the spleen determine the CFU-S accumulation in this organ after injection of Salmonella typhosa LPS . The increased number of CFU-S in the blood after LPS injection was maintained in splenectomized mice as well as in mice which received a local splenic x-irradiation with 3000 rad, indicating that this rise of blood CFU-S numbers is independent of the spleen. Cell, 1978 Sep, 15(1), 237 - 44 Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion; Zieg J et al.; A site-specific inversion event is responsible for phase transition in Salmonella, as indicated by heteroduplex analysis of recombinant molecules carrying the gene coding for H2 flagellin in Salmonella . The inversion region corresponds to approximately 800 base pairs in length, and the inversion process does not appear to be dependent upon the E . coli RecA recombination pathway . Specific deletion derivatives of the cloned fragments no longer produce H2-specific flagella, effectively mapping the H2 gene within about 300 bp of the inversion region . Recombinant products of the hybrid molecules arose spontaneously, and they were used in the mapping of restriction sites within the inversion region . The restriction maps further demonstrate the extent and nature of the inversion. J Pharm Sci, 1978 Sep, 67(9), 1323 - 5 Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides; Bachman GL et al.; Twenty aromatic alcohols and thiols were derivatized by reaction with 3-chloro-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide . The resulting 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhosa, and Aspergillus niger, and their activities were compared with the activities of the precursors. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1978 Sep-Nov, 4(5-6), 919 - 38 Residue organic mixtures from drinking water show in vitro mutagenic and transforming activity; Loper JC et al.; Indications of possible health effects of residue organics in drinking water have been sought using short-term tests of mutagenic and transforming activity . Ten percent or less of the total organic material in drinking water has been identified; the remainder is believed to include thousands of unknown nonvolatile compounds . Residual organics were concentrated from drinking water from representative U.S . cities by reverse osmosis followed by liquid-liquid extraction {yielding the reverse osmosis concentrate-organic extract (ROC-OE) fraction} and sorption-desorption on XAD-2 resin . Samples of these residue organics were provided by the Environmental Protection Agency for bioassay . They were examined for mutagenic activity by using Salmonella tester strains (primarily TA98 and TA100) and for transforming activity by using mouse fibroblasts (BALB/3T3 clone 1-13) . City-specific patterns of dose-dependent bacterial mutagenesis and of bacterial toxicity were observed for these samples and for subfractions generated by sequential extractions with hexane, ethyl ether, and acetone . Mutagenic effects were essentially independent of a microsome activation system prepared from liver of Aroclor 1254-induced rats . On the basis of strain-specific effects in mutagenesis and differential distributions of mutagenic activity during liquid-liquid extraction, at least some of the active compounds are thought to be acidic, frameshift mutagens . The ROC-OE fraction of a New Orleans sample transformed BALB/3T3 cells in replicate experiments . By comparison with the bacterial mutagenesis data, cell transformation is a relatively sensitive method for detecting possible mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in this sample . The appropriateness of these systems for the assay of complex mixtures and the degree to which reverse osmosis concentrates contain the unaltered organic compounds in the original samples are discussed. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1978 Sep, 61(5), 1043 - 9 Comparative accuracy of five biochemical systems for identifying Salmonella and related foodborne bacteria: collaborative study; Poelma PL et al.; The comparative accuracy of 4 biochemical diagnostic kits (API, Enterotube, Minitek, and Pathotec) and the conventional (AOAC) tube system for identifying primarily Salmonella and other enteric isolates was collaboratively studied . Each of 11 participating analysts received 40 foodborne isolates (25 Salmonella and 15 non-Salmonella cultures), representing a total of 440 cultures examined by each identification system . In decreasing order of accuracy, the overall number of correctly identified cultures with each of the systems was as follows: AOAC, 423 (96.1%), Minitek, 403 (91.6%), Enterotube, 395 (89.8%), API, 394 (89.5%), and Pathotec, 373 (84.8%) . A cost analysis showed that all 4 diagnostic kit systems were less expensive than the conventional AOAC tube system for a single culture identification . Three of the diagnostic kits have been adopted as official first action as alternatives to the AOAC biochemical tube system for presumptive generic identification of foodborne Salmonella and for screening and eliminating non-Salmonella isolates . Routine incorporation of any one of the 3 diagnostic kits, however, should be preceded by the demonstration in the analyst's own laboratory of adequate correlation between the kit and the AOAC system. J Reprod Fertil, 1978 Sep, 54(1), 205 - 7 Endotoxin-induced interruption of early pregnancy in the rabbit; Valenzuela G et al.; Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis (Boivin) completely interrupted pregnancy in the rabbit when given as a single dose (10 or 20 microgram/kg) intravenously on Day 4 or Day 8 of pregnancy . Indomethacin (2 or 10 mg/kg) was unable to prevent this effect. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Sep 1, 103(17), 889 - 93 {A semi-solid enrichment medium in the isolation of Salmonella from minced meat (author's transl)}; de Blaauw LH et al.; A semi-solid enrichment medium as described by Chau and Huang (4) was modified and tested for suitability to isolate Salmonella from minced meat . The technique was found to be more rapid (averaging one day) as well as more sensitive than the usual technique with tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth incubated at 43% C (2.2 per cent more isolations). Z Naturforsch {C}, 1978 Sep-Oct, 33(9-10), 783 - 5 The mutagenicity of dichloroacetaldehyde; Lofroth G; Dichloroacetaldehyde, a presumed metabolite of the insecticides dichlorvos and trichlorphon, is mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test . Its mutagenic potency is higher than that of the established mutagen dichlorvos . It is possible that the bacterial mutagenicity test only or mainly detects the effect of methylation by dichlorvos. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1978 Sep, 21(3), 485 - 96 Comparative mutagenicity and toxic effects of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its metabolites in bacterial and mammalian test systems; Hsia MT et al.; The possible toxicological properties of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB-OH), and 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3,4-oxide (TCB-oxide) were evaluated in three bioassay systems . Incubation of rat hepatocyte plasma membranes with 50 microgram/ml of TCB-OH decreased the activity of Mg2+-ATPase by approximately 90%, whereas approximately half of the enzyme activity remained after the TCB or TCB-oxide treatment . All three compounds were found to be inactive in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . Only TCB-OH possessed potent cytotoxic activity against all four S . tymphimurium strains tested . It affects the viability of TA 1537 by as much as 40% even at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml . These data suggest the potential toxicological significance of metabolic activation by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1978 Sep, 9(3), 433 - 9 Enteric infections in Singapore with special reference to typhoid; Goh KT; A review of the epidemiological features of the more important enteric infections in Singapore was given . Enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), Salmonella gastroenteritis and Shigellosis remained endemic at a rather constant level in spite of vast improvement in environmental sanitation, but amoebic dysentery showed marked decline . Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important cause of food poisoning since it was first reported in 1973 . El tor cholera is believed to be introduced through regional trade and travel . Control measures directed mainly at typhoid include detection of typhoid carriers in the community responsible for transmission of infection, control and licensing of public food handlers and health education. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 1978 Sep, 2(2), 173 - 98 Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction; Loose LD et al.; Antibody formation, endotoxin sensitivity, and resistance to a challenge malarial infection were evaluated in mice fed a diet containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Aroclor 1242) or hexachlorobenzene (HCB) . Antibody synthesis to the antigen sheep RBC (SRBC) was significantly depressed in the PCB- and HCB-treated (167 ppm) animals as evidenced by the fact that control mice elicited an approximate twofold increase in antibody formation over the chemical-treated mice . Serum IgA concentrations in the PCB- and HCB-treated mice were consistently 40--80 mg/dl lower than control values . Gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) sensitivity in PCB- and HCB-treated mice was increased 5.2- and 32-fold, respectively, following the dietary administration of 167 ppm of Aroclor 1242 or HCB for 6 weeks . An endotoxin hypersusceptibility was also noted at 3 weeks after dietary administration . Decreased resistance to a malaria challenge was also demonstrated in the xenobiotic-treated mice . A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed Aroclor 1242 for 3 to 6 weeks and inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (NYU-2) was observed . Infected mice which had received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested reductions in mean survival time of 24 and 31%, respectively . The data indicated that environmental chemical contaminants impair host resistance and, since no concomitant histopathological alterations were observed in the treated mice, the evaluation of immune parameters may possibly be a sensitive indicator of toxicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Sep, 27(5), 919 - 23 Renal amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome in two patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and chronic salmonellosis; Strausbaugh LJ et al.; This report describes two Egyptian patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and concurrent infections with Schistosoma mansoni and Salmonella paratyphi A . Unlike similar cases previously reported from this unit, these patients did not respond to antimicrobial and antischistosomal therapy, and their renal biopsies demonstrated amyloidosis . These two case reports and several experimental observations suggest that chronic schistosomiasis and salmonellosis may lead to secondary amyloidosis in susceptible individuals. Immunology, 1978 Sep, 35(3), 549 - 58 Marmoset species variation in the humoral antibody response: in vivo and in vitro studies; Gengozian N et al.; A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibody response capabilities of two marmoset species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus oedipus oedipus, revealed the former to be superior in elaborating humoral antibody . In vivo challenges with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella typhi flagella consistently yielded higher antibody titres in S . fuscicollis; indeed, with LPS antigen, multiple inoculations of S.o . oedipus marmosets led ultimately to a decrease in antibody formation, in contrast to the anamnestic response of S . fuscicollis . This species differential in immune competence was also suggested in the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and spleen cells with sheep red blood cells (RBC) . None of 55 S.o . oedipus PBL cultures and 49 of 89 (55%) S . fuscicollis cultures responded to the test antigen . A similar differential in response to sheep RBC was noted with the spleen cells of each species, although this report contrasts the antibody-forming potential of two marmoset species, a comparison of the immunological response profile of marmosets to those of other laboratory animals challenged with similar antigens suggests these primates may be relatively incompetent . The possible relationship between the haemopoietic chimerism of marmosets and a diminished immune competence is discussed. Mutat Res, 1978 Sep, 58(1), 41 - 9 Bleomycin-induced mutation and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Moore CW; Clinical preparations of bleomycins (BM) were tested for their recombinogenicity and mutagenicity at relatively high survival levels in the simple eucaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae . More than a dozen test loci or genetic intervals were assayed for bleomycin-induced mutation or recombination . Treatments of stationary phase diploid yeast routinely results in 25--75% inactivation . The antibiotic was mildly to very highly recombinogenic and mutagenic, with one exception . The amount of bleomycin-induced mutation, gene conversion or crossing-over depended upon the particular genetic markers assayed . The drug was also potently recombinogenic in yeast cells growing in the presence of BM . These results contrast with the finding that this antitumor agent was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; possible explanation of this difference are given. Mol Cell Biochem, 1978 Aug 16, 20(3), 131 - 47 Ribonucleic acid in the immune response; Mitsuhashi S et al.; In the studies of experimental salmonellosis, immunization of mice with a live vaccine SER of S . enteritidis was found to be effective against further infection with virulent S . enteritidis 116--54 . Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue or liver of immunized mice inhibited intracellular growth of bacteria and resisted cell degeneration caused by engulfment of virulent 116--54 bacteria . This immunity was called cellular immunity . We discovered by chance in 1961 a transfer agent of immunity (TA) from the culture fluid of immunized macrophages . This agent is RNA in nature and can be extracted from the spleen, peritoneal exudate cells or the lymph node of immunized animals and is called immune (i) RNA . We could demonstrate antibody activity in macrophages treated in vitro or in vivo with iRNA by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique . Cellulr immunity against tumor cells could be transferred in vitro or in vivo to lymphocytes through iRNA prepared from the spleen cells of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic animals immunized with the tumor cells . We prepared iRNA against antigens capable of inducing humoral antibody production in animals, i.e., RBCs, bacterial toxin, bacterial flagella and hapten-protein conjugates . Serum antibody was not demonstrated in recipient animals of iRNA's by single or repeated injections of these agents . However, in these animals an increase in the number of specific antibody-carrying cells was found as rosette-formers . It was found further that prior injection of iRNA could induce immunologic memory and produced a high titer of humoral antibody after a boosting stimulation with a small dose of the corresponding antigen . The required interval between the first iRNA and the second antigenic stimulation, and the minimal effective doses of iRNA and antigen are described . We studied the interaction of iRNA with either T- or B-cells and with both cells using adoptive transfer system, athymic nude mice and neonatally thymectomized (NT) mice . Immune rna's against T-dependent and T-independent antigens could not induce the proliferation of antibody-carrying cells in cyclophosphamide-treated (B-cell depleted) mice . But these agents could induce the proliferation of rosette-formers, implying that iRNA's can replace some role of T-cells even against T dependent antigens . B-cells can be directly activated by treatment with iRNA against both T-dependent and T-independnet antigens, and they differentiated into rosette-formers . Passive transfers of iRNA were successful in establishing immunity against infection with S . enteritidis, or immunity to Salmonella flagella, RBCs and hapten-protein conjugates . The ability of iRNA to confer a secondary response of antibody formation is serially and passively transmissible in recipient animals . These facts suggest the presence of some mechanism that is responsible for the amplification of antigenic stimulation in the immune response... Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Aug, 167(1-2), 120 - 8 {Experience in the isolation of salmonellae in foods of different risk categories (author's transl)}; Siems H; 146 samples of pancreatic powder, 208 samples of pasteurized egg albumen, both deep-frozen and spray-dried, and 355 samples of frozen poultry were investigated for the presence of salmonellae . Four pre-enrichment media (lactose broth, nutrient broth, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth) and two direct selective enrichment media (dulcitol selenite and tetrathionate) were used . For the pre-enrichment of frozen poultry, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth proved to be more satisfactory than lactose broth and nutrient broth . Pre-enrichment of freeze-dried material in a non-selective medium yielded more Salmonella than were obtained by a direct selective enrichment . 16 of 146 samples of freeze-dried pancreatic powder contained salmonellae . Accordingly, tissue and organs of slaughter animals designed for the production of pharmaceutical preparations require regular bacteriological control. J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Aug, 81(8), 142 - 5 Serological evidence for the presence of antibodies to Salmonella typhi among slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep; D'Souza MB et al.; A serological search for healthy carriers of S . typhi was undertaken among regularly slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep . Serum samples from 49 pigs, 40 goats and 35 sheep were tested for the presence of antibodies to S . typhi by the tube agglutination (TAG) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) methods . Of the 49 pig sera screened, a total number of 39 cases were positive, of which 27 were positive by both IHA and TAG methods, and 12 one test only . Twenty-two of the pig sera but none of the sheep and goat sera were positive at higher titre . These findings suggest that pigs may harbour S . typhi and may act as carriers in transmitting infection to man. Mutat Res, 1978 Aug, 54(1), 39 - 46 A practical procedure for testing DNA damage in vivo, proposed for a pre-screening of chemical carcinogens; Parodi S et al.; The alkaline elution method was adapted to the evaluation of DNA damage induced in vivo through a practical and reliable microfluorometric procedure, without any need for tissue pre-labeling . The DNA damage induced in vivo by treatment with a single dose of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA), N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea (MNU), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or cycasin has been detected in different organs of mice or rats . The results obtained are rather consistent with the organotropism of these carcinogens, and show a satisfactory dose dependent of DNA damage . DMH and cycasin, both negative in the Ames' Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, are clearly positive with in vivo DNA damage/alkaline elution assay . This latter method, complemented with other short-term tests, may play a useful role in the pre-screening of chemical carcinogens. Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Aug, 167(1-2), 129 - 37 {Contamination of dog feed with salmonella (author's transl)}; Boos G; In a comparative investigation of dog feed the percentage of contamination with Salmonellae was determined . 5.7% out of 229 uncooked animal organs, which belonged to 6 different feed-kitchens, were S.-positive . None of the 40 dried feed samples and of the 30 tinned rations examined were positive . The most frequent serotype was S . derby (var . 0-5 neg) . The results confirmed our former conclusions (3), that the dog is to be considered an accidental host of enteric salmonella ingested with the feed . Dried or tinned feed is considered as an improvement which minimises the risk of distribution of salmonella, especially high in imported feed. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Aug-Sep, 129B(2), 155 - 65 {Correlation between beta-glucuronidase activity and serotype in the genus "Salmonella" (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; Out of 4,114 cultures of Salmonella belonging to various serotypes, 1,241 (30,1%) hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide, the chromogenic substrate of beta-glucuronidase . Serotypes are found to be homogenous with respect to beta-glucuronidase activity . The qualitative test, as simple as the ONPG test, may be of diagnostic value to assign a strain to a serotype in case of a monophasic or not motile variant of a normally diphasic serotype . Phage conversion does not influence beta-glucuronidase activity. Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Aug, 167(1-2), 138 - 45 Comparative studies on the isolation of salmonella from minced meat; van Schothorst M et al.; Comparative studies carried out in four laboratories revealed that in the examination of frozen or fresh minced meat samples tryptone soya broth and glucose mineral salts medium used for pre-enrichment gave the same results as buffered peptone water . The three tetrathionate media (Cardiff formula, Difco and Oxoid) used for enrichment after pre-enrichment, yielded approximately the same number of positive samples and about the same number of frozen and cooled samples was found positive when data of all four laboratories were considered . Between laboratories a considerable variation in results was found . This indicates the necessity to conduct comparative trials in more than one laboratory to validate the use of a specific method for regulatory purposes. Exp Hematol, 1978 Aug, 6(7), 613 - 8 Endotoxin-induced alterations in canine granulopoiesis: colony-stimulating factor, colony-forming cells in culture, and growth of cells in diffusion chambers; MacVittie TJ et al.; Salmonella typhosa endotoxin injected into dogs produced elevated plasma CSF levels, transient leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, and stimulation of marrow granulopoiesis and mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors cells into the the peripheral circulation . The number of marrow CFU-c decreased to 65% of the control number within 6 h, returned to control levels by 24 h, and increased to 370% of the control number by 48h after endotoxin . The granulopoietic response was supported by a concomitant increase in the M:E ratio, an increased fraction of marrow-derived CFU-c susceptible to 3H-TdR suicide, and increased granulo-monocytopoietic activity of marrow- and peripheral blood-derived cells grown in diffusion chamber cultures . These results are consistent with the concept that endotoxin-induced CSF is a physiologic regulator of canine granulopoiesis, and that canine marrow responds to endotoxin with a significant increase in the concentration of marrow-derived granulocytic progenitors and with mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors into the peripheral circulation. Mutat Res, 1978 Aug, 54(1), 73 - 81 The inhibitory effect of cysteine on the mutagenic activities of several carcinogens; Rosin MP et al.; The Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay was used to determine the effect of cysteine (alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionic acid) on the mutagenic actions of several carcinogens: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine . N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methyl methanesulfonate, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide, aflatoxin B1 and the nitrosation products of methylurea and methylguanidine . Cysteine, at non-toxic concentrations, significantly decreased the frequency of reversion to histidine prototrophy when it was added to treatment mixtures . The extent of the inhibition of mutagenic action by cysteine depended on the carcinogen studied as well as the doses of cysteine and carcinogen employed . Cysteine (2.5--10 mM) completely inhibited the mutagenic actions of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methylguanidine nitrosation products while only partially preventing the mutagenic effects of the other carcinogens assayed . Inhibition of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone-induced mutagenesis occurred only with higher cysteine concentrations (20--200 mM). Eur J Biochem, 1978 Jul 17, 88(1), 267 - 73 Structure of the hexose region of Shigella sonnei phase II lipopolysaccharide with 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid as possible immunodeterminant and its relation to Escherichia coli R1 core; Kontrohr T et al.; Comparative chemical analysis (methylation, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, periodate oxidation, etc.) of the lipopolysaccharides and degraded polysaccharides derived from Shigella sonnei phase I, phase II and galactose-deficient R mutants revealed a structure as shown: (formula: see text) 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) as an immunodeterminant was observed in the passive hemolysis inhibition test by (a) selective inhibition of the phase II system by dOclA; (b) the kinetics of the change of serological activity during mild acid treatment: 1% acetic acid abolished serological activity; (c) a lack of activity in galactose-less R mutants and reactivity with Re mutants including Salmonella minnesota Re . An enhanced sensitivity of phase II lipopolysaccharide to galactose oxidase after prolonged treatment with 1% acetic acid suggests that dOclA is linked to C-6 of the terminal or subterminal galactose . dOclA as immunodeterminant could explain some different polysaccharide structures described for Escherichia coli R1 core. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1978 Jul-Oct, 71(4-5), 323 - 8 {Inventory of serotypes of Salmonella found in Iraq}; Allos G; This list of the Salmonella found in Bagdad demonstrates their considerable frequency . The frequency of salmonelloses in Irak is very significant, because not only of their incidence on human health, but also on economy: price of salaries, animal death, abortion in the veterinary field, tourism and food exportation handicap. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Jul, 129B(1), 37 - 48 {Phage-typing modifications induced by "in vitro" transfer of R plasmids . I.--Phage typing of Salmonella typhi (author's transl)}; Toucas M et al.; The phage-typing modifications induced by transfer of antibiotic-resistance plasmids wre studied in two S . typhi Vi+ strains: n 2411 (phage-type A) and Ty2 (phage-type E1a) . Forty-one R plasmids belonging to twenty-two incompatibility groups were investigated . Twenty-two plasmids were unable to produce any phage typing modifications . Among the groups of plasmids with phage-typing restriction capacity,four (I1, 10.B.O., N and W) groups were found heterogeneous with regard to this property and one (F1 group) caused significant modifications of the phage-types defined by the Vi phage-typing international system. Nord Vet Med, 1978 Jul-Aug, 30(7-8), 305 - 17 {The background of the serological cross-reaction between Yersinia and Brucella and the possibility of differential diagnostics by the ELISA technique and the electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) (author's transl)}; Hurvell B; A strong serological cross-reaction appears between different species of genus Brucella and Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) serotype 0--9, which seriously complicates the diagnostic works of brucellosis and yersiniosis both in humans and animals . This cross-reaction makes it impossible to perform a differential serological diagnosis using common routine procedures such as the agglutination test and the complement fixation test . By the use of immunological, immunochemical and structural chemical methods it has been shown that the common antigenic structures of Brucella and Yersinia are situated in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the cellwalls . In order to do structure analysis gaschromatography in combination with mass spectrometry of LPS from Brucella and Yersinia bacteria has been achieved . The results show that two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) constitute common components of the LPS-molecules . A discovered cross-reaction between Y.e . 0--9 and Salmonella urbana (0--30) confirms the hypothesis that glucose and galactose are responsible for the serological cross-reaction between Brucella and Y.e . 0--9 . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed in order to be used as a differential routine test . The results show that by using ELISA, a differentiation between antibodies against Y.e . 0--9 and B . abortus can be done with high sensitivity and accuracy . Another differential diagnostic system has been developed by the use of electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) . This method raises the possibility of a rapid and a simple qualitative differentiation of antibodies against Brucella and Yersinia. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Jul, 27(4), 795 - 800 Diagnostic value of the Widal test in areas endemic for typhoid fever; Levine MM et al.; The usefulness of a single Widal test to diagnose typhoid fever in endemic areas was investigated . Reciprocal Salmonella typhi O and H titers greater than or equal to 40 and greater than or equal to 80, respectively, occurred in approximately 90% of 42 Mexican patients with bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever at the time of presentation to hospital and, by day 4 to 5 of clinical illness, in 70% of U.S . adult volunteers who developed typhoid fever in the course of vaccine efficacy trials but in only 0.7% (O) to 3% (H) of 275 healthy individuals from a non-endemic area . Healthy Peruvians from areas endemic for typhoid fever commonly had antibody which was age-related . Peak prevalence was found in 15- to 19-yr-olds in whom 29% had O titers greater than or equal to 40 and 76% had H titers greater than or equal to 80 . A single Widal test in an unvaccinated individual showing elevated O and H titers is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever if the person comes from a non-endemic area or is a child less than 10 yr of age in an endemic area . Because of the high prevalence of antibody amongst healthy invididuals over 10 yr of age in endemic, areas, a single Widal test offers virtually no diagnostic assistance in adolescents and adults. Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 24(7), 883 - 5 The effect of compounds which degrade hydrogen peroxide on the enumeration of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg; Rayman MK et al.; Greater than 90% of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg failed to grow on trypticase soy agar . Adding to this medium compounds which are capable of degrading hydrogen peroxide allowed growth of the heat-injured cells . These compounds did not stimulate growth of heated cells of Streptococcus faecium, an organism which does not possess catalase. Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 598 - 600 {Salmonella sensitivity to antibiotics}; Zhil'tsov IuP et al.; Antibiotic sensitivity of 142 strains of Salmonella isolated from patients within 1974-1976 was studied . An increase in the number of the pathogenic microbes resistant to streptomycin was noted . Rare isolates highly resistant to ampicillin were registered . The number of Salmonella sensitive to other antibiotics did not practically change . Levomycetin proved to be a rather active drug in vitro . Still, its use in therapy of salmonelleses did not always produce positive results . The use of levomycetin in clinics is expedient only after careful and repeated estimation of antibioticograms. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Jul 1, 103(13), 673 - 7 {Treatment of Salmonella carriers in a number of reptile species (author's transl)}; Koopman JP et al.; Housing Tejus contaminated with Salmonella on wire-mesh floors did not have any effect on the degree of contamination . The sensitivity of Salmonella organisms isolated from desert monitors to ampicillin was satisfactory, the serotypes being less sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline . Intramuscular injection of combined chloramphenicol and ampicillin in tejus and lizards was not successful, nor was oral administration of furazolidone in tortoises . On the other hand, oral treatment with combined ampicillin and chloramphenicol was effective in tortoises. Am J Surg, 1978 Jul, 136(1), 96 - 101 Cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: diagnosis and management; Davies OG Jr et al.; The incidence of cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms has relatively increased since antibiotic therapy has become available . The causative organism is the salmonella group in about 50 per cent of cases . This diagnosis should be strongly entertained in patients with fever of unknown origin, vague abdominal pain, and progressive appearance of a pulsatile abdominal mass . Aortography may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis . Some postoperative graft infections may be due to unrecognized cryptic mycotic infection of the aorta and not from external contamination, as previously supposed . Construction of an axillofemoral bypass graft through clean tissue is advised for the successful treatment of the grossly infected infrarenal aortic aneurysm . Three surviving patients with cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms are added to the sixteen surviving patients already reported in the literature. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1978 Jul-Dec, 71(7-12), 181 - 91 Antimicrobial and toxicological studies on an antiseptic based on hexachlorophene and destructive distillate of castor oil; Siddiqui MA et al.; Bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic and toxicological evaluaton of an emulsion containing 0.25% hexachlorophene (W/V), 9.5% terpineol (V/V), 1.5% oil of terpentine (V/V), 13% ethanol (V/V), 6% castor oil distillate 1201275 degrees C (V/V) and 6% sodium salt of the residue (W/V) in aqueous medium was performed . The bactericidal concentration for Salmonella typhi was found to be 1:400 which increased to 1:350 in the presence of 5% horse serum . The bacteriostatic concentration of the emulsion varied from organism to organism . A 4% solution of the emulsione was found to be most effective against Microsporum vanbreuseghemii showing an inhibition zone of 7.2 cm and was least effective on Aspergillus niger . 1 to 8% solution of the emulsion given orally or instilled into conjunctival sacs of albino mice indicated lethal and insignificant toxic manifestations respectively but a dose equivalent to 50 mg/Kg given subcutaneously was found to produce a subacute lethal effect in guinea pigs. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1978 Jul-Dec, 71(7-12), 129 - 38 {Isolation of Salmonella in the Piedmont from 1975 to 1978, with designation of rare strains and evaluation of the frequency of the serotypes}; Angeretti A et al.; In the present study the data concerning the isolation of Salmonella strains in Regione Piemonte during the years 1975-1978 are reported . During this period, using serological methods 2934 Salmonella strains have been typed which resulted to belong to 69 different serotypes . We have also compared the frequency of the different serotypes in the years 1975, 1976, 1977-'78. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Jul, 129B(1), 107 - 10 {Ubiquity of plasmids belonging to incompatibility group B (author's transl)}; Rahal K et al.; An Algerian strain of Salmonella typhi (56/75), resistant to tetracyclines and minocycline has been studied in our laboratory . Conjugation, transduction and spontaneous loss experiments suggest that these resistance characters are mediated by one R plasmid, referred to as pPA4 . This "Tb" plasmid is incompatible with plasmids from groups incB (Grindley), com10 (Scavizzi) and inc0 (Datta) . These results suggest that incompatibility group B is world-wide distributed. Infect Immun, 1978 Jul, 21(1), 41 - 7 Growth of salmonellae in orally infected germfree mice; Collins FM et al.; Germfree mice were infected intragastrically, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 10(3) to 10(9) viable Salmonella typhi Ty2, S . gallinarum 9240, or S . enteritidis 5694 . The 50% lethal doses were compared with those for conventionally raised mice . Substantial growth of the salmonellae occurred in the intestinal tract of the germfree mice but, despite the presence of more than 10(9) viable S . typhi or S . gallinarum in the lumen, the liver and spleen cultures remained Salmonella-free, and all of the mice survived the oral challenge . The ileal and cecal Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph nodes of these mice contained 10(3) to 10(4) viable salmonellae within 24 h of introduction of the inoculum into the stomach . Despite this local involvement, the infection did not spread systemically even when host resistance was reduced by means of sublethal, whole-body gamma irradiation before oral challenge . Germfree mice infected orally with as few as 10 mouse-virulent S . enteritidis quickly developed severe diarrhea and died within 5 to 8 days as a result of a spreading systemic disease. J Infect Dis, 1978 Jul, 138(1), 87 - 90 Search for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in humans, livestock, food, and water in a community in the Philippines; Echeverria P et al.; Environmental sources of heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are unknown . The feces of 1,086 inhabitants (approximately 5%) of a small town in the Philippines, 28 pigs, and 10 water buffalo were cultured for enteric bacterial pathogens . Twenty-seven persons harbored pathogenic bacteria: five individuals had enterotoxigenic E . coli, 11 Salmonella species, nine Vibrio parahaemolyticus, one Shigella boydii, and one nonagglutinable Vibrio . Enterotoxigenic E . coli were isolated from two of 28 pigs and from one of 10 water buffalo . Cultures of 26 pieces of beef, 25 pieces of pork, and 52 leafy vegetables obtained from a community market failed to grow enterotoxigenic E . coli . None of 47 samples of contaminated surface water contained this pathogen . Serotypes of human and animal strains of enterotoxigenic E . coli were different, although E . coli O78:H12 isolated from a pig has previously been incriminated in human diarrheal disease . In this limited survey of a Philippine community, enterotoxigenic E . coli were isolated from humans and livestock . The possibility that enterotoxigenic E . coli infections are zoonotic warrants further investigation. Cancer Res, 1978 Jul, 38(7), 2018 - 22 Mechanisms of inhibition by ascorbate of microbial mutagenesis induced by N-nitroso compounds; Guttenplan JB; Mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in Salmonella TA 1530 was inhibited by ascorbate . Inhibition of MNNG-induced mutagenesis resulted from a reaction between ascorbate and MNNG that led to consumption of MNNG . The rate of this reaction was considerably enhanced by catalytic amounts of Cu(II) and Fe(III) . No direct reaction between DMN and ascorbate was detectable, but relatively high concentrations of Cu(II) enchanced inhibition of DMN-induced mutagenesis by ascorbate . Added protein reduced the effectiveness of Cu(II) as a catalyst of the reaction between ascorbate and MNNG, which suggested that the microsomal protein necessary to activate DMN, may reduce the concentration of free Cu(II) and thereby lower its catalytic efficiency . Mutagenesis by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was not inhibited by ascorbate. Am J Epidemiol, 1978 Jul, 108(1), 68 - 73 Travelers' diarrhea among United States Marines in South Korea; Echeverria P et al.; A battalion of United States Marines traveling to South Korea in the spring of 1976 was studied to determine the incidence and etiology of gastroenteritis . During the three weeks they visited South Korea, 21% of 694 marines developed diarrhea . Stool and serum specimens collected before, during, and after their stay were examined for evidence of infection with Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio species, enterotoxigenic and invasive Escherichia coli, reovirus-like agent (RVLA), and intestinal ova and parasites . Infections with these agents were uncommon; 91% of 44 closely studied cases of gastorenteritis were unexplained . Five per cent of 169 marines had serologic evidence of recent infection with RVLA, and 3% of 273 marines had serologic evidence of infection with heat-labile enterotoxin producing E . coli over an eight-week period . However, infections with these agents were not associated with most cases of diarrhea in South Korea . It is concluded that infectious agents previously thought responsible for travelers' diarrhea were not responsible for gastroenteritis among United States Marines arriving in a temperate climate. Am J Pathol, 1978 Jul, 92(1), 277 - 40 The effect of complement depletion on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the Rhesus monkey; Ulevitch RJ et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Salmonella minnesota R595 or from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 induces hypotension in rhesus monkeys with normal complement levels . This hypotension is accompanied by decreased total peripheral resistance . The depletion of C3 and terminal complement components by prior intraperitoneal administration of the anticomplementary protein cobra factor did not alter the hemodynamic changes which occur following the rapid injection of 5 mg/kg of R595 LPS, the infusion of 500 microgram/kg of R595 LPS, or the injection of 500 microgram/kg of 0111:B4 LPS . We conclude that the LPS-induced hemodynamic changes in the subhuman primate are medicated by pathways which do not require the participation of C3 . The kinetics and extent of the neutropenia and thrombocytopenia resulting from the injection of 0111:B4 or R595 LPS were not latered by prior depletion of greater than 95% of the plasma C3. Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 24(7), 875 - 82 Characteristics of PR5, a lipid-containing plasmid-dependent phage; Wong FH et al.; An extensive characterization of plasmid-dependent phage PR5 isolated from sewage has been carried out . The phage has a head diameter of 65--68 nm, is isometric with a double-layered capsid, and a minority possess tails . It adsorbs to many but not all types of bacteria possessing P, N, or W plasmids . The phage contains 20% lipid, 15.1% DNA, and 64.9% protein by weight and has a buoyant density of 1.265 g/ml in CsCl . The DNA is double-stranded with a G + C content of 49% and a molecular weight of 7.4 +/- 0.6 x 10 (6) as shown by electron microscopy . Phospholipid content is 66% of lipid and consists of cardiolipin (13%), phosphatidylethanolamine (43%), and phosphatidylglycerol (44%) and differ quantitatively from that of host bacteria . Anti-PR5 serum inactivates other similar phages, PR3 and PR4 . Phage adsorption is impaired in deep rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota. Minerva Med, 1978 Jun 23, 69(31), 2125 - 8 {Presence of Salmonella wien in Campania in 1974-75}; Schisa C et al.; Salmonella wien was detected in various patients admitted to the D . Cotugno Hospital between May 1974 and June 1975 . Strains isolated in Naples showed the same in vitro transferable resistance to antibiotics as those responsible for the recent epidemics in Algeria and France. JAMA, 1978 Jun 2, 239(22), 2352 - 4 Treatment of typhoid carriers with amoxicillin . Correlates of successful therapy; Nolan CM et al.; Fifteen chronic enteric carriers of Salmonella typhi were treated with amoxicillin trihydrate, 2 g by mouth, three times per day . Nine of ten patients who were able to take the full amoxicillin regimen were cured; among five patients treated with a lower daily amoxicillin dosage because of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, only two were cured (P less than .05) . The mean serum amoxicillin concentration at termination of therapy was higher (P less than .01) in five patients who were cured (10.4 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) than in the four who failed (3.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml), although the latter values were all above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for infecting organisms . This study suggests that amoxicillin treatment of chronic typhoid carriers could be enhanced by treating with doses sufficient to provide suprainhibitory serum concentrations of the antibiotic . However, GI intolerance to amoxicillin could limit this therapeutic approach. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Jun, 240(4), 489 - 96 {The influence of non-metabolizable alpha- and beta-glycosides on the regulation of sorbose fermentation of salmonellae (author's transl)}; Stenzel W; Fermentation of sorbose by late positive Salmonella wildtype cultures and by mutant strains splitting this sugar promptly is restrained by the beta-glucoside salicine and likewise by 1-o-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MGP), but is not influenced by lactose or sucrose . In growing cultures salicine works more powerful on sorbose utilization than MGP while in dense suspensions of non-multiplying bacteria the relations are reversed . Among the majority of wildtype strains this suppressive effect is diminished or abolished by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), but there are strains in which the glucoside effect is enhanced by DMSO . The sorbose fermentation lag in the presence of salicine or MGP is detectable, too, in dense suspensions of promptly splitting Salmonella mutant strains in media poorly supplied with nitrogen and must therefore be attributed to a non-mutative event . From prior work (Stenzel, 1977c) we got some evidence that this event might depend on an inhibition of enzyme induction . Targets and mode of action of the alpha- and beta-glucoside largely seem to be identical, though possibly there might exist minor differences. Genetika, 1978 Jun, 14(6), 935 - 46 {Effective use of rapid tests to evaluate the mutagenicity of environmental chemicals}; de Serres FJ; Efficiency of short-term tests for mutagenicity with the use of various Salmonella strains is conditioned by a high sensitivity and a prompt answer . Besides, these tests are valuable because they permit to evaluate quickly a probable cancerogenic activity of the tested chemicals, as there is a high degree of correlation between the mutagenic and cancerogenic response for a great number of chemicals . However, whatever results are obtained with the use of short-term tests, questions arise about the relative force of a mutagenic activity, the spectrum of induced genetic damage, relative frequency of each type of damages, the danger of such a damage for an individual, probability of a successful transmission of each type of damage to the following generation . And the main problem which investigators are facing in this field is the prognostic value of information on the mutagenic activity which is obtained from these tests for the evaluation of risk from the effects of chemicals on human population . The answers to these questions may be got only by means of tests on eukaryotes, as they might give more complete data concerning both quantitative and qualitative effects. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Jun, (6), 125 - 9 {Factors of transmission of salmonella infections under their sporadic spread conditions}; Grebennikova NZ; Epidemiological and microbiological studies carried out with the application of the principles of epidemiological observation permitted to ascertain the principal edpiemiological regularities of salmonelloses in one of the Moscow dictricts, to reveal the main factors determining these regularities, and the definite ways and conditions of their realization . Factual data indicating that there were no principal differences in the character of development of the epidemic process in case of the so called sporadic salmonelloses and salmonelloses occurring by the type of food poisoning foci were obtained. Z Immunitatsforsch Immunobiol, 1978 Jun, 154(3), 256 - 67 Studies on the immune response in chickens I . Effect of various immunization procedures on the primary and secondary antibody responses to bovine serum albumin; Nagase F et al.; Antibody response and generation of immunological memory in chickens after stimulation by bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated . A single intravenous injection of BSA induced a relatively high primary antibody response but failed to generate definite memory for the secondary antibody response . Variation in antigen dosage and the time interval between antigen injections did not affect significantly the levels of the primary and secondary antibody responses . The immunogenicity of deaggregated BSA in chickens was as potent as that of aggregated BSA . Soluble adjuvants such as the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, cell wall lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis and cell wall peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited little enhancing effect on antibody response and memory . However, stimulation of chickens by BSA emulsified in Freund's adjuvant enhanced generation of memory . Repeated injection of BSA alone also showed a similar effect . It seems likely therefore that in chickens continous antigenic stimulation is required for generation of definite memory . From the present results it has been concluded that the characteristics of the immune response of chickens to BSA resemble those of mammals to T-independent antigens. Thoraxchir Vask Chir, 1978 Jun, 26(3), 169 - 71 {Reconstruction of the aorta in mycotic aortic aneurysm--report of two cases of salmonella infection (author's transl)}; Walterbusch G et al.; Two patients with infected aortic aneurysm underwent surgical treatment . When using autologous tissue in place of the infected aorta a recurrent aneurysm was observed four months later . Extraanatomical bypass of the infected area with prosthetic material and consecutive removal of all infected tissue seems to be the only successful management . This is confirmed by another patient who was treated successfully in this way . Prolonged antibiotic therapy after resection of infected aneurysms seems to be mandatory. Cancer Res, 1978 Jun, 38(6), 1782 - 4 Mutagenicity of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin derivatives; Umezawa K et al.; An antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic in a Salmonella test, but its derivative, N-demethylaclacinomycin A, was mutagenic . Similarly, 1-deoxypyrromycin, a hydrolysis product of aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic, but N-demethyl-1-deoxypyrromycin was mutagenic . Daunomycin was highly mutagenic, but N-methyldaunomycin showed only weak mutagenicity, and N-dimethyldaunomycin was nonmutagenic . The aglycones of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin were not mutagenic . Thus, the amino moiety of anthracycline glycosides is concluded to be essential for mutagenesis. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol, 1978 Jun, 74(6), 27 - 31 {Alteration of the construction and cellular composition of ileo-colonic lymph nodes of rhesus macaques after administration of salmonella vaccine}; Aminova GG et al.; In stained histological sections, percentage ratio of areas to different cellular elements in structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes was studied in mature Macaca rhesus, normal and after injection of salmonella vaccine . A rather considerable reaction in all structural components and cell composition of the lymph nodes was demonstrated as a response to immunization of the animals . These changes were demonstrated in decreased area occupied by the cortical substance and in increased area occupied by the medullar substance of the lymph node . In the cortical substance, together with decrease in the cortical plateau, total number of folliculi rises with formation of light centers in them . Calculation of cellular elements revealed that in the cortical substance cytopoietic function was inhibited; that was expressed in decreasing mitoses and blast forms in the cells . Most drastic alterations occur in myelin cords of the lymph nodes . Together with increasing area, a considerable reaction of acidophilic leucocytes, premature plasma cells and macrophages is observed . Their number increases notably. Vet Med (Praha), 1978 Jun, 23(6), 361 - 7 {Microbiological examination of fresh and stored procusts of cold cuisine}; Palasek J et al.; In four out of five investigated kinds of products it was proved that most fresh samples met the microbiological requirements of Czechoslovak State Standard CSN 58 3601 and it is even feasible to consider a stricter approach to the evaluation of the total number of microbes {CPM} to 10(5) per g and in the number of coliform microbes to 10(3) per g . On contrary the amount of yeast in most fresh samples {62%-100%} exceeded the permitted limit and reached the value of about 10(4) per g . The comparison of the results of the investigation of fresh and stored samples indicates that from the eight groups or kinds of microorganisms under study the highest rate of reproduction was in yeast . In the other microorganisms the increase was not so great nor did it occur . No pathogenous microorganisms of salmonella were determined by the orientation method, and staphylococci was proved by direct cultivation in just one kind of product. Science, 1978 May 19, 200(4343), 785 - 7 Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens; Gold MD et al.; A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate . The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate . A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation . A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin . These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear . Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977. Mol Gen Genet, 1978 May 3, 161(2), 197 - 204 The activity of ant product of the Salmonella phage P22 against the closely related but heteroimmune phage L; Prell HH; P22 mutants defective in the early gene 24 are complemented by phage L in mixed infection . P22 12- and P22 23- mutants are not complemented by phage L . Gene function 24 of an L prophage is turned on by a superinfecting P22 24- mutant and complements the missing function of the defective P22 phage . Since this transactivation of prophage gene 24 depends on a functional gene ant in the superinfecting P22 mutant, it indicates derepression for leftward directed gene expression in prophage L . On the contrary neither the rightward directed expression of gene 12 nor of gene 23 in prophage L . can be turned on by superinfecting P22 24- 12- or P22 24- 23- mutants (and also not by P22 12- and P22 23-) to a degree sufficient for complementation of simultaneously superinfecting L virB 12- or L virB 23- mutants . The failure to detect release of repression for rightward directed gene expression of prophage L corresponds to the earlier observation (Prell, 1975) that P22 superinfecting L lysogens cannot release replication inhibition for simultaneously infecting phage L . The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism underlying the different action of P22 antirepressor in L and in P22 lysogens. An Esp Pediatr, 1978 May, 11(5), 373 - 82 {Salmonella infection in children . Epidemiological and clinical considerations (author's transl)}; Ferris J et al.; An analysis of data on Salmonella infection treated at the Children's Hospital "La Fe", in Valencia, from 1974--75 is presentd . A patient population of 211 selected cases were divided into two groups: Gastroenteritis (GEC), 155 cases, and typhoid-paratyphoid fever (T-P F), 56 cases . Hospitalization was required in 79% of the cases . The following parameter were studied: Locality and district of origin with respect to residence, conditions of hygiene, size of family: age, sex, seasonal incidence, previous time of illness, presenting symptoms and physical sings and complementary studies . The following conclusions were obtained: Salmonella infection are and endemic problem in Valencia . Their incidence is maximal during the months of June to October . Epidemiological environment was positive in 15% of the cases . Higher morbidity in children less than two years of age . Most frequent presenting symptoms: Diarrhea, fever and vomiting as often in GEC as in T-P F . In 38.7% of GEC cases, the diarrhea was bloody; 21.9% of GEC cases began with fever . Salmonella paratyphi B was the agent most frequently responsible . Data concerning sex, family size, conditions of hygiene and white blood cells offer little discriminatory information . Results obtained are concordant with those described in the literature. Res Vet Sci, 1978 May, 24(3), 370 - 4 Investigation of a cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response as a means of detecting Salmonella dublin infection in cattle; Aitken MM et al.; Delayed hypersensitivity reactions developed 48 to 96 h after intradermal injection of killed Salmonella dublin in 25 of 28 cattle which had been inoculated intravenously, and in five of 10 cattle which had been inoculated orally with S dublin 24 to 493 days previously . Control animals showed no delayed hypersensitivity reactions . Persistence of infection in five of the intravenously inoculated and in four of the orally inoculated animals was confirmed by isolation of S dublin from the carcases at necropsy one week after skin testing . Failure to isolate the organism from the carcases of 21 animals which had reacted positively to the intradermal test did not eliminate the possibility of their being carriers of S dublin . Skin testing was concluded to be a reliable means of identifying animals which had been, and possibly still were, infected systemically with S dublin . However recovered animals might be falsely identified as infected . Repeated testing gave misleading results. Infect Immun, 1978 May, 20(2), 366 - 74 Inverse relationship between the susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide (lipid A)-pretreated mice to the hypothermic and lethal effect of lipopolysaccharide; Greer GG et al.; Mice pretreated (day 0) by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responded with hypothermic tolerance to (LPS) challenge on day 1 and with hypothermic hyperreactivity to LPS challenge on day 4 . Reciprocally, mice pretreated similarly but with a higher challenge dose were hyperreactive with respect to LPS lethality on day 1, but highly tolerant to lethality when challenged on day 4 . Hyperreactivity to LPS lethality (day 1) was evident from an accelerated onset of death as well as from a reduced 50% lethal dose in pretreated mice, the level of hyperreactivity being more pronounced with higher LPS pretreatment doses . Lethal hyperreactivity, however, was only seen after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of soluble LPS . In contrast, protection to lethality occurred after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of insoluble LPS (day 1) . Tolerance to LPS lethality in mice was observed on day 4 after pretreatment with one (day 0) or four daily injections of LPS . Since reciprocal hyperreactivity (day 1) and cross-tolerance to lethality (day 4) could be achieved by treatment with Salmonella smooth- or rough-form LPS as well as with free lipid A, it was concluded that lipid A represents the active principle of LPS in inducing both hyperreactivity and tolerance to the lethal effect of LPS. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 May, (5), 53 - 7 {Assessment of the degree of antibody avidity in food toxinfections of salmonellal etiology using the indirect hemagglutination inhibition reaction}; Bunin KV et al.; The authors studied the avidity of antibodies in the sera obtained from 56 patients suffering from salmonelloses, the causative agents of which were referred to groups B, C1, C2, E . Determinations were carried out in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test . It was shown that the mentioned test could be used to assess the extent of the serum antibodies avidity . Age-specific avidities of the serum antibodies were revealed in patients suffering from salmonella infections during the infectious process . There was found an insignificant prevalance of the antibody avidity in the patients with the forms of the disease of moderate severity and severe . In the patients with salmonelloses of group B the antibodies proved to be the most avid. Sci Total Environ, 1978 May, 9(3), 287 - 91 Cytogenetic changes in fish exposed to water of the river Rhine; Prein AE et al.; The induction of chromosome aberrations in fishes, exposed to Rhinewater, was investigated . The mudminnow, Umbra pygmaea, was chosen for this study, because of its ideal karyotype of 22 large chromosomes . Gill cells were used for chromosome studies . Fish, kept in Rhinewater for 11 days had chromosome breaks in approximately 30% of the metaphases studied . Control fish, exposed to a very good quality of untreated groundwater had breaks in about 8% of the metaphases . Several Rhinewater extracts were tested for their mutagenic potential in the Salmonella-microsome test . The fraction of aromatic compounds was found to be positive . This may indicate that one or more of the compounds present in this fraction were also responsible for the cytogenetic changes found in the fish. Am J Vet Res, 1978 May, 39(5), 893 - 5 Salmonella serotypes encountered in animal feed additives in Lebanon; Nabbut NH; Animal feed-additive samples (n = 300) were examined for the presence of salmonellae, using the selenite-F broth-enrichment method followed by subculturing on Salmonella-Shigella and brilliant green agar with sulfadiazine selective agar plates . Samples consisted of a variety of feed additives: 119 bone meal samples, 77 meat meal samples, 40 fish meal samples, and 64 miscellaneous meal samples . Results of examination found 49 (41.2%) of the bone meal samples, 6 (7.8%) of the meat meal samples and 2 (5%) of the fish meal samples contained salmonellae . Of 57 isolates representing 24 serotypes, 4 most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis (35.1%), Salmonella tennessee (7%), Salmonella chester (5.2%), and Salmonella senftenberg (5.2%) . This study shows a high Salmonella-contamination rate of bone meal compared with meat meal and fish meal samples . Of 12 known positive bone meal samples that were examined, 100% of 25-g samples, compared with 70% to 100% of 2.5-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples, were positive for salmonellae. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 May, 27(3), 562 - 6 Animal salmonellosis in peninsular Malaysia . II . Annual and zoological distribution of Salmonella serotypes over the 10-year period 1966-1975; Joseph PG et al.; A total of 860 Salmonella isolations were made in Peninsular Malaysia from 15 animal species (domestic and wild), eggs, molluscs, flies, and animal feed . The isolations were distributed among 31 serotypes in eight groups . The most common serotype isolated was Salmonella pullorum, followed by S . choleraesuis and S . infantis . S . typhimurium had the widest zoological distribution . The importance of controlling animal salmonellosis is emphasized. Mutat Res, 1978 May, 57(2), 141 - 53 A study of the mutagenicity of anesthetics and their metabolites; Waskell L; The commonly used volatile anesthetics, several of their metabolites, and drugs frequently employed by the anesthesiologist were screened for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/rat-liver microsomal assay system developed by Dr . B . Ames and his colleagues . Chloral hydrate, both a sedative and metabolite of trichloroethylene, was found to be weakly mutagenic . Other compounds testing including halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide were not mutagenic . Non-volatile compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of bacterial strains with decreased capacity to repair damaged DNA . None of the compounds tested inhibited the growth of DNA-repair-deficient strains relative to a strain with normal DNA-repair . Halothane and trilene were tested for direct interaction with DNA; under the experimental conditions employed, no direct interaction of these compounds and DNA could be detected. Mutat Res, 1978 May, 57(2), 135 - 9 The mutagenic screening of fourteen imidazo compounds using a modified Ames' test; Turner JV et al.; Eight imidazo{1,2-alpha} pyrimidine derivatives and six cyclic guanidine derivatives were synthesized in order to study their physiological activity . Mutagenic effects were not detected with any compound in a modified Ames' Salmonella test using TA100, TA98, and TA1537, with or without S9 . No inhibition of growth was observed with any test compound . Positive and negative controls behaved as expected. Mutat Res, 1978 May, 57(2), 123 - 5 Lack of mutagenicity and putative carcinogenicity of several novel benzopyrene derivatives; Ashwood-Smith MJ et al.; Several novel benzopyrene derivatives with the same gross structure and the same electronic periphery as benzo(a)pyrene, but with some alteration in the complete electronic structure, when tested in the Ame's Salmonella/microsome test (TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98}, were found to lack mutagenicity and, therefore, putative carcinogenicity. Can J Microbiol, 1978 May, 24(5), 600 - 7 Incidence of the H2 group of plasmids in chloramphenicol-sensitive salmonella isolated in 1974 from clinical sources in Ontario; Taylor DE et al.; Chloramphenicol resistance in salmonella obtained from clinical sources in Ontario was previously found to be often mediated by R plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group . In the present study 40 salmonella strains resistant to one or more of kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, or tetracycline but sensitive to chloramphenicol, were investigated to determine if they contained R plasmids . Self-transmissible plasmids were isolated from 17 of the strains, and 7 of those showed the bacteriophage inhibition and thermosensitive mechanism of transfer characteristic of H2 plasmids . Entry exclusion and incompatibility experiments confiremd their classification . The results demonstrate that in this population of salmonella, R plasmids of the H2 group are prevalent . Experiments with plasmid-specific phages indicate that the plasmids of this sample, which are not in the H2 group, do not belong to any of the F, I, N, P, or W incompatibility groups. Can J Microbiol, 1978 May, 24(5), 495 - 501 Biologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides treated with chromium chloride; Snyder SL et al.; Addition of small amounts of chromium chloride to a saline suspension of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPD; Difco) caused a marked reduction in several of the biologic activities of this substance including toxicity, B-cell mitogenicity, plasma colony-stimulating activity (CSA), radioprotective effect, and induction of the dermal Shwartzman reaction . Nevertheless, LPS treated with chromium chloride was found to be at least as effective as untreated LPS in enhancing resistance of B6CBF1 mice to the lethal effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 May, 35(5), 911 - 9 Control of nonspecific staining in the fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of salmonellae in foods; Swaminathan B et al.; A fluorescent antibody conjugate, prepared from the IgG (immunoglobulin G) fraction of Salmonella polyvalent flagellar antiserum, gave better specific staining intensities and significantly lower nonspecific staining than did conjugates prepared from globulin fractions of ammonium sulfate-fractionated Salmonella polyvalent antisera . IgG was purified by affinity chromatography against protein A, a normal cell wall component of Staphylococcus aureus . Affinity chromatography yielded high-purity IgG in a one-step purification procedure . The conjugate prepared from affinity-purified IgG was compared with commercially available fluorescent antibody conjugates for the detection of salmoneallae in retail samplings of meats and poultry and gave better correlations with the cultural method than did the commercial conjugates. Vet Rec, 1978 Apr 15, 102(15), 332 - 6 Salmonella gona infection in sheep; Spence JB et al.; A field outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella agona in sheep and some subsequent experimental work is described . While the field outbreak in pregnant ewes and neonatal lambs caused severe losses the experimental disease in non-pregnant sheep was mild and transient . S agona was not isolated from the carcases of the experimental sheep killed after 28 days post infection but it persisted for 69 days in the faeces of one ewe which was kept alive for three months . Media comparisons indicated that selenite enrichment broths incubated at 43 degrees C and plated on to brilliant green agar gave the most satisfactory cultural results. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Apr, (4), 76 - 80 {Molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes with Salmonella d-flagellin}; Tsarevskii IuP et al.; A study was made of the molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated sheep red blood cells with salmonella d-flagellin, depending on the protein dose, exposure, and temperature of the medium; the role played in this process by physical and chemical mechanisms was ascertained, the latter proving to determine the hemosensitization level . Senstivity of the erythrocytic diagnostic agent to the agglutinating action of the specific serum was maximal with a stable binding by a single red blood cell of about 200 000 flagellin molecules, although the limit of stable binding constituted 340 000 molecules per one red blood cell . On condition of saturation limit of the erythrocyte flagellin should block not over half of the cell surface . The temperature elevation during the diagnostic agent preparation is advantageous in technological respect, since it leads to reduction of flagellin expenditure and increases the sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination tests. Pahlavi Med J, 1978 Apr, 9(2), 193 - 9 Studies on concurrent salmonellosis in dogs and man; Keyhani M; Eight positive Salmonella cultures were obtained from 8 of 314 family dogs in Tehran . Attempts to isolate Salmonella organisms from the owners of the Salmonella infected dogs were successful only in one of eight instances . The Salmonella serotype isolated from the owner was the same as that from his pet dog. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1978 Apr, 72(2), 117 - 21 The role of non-biting flies in the transmission of enteric pathogens (Salmonella species and Shigella species) in Beirut, Lebanon; Bidawid SP et al.; In the summer and early autumn of 1974, flies were trapped in the Beirut districts of Ashraffiyah, Burj, Burj-Hammoud, Quarantine, the New Slaughter House, Ras Beirut, American University Campus, and the suburbs of Chiyah and Mreyjieh . Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina, Phaenicia sericata, Sarcophagidae spp . and Fannia canicularis were identified . The rural areas of Mreyjieh and Chiyah had higher densities of Musca domestica while higher densities of Calliphoridae spp . were found in the Slaughter House, Quarantine and Burj-Hammoud districts . Twenty-nine isolates, ten of Shigella spp . and 19 of Salmonella spp . were obtained from the bacteriological studies of 72 batches of Muscidae spp . and 84 Calliphoridae spp . These results indicate the hyperendemicity of salmonellosis and shigellosis in the areas under study, due to the prevalent poor sanity conditions and high fly infestation . It is suggested that in countries where valid health statistics are not available, bacteriological studies of flies may provide essential epidemiological information. Avian Dis, 1978 Apr-Jun, 22(2), 350 - 3 Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel; Phillips WE Jr et al.; Salmonella houtenae (43:Z4,Z23:-), a biochemically aberrant serotype, was isolated from the liver and air sac of a male cockateel . This serotype is a member of Salmonella subgenus IV, which is dulcitol-negative, salicin-positive, and KCN-positive . To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this serotype from an avian species. J Wildl Dis, 1978 Apr, 14(2), 203 - 7 Frequency and duration of paratyphoid organism shedding by experimentally infected bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus); Pourciau SS et al.; Four-week old bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were experimentally infected with Salmonella urbana, S . infantis, S . newport, S . gaminara, S . braenderup, and S . litchfield . Rates of mortality varied from 0 to 50% . The rate of shedding of paratyphoid organisms varied from 14 to 100% for 18 or more days after infection . The maximum duration of shedding was 53 days by 12% of the quail infected with S . braenderup and the minimum duration was 18 days by 14% of the quail infected with S . litchfield. Am Surg, 1978 Apr, 44(4), 215 - 25 Staging laparotomy and splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease; Lee YT et al.; The major objective of diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease is to define the extent of involvement not detectable by nonoperative means . Fifty patients in this institution had operative staging procedures; six for recurrent disease three to 11 years after initial therapy . Twenty-four patients had nodular sclerosis, 23 mixed cellularity, and three had other types . The clinical stages were advanced in 13 patients and decreased in seven patients . Two patients (both had mixed cellularity and systemic symptoms) had positive wedge biopsy of the liver, whereas direct needle biopsy was negative . Nineteen spleens contained Hodgkin's disease but only three could be palpated on physical examination . About half the patients with abnormal lymphangiograms had positive periaortic nodes; lymphangiogram had a false negative rate of 12% . Additional procedures performed included appendectomy, oophoropexy, and resection of Meckel's diverticulum . There was no mortality and only one case had severe postoperative Salmonella septicemia . Our findings are comparable with those reported in the literature. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Apr, (4), 37 - 41 {Interaction of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes with specific O-antigens and Salmonella haptens}; Tendetnik IuIa et al.; A study was made of the neutralizing properties of antisalmonella antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes in respect to specific O-antigen (Lipopolysaccharide S . anatum) and haptens of salmonellae . In comparison with IgM-antibodies, IgG-antibodies were more stable bound not only with the univalent trisaccharide determinant, but also with the polysaccharide . However, in regard to the lipopolysaccharide complex the neutralizing activity of IgM- and IgG-antibodies was about the same; IgA-antibodies possessed the greatest neutralizing activity with respect to all the antigenic preparations used . The minimal neutralizing dose of the antigen and haptens increased with the reduction of the size of their molecule . A marked heterogeneity of antibodies of each of the immunoglobulin classes by their antigen-neutralizing properties was revealed in individual sera. Avian Dis, 1978 Apr-Jun, 22(2), 273 - 87 Protecting chicks and poults from Salmonellae by oral administration of "normal" gut microflora; Snoeyenbos GH et al.; Resistance of young chicks and poults to salmonella exposure was substantially increased by early oral administration of intestinal contents or feces from selected adult chickens . Protection was secured also by administering anaerobic broth cultures of intestinal microflora from selected donor birds . Protection, was substantial for 63 days, the longest period tested, although it could be overcome by severe exposure . The protective mechanism appears to be a consequence of competitive exclusion of salmonella by "normal" microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Apr, 240(2), 171 - 83 Enterotoxigenicity among salmonellae--a prospective analysis for a surveillance programme; Kuhn H et al.; Gastroenteritis and food poisoning caused by severa