Salmonella

Arthritis Rheum, 1978 Nov-Dec, 21(8), 896 - 903
Mechanisms of cellular interaction with monosodium urate crystals . IgG-dependent and IgG-independent platelet stimulation by urate crystals; Ginsberg MH et al.; Monosodium urate crystals (MSU) stimulate suspensions of washed platelets or neutrophils . When MSU crystals are coated with IgG, as occurs in plasma, stimulation is markedly enhanced . These studies which use MSU-induced human platelet serotonin secretion as a model examine the nature of cellular recognition mechanisms for MSU crystals and IgG-coated MSU crystals . F(ab')2 fragments of specific anti-Fc antibody blocked and the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595 enhanced human platelet secretion induced by IgG-coated urate crystals . These agents had little effect on stimulation by uncoated crystals . This indicated that urate crystals stimulate platelets independently of fluid phase IgG . Urate crystals directly stimulated suspensions of washed rabbit platelets which lack Fc receptors . In contrast to human cells, stimulation was blocked by IgG . This again demonstrated IgG-independent cell stimulation by urate crystals . Calcium pyrophosphate dihyrate crystals could trigger human platelet secretion only when coated with IgG . This suggests that when crystals are coated with IgG, the surface-bound IgG alone may be the stimulus to the cell . This was supported by the finding that polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide, a hydrogen acceptor, blocked human platelet stimulation by uncoated, but not IgG-coated, urate crystals . These data indicate that urate crystals (and potentially other surface or particles) can stimulate a mediator cell by at least two mechanisms: by direct stimulation without the mediation of adsorbed IgG or, when coated with IgG, by triggering the cell via immunoglobulin receptors.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Nov, 242(2), 194 - 205
Observations on morphological, cultural and biochemical changes concomitant with chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B; Shaikh DB; It is possible to induce chloramphenicol-resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B in vitro and to isolate mutants with different levels of resistance by different techniques . The resistance is invariably accompanied by definite changes in the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties . The degree of resistance and the conditions of isolation seem to influence the biological properties of the mutants . The higher the level of resistance, the greater will be the diversion from the normal.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Nov, 27(6), 1128 - 32
Giardiasis in American travelers to Madeira Island, Portugal; Lopez CE et al.; A high incidence of diarrhea was reported in a group of approximately 1,400 Americans who traveled to the Portuguese island of Madeira in October 1976 . A mail questionnaire survey revealed that 39% of the responding 859 travelers experienced diarrhea; in 42% of these diarrhea lasted for longer than 1 week . The most frequent accompanying symptoms were abdominal cramps (75%), abdominal distention (72%), nausea (70%), and weight loss (40%) . Of all travelers surveyed, 33% developed an illness resembling giardiasis with a median incubation period of 4 days . Of 35 ill patients who had a stool culture, enteric pathogens were recovered from 4 (3 Shigella and 1 Salmonella) . On the other hand, of 58 ill patients whose stools were examined for parasites, Giardia lamblia was recovered from 27 (47%) . Analysis of the epidemiologic data showed that drinking tap-water on the island was significantly associated with illness; eating ice cream or raw vegetables on the island was also implicated . There was no evidence of continuing transmission of giardiasis in American tourists visiting Madeira 8--12 months after the outbreak.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Nov 1, 103(21), 1174 - 9
{Salmonella in scrapings from meat vans (author's transl)}; Smit MP et al.; Throughout a period of thirteen years (from 1965 to 1977 inclusive), samples of scrapings from meat vans were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella . Samples were collected from the vans on the precincts of the public slaughter-house in Groningen . Of the total number of 6,751 samples studied, 213 (3.16 per cent) were positive for the presence of Salmonella . During the period from 1965 to 1970, the proportions of contaminated samples gradually decreased from 4.85 to 1.11 per cent, whereas it increased again up to 6.33 per cent in 1976 . There was a limited seasonal effect on contamination of the scrapings with Salmonella, the highest rates of contamination being recorded during the period from May to October inclusive (warm and humid season) . The serotypes most frequently isolated on examination were S . typhi-murium, S . brandenburg and S . panama . These serotypes were also constantly found to be present in other material such as samples of minced meat and scrapings from slaughter-house and butcher's shops . It is concluded that contaminated meat vans are a factor in maintaining cycles of contamination by Salmonella organisms in a rather large area.

Poult Sci, 1978 Nov, 57(6), 1546 - 9
Antibacterial properties of sodium nalidixate against avian Salmonellae in liquid and on solid media; Williams JE et al.; The in vitro inhibitory effect of sodium nalidixate (NaNA) for 206 avian salmonella cultures of varying serotypes was established in both liquid and on solid media . Salmonella cultures were much more resistant to the lethal effects of NaNA in veal infusion broth than on a solid medium such as MacConkey agar . The inhibitory effects of NaNA varied in liquid media, depending on the nutritive support afforded by the medium . Growth-suppressive effects were enhanced by less nutritive media . Reasons are suggested as to the possible differences in the inhibitory effect of NaNA on avian salmonella cultures grown in liquid and on solid media.

Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 231 - 9
Comparative mutagenesis of plant flavonoids in microbial systems; Hardigree AA et al.; The plant flavonoids quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), myricetin (3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexahydroxyflavone), myricitrin (myricetin-3-rhamnoside), hesperetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone), quercitrin (quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosylglucoside or quercetin-3-rutinoside), and hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rutinoside) have been assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal activation system . Quercetin, morin, kaempferol, fisetin, myricetin, quercitrin and rutin were mutagenic in the histidine reversion system with the frameshift strain TA98 . The flavonols quercetin and myricetin are mutagenic without metabolic activation, although more effective when a rat liver microsomal preparation (S-9) is included; all others require metabolic activation . Flavonoids are common constituents of higher plants, with extensive medical uses . In addition to pure compounds, we have examined crude extracts of tobacco (snuff) and extracts from commonly available nutritional supplements containing rutin . Mutagenic activity can be detected and is correlated with the flavonoid content.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1978 Nov-Dec, 2(2), 571 - 8
Effects of N-nitrosodiethylamine on murine hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities; Tucker AN et al.; Administration of N-nitrosodiethylamine (diethylnitrosamine, DEN) to mice caused a loss of cytochrome P-450 and a corresponding depression in the activities of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase . Maximum effects were achieved 24 hr . after a single dose of 100 mg/kg . In chronic experiments, similar effects were achieved after animals had been drinking water containing 50 ppm of DEN for 12 weeks . The effects of DEN on aminopyrine demethylase could not be reproduced by collecting microsomes, from homogenates which had been treated with DEN in vitro . Homogenates prepared from livers of mice treated chronically with DEN were used to activate compounds to mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test of Ames . Activation by these homogenates was not lower than activation by homogenates prepared from control animals . In fact, activation of aflatoxin B1 was enhanced by use of homogenates from DEN-treated animals as source of activating enzymes.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1978 Nov-Dec, 2(2), 313 - 24
Mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum; Stark AA et al.; Twelve mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Penicillium rugulosum in solid-state fermentation on grains were purified and tested for mutagenicity and antibacterial activity in Salmonella/mammalian microsome assays . The mutations studied were reversions of histidine auxotrophs to prototrophy in strains TA98 and TA100 and forward mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance (8AGR) in strain TM677 . Rubroskyrin, (+)rugulosin, lumiluteoskyrin {a photoproduct of (-)luteoskyrin}, and simatoxin {a new water-soluble metabolite of unknown structure} induced 8AGR mutations in strain TM677 but not histidine reversions in strains TA98 and TA100 . Mutagenic potency was reduced by rat-liver microsomes . The carcinogens (-)luteoskyrin and cyclochlorotine were antibacterial but not mutagenic . (+)Rugulosin, rubroskyrin, lumiluteoskyrin, and high concentrations of simotoxin were also antibacterial . Antibacterial activity but not mutagenicity was observed with pibasterol and skyrin . Chrysophanol, islandicin, iridoskyrin, and emodin were inactive as mutagens or as antibacterial agents.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Nov, 242(1), 42 - 51
{Incidence of intestinal disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)}; Bockemuhl J et al.; Enteropathogenic bacteria have been identified in 413 of 7054 patients (5.9%) with intestinal disease who were examined at the Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wurzburg (South Germany), during the period November 1975 to November 1977 . Salmonella was most frequently isolated (304 cases = 4.3%), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (102 cases = 1.5%) . Cases of shigellosis (7 cases) or infections with so-called enteropathogenic serogroups of Escherichia coli (20 cases) were rarely observed . Disease due to Yersinia enterocolitica occurred in 57 male and 45 female patients . Sixty-two patients were children of less than 15 years; among them, the age-group of 1 to 3 years (31 cases) was most frequently attacked . -Mild to severe enteritis was prevalent in 84 cases . Thirteen patients developed pseudo-appendicitis or abdominal cramps without diarrhea, three of whom had appendectomies . One female patient suffered from mild diarrhea followed by fever and arthritis; in three other subjects intestinal symptoms were lacking . In the two years' period the highest incidence of salmonellosis was observed during August to October . On the other hand, most Yersinia cases occurred during September to December . At the end of the year (December 1976 and November 1977, respectively) Yersinia enterocolitica became the most important agent of bacterial enteritis . The results are discussed in view of the current Federal German Public Health Regulations.

Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 259 - 62
Mutagenic effects of thioacetamide in Drosophila melanogaster; Magnusson J et al.; Thioacetamide, which is carcinogenic in mice and rats, has been reported as negative in Ames's test on Salmonella his- with and without liver microsomal fraction (S 9 mix) . Tests on Drosophila reported here showed a significant increase in sex-linked recessive lethals after treatment with thioacetamide, both after injection and after feeding of males.

Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 143 - 50
Mutagenicity of benzotrichloride and related compounds; Yasuo K et al.; Benzotrichloride (BTC), benzal chloride (BDC), benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOC) were surveyed for their mutagenicity in microbial systems such as rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis and reversion assays using E . coli WP2 and Ames Salmonella TA strains with or without metabolic activation in vitro . BTC and BDC required metabolic activation for their mutagenic activities in several strains of E . coli and Salmonella . The mutagenic metabolites of these compounds may not have been produced by hydrolysis . BC was weakly mutagenic without metabolic activation . Only BOC exhibited no mutagenic activity in the detection procedures used . The mutagenic metabolite of BTC might be very unstable under our experimental conditions . The strain E . coli WP2 try hcr was more sensitive than E . coli B/r WP2 try (hcr+) with regard to the mutagenicity of BTC.

Mutat Res, 1978 Nov, 58(2-3), 125 - 32
Azo reduction of trypan blue to a known carcinogen by a cell-free extract of a human intestinal anaerobe; Hartman CP et al.; The azo reductase activity of a cell-free extract of Fusobacterium sp . 2 is characterized using trypan blue as a substrate . Either chemical reduction of this dye with sodium hydrosulfite or reduction by the cell-free extract produces a mutagenic product, o-tolidine . The o-tolidine is mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test when activated by a rat liver S9 preparation.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Nov, 36(5), 710 - 4
Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: dry-heat destruction kinetics; Tsuji K et al.; Dry-heat destruction kinetics of lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Salmonella typhosa at 170 to 250 degrees C are described . The destruction rate seems to follow the second order and can be linearized by the equation, log y = a + b . -10cx . Because c is the slope, 1/c = D3 . Both a and b are constant at a given temperature and are linear functions of temperature . The D(3)170, D(3)190, D(3)210, D(3)230, and D(3)250 values for E . coli lipopolysaccharide are 251, 99.4, 33.3, 12.3, and 4.99 min, respectively, with a z value of 46.4 min . The D values for lipopolysaccharides from S . marcescens and S . typhosa are not significantly different from those from E . coli lipopolysaccharide.

Genetika, 1978 Nov, 14(11), 2037 - 42
{Genetic limitations of erythrocyte lysis by bacteria of the genus Salmonella}; Rumiantsev SN et al.; Lytic effect of Salmonella bacteria on the erythrocates of 1301 humans (including 150 twins), 1059 hens, 600 mice, 33 guinea pigs, 47 rabbits, 22 horses, 16 sheeps, 7 dogs, 2 cats and 2 monkeys was investigated . Erythrocytes of all horses, guinea pigs and rabbits tested appeared to be sensible . The same cells of humans, sheeps, hens, dogs, monkeys and cats turned to be either sensible, or stable . Human erythrocytes were the most stable . Erythrocytes of humans having had typhus or other Salmonella infections appeared to be more sensible . Homozygous twins developed complete two by two concordance of the sign of sensibility in all details investigated . Relation of erythrocytes to Salmonella hemolysins was not influences with time and specific immunization, did not correlate with blood groups and factors ABO, MN, P and rhesis systems, with age, sex and nationality of people tested . It also did not correlate with the presence of anti-salmonella agglutinins, with different osmotic and acid stability of erythrocytes . The display of hemolytic activity of Salmonella is limited by genetically predestinated species and individual properties of erythrocytes.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1978 Oct 20, 165(3), 191 - 201
Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial flagellin as assessed by leucocyte adherence inhibition; Aaskov JG et al.; Leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) was used to detect cell-mediated immunity of mice to Salmonella adelaide polymeric flagellin and its monomeric derivative . In the direct LAI technique, antigen inhibited the in vitro adherence to glass of peritoneal cells (PC) from antigen-primed mice which were capable of exhibiting in vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigen . In the indirect technique, primed PC exposed to antigen in vitro released a soluble factor, which inhibited the adherence of normal PC . Production of the factor was prevented by prior treatment of primed PC with anti-theta serum, indicating the participation of T-lymphocytes . The LAI reaction could be blocked by serum from mice which had been re-injected with antigen 72 h after a priming injection . Features of the production and biological properties of serum blocking activity suggest that it may be attributed to antigen-antibody complexes.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1978 Oct 16, 287(9), 891 - 4
{Short term tests of carcinogenesis . Evaluation, predictive values, and diverse strategies}; Bedouelle H et al.; The concepts of validation, evaluation and predictive values of short term tests for carcinogenicity are rigorously defined . The relationships between the parameters measuring these concepts are established . This allows and estimation of the practical efficiency of Ames Salmonella test (1) . A new strategy for the evaluation of tests is proposed.

Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol, 1978 Oct 16, 28(3), 187 - 202
Site of initiation of the plasma cell reaction in the rabbit lymph node . Ultrastructural evidence for two distinct antibody forming cell precursors; Veldman JE et al.; Two times sublethal total body-X-irradiation with weekly local thymus irradiation established a T-cell deprived experimental model in rabbits . Humoral immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes have been analyzed histologically and at the submicroscopical level after challenge with Salmonella Java vaccine, horse spleen ferritin, horse-gamma-globulin, a chemical sensitizer oxazolone (2 phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone) and after skin allografting respectively . The time sequence studies in these animals with an 'isolated B-cell system' are compared with similar experiments in normal non-irradiated rabbits . The site of initiation of the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent plasma cell response is established in the lymph node . The (ultra)structural features of the antibody forming (-B-)cell precursors, the marginal zone cells, are described and discussed . The differentiating off-spring of two (sub)microscopically recognizable plasma cell lines is presented.

Br J Cancer, 1978 Oct, 38(4), 521 - 9
Thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl: evaluation in vitro; Ashby J et al.; A biologically active molecule with one or more aromatic rings often retains its activity when one of these rings is replaced by an isosteric and/or isoelectronic aromatic ring . Consideration has been given to whether this effect can be expected to apply to aromatic organic carcinogens . The literature relevant to this topic has been reviewed and the thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl have been synthesized and evaluated for potential carcinogenicity . The compounds prepared were 5-p-acetamidophenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIII), 5-phenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIV), N-(5-p-acetamido-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide (XV) and N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (XVI) (see Chart for structures) . Each compound was evaluated in the Salmonella reverse-mutation assay of Ames and the cell-transformation assay of Styles . The activity profiles observed for these compounds in vitro were consistent with their known chemistry, and indicate potential carcinogenicity . However, their overall chemical and biological behaviour casts doubt upon whether they would be capable of eliciting tumours in vivo . Because it is important to establish the degree of reliance which can be placed upon in vitro predictions of potential carcinogenicity generated for structurally new compounds, one of the thiophene derivatives, N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide ((XVI), is currently being evaluated for carcinogenicity in mice.

J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Oct, 8(4), 360 - 8
Assessment of availability and efficacy of commercial Salmonella grouping antisera; Evins GM et al.; Salmonella somatic antisera for groups A to E were purchased from four commercial producers directly by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and indirectly through two hospitals . CDC specifications and methods were used to evaluate antisera shipped directly to CDC . To assess the performance of the products under simulated user conditions, we used the commercial antisera purchased indirectly through the hospitals to group coded cultures . Of the 23 antisera ordered by CDC and the hospitals, the CDC received all 23, a large medical complex received 20, and a private hospital received 9 . Similar results were obtained with producer and CDC test methods . Forty-five different lots of antisera were evaluated, of which 20% did not meet CDC specifications . The CDC specifications and latest revisions are discussed.

J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Oct, 81(2), 303 - 9
Contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis; Koplan JP et al.; Roof-collected rainwater is a common water source in subtropical regions and has not been associated with human illness . In Trinidad, the West Indies, a church group, attending a rural camp, developed gastrointestinal illness, caused by Salmonella arechevalata . This rare serotype was isolated from stool specimens of campers, foods eaten at the camp, and a water tap, which was supplied by a storage tank of roof-collected rainwater . The surface of the roof, used as water catchment, was covered with bird faeces . It is postulated that rainwater, falling on the roof, washed off animal excrement which contained S . arechevalata and led to the outbreak of salmonellosis through camper ingestion of contaminated food and water.

Can J Comp Med, 1978 Oct, 42(4), 400 - 6
Salmonella investigation in an Ontario feed mill; Hacking WC et al.; The frequency of Salmonella contamination of feedstuffs and finished broiler chicken feeds at an Ontario feed mill were investigated over a four-month period . Samples of feed ingredients and finished pelleted feeds were collected at various points during manufacture and cultured in trypticase soy broth prior to selective enrichment for isolation of Salmonella . Salmonella contamination was found in 4.3% of 93 finished pelleted broiler feeds examined . The contamination appeared to result primarily from the incorporation of contaminated animal protein ingredients into the feed . Meatmeal and the broiler, premix, which contained meatmeal as a filler, were most frequently contaminated followed by feather meal . Pelleting failed to eliminate the Salmonellae from the feeds . The methods used failed to detect Salmonella in the environment of the feed mill or its delivery trucks . Recommendations for control are made.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Oct, 241(4), 407 - 17
Detection of conjugative R plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic and feral pigeons and crows; Sato G et al.; A total of 87 domestic pigeons of 2 lots and 184 feral pigeons of 15 lots were examined from 1975 to 1977 for the presence of drug-resistant (especially chloramphenicol resistant) Escherichia coli . 20 (23.0%) of the domestic pigeons of the 2 lots, and 39 (21.2%) of the feral pigeons of 5 lots (33,3%) showed resistant E . coli . Usage of selective media containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin or tetracycline resulted in the increase in isolation frequency of resistant E . coli excepting one lot of domestic pigeons in which isolation of chloramphenicol resistant E . coli was very frequent without selection by the drug . Among a total of 106 resistant E . coli isolates from pigeons, 64 (60.4%) were multiply resistant and 58 of the 64 isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol . 58 (90.6%) of the multiply resistant E . coli carried conjugative R plasmids, including 13 thermosensitive R plasmids . 8 (19.0%) of 42 singly resistant E . coli isolates had conjugative R plasmids . 10 crows of 2 lots were examined similarly . Half of them had resistant E . coli . 15 (78.9%) of a total of 19 resistant E . coli isolates were multiply resistant . Of the 15 multiply resistant E . coli isolates, 5, from 2 Japanese jungle crows, were resistant to chloramphenicol . 11 (73.3%) of the 15 multiply resistant isolates carried conjugative R plasmids, including one thermosensitive R plasmid . Difference of drug resistance status between Salmonella and E . coli isolated from pigeons was discussed.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1978 Oct, 86C(5), 237 - 44
Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens: characterization of the antibody response to Tyvelose 1 leads to 3 alpha mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin representative of Salmonella 0-antigen 9; Carlsson HE et al.; Immunization of rabbits with the synthetic disaccharide-protein conjugate, tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose 1 leads to bovine serum albumin (TM-BSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant, gave rise to antibodies directed against both the disaccharide hapten and the carrier protein . The hapten antibodies were specific for O-antigen 9 of Salmonella and were superior in terms of specificity to conventional O factor 9 antibodies, as judged by passive haemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . A complement dependent bactericidal assay demonstrated that the TM-BSA antibodies had bacteriolytic activity also directed against the O-antigen 9 Salmonella . The high specificity was evident in both the IgG and IgM antibody classes . In the bactericidal assay the IgM antibodies were more active than antibodies of the IgG class . The results suggested that IgG antibodies in hyperimmune serum blocked the complement dependent bactericidal activity of IgM antibodies.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1978 Oct, 86B(5), 283 - 90
Identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination, using antibodies against synthetic disaccharide-protein antigens O2, O4 and O9, adsorbed to protein A-containing staphylococci; Svenungsson B et al.; Protein A-containing staphylococci sensitized with antisera against synthetic Salmonella O-antigens 2, 4 and 9, representative of serogroups A, B and D, respectively, were used for identification of Salmonella bacteria by co-agglutination . Out of 416 Salmonella bacteria tested the reagents correctly identified all 24 serogroup A strains, 119 serogroup B strains and 39 serogroup D strains . Unexpected agglutination was registered with two of 144 strains belonging to serogroup C 2 with reagent containing antiserum against synthetic O antigen 4 . No agglutination occurred when 24 non-Salmonella bacterial strains were tested . Approximately 10(8)bacteria were required for positive co-agglutination . As compared to standard slide agglutination with conventional anti-Salmonella O factor sera, the co-agglutination metod was favourable in that the reactions were stronger, although the concentration of antiserum used was from 20 to 200 times lower . The co-agglutination method could also be used for detection of soluble antigens in the form of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella bacteria in concentrations of 1 microgram/ml . When the sensitivity of the co-agglutination technique was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), the IFL method was shown to be at least 1000 times more sensitive.

Cancer Lett, 1978 Oct, 5(4), 199 - 204
The need for a mammalian test system for mutagens: action of some reducing agents; Stich HF et al.; Reducing agents and cysteine, cysteamine, glutathione, ascorbic acid and H2O2 with and without the addition of Cu2+ did not increase significantly the frequency of mutations in the Salmonella test at non-toxic concentrations but triggered a marked DNA repair synthesis and induced a relatively high frequency of chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells . Both latter effects were reduced by the addition of catalase to solutions of the reducing agents plus Cu2+ . To avoid 'False Negatives' in mutagenicity screening the use of several test subjects including mammalian cells seems to be required.

Infect Immun, 1978 Oct, 22(1), 195 - 9
Immunogenicity of gonococcal Gc2 polysaccharide: comparative studies with pneumococcal type III polysaccharide and Salmonella typhosa Vi antigen; Breen JF et al.; A plaque assay technique was used to assess the immunogenicity of a gonococcal cell wall polysaccharide (Gc2 antigen) in BALB/c mice . The Gc2 antigen was shown to be immunogenic, and the kinetics of the response differed from that of a pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) and a polysaccharide antigen of Salmonella typhosa (Vi antigen) . In addition, using antithymocyte sera, the T-lymphocyte dependency of these antigens was investigated . The immune response to the Gc2 antigen was demonstrated to be dependent on a population of helper T cells, whereas the response to SSS-III appears to be regulated by suppressor T cells . There appears to be marked differences in the immune response of mice to different bacterial polysaccharides.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Sep 15, 103(18), 948 - 55
{Studies on the possibility of producing broilers free from Salmonella (author's transl)}; Notermans S et al.; The results of the present study show that the only method by which broilers could be reared free from Salmonella would be to adopt a number of radical measures at the same time . These measures include the production of Salmonella-free one-day chicks, decontaminating the feed, thorough cleansing and decontamination of the houses and preventing the introduction of Salmonella from the environment . Adopting separate measures was found to have a very slight effect.

Vet Rec, 1978 Sep 9, 103(11), 233 - 7
Treatment of experimental calf salmonellosis with amoxycillin; Osborne AD et al.; Treatment of experimental Salmonella dublin infection in the calf with amoxycillin is described . In most animals a rapid response occurred when the drug was administered by the parenteral route . Results were moderately good when the oral route was used in calves fed solely on a milk replacer diet . In calves consuming hay and concentrates oral administration was much less efficient.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Sep 8, 164(3), 331 - 4
Ant-mediated transactivation of early genes in Salmonella prophage P22 by superinfecting virulent P22 mutants; Prell HH; The virulent mutants P22 virB vy and P22 vy mutants, both insensitive to mnt-repressor, transactivate the early genes of a P22 prophage . The transactivation of early P22 prophage genes depends strictly on the expression of gene ant ("antirepressor"-protein) by the superinfecting P22 mutant and therefore occurs by derepression.

Ann Sclavo, 1978 Sep-Oct, 20(5), 753 - 62
{Sensitivity in vitro of 61 strains of Salmonella to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to cephalosporins}; Boemi G et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of 61 strains of Salmonella from pathological specimens was tested by an agar dilution technique to four aminoglycoside and to seven cephalosporin antibiotics . Aminoglycosides were effective against these isolates . Ten strains of Salmonella wien were found resistant to cephapirine, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, but susceptible to cepharidine and expecially to cefuroxim.

Infect Immun, 1978 Sep, 21(3), 721 - 8
Parameters affecting the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of immunoglobulin G antibody to a rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota; Bruins SC et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies against purified lipopolysaccharide of the rough Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota . The time necessary for each step was investigated, and this resulted in a test that could be completed in 1 working day . Serial dilutions of rabbit sera drawn throughout immunization with the Re mutant revealed an elimination of the prozone effect upon prolonged immunization . We interpret this to demonstrate an increase in immunoglobulin G affinity for the lipopolysaccharide on prolonged immunization . We propose that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay prozone effect be investigated for use as a measure of antibody affinity.

Exp Hematol, 1978 Sep, 6(8), 688 - 93
Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on proliferation of CFU-S; Vos O; Multiple injections of S . typhosa LPS increased the number of CFU-S in the spleen 20-50 fold and decreased the number in the femur to one half or less . LPS injections did not affect the growth rates of CFU-S in the spleen or femur of lethally irradiated mice . The plateau levels which were attained in these mice after proliferation, corresponded with the levels in LPS-treated non-irradiated mice . Local irradiation of the spleen with 3000 rad hardly affected the capacity of the spleen to accommodate the increased CFU-S numbers after LPS injection . These results suggest that irradiation resistant microenvironmental factors in the spleen determine the CFU-S accumulation in this organ after injection of Salmonella typhosa LPS . The increased number of CFU-S in the blood after LPS injection was maintained in splenectomized mice as well as in mice which received a local splenic x-irradiation with 3000 rad, indicating that this rise of blood CFU-S numbers is independent of the spleen.

Cell, 1978 Sep, 15(1), 237 - 44
Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion; Zieg J et al.; A site-specific inversion event is responsible for phase transition in Salmonella, as indicated by heteroduplex analysis of recombinant molecules carrying the gene coding for H2 flagellin in Salmonella . The inversion region corresponds to approximately 800 base pairs in length, and the inversion process does not appear to be dependent upon the E . coli RecA recombination pathway . Specific deletion derivatives of the cloned fragments no longer produce H2-specific flagella, effectively mapping the H2 gene within about 300 bp of the inversion region . Recombinant products of the hybrid molecules arose spontaneously, and they were used in the mapping of restriction sites within the inversion region . The restriction maps further demonstrate the extent and nature of the inversion.

J Pharm Sci, 1978 Sep, 67(9), 1323 - 5
Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides; Bachman GL et al.; Twenty aromatic alcohols and thiols were derivatized by reaction with 3-chloro-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide . The resulting 3-substituted 1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhosa, and Aspergillus niger, and their activities were compared with the activities of the precursors.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1978 Sep-Nov, 4(5-6), 919 - 38
Residue organic mixtures from drinking water show in vitro mutagenic and transforming activity; Loper JC et al.; Indications of possible health effects of residue organics in drinking water have been sought using short-term tests of mutagenic and transforming activity . Ten percent or less of the total organic material in drinking water has been identified; the remainder is believed to include thousands of unknown nonvolatile compounds . Residual organics were concentrated from drinking water from representative U.S . cities by reverse osmosis followed by liquid-liquid extraction {yielding the reverse osmosis concentrate-organic extract (ROC-OE) fraction} and sorption-desorption on XAD-2 resin . Samples of these residue organics were provided by the Environmental Protection Agency for bioassay . They were examined for mutagenic activity by using Salmonella tester strains (primarily TA98 and TA100) and for transforming activity by using mouse fibroblasts (BALB/3T3 clone 1-13) . City-specific patterns of dose-dependent bacterial mutagenesis and of bacterial toxicity were observed for these samples and for subfractions generated by sequential extractions with hexane, ethyl ether, and acetone . Mutagenic effects were essentially independent of a microsome activation system prepared from liver of Aroclor 1254-induced rats . On the basis of strain-specific effects in mutagenesis and differential distributions of mutagenic activity during liquid-liquid extraction, at least some of the active compounds are thought to be acidic, frameshift mutagens . The ROC-OE fraction of a New Orleans sample transformed BALB/3T3 cells in replicate experiments . By comparison with the bacterial mutagenesis data, cell transformation is a relatively sensitive method for detecting possible mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in this sample . The appropriateness of these systems for the assay of complex mixtures and the degree to which reverse osmosis concentrates contain the unaltered organic compounds in the original samples are discussed.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1978 Sep, 61(5), 1043 - 9
Comparative accuracy of five biochemical systems for identifying Salmonella and related foodborne bacteria: collaborative study; Poelma PL et al.; The comparative accuracy of 4 biochemical diagnostic kits (API, Enterotube, Minitek, and Pathotec) and the conventional (AOAC) tube system for identifying primarily Salmonella and other enteric isolates was collaboratively studied . Each of 11 participating analysts received 40 foodborne isolates (25 Salmonella and 15 non-Salmonella cultures), representing a total of 440 cultures examined by each identification system . In decreasing order of accuracy, the overall number of correctly identified cultures with each of the systems was as follows: AOAC, 423 (96.1%), Minitek, 403 (91.6%), Enterotube, 395 (89.8%), API, 394 (89.5%), and Pathotec, 373 (84.8%) . A cost analysis showed that all 4 diagnostic kit systems were less expensive than the conventional AOAC tube system for a single culture identification . Three of the diagnostic kits have been adopted as official first action as alternatives to the AOAC biochemical tube system for presumptive generic identification of foodborne Salmonella and for screening and eliminating non-Salmonella isolates . Routine incorporation of any one of the 3 diagnostic kits, however, should be preceded by the demonstration in the analyst's own laboratory of adequate correlation between the kit and the AOAC system.

J Reprod Fertil, 1978 Sep, 54(1), 205 - 7
Endotoxin-induced interruption of early pregnancy in the rabbit; Valenzuela G et al.; Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis (Boivin) completely interrupted pregnancy in the rabbit when given as a single dose (10 or 20 microgram/kg) intravenously on Day 4 or Day 8 of pregnancy . Indomethacin (2 or 10 mg/kg) was unable to prevent this effect.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Sep 1, 103(17), 889 - 93
{A semi-solid enrichment medium in the isolation of Salmonella from minced meat (author's transl)}; de Blaauw LH et al.; A semi-solid enrichment medium as described by Chau and Huang (4) was modified and tested for suitability to isolate Salmonella from minced meat . The technique was found to be more rapid (averaging one day) as well as more sensitive than the usual technique with tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth incubated at 43% C (2.2 per cent more isolations).

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1978 Sep-Oct, 33(9-10), 783 - 5
The mutagenicity of dichloroacetaldehyde; Lofroth G; Dichloroacetaldehyde, a presumed metabolite of the insecticides dichlorvos and trichlorphon, is mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome test . Its mutagenic potency is higher than that of the established mutagen dichlorvos . It is possible that the bacterial mutagenicity test only or mainly detects the effect of methylation by dichlorvos.

Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1978 Sep, 21(3), 485 - 96
Comparative mutagenicity and toxic effects of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its metabolites in bacterial and mammalian test systems; Hsia MT et al.; The possible toxicological properties of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB-OH), and 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3,4-oxide (TCB-oxide) were evaluated in three bioassay systems . Incubation of rat hepatocyte plasma membranes with 50 microgram/ml of TCB-OH decreased the activity of Mg2+-ATPase by approximately 90%, whereas approximately half of the enzyme activity remained after the TCB or TCB-oxide treatment . All three compounds were found to be inactive in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . Only TCB-OH possessed potent cytotoxic activity against all four S . tymphimurium strains tested . It affects the viability of TA 1537 by as much as 40% even at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml . These data suggest the potential toxicological significance of metabolic activation by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1978 Sep, 9(3), 433 - 9
Enteric infections in Singapore with special reference to typhoid; Goh KT; A review of the epidemiological features of the more important enteric infections in Singapore was given . Enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), Salmonella gastroenteritis and Shigellosis remained endemic at a rather constant level in spite of vast improvement in environmental sanitation, but amoebic dysentery showed marked decline . Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important cause of food poisoning since it was first reported in 1973 . El tor cholera is believed to be introduced through regional trade and travel . Control measures directed mainly at typhoid include detection of typhoid carriers in the community responsible for transmission of infection, control and licensing of public food handlers and health education.

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 1978 Sep, 2(2), 173 - 98
Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction; Loose LD et al.; Antibody formation, endotoxin sensitivity, and resistance to a challenge malarial infection were evaluated in mice fed a diet containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Aroclor 1242) or hexachlorobenzene (HCB) . Antibody synthesis to the antigen sheep RBC (SRBC) was significantly depressed in the PCB- and HCB-treated (167 ppm) animals as evidenced by the fact that control mice elicited an approximate twofold increase in antibody formation over the chemical-treated mice . Serum IgA concentrations in the PCB- and HCB-treated mice were consistently 40--80 mg/dl lower than control values . Gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) sensitivity in PCB- and HCB-treated mice was increased 5.2- and 32-fold, respectively, following the dietary administration of 167 ppm of Aroclor 1242 or HCB for 6 weeks . An endotoxin hypersusceptibility was also noted at 3 weeks after dietary administration . Decreased resistance to a malaria challenge was also demonstrated in the xenobiotic-treated mice . A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed Aroclor 1242 for 3 to 6 weeks and inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (NYU-2) was observed . Infected mice which had received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested reductions in mean survival time of 24 and 31%, respectively . The data indicated that environmental chemical contaminants impair host resistance and, since no concomitant histopathological alterations were observed in the treated mice, the evaluation of immune parameters may possibly be a sensitive indicator of toxicity.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Sep, 27(5), 919 - 23
Renal amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome in two patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and chronic salmonellosis; Strausbaugh LJ et al.; This report describes two Egyptian patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and concurrent infections with Schistosoma mansoni and Salmonella paratyphi A . Unlike similar cases previously reported from this unit, these patients did not respond to antimicrobial and antischistosomal therapy, and their renal biopsies demonstrated amyloidosis . These two case reports and several experimental observations suggest that chronic schistosomiasis and salmonellosis may lead to secondary amyloidosis in susceptible individuals.

Immunology, 1978 Sep, 35(3), 549 - 58
Marmoset species variation in the humoral antibody response: in vivo and in vitro studies; Gengozian N et al.; A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibody response capabilities of two marmoset species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus oedipus oedipus, revealed the former to be superior in elaborating humoral antibody . In vivo challenges with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella typhi flagella consistently yielded higher antibody titres in S . fuscicollis; indeed, with LPS antigen, multiple inoculations of S.o . oedipus marmosets led ultimately to a decrease in antibody formation, in contrast to the anamnestic response of S . fuscicollis . This species differential in immune competence was also suggested in the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and spleen cells with sheep red blood cells (RBC) . None of 55 S.o . oedipus PBL cultures and 49 of 89 (55%) S . fuscicollis cultures responded to the test antigen . A similar differential in response to sheep RBC was noted with the spleen cells of each species, although this report contrasts the antibody-forming potential of two marmoset species, a comparison of the immunological response profile of marmosets to those of other laboratory animals challenged with similar antigens suggests these primates may be relatively incompetent . The possible relationship between the haemopoietic chimerism of marmosets and a diminished immune competence is discussed.

Mutat Res, 1978 Sep, 58(1), 41 - 9
Bleomycin-induced mutation and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Moore CW; Clinical preparations of bleomycins (BM) were tested for their recombinogenicity and mutagenicity at relatively high survival levels in the simple eucaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae . More than a dozen test loci or genetic intervals were assayed for bleomycin-induced mutation or recombination . Treatments of stationary phase diploid yeast routinely results in 25--75% inactivation . The antibiotic was mildly to very highly recombinogenic and mutagenic, with one exception . The amount of bleomycin-induced mutation, gene conversion or crossing-over depended upon the particular genetic markers assayed . The drug was also potently recombinogenic in yeast cells growing in the presence of BM . These results contrast with the finding that this antitumor agent was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; possible explanation of this difference are given.

Mol Cell Biochem, 1978 Aug 16, 20(3), 131 - 47
Ribonucleic acid in the immune response; Mitsuhashi S et al.; In the studies of experimental salmonellosis, immunization of mice with a live vaccine SER of S . enteritidis was found to be effective against further infection with virulent S . enteritidis 116--54 . Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue or liver of immunized mice inhibited intracellular growth of bacteria and resisted cell degeneration caused by engulfment of virulent 116--54 bacteria . This immunity was called cellular immunity . We discovered by chance in 1961 a transfer agent of immunity (TA) from the culture fluid of immunized macrophages . This agent is RNA in nature and can be extracted from the spleen, peritoneal exudate cells or the lymph node of immunized animals and is called immune (i) RNA . We could demonstrate antibody activity in macrophages treated in vitro or in vivo with iRNA by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique . Cellulr immunity against tumor cells could be transferred in vitro or in vivo to lymphocytes through iRNA prepared from the spleen cells of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic animals immunized with the tumor cells . We prepared iRNA against antigens capable of inducing humoral antibody production in animals, i.e., RBCs, bacterial toxin, bacterial flagella and hapten-protein conjugates . Serum antibody was not demonstrated in recipient animals of iRNA's by single or repeated injections of these agents . However, in these animals an increase in the number of specific antibody-carrying cells was found as rosette-formers . It was found further that prior injection of iRNA could induce immunologic memory and produced a high titer of humoral antibody after a boosting stimulation with a small dose of the corresponding antigen . The required interval between the first iRNA and the second antigenic stimulation, and the minimal effective doses of iRNA and antigen are described . We studied the interaction of iRNA with either T- or B-cells and with both cells using adoptive transfer system, athymic nude mice and neonatally thymectomized (NT) mice . Immune rna's against T-dependent and T-independent antigens could not induce the proliferation of antibody-carrying cells in cyclophosphamide-treated (B-cell depleted) mice . But these agents could induce the proliferation of rosette-formers, implying that iRNA's can replace some role of T-cells even against T dependent antigens . B-cells can be directly activated by treatment with iRNA against both T-dependent and T-independnet antigens, and they differentiated into rosette-formers . Passive transfers of iRNA were successful in establishing immunity against infection with S . enteritidis, or immunity to Salmonella flagella, RBCs and hapten-protein conjugates . The ability of iRNA to confer a secondary response of antibody formation is serially and passively transmissible in recipient animals . These facts suggest the presence of some mechanism that is responsible for the amplification of antigenic stimulation in the immune response...

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Aug, 167(1-2), 120 - 8
{Experience in the isolation of salmonellae in foods of different risk categories (author's transl)}; Siems H; 146 samples of pancreatic powder, 208 samples of pasteurized egg albumen, both deep-frozen and spray-dried, and 355 samples of frozen poultry were investigated for the presence of salmonellae . Four pre-enrichment media (lactose broth, nutrient broth, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth) and two direct selective enrichment media (dulcitol selenite and tetrathionate) were used . For the pre-enrichment of frozen poultry, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth proved to be more satisfactory than lactose broth and nutrient broth . Pre-enrichment of freeze-dried material in a non-selective medium yielded more Salmonella than were obtained by a direct selective enrichment . 16 of 146 samples of freeze-dried pancreatic powder contained salmonellae . Accordingly, tissue and organs of slaughter animals designed for the production of pharmaceutical preparations require regular bacteriological control.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Aug, 81(8), 142 - 5
Serological evidence for the presence of antibodies to Salmonella typhi among slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep; D'Souza MB et al.; A serological search for healthy carriers of S . typhi was undertaken among regularly slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep . Serum samples from 49 pigs, 40 goats and 35 sheep were tested for the presence of antibodies to S . typhi by the tube agglutination (TAG) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) methods . Of the 49 pig sera screened, a total number of 39 cases were positive, of which 27 were positive by both IHA and TAG methods, and 12 one test only . Twenty-two of the pig sera but none of the sheep and goat sera were positive at higher titre . These findings suggest that pigs may harbour S . typhi and may act as carriers in transmitting infection to man.

Mutat Res, 1978 Aug, 54(1), 39 - 46
A practical procedure for testing DNA damage in vivo, proposed for a pre-screening of chemical carcinogens; Parodi S et al.; The alkaline elution method was adapted to the evaluation of DNA damage induced in vivo through a practical and reliable microfluorometric procedure, without any need for tissue pre-labeling . The DNA damage induced in vivo by treatment with a single dose of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA), N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea (MNU), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or cycasin has been detected in different organs of mice or rats . The results obtained are rather consistent with the organotropism of these carcinogens, and show a satisfactory dose dependent of DNA damage . DMH and cycasin, both negative in the Ames' Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, are clearly positive with in vivo DNA damage/alkaline elution assay . This latter method, complemented with other short-term tests, may play a useful role in the pre-screening of chemical carcinogens.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Aug, 167(1-2), 129 - 37
{Contamination of dog feed with salmonella (author's transl)}; Boos G; In a comparative investigation of dog feed the percentage of contamination with Salmonellae was determined . 5.7% out of 229 uncooked animal organs, which belonged to 6 different feed-kitchens, were S.-positive . None of the 40 dried feed samples and of the 30 tinned rations examined were positive . The most frequent serotype was S . derby (var . 0-5 neg) . The results confirmed our former conclusions (3), that the dog is to be considered an accidental host of enteric salmonella ingested with the feed . Dried or tinned feed is considered as an improvement which minimises the risk of distribution of salmonella, especially high in imported feed.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Aug-Sep, 129B(2), 155 - 65
{Correlation between beta-glucuronidase activity and serotype in the genus "Salmonella" (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; Out of 4,114 cultures of Salmonella belonging to various serotypes, 1,241 (30,1%) hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide, the chromogenic substrate of beta-glucuronidase . Serotypes are found to be homogenous with respect to beta-glucuronidase activity . The qualitative test, as simple as the ONPG test, may be of diagnostic value to assign a strain to a serotype in case of a monophasic or not motile variant of a normally diphasic serotype . Phage conversion does not influence beta-glucuronidase activity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Aug, 167(1-2), 138 - 45
Comparative studies on the isolation of salmonella from minced meat; van Schothorst M et al.; Comparative studies carried out in four laboratories revealed that in the examination of frozen or fresh minced meat samples tryptone soya broth and glucose mineral salts medium used for pre-enrichment gave the same results as buffered peptone water . The three tetrathionate media (Cardiff formula, Difco and Oxoid) used for enrichment after pre-enrichment, yielded approximately the same number of positive samples and about the same number of frozen and cooled samples was found positive when data of all four laboratories were considered . Between laboratories a considerable variation in results was found . This indicates the necessity to conduct comparative trials in more than one laboratory to validate the use of a specific method for regulatory purposes.

Exp Hematol, 1978 Aug, 6(7), 613 - 8
Endotoxin-induced alterations in canine granulopoiesis: colony-stimulating factor, colony-forming cells in culture, and growth of cells in diffusion chambers; MacVittie TJ et al.; Salmonella typhosa endotoxin injected into dogs produced elevated plasma CSF levels, transient leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, and stimulation of marrow granulopoiesis and mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors cells into the the peripheral circulation . The number of marrow CFU-c decreased to 65% of the control number within 6 h, returned to control levels by 24 h, and increased to 370% of the control number by 48h after endotoxin . The granulopoietic response was supported by a concomitant increase in the M:E ratio, an increased fraction of marrow-derived CFU-c susceptible to 3H-TdR suicide, and increased granulo-monocytopoietic activity of marrow- and peripheral blood-derived cells grown in diffusion chamber cultures . These results are consistent with the concept that endotoxin-induced CSF is a physiologic regulator of canine granulopoiesis, and that canine marrow responds to endotoxin with a significant increase in the concentration of marrow-derived granulocytic progenitors and with mobilization of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors into the peripheral circulation.

Mutat Res, 1978 Aug, 54(1), 73 - 81
The inhibitory effect of cysteine on the mutagenic activities of several carcinogens; Rosin MP et al.; The Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay was used to determine the effect of cysteine (alpha-amino-beta-mercaptopropionic acid) on the mutagenic actions of several carcinogens: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine . N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methyl methanesulfonate, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide, aflatoxin B1 and the nitrosation products of methylurea and methylguanidine . Cysteine, at non-toxic concentrations, significantly decreased the frequency of reversion to histidine prototrophy when it was added to treatment mixtures . The extent of the inhibition of mutagenic action by cysteine depended on the carcinogen studied as well as the doses of cysteine and carcinogen employed . Cysteine (2.5--10 mM) completely inhibited the mutagenic actions of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methylguanidine nitrosation products while only partially preventing the mutagenic effects of the other carcinogens assayed . Inhibition of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone-induced mutagenesis occurred only with higher cysteine concentrations (20--200 mM).

Eur J Biochem, 1978 Jul 17, 88(1), 267 - 73
Structure of the hexose region of Shigella sonnei phase II lipopolysaccharide with 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid as possible immunodeterminant and its relation to Escherichia coli R1 core; Kontrohr T et al.; Comparative chemical analysis (methylation, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, periodate oxidation, etc.) of the lipopolysaccharides and degraded polysaccharides derived from Shigella sonnei phase I, phase II and galactose-deficient R mutants revealed a structure as shown: (formula: see text) 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) as an immunodeterminant was observed in the passive hemolysis inhibition test by (a) selective inhibition of the phase II system by dOclA; (b) the kinetics of the change of serological activity during mild acid treatment: 1% acetic acid abolished serological activity; (c) a lack of activity in galactose-less R mutants and reactivity with Re mutants including Salmonella minnesota Re . An enhanced sensitivity of phase II lipopolysaccharide to galactose oxidase after prolonged treatment with 1% acetic acid suggests that dOclA is linked to C-6 of the terminal or subterminal galactose . dOclA as immunodeterminant could explain some different polysaccharide structures described for Escherichia coli R1 core.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1978 Jul-Oct, 71(4-5), 323 - 8
{Inventory of serotypes of Salmonella found in Iraq}; Allos G; This list of the Salmonella found in Bagdad demonstrates their considerable frequency . The frequency of salmonelloses in Irak is very significant, because not only of their incidence on human health, but also on economy: price of salaries, animal death, abortion in the veterinary field, tourism and food exportation handicap.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Jul, 129B(1), 37 - 48
{Phage-typing modifications induced by "in vitro" transfer of R plasmids . I.--Phage typing of Salmonella typhi (author's transl)}; Toucas M et al.; The phage-typing modifications induced by transfer of antibiotic-resistance plasmids wre studied in two S . typhi Vi+ strains: n 2411 (phage-type A) and Ty2 (phage-type E1a) . Forty-one R plasmids belonging to twenty-two incompatibility groups were investigated . Twenty-two plasmids were unable to produce any phage typing modifications . Among the groups of plasmids with phage-typing restriction capacity,four (I1, 10.B.O., N and W) groups were found heterogeneous with regard to this property and one (F1 group) caused significant modifications of the phage-types defined by the Vi phage-typing international system.

Nord Vet Med, 1978 Jul-Aug, 30(7-8), 305 - 17
{The background of the serological cross-reaction between Yersinia and Brucella and the possibility of differential diagnostics by the ELISA technique and the electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) (author's transl)}; Hurvell B; A strong serological cross-reaction appears between different species of genus Brucella and Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) serotype 0--9, which seriously complicates the diagnostic works of brucellosis and yersiniosis both in humans and animals . This cross-reaction makes it impossible to perform a differential serological diagnosis using common routine procedures such as the agglutination test and the complement fixation test . By the use of immunological, immunochemical and structural chemical methods it has been shown that the common antigenic structures of Brucella and Yersinia are situated in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the cellwalls . In order to do structure analysis gaschromatography in combination with mass spectrometry of LPS from Brucella and Yersinia bacteria has been achieved . The results show that two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) constitute common components of the LPS-molecules . A discovered cross-reaction between Y.e . 0--9 and Salmonella urbana (0--30) confirms the hypothesis that glucose and galactose are responsible for the serological cross-reaction between Brucella and Y.e . 0--9 . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed in order to be used as a differential routine test . The results show that by using ELISA, a differentiation between antibodies against Y.e . 0--9 and B . abortus can be done with high sensitivity and accuracy . Another differential diagnostic system has been developed by the use of electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) . This method raises the possibility of a rapid and a simple qualitative differentiation of antibodies against Brucella and Yersinia.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Jul, 27(4), 795 - 800
Diagnostic value of the Widal test in areas endemic for typhoid fever; Levine MM et al.; The usefulness of a single Widal test to diagnose typhoid fever in endemic areas was investigated . Reciprocal Salmonella typhi O and H titers greater than or equal to 40 and greater than or equal to 80, respectively, occurred in approximately 90% of 42 Mexican patients with bacteriologically-confirmed typhoid fever at the time of presentation to hospital and, by day 4 to 5 of clinical illness, in 70% of U.S . adult volunteers who developed typhoid fever in the course of vaccine efficacy trials but in only 0.7% (O) to 3% (H) of 275 healthy individuals from a non-endemic area . Healthy Peruvians from areas endemic for typhoid fever commonly had antibody which was age-related . Peak prevalence was found in 15- to 19-yr-olds in whom 29% had O titers greater than or equal to 40 and 76% had H titers greater than or equal to 80 . A single Widal test in an unvaccinated individual showing elevated O and H titers is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever if the person comes from a non-endemic area or is a child less than 10 yr of age in an endemic area . Because of the high prevalence of antibody amongst healthy invididuals over 10 yr of age in endemic, areas, a single Widal test offers virtually no diagnostic assistance in adolescents and adults.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 24(7), 883 - 5
The effect of compounds which degrade hydrogen peroxide on the enumeration of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg; Rayman MK et al.; Greater than 90% of heat-stressed cells of Salmonella senftenberg failed to grow on trypticase soy agar . Adding to this medium compounds which are capable of degrading hydrogen peroxide allowed growth of the heat-injured cells . These compounds did not stimulate growth of heated cells of Streptococcus faecium, an organism which does not possess catalase.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 598 - 600
{Salmonella sensitivity to antibiotics}; Zhil'tsov IuP et al.; Antibiotic sensitivity of 142 strains of Salmonella isolated from patients within 1974-1976 was studied . An increase in the number of the pathogenic microbes resistant to streptomycin was noted . Rare isolates highly resistant to ampicillin were registered . The number of Salmonella sensitive to other antibiotics did not practically change . Levomycetin proved to be a rather active drug in vitro . Still, its use in therapy of salmonelleses did not always produce positive results . The use of levomycetin in clinics is expedient only after careful and repeated estimation of antibioticograms.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Jul 1, 103(13), 673 - 7
{Treatment of Salmonella carriers in a number of reptile species (author's transl)}; Koopman JP et al.; Housing Tejus contaminated with Salmonella on wire-mesh floors did not have any effect on the degree of contamination . The sensitivity of Salmonella organisms isolated from desert monitors to ampicillin was satisfactory, the serotypes being less sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline . Intramuscular injection of combined chloramphenicol and ampicillin in tejus and lizards was not successful, nor was oral administration of furazolidone in tortoises . On the other hand, oral treatment with combined ampicillin and chloramphenicol was effective in tortoises.

Am J Surg, 1978 Jul, 136(1), 96 - 101
Cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: diagnosis and management; Davies OG Jr et al.; The incidence of cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms has relatively increased since antibiotic therapy has become available . The causative organism is the salmonella group in about 50 per cent of cases . This diagnosis should be strongly entertained in patients with fever of unknown origin, vague abdominal pain, and progressive appearance of a pulsatile abdominal mass . Aortography may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis . Some postoperative graft infections may be due to unrecognized cryptic mycotic infection of the aorta and not from external contamination, as previously supposed . Construction of an axillofemoral bypass graft through clean tissue is advised for the successful treatment of the grossly infected infrarenal aortic aneurysm . Three surviving patients with cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms are added to the sixteen surviving patients already reported in the literature.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1978 Jul-Dec, 71(7-12), 181 - 91
Antimicrobial and toxicological studies on an antiseptic based on hexachlorophene and destructive distillate of castor oil; Siddiqui MA et al.; Bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic and toxicological evaluaton of an emulsion containing 0.25% hexachlorophene (W/V), 9.5% terpineol (V/V), 1.5% oil of terpentine (V/V), 13% ethanol (V/V), 6% castor oil distillate 1201275 degrees C (V/V) and 6% sodium salt of the residue (W/V) in aqueous medium was performed . The bactericidal concentration for Salmonella typhi was found to be 1:400 which increased to 1:350 in the presence of 5% horse serum . The bacteriostatic concentration of the emulsion varied from organism to organism . A 4% solution of the emulsione was found to be most effective against Microsporum vanbreuseghemii showing an inhibition zone of 7.2 cm and was least effective on Aspergillus niger . 1 to 8% solution of the emulsion given orally or instilled into conjunctival sacs of albino mice indicated lethal and insignificant toxic manifestations respectively but a dose equivalent to 50 mg/Kg given subcutaneously was found to produce a subacute lethal effect in guinea pigs.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1978 Jul-Dec, 71(7-12), 129 - 38
{Isolation of Salmonella in the Piedmont from 1975 to 1978, with designation of rare strains and evaluation of the frequency of the serotypes}; Angeretti A et al.; In the present study the data concerning the isolation of Salmonella strains in Regione Piemonte during the years 1975-1978 are reported . During this period, using serological methods 2934 Salmonella strains have been typed which resulted to belong to 69 different serotypes . We have also compared the frequency of the different serotypes in the years 1975, 1976, 1977-'78.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Jul, 129B(1), 107 - 10
{Ubiquity of plasmids belonging to incompatibility group B (author's transl)}; Rahal K et al.; An Algerian strain of Salmonella typhi (56/75), resistant to tetracyclines and minocycline has been studied in our laboratory . Conjugation, transduction and spontaneous loss experiments suggest that these resistance characters are mediated by one R plasmid, referred to as pPA4 . This "Tb" plasmid is incompatible with plasmids from groups incB (Grindley), com10 (Scavizzi) and inc0 (Datta) . These results suggest that incompatibility group B is world-wide distributed.

Infect Immun, 1978 Jul, 21(1), 41 - 7
Growth of salmonellae in orally infected germfree mice; Collins FM et al.; Germfree mice were infected intragastrically, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 10(3) to 10(9) viable Salmonella typhi Ty2, S . gallinarum 9240, or S . enteritidis 5694 . The 50% lethal doses were compared with those for conventionally raised mice . Substantial growth of the salmonellae occurred in the intestinal tract of the germfree mice but, despite the presence of more than 10(9) viable S . typhi or S . gallinarum in the lumen, the liver and spleen cultures remained Salmonella-free, and all of the mice survived the oral challenge . The ileal and cecal Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph nodes of these mice contained 10(3) to 10(4) viable salmonellae within 24 h of introduction of the inoculum into the stomach . Despite this local involvement, the infection did not spread systemically even when host resistance was reduced by means of sublethal, whole-body gamma irradiation before oral challenge . Germfree mice infected orally with as few as 10 mouse-virulent S . enteritidis quickly developed severe diarrhea and died within 5 to 8 days as a result of a spreading systemic disease.

J Infect Dis, 1978 Jul, 138(1), 87 - 90
Search for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in humans, livestock, food, and water in a community in the Philippines; Echeverria P et al.; Environmental sources of heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are unknown . The feces of 1,086 inhabitants (approximately 5%) of a small town in the Philippines, 28 pigs, and 10 water buffalo were cultured for enteric bacterial pathogens . Twenty-seven persons harbored pathogenic bacteria: five individuals had enterotoxigenic E . coli, 11 Salmonella species, nine Vibrio parahaemolyticus, one Shigella boydii, and one nonagglutinable Vibrio . Enterotoxigenic E . coli were isolated from two of 28 pigs and from one of 10 water buffalo . Cultures of 26 pieces of beef, 25 pieces of pork, and 52 leafy vegetables obtained from a community market failed to grow enterotoxigenic E . coli . None of 47 samples of contaminated surface water contained this pathogen . Serotypes of human and animal strains of enterotoxigenic E . coli were different, although E . coli O78:H12 isolated from a pig has previously been incriminated in human diarrheal disease . In this limited survey of a Philippine community, enterotoxigenic E . coli were isolated from humans and livestock . The possibility that enterotoxigenic E . coli infections are zoonotic warrants further investigation.

Cancer Res, 1978 Jul, 38(7), 2018 - 22
Mechanisms of inhibition by ascorbate of microbial mutagenesis induced by N-nitroso compounds; Guttenplan JB; Mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in Salmonella TA 1530 was inhibited by ascorbate . Inhibition of MNNG-induced mutagenesis resulted from a reaction between ascorbate and MNNG that led to consumption of MNNG . The rate of this reaction was considerably enhanced by catalytic amounts of Cu(II) and Fe(III) . No direct reaction between DMN and ascorbate was detectable, but relatively high concentrations of Cu(II) enchanced inhibition of DMN-induced mutagenesis by ascorbate . Added protein reduced the effectiveness of Cu(II) as a catalyst of the reaction between ascorbate and MNNG, which suggested that the microsomal protein necessary to activate DMN, may reduce the concentration of free Cu(II) and thereby lower its catalytic efficiency . Mutagenesis by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was not inhibited by ascorbate.

Am J Epidemiol, 1978 Jul, 108(1), 68 - 73
Travelers' diarrhea among United States Marines in South Korea; Echeverria P et al.; A battalion of United States Marines traveling to South Korea in the spring of 1976 was studied to determine the incidence and etiology of gastroenteritis . During the three weeks they visited South Korea, 21% of 694 marines developed diarrhea . Stool and serum specimens collected before, during, and after their stay were examined for evidence of infection with Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio species, enterotoxigenic and invasive Escherichia coli, reovirus-like agent (RVLA), and intestinal ova and parasites . Infections with these agents were uncommon; 91% of 44 closely studied cases of gastorenteritis were unexplained . Five per cent of 169 marines had serologic evidence of recent infection with RVLA, and 3% of 273 marines had serologic evidence of infection with heat-labile enterotoxin producing E . coli over an eight-week period . However, infections with these agents were not associated with most cases of diarrhea in South Korea . It is concluded that infectious agents previously thought responsible for travelers' diarrhea were not responsible for gastroenteritis among United States Marines arriving in a temperate climate.

Am J Pathol, 1978 Jul, 92(1), 277 - 40
The effect of complement depletion on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the Rhesus monkey; Ulevitch RJ et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Salmonella minnesota R595 or from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 induces hypotension in rhesus monkeys with normal complement levels . This hypotension is accompanied by decreased total peripheral resistance . The depletion of C3 and terminal complement components by prior intraperitoneal administration of the anticomplementary protein cobra factor did not alter the hemodynamic changes which occur following the rapid injection of 5 mg/kg of R595 LPS, the infusion of 500 microgram/kg of R595 LPS, or the injection of 500 microgram/kg of 0111:B4 LPS . We conclude that the LPS-induced hemodynamic changes in the subhuman primate are medicated by pathways which do not require the participation of C3 . The kinetics and extent of the neutropenia and thrombocytopenia resulting from the injection of 0111:B4 or R595 LPS were not latered by prior depletion of greater than 95% of the plasma C3.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jul, 24(7), 875 - 82
Characteristics of PR5, a lipid-containing plasmid-dependent phage; Wong FH et al.; An extensive characterization of plasmid-dependent phage PR5 isolated from sewage has been carried out . The phage has a head diameter of 65--68 nm, is isometric with a double-layered capsid, and a minority possess tails . It adsorbs to many but not all types of bacteria possessing P, N, or W plasmids . The phage contains 20% lipid, 15.1% DNA, and 64.9% protein by weight and has a buoyant density of 1.265 g/ml in CsCl . The DNA is double-stranded with a G + C content of 49% and a molecular weight of 7.4 +/- 0.6 x 10 (6) as shown by electron microscopy . Phospholipid content is 66% of lipid and consists of cardiolipin (13%), phosphatidylethanolamine (43%), and phosphatidylglycerol (44%) and differ quantitatively from that of host bacteria . Anti-PR5 serum inactivates other similar phages, PR3 and PR4 . Phage adsorption is impaired in deep rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota.

Minerva Med, 1978 Jun 23, 69(31), 2125 - 8
{Presence of Salmonella wien in Campania in 1974-75}; Schisa C et al.; Salmonella wien was detected in various patients admitted to the D . Cotugno Hospital between May 1974 and June 1975 . Strains isolated in Naples showed the same in vitro transferable resistance to antibiotics as those responsible for the recent epidemics in Algeria and France.

JAMA, 1978 Jun 2, 239(22), 2352 - 4
Treatment of typhoid carriers with amoxicillin . Correlates of successful therapy; Nolan CM et al.; Fifteen chronic enteric carriers of Salmonella typhi were treated with amoxicillin trihydrate, 2 g by mouth, three times per day . Nine of ten patients who were able to take the full amoxicillin regimen were cured; among five patients treated with a lower daily amoxicillin dosage because of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, only two were cured (P less than .05) . The mean serum amoxicillin concentration at termination of therapy was higher (P less than .01) in five patients who were cured (10.4 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) than in the four who failed (3.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml), although the latter values were all above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for infecting organisms . This study suggests that amoxicillin treatment of chronic typhoid carriers could be enhanced by treating with doses sufficient to provide suprainhibitory serum concentrations of the antibiotic . However, GI intolerance to amoxicillin could limit this therapeutic approach.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Jun, 240(4), 489 - 96
{The influence of non-metabolizable alpha- and beta-glycosides on the regulation of sorbose fermentation of salmonellae (author's transl)}; Stenzel W; Fermentation of sorbose by late positive Salmonella wildtype cultures and by mutant strains splitting this sugar promptly is restrained by the beta-glucoside salicine and likewise by 1-o-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MGP), but is not influenced by lactose or sucrose . In growing cultures salicine works more powerful on sorbose utilization than MGP while in dense suspensions of non-multiplying bacteria the relations are reversed . Among the majority of wildtype strains this suppressive effect is diminished or abolished by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), but there are strains in which the glucoside effect is enhanced by DMSO . The sorbose fermentation lag in the presence of salicine or MGP is detectable, too, in dense suspensions of promptly splitting Salmonella mutant strains in media poorly supplied with nitrogen and must therefore be attributed to a non-mutative event . From prior work (Stenzel, 1977c) we got some evidence that this event might depend on an inhibition of enzyme induction . Targets and mode of action of the alpha- and beta-glucoside largely seem to be identical, though possibly there might exist minor differences.

Genetika, 1978 Jun, 14(6), 935 - 46
{Effective use of rapid tests to evaluate the mutagenicity of environmental chemicals}; de Serres FJ; Efficiency of short-term tests for mutagenicity with the use of various Salmonella strains is conditioned by a high sensitivity and a prompt answer . Besides, these tests are valuable because they permit to evaluate quickly a probable cancerogenic activity of the tested chemicals, as there is a high degree of correlation between the mutagenic and cancerogenic response for a great number of chemicals . However, whatever results are obtained with the use of short-term tests, questions arise about the relative force of a mutagenic activity, the spectrum of induced genetic damage, relative frequency of each type of damages, the danger of such a damage for an individual, probability of a successful transmission of each type of damage to the following generation . And the main problem which investigators are facing in this field is the prognostic value of information on the mutagenic activity which is obtained from these tests for the evaluation of risk from the effects of chemicals on human population . The answers to these questions may be got only by means of tests on eukaryotes, as they might give more complete data concerning both quantitative and qualitative effects.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Jun, (6), 125 - 9
{Factors of transmission of salmonella infections under their sporadic spread conditions}; Grebennikova NZ; Epidemiological and microbiological studies carried out with the application of the principles of epidemiological observation permitted to ascertain the principal edpiemiological regularities of salmonelloses in one of the Moscow dictricts, to reveal the main factors determining these regularities, and the definite ways and conditions of their realization . Factual data indicating that there were no principal differences in the character of development of the epidemic process in case of the so called sporadic salmonelloses and salmonelloses occurring by the type of food poisoning foci were obtained.

Z Immunitatsforsch Immunobiol, 1978 Jun, 154(3), 256 - 67
Studies on the immune response in chickens I . Effect of various immunization procedures on the primary and secondary antibody responses to bovine serum albumin; Nagase F et al.; Antibody response and generation of immunological memory in chickens after stimulation by bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated . A single intravenous injection of BSA induced a relatively high primary antibody response but failed to generate definite memory for the secondary antibody response . Variation in antigen dosage and the time interval between antigen injections did not affect significantly the levels of the primary and secondary antibody responses . The immunogenicity of deaggregated BSA in chickens was as potent as that of aggregated BSA . Soluble adjuvants such as the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, cell wall lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis and cell wall peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited little enhancing effect on antibody response and memory . However, stimulation of chickens by BSA emulsified in Freund's adjuvant enhanced generation of memory . Repeated injection of BSA alone also showed a similar effect . It seems likely therefore that in chickens continous antigenic stimulation is required for generation of definite memory . From the present results it has been concluded that the characteristics of the immune response of chickens to BSA resemble those of mammals to T-independent antigens.

Thoraxchir Vask Chir, 1978 Jun, 26(3), 169 - 71
{Reconstruction of the aorta in mycotic aortic aneurysm--report of two cases of salmonella infection (author's transl)}; Walterbusch G et al.; Two patients with infected aortic aneurysm underwent surgical treatment . When using autologous tissue in place of the infected aorta a recurrent aneurysm was observed four months later . Extraanatomical bypass of the infected area with prosthetic material and consecutive removal of all infected tissue seems to be the only successful management . This is confirmed by another patient who was treated successfully in this way . Prolonged antibiotic therapy after resection of infected aneurysms seems to be mandatory.

Cancer Res, 1978 Jun, 38(6), 1782 - 4
Mutagenicity of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin derivatives; Umezawa K et al.; An antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic in a Salmonella test, but its derivative, N-demethylaclacinomycin A, was mutagenic . Similarly, 1-deoxypyrromycin, a hydrolysis product of aclacinomycin A, was nonmutagenic, but N-demethyl-1-deoxypyrromycin was mutagenic . Daunomycin was highly mutagenic, but N-methyldaunomycin showed only weak mutagenicity, and N-dimethyldaunomycin was nonmutagenic . The aglycones of aclacinomycin A and daunomycin were not mutagenic . Thus, the amino moiety of anthracycline glycosides is concluded to be essential for mutagenesis.

Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol, 1978 Jun, 74(6), 27 - 31
{Alteration of the construction and cellular composition of ileo-colonic lymph nodes of rhesus macaques after administration of salmonella vaccine}; Aminova GG et al.; In stained histological sections, percentage ratio of areas to different cellular elements in structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes was studied in mature Macaca rhesus, normal and after injection of salmonella vaccine . A rather considerable reaction in all structural components and cell composition of the lymph nodes was demonstrated as a response to immunization of the animals . These changes were demonstrated in decreased area occupied by the cortical substance and in increased area occupied by the medullar substance of the lymph node . In the cortical substance, together with decrease in the cortical plateau, total number of folliculi rises with formation of light centers in them . Calculation of cellular elements revealed that in the cortical substance cytopoietic function was inhibited; that was expressed in decreasing mitoses and blast forms in the cells . Most drastic alterations occur in myelin cords of the lymph nodes . Together with increasing area, a considerable reaction of acidophilic leucocytes, premature plasma cells and macrophages is observed . Their number increases notably.

Vet Med (Praha), 1978 Jun, 23(6), 361 - 7
{Microbiological examination of fresh and stored procusts of cold cuisine}; Palasek J et al.; In four out of five investigated kinds of products it was proved that most fresh samples met the microbiological requirements of Czechoslovak State Standard CSN 58 3601 and it is even feasible to consider a stricter approach to the evaluation of the total number of microbes {CPM} to 10(5) per g and in the number of coliform microbes to 10(3) per g . On contrary the amount of yeast in most fresh samples {62%-100%} exceeded the permitted limit and reached the value of about 10(4) per g . The comparison of the results of the investigation of fresh and stored samples indicates that from the eight groups or kinds of microorganisms under study the highest rate of reproduction was in yeast . In the other microorganisms the increase was not so great nor did it occur . No pathogenous microorganisms of salmonella were determined by the orientation method, and staphylococci was proved by direct cultivation in just one kind of product.

Science, 1978 May 19, 200(4343), 785 - 7
Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens; Gold MD et al.; A flame retardant used in children's sleepwear, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) is a mutagen in the Salmonella-mammalian tissue homogenate test after it has been activated by mouse or rat liver homogenate . The expected enzymatic hydrolysis product, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, is similarly a mutagen after activation by liver homogenate . A proposed metabolite of the flame retardant, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, is a potent mutagen in the absence of such activation . A flame retardant with similar structure, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), was shown previously to be a mutagen, to cause sterility in animals, to be a carcinogen, and to be absorbed through human skin . These and other flame retardants have characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that can be used to determine which flame retardant is present in commercially purchased sleepwear . Sleepwear treated with tris-BP, Fyrol FR2, and other chemical additives was being sold in late 1977.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 May 3, 161(2), 197 - 204
The activity of ant product of the Salmonella phage P22 against the closely related but heteroimmune phage L; Prell HH; P22 mutants defective in the early gene 24 are complemented by phage L in mixed infection . P22 12- and P22 23- mutants are not complemented by phage L . Gene function 24 of an L prophage is turned on by a superinfecting P22 24- mutant and complements the missing function of the defective P22 phage . Since this transactivation of prophage gene 24 depends on a functional gene ant in the superinfecting P22 mutant, it indicates derepression for leftward directed gene expression in prophage L . On the contrary neither the rightward directed expression of gene 12 nor of gene 23 in prophage L . can be turned on by superinfecting P22 24- 12- or P22 24- 23- mutants (and also not by P22 12- and P22 23-) to a degree sufficient for complementation of simultaneously superinfecting L virB 12- or L virB 23- mutants . The failure to detect release of repression for rightward directed gene expression of prophage L corresponds to the earlier observation (Prell, 1975) that P22 superinfecting L lysogens cannot release replication inhibition for simultaneously infecting phage L . The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism underlying the different action of P22 antirepressor in L and in P22 lysogens.

An Esp Pediatr, 1978 May, 11(5), 373 - 82
{Salmonella infection in children . Epidemiological and clinical considerations (author's transl)}; Ferris J et al.; An analysis of data on Salmonella infection treated at the Children's Hospital "La Fe", in Valencia, from 1974--75 is presentd . A patient population of 211 selected cases were divided into two groups: Gastroenteritis (GEC), 155 cases, and typhoid-paratyphoid fever (T-P F), 56 cases . Hospitalization was required in 79% of the cases . The following parameter were studied: Locality and district of origin with respect to residence, conditions of hygiene, size of family: age, sex, seasonal incidence, previous time of illness, presenting symptoms and physical sings and complementary studies . The following conclusions were obtained: Salmonella infection are and endemic problem in Valencia . Their incidence is maximal during the months of June to October . Epidemiological environment was positive in 15% of the cases . Higher morbidity in children less than two years of age . Most frequent presenting symptoms: Diarrhea, fever and vomiting as often in GEC as in T-P F . In 38.7% of GEC cases, the diarrhea was bloody; 21.9% of GEC cases began with fever . Salmonella paratyphi B was the agent most frequently responsible . Data concerning sex, family size, conditions of hygiene and white blood cells offer little discriminatory information . Results obtained are concordant with those described in the literature.

Res Vet Sci, 1978 May, 24(3), 370 - 4
Investigation of a cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response as a means of detecting Salmonella dublin infection in cattle; Aitken MM et al.; Delayed hypersensitivity reactions developed 48 to 96 h after intradermal injection of killed Salmonella dublin in 25 of 28 cattle which had been inoculated intravenously, and in five of 10 cattle which had been inoculated orally with S dublin 24 to 493 days previously . Control animals showed no delayed hypersensitivity reactions . Persistence of infection in five of the intravenously inoculated and in four of the orally inoculated animals was confirmed by isolation of S dublin from the carcases at necropsy one week after skin testing . Failure to isolate the organism from the carcases of 21 animals which had reacted positively to the intradermal test did not eliminate the possibility of their being carriers of S dublin . Skin testing was concluded to be a reliable means of identifying animals which had been, and possibly still were, infected systemically with S dublin . However recovered animals might be falsely identified as infected . Repeated testing gave misleading results.

Infect Immun, 1978 May, 20(2), 366 - 74
Inverse relationship between the susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide (lipid A)-pretreated mice to the hypothermic and lethal effect of lipopolysaccharide; Greer GG et al.; Mice pretreated (day 0) by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responded with hypothermic tolerance to (LPS) challenge on day 1 and with hypothermic hyperreactivity to LPS challenge on day 4 . Reciprocally, mice pretreated similarly but with a higher challenge dose were hyperreactive with respect to LPS lethality on day 1, but highly tolerant to lethality when challenged on day 4 . Hyperreactivity to LPS lethality (day 1) was evident from an accelerated onset of death as well as from a reduced 50% lethal dose in pretreated mice, the level of hyperreactivity being more pronounced with higher LPS pretreatment doses . Lethal hyperreactivity, however, was only seen after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of soluble LPS . In contrast, protection to lethality occurred after challenge with a 50% lethal dose of insoluble LPS (day 1) . Tolerance to LPS lethality in mice was observed on day 4 after pretreatment with one (day 0) or four daily injections of LPS . Since reciprocal hyperreactivity (day 1) and cross-tolerance to lethality (day 4) could be achieved by treatment with Salmonella smooth- or rough-form LPS as well as with free lipid A, it was concluded that lipid A represents the active principle of LPS in inducing both hyperreactivity and tolerance to the lethal effect of LPS.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 May, (5), 53 - 7
{Assessment of the degree of antibody avidity in food toxinfections of salmonellal etiology using the indirect hemagglutination inhibition reaction}; Bunin KV et al.; The authors studied the avidity of antibodies in the sera obtained from 56 patients suffering from salmonelloses, the causative agents of which were referred to groups B, C1, C2, E . Determinations were carried out in the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test . It was shown that the mentioned test could be used to assess the extent of the serum antibodies avidity . Age-specific avidities of the serum antibodies were revealed in patients suffering from salmonella infections during the infectious process . There was found an insignificant prevalance of the antibody avidity in the patients with the forms of the disease of moderate severity and severe . In the patients with salmonelloses of group B the antibodies proved to be the most avid.

Sci Total Environ, 1978 May, 9(3), 287 - 91
Cytogenetic changes in fish exposed to water of the river Rhine; Prein AE et al.; The induction of chromosome aberrations in fishes, exposed to Rhinewater, was investigated . The mudminnow, Umbra pygmaea, was chosen for this study, because of its ideal karyotype of 22 large chromosomes . Gill cells were used for chromosome studies . Fish, kept in Rhinewater for 11 days had chromosome breaks in approximately 30% of the metaphases studied . Control fish, exposed to a very good quality of untreated groundwater had breaks in about 8% of the metaphases . Several Rhinewater extracts were tested for their mutagenic potential in the Salmonella-microsome test . The fraction of aromatic compounds was found to be positive . This may indicate that one or more of the compounds present in this fraction were also responsible for the cytogenetic changes found in the fish.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 May, 39(5), 893 - 5
Salmonella serotypes encountered in animal feed additives in Lebanon; Nabbut NH; Animal feed-additive samples (n = 300) were examined for the presence of salmonellae, using the selenite-F broth-enrichment method followed by subculturing on Salmonella-Shigella and brilliant green agar with sulfadiazine selective agar plates . Samples consisted of a variety of feed additives: 119 bone meal samples, 77 meat meal samples, 40 fish meal samples, and 64 miscellaneous meal samples . Results of examination found 49 (41.2%) of the bone meal samples, 6 (7.8%) of the meat meal samples and 2 (5%) of the fish meal samples contained salmonellae . Of 57 isolates representing 24 serotypes, 4 most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis (35.1%), Salmonella tennessee (7%), Salmonella chester (5.2%), and Salmonella senftenberg (5.2%) . This study shows a high Salmonella-contamination rate of bone meal compared with meat meal and fish meal samples . Of 12 known positive bone meal samples that were examined, 100% of 25-g samples, compared with 70% to 100% of 2.5-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples, were positive for salmonellae.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 May, 27(3), 562 - 6
Animal salmonellosis in peninsular Malaysia . II . Annual and zoological distribution of Salmonella serotypes over the 10-year period 1966-1975; Joseph PG et al.; A total of 860 Salmonella isolations were made in Peninsular Malaysia from 15 animal species (domestic and wild), eggs, molluscs, flies, and animal feed . The isolations were distributed among 31 serotypes in eight groups . The most common serotype isolated was Salmonella pullorum, followed by S . choleraesuis and S . infantis . S . typhimurium had the widest zoological distribution . The importance of controlling animal salmonellosis is emphasized.

Mutat Res, 1978 May, 57(2), 141 - 53
A study of the mutagenicity of anesthetics and their metabolites; Waskell L; The commonly used volatile anesthetics, several of their metabolites, and drugs frequently employed by the anesthesiologist were screened for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/rat-liver microsomal assay system developed by Dr . B . Ames and his colleagues . Chloral hydrate, both a sedative and metabolite of trichloroethylene, was found to be weakly mutagenic . Other compounds testing including halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide were not mutagenic . Non-volatile compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of bacterial strains with decreased capacity to repair damaged DNA . None of the compounds tested inhibited the growth of DNA-repair-deficient strains relative to a strain with normal DNA-repair . Halothane and trilene were tested for direct interaction with DNA; under the experimental conditions employed, no direct interaction of these compounds and DNA could be detected.

Mutat Res, 1978 May, 57(2), 135 - 9
The mutagenic screening of fourteen imidazo compounds using a modified Ames' test; Turner JV et al.; Eight imidazo{1,2-alpha} pyrimidine derivatives and six cyclic guanidine derivatives were synthesized in order to study their physiological activity . Mutagenic effects were not detected with any compound in a modified Ames' Salmonella test using TA100, TA98, and TA1537, with or without S9 . No inhibition of growth was observed with any test compound . Positive and negative controls behaved as expected.

Mutat Res, 1978 May, 57(2), 123 - 5
Lack of mutagenicity and putative carcinogenicity of several novel benzopyrene derivatives; Ashwood-Smith MJ et al.; Several novel benzopyrene derivatives with the same gross structure and the same electronic periphery as benzo(a)pyrene, but with some alteration in the complete electronic structure, when tested in the Ame's Salmonella/microsome test (TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98}, were found to lack mutagenicity and, therefore, putative carcinogenicity.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 May, 24(5), 600 - 7
Incidence of the H2 group of plasmids in chloramphenicol-sensitive salmonella isolated in 1974 from clinical sources in Ontario; Taylor DE et al.; Chloramphenicol resistance in salmonella obtained from clinical sources in Ontario was previously found to be often mediated by R plasmids of the H2 incompatibility group . In the present study 40 salmonella strains resistant to one or more of kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, or tetracycline but sensitive to chloramphenicol, were investigated to determine if they contained R plasmids . Self-transmissible plasmids were isolated from 17 of the strains, and 7 of those showed the bacteriophage inhibition and thermosensitive mechanism of transfer characteristic of H2 plasmids . Entry exclusion and incompatibility experiments confiremd their classification . The results demonstrate that in this population of salmonella, R plasmids of the H2 group are prevalent . Experiments with plasmid-specific phages indicate that the plasmids of this sample, which are not in the H2 group, do not belong to any of the F, I, N, P, or W incompatibility groups.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 May, 24(5), 495 - 501
Biologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides treated with chromium chloride; Snyder SL et al.; Addition of small amounts of chromium chloride to a saline suspension of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPD; Difco) caused a marked reduction in several of the biologic activities of this substance including toxicity, B-cell mitogenicity, plasma colony-stimulating activity (CSA), radioprotective effect, and induction of the dermal Shwartzman reaction . Nevertheless, LPS treated with chromium chloride was found to be at least as effective as untreated LPS in enhancing resistance of B6CBF1 mice to the lethal effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 May, 35(5), 911 - 9
Control of nonspecific staining in the fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of salmonellae in foods; Swaminathan B et al.; A fluorescent antibody conjugate, prepared from the IgG (immunoglobulin G) fraction of Salmonella polyvalent flagellar antiserum, gave better specific staining intensities and significantly lower nonspecific staining than did conjugates prepared from globulin fractions of ammonium sulfate-fractionated Salmonella polyvalent antisera . IgG was purified by affinity chromatography against protein A, a normal cell wall component of Staphylococcus aureus . Affinity chromatography yielded high-purity IgG in a one-step purification procedure . The conjugate prepared from affinity-purified IgG was compared with commercially available fluorescent antibody conjugates for the detection of salmoneallae in retail samplings of meats and poultry and gave better correlations with the cultural method than did the commercial conjugates.

Vet Rec, 1978 Apr 15, 102(15), 332 - 6
Salmonella gona infection in sheep; Spence JB et al.; A field outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella agona in sheep and some subsequent experimental work is described . While the field outbreak in pregnant ewes and neonatal lambs caused severe losses the experimental disease in non-pregnant sheep was mild and transient . S agona was not isolated from the carcases of the experimental sheep killed after 28 days post infection but it persisted for 69 days in the faeces of one ewe which was kept alive for three months . Media comparisons indicated that selenite enrichment broths incubated at 43 degrees C and plated on to brilliant green agar gave the most satisfactory cultural results.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Apr, (4), 76 - 80
{Molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes with Salmonella d-flagellin}; Tsarevskii IuP et al.; A study was made of the molecular parameters of sensitization of tannin-treated sheep red blood cells with salmonella d-flagellin, depending on the protein dose, exposure, and temperature of the medium; the role played in this process by physical and chemical mechanisms was ascertained, the latter proving to determine the hemosensitization level . Senstivity of the erythrocytic diagnostic agent to the agglutinating action of the specific serum was maximal with a stable binding by a single red blood cell of about 200 000 flagellin molecules, although the limit of stable binding constituted 340 000 molecules per one red blood cell . On condition of saturation limit of the erythrocyte flagellin should block not over half of the cell surface . The temperature elevation during the diagnostic agent preparation is advantageous in technological respect, since it leads to reduction of flagellin expenditure and increases the sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination tests.

Pahlavi Med J, 1978 Apr, 9(2), 193 - 9
Studies on concurrent salmonellosis in dogs and man; Keyhani M; Eight positive Salmonella cultures were obtained from 8 of 314 family dogs in Tehran . Attempts to isolate Salmonella organisms from the owners of the Salmonella infected dogs were successful only in one of eight instances . The Salmonella serotype isolated from the owner was the same as that from his pet dog.

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1978 Apr, 72(2), 117 - 21
The role of non-biting flies in the transmission of enteric pathogens (Salmonella species and Shigella species) in Beirut, Lebanon; Bidawid SP et al.; In the summer and early autumn of 1974, flies were trapped in the Beirut districts of Ashraffiyah, Burj, Burj-Hammoud, Quarantine, the New Slaughter House, Ras Beirut, American University Campus, and the suburbs of Chiyah and Mreyjieh . Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina, Phaenicia sericata, Sarcophagidae spp . and Fannia canicularis were identified . The rural areas of Mreyjieh and Chiyah had higher densities of Musca domestica while higher densities of Calliphoridae spp . were found in the Slaughter House, Quarantine and Burj-Hammoud districts . Twenty-nine isolates, ten of Shigella spp . and 19 of Salmonella spp . were obtained from the bacteriological studies of 72 batches of Muscidae spp . and 84 Calliphoridae spp . These results indicate the hyperendemicity of salmonellosis and shigellosis in the areas under study, due to the prevalent poor sanity conditions and high fly infestation . It is suggested that in countries where valid health statistics are not available, bacteriological studies of flies may provide essential epidemiological information.

Avian Dis, 1978 Apr-Jun, 22(2), 350 - 3
Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel; Phillips WE Jr et al.; Salmonella houtenae (43:Z4,Z23:-), a biochemically aberrant serotype, was isolated from the liver and air sac of a male cockateel . This serotype is a member of Salmonella subgenus IV, which is dulcitol-negative, salicin-positive, and KCN-positive . To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this serotype from an avian species.

J Wildl Dis, 1978 Apr, 14(2), 203 - 7
Frequency and duration of paratyphoid organism shedding by experimentally infected bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus); Pourciau SS et al.; Four-week old bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were experimentally infected with Salmonella urbana, S . infantis, S . newport, S . gaminara, S . braenderup, and S . litchfield . Rates of mortality varied from 0 to 50% . The rate of shedding of paratyphoid organisms varied from 14 to 100% for 18 or more days after infection . The maximum duration of shedding was 53 days by 12% of the quail infected with S . braenderup and the minimum duration was 18 days by 14% of the quail infected with S . litchfield.

Am Surg, 1978 Apr, 44(4), 215 - 25
Staging laparotomy and splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease; Lee YT et al.; The major objective of diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease is to define the extent of involvement not detectable by nonoperative means . Fifty patients in this institution had operative staging procedures; six for recurrent disease three to 11 years after initial therapy . Twenty-four patients had nodular sclerosis, 23 mixed cellularity, and three had other types . The clinical stages were advanced in 13 patients and decreased in seven patients . Two patients (both had mixed cellularity and systemic symptoms) had positive wedge biopsy of the liver, whereas direct needle biopsy was negative . Nineteen spleens contained Hodgkin's disease but only three could be palpated on physical examination . About half the patients with abnormal lymphangiograms had positive periaortic nodes; lymphangiogram had a false negative rate of 12% . Additional procedures performed included appendectomy, oophoropexy, and resection of Meckel's diverticulum . There was no mortality and only one case had severe postoperative Salmonella septicemia . Our findings are comparable with those reported in the literature.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Apr, (4), 37 - 41
{Interaction of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes with specific O-antigens and Salmonella haptens}; Tendetnik IuIa et al.; A study was made of the neutralizing properties of antisalmonella antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes in respect to specific O-antigen (Lipopolysaccharide S . anatum) and haptens of salmonellae . In comparison with IgM-antibodies, IgG-antibodies were more stable bound not only with the univalent trisaccharide determinant, but also with the polysaccharide . However, in regard to the lipopolysaccharide complex the neutralizing activity of IgM- and IgG-antibodies was about the same; IgA-antibodies possessed the greatest neutralizing activity with respect to all the antigenic preparations used . The minimal neutralizing dose of the antigen and haptens increased with the reduction of the size of their molecule . A marked heterogeneity of antibodies of each of the immunoglobulin classes by their antigen-neutralizing properties was revealed in individual sera.

Avian Dis, 1978 Apr-Jun, 22(2), 273 - 87
Protecting chicks and poults from Salmonellae by oral administration of "normal" gut microflora; Snoeyenbos GH et al.; Resistance of young chicks and poults to salmonella exposure was substantially increased by early oral administration of intestinal contents or feces from selected adult chickens . Protection was secured also by administering anaerobic broth cultures of intestinal microflora from selected donor birds . Protection, was substantial for 63 days, the longest period tested, although it could be overcome by severe exposure . The protective mechanism appears to be a consequence of competitive exclusion of salmonella by "normal" microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Apr, 240(2), 171 - 83
Enterotoxigenicity among salmonellae--a prospective analysis for a surveillance programme; Kuhn H et al.; Gastroenteritis and food poisoning caused by several Salmonella serotypes are frequently observed in many countries . In particular, S . typhimurium has been found ranking first that put forward the question whether S . typhimurium can be characterized by distinct biological properties . In this paper attempts to characterized 378 Salmonella strains according to their enterotoxigenicity by means of the vascular permeability factor (PF) have been summarized . PF-positive strains are common among all Enteritis-Salmonellae, in particular among S . typhimurium . This serotype is also found with quantitative strongest PF activity . PF-positive strains are found to be active producers of exo-enterotoxins, which have been characterized as LT-enterotoxins by other assays, too . Since the capacity of Enteritis-Salmonellae to produce enterotoxins is in accordance with their clinical and epidemiological importance, the determination of the PF-factor as a rapid screening assay for enterotoxigenicity is proposed in this paper in order to survey epidemiological and clinical significant Salmonellae.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978 Apr, 75(4), 1667 - 9
Cyclopenta{c,d}pyrene: a highly mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Eisenstadt E et al.; A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon recently isolated from carbon black and identified as cyclopenta{c,d}pyrene (CPP) is highly mutagenic . By the criteria of the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, the mutagenic potency of CPP is equalled by only two other naturally occurring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons--benzo{a}pyrene and dibenz{a,c}anthracene . The potent mutagenicity of CPP is noteworthy for two reasons: (i) CPP is a mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon without a "bay-region" and (ii) there is evidence that it is distributed widely in the environment . On the basis of experimental observations and perturbational molecular orbital calculations we propose that a mutagenic metabolite of CPP will be the 3,4-oxide . The carbonium ion derived from opening of CPP 3,4-oxide is identical to that derived from opening of benzo{a}pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-oxide, the metabolite now thought to be an ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic species.

Infect Immun, 1978 Apr, 20(1), 310 - 1
Siderophore production by Vibrio cholerae; Payne SM et al.; Vibrio cholerae produces a phenolate-type siderophore that stimulates growth of the organism in low-iron medium . This compound is similar, but not identical, to enterochelin, the siderophore produced by Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Infect Immun, 1978 Apr, 20(1), 30 - 5
Impaired host resistance to endotoxin and malaria in polychlorinated biphenyl- and hexachlorobenzene-treated mice; Loose LD et al.; The in vivo effect of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on murine endotoxin sensitivity and resistance to malaria (Plasmodium berghei NYU-2) infection was studied . The dietary administration of 167 ppm (167 microgram/g) of PCB 1242 or HCB for 3 weeks resulted in an enhanced sensitivity to gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa), which was further increased in animals maintained on the diets for 6 weeks . By 6 weeks, a 5.2- or 32-fold increase in endotoxin sensitivity was seen in mice fed PCB or HCB, respectively . A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed PCB 1242 for 3 or 6 weeks and inoculated with malaria was demonstrated . Infected mice that received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested a reduction in mean survival time of 24 or 31%, respectively . Histopathological examination revealed a normal thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and lungs . Centrilobular and pericentral hepatocyte hypertrophy, common to organochlorine exposure, was observed . Electron capture gas chromatographic analysis for PCB 1242 or HCB in the tissues examined histologically revealed a significant deposit of the xenobiotics . HCB concentration was approximately 16 to 25 times greater than that of PCB . The data indicate that environmental chemicals impair host resistance and that the alteration may be related to the presence of the chemicals in the lymphoreticular organs.

Infect Immun, 1978 Apr, 20(1), 161 - 6
Immunogenic capacity of ribosomes of Salmonella typhi interfered with a flagellin-like material contaminant; Cofre G et al.; The double-immunodiffusion technique and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis were used to demonstrate the presence of flagellin-like material strongly attached to ribosomes of Salmonella typhi Ty 2 . This flagellin-like material contaminating the ribosome preparation interferes with the induction of antiribosome serum promoting the formation of antisera reacting either only with flagellin or in some cases with flagellin and ribosomes, but giving a very weak reaction with the latter . The interference is also observed when purified ribosomes from a nonflagellated mutant of S . typhi (S . typhi O-901) mixed with purified S . typhi Ty 2 flagellin are utilized as antigens . The antiribosome sera obtained with ribosomes from S . typhi O-901 have a considerably higher titer than those that are interfered with . These sera were able to react with ribosomes obtained from several related species and did not react with flagella-derived flagellin of S . typhi Ty 2.

Jikken Dobutsu, 1978 Apr, 27(2), 161 - 6
{Quarantine and health control of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) (author's transl)}; Suzuki T et al.; A total of two hundreds and seventy squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of both sexes were imported from South America through an animal dealer of the U . S . A . in eight lots from May, 1973 to July, 1974 . They were investigated for the presence of the parasites for a maximum of fifteen months including nine weeks of quarantine period from the time of import . The mortality rate before or immediately after arrival at our laboratory reached 56.7% in the first two lots . This, however, could be reduced later to 4.8% by improving some conditions of transportation . Bacteriological surveys revealed no shigella or salmonella infections during the quarantine period . No tuberculin positive reactors were also detected . Filarial infestations seemed to be common in this species; about 45.5% had adult worms in the peritoneal cavity and about 65% harbored microfilaria in the peripheral blood . Acanthocephla was also found in a high rate in the lower alimentary tracts . It has been suggested that the worms disappear in fifteen months by keeping animals in the intermediate host-free circumstances . The sarcocyst was found in the femoral muscle of 7 (18.9%) of 37 animals examined histologically.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1978 Mar 31, 57(1), 23 - 5
Clearance of viable salmonella typhi Ty 2 and Staphylococcus aureus by the isolated rat liver in the absence of serum factors; Ruggiero G et al.; The clearance of S . typhi Ty 2 and of a S . aureus strain by the isolated rat liver perfused in vitro with a synthetic serum free perfusate was studied . Bacteria were added to the perfusate at the initial concentration of 1x10(8) cells/ml . During perfusions the perfusate was sampled; after 30 min bile and liver samples were obtained and used for viable bacterial counts . After 30 min the amount of bacteria phagocytized greatly differed from one strain to the other: 30% for S . typhi Ty 2 and 100% for S . aureus . The end amount of viable bacteria recovered in the isolated liver was 7% for S . typhi Ty 2 and 80% for S . Aureus, thus indicating that for the latter strain greater clearance was not associated with an equally fast intracellular death.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Mar 28, 533(1), 23 - 33
The effect of limited fragmentation of porcine 19 S IgM on agglutination and complement fixation . Evidence that at least two intact subunits are required for complement fixation by IgM antibody.antigen complexes; Beale D et al.; Limited fragmentation of pig IgM anti-Salmonella with pepsin gave a 12 S product which agglutinated Salmonella almost as efficiently as the original IgM but the complement fixing ability of the complexes was substantially lowered . The 12 S product was shown to consist of molecular entities having intact Fc regions with an average of 3 or 4 intact Fab arms still attached . Our results appeared to show that removal of Fab arms by pepsin was a random process and on this basis a mathematical model was set up . From this model it was possible to calculate the frequencies of molecular entities which would give rise to the observed average of 3 or 4 Fab arms . The most likely explanation of our results is that complexes need to be formed by molecules having at least two intact subunits before efficient complement fixation takes place.

S Afr Med J, 1978 Mar 18, 53(11), 405 - 7
The immune response in iron-deficient children . Isohaemagglutinin titres and antibody response to immunization; MacDougall LG et al.; The primary antibody response of iron-deficient children to diphtheria and typhoid immunization was measured . In 5 children immunized with diphtheria toxoid, there was no increase in antitoxin titre . Of 8 children who were given typhoid vaccine, 6 showed an increase in Salmonella typhi O agglutinin titre . All the iron-deficient children had normal isohaemagglutinin titres.

Experientia, 1978 Mar 15, 34(3), 388 - 9
Endotoxin-induced acceleration of ovum transport in rabbits; Valenzuela G et al.; Salmonella enteritidis-Boivin endotoxin (1--20 microgram/kg) induced accelerated oviductal ovum transport in rabbits in a dose-related manner . Indomethacin prevented this effect . Levels of prostaglandin E and F in uterine vein blood increased following endotoxin injection.

Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis, 1978 Mar-Jun, 55(1-2), 35 - 50
{An enzootic with pseudo-tumoral manifestations in Vipera lebetina in captivity}; Fontan R et al.; The authors report the clinical and epizootic evolution of an epizooty, characterized by pseudo-tumours, observed on some vipers (Vipera lebetina) maintained in captivity at the "institut Pasteur de Tunis" . The disease was characterized by 2.3 cm size nodules, scattered under the skin or into splanchnic cavities . These ones, spherical and well capsuled, were formed by a mass of clear rounded cells (histiocytes or monocytes), the necrotic central area of which contained innumerable bacteria . Several reviewed works show that this appearance of chronic abcess is a common and univocal reaction to various pathogenic factors, such as bacteria and parasites . As to etiology, the authors have doubt about the pathological role of the germs which they have identified (Salmonella and other anterobacteria) because these latter belong to the normal microbial flora of snakes and are, in the present case, probably occasional infective agents only.

Histopathology, 1978 Mar, 2(2), 117 - 31
The rectal biopsy appearances in Salmonella colitis; Day DW et al.; Rectal biopsies were examined from 22 patients with Salmonella infection of food-poisoning type and from seven patients with inflammatory bowel disease and coincidental Salmonella infection . In the former group the changes observed were mucosal oedema with acute inflammation of varying severity but with preservation of the crypt architecture . Crypt abscesses were present in a few cases but were usually localized in the crypt and mucus depletion only occurred with severe inflammation . These features are not specific and are similar to those seen in other types of infective colitis such as Shigella dysentery, gonococcal proctitis and amoebic colitis . In the majority of cases of infective colitis the appearances are usually sufficiently distinctive, however, to distinguish them from those seen in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease . The changes in the biopsies from the seven patients with coincidental Salmonella infection were in general those of the underlying idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

Vopr Virusol, 1978 Mar-Apr, (2), 220 - 5
{Bacteriophages isolated from smallpox vaccine}; Dzagurov SG et al.; A number of lots of dermal and tissue culture smallpox vaccine was studied for the presence of bacteriophage . The presence of bacteriophage was established in lots of tissue culture vaccine but not in the dermal vaccine . Bacteriophage was detected by a modified method for phage isolation . The concentration and activity of the isolated bacteriophage were low . Its activity was increased by passages . The bacteriophage was stable and lysed the main serotypes of enteropathogenic E . coli as well as strains of Shigella sonnei and Salmonella of typhoid A.

Res Vet Sci, 1978 Mar, 24(2), 154 - 60
Haematological, serological and pathological effects in chicks of one or more intravenous injections of Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin; Smith IM et al.; Abnormalities appeared a few hours after groups of 14-day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were injected intravenously with 15 mg/kg of endotoxin (LPS) from Salmonella gallinarum . Clinical illness without mortality was accompanied by significant (P less than 0.05) falls in body temperature, bursa weight, the main haematological parameters, serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) and a significant increase in unsaturated iron-binding capacity . All responses, apart from bursa weight, SI values and total and differential white-cell counts, returned to normal within 24 to 48 h . LPS given daily for three consecutive days did not cause changes in the main haematological parameters during the 48 h period following the third injection . However body and bursa weight and heterophil counts were significantly depressed, whereas body temperature, SI and TS were affected biphasically, being first depressed and then raised above normal . Chicks injected with LPS daily for six consecutive days showed broadly similar responses but a persistent microcytosis was also present.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 Mar, 39(3), 529 - 30
Activation of latent Salmonella and Arizona organisms by dehydration of red-eared turtles, Pseudemys scripta-elegans; DuPonte MW et al.; Salmonella and Arizona organisms could not be isolated from water samples, feces, and tissues of turtles prior to the experiment . After stressing, Salmonella organisms were isolated from tissues of 7 of 27 stressed turtles and from only 1 of 12 unstressed turtles . Arizona organisms were isolated from 9 of 36 stressed turtles whereas results for all 12 unstressed turtles were negative.

Arch Intern Med, 1978 Mar, 138(3), 407 - 10
Typhoid fever . Studies of blood coagulation, bacteremia, and endotoxemia; Butler T et al.; Patients with typhoid fever were studied to determine whether disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), circulating bacteria, and endotoxemia were responsible for the signs and symptoms of their illnesses . Coagulation tests in 28 patients detected thrombocytopenia in 17, hypofibrinogenemia in nine, and elevated titers of fibrinogen-related antigens in 20 . Repeated testing during convalescence showed a return toward normal values . Intestinal bleeding, however, did not correlate with abnormalities of coagulation tests . Thus, DIC occurred commonly but appeared to be a subclinical event in these patients . In 25 patients with positive blood cultures for Salmonella typhi, quantitative cultures detected from less than 10 to 9 x 10(2) bacteria/ml . Limulus tests for endotoxin in plasma were negative in all 21 patients tested . These results indicated that the concentrations of circulating bacteria and endotoxin in typhoid fever are lower than in other Gram-negative bacterial infections and suggested that circulating bacteria and endotoxin do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.

Aust Vet J, 1978 Mar, 54(3), 106 - 10
Factors in the spread of salmonellas in meatworks with special reference to contamination of knives; Peel B et al.; Immersion of knives momentarily in hot water (82 degrees C) was ineffective in destroying salmonellas on knives used in a meatworks to carry out the bung dropping operation . Laboratory experiments confirmed that knives covered with meat products required 10 or more seconds to be effectively decontaminated at this temperature . Examination of knives used for slaughtering and for dressing beef carcases showed that knives coming into contact with hides had higher counts for salmonella and a higher percentage positive than knives used for other cutting operations . Knives used for cutting the skin of the forelegs and hindlegs had the highest counts.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1978 Mar, 166(2-3), 222 - 43
{Problems in ecology and hygiene of coastal waters (as exemplified by the baltic sea) (author's transl)}; Gartner H; A summary is given on ecological and hygienic problems of coastal waters, beginning with an outline of the different standpoints in ecology and hygiene . Because of close interrelationships between these fields, the hygienist is introduced to the ecological problems of the Baltic Sea . Hygienic questions have drawn attention because of the so-called Baltic Sea disease (Red tides?--Indication of virus contamination by bacterial indicators of faeces?) . On the basis of the results of a two-year authoritative study of the German Baltic Sea coast, a discussion is presented on 1) the relationship between the coli titer and the frequency of salmonella detection, 2) the necessity of routine tests for salmonella, 3) aims of bacteriological cleanliness, 4) the importance of chemical parameters for evaluation, 5) necessary measures for prevention of pollution of the water and beaches of the Baltic Sea . Emphasis is placed on the fact that for ecological reasons the third stage of sewage purification has attained increased significance . The paper refers repeatedly to international agreements (Baltic Sea Convention of 1974, the 1975 WHO report on the recreational quality of beaches and coastal waters, European Community guidelines of 1975) and their relations to the presented findings and considerations.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Mar, 24(3), 268 - 73
Detection of Salmonella enterotoxin using rabbit ileal loops; Sedlock DM et al.; The presence of an enterotoxin produced by Salmonella in broth culture has been demonstrated by using the rabbit ileal loop model . Response by the animal to enterotoxin in sterile culture supernatant fluids is enhanced when the intestinal lumen is washed with a mucolytic agent prior to the administration of toxin . Fluid secretion is untreated intestinal loops was also observed if enterotoxin was administered with a live, invasive Salmonella strain which did not evoke a secretory response . A limited survey of Salmonella isolated for clinical and food sources indicated the common occurrence of enterotoxin production, and stock cultures maintained the ability to produce the toxin . The host-adapted species which were tested varied in their ability to produce enterotoxin.

Arch Microbiol, 1978 Mar, 116(3), 259 - 68
Pleiotropic consequences of mutations towards antibiotic-hypersensitivity in Serratia marcescens; Winkler U et al.; Various mutants (oxas) were isolated from Serratia marcescens SM-6 by selecting for hypersensitivity towards oxacillin . All mutants found are highly pleiotropic and able to yield spontaneous revertants which behave like the wild-type . Mutant W 1421 mostly studied shows the following phenotypic properties not found in the wild-type: (1) The growth is hypersensitive to various antibiotics, detergents and dyes which differ remarkably in their chemical structure and antibacterial action-mechanism, (2) the cells can be easily solubilized by 0;05% Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate, (3) the cells allow the adsorption of the rough-mutant specific Salmonella phage 6SR; (4) strong cellular binding of crystal violet, (5) agglutination of the cells in 0.3% auramin solution and (6) reduced formation of red pigment . Strain W 1421 is assumed to be a lipopolysaccharide-defective mutant . The outer membrane of mutant W 1421 analyzed by Sodium-dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis possesses a single protein less than that of the wild-type . Mutant W 1421 is further characterized by its low exolipase activity; exoprotease and exonuclease activities are as in the wild-type . This specific exoenzyme deficiency can be overcome either by backmutation to oxacillin-resistance or by growing mutant W 1421 in a medium supplemented with certain non-metabolizable polysaccharides, e.g . glycogen or pectin B . Both polysaccharides increase the exolipase activity of the wild-type too.

J Clin Pathol, 1978 Mar, 31(3), 217 - 9
Outbreak of infantile enteritis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6.H16; Rowe B et al.; Ten out of 18 babies at risk developed enteritis in an outbreak in a special-care baby unit . Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional infantile enteropathogenic serogroups were not found in faeces from the babies and the staff, and no virus particles were found by electron microscopy . Detailed serotyping of E . coli showed that five of the 10 babies with diarrhoea and one of the eight without diarrhoea were excreting E . coli O6.H16 . All six isolates of this serotype produced both heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin . Enterotoxigenic strains of E . coli O6.H16 have caused outbreaks of enteritis in adults in the USA and Japan.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1978 Mar-Apr, 35(2), 355 - 9
{Outbreak of Salmonella poona (G group) infection resistant to high concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and other antimicrobial agents}; Filloy L et al.; An epidemic that occurred at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico is reported . Salmonella poona (roup G) was isolated in 154 patients: 122 in stool cultures, 23 in blood cultures and 9 in meningitis; out of the latter, 6 were newborns under 2 months of age . The strain showed resistance to several antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin and sulfonamides . Seventy per cent of the strains were resistant to 500 mcg/ml (highest concentration used) and 65% to the same dose of chloramphenicol.

Isr J Med Sci, 1978 Mar, 14(3), 314 - 8
Angiotensin-converting enzyme in macrophages and Freund's adjuvant granuloma; Silverstein E et al.; Low angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was found in rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages, in rat and rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages, in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated i.p . for four days by thioglycollate, and in rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages stimulated in culture by 0.1 to 100 microgram/ml Salmonella typhosa endotoxin for four days . Rat subcutaneous Freund's adjuvant granulomas induced with Mycobacterium butyricum or M . tuberculosis H37 Ra contianed low ACE activity which was generally lower than that present in control tissues . Increased ACE activity in sarcoidosis and Gaucher's disease lesions does not reflect a universally high synthesis of ACE in mammalian macrophages or granulomas, but may be due to specific mechanisms.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Feb 15, 103(4), 220 - 8
{Salmonella in minced meat from ten meat inspection services in the Netherlands (author's transl)}; Edel W et al.; Throughout a period of thirteen months, samples of minced meat from ten different meat inspection services in the Netherlands were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella . One hundred samples of 150 g . of each meat inspection service were studied by six different methods . Marked differences in contamination of minced meat with Salmonella were observed between the various localities . These were differences in the proportion of contaminated samples from each meat inspection service (lowest 10%, highest 39%) on the one hand and differences in the number of contaminated sub-samples of each sample of minced meat (smallest 18, largest 139) on the other . Moreover, the season obviously was a factor in contamination of minced meat with Salmonella, the contamination rate increasing with the outside temperature . As a rule, contamination by Salmonella was less common in minced beef than it was in minced beef and pork mixed . Contamination of minced meat with Salmonella usually was less common in minced meat from butchers' shops in which slaughtering was done by the butcher himself than it was in minced meat from slaughterhouses . The organisms most frequently isolated in the present study were S . typhi murium phage type II 505, S . panama and S . brandenburg . Of the methods of isolation used, those with pre enrichment and direct enrichment in TBB at 43 degrees C were found to produce the most satisfactory results.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1978 Feb-Mar, 129(2-3), 199 - 213
{Specific blast transformation of rabbit spleen cells induced by a bacterial polysaccharide and inhibitory effect of peripheral blood lymphocytes (author's transl)}; Cavaillon JM et al.; Following immunization with bacteria (i.e . Salmonella johannesburg), rabbit spleen lymphocytes developed a specific blast response when the lymphocytes were stimulated with polysaccharide, the haptenic moiety of lipopolysaccharide . A clear cut dissociation was noted in the blast response induced by polysaccharide compared with those induced by lipopolysaccharide and lipid A . There was no correlation between the magnitude of the cellular responses and that of the antibody response . Moreover, there was less specificity at the cellular level than at the level of antibody secreted by cells . A decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation was often observed after immunization, at the level of peripheral blood lymphocytes . An inhibitory effect of these cells was shown on the blast response of spleen lymphocytes with polysaccharide . A high blast response to Salmonella polysaccharide which could be observed in some non-immunized rabbits might be related to a natural sensitization of animals with the same or related unknown antigens which could not be recognized by anti-S . johannesburg antibodies.

J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Feb, 7(2), 122 - 6
Laboratory and clinical investigation of recovery of Salmonella typhi from blood; Watson KC; An experimental study was undertaken of isolation of Salmonella typhi from artificially infected whole blood and blood clot prepared either with small numbers of freshly isolated strains or with the S . typhi Ty2 strain . Results showed that 8 ml of whole blood required a minimum of 50 ml of bile salt broth to dilute the bactericidal effect of the serum . However, the isolation rate for recovery in 210 cases of enteric fever was only 64% when 50 ml of medium was used, as compared to 92% recovery from blood clot from the same group incubated in streptokinase bile salt broth . This probably reflects a very low grade bacteremia in many of the patients . Further investigation showed that, ideally, between 150 and 200 ml of medium is required for satisfactory whole-blood culture . Both the experimental study of artificially infected clots and recovery rates from patients indicate that rapid clot dissolution with streptokinase is preferable to whole-blood culture; this experience has been amply confirmed by almost 5,000 cases over a 20-year period . A 15-ml volume of bile salt broth with 100 U of streptokinase is adequate for the clot from 8 ml of blood, and savings on media and incubator space have considerable cost benefits in developing countries.

Infect Immun, 1978 Feb, 19(2), 357 - 68
Lipid A-induced tolerance and hyperreactivity to hypothermia in mice; Greer GG et al.; Mice responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a dose-dependent, monophasic hypothermia reaching a maximum at 2 h postinjection . Degraded polysaccharide was not active; free lipid A, however, induced a similar pattern of hypothermia, indicating that the hypothermic principle of LPS was embedded within the lipid A component . The hypothermic response of mice to LPS was modified by prior exposure of the host to LPS . This altered reactivity was manifested by refractory periods (early and late tolerance), in which animals no longer responded with hypothermia, or a hyperreactive phase (hypersensitivity), in which hypothermic responses were greatly augmented upon LPS challenge . Thus, tolerance observed 24 h after a single injection of LPS (early tolerance) was followed, on further LPS challenge, by an enhanced hypothermic responses reaching a maximum on day 4 . Further daily exposure of the animals to LPS eliminated hyperreactivity and led to the establishment of a late tolerance maximally expressed on day 8 . Hyperreactivity could also be evoked on day 4 after a single injection of LPS . Mice pretreated with Salmonella S- and R-form LPS or free lipid A (Salmonella) demonstrated tolerance and hyperreactivity to both homologous and heterologous challenge . In addition, complete cross-tolerance was observed with S-form LPS derived from Shigella . It was concluded that the differential effects of LPS on host responses (tolerance and hyperreactivity) were due to lipid A.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Feb-Mar, 129(2), 257 - 60
The antigenic relationship between Brettanomyces-Debaryomyces strains and the Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Brettanomyces lambicus, B . claussenii, Debaryomyces hansenii and D . marama agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (0:6(2), 7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae-suis agglutinated B . lambicus, B . clausenni, D . hansenii and D . marama . Absorption and agglutination cross-tested demonstrated common antigen factor(s) in the tested yeasts and Salmonella 0:7 antigen.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1978 Feb, 59(1), 64 - 75
A model of salmonella enteritis: the behaviour of Salmonella enteritidis in chick intestine studies by light and electron microscopy; Turnbull PC et al.; Salmonella enteritidis was injected into isolated "loops" of duodenum, midgut and ileocaeca in anaesthetized 1-day-old chicks . Using light microscopy with conventional staining and fluorescent antibody techniques, the organism were observed in increasing numbers in the epithelium and lamina propria of each region between 2 and 12 h after inoculation . The potential ability of the salmonellas to enter the mucosa at any level of the intestine was thus demonstrated . The penetration of caecal epithelium by the organisms was studied by electron-microscopy . Uptake of salmonellas was associated with evaginations which formed at the luminal surface of the epithelium . In the epithelial cells, the bacteria were enclosed within membrane-bound vacuoles and appeared undamaged by intracellular passage . Surface evaginations almost completely replaced the brush border in regions where large numbers of the organisms were involved . Occasional salmonellas were found in the lamina propria both free and intracellularly . Results of culture and light microscopy following oral and intracloacal inoculation are also presented.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978 Feb, 75(2), 928 - 30
Comutagenic effect of norharman and harman with 2-acetylaminofluorene derivatives; Umezawa K et al.; Norharman enhanced the known mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene derivatives in the Salmonella test system . The mutagenicities of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene, and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene were enhanced by norharman only when rat liver microsomal enzymes were added, whereas the mutagenicity of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was increased in the absence of microsomal enzymes . Harman also increased mutagenesis, althouth less so than norharman.

J Bacteriol, 1978 Feb, 133(2), 607 - 13
2-deoxygalactose, a specific substrate of the Salmonella typhiimurium galactose permease: its use for the isolation of galP mutants; Nagelkerke F et al.; 2-Deoxygalactose is a specific substrate of the galactose permease . The apparent Km is about 500 micron, compared to 45 micron for galactose, whereas the maximal rate of uptake is one-half to one-third of that of galactose . None of the other galactose transport systems, including methyl beta-D-thiogalactosides I and II, the beta-methyl-galactoside permease, and both arabinose systems, is able to catalyze transport of 2-deoxygalactose to a significant extent . 2-Deoxygalactose can also be used to isolate mutants defective in galactose permease, since it is bacteriostatic . Colonies that grow with lactate, malate, or succinate as a carbon source in the presence of 0.5 to 2 mM 2-doexygalactose were found to be mostly galP mutants, lacking galactose permease . Spontaneous 2-deoxygalactose-resistant strains arose with a frequency of about 2 X 10(-6) . galP mutants have also been derived from pts deletion mutants that require galactose permease for growth on glucose . Revertants have been obtained that have acquired the parental phenotype.

Cancer Res, 1978 Feb, 38(2), 431 - 8
Detection of mutagenic impurities in carcinogens and noncarcinogens by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the Salmonella/microsome test; Donahue EV et al.; We have used high-pressure liquid chromatography and the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test to look for mutagenic impurities in 11 carcinogens and noncarcinogens . Because of the million-fold range in mutagenic potency observed in the Salmonella test, even trace amounts of potent mutagenic impurities in a nonmutagenic compound could be detected . The mutagenicity of 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, a noncarcinogen in the standard animal carcinogenicity tests, is shown to be due to a small amount of impurity, which is probably the potent carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene . This is discussed in relation to the statistical limitations of animal carcinogenicity tests . We also discuss the role of mitogenic impurities in assessing the mutagenicity of environmental (and industrial) chemicals with high-sensitivity mutagenicity assays, such as the Salmonella/microsome test.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1978 Feb-Mar, 129(2), 155 - 9
Incidences of simple and transferable drug resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from various foods: identification of a R plasmid in S . saint-paul; Vidon DJ et al.; A study of 1,043 strains of E . coli and 22 strains of Salmonella isolated from various foods in eastern France between the dates of June 1974 and December 1976 showed that 164 (15.6%) of E . coli and nine Salmonella were resistant to one or several drugs . Only 18 of the 83 resistant E . coli strains were able to transfer their resistance to tetracycline and some other drug resistance to E . coli K12 in vitro . A conjugative R plasmid has been identified by transfer experiments, incompatibility testing and agarose gel electrophoresis in a strain of multiresistant S . saint-paul.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1978 Jan 15, 33(2), 51 - 4
{Length of stay in the hospital in shigella and salmonella infections treated with furazolidone and without any antimicrobial chemotherapy}; Nikorowitsch E; 163 patients suffering from Shigellosis and Salmonellosis were treated in principle of alternating sequence with Furazolidon and without drug . Without antimicrobial chemotherapy the average period of rest in hospital was five days shorter.

Microbios, 1978, 22(87), 15 - 25
Factors influencing the secondary immune response in rabbits to Salmonella typhosa; Mates A et al.; The characteristics of the primary response, as well as those of the secondary response, to different doses of Salmonella typhosa when elicited at two different time intervals were analysed . The antibody response demonstrates that the size of the primary dose, and the size of the secondary dose, have significant effect on the subsequent synthesis of the secondary IgM and IgG antibody response to both 'H' and 'O' antigens . The time elapsed between the primary and secondary response tends to decrease the IgG response . Due to the high immunogenicity of the 'H' antigen the maximum IgG levels were reached within the range of doses used . These high levels of antibody inhibited the secondary IgM response by a feedback mechanism . Enhanced or equivalent response of predominant anti 'O' IgM system was recorded.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(9), 53 - 8
{Allergen effect on the number of monocytes in guinea pigs}; Kostov G; Followed up are the changes in the number of monocytes under the effect of venal injection of an allergen from Salmonella abortus ovis to guinea pigs, sensibilized by live and killed cultures of the same Salmonella . After inoculation of healthy guinea pigs with a live culture, the number of monocytes doubles and remains at this level up to the 11th day after the infection . The killed culture of this Salmonella does not possess a similar action . A venal injection of Salmonella abortus ovis allergen to sensibilized guinea pigs, possessing a dermal-allergic reaction, leads to a marked decrease in the number of monocytes in the blood on the 2nd and 6th hrs after application of the allergen, while on the 24th h their number regains the level prior injection . The "disappearance" of monocytes from the peripheral blood is antigen-specific and the assumption is made that it is the result of the synthesis of the migration-inhibition factor in blood circulation at the contact of the sensibilized "T" lymphocytes with the specific antigen.

Can J Biochem, 1978 Jan, 56(1), 29 - 37
A study of cell surface constituents restricting Salmonella minnesota R form glycopid mR595 fixation to normal rat embryo fibroblasts; Nigam VN et al.; The nature of the cell surface constituent(s) containing sialic acid that block fixation of bacterial glycolipid mR595 to normal rat fibroblasts was explored . Indirect evidence suggests that a trypsin-sensitive, high molecular weight glycoprotein, present in larger amounts on the surface of normal cells (as compared with transformed rat fibroblasts), may be involved as a blocking agent.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(8), 61 - 6
{Nitrosoguanidine induction of mutants in Salmonella cholerae suis}; Todorov T et al.; On treatment two strains of Salmonella cholerae suis with nitrosoguanidine and using Ledeberg's contact technique, some 100 colonies of one of the strains were obtained, seven out of which were auxotrophic . These seven mutants were auxotropic, of which three -- to tyrosine, two -- to adenine, one -- to glutamic acid and one -- to histidine . The mutant of the second Salmonella cholerae suis strain is auxotrophic to tyrosine, xanthine and adenine . The colonies of these mutants are smaller . Their growth in MPB is sparse . Their fermentation is deleyed by a higher degree . The mutant, auxotrophic to tyrosine, xanthine and adenine, manifests a delayed fermentation in ramnose and is negative to lysine and to ornithodecarboxylase . The mutant, auxotrophic to tyrosine, possesses a negative argininedehydrolase . Mutants Nos 3,5 and 6 are auxotrophic to adenine, glutamic acid and histidine, respectively, and are with a negative ornithodecarboxylase . Four of the eight mutants were for tested for pathogenicity to white mice . All manifested a decreased pathogenicity, ranging from 1000- to 10,000-fold lower.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(7), 27 - 30
{Live vaccine against salmonellosis in swine}; Stoianov V et al.; A live vaccine was produced against salmonellosis in pigs, using a mutant strain 3--297 of Salmonella cholerae suis . The vaccine proved fully innocuous at the rate of 1 cm3 to guinea pigs and at 2-5 ml to pigs, and 15 days following injection the vaccinal strains was no longer isolated from the test animals . Guinea pigs injected singly at the rate of 1cm3 of the vaccine and infected on the 12th day with a pathogenic Salmonella cholerae suis strain died up to 12 per cent (the control ones up to 91 per cent) . Pigs vaccinated singly or twice at the rate of 2 cm3 and infected on the 20th day (i/v) with a pathogenic strain of Salmonella cholerae suis died up to 14 per cent (the control ones up to 80 per cent).

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1978, 26(1), 71 - 96
{Origin and frequency of the serotypes of Salmonella received in the French national center during the years 1973--1976 (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; 38,343 strains of Salmonella (34,138 isolated in Metropolitan France) were examined at the national Salmonella Centre (Pasteur Institute, Paris), during the years 1973 to 1976 . The origins are scheduled in this report according to the serotypes classified in alphabetical order with O groups of Kauffmann-White schema . Incidence of II and IV subgenera is low . One serotype of the sub-genus III, S . arizonae 18 : z4, z32 : has appeared in poultry plants, specially in turkeys . The most frequent serotype remains S . typhi-murium, followed by S . wien (appeared in France in 1970), S . saint-paul the numbers of which increase . S . panama is at 4th place . S . isangi and S . ordonez, probably imported from West Africa are in expansion . 29 new serotypes, 5 of which from France, have been discovered.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(6), 465 - 8
Effect of lipopolysaccharides on the morphology of erythrocyte membranes; Stryckova T; The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi on erythrocyte membranes was investigated by electron microscopy . The LPS was found to be irregularly distributed on the surface of erythrocytes and their envelopes . It caused the formation of short bilayer rods associated at one end with the erythrocyte membrane of vesicular formations localized horizontally on or in the membrane, and of lamellar structures.

Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(6), 287 - 99
Studies on the lipid components of endotoxin . II . Chemical analyses and biological properties of neutral, polar-I and polar-II subfractions; Konno S; Lipid components obtained from Salmonella typhosa O-901 endotoxin by acid hydrolysis were separated into neutral, polar-I and polar-II lipid fractions by silica gel column chromatography . These lipids were further separated by silica gel column and/or thin-layer chromatography . The subfractions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry . Seven subfractions obtained from the neutral lipid fraction contained lauric, myristic, palmitic, 3-OH-myristic acid, artificial products of 3-OH-myristic acid, or a small amount of two unidentified fatty acids . These fatty acids and glucosamine were commonly detected in six subfractions obtained from the polar-I lipid fraction . Fatty acids, glucosamine, and O-phosphorylethanolamine were detected in all of the 13 subfractions obtained from the polar-II lipid fraction . Chick embryo lethal activity, rabbit pyrogenicity and in vitro interferon inducing activity were found in three polar-I lipid subfractions and five polar-II lipid subfractions, but not in neutral lipids . The activities were highest in a polar-II lipid subfraction which contained smaller amounts of O-phosphorylethanolamine and glucosamine than the other subfractions . However, no particular chemical constituent(s) related to the biological activities could be found . Prolonged acid hydrolysis of the polar-II lipids gave rise to neutral and polar-I lipids . Chemical and biological aspects of the lipid constituents of endotoxin are discussed.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(1), 68 - 73
{Epizootic of S . heidelberg in poultry breeding flocks raised commercially}; Stefanov V et al.; It was noted that under the conditions of industrial raising of adult birds the epizootic of Salmonella heidelberg could assumme an acute course with a clinical manifestation . After its short-term acute manifestation the infection acquired a protracted course . Mortality correlated directly with the age of the birds . Isolated and identified were a total of 117 Salmonella heidelberg strains from carcasses, cloacal samples, eggs, and litter . Regardless of the short-term Salmonella harbouring the deep litter was shown to predispose to reinfections . The isolation of eight strains of S . heidelberg from the egg shell and the yolk of freshly laid eggs as well as the negative microbial findings in one- and two-fold fumigated eggs corroborate the idea of the additional entering of Salmonella organisms through the shell . These also point to the fact that fumigation carried out up to the third hour following laying may contribute to the raising of disease-free broilers . Treatment with furazolidon and chloramphenicol in combination or the application of salmocid at the rate of 250 milligram microgram of feed in the course of ten days suppresses the acute manifestation of the disease and restores the productivity of birds, having no effect on the harbouring of the infection in the flock.

Bull Pan Am Health Organ, 1978, 12(1), 51 - 4
Salmonella infection in market swine, Trinidad and Tobago; Cazabon EP et al.; Salmonella organisms were isolated from samples of mesenteric lymph nodes taken from healthy market swine at an abattoir in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, on 36 different visits over a 12-month period . Of the 869 samples examined, 160, or 18,4%, were positive for Salmonella . A total of 19 serotypes were isolated of which S . agona was the most prevalent . The findings are compared with observations by other workers.

Can J Comp Med, 1978 Jan, 42(1), 108 - 20
Experimental induction of an immunohaemolytic anaemia in the chicken with Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin; Assoku RK et al.; The possibility that the extreme refractoriness of the chicken to injected endotoxin would permit the buildup of sufficient free endotoxin in the circulation to immunologically modify the erythrocytes in vivo and thereby cause them to be eliminated from the circulation was investigated . It was shown that a moderately severe immunohaemolytic anaemia accompanied by a mild spenomegaly could be induced in chickens by single (large) or multiple injections of Salmonella gallinarum endotoxin (SgE) . Varying degrees of reticulocytosis, with corresponding decreases in haemoglobin and haematocrit values, were observed from the tenth day after the injection of the SgE . All the injected animals also showed significant immune responses to SgE, peak haemagglutinin titres occurring coincidentally with the peaks of the haemolytic episodes . A similar injection schedule in specifically immune chickens also showed the anaemia appearing much earlier, persisting longer and being much more profound in intensity . It is considered that the in vivo erythrocyte sensitization induced by SgE injection initiates the erythrocytic changes observed and that the underlying mechanism responsible for the subsequent development of the haemolytic anaemia is immunologically mediated.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1978 Jan, 166(1), 95 - 104
{Arizona bacteria (salmonella subgenus III), a rarely identified cause of food infections (author's transl)}; Toeller W et al.; A report is given of the infection, described under the clinical picture of enteritis, of a one-year old Turkish child with Salmonella arizonae 61:k:1,5,7 (Arizona 26:29-30) which is largely adapted to sheep . It appears that, outside of the USA reports have not been published on infections with this species of Salmonella . Considering that reports on human infections with Salmonellae of the subgenus III (Arizona bacteria) have rarely been published, it was decided to deal with these Salmonellae in general, especially with their reservoirs, the clinical pathological pictures and the problems associated with the bacteriological diagnosis which is made on the basis of the ready splitting of lactose of numerous species of the Arizona group.

J Rheumatol, 1978 Spring, 5(1), 96 - 8
Exacerbation of mixed connective tissue disease during Salmonella gastroenteritis--serial immunological findings; Davis JD et al.; A patient with mixed connective tissue disease is described who developed fever and polyserositis after the onset of Salmonella gastroenteritis . Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies, serum complement, and circulating immune complexes were studied quantitatively throughout the course of her illness . If the Salmonella infection were responsible for the exacerbation of mixed connective tissue disease, as the sequence of events suggests, the mechanism appeared to involve deposition of previously circulating immune complexes in affected tissues.

Clin Orthop, 1978 Jan-Feb, (130), 154 - 57
Orthopedic aspects of sickle cell anemia and allied hemoglobinopathies; Sennara H et al.; The study of 23 cases of hemoglobinopathies in Nigeria using electrophoresis, showed that 16 cases were HB-SS, 5 cases HB-SC, and 2 cases HB-S Th . There were infarcts of long bones, which were usually multiple in the diaphyses in 17 cases, septic arthritis of big joints in 4 patients and aseptic necrosis of the hip in one, and in the hip and knee in one . Infection was proved by culture in only the 4 joints and 7 of the affected long bones, 8 of the causative organisms were Salmonella and 3 were Staphylococci . Only 2 of the infected cases needed sequestrectomy and the other 9 responded to simpler methods like aspiration and incision of abscess U.L.A . without resulting in a sinus formation . The aseptic necrosis in the hip may simulate Perthe's disease and dysbaric osteonecrosis, the massive periosteal reaction may simulate Caffey's disease and hypervitaminosis A, and give rise to difficulties in diagnosis when hemoglobinopathies are not suspected.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Jan, 240(1), 7 - 15
An economic and rapid diagnostic procedure for the detection of salmonella/shigella using the polyvalent salmonella phage O-1; Fey H et al.; An easy, rapid and economic two-step procedure is described for the detection of Salmonella/Shigella . In the first step the susceptibility of suspected colonies for the phage O-1 of FELIX and CALLOW is tested . Positive cultures are serologically confirmed . The test is performed on Triple Sugar Iron Agar and lasts 4-6 hrs . Phage negative cultures which are lactose- and sucrose negative are tested for lysine decarboxylase and, if Shigella is possible (i.e . in human material on primary plates), for indol production and motility in a semisolid tryptophane agar . Of 22880 Salmonella straine 21977, i.e . 96.1% were phage-sensitive . Strains belonging to certain O-groups (OE) or species are lysed at a lower percentage . However, since they are lysine decarboxylase positive they are not lost and can be submitted to a serological examination.

Scott Med J, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 23 - 6
Morbidity and mortality in salmonella food poisoning . A review of 47 in-patient cases; Dickinson RJ et al.; Forty-seven new patients with salmonella food poisoning were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit at the City Hospital, Edinburgh, during 1975 . Although all the patients had diarrhoea at some stage of their illness, the wide variety of presenting symptoms caused some diagnostic difficulties prior to the isolation of the organism . A probable predisposing factor to serious disease was recognised in 15 patients . Twenty patients (42.5%) were seriously ill and 4 patients (8.5%) died . This series stresses the potential severity of this common disease.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1978 Jan, 4(1), 59 - 77
Environmental mutagens in urban air particulates; Commoner B et al.; A bioassay capable of detecting carcinogenic substances that are associated with the elevated incidence of cancer in the urban environment would be important for epidemiologic and environmental analyses . The feasibility of using the Salmonella mutagenesis system developed by Ames for this purpose has been tested by analyzing Chicago air particulate samples . Active material, as evidenced by enhanced rates of mutation, both in the presence of microsomes and in their absence, is readily extractable from samples of air particulates . Dose-response curves have been obtained from such extracts of 15 successive samples, taken at intervals during 1975 from a sampling site in South Chicago . A method for analyzing such data in order to evaluate the relative mutagenic activity of different samples is described . The presence of a number of mutagenic constituents has been demonstrated by means of thin-layer chromatography of particularly active samples, in which the active material is located by mutagenic analysis of successive chromatographic zones . Mass spectrometer analysis of material isolated from an original sample in this way indicates that benzo{a}pyrene and benzo{e}pyrene, which are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic, are present . It is concluded that within certain constraints, which are described, the methodology can serve the purpose of an environmental bioassay for organic carcinogens.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1978 Jan, 4(1), 189 - 202
Isolation of mutagens from bacterial nutrients containing beef extract; Vithayathil AJ et al.; The enhanced rate of mutation of Salmonella strain TA1538 (Ames) by microsomes results from the presence of about 2--5 ppm of microsome-activatable mutagens in bacterial nutrient broths that contain beef extract . Since mutagens toward Salmonella are likely to be carcinogenic, the data have significant implications for the problem of carcinogenesis.

Chem Biol Interact, 1978 Jan, 20(1), 113 - 21
Some antitumor derivatives of ellipticine deprived of mutagenic properties; Lecointe P et al.; Seven derivatives of the antitumor alkaloid ellipticine were assayed for activity against murine leukaemia L1210 and for mutagenicity in Ames' Salmonella-microsomes test . Not only did the results show a complete lack of correlation between these two properties, but it was possible to choose a highly efficient analog which was completely devoid of mutagenic and hence, probably, carcinogenic effect . The lack of interaction of this product (2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate) with Cytochrome P-450 of hepatic monooxygenases prevents the formation of reactive intermediates and their subsequent binding to DNA . These data are discussed in view of the currently admitted mode of action of ellipticines i.e., intercalation in DNA and their therapeutic use.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 Jan, 39(1), 109 - 14
Effect of dry versus wet bowl environment on pet turtles; McKibben JS et al.; Recently hatched, certified Salmonella-free, red-eared slider turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) were obtained from a commercial breeder . Half of the turtles were kept in a traditional wet-bowl environment, whereas the other half lived in individual dry-bowl environments, except for 30 minutes each day when they were immersed in water and were fed . Both groups were fed commercial turtle food . During the 26 weeks of the study, individual weight and general observations were recorded for each turtle . Neither Salmonella nor Arizona bacteria were recovered from the turtles, their food, or their bowen environments . Histologic observations were completed on organs of both groups . Turtles maintained in the dry-bowl environment ate poorly, were considerably less active and less developed histologically, and lost significantly more weight than those turtles living in the wet bowl environment . Neither the environment nor the feeding program were found to be satisfactory for prolonged household maintenance of pet turtles.

J Immunol, 1978 Jan, 120(1), 317 - 9
The selective binding of aggregated IgG to lipid A-rich bacterial lipopolysaccharides; Ginsberg MH et al.; To explore the mechanism by which certain bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) enhance platelet stimulation by aggregated IgG, we studied potential interactions between the two ligands . Lipid A or the lipid A-rich LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 (LPS R595) selectively increased the sedimentation of aggregated rather than monomer IgG in sucrose density gradients . Insolubilized IgG aggregates adsorbed LPS R595 from solution . These two experiments suggested binding of IgG aggregates to LPS R595 or lipid A and this was confirmed by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation studies . The presence of R595 LPS shifted the equilibrium density profile of aggregated IgG from its usual equilibrium density at 1.30 g/ml to a new position superimposable with that of the LPS R595 . The possibility that a selective binding of IgG aggregates to LPS may represent a fundamental mechanism of the action of LPS on cellular mediation systems is proposed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 97 - 104
Differentiation of Salmonella Serotypes by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography of cell fragments; Emswiler BS et al.; Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC) of whole cells and cell fragments was used to differentiate 10 Salmonella serotypes . Lyophilized samples (200 microgram) of whole cells, cell walls, flagella, and deoxyribonucleic acid from each serotype were analyzed in duplicate by PGLC . Pyrochromatograms recorded as pyrolytic elution patterns represented thermal fragmentation products of the samples . Mathematical expressions of percent similarity and percent conformity were calculated for all possible pair combinations of the 10 serotypes . Stepwise discriminant analysis of the PGLC data showed that 100 percent correct classification of the 10 serotypes was possible from the flagella or deoxyribonucleic acid pyrochromatograms . The classification matrix of the whole-cell data showed a 90 percent correct classification . PGLC of cell fragments may provide useful information for taxonomic studies of Salmonella and other microorganisms.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 202 - 3
Isolation of bacteriophage 14-lysogenized Salmonella from the freshwater aquarium snail Apullaria; Bartlett KH et al.; A naturally occurring Salmonella mikawasima serologically converted by phage 14 (6,7,14:y:e,n,z15) has been isolated for the first time . An S . tennessee variant seroconverted by phage 14 (6,7,14:z29:-) was also isolated . The source of these salmonellae was the common freshwater aquarium snail Ampullaria . Phage 14 prepared from these serovariants was lytic for S . bovis-morbificans (6,8:r:1,5) and for S . hadar (6,8:z10:e,n,x).

Am J Epidemiol, 1978 Jan, 107(1), 36 - 45
Raw hamburger: an interstate common source of human salmonellosis; Fontaine RE et al.; An interstate common-source outbreak of salmonellosis was first detected in the United States in September and October, 1975, when a tenfold increase in Salmonella newport isolates was noted through routine salmonella surveillance by the Colorado Department of Health . Eighteen primary cases with a distinctive antibiotic resistance pattern (tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides) were evaluated in a case-control study, and illness was found to be associated with eating raw hamburger (p less than .001) from any store of one grocery chain (p less than .001) . A Dallas, Texas, processing plant that supplied the Colorado markets also supplied other states, and these other states were alerted . Maryland discovered nine S . newport isolates with the same antibiogram and, as in the Colorado outbreak, illness was associated with eating raw or very rare ground beef from the same grocery chain (p less than .03) . A third outbreak of S . newport with the same antibiogram occurred on a Florida military base . S . newport with the same antibiogram and a phage lysis pattern identical to those of the human epidemic isolates was cultured from frozen hamburger recovered in Colorado and Florida . The associated hamburger originated at the same Dallas, Texas, processing plant . A source of the epidemic strain was not identified, but the organism probably originated before delivery to the plant.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1978, 44(2), 203 - 18
Translocation of an ampicillin resistance determinant within an R-factor aggregate in Salmonella panama; van Embden JD; The molecular properties of the plasmids of a natural isolate of Salmonella panama have been studied . This strain, Sp477, harbours 5 different plasmids: the conjugative plasmid pRI477TF (molecular weight 20 megadaltons), the two non-conjugative plasmids, pRI477A and pRI477S, coding for ampicillin and streptomycin plus sulfonamide resistance respectively (molecular weights of both 5.6 megadaltons) and two cryptic plasmids with molecular weights of 1.0 and 2.7, megadaltons respectively . After conjugal transfer to Escherichia coli the ampicillin resistance determinant was frequently found to be integrated into pRI477TF or pRI477S . The translocatable sequence on pRI477A, designated as Tn901, resembles the TnA sublcass transposon TnA(1).

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(8), 91 - 5
{Inactivated saponin vaccine against salmonellal abortion in sheep}; Girginov G et al.; An inactivated saponine vaccine is prepared from five highly immunogenic Salmonella abortus ovis strains, selected by means of a biological test on white rats . Saline was used as a diluent of the vaccine, with the addition of 30 per cent glycerine, 0.012 per cent saponine and 0.1 per cent propiolactone . The optimum immunization dose of 5 cm3 is injected singly subcutaneously behind the elbow, two and a half months after impregnation . The vaccine is applied on infected farms before the disease occurs . The cellular-humoral immunity, which forms 14 days after the injection, lasts 4--5 months and protects the sheep against salmonellosis abortion.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(1), 39 - 46
Changes in lactate and malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in salmonella under the effect of potassium dichloroisocyanurate; Kotova AL; The method of enzyme-electrophoresis in agar gel according to Wieme (1959) was used for the study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isoenzymes of 24-hour and 48-hour Salmonella cultures exposed to a 0.02% solution of potassium dichloroisocyanurate (PDIC) . Severe repression of LDH and MDH isoenzymes was observed immediately after the exposure of the culture to the disinfectant solution . A significant decrease in the content of the isoenzyme LDH1 and of the cytoplasmic fraction (C1) of MDH simultaneously with the appearance of the fractions LDH4, LDH1a and LDH1b were established in the strains cultured on MPA in the course of 24 hours following the exposure . A tendency to a decrease in the LDH1 content was preserved in the experimental cultures after 48 hours, but the spectrum of MDH isoenzymes showed almost no differences in comparison with that of MDH isoenzymes in 48-hour cultures of the control strains.

Health Lab Sci, 1978 Jan, 15(1), 58 - 64
Laboratory-acquired infections at the National Animal Disease Center 1960--1976; Sullivan JF et al.; Experience with exposure to, or infection with pathogenic agents at the National Animal Disease Center is summarized . A total of 60 laboratory-associated exposures to infectious disease agents were reported . Forty-nine exposures resulted from known accidents, but the other 11 were identified only after the development of clinical or serological manifestations of infection . Eighteen cases of laboratory-acquired infections were reviewed . Brucellosis, the most frequently reported laboratory-acquired infection, accounted for one-half of the cases summarized . Three cases of leptospirosis, two cases of Newcastle disease, two cases of ringworm, and a single infection with Mycobacterium bovis and with Salmonella arizonae were also encountered . The most frequently reported causes of exposure were: auto-inoculation or spray exposure associated with the use of the hypodermic syringe, cuts or lacerations, direct contact with infected animals, and mouth pipetting . Although the infecting event could not be identified in 11 infections, presumptive evidence suggests aerogenic transmission as a probable route of exposure in a number of such cases.

Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol, 1978 Jan, 74(1), 57 - 61
{Cellular composition of the lymph nodes of monkeys (rhesus macaque) under normal and experimental conditions}; Rusina AK; By means of mathematical methods, quantitative and qualitative changes were studied in different structural components of the mesenteric (ileocecal) lymph nodes in normal monkeys (Macaca rhesus) and under per os administration of Salmonella typhi murium, streptomycin-dependent . Cellular composition was calculated in the cortical plateau, cortical (lymphoid) cords and in follicules . Average percent of every cell type was determined . Vaccine administration, was stated to inhibit cytopoiesis in the cortical plateau and in the follicules with light centers . An inverse correlation was noted between the content of small and medium size lymphocytes . Different reactivity of certain structural components in the lymph nodes was demonstrated . As a response to the vaccine administration, plasmocellular acidophilic and macrophagal reactions were most pronounced in the cortical (lymphoid) cords.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Jan, (1), 54 - 7
{Study of the structure and function of endotoxins with the aid of enzymes . 2 . Modification of Salmonella paratyphi B endotoxin with lysozyme and lipase}; Shapiro NI et al.; Endotoxin preparations from the S . paratyphi B cultures, isolated by various methods, were treated with lysozyme (splitting of beta-1,4-glycoside links of lipid A) and lipase of the pancreas (splitting of complex ester links of glycerophosphatides) . Lysozyme and, to a lesser extent, lipase, were capable of partial depression of the toxic endotoxin function . The process of enzymatic detoxication coursed selectively, without influencing the serological and immunological activity of the preparations . Suppositions are put forward on the complicated nature of the toxic endotoxin function manifestation and possibility of provision of detoxication effect by specific actions differing by the point of application.

Drug Chem Toxicol, 1978, 1(3), 277 - 304
Comparison of the relative mutagenic activity for eight antineoplastic drugs in the Ames Salmonella/microsome and TK+/- mouse lymphoma assays; Matheson D et al.; Eight antineoplastic drugs were evaluated for their ability to induce mutation in the Ames Salmonella/microsome and the TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay . Dose response data were utilized to determine the relative potency of each of these drugs . They were then ranked based on this information . Vincristine, the most potent compound tested in the mouse lymphoma assay, was not active in the Salmonella assay, nor were DTIC and Methotrexate . Excluding these compounds from the comparison ranking, we found that the only difference in the order between the Ames and lymphoma assays was between Daunomycin and Adriamycin . Daunomycin was most potent in the Ames assay, compounds was reversed in the mouse lymphoma assay . This observation of relative activity is of interest because it underscores the ability to extrapolate between microbial and mammalian test systems, provided one keeps in mind the differences associated with chromosome structure and modes of segregation in these two cell types . Furthermore, it is suggested that relative potency ranking may provide prospective insight into expectations of risk for human populations exposed to these drugs.

Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(12), 735 - 43
R plasmids with thermosensitive transferability in Salmonella strains isolated from humans; Yoshida Y et al.; Temperature dependence of transfer was examined with ten R plasmids originating from clinical isolates of Salmonella . Six of the plasmids were thermosensitive upon transfer, five of which were originally harbored in S . typhimurium and the remaining one in S . derby . One of these plasmids, pNR502, which conferred resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin (Sm) and tetracycline (Tc) on its host was stably maintained both in Salmonella and Escherichia coli at either 30, 37, or 43 C . Another plasmid, pNR516, which was resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfathiazole, Sm and Tc, was slightly unstable only at 43 C . The remaining four plasmids, pNR503, pNR510, pNR512 and pNR514, conferred resistance to Sm and Tc . Of these plasmids, the former two were stably maintained at both 30 and 37 C, but were unstable at 43 C . The latter two were slightly unstable at the lower temperatures and considerably unstable at 43 C . Kinetics of the transfer of the plasmid pNR503 revealed that the efficiency of transfer of the plasmid between E . coli strains was affected not only by the temperature of the conjugation but also by the preincubation temperature of the donor culture before the conjugation.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 107, 471 - 7
Studies on oral adjuvants against murine salmonellosis; Ganguly R et al.; 1) Attempts were made to develop oral adjuvants against murine salmonellosis . 2) Streptomycin, levamisole and PHA show potential immunoenhancing properties against salmonella infection . 3) The mode of action of these agents remain to be elucidated . Observed results of PHA enhancement may be related to its blastogenic effects in the splenic T-cells . 4) Decrease in certain bacterial flora resulting in less antigenic competition may be the mode of action of streptomycin as adjuvant when added to oral salmonella vaccine.

J Int Med Res, 1978, 6(6), 460 - 2
Gentamicin in the treatment of Salmonella infections; Bassetti D et al.; Changes in the ecology of Salmonella organisms impose the use of highly specific chemotherapeutic agents both in animals and in attempts ot combat salmonella typhi in man . An examination of inhibition achieved by the use of a number of antibiotics against strains isolated from 52 hospitalized patients in our clinic, over the past three years, has shown the majority of strains to be sensitive to gentamicin (78%), followed by nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol (44%) and other chemotherapeutic agents, including the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim (28%) and ampicillin (11%).

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1978, 44(1), 49 - 57
Influence of bacteriological media constituents on the reproduction of Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophages; Jamasbi RJ et al.; Three different Salmonella enteritidis phages were isolated and purified from raw sewage by agar-layer technique . The sensitivity of the host organisms toward phages was changed when they were grown on different bacteriological media . The effect of single components of the medium on phage reproduction was determined by the omission of that substance from the medium . CaCl2,MgSO4, and glycerol each had a pronounced stimulatory effect on the phage reproduction, while bile salts had a profound inhibitory effect . The inhibitory effect of bile salts on phage growth was much greater on one strain of Salmonella enteritidis than on the other.

Avian Dis, 1978 Jan-Mar, 22(1), 42 - 5
Evaluation of secondary enrichment for detecting Salmonellae in bobwhite quail; Pourciau SS et al.; Secondary enrichment of cultures in tetrathionate-brilliant-green broth substantially increased Salmonella recovery over that achieved with primary tetrathionate-brilliant-green broth or primary selenite-cystine broth.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1978 Jan, 166(1), 81 - 6
Isolation of salmonella from minced meat by the use of a new procedure of enrichment; Vassiliadis P et al.; In the examination of 526 samples of minced meat for the presence of salmonellae, a preliminary pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was made . From this medium enrichments were made, for each sample of meat, in the usual Rappaport's medium (R25), incubated at 37 degrees C, and in Muller-Kauffmanns tetrathionate broth, incubated at 43 degrees C . Moreover, an enrichment was also made in a strongly modified Rappaport's medium, containing much less malachite green (R10), incubated at 43 degrees C . The two Rappaport's media proved to be equally effective in the isolation of salmonellae and clearly more efficient, in this respect, than the Muller-Kauffmann's broth . The new Rappaport's medium (R10), incubated at 43 degrees C, has the advantage over the usuals Rappaport's and Muller-Kauffmann's enrichment media to inhibit much more considerably the growth of competing organisms than the two other enrichment media.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Jan, (1), 106 - 10
{Mapping of the genetic locus determining the degree of natural resistance to erythromycin in Salmonella}; Gamaleia NB; The locus which determines ordinary (natural--ery or) level of resistance to erythromycin in Salmonella has been mapped . According to the results of conjugation mating and the analysis of the properties' transfer gradient this region is localized next to his--locus, the gene order being; trp--his--eryor . However, no contransduction of eryor--locus with his--gene has been demonstrated . An assumption on a possible mechanism of alteration of natural level of erythromycin resistance in S . typhimurium mutants Er-4 and Es-1 (received earlier) has been made . This mechanism is connected with alterations in cell permeability.

Mutat Res, 1978 Jan, 56(3), 249 - 71
Mutagenicity testing of certified food colors and related azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes with the Salmonella/microsome system; Brown JP et al.; Thirty-seven azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes including FD and C colors currently approved for use in the U.S.A . and a number of delisted food colors, were tested in the Salmonella/microsome system . In addition to direct plate tests with five tester strains (TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, TA98), the azo dyes were also assayed after chemical reduction to their component amines . Also, a selected group of azo dyes was subjected to liquid tests (both aerobic with microsomes and anaerobic) and to plate tests involving initial 16 h anaerobic incubations to facilitate microbial reduction of the azo bond . None of the presently listed FD and C colors was mutagenic in any of the test modifications . Among formerly listed colors only Butter Yellow (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene), a recognized animal carcinogen, was mutagenic in the aerobic liquid test . Several other azo dyes were either directly mutagenic, viz . Acid Alizarin Yellow R and Alizarin Yellow GG; required microsomal activation, viz . Acid Alizarin Red B and Methyl Red; or required chemical reduction and microsomal activation, viz . Acid Alizarin Violet N and Sudan IV . Of the non-azo dyes tested only two xanthene dyes appeared to be mutagenic, viz . 9-(2-sulfophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-isoxanthenone and its 2,4,5,7-tetrabromo derivative.

Mutat Res, 1978 Jan, 56(3), 235 - 43
Mutagenicity of fume particles from metal arc welding on stainless steel in the Salmonella/microsome test; Maxild J et al.; Mutagenic activity of fume particles produced by metal arc welding on stainless steel (ss) is demonstrated by using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test described by Ames et al., with strain TA100 (base-pair substitution) and TA98 (frame-shift reversion) . Results of a representative but limited selection of processes and materials show that mutagenic activity is a function of process and process parameters . Welding on stainless steel produces particles that are mutagenic, whereas welding on mild steel (ms) produces particles that are not . Manual metal arc (MMA) welding on stainless steel produces particles of higher mutagenic activity than does metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and fume particles produced by MIG welding under short-arc transfer . Further studies of welding fumes (both particles and gases) must be performed to determine process parameters of significance for the mutagenic activity.

Infect Immun, 1978 Jan, 19(1), 343 - 4
Detection of heat-labile enterotoxin-like activity in stools of patients with cholera and Escherichia coli diarrhea; Echeverria P et al.; The Y1 adrenal cell tissue culture assay was used to detect heat-labile enterotoxin-like activity in the stools of 14 of 74 patients with diarrhea . A positive effect of the stool on the adrenal cells was heat-labile and neutralized by cholera antitoxin . Enterotoxin-like activity was detected in the stools of 10 of 30 patients with cholera and in those of 2 of 4 from whom heat-labile Escherichia coli were isolated . None of the stools from nine individuals with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, or Shigella infections were positive . Two of 31 individuals from whom no pathogens were isolated had detectable toxin-like activity in their stools . The Y1 adrenal cell assay provides a rapid method of diagnosing heat-labile enterotoxigenic diarrhea and could be an adjunct in epidemiological studies of gastroenteritis.

J Pharm Sci, 1978 Jan, 67(1), 35 - 8
Inhibition by paromomycin of R-factor transfer of tetracycline resistance between Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum; Buogo A et al.; In vitro assays showed that low concentrations (5--10 and 20 microgram/ml) of the antimicrobial paromomycin sulfate are able to block or diminish significantly the transfer of the tetracycline resistance R-factor between Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum . This observation is important because it offers the possibility of preventing the formation of tetracycline-resistant pathogens, a limiting factor of tetracycline use in both human and veterinary medicine.

Circ Shock, 1978, 5(3), 317 - 23
Dexamethasone antagonism of glucose dyshomeostasis in endotoxin shock; Figlewicz DP et al.; Dexamethasone acetate (100 microgram IP) protected male Holtzman rats (300-330 gm) against endotoxin shock due to Salmonella enteritidis lipopoly-saccharide B IV . Endotoxin (5.0 mg/rat) produced hypoglycemia within 180 minutes, ie, plasma glucose fell from 87 to 24 mg/dl; dexamethasone prevented the hypoglycemia, ie, plasma glucose levels were 129 mg/dl at 180 minutes after endotoxin . Dexamethasone antagonized both endotoxin-induced depression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhanced glucose oxidation as evaluated in vivo . Epididymal fat pads from endotoxic rats (100-110 gm) had increased rates of glucose oxidation as evaluated by the in vitro conversion of 14C-D-glucose to 14CO2 . Dexamethasone both in vivo and in vitro antagonized endotoxin glucose hypercatabolism by isolated epididymal fat pads following administrated of endotoxin . Glucocorticoid protection against endotoxin shock is related to antagonism of glucose dyshomeostasis.

Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1978-79, 53, 51 - 8
{Problems of variability of Mueller-Hinton medium for sensitivity testing . Some parameters and an attempt to standardize sensitivity of Salmonella typhi}; Poittevin F et al.; The incidence of some so-called "Mueller-Hinton Medium" for sensitivity testing on the growth of bacteria (especially S . typhi) and on the drug activity are evaluated here . The role of the quality and amount of ingredients : peptone, agar and starch are emphasized . An improved medium is proposed : tryptophane is added to compensate the casein hydrolysate deficiency for S . typhi growth.

Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1978-79, 53, 14 - 35
{Stool culture . Evaluation of technics of salmonellosis diagnosis}; Mered B et al.; With a view to standardizing diagnostic methods in our country, we have attempted to evaluate the techniques for isolating Salmonella, more particularly S . typhi, by stool culture . The various factors influencing the isolation rate of these organisms are studied, i.e.: the mode of sampling, the components of media for both isolation and enrichment, and subcultures . A scheme for isolation of Salmonella from stools is proposed.

Primates Med, 1978, 10, 239 - 53
Spontaneous infectious diseases of marmosets; Hunt RD et al.; The various species of marmosets are susceptible to a wide variety of infectious agents of which only a few have been fully characterized . Little is known concerning spontaneous disease in their natural habitat, and often deaths in the laboratory go unexplained . In captivity, Herpesvirus-T infection appears to be the most important viral infection, but serious disease may also follow infection with measles virus (rubeola) and an unidentified paramyxovirus . Bacterial diseases are multiple, but rarely occur as epizootics . Various species of Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, and Diplococcus are among the more frequent pathogens . Mycoses and parasitic infections are also numerous, but most do not result in major losses.

Cancer Res, 1978 Jan, 38(1), 13 - 5
Mutagenicity of diallate, sulfallate, and triallate and relationship between structure and mutagenic effects of carbamates used widely in agriculture; De Lorenzo F et al.; In an investigation of the mutagenic properties of 20 carbamate herbicides and fungicides by use of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test as developed by Ames et al . (Mutation Res., 31: 347-364, 1975), we have found that three thiocarbamate compounds, diallate, sulfallate and triallate, are mutagenic in the presence of a liver microsomal fraction on strains TA1535 and TA100 . This indicates that the metabolic products of these thiocarbamates are causing base-pair substitutions . Since the 2-chloro-allyl group is common to the three mutagenic compounds but is not common to the 17 nonmutagenic compounds, a metabolic derivative of this group is probably responsible for the mutagenic activity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978, 242(3), 339 - 46
{Antibody induced phase variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Ansorg R et al.; To extend the flagella specific H antigenic schema of P . aeruginosa (ANSORG, 1978), investigations are carried out to reveal phase variation in this species as in Salmonella or Arizona . With conventional methods, i.e . examination of single colonies after plating the cultures on standard nutrient agar or the phase reversal techniques of Craigie (1931) and Gard (1938) by adding homologous anti-OH-serum of different amounts in semisolid agar medium, no change of the flagellar antigens of various P . aeruginosa strains is observed using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique . When subcultivated in pure homologous anti-OH-serum, however, the cells express stepwise a second H phase, which is different from the original flagellar antigens . In control experiments with serum from non-immunized rabbits the original flagellar antigens remain constant . The phase variation affects only the H antigen, is reversible by cultivation on soft agar medium and is characterized by the nonspecific type-overlapping antigen u . After absorption of immunserum prepared with cells cultivated in homologous anti-OH-serum by cells cultivated on soft agar medium, an antiserum specific for factor u is obtained . Since fresh isolates do not react with anti-u-serum, the diphasic nature of P . aeruginosa is probably of minor significance for H typing in practice.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1978, 27(4), 331 - 8
Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate . III . Entry exclusion features of its separative forms; Cebrat S et al.; The genetic relationship of four plasmids separated from R404 plasmid aggregate has been characterized by investigating entry exclusion and intracellular incompatibility . It has been found that the four plasmids exist in an autonomous state in cells carrying the aggregate . They are compatible and the two conjugative plasmids possess different traS genes.

Oncology, 1978, 35(6), 263 - 6
Microbial-like antigens in human leukemia; Kwapinski G et al.; Antigens present in leukemic sera and organ extracts, but absent from non-leukemic sera and tissues, were detected by examining their reactions with anti-microbial antisera by means of counter-immunoelectrophoresis . Out of 110 different antisera used, 12 antisera, those produced against Micropolyspora, Coccidioides, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium simiae, Absidia, pseudorabies virus and adenovirus, proved to react regularly with the leukemic sera . Absorption studies point to an immunological specificity of these cross-antigenicities . Interpretations and implications of these discoveries are discussed in the paper.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(1), 115 - 22
Studies on the immunosuppressive effect of organochlorine and organophosphoric pesticides in subacute experiments; Desi I et al.; Subacute experiments were carried out on rabbits by daily oral administration of Lindane, Malathion and Dichlorophos . A dose-dependent significant decrease in Salmonella typhi induced immune response was found in sera of animals treated with these pesticides compared to untreated controls . Inihbition of cholinesterase activity confirmed the immunological findings.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1978, 27(3), 203 - 11
Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate . II . Separation of plasmids by transformation; Cebrat S et al.; Transformational separation of plasmids from R404 plasmid aggregate found in Salmonella enteritidis strain was performed . Three classes of transformants differing in their resistance patterns were isolated . Genetic properties of the transformants suggest that their resistance is determined by single plasmids . Plasmid pCK3 (Tra-ApCbCrSuSm) and pCK4 (Tra-ApCbCrCm) are nonconjugative while plasmid pCG1 (TraApCbCrSuSmTcKmNm) is conjugative . Separation of all plasmids of R404 plasmid aggregate allowed to determine their genetic properties and the manner of conjugational transfer of R404 plasmid aggregate R-determinants.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(1), 78 - 83
{Sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from swine to aqueous and proteinic solutions of gentamycin}; Boiadzhieva A; Employing a microbiologic method (in vitro) the activity was investigated of Gentamicin DSO Pharmachim, dissolved in water, in normal swine gamma-globulin, and in normal swine polyglobulin with regard to swine strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesis Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Mycoplasms . A strong sensitivity was found to exsist in all tested strains (except for the Mycoplasms) to gentamycin both in a water and in a protein solution . The in vivo testing of the therapeutic effect of the two types of solutions in an experimental infection in albino mice revealed that the differences found in the activity of the various gentamicin solutions were statistically insignificant . The step agglutination test was used to follow up the effect of gentamycin on the OK agglutinating antibodies of a gamma-globulin preparation against oedema disease in pigs . Results showed a slight increase in the agglutinating activity of the gamma-globulin antibodies under the effect of the antibiotic.

Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1978-79, 53, 282 - 90
Viability of some Salmonella strains in Algerian eggs; Elsarnagawy D; Whole-egg and egg-white were inoculated with S . typhi murium, S . dublin, S . oranienburg and S . oslo separately and were stored at - 1 degrees C, + 4 degrees C and 26-28 degrees C . pH value was determined every day as well as the survival of the different inoculated Salmonella strains till the end of the experiment . Stored at - 1 degrees C in case of whole-egg, egg-yolk and egg-white, pH values were 7.0, 6.0 and 7.0 while the maximum values were 8.5, 8.0 and 9.0 respectively . The shortest survival period for Salmonella strains was 101 days in whole-egg, 103 days in egg-yolk and 36 days in egg-white, while the longest period was 114, 123 and 59 days respectively . The minimum pH values of whole-egg, egg-yolk and egg-white stored at + 4 degrees C were 6.5, 6.0 and 7.0 while the maximum values were 8.5, 8.5 and 10.0 respectively, 55, 66 and 30 days were the shortest survival periods for Salmonella strains inoculated in whole-egg, egg-yolk and egg-white while the maximum periods were 81, 80 and 67 days . The minimum pH values of whole-egg, egg-yolk and egg-white held at room-temperature, were 6.0, 6.0 and 7.5 while the maxima were 8.5, 8.5 and 10.0 respectively . The minimum survival period of the Salmonella strains inoculated in whole-egg, egg-yolk and egg-white was 52, 41 and 21 days, while the maximum periods were 63, 52 and 37 days respectively.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Dec 30, 158(2), 211 - 4
UV-sensitivity and repair of UV-damages in Salmonella of wild type; Kondratiev YS et al.; The UV-sensitivity of wild type Salmonella strains has been compared to that of wild type E . cole and its UV-sensitive mutants . Many wild type Salmonella strains are 4-5 times more sensitive than wild type E . coli and their inactivation curves is similar to that for E . coli with a mutation in the polA gene . Alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation has shown a deficiency of these strains in normal excision repair of UV-damaged DNA . This deficiency is not a Salmonella genus feature because one strain as resistant as wild type E . coli was found . This resistant strain showed normal excision repair in alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation experiments . The possible influence of plasmids and mutations in repair genes on the ability of Salmonella to repair UV-damages DNA is discussed.

Vet Rec, 1977 Dec 24-31, 101(26-27), 513 - 6
Epidemiology of Salmonella infection in calves: the source of calfhood infection by Salmonella dublin; Osborne AD et al.; Investigation of the source of neonatal Salmonella dublin infection of calves was undertaken by carrying out caesarean section of cows with a history of excretion of S dublin following either S dublin enteritis or S dublin abortion . No evidence of transplacental infection was detected but six of 10 animals showed evidence of excretion of the organism in the faeces, vaginal discharge or milk in the period immediately following parturition . The strong probability of early infection as a result of contamination of the environment is therefore suggested.

S Afr Med J, 1977 Dec 10, 52(25), 998 - 9
Rotavirus and winter gastro-enteritis in White South African infants; Schoub BD et al.; In a microbiological investigation of winter gastro-enteritis in 23 White children rotaviruses were found in 14 (61%) and parvovirus-like particles in 1 (4%) . Bacteriological examination of stools from 11 of these patients yielded one isolate of Salmonella eastbourne, but no enterotoxigenic or invasive bacteria were found . Rotavirus appears to be the main aetiological agent of acute winter gastro-enteritis in White infants.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Dec, 239(4), 483 - 7
{Further studies of salmonella findings in reptiles . IV . Communication (author's transl)}; Wesselinoff W; All together 139 snakes - 134 Coluber jugularis, 3 Natrix natrix and 2 Natrix tessellata were examined for the presence of Salmonella and Arizona bacteriae . From the 139 specimens examined 112 proved to be Salmonella positive . 30 Salmonella respectively Arizona serotypes were isolated, there from 3 new Arizona types were found: Ar . 10a, 10c:27-21, Ar . 10a, 10c:23-31 and Ar . 16:23-31 . 41 specimens contained single serotypes, while 51 were double infected, 12 specimens harbored 3 different serotypes of Salmonella, 6 specimens contained four and 2 contained five different serotypes . The result of these examinations present once more the variety of Salmonella species in reptiles.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1977 Dec, 85B(6), 381 - 7
Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vivo in response to lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella; Sveen K; Subcutaneously implanted chambers in rabbits were used for testing the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to injected LPS isolated from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella . A salmonella LPS was used as reference endotoxin . No differnece in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS from Salmoneila was found . Fusobacterium LPS whoed insignificantly lower chemotactic capacity than the Salmonella LPS . The Bacteroides LPS were all significantly less chemotactic than the reference endotoxin . An insignificant correlation between the amount of exudate aspirated from the chambers 5 h after injection of the different LPS preparations and the number of leukocytes per microliter of exudate was found.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1977 Dec, 85B(6), 374 - 80
Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vitro in response to lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella; Sveen K; Puriified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella incubated with guinea pig serum, were tested for chemotatic activity against rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in modified Boyden chambers . Comparisons were made to a Salmonella LPS (S . enteriditis S-795) . Submicrogram amounts of LPS induced positive chemotaxis, and a typical dose-response relationship up to certain dose levels was observed . The difference in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS-S-795 was not statistically significant . The Fusobacterium LPS showed either a non-significant or a highly significantly lower chemotatic capacity than LPS-S-795 . The Bacteroides LPS were also clearly chemotactic, but considerable less when compared to the Salmonella LPS . When serum was not added, the LPS preparation showed no chemotactic activity.

J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1977 Dec, 48(4), 241 - 4
Salmonellae in Rhodesia: sources and serotypes of some isolates from abattoirs, domestic animals, birds and man; Chambers PG; Sources and serotypes of some salmonellae isolated from abattoirs, domestic animals, birds and man are given . At least 72 serotypes have been identified from 1273 isolations from abattoirs, animals and birds, and from 7 137 isolations from man . The sources and serotypes of these isolations are discussed and some suggestions concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella in Rhodesia are made.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1977 Dec, 85B(6), 388 - 96
Lethality for mice and chick embryos, pyrogenicity in rabbits and ability to gelate lysate from amoebocytes of Limulus polyphemus by lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella; Sveen K et al.; Phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Veillonella, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were lethal for mice and 11-days-old chick embryos, pyrogenic in rabbits, and gelated Limulus amoebocyte lysate . Mouse lethality was considerably enhanced by actinomycin-D . In all test systems the endotoxin activity of Veillonella and Fusocbacterium LPS was comparable to that of LPS from Salmonella enteritidis, which was included as a reference endotoxin . The endotoxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was very low . While nanograms of the Veillonella and Fusobacterium LPS killed the chick embryos and gelated the Limulus lysates, microgram amounts of the Bacteroides LPS were needed to give positive reaction in the same test systems . As much as 74 microgram of the most active B . fragilis LPS were required to give a typical biphasic fever response in rabbits . A significant correlation was found between all test results (r = 0.90-0.98, p less than 0.001).

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1977 Dec, 8(4), 447 - 51
Diarrhoeal disorders of bacterial origin in Jakarta; Komalarini S et al.; During a 21-month period from April 1974 to February 1976, 948 children with gastroenteritis were studied . Aetiologic agents were identified in 43% of these patients . Isolates were identified as follows: V . cholera El Tor, 273 (67%); Salmonella enteritidis, 64 (16%); enteropathogenic E . coli, 28 (7%); Shigella, 28 (7%); Vibrio (NAG), 9 (2%): and V . parahaemolyticus, 7,2%) . Gastroenteritis with dehydration is a serious continuing pediatric problem in Jakarta, constituting 30% of admissions to Sumber Waras hospital . The incidence of both cholera and salmonellosis increased during the past 2 years, as judged by the distribution of enteric bacteria isolated from the rectal swabs of gastroenteritis patients in Sumber Waras hospital.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1977 Dec, 8(4), 437 - 46
A bacteriological study of some frozen and nonfrozen foods; Seng LY et al.; Over a period of 19 months, a total of 331 food samples were submitted to the Food Section of the Bacteriology Division for bacteriological examination . These included 184 samples of frozen seafoods from exporters and 147 samples of fresh, nonfrozen foods from food caterers . The total bacterial count for frozen seafoods ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 2.98 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.14 x 10(5) per gm . Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were present in 48.9%, 3.3% and 8.2% of the samples examined respectively . Two of the cooked prawn samples showed the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . For the fresh, nonfrozen foods, the total bacterial count ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 3.87 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.58 x 10(5) per gm . The examination also showed that 74.8% were coliform positive, 14.9% were E . coli positive, and 4.8% were S . aureus positive . V . parahaemolyticus was not isolated in any of the samples tested . Other pathogens, namely, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella were not isolated from any of the foods examined . The bacterial levels in these foods were determined and their sanitary and public health significance is discussed.

Environ Health Perspect, 1977 Dec, 21, 221 - 3
Detection of mutagenic activity in the urines of anesthesiologists: a preliminary report; McCoy EC et al.; While halothane was without mutagenic activity in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, even in the presence of microsomal fractions, the urines of anesthesiologists induced mutations of the base-substitution type.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1977 Dec, 165(3-4), 309 - 22
{Contamination of the Czechoslovak section of the Danube by bacteria of the Salmonella group (author's transl)}; Kadlecova O; 120 water samples taken during 1972 and 1973 from 8 profilen of the Danube as well as 15 samples taken from the Morava and the Vah rivers have been examined for salmonella contamination . Salmonellas were present in 60-93.3% of examined water samples taken along the whole Czechoslovak section of the Danube . The results point on the longterm survival of salmonellas and consequently their long-distance contribution by the Danube . We recovered altogether 769 salmonellas belonging to 11 serological groups and to 55 serotypes and lysotypes . The most frequent serotypes were S . enteritidis, typhimurium, agona, derby and panama.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Dec, 136(6), 796 - 800
Antimicrobial resistance and incidence of R factor among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions in Madras, India (1975-1976)
Paramasivan CN, Subramanian S, Shanmugasundaram N.
The incidence of transmissible drug resistance among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions is reported . All of the Salmonella isolated were studied for antimicrobial resistance . Of the 336 strains, five were multiply resistant to drugs including chloramphenicol, and four of these strains transmitted resistance to Escherichia coli F-Lac+ . Multiply drug resistant E . coli were isolated from 12 patients receiving chloramphenicol, and in seven cases the E . coli transmitted drug resistance to sensitive Salmonella isolated from the same patients . The occurrence of multiple drug resistance among Salmonella was not found to be restricted to a single serogroup, and multiple drug resistance in Salmonella paratyphi A in India is reported for the first time . Although the incidence of Salmonella carring R factor is negligible, the unpredictability of its occurrence poses a potential threat in a country where typhoid is endemic.

J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Dec, 79(3), 373 - 80
Microbiological evaluation of South Australian rock lobster meat; Yap AS; Samples of frozen precooked rock lobster meat from five South Australian fish-processing plants situated in the West Coast and south-east regions were tested over a period of six months during the 1974/5 lobster fishing season . The most probable number (MPN) of E . coli and coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, as well as total plate count (TPC) were determined in 480 samples . Monthly geometric mean TPC ranged from 1600/g to 25,000/g . The highest geometric mean of the MPN of coliforms and E . coli were 4.9/g and 1.8/g respectively . The highest geometric mean number of staphylococci was 18.6/g . Salmonella was not detected in the 480 units tested . Only 0.4% of the samples had TPC exceeding 100,000/g . Coliforms and E . coli were not present in 76.1% and 92.7% respectively of the samples tested . Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in 67.7% of the samples . The numbers of organisms in 82% of the samples fall within the microbiological standards proposed by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for frozen precooked foods . The results of this study demonstrate the microbial quality of precooked lobster meat attainable when good manufacturing practices are used.

J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Dec, 79(3), 449 - 61
A standard technique for the isolation of Salmonella from animal feeds; Smith PJ; Two trials were carried out by 9 and 47 laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and sensitivity of a standard technique for the isolation of salmonellas from animal feeding stuffs . The trials involved the examinations of test samples containing known numbers of salmonellas by a buffered peptone water pre-enrichment technique . Statistical analysis of the results of the trials showed that the method was capable of detecting salmonellas in most probable numbers as low as 2.3 per 100 g and that no significant differences in performance were observed between laboratories . The standard technique described is recommended for the examination of animal feed and conforms to international recommendations.

J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1977 Dec, 48(4), 255 - 60
Microbiological investigation of meat wholesale premises and beef carcases in Johannesburg; Meara PJ et al.; Microbiological surveillance by swabbing meat wholesaler premises revealed ineffective cleaning and build-up of bacteria . Proper cleaning, sanitation and handling resulted in a vast improvement during 1975-77 . Beef samples from the neck of carcases in the wholesale trade were investigated by microbiological methods . Excessive total bacterial counts were obtained from numerous carcases . Most carcases carried coliform organisms . Roughly 90% of carcases were contaminated with E . coli I; counts exceeded 10(3)/g in 18% of carcases tested . Twenty serotypes of Salmonella were identified . Salmonella contamination decreased from nearly 5% in 1975 to less than 0,5% in 1977, and S . aureus contamination from 52% to 36% during the same period . Approximately 30% of carcases revealed contamination with unidentified clostridial species . The results indicate the need for stricter control over the production and slaughter of animals and over the handling of carcases in the wholesale trade.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1977 Nov 30, 56(5), 461 - 6
{Evaluation of the cell-mediated immune response after administration of Salmonella antigens in patients with multiple myeloma}; Indiveri F et al.; Myeloma patients show an impairment of several immunological functions leading to infectious diseases . In this study we evaluated cell-mediated responsiveness in a group of these patients . Six myeloma patients received full doses of I.S.M . Enterovaccino . LIF production by peripheral blood lymphocytes against Salmonella antigens was evaluated after 14 days . All patients studied showed no LIF production.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Nov 25, 102(47), 1720 - 3
{The effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for Salmonella enteritis and Salmonella excretors}; Kindler U et al.; The role of antibiotic treatment was evaluated in 190 hospitalized patients with Salmonella enteritis and 80 with asymptomatic Salmonella infection (without typhoid or paratyphoid) . The results indicate that antibiotic treatment does not shorten the duration of excretion (compared with non-treated patients) . Because of the danger of prolonged bacterial excretion under antibiotic treatment in complication-free Salmonella enteritis as well as the possible development of resistant Salmonella strains, antibiotic treatment of Salmonella infections (other than typhoid or paratyphoid) should be limited to systemic forms . Treatment of complication-free Salmonella enteritis and Salmonella excretors should be limited to intestine-cleansing measures.

J Chromatogr, 1977 Nov 21, 144(1), 69 - 75
Peptide separations using fluorescence detection; Creaser EH et al.; The formation of fluorophores by the action of o-phthalaldehyde with amino acids and peptides has provided a highly sensitive assay for these compounds . A relatively simple system for the analysis and separation of peptides, in the range 5 nmole to 10 micromole, normally derived from enzymic digestion of proteins, is described . The system comprises a gradient-generating device feeding volatile pyridine buffers via a pump to a column of cation-exchange resin . Eluate from the column is fed through a proportioning pump to a fluorocolorimeter, output from which is displayed on a recorder . For analytical runs the eluate is mixed with o-phthalaldehyde in borate buffer containing Brij 35 and 2-mercaptoethanol prior to its passage into the detector . For preparative work the eluate stream is split, one reacting with 0-phthalaldehyde, the other for collection . Results on the analysis and preparation of tryptic peptides derived from cytochrome c and Salmonella histidinol dehydrogenase are discussed.

Eur J Biochem, 1977 Nov 15, 81(1), 193 - 203
A 31P-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the phosphate groups in lipopolysaccharide and lipid A from Salmonella; Muhlradt PF et al.; Untreated and partially deacylated lipopolysaccharides from various P- and P+ strains of Salmonella were studied with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by conventional analytical methods . The spectral signals were assigned to various phosphate groups in the lipid A moiety and in the oligosaccharide part . A signal at +2.3 ppm could be assigned to a phosphodiester linkage formed between 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose linked via the glycosidic hydroxyl group to the 4'-phosphate group of the glucosamine disaccharide in the lipid A moiety . A strong pyrophosphate signal at +11 ppm in P- strains was identified as a pyrophosphoryl ethanolamine group at the glycosidic end of this glucosamine disaccharide unit . No evidence was found for phosphodiester or pyrophosphodiester bonds crosslinking lipopolysaccharide 'subunits' . A revised version of the lipid A structure of Salmonella is presented . By a combination of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and conventional analytical methods the extent to which the lipopolysaccharides are substituted by various phosphate groups on the lipid A and the oligosaccharide moiety could be estimated . It was thus shown that substantial heterogeneity, leading to several molecular species of lipopolysaccharides is caused by addition or omission of certain groups . Since changes in substitution were found to be dependent on the growth conditions, it is thought possible that the overall negative surface charge of Salmonella can be modified by addition or omission of neutralising amino groups from ethanolamine and/or 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, and can thus be adapted to the environment.

Vet Rec, 1977 Nov 12, 101(20), 398 - 402
Salmonellosis in young calves due to Salmonella enteritidis; Petrie L et al.; The clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella enteritidis in a group of calves are described . The major clinical signs were dullness, pyrexia and diarrhoea . Five of the 15 calves died but deaths were mainly confined to the younger members of the group . The recovery of salmonella organisms from rectal swabs was maximal shortly before four of the five deaths occurred and declined rapidly thereafter . Only two of the surviving 10 calves developed significant flagellar agglutination titres.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Nov, 34(5), 595 - 6
Limitations of lysine-iron-cystine-neutral red broth in the presumptive identification of Salmonella; D'Aoust JY; Lysine-iron-cystine-neutral red broth performed satisfactorily in the presumptive identification of Salmonella in preenriched food and animal feed samples enriched in tetrathionate-brilliant green broth . Homologous results from selenite-cystine enrichment broths yielded unacceptably high numbers of false negative reactions.

J Med Chem, 1977 Nov, 20(11), 1362 - 71
Antitumor septacidin analogues; Acton EM et al.; In the first approach by total synthesis to the structure of the antitumor antibiotic septacidin, analogues have been obtained which show similar inhibition of RNA-DNA synthesis in cultured leukemia L1210 cells and similar activity against transplanted leukemia P388 in mice . In these analogues, the natural aminoheptose moiety is replaced by 4-amino-4-deoxy-and 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-glucose, to retain the natural configuration of the pyranose ring . Also retained is the lipophilic fatty acid-amino acid side chain attached to the 4-amino group and glycosylation at the 6-NH2 of adenine . If the fatty acid chain was shortened from C16 to C6, if the fatty chain was shifted to the glycine unit, or if the glycine unit was omitted, activity was completely lost . However, activity was retained if the C16 chain was shortened only to C12 or if the glycine unit was extended to beta-alanine . Both active and inactive analogues were nonbinding to DNA and nonmutagenic to Salmonella strains . The synthetic approach was to start with a suitably protected sugar (L-fucose and L-galactose), construct the adenine moiety at C-1 introduce a 4-amino group, and finally attach the preformed side chain.

Am J Public Health, 1977 Nov, 67(11), 1071 - 6
A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission; Horwitz MA et al.; In September 1974, the largest outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis ever reported to the Center for Disease Control--affecting an estimated 3,400 persons--occurred on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation . The responsible agent was Salmonella newport and the vehicle of transmission was potato salad served to an estimated 11,000 persons at a free barbecue . The cooked ingredients of the potato salad had been stored for up to 16 hours at improper holding temperatures . The magnitude of the outbreak allowed us to study secondary transmission by calculating the rates of diarrheal illness during the 2 weeks following the outbreak in persons who did not attend the barbecue and by examining the results of stool cultures obtained after the outbreak . We found no secondary transmission . We conclude that a health official should monitor food preparation and service at large social gatherings and that person-to-person transmission of salmonellosis probably does not normally occur even in settings considered highly conductive to cross-infection.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1977 Nov, 59(5), 1557 - 9
Bile acids: co-mutagenic activity in the Salmonella-mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test: brief communication; Silverman SJ et al.; Of 30 bile acids tested, none was mutagenic in the Salmonella-mammalian-microsome test with indicator strains G46, TA1530, TA1535, TA1536, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, or TA100 . However, when lithocholic acid or one of its conjugates was tested with suboptimal amounts of 2-aminoanthracene and phenobarbital-stimulated rat liver homogenate, enhancement and co-mutagenesis were observed if TA1538 was the indicator strain.

Res Vet Sci, 1977 Nov, 23(3), 263 - 8
Increased survival from acute Salmonella gallinarum infection in chicks given diets with high levels of some forms of iron; Smith IM et al.; Amounts exceeding 100 ppm of extra dietary iron as the ferric salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (FeE) or nitrilotri-acetic acid (FeN) produced highly significant increases in survival among chicks infected with 10(6.4) living Salmonella gallinarum strain 9 . Additional dietary iron (400 ppm) as the sulphate or chloride salts (or as ferric fructose) lacked activity comparable with FeE or FeN except when 0.2 per cent of NaE was also present in the diet . FeE iron (600 ppm) also diminished the severity of several of the pathological reactions which occur in chicks during the acute stage of experimental fowl typhoid . The enhanced survival and decreased severity of the pathological changes in infected chicks were associated with large reductions in the numbers of viable salmonellae in the spleen at the height of the acute infection.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Nov, 30(11), 983 - 6
The enhancement of beta-lactam antibiotic therapy by novobiocin; Miller AK et al.; Novobiocin demonstrates an effect similar to that of probenecid (the "probenecid effect") in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics excreted mainly by the renal tubules . The ability of cefoxitin, cephalexin, cephalothin and penicillin G to protect mice against infection with Salmonella schottmuelleri was enhanced 2- to 3-fold when the animals were given oral doses of either probenecid or of novobiocin . The efficacy of cephaloridine, excreted mainly by glomerular filtration, was not enhanced by either probenecid or by novobiocin.

Br J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 38(3), 471 - 8
The influence of protein source and basal dietary component on survival in acute experimental fowl typhoid in the chick (Gallus domesticus); Hill R et al.; 1 . The influence of diet on the survival of chicks inoculated orally at 15 d of age with Salmonella gallinarum was determined, and in the first experiment the numbers of salmonellae were counted in blood 5 or 7 d after inoculation to assess their value in predicting survival . 2 . Significantly more chicks survived among those given beef powder as the protein supplement in a starch-based diet than among those where fish flour replaced beef powder . The number of salmonellae in blood was significantly higher in chicks given the fish-flour diet than in those given the beef-powder diet, but the relationship between the number of viable organisms in blood and the final survival rate was not close . 3 . Whale meat and soya-bean protein gave high survival rates, similar to that given by beef powder, and casein plus gelatin was slightly poorer in this respect . 4 . For each high-protein food the level of survival from the acute disease was significantly greater with wheat than with starch as the basal component of the diet . 5 . The addition of either condensed beef extract or fish solubles to a standard diet did not influence survival.

Poult Sci, 1977 Nov, 56(6), 1889 - 92
Microbial counts and thermal resistance of Salmonella oranienburg in ground turkey meat; Cotterill OJ et al.; The microbial content of unfrozen and frozen ground turkey meat (GTM) in retail markets and the thermal resistance of Salmonella organienburg in GTM was determined . The unfrozen product had an average total aerobic count of 53 X 10(4) cells per g . These counts reduced slightly when held in a display case for one and two days at 1-2 degrees C . The frozen GTM contained 25% protein, 8% fat, 63% moisture and had a pH of 6.2 . Microbial counts averaged 58 X 10(4) . The time and temperatures to kill ca 10(4) S . oranienburg cells were determined . A thermal destruction curve can be defined as F60 degrees C . = 3.5 min . with Z = 7.4 degrees C.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Nov, 34(5), 602 - 3
Salmonellae in health foods; Thomason BM et al.; Various health food products of different brands were purchased from stores in the metropolitan Atlanta area . These foods were examined for the presence of salmonellae by fluorescent-antibody and cultural methods . Included in the study were tablets of alfalfa, parsley, kelp, wheat bran, enzyme, bone meal, and vitamins . Beef liver powder and tablets and granola cereal were also studied . Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella anatum, and Salmonella derby were isolated from two of three lots of beef liver powder from one manufacturer . All other products were negative.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1977 Nov, 30(11), 1876 - 9
Pathophysiological aspects of coxsackievirus B intestinal infection; Loria RM et al.; Our findings reveal that intestinal infection with coxsackie B5 results in decreased intestinal epithelial cell division in association with an increase in carbohydrate (glucose) and amino acid (leucine) absorption in the small intestine . These findings are contrasted with those occurring during Salmonella infection, which results in increased intestinal cell division rate but decreased carbohydrate (glucose) absorption . The changes in intestinal function and physiology that have been described occurred during an asymptomatic viral infection characterized by normal intestinal histology . A reasonable hypothesis is that these pathophysiological changes may be due not only to a variety of local factors but also to hormonal effects induced by systemic spread of coxsackievirus B.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1977 Nov, 15(11), 531 - 41
Plotting regression lines for a new beta-lactam antibiotic (mecillinam); Roser H et al.; Regression lines for mecillinam (FL 1060) were established according to the recommendations of th ICS . The investigation involved 477 Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms with the widest possible spectrum of sensitivity which were isolated from fresh material for examination . Solid and liquid Muller-Hinton media (Merck and BBL) were used as nutrient media . The Difco Muller-Hinton medium is not suitable for this subtance because of the high ionic content . A general regression line for mecillinam is not admissible . The considerably restricted sphere of indication shown by our studies is presented with reference to the blood levels attainable in vivo . At the same time, the good sensivity of salmonella is pointed out.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Nov, 239(3), 347 - 51
Neutralization of heterologous toxicities in mice immunized with proteins from S . typhimurium and from a human pathogen (S . emek); Eylan E et al.; Groups of mice immunized with proteins from S . typhimurium and from a non-pathogenic Salmonella for mice (S . emek) were infected with S . tymphimurium, S . emek, S . blockley and S . paratyphi A . The mice immunized with the S . typhimurium proteins were, as always protected against infection with the pathogen and resisted the toxicities, which killed the controls, of S . paratyphi A and S . emek but not of S . blockley . The mice immunized with S . emek proteins resisted the toxicity of S . paratyphi A and, to a lesser degree, that of the homologous S . emek . The animals did not resist the toxicity of a similar concentration of S . blockley and the immunized mice died, like the controls, within 20-40 hours . Mice in this group infected with S . typhimurium had a much longer delay before dying, than the controls . Antiprotein antibodies present in the sera of the immunized mice are, apparently, responsible for the neutralization of the toxicities of the heterologous strains and for the eventual protection against infection.

JAMA, 1977 Oct 3, 238(14), 1533 - 4
Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus . A cause of nosocomial illness in infants; Ryder RW et al.; Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus caused an outbreak of illness in seven of 22 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit . A case-control investigation failed to identify any risk factor except consumption of milk from a single donor, whose milk was subsequently found to be contaminated with S kottbus . Collection of human milk from properly instructed donors screened for microbiological pathogens, refrigeration of this milk at 1 to 5 degrees C after collection, and controlled distribution by a milk bank should minimize the few hazards associated with its consumption.

Am J Vet Res, 1977 Oct, 38(10), 1471 - 7
Comparison of furazolidone and carbadox in the feed for treatment of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine; Olson LD et al.; Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine . There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature . In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed . In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine . In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups . With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups . The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Oct, 239(2), 201 - 7
{Effects of dimethylsulfoxide and salicine on the delayed adaption on sorbose and dulcitol of Salmonellae (author's transl)}; Stenzel W; Among the majority of Salmonella strains splitting sorbose or dulcitol with delay dimethylsulfoxide shortens the latent period preceding acid formation and abolishes the deceleration of sorbose adaption caused by salicine . In other strains, especially S . paratyphi B cultures, DMSO doesn't touch sorbose adaption directly but amplifies the restraing effect of salicine . From the whole of our findings it can be concluded that in the first group of strains sorbose adaption starts with segregation of adaptive sorbose permease positive mutants, followed by the - salicin-sensitive - induction of this permease, the appearance of mutants aditionally metabolizing sorbose constitutively, and, finally, the substrate-promoted particular growth of adapted cells . The latter category of strains, however, apparently possesses a wild type (constitutive or adaptive?) sorbose permease but splits off mutants with adaptive metabolizing enzymes the induction of which is salicine-sensitive . The amplification of the salicine effect by DMSO found in these strains might be refered to an enhancement of salicine uptake caused by DMSO.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Oct, 239(2), 195 - 200
{On the genetics of the delayed attack of substrates by strains of the Salmonella group (author's transl)}; Stenzel W; The delayed attack of sugar alcohols by Salmonellae essentially goes back on a mutative event but doesnot represent a phenotypical or genotypical uniform phenomenon . The - frequently occuring - regularly split of sugars is caused by a simple looking fixed rate mutative event, and is characterized by an only moderate variation of the latent period preceding acid formation . In contrast, irregularly delayed splitting strains attack the substrate varying and, when occasion arises, with an extremely uncertain latency . Fermentation capacity of some strains attacking dulcitol irregularly can be induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, and can be reduced to a certain degree by treatment with acridine orange, but cannot be transferred to other strains by conjugation . We presume that at least the uv inducible type of irregularly delayed splitting is governed by an episomal genetical element which is active only in the autonomous state but is repressed when being integrated within the chromosome.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Oct, (10), 64 - 9
{Formation of antibodies of different classes in salmonelloses and typhoid fever}; Tendetnik IuIa et al.; A modified method of chromatographic analysis was used to obtain fractions of immunoglobulins classes M, G, and A from the sera of patients suffering from salmonelloses, typhoid fever, and carriers; with the aid of passive hemagglutination test O-, H- and Vi-antibodies were determined in the fractions . In food poisoning of salmonella etiology in adults the antibody formation as a rule occurred by the type of secondary immune response, whereas its intensity depended on the severity of the clinical course of the disease . In case of an uncomplicated affection there was an increase of antibodies of all the three immunoglobulin classes . In formation of prolonged carrier state a deficiency of O-antibodies of the IgM-class was noted; this was, however, combined with the normal production of immunoglobulins of class M of H-antibodies . Immune humoral reaction was practically absent in the transitory carriers.

Avian Dis, 1977 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 716 - 9
A fowl typhoid outbreak in a chicken breeder flock; Johnson DC et al.; Fowl typhoid was diagnosed in a 1-year-old light-breed brown-egg-laying chicken breeder flock and in a 16-week-old progeny pullet flock on the same farm . Salmonella gallinarum was cultured from chickens in both flocks . Signs and lesions were typical . The disease was confined to the one farm . The source was suspected to have been a grossly contaminated well.

Lab Anim Sci, 1977 Oct, 27(5 Pt 2), 806 - 16
The guinea pig as a model for the asymptomatic human typhoid carrier; Lavergne GM et al.; Studies were designed to develop an animal model which mimics the asymptomatic carrier state of typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi infection, in man . The gallbladder of the guinea pig {Can (HA)} was surgically cannulated to provide a route for infection and bile sampling . Organisms (2 X 10(8) S typh:) were introduced by way of the cannula and samples of bile removed and analyzed periodically . Salmonella typhi was recovered from the bile and feces of infected, yet apparently normal, guinea pigs for periods of up to 5 months thus mimicking the human symptomeles carrier . Some guinea pigs were treated with chloramphenicol after infection . Antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol did not eliminate the carrier state . Microabscesses of the liver were induced by S typhi both in untreated and treated animals (cultures were positive from these abscesses) . When blood antibiotic levels dropped, the organism was found in the bile fluid and was again excreted . Vaccinated guinea pigs developed elevated levels of 0 and H serum antibody, but were not protected against infection of the gallbladder with S typhi (2 X 10(8) organisms) . Similarly, vaccination failed to eliminate the carrier state.

Avian Dis, 1977 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 704 - 7
Salmonella enteritidis and Arizona hinshawii isolated from wild sandhill cranes; Windingstad RM et al.; Salmonella enteritidis serotype Rubislaw and Arizona hinshawii were isolated from cloacal swabs of "healthy" live-trapped sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) in Indiana and Wisconsin . These respective isolations were the first reported from wild sandhill cranes.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 34(4), 453 - 5
Application of the rapid lysine decarboxylase test for early isolation and detection of salmonellae in sewage and other wastewaters; Phirke PM; A method for early isolation and detection of salmonellae in sewage and other wastewaters by using the rapid lysine decarboxylase test as a single biochemical reaction for screening the suspected Salmonella colonies is described . By this method, Salmonella isolation and identification can be completed within 2 to 3 days in contrast to the 5 to 7 days required for the conventional method.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Oct, 136(4), 583 - 7
Inhibition of Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase by endotoxin: a possible mechanism for endotoxin-induced cholestasis; Utili R et al.; Cholestatic jaundice is one complication of nonhepatic gram-negative bacterial infection . The endotoxin of Escherichia coli has been reported to cause cholestasis by inhibiting the bile salt-independent fraction (BSIF) of bile in the perfused rat liver . Accordingly, the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of E . coli and Salmonella enteritidis on the Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) in canalicular-enriched plasma membranes of rate liver were examined . At 20 microgram/ml, both endotoxins inhibited this enzyme by approximately 40% . Maximal inhibition (70%-80%) occurred at concentrations of greater than or equal to 120 microgram/ml . The LPS of neither organism exerted any effect on the activity of Mg++-ATPase or 5'-nucleotidase in the same preparations . Inhibition by the E . coli LPS appeared to be noncompetitive in nature, and the calculated Ki was 45 microgram/ml . Since the Na+, K+-ATPase may be responsible for the elaboration of BSIF, inhibition of this enzyme could be the underlying mechanism for the endotoxin-induced cholestasis.

J Hyg (Lond), 1977 Oct, 79(2), 275 - 8
The in vitro drug resistance of Salmonella dublin isolated from cattle; Hinton M et al.; The resistance of Salmonella dublin to eight antibacterial drugs was assessed under diagnostic laboratory conditions . Two techniques were used consecutively and the differences in the results are described . Strains of S . dublin isolated from either calves, adult cattle or abortion material showed no differences in resistance for either of the techniques, though differences between the two techniques were found.

Fortschr Med, 1977 Sep 29, 95(36), 2189 - 94
{Salmonella infections}; Werner GT; Inspite of a high standard of hygiene, infections due to salmonellae are increasing in the highly developed countries . In the Federal Republic of Germany 36 000 cases were reported in 1976; the number of unreported cases is probably five times higher . Practical and clinical aspects make it necessary to differentiate between typhoidal, systemic infections and enteric salmonellosis, which normally remains localized in the gut . In the treatment of typhoid fever, co-trimoxazole seems to be a potent drug which can replace chloramphenicole . In cases of enteritis due to salmonellae the most important therapeutic aim is to replace the loss of fluid . This can be achieved in most cases by an oral glucose-electrolyte-solution . Antibiotics are of no value in these cases . The treatment of prolonged excretion of salmonellae with the stool remains a problem . Antibiotics usually fail . Some authors have tried drugs which tend to normalize the bacterial flora of the gut; there are no controlled studies about the effectiveness of this kind of treatment.

Vet Rec, 1977 Sep 17, 101(12), 220 - 4
Experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves; Forbes D et al.; An experimental model of Salmonella dublin infection in calves for the purpose of evaluating antibacterial compounds was developed . Oral administration of the bacterium produced variable results and subsequently the organism was injected intravenously into one-week-old calves . Symptoms observed were consistent with those described in naturally occurring cases . An analysis of the mortality and clinical signs in both control and treated calves showed that the severity of the disease was exacerbated by the presence of specific antibody . It is argued that some symptoms presented were consistent with anaphylactic or Arthus-type hypersensitivity . Anaphylaxis was associated with antibody probably derived from maternal colostrum whereas Arthus hypersensitivity was probably due to antibody synthesised by the calf itself . There was an inverse relationship between low initial antibody titres and the survival period . Tests of antibacterial efficacy may best be done in colostrum deprived animals in which the symptoms will be dissociated from passively acquired antibody.

Vet Rec, 1977 Sep 17, 101(12), 224 - 7
A survey of "normal" broiler mortality in East Anglia; Blaxland JD et al.; A survey of routine mortality was carried out on six different broiler sites . A total of 535 individual post mortem examinations was carried out . The chief cause of mortality on all six sites was colisepticaemia . Fatty liver and kidney syndrome caused significant loss on three of the six sites and on three of them a low incidence of an oedema syndrome was of interest . Salmonella senftenberg was isolated during the first four weeks from the intestines of chickens from five of the six sites but on none of them was this occurrence associated with any manifestations of disease . The vaccination procedures against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis were not producing adequate immunity against a possible challenge by a virulent virus of either although the administration of the vaccines appeared to be causing stress sufficiently severe to be one of the factors predisposing to a high incidence of colisepticaemia.

Am J Vet Res, 1977 Sep, 38(9), 1293 - 7
Comparison of a new aminoglycoside (G-418) and gentamicin for the treatment of swine dysentery in swine naturally infected with Salmonella choleraesuis; Olson LD et al.; The addition of the aminoglycosidic antibiotic, G-418, to drinking water at the concentration of 37.5 mg/L for 3 days was effective in treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine . With this concentration, there was a recession of diarrhea during or immediately after withdrawal of medication . However, the diarrhea recurred approximately 2 weeks after medication was stopped . With the concentration of 12.5 mg of G-418/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea did not recede during or after medication . With the concentration of 12.5 mg of gentamicin/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea receded in some swine during and after medication, but more swine died in the medicated exposed groups than died in the nonmedicated exposed groups . Both drugs appeared to be effective against the concurrent spontaneous infection of Salmonella choleraesuis in the swine used in the study.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 23(9), 1225 - 31
ICMSF methods studies . IX . The influence of selective enrichment broths, differential planting media, and incubation temperatues on the detection of Salmonella in dried foods and feed ingredients; Gabis DA et al.; Ninety-eight dried foods and feed ingredients were analyzed for Salmonella using tetrathionate brilliant green (T) and selenite cystine (S) broths incubated at 35 and 43 degrees C . The four enrichment cultures for each sample were subcultured in duplicate onto brilliant green (BG) , Salmonella--Shigella (SS), and bismuth sulfite (BS) agars, one plate of each being incubated at 35 degrees C, the other at 43 degrees C . Salmonellae were isolated from 44 of the 98 samples . Differences in the Salmonella recovery rates from the four selective enrichment conditions were not significant . However, there was a trend toward a higher proportion of Salmonella colonies on the selective media when the enrichment broths were incubated at 43 degrees C, although the differences were significantly only with BG and SS subcultured from T . While the four enrichment systems were not significantly different, the trend toward a higher proportion of Salmonella colonies on the differential media subcultured from 43 degrees C enrichment broths indicates an advantage to incubation at the elevated temperature . Incubation of selective agars at 35 degrees C was best because at 43 degrees C Salmonella recovery was significantly reduced . Detection of salmonellae on BS was significantly better than on BG or SS.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1977 Sep, 26(5 Pt 1), 1048 - 9
Salmonella carmel infection in infancy: clinical observations; Berant M et al.; The features of Salmonella carmel infection were observed in eight infants under 1 year of age who were suffering from enteritis . While four of the infants who were over 6 months of age had mucous diarrhea and did not appear very ill, the four infants aged less than 4 months had severe bloody and purulent diarrhea, were "toxic", and needed intravenous therapy . Salmonella carmel appears to be causative of enteritis in infants under 1 year of age, severely affecting babies in their first half-year of life.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Sep, (9), 123 - 7
{Study of the relationship between the trace element content and the physiological properties of Salmonella typhi during submerged cultivation}; Kochetkov GA et al.; The content of trace elements in the cells served as one of the characteristics of physiological condition of the population . The character of the changes in the trace elements content depending on the rate of the microbial multiplication pointed to the importance of the mineral sources of nutrition for the development of the cells analyzed.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1977 Sep, 80(9), 183 - 6
Osteomyelitis in Nigerian children (a review of 40 cases); Oyemade GA et al.; A retrospective study of 40 children with osteomyelitis revealed that the patients presented in hospital late . Therefore chronic osteomyelitis is prevalent in Nigerian children . Sickle cell anaemia is commonly associated with osteomyelitis . Staphylococcus aureus is the comonest organism but salmonella is associated with sicklers.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Sep, 239(1), 51 - 8
{Fibrinogen level and fibrinolytic activity of plasma euglobulins from rabbits infected with different types of Salmonella (author's transl)}; Prokopowicz D et al.; In 84 rabbits, fibrinogen behaviour and fibrinolytic activity of the plasma euglobulins were evaluated in the course of experimental salmonellosis caused by S . typhimurium, S . choleraesuis, and S . agona . 10 healthy animals with pseudoinfection served as controls . Disturbances of hemostasis expressed by a use of the fibrinogen level and inhibition of plasma-euglobulin fibrinolysis were established . An analysis of these changes and evaluation of the lethality among the animals used in the experiment revealed that the course of the disease is depending, inter alia, upon the type of Salmonella involved.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Sep, 239(1), 46 - 50
Immunochemical relations of salmonella paratyphi C with the salmonellae of group B; Barber C et al.; Agar-gel precipitations of proteins from S . paratyphi C, S . paratyphi B and S . typhimurium against homologous and heterologous antibacterial sera, prepared in rabbits, demonstrated a strong relatedness between these species belonging to different serogroups . The findings explain and substantiate previous experiments in which high cross-protections were obtained in groups of mice immunized with proteins from these species and subsequently infected with S . typhimurium or its "in vivo" related S . paratyphi B and S . paratyphi C.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 34(3), 270 - 3
Increased recovery of salmonellae from environmental samples enriched with buffered peptone water; Thomason BM et al.; The incidence and persistence of salmonellae in weather pools on the top of Stone Mountain were investigated with lactose and buffered peptone water used as pre-enrichment broths . A total of 162 samples were collected from 16 weather pools over a 3-month period . The use of buffered peptone water increased the recovery of salmonellae by approximately 25% . The combined use of direct enrichment in tetrathionate broth containing brilliant green dye and pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water followed by enrichment in tetrathionate broth made it possible to detect all 37 of the contaminated samples . All of the isolates were Salmonella bareilly, the only serotype recovered in a previous study . All but one of the isolations were made from moist or wet samples . S . bareilly was isolated from rabbit dung and litter collected near the weather pools, but attempts to trap rabbits for study were unsuccessful . Random samples taken along a side of the mountain yielded S . bareilly in weather pools within the upper third of the mountain; below this level, S . weslaco and S . memphis were recovered, but not S . bareilly.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 23(9), 1266 - 73
Antimicrobial resistance and resistance plasmids in Salmonella from Ontario, Canada; Grant RB et al.; Collections of 589 human and 204 animal strains of Salmonella isolated in Ontario during the summer of1974 were examined for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents . Many isolates were found to be resistant to both chloramphenicol (12.4% of the human and 38.2% of the animal sample) and ampicillin . The chloramphenicol resistance almost always occurred in strains which were also resistant to ampicillin and was usually due to a self-transmissible plasmid with a resistance pattern of CmKmSmTc (chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) or CmTc . Ampicillin resistance in these strains was mediated by a variety of plasmids with patterns ApSu (ampicillin and sulfa drugs) and ApSmSu, many of which were nonself-transmissible . Ampicillin resistance in chloramphenicol-sensitive strains was transferable from 21% of the strains, and it was associated with resistance patterns which were different from the self-transferable ampicillin patterns from the chloramphenicol-resistance strains.

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