Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1981 Nov, 250(4), 497 - 505
Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide on phytohaemagglutinin induced lymphocyte transformation; Gallyas A et al.; Examination of the mitogenic response of lymphocytes in 50 blood samples from 17 patients suffering from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and on 5 occasions from 5 healthy persons revealed that a Pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide unfamiliar to the lymphocytes decreased, whereas the purified O-antigen of the infection causing Pseudomonas serogroup increased the effect of phytohaemagglutinin on parallel lymphocyte cultures prepared from the same blood samples during the whole infectious process . After complete recovery, however, the lipopolysaccharide of the infection causing P . aeruginosa strain inhibited again the phytohaemagglutinin response as if the lymphocytes had never met it . The model seems to offer a possibility to follow up in vivo the signs of the changes in the cellular background during the reaction given on Pseudomonas lipopolysaccharides.

Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Nov-Dec, 50(6), 1002 - 7
{Characteristics of the key enzyme regulation of peripheral p-xylene metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Gorlatova NV et al.; The regulation of p-xylene methylhydroxylase, metapyrocatechase, pyrocatechase and protocatechoate-3,4-dioxygenase was studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x . Methylhydroxylase, the first enzyme of p-xylene oxidation, was shown to be synthesized in the strain in a constitutive manner and to be regulated at the level of the enzyme activity . Metapyrocatechase, protocatechase and pyrocatechase are inducible enzymes; these are repressed to a different extent by the end products of p-xylene oxidation . Metapyrocatechase has a broader substrate specificity as compared to pyrocatechase and is induced by a greater number of substrates, the affinity for different substrates depending on the structure of an inductor . Presumably, two isofunctional metapyrocatechases exist in P . aeruginosa 2 x.

J Virol, 1981 Nov, 40(2), 411 - 20
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage phi PLS27-lipopolysaccharide interactions; Jarrell KF et al.; We investigated the phi PLS27 receptor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by analyzing a resistant mutant . This mutant, which was designated AK1282, had the most defective LPS yet reported for a P . aeruginosa rough mutant; this LPS contained only lipid A, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, heptose, and alanine as major components . In addition, this LPS lacked galactosamine, which is present in the inner core of the LPS of other rough mutants . The loss of galactosamine but only a small decrease in the alanine content indicated that the core of strain PAO LPS differed from the core structure which has been suggested for the LPS of other well-characterized P . aeruginosa strains . Our analysis also indicated that galactosamine residues may be crucial for phi PLS27 receptor activity of the LPS . Electrodialysis of LPS and conversion to salt forms (sodium or triethylamine) influenced the phage-inactivating capacity of the LPS, as did the medium in which the inactivation occurred; experiments performed in 1/10-strength broth resulted in much lower PhI50 (concentration of LPS causing a 50% decrease in the titer of phage during 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C) values than experiments performed in regular-strength broth . Sonication of the LPS also increased the phage-inactivating capacities of the LPS preparations.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Nov, 20(5), 595 - 9
Penetration of ocular tissues and fluids by moxalactam in rabbits with staphylococcal endophthalmitis; Kane A et al.; Moxalactam was administered subconjunctivally in 100-mg doses to rabbits with infected eyes (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) . High concentrations of drug were detected in the sclera, cornea, and choroid; much lower levels were found in the retina, whereas peak concentrations in the vitreous were about 6 microgram/ml . Repeated intramuscular injections of 50 mg/kg every 4 h produced peak serum levels of about 100 microgram/ml . A gradient between the choroid and the retina was again evident, and peak vitreous levels were about 6 microgram/ml after six injections . These data are consistent with the concept of a blood-retina barrier analogous to the blood-brain barrier . Moxalactam appears to penetrate the eye somewhat better than do other beta-lactams; however, the peak levels produced in the vitreous humor in this animal model were below the level required to inhibit most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Nov-Dec, 50(6), 996 - 1001
{Exogenous orthophosphate regulation of the phosphohydrolase activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas maltophilia}; Treshchanina NA et al.; The activity of several phosphohydrolases, viz . alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), tripolyphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.2) and polyphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.11), was studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa VKM B-889 and Pseudomonas maltophilia VKM B-591 . In the absence of orthophosphate in the medium when alkaline phosphatase was derepressed, its activity in P . aeruginosa rose in parallel with that of acid phosphatase, tripolyphosphatase and polyphosphatase . The maximal activity of alkaline phosphatase was detected in the cultural broth while that of the remaining enzymes was found in the soluble fraction of the cells . In P . maltophilia, the activity of phosphohydrolases was not regulated with orthophosphate; even when the cells were grown in its presence, the activity was much higher than that of acid phosphatase, ATPase and tripolyphosphatase of the derepressed cells of P . aeruginosa . In P . maltophilia, the maximal activity of the enzymes, just as that of alkaline phosphatase, was detected in the fraction of cellular membranes.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Nov, 148(2), 487 - 97
Lipid alterations in cell envelopes of polymyxin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; Conrad RS et al.; The lipid composition of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to polymyxin was compared with the lipid composition of cells of polymyxin-sensitive strains as to their content of readily extractable lipids (RELs), acid-extractable lipids, the fatty acid composition of RELs, and the contents of various phospholipids in the REL fraction . The polymyxin-resistant strains had an increased content of RELs, but a decreased phospholipid content . The REL fraction from the polymyxin-resistant strains had an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids accompanied by a decreased content of cyclopropane fatty acids as compared with the fatty acid composition of RELs from polymyxin-sensitive strains . The phosphatidylethanolamine content was greatly reduced in the polymyxin-resistant strains, whereas the content of an unidentified lipid, thought to be a neutral lipid lacking either a phosphate, free amino, or choline moiety, was greatly increased . Cell envelopes of the polymyxin-resistant strains contained reduced concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ as compared with the cell envelopes of polymyxin-sensitive strains . It appears that polymyxin resistance in these strains is associated with a significant alteration in the lipid composition and divalent cation content of the cell envelope.

Infect Immun, 1981 Nov, 34(2), 461 - 8
High-molecular-weight polysaccharide antigen from Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 2; Pier GB et al.; Previously, we isolated a high-molecular-weight immunogenic polysaccharide (designated PS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1 (IT-1) . The method which we used was modified to permit the isolation of a similar PS from P . aeruginosa IT-2 . This antigen was composed primarily of carbohydrate, had a complex monosaccharide composition, including sugars not found in the lipopolysaccharide, and was nonpyrogenic in rabbits and nontoxic in mice at high doses . This material protected mice from challenges with live homologous cells . P . aeruginosa IT-2 PS gave a line of identity with the O side chain of the lipopolysaccharide, but different from this polysaccharide in molecular weight, chemical composition, and ability to immunize mice actively . Lipopolysaccharide from P . aeruginosa IT-2 contained an immunological determinant not found on P . aeruginosa IT-2 PS, which was detected due to its stability during treatment with dilute alkali . Thus, we recovered a high-molecular-weight PS antigen from P . aeruginosa IT-2, which was serologically identical to the lipopolysaccharide O side chain but was chemically and physically distinct . Also, like P . aeruginosa IT-1 strains, P . aeruginosa IT-2 contains an alkali-stable immunodeterminant on the lipopolysaccharide that may represent a core-like antigen.

Biochem J, 1981 Oct 15, 200(1), 69 - 75
Difluoromethylornithine irreversibly inactivates ornithine decarboxylase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but does not inhibit the enzymes of Escherichia coli; Kallio A et al.; DL-alpha-Difluoromethylornithine, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase and consequently of putrescine biosynthesis, inhibited ornithine decarboxylase in enzyme extracts from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a time-dependent manner t1/2 1 min, and also effectively blocked the enzyme activity in situ in the cell . Difluoromethylornithine, however, had no effect on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase assayed in enzyme extracts from either Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae . However, the presence of the inhibitor in cell cultures did partially lower ornithine decarboxylase activity intracellularly in E . coli . Any decrease in the intracellular ornithine decarboxylase activity observed in E . coli and Pseudomonas was accompanied by a concomitant increase in arginine decarboxylase activity, arguing for a co-ordinated control of putrescine biosynthesis in these cells.

Nouv Presse Med, 1981 Oct 3, 10(35), 2881 - 2
{Cefsulodine concentrations in cerebral ventricles during parenteral treatment of ventriculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)}; Veyssier P et al.; Cefsulodine, a new B-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin, was used parenterally in combination with systemic and topical tobramycin to treat a patient with meningitis and ventriculitis due to Os, aeruginosa . Cefsulodine concentrations were measured simultaneously in serum and in cerebral ventricles . With doses of 500 mg four times a day, diffusion of the drug into meningeal spaces was rather poor, but with doses of 2 grams 8-hourly (100 mg/Kg/day cefsulodine concentrations in the ventricles were equal or superior to the average MICs against most Pseudomonas species . However, concurrent systemic and local administration of an aminoglycoside is required to ensure full bactericidal effect.

Aust Vet J, 1981 Oct, 57(10), 450 - 4
The ovipositional response of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, to fleece-rot odours; Watts JE et al.; The ovipositional response of Lucilia cuprina flies to odours emanating from fleece-rot lesions of greasy wool in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria proliferated, was studied . Fractionation of the fleece-rot odours was carried out by bubbling the volatile components through hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions to remove basic odours and acidic odours respectively . It was found that the acidic/neutral odours of fleece-rot wool, when perfused into wet, greasy wool stimulated L . cuprina to oviposit . On the other hand, the basic/neutral odours of fleece-rot wool were virtually unattractive to the gravid fly . Similarly, the acidic/neutral odours emanating from fleece-rot lesions of clean wool from which the non-fibre components, wax, suint and epithelial debris, had been removed by scouring, were found to be unattractive to the gravid fly in choice tests.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1981 Oct, 129(10), 578 - 80
{Nosocomial infections in a children's hospital . Results of a prospective study covering 3 1/2 years (author's transl)}; Daschner F et al.; The average nosocomial infection rate of 2,950 patients of a University Childrens Hospital (among them 672 patients of a newborn intensive care unit) was 16.4% . The most common infections were: of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (42%), upper respiratory tract infections (21.1%) gastrointestinal infections (12.6%) wound infections (6.8%), septicemia (5.6%) and pneumonia (3.3%) . Bacterial species most commonly isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The prevention and control of hospital acquired infection is of utmost importance for the care of children in hospitals.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Oct, (10), 95 - 8
{Results of a study of the safety, reactogenicity and immunologic effectiveness of pyoimmunogen in the immunization of volunteer donors}; Krokhina MA et al.; The preliminary study of the safety, reactogenicity and immunological effectiveness of polyvalent vaccine prepared from Pseudomonas aeruginosa protective antigens was carried out . In this study the vaccine was used for the immunization of volunteer donors . No postvaccinal complications were revealed . After the immunization with pyoimmunogen the titer of antibodies to P . aeruginosa increased 2-fold in comparison with their initial level.

Infect Immun, 1981 Oct, 34(1), 1 - 5
Genetic studies of the murine corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Berk RS et al.; The murine genetic control of resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa eye infection previously has been demonstrated to be regulated by two complementing dominant genes, PsCR1 and PsCR2 . The PsCR1 locus apparently is not associated with the H-2 complex, whereas the PsCR2 locus could not definitively be associated with H-2 . In this study we attempted to demonstrate a possible H-2 linkage of the PsCR2 locus . A panel of inbred congenic strains varying with either the H-2 haplotype or genetic background from inbred partners of C57BL/10, C3H, A, and BALB/c strains were characterized for their P . aeruginosa infectivity phenotypes . These studies indicated that the PsCR2 locus is not associated with the H-2 locus . Furthermore, variations of the H-2 haplotype did not change the resistance patterns observed in these strains . However, BALB.B and BALB.K congenic lines were resistant to P . aeruginosa eye infection, whereas BALB/cJ mice were susceptible . Examination of hybrids (BALB.K X BALB/cJ)F1 and (BALB.B X BALB/cJ)F1 demonstrated that an autosomal dominant gene(s), PsCR, confers resistance . Segregation analysis for the H-2 haplotype and the PsCR gene in offspring of backcross matings with the BALB/cJ parental strain suggested that this PsCR gene is not linked to the H-2 complex and has an inheritance pattern of a single locus or several tightly linked loci.

Am J Med, 1981 Oct, 71(4), 603 - 14
Invasive external otitis . Report of 21 cases and review of the literature; Doroghazi RM et al.; We report 21 cases of invasive external otitis and review 130 cases from the English literature . Invasive external otitis is the term that most appropriately describes the locally invasive Pseudomonas infections that begins in the external ear canal, breaches the epithelial barrier and results in signs of local subcutaneous tissue invasion . Nineteen patients were diabetic . FIfteen of these 19 had preexistent, long-standing diabetes (average 15.8 years) and 10 had microvascular disease . Studies of the skin of the temporal bone in two patients provided evidence of diabetic microangiopathy of the dermal capillaries . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the involved area in all cases . All patients without neurologic deficits survived, compared with six of nine with deficits of the central nervous system . All 13 patients in whom initial therapy was successful received a combination of an aminoglycoside and a semisynthetic penicillin, whereas all six episodes of recurrent disease occurred when only one antibiotic was used . The overall mortality was 15 percent (three of 20 in whom the long-term outcome is known) . We propose that diabetic microangiopathy of the skin of the temporal bone results in poor local perfusion and creates an environment well suited for invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . There is a good correlation between the extent of disease clinically and prognosis . Effective treatment requires early diagnosis and combination therapy with an aminoglycoside and a semisynthetic penicillin.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Oct, (10), 74 - 80
{Production and experimental testing of the polyvalency of corpuscular vaccine for the prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections II . Experimental testing of the immunogenicity of polyvalent corpuscular Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine}; Moroz AF et al.; Newly developed P . aeruginosa vaccine has been shown to be safe and apyrogenic for experimental animals . Immunization with the vaccine in a single injection of 0.5 ml has been found to ensure the protection of 80--98% of mice from lethal infection caused by virulent vaccine strains, with the exception of P . aeruginosa strain No . 1311, for 9 weeks . Immunity to P . aeruginosa strain No . 1311 develops only by day 56 after vaccination . No sharp correlation between the specific agglutinin level and the degree of protective effect induced by the immunization of animals with the polyvalent vaccine has been established . The vaccine has been shown to possess high immunogenicity in respect to clinical P . aeruginosa strains belonging to different serotypes (homo- and heterological vaccine strains).

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Oct, 34(10), 1234 - 40
Effects of inducible beta-lactamase and antimicrobial resistance upon the activity of newer beta-lactam antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoffman TA et al.; The activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, moxalactam, and N-formimidoyl thienamycin was evaluated against 262 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . There were 242 (92%) of the isolates that were susceptible to carbenicillin or ticarcillin by an agar dilution method . Against this population of susceptible isolates, the median MICs were 1.56 microgram/ml of N-formimidoyl thienamycin, 3.13 microgram/ml of piperacillin, 25 microgram/ml of ticarcillin, 25 microgram/ml of cefotaxime, 50 microgram/ml of carbenicillin and 50 microgram/ml of moxalactam . N-Formimidoyl thienamycin was the only beta-lactam antibiotic not affected by an inducible beta-lactamase detected in 24 randomly selected susceptible isolates by a disk approximation assay, while cefotaxime was inactivated to a greater extent than any of the other beta-lactam antibiotics . Resistance to carbenicillin and ticarcillin was noted in 20 isolates (8%); these were susceptible to N-formimidoyl thienamycin, but cross-resistance with piperacillin, cefotaxime, and moxalactam was frequent . Only four of these resistant isolates were found to have a constitutive beta-lactamase . Gentamicin resistance occurred in 51 isolates (19%) and was an independent variable of resistance to the beta-lactam drugs.

J Lab Clin Med, 1981 Oct, 98(4), 511 - 8
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to serum bactericidal activity . A comparison of three methods with clinical correlations; DeMatteo CS et al.; Twenty-nine blood culture isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested by three established methods to determine the effect of in vitro conditions on the survival of this organism in human serum . Clinical correlations were made to determine the relationship of serum resistance as defined by each method to clinical outcome . Major differences of bacterial survival in the presence of pooled normal human serum and in classification of isolates (sensitive, intermediate, resistant) were observed among the three methods . Isolates grown in broth for preparation of inocula demonstrated significantly greater sensitivity to serum bactericidal activity than those grown on agar . The use of organisms in early logarithmic growth phase or increased concentrations of serum augmented the serum sensitivity of these isolates . No correlation was observed between serum bactericidal activity and antibiotic susceptibility, pyocine type, patient mortality, or underlying disease . All strains of serotype 6 or 11 (immunotype 1 or 2) were serum-sensitive by one of the three methods . This study indicates that by testing isolates of P . aeruginosa under a variety of in vitro conditions, it is possible to identify a few isolates that are highly sensitive or resistant to serum under all conditions . The survival of the majority of strains of P . aeruginosa in human serum is highly dependent on in vitro conditions . Conclusions regarding the role of serum bactericidal activity in host defense must be drawn cautiously when based solely on in vitro tests.

J Clin Invest, 1981 Oct, 68(4), 899 - 914
Cystic fibrosis pseudomonas opsonins . Inhibitory nature in an in vitro phagocytic assay; Fick RB Jr et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection plays a primary pathogenetic role in the chronic respiratory tract disease of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients . Despite pronounced humoral immune responses, reflected by high levels of antibodies against Pseudomonas in serum and in sputum, the antibodies do not eliminate this bacterium . In the present study we have used affinity chromatography with a lipopolysaccharide substituted immunoadsorbent gel to isolate high titers (meanCF = 1:256) of immunotype specific Pseudomonas IgG antibodies from the sera of nine CF subjects, and have evaluated the functional ability of these antibodies to promote phagocytosis and intracellular killing of P . aeruginosa in an in vitro human alveolar macrophage culture system . The phagocytic and intracellular bactericidal kinetics revealed that CF IgG antibodies function in an inhibitory fashion . Both the rate of phagocytosis (rateCF = 204 cpm/unit time) and absolute bacterial uptakes maximal at 120 min (uptakeCF = 18 x 10(3) 14C cpm) were inhibited compared with appropriate positive controls (hyperimmune serum, HIS; {rateHIS = 399; uptakeHIS = 29 x 10(3), P less than 0.005}) . The ability of such CF-derived opsonins to potentiate macrophage intracellular bactericidal processes was mildly impaired (bacterial survivalCF = 15 x 10(3) colony forming units (CFU)/min, survivalHIS = 9 x 10(3)) . Further characterization of this defect, assessed with functional studies of the Fab and Fc portions of the immunoglobulin molecule, revealed an impairment in the attachment of these specific antibodies to the alveolar macrophage membrane Fc gamma receptors . Preliminary studies of the physical-chemical properties of these immunoglobulins were normal . The expression of this inhibitory activity in vivo may facilitate Pseudomonas colonization and the subsequent established infections in the respiratory tracts of CF subjects.

Infect Immun, 1981 Oct, 34(1), 147 - 53
Production of exoenzyme S by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sokol PA et al.; Exoenzyme S differs from toxin A and diphtheria toxin in that it does not adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylate elongation factor-2, but rather catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to a number of different proteins in extracts of eucaryotic cells . Polyoma-transformed BHK-21 cells were isolated which were resistant to diphtheria toxin and toxin A . Extracts from these cells are ADP-ribosylated by exoenzyme S but not toxin A or diphtheria toxin, providing an assay which distinguishes between S and A activities . A total of 124 clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa were analyzed for production of toxin A and exoenzyme S . Exoenzyme S production was detected in 38% of the strains, whereas 80% of the strains produced toxin A.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Oct, 20(4), 525 - 9
Cefsulodin: antibacterial activity and tentative interpretive zone standards for the disk susceptibility test; Barry AL et al.; Cefsulodin (SCE-129) is a cephalosporin with a spectrum of antibacterial activity largely limited to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Cefsulodin was compared with carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin against 779 nonenteric gram-negative bacilli and staphylococci collected from five geographically separate institutions . Against P . aeruginosa, cefsulodin was somewhat more active than piperacillin and much more active than other penicillins . In addition, cefsulodin was active against penicillinase-producing strains of S . aureus . Collaborative efforts in three laboratories led to the following tentative zone size breakpoints for 30-micrograms cefsulodin disks: susceptible greater than or equal to 18 mm (minimal inhibitory concentration) {MIC} less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml) and resistant less than or equal to 14 mm (MIC greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml) . These zone standards are still tentative since the dosage schedule has not yet been defined and sufficient clinical experience has not yet been gathered to support the validity of these MIC breakpoints.

Med J Aust, 1981 Sep 19, 2(6), 283 - 6,287
Plasmid-determined tobramycin and gentamicin resistance in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from two Sydney hospitals; Sinclair MI et al.; Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, streptomycin, and sulphonamide have been isolated from patients at two Sydney hospitals . The multiple resistance of all these strains was due to a transmissible plasmid . The significance of the identification of this plasmid, in this variety of strains and at two hospitals, for the treatment of Ps . aeruginosa infections is discussed.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Sep, 34(9), 1244 - 54
{Clinical studies on tobramycin by intravenous drip infusion for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in chronic respiratory diseases (author's transl)}; Hiraga Y et al.; Tobramycin (TOB) was administrated by intravenous drip infusion for 1 hour, to 15 patients with intractable chronic respiratory tract infections due to P . aeruginosa, and the following results were obtained . 1 . Criteria of clinical effects We have made new criteria for the evaluation of the therapeutic effects on respiratory tract infections (Tables 1, 2) . Clinical items were divided into 4 grades and radiographic ones into 6 to 11 grades . Each item was separately scored as followed; excellent was scored as 1 point when 3 or more grade upward-shifts were seen after treatment, good as 2 points in case of 2 grade upward-shifts, fair as 3 points in case of 1 grade upward-shift, unchanged as 4 points in case of no shift, impairment as 5 points in case of downward-shift . The integrated evaluation of the items was made according to the average points for the evaluated items; overall excellent was 1.9 or less, overall good 2.0 to 2.9, overall fair 3.0 to 3.5 and overall poor as 3.6 or more . 2 . Clinical effects Overall clinical effects were evaluated as good in 7 cases, fair in 4 and poor in 4 out of 15 patients, and rate of good score was 46.7% . According to the dosage groups, rate of good score was 50% in the dose of 60 mg three times a day, 0% in the dose of 90 mg twice a day and 62.5% in the dose of 120 mg twice a day . Eradication rate of P . aeruginosa was 33.3% . Neither adverse side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings were observed.

Arch Dis Child, 1981 Sep, 56(9), 692 - 8
Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acidosis in bacterial meningitis; Eross J et al.; A rapid, microenzymatic method was used to measure cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels in 205 children with suspected bacterial meningitis . Fifty children with normal CSF containing fewer than 0.005 X 10(9)/l WBC, no segmented neutrophils, glucose 3.4 +/- 0.8 mmol/l (61.2 +/- 14.4 mg/100 ml), and a protein of less than 0.30 g/l had CSF lactate levels below 2.0 mmol/l (18 mg/100 ml) (mean and standard deviation 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/l (11.8 +/- 2.7 mg/100 ml)) . In 31 cases of proved viral meningitis as with 58 cases of clinically diagnosed viral meningitis, levels were below 3.8 mmol/l (34.5 mg/100 ml), being 2.3 +/- 0.6 mmol/l (20.9 +/- 5.4 mg/100 ml), and 2.1 +/- 0.7 mmol/l (19.1 +/- 6.4 mg/100 ml) respectively . Sixty-six cases of bacterial meningitis had CSF lactate levels ranging from 3.9 mmol/l (35.4 mg/100 ml) to greater than 10.0 mmol/l (90.0 mg/100 ml) . Longitudinal studies in 7 children with bacterial meningitis showed that cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels differentiated bacterial from viral meningitis up to 4 days after starting treatment with antibiotics . Use of CSF lactate measurement for monitoring the efficacy of treatment is illustrated in a case of bacterial meningitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The origin of the cerebrospinal fluid lactate acidosis and the role of lactate in the pathophysiological cycle leading to intensification of brain tissue hypoxia and cellular damage is discussed with respect to the short-term prognosis and the long-term neurological sequelae.

J Trauma, 1981 Sep, 21(9), 753 - 6
Burn wound infection; McManus WF et al.; Ninety-seven of 763 patients admitted to a burn center during a 3-year period had histologically confirmed bacterial or fungal burn wound invasion . Nine of these 97 patients survived and 88 died . Burn wound infection was the principal cause of death in 57 patients and was diagnosed perimortem in an additional 31 patients but was not judged to be the primary cause of death . Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues as the most frequent offending organism . The variety of mycotic and bacterial organisms identified, however, suggests that the compromise of the host is the critical factor, and not any particular microorganism . A variety of combinations of treatments are described: the selection of treatment depends upon the type and extent of infection.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Sep, 34(9), 1164 - 70
Purification and properties of cephalosporinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Murata T et al.; Cephalosporin beat-lactamase (cephalosporinase, CSase) was purified from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics . The purified enzyme preparation gave a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was about 34,000 . The specific activity was 49.7 mumoles/minute/mg of protein of the purified enzyme for the hydrolysis of cephaloridine . The optimal pH and optimal temperature were about 8.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively . Its isoelectric point was 8.7 . The enzyme activity was inhibited by iodine, some divalent ions, and some semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics, including cephamycin derivatives such as moxalactam and YM09330 . Mouse antiserum obtained against the purified enzyme showed no cross-reaction with other types of beta-lactamase in neutralization test.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Sep, 34(9), 1157 - 63
Protection of hydroxyl in the synthesis of semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics; Woo PW; The 2-methoxypropan-2-yl group fulfills the need of a hydroxyl protecting group generally suitable for the synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics, satisfying the criteria of low-cost, convenience and selectivity in formation, and, above all, ease of deprotection under conditions compatible to the highly sensitive beta-lactam function and without contamination of the final products . The use of this protecting group has enabled the successful attachment of 6-{4-(N-acetyl-4-hydroxyl-L-prolylamino)phenyl}-1,2-dihydro - 2 - oxo - 3 - pyridinecarboxyl group, through an amide linkage, to amoxicillin, cephaloglycin, and the 3{{(1-carboxymethyl)-1-H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}methyl analogue of the latter, yielding broad-spectrum antibiotics with notably good activities against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1981 Sep-Oct, 132B(2), 215 - 24
{Ticarcillin activity in immunodepressed mice infected with "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" (author's transl)}; Fauchere JL et al.; Ticarcillin (TCL) activity was studied in vivo in mice immunodepressed by either cyclophosphamide (CY) or methylprednisolone (Mpd) . Each type of immunodepression was evaluated by polymorphonuclear enumeration and carbon black blood clearance . Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 3 LD50 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and then 1,000 or 1,600 mg/kg of TCL was given by subcutaneous route . Mice were treated after 15 min and 3, 18, 24 and 36 h following infection . With 1,000 mg/kg of TCL, non-immunodepressed mice were cured . Mpd-treated mice were cured by 1,600 mg/kg of TCL, while CY-treated mice were not cured by the same dose of TCL.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1981 Sep, 70(5), 623 - 8
Respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients caused by virus, chlamydia and mycoplasma--possible synergism with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Petersen NT et al.; 116 cystic fibrosis patients were observed, by monthly examinations over an eight-month period, to investigate the importance of non-bacterial respiratory infections (NBI) in exacerbations of the respiratory disease . Sputum was examined for bacteria, and serum investigated for antibody response against virus, mycoplasma and chlamydia and for antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . During this period each patient had, on an average, 2.9 exacerbations of which 76% were associated with bacteria, most frequently P . aeruginosa (51%), and 20% with NBI, although bacteria were also present in most of these cases . No etiology was established in 18% of the exacerbations . The NBI were caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (9%), parainfluenza virus (5%), influenza virus (3.6%), adenovirus (2.4%), mycoplasma (0.6%) and chlamydia (0.6%) . The incidence of exacerbations was higher in patients with chronic P . aeruginosa infections . RSV infections were more common in patients who developed chronic P . aeruginosa infection during the study period, and RSV infections were frequently associated with a rise of P . aeruginosa antibodies in patients who harboured these bacteria . The important role of NBI as mediators of onset of chronic P . aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis patients is suggested.

Infect Immun, 1981 Sep, 33(3), 788 - 94
Polysaccharide of the slime glycolipoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Koepp LH et al.; The polysaccharide moiety was isolated by mild acid hydrolysis from the slime glycolipoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BI . After gel filtration, the polysaccharide obtained from the Carbohydrate peak fractions was found to be lipid- and protein-free . Analyses indicated that the polysaccharide contained the carbohydrate components of the parent glycolipoprotein . Molecular size of the polysaccharide was estimated by gel filtration as 70,000 to 100,000 . The polysaccharide showed no indications of toxicity in mice at doses far in excess of the lethal dose for the parent glycolipoprotein, nor did the mice develop the leukopenia that characteristically follows intraperitoneal injection of glycolipoprotein . The polysaccharide acted as an inhibitor of indirect hemagglutination of glycolipoprotein-coated erythrocytes in the presence of anti-glycolipoprotein serum; however, it was not antigenic itself in rabbits . Coupled with methylated bovine serum albumin, the polysaccharide continued to lack the leukopenic and toxic properties of the parent glycolipoprotein, but the coupled polysaccharide was capable of stimulating indirect hemagglutinating antibody against both the polysaccharide and the glycolipoprotein coating erythrocytes . Moreover, the antibody to the coupled polysaccharide protected mice against challenge with lethal doses of viable P . aeruginosa with the same effectiveness as anti-glycolipoprotein serum.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1981 Sep, 99(9), 1614 - 7
Increased susceptibility to infection in experimental xerophthalmia; DeCarlo JD et al.; Vitamin A-deficient rabbits were used to evaluate the role of secondary bacterial infection in the development of keratomalacia and to describe the resultant clinical and morphologic alterations . The conjunctival sacs of vitamin A-deficient rabbits at different stages of corneal involvement were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa topically . Approximately two weeks after inoculation, corneal ulceration with stromal melting developed in one of three eyes with severe punctate keratitis and in four of seven eyes with xerosis . Ulceration did not develop in any of the eight eyes with early epithelial graying or mild punctate keratitis . Inflammatory cells (primarily polymorphonuclear leukocytes) infiltrated the anterior corneal stroma of infected corneas . Liquefaction of collagen was observed in association with bacteria alone, as well as in association with polymorphonuclear leukocytes . No signs of infection were observed after conjunctival inoculation of Pseudomonas in the eyes of nine control rabbits.

J Infect Dis, 1981 Sep, 144(3), 263 - 9
Regrowth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria after the bactericidal action of carbenicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics; Gwynn MN et al.; Exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus to bactericidal concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics in broth culture resulted in a decrease in viability over the first 6--8 hr, followed by regrowth which was not due to the selection of resistant variants or loss of antibiotic potency . During incubation, bacteria adhered to the surface of the culture vessel and multiplied despite the presence of bactericidal concentrations of antibiotic in the medium . It is concluded that the phenomenon of "regrowth" results from such adhesion and the subsequent dispersal of some of these cells into the culture medium . The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the treatment of infection, the determination of minimal bactericidal concentrations, and the phenomena of tolerance and persisters.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 1008 - 14
Analysis of flagellar genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by use of Rfla plasmids and conjugations; Tsuda M et al.; Over 300 flagellar mutants were isolated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO . R-prime plasmids carrying segments of bacterial chromosome which can complement the mutant phenotypes were isolated by means of plasmid R68.45 . Among the R-prime plasmids, pMT6 complemented 167 out of 307 mutants examined, and pMT19 complemented the remaining 140 mutants . We found no mutant which was complemented by both of these plasmids . Hence, the flagellar genes were divided into two clusters by these two plasmids, namely, region I on pMT19 and region II on pMT6 . By FP5- and R68.45-mediated conjugation, these two regions were located on the P . aeruginosa PAO chromosome with an order of puuF--region I--region II--oru-325.

Surgery, 1981 Sep, 90(3), 473 - 81
Neutrophil-mediated lung localization of bacteria: a mechanism for pulmonary injury; Lanser ME et al.; The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is thought to ensure organ integrity following trauma, burn, and sepsis by removing potentially embolic particulate matter and blood-borne bacteria from the circulation . Blockade of the RES with foreign colloids is known to result in a consumptive depletion of opsonic fibronectin, which modulates reticuloendothelial function, and an increase in lung localization of test particles . We investigated the role of neutrophils as a contributing factor in the increased localization of blood-borne bacteria in the lung after blockade . RE blockade induced by gelatin-coated colloid particle injection resulted in an acute (15-minute) increase in the number of 51Cr-labeled neutrophils localized in the lung, with return to control levels at 60 minutes after blockade . Fibronectin administration following blockade resulted in a significant (P less than 0.05) prolonged retention of neutrophils in the lung up to 2 hours after blockade . A parallel increase (P less than 0.05) in lung localization of heat-killed 14C-labeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa following colloid-induced RE blockade was observed, and fibronectin further increased the number of bacteria localized in the lung . Experimentally induced neutropenia abrogated the effect of colloid injection on lung localization of bacteria . It is concluded that a particulate load results in simultaneous RE blockade and neutrophil margination in the lung, both of which contribute to the increase in lung localization of bacteria . A mechanism for neutrophil-mediated pulmonary injury related to RE dysfunction following trauma is proposed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1981 Sep, 250(3), 312 - 21
Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of ureidopenicillins in comparison to sisomicin and cephalotin in experimental infections of rabbits; Dzierzanowska D et al.; The therapeutic efficacy of azlocillin, mezlocillin, cephalotin, and sisomicin was evaluated by experimental infection in rabbits . After one hour following infection with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotics were applied intramuscularly . Colony-forming units were counted before the infection and every day thereafter . Leukocytosis was determined before infection and 3 and 7 days after initiation of therapy . Therapy with antibiotics was continued for seven days, rabbits sacrificed and CFU/g tissue determined . It was shown that in experimental infection caused by E . coli or K . pneumoniae in rabbits, sisomicin was most effective, followed by mezlocillin, azlocillin, and cephalotin . Efficacy of therapy against P . aeruginosa was as follows: sisomicin, azlocillin, mezlocillin.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Aug 20, 646(2), 298 - 308
Properties of the large ion-permeable pores formed from protein F of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lipid bilayer membranes; Benz R et al.; The incorporation of porin protein F from the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into artificial lipid bilayers results in an increase of the membrane conductance by many orders of magnitude . The membrane conductance is caused by the formation of large ion-permeable channels with a single-channel conductance in the order of 5 nS for 1 M alkali chlorides . The conductance has an ohmic current vs . voltage relationship . Further information on the structure of the pore formed by protein F was obtained by determining the single-channel conductance for various species differing in charge and size, and from zero-current potential measurements . The channel was found to be permeable for large organic ions (Tris+, N(C2H5)4+, Hepes-) and a channel diameter of 2.2 nm could be estimated from the conductance data (pore length of 7.5 nm) . At neutral pH the pore is about two times more permeable for cations than for anions, possibly caused by negative charges in the pore . The consistent observation of large water filled pores formed by porin protein F in model membrane systems is discussed in the light of the known low permeability of the Ps . aeruginosa outer membrane towards antibiotics . It is suggested that this results from a relatively low proportion of open functional porin protein F pores in vivo.

Lancet, 1981 Aug 15, 2(8242), 332 - 4
An antibody against revertant forms of cell-wall deficient bacterial variant in sera from patients with Crohn's disease; Shafii A et al.; Sera from patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, and from controls were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for antibody against two strains of pseudomonas-like cell-wall-defective bacterial variants . Serum samples from 22 of 25 patients with Crohn's disease produced fluorescence of both revertant cell-wall-defective bacterial strains . Intensity of fluorescence correlated positively with the degree of disease activity . Sera from 23 patients with ulcerative colitis and from 15 control subjects did not produce any significant staining of either of the two revertant cell-wall-defective bacterial strains . Absorption of sera with Escherichia coli, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not alter the intensity of fluorescence in patients with Crohn's disease, whereas similar absorption of sera from patients with ulcerative colitis and controls abolished the slight staining of cell-wall-defective strains produced by 29% of unabsorbed serum samples.

J Pediatr, 1981 Aug, 99(2), 307 - 14
A double-blind controlled trial of anti-Pseudomonas chemotherapy of acute respiratory exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis; Hyatt AC et al.; A double-blind controlled trail of anti-Pseudomonas chemotherapy was carried out in 24 exacerbations of pulmonary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis . Fifteen exacerbations were treated with oxacillin plus sisomicin and carbenicillin (treatment group); nine were treated with oxacillin alone (control group) . The planned length of treatment was 14 days . The difference between the failure rate in the treatment group (3/15) and the control group (7/9) was statistically significant (P less than 0.015) . The difference in improvement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second was also significant (P less than 0.025) . At the end of the study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was still present in the sputum of all nine patients in the control group, but was not isolated from six of the 15 patients in the treatment group . The data suggest a beneficial role for anti-Pseudomonas chemotherapy in the treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Anaesth Intensive Care, 1981 Aug, 9(3), 260 - 5
Epidemiology and prevention of pseudomonas aeruginosa chest infection in an intensive care unit; Seal DV et al.; An epidemiological investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an Intensive Care Neurosurgical Unit has shown that there were epidemic, endemic and endogenous types present simultaneously . These pseudomonads were cultured from purulent sputa postoperatively and sometimes caused systemic disease . The epidemic type was traced to a ventilator and a nebulizer whilst the endemic and endogenous types were not found in environmental sites . Effective decontamination of equipment and the use of bacterial filters where possible are essential in preventing the spread of infection . Staff hygiene remains important, particularly hand washing with antiseptic soap preparations.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1981 Aug, 89(4), 217 - 21
Antibiotics and granulocytes . Direct and indirect effects on granulocyte chemotaxis; Belsheim JA et al.; Twelve antibiotics were investigated regarding both their direct in vitro influence on granulocyte chemotaxis, and their indirect effect on the production of chemotactic factors from cultures of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . None of the beta-lactam antibiotics studied caused significant alterations of granulocyte migratory response when incubated with the cells at concentrations of up to 128 microgram/ml . The two aminoglycoside preparations, and the two tetracycline preparations caused significant depressions of the migration response . Production of chemotactic factors was stimulated from growing cultures of E . coli by sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics and from Ps . aeruginosa by the cephalosporin derivatives only . The differences observed were most probably due to the mode of action at the bacterial cell wall level.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Aug, 78(8), 4897 - 901
ampC cephalosporinase of Escherichia coli K-12 has a different evolutionary origin from that of beta-lactamases of the penicillinase type; Jaurin B et al.; A 1536-nucleotide-long sequence that carries the ampC beta-lactamase gene of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome has been determined . This gene codes for a protein of 377 amino acids, of which the first 19 amino acids form a signal peptide . The molecular weight of the mature enzyme was determined to be 39,600 . The ampC beta-lactamase with a substrate specificity for cephalosporins showed no significant sequence homologies with beta-lactamases of the penicillinase type or with D-alanine carboxypeptidases . However, because the region around serine-80 of the ampC beta-lactamase has extensive homology with an active-site fragment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cephalosporinase, we suggest that the ampC cephalosporinase as well as related cephalosporinases form a distinct group of serine beta-lactamases that have an evolutionary origin different from that of the serine penicillinases and thus constitute a new class of beta-lactamases.

Infect Immun, 1981 Aug, 33(2), 527 - 32
Antibodies to cell envelope proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients; Fernandes PB et al.; Many vaccines containing somatic and secreted antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been reported . The vaccines containing lipopolysaccharide have been found to provide type-specific protection, but the endotoxin content of these vaccines does not make it feasible to use them in patients who are already debilitated . Outer membrane proteins could be effective as vaccines, as they can be purified free of lipopolysaccharide, and also because they are common to all serotypes of P . aeruginosa . To be effective as a vaccine, such proteins must be immunogenic and accessible from the outside of the intact bacterial cell . In this study, we showed that systemic antibodies were produced frequently to two cell envelope proteins with masses of 58,500 and 37,500 daltons and occasionally to 34,000-dalton protein of P . aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic lung infections . In rabbits immunized with whole, fixed cells of P . aeruginosa, antibodies were also produced against the 58,500-dalton proteins . Thus, the 58,500-dalton cell envelope protein of P . aeruginosa was the only immunogenic protein that was accessible to the immune system when whole, fixed cells were used for immunization . These serum antibodies did not protect the cystic fibrosis patients against further lung infection with P . aeruginosa.

Infect Immun, 1981 Aug, 33(2), 512 - 8
Serum bactericidal effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients; Thomassen MJ et al.; The bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients was determined in a 10% concentration of normal serum or autologous cystic fibrosis serum . Of the 167 strains tested, 77 (46%) were sensitive (greater than 95% killed) in normal serum . Mucoid strains were more frequently sensitive than nonmucoid strains . Twenty-three sensitive strains tested in ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid-chelated serum were resistant (less than 10% killed), suggesting only classical pathway activation . Absorption of cystic fibrosis serum with the autologous P . aeruginosa strain resulted in decreased killing by that serum . All sera, including the chelated and absorbed sera, had comparable total hemolytic complement levels . Patients in poor clinical condition (5 out of 12), in contrast to patients in good or moderate condition(1 out of 30), were more likely to have P . aeruginosa strains that were serum resistant in autologous serum but sensitive in normal serum . Sera from these five patients in poor clinical condition were capable of killing heterologous P . aeruginosa strains . These results suggest the presence of a protective or "blocking" activity in serum from some patients in poor clinical conditions . This association of a blocking activity with clinical condition may signal a transition point in the progression of cystic fibrosis lung disease and thus may be another contributory factor in the failure of the cystic fibrosis host to control infection.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Aug, 249(3), 413 - 7
Comparison of the effects of a multi-component vaccine and a formalin-killed cell vaccine on protection against enzootic of hemorrhagic pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mink; Abe C et al.; Effectiveness of a multi-component vaccine consisting of the common antigen (OEP) derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain N 10 (serotype E) and toxoids of protease and elastase was compared with that of formalin-killed cells of strain N 10 on protection against enzootic of hemorrhagic pneumonia due to P . aeruginosa in mink . One administration of the multi-component vaccine (100 microgram each of OEP, protease toxoid and elastase toxoid) clearly prevented enzootic of hemorrhagic pneumonia due to P . aeruginosa (serotype G) in mink, while a vaccination of formalin-killed cells was much less effective in preventing an epidemic . The difference in mortality rates between two vaccines was remarkable.

J Med Microbiol, 1981 Aug, 14(3), 261 - 70
A comparison of flagellar typing and phage typing as means of subdividing the O groups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pitt TL; Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospitals were typed by O and H serology and bacteriophage typing . The H sera were prepared against purified flagella of six type strains . The most common O serogroups were O6, O11, O16 and O10, and together these groups represented more than half of the total number of strains . O subgrouping proved useful for the further division of groups O2 and O6 . Percentage H typability was high, and many H patterns were found . Comparison of H typing and phage typing as a means of making subdivisions within O groups showed that, although the general discriminatory power of the two methods was similar, H typing performed better than phage-typing in the more common O serogroups.

J Med Microbiol, 1981 Aug, 14(3), 251 - 60
Preparation of agglutinating antisera specific for the flagellar antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pitt TL; H-specific agglutinating sera to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were prepared by immunisation with partially purified flagella . The results of agglutination and immobilisation tests with rabbit sera prepared against the flagella of six H-type strains showed that the sera had high titres and were H specific . Cross-absorption tests revealed that one strain (H-3) possessed a distinct antigen not present in any of the others . Two groups of strains (H-1, H-2 and H-5; H-4 and H-6) each possessed a distinct major antigen . Members of these two groups could be distinguished by their minor antigens.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 675 - 8
A Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant non-derepressible for orthophosphate-regulated proteins; Gray GL et al.; Using a rapid screening assay based on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine, we isolated several mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa deficient in the production of phospholipase C . One, designated strain A50N, was also markedly deficient in the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase and several unidentified extracellular proteins . Because strain A50N produces these proteins under conditions of derepression at levels equal to those produced by the parental strain PAO1 grown in medium containing excess phosphate, it appears to have a mutation in a genetic element involved in the derepression of phosphate-repressible proteins.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 275 - 81
Isolation and genetic characterization of toxin-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO; Gray GL et al.; Two independently derived, exotoxin A-deficient (Tox- phenotype), nitroso-guanidine-induced mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were isolated by using sensitive immunological assays . One mutant, designated PAOT10, was detected as a colony which failed to produce a halo of immunoprecipitation in an antiserum-agar assay . The other mutant (PAOT20) was independently isolated and was detected by a negative reaction in a staphylococcal coagglutination assay with protein A-containing staphylococci and affinity-purified antibodies . Both mutants produced parental levels of extracellular protein . However, whereas the qualitative and quantitative compositions of proteins produced by PAOT20 were indistinguishable from those of the parental strain as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and measurement of extracellular protease, there were marked differences between PAOT10 and the parental strain . The mutation in PAOT10 (tox-1) as mapped by linkage analysis was located between trp-6 and proA . In contrast, linkage analysis and cotransduction placed the mutation in PAOT20 (tox-2), very near trp-6 . Data are presented which suggest that tox-1 and tox-2 are regulatory loci.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1981 Aug, 99(8), 1420 - 3
Route of antibiotic administration in bacterial keratitis; Leibowitz HM et al.; The in vivo antibacterial effectiveness in the rabbit cornea of several antibiotics delivered by topical application, by periocular injection, and by intravenous (IV) inoculation was determined against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Topical instillation of antibiotic was highly effective in eliminating these organisms from the cornea . In contrast, despite a considerable increase in the quantity of antibiotic administered, we could demonstrate no statistically significant reduction in the number of viable staphylococcal or Pseudomonas organisms in the cornea when the antibiotic was given by periocular or by IV injection.

J Biol Chem, 1981 Jul 25, 256(14), 7305 - 10
Preparation and characterization of detoxified lipopolysaccharide-protein conjugates; Seid RC Jr et al.; Alkaline treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in reduced toxicity as measured by both the Limulus amoebocyte assay and the rabbit pyrogenicity test . Chemical analysis of the deacylated LPS (D-LPS) revealed that ester-linked fatty acids were removed while the amide-linked fatty acids remained intact . The neutral and amino sugar compositions for native LPS and D-LPS were identical within experimental error . Antigenic determinants for complement-dependent human opsonic antibody were retained under these deacylation conditions . To enhance its immunogenicity, D-LPS was covalently coupled to Pseudomonas pili and the 1,4-diaminobutyl derivatives of Pseudomonas exotoxin A and tetanus toxoid . Quantitative amino sugar analyses revealed that 2.6 and 3.2 mol of D-LPS were covalently bound to aminobutyl Pseudomonas exotoxin A and aminobutyl tetanus toxoid, respectively . Gel electrophoresis data indicated at least 1 mol of D-LPS covalently bound per pilus subunit protein . Initial immunologic data indicated that antibody against D-LPS could be induced when the D-LPS is covalently attached to protein carriers.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Jul-Aug, 3(4), 728 - 33
Control of infection in the hospital: problems in surgery and the management of burns; Lowbury EJ; Three aspects of hospital infection control are discussed: disinfection of skin, antimicrobial prophylaxis of burns, and methods of preventing the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The relative values and limitations of alternative methods of reducing resident and transient skin flora are evaluated on the basis of laboratory studies of volunteers; the special value of alcohol, rubbed to dryness, against both resident and transient flora is illustrated . In prophylaxis against infection of burns, first-and second-line defenses, i.e., against contamination of the burn wound and against invasion from the colonized burn wound, respectively, are illustrated by results of controlled trials of various topical preparations of antimicrobial agents and of a pseudomonas vaccine . Ways of preventing the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and of eliminating them from wards in which they have become endemic are illustrated . Methods effective in dealing with resistance to one antibiotic or group of antibiotics do not necessarily have similar value for resistance to other antibiotics; e.g., in a burns unit, Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbenicillin due to a plasmid determining resistance to five antibiotics was eliminated by withdrawal of all five of these antibiotics, but in the same unit gentamicin-resistant P . aeruginosa was eliminated only when all patients with P . aeruginosa were segregated in one ward to which no new patients were admitted until those whose burns had carried gentamicin-resistant P . aeruginosa had been discharged.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Jul, 34(7), 892 - 7
Effects of habekacin, a novel aminoglycoside antibiotic, on experimental corneal ulceration due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tanaka Y; The effects of habekacin on corneal ulceration, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3455, were studied in mice, in comparison with gentamicin and tobramycin . The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotics for the organism were: habekacin 2 microgram/ml, gentamicin 2 microgram/ml, and tobramycin 1 microgram/ml . Habekacin showed protective and therapeutic effects on Pseudomonas keratitis . The 50% effective dose was approximately 1 microgram per mouse, when the drug was topically applied three hours after the infection, and about 0.2 mg per mouse, when the antibiotic was intramuscularly injected one hour after the bacterial challenge to the cornea . Significant therapeutic and protective activities of habekacin were observed even by starting the topical and/or intramuscular treatment after the corneal ulcers were formed: i.e . 15 hours after the bacterial infection . Complete cure of Pseudomonas keratitis was found within a week in a number of the infected mice by both topical and systemic administrations of the drug . The protective and therapeutic effects of habekacin were comparable to those of gentamicin and tobramycin.

Infect Immun, 1981 Jul, 33(1), 90 - 4
Age-related susceptibility of mice to ocular challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A; Berk RS et al.; We studied the responses of mice to ocular challenge with purified exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 5-, 10-, 16-, 21-, and 30-day-old animals . In the absence of trauma, injection of 3 to 6 microgram of exotoxin per mouse beneath the fused eyelids of 5-day-old Swiss-Webster mice resulted in death of all animals within 24 h . Administration of 1.5, 0.75, and 0.375 microgram of exotoxin per mouse resulted in 24-h mortality rates of 50, 22, and 20%, respectively . Additional deaths were recorded throughout the next 4 days . Similar lethality results were obtained with 10-day-old animals that received equivalent amounts of exotoxin beneath the fused eyelid and in these experiments, the 72-h 50% lethal dose was 0.49 microgram of exotoxin per mouse . Mice that were 16 and 21 days old, whose eyelids were open, each received from 0.375 to 15 microgram of exotoxin topically applied to the surface of a wounded cornea . Cataracts were observed within 1 week in both groups, and none of the animals that received the higher concentrations of toxin died . Young adult (30-day-old) animals also received from 1.8 to 15 microgram of exotoxin topically on the surfaces of wounded corneas . Corneal swelling and slight opacity were observed at 24 h and within 1 month; 80% of these mice had cataracts of the ocular lens.

J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 125(Pt 1), 1 - 10
Properties and localization of N-acetylglutamate deacetylase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Fruh H et al.; The N-acetylglutamate deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.-) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, strain PAO1, was purified 15,000-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity . The enzyme was distinct from acetylornithinase and formylglutamate hydrolase . Its molecular weight was estimated to be 90,000 by gel filtration and by sedimentation in sucrose gradients . Electrophoresis in sodium-dodecyl sulphate gels gave a single band corresponding to a molecular weight of 44,000 . N-Acetylglutamate deacetylase was L-specific and showed no peptidase activity . Among 17 N-acetyl-L-amino acids tested as substrates, N-acetyl-L-glutamine, N-acetyl-L-methionine and N-acetylglycine were hydrolysed at 20% of the rate of N-acetyl-L-glutamate whereas other N-acetyl-L-amino acids were deacetylated at a rate of less than 10% . The catalytic activity depended on Co2+ . The Km of the enzyme with respect to N-acetylglutamate was 1.43 mM . Preparation of spheroplasts with lysozyme in the presence of 0.2 M-MgCl2 led to the release of 80% of the enzyme activity from the cells, indicating the periplasmic localization of N-acetylglutamate deacetylase . Its localization in the periplasmic space explains the inability of P . aeruginosa argA mutants to grow on N-acetylglutamate, which is utilized by the wild-type as a carbon and nitrogen source.

Int Surg, 1981 Jul-Sep, 66(3), 237 - 40
Endogenous and exogenous infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a burns unit; Chitkara YK et al.; Twenty patients who were admitted to the Burns Unit from December, 1969 through October, 1970 were studies to determine the sources of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The pyocine typing method was employed for finger printing of 383 isolates recovered from wounds and 67 isolates from environmental cultures of nurses' hands, sinks, floors, bed rails, walls and baths . In addition, cultures of moist rectal swabs were carried out daily for the first six days of hospitalization to assess the importance of endogenous infection . In six patients, the rectum was identified as the source of infection . However, in these patients, pyocine types of Ps . aeruginosa which were not obtained from rectal cultures, were also recovered . Pyocine types 1b, 10 and 31 were isolated more frequently than others . Clustering of common pyocine types suggests cross-contamination . Sinks were found to be consistently contaminated with Ps . aeruginosa . Amongst the environmental sources, positive cultures were occasionally obtained from floors, bed rails and nurses' hands . It is suggested that sinks are probably the most important reservoir of Pseudomonas infection in burns.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Jul, 78(7), 4256 - 60
Pyochelin: novel structure of an iron-chelating growth promoter for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cox CD et al.; Pyochelin, an endogenous growth promoter that solubilizes ferric iron, has been isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including clinical strains . The structure of pyochelin has been assigned as 2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and is of a different type from those previously assigned to siderophores (siderochromes) from bacteria . The assignment rests on 1H and 13C NMR data, high-resolution (including field desorption) mass spectrometry, and spectroscopic properties of synthetic model compounds . Pyochelin is presumed to be biosynthesized from salicylic acid and two moles of cysteine.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jul, 20(1), 33 - 7
Synergistic activities of fortimicin A and beta-lactam antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Yamashita K et al.; The inhibitory and bactericidal activities of fortimicin A (FTM-A) alone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared with those of FTM-A in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics . As tested by the checkerboard method, most beta-lactam antibiotics tested had synergistic effects on the inhibitory activity of FTM-A against one strain of P . aeruginosa . Addition of a sublethal concentration of carbenicillin resulted in a significant increase in the rate of bacterial killing of FTM-A against P . aeruginosa . The antibacterial activity of FTM-A against 50 gentamicin-susceptible and 50 gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa was clearly enhanced by addition of a subinhibitory concentration of carbenicillin or piperacillin.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jul, (7), 49 - 53
{Structural elements of Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on electron microscopy findings}; Litovchenko PP et al.; The study of negatively contrasted preparations was made with the aim of of finding out the possibility of identifying Ps . aeruginosa by the number and location of flagella . 4,800 bacteria were studied by means of an electron microscopy, type JEM-100; of these, 2,443 bacterium had a single polar flagellum, 414 bacteria had 2 and 138 bacteria had 3 polar flagella, while 1,805 cells had no flagella . The presence of bipolar flagella and pili, as well as nonflagellate Ps . aeruginosa cultures, was revealed . The possibility of the existence of noncapsular and capsular forms in one and the same Ps . aeruginosa strain was shown . The use of these data in the systematics of Ps . aeruginosa is anticipated.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 14(1), 55 - 60
Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme profiling: predictor of potential invasiveness and use as an epidemiological tool; Janda JM et al.; The enzymatic potential of 54 clinical and 22 environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from soil and water were evaluated by substrate plate assays . Clinical isolates produced substantial levels of 9 of the 11 enzymes assayed, whereas strains recovered from soil or water were relatively inert enzymatically . Elastase, deoxyribonuclease, and elevated protease activities were associated preferentially with clinical isolates of systemic origin; these activities were found twice as frequently in clinical isolates as in strains derived from sputum or the urogenital tract . Our data suggest that these factors may play an important role in the dissemination of P . aeruginosa from local or superficial sites . A comparison of the enzyme profiles of the environmental and clinical isolates indicated that colonization or infection by environmental strains of P . aeruginosa is a rare event and that environmental and clinical strains comprise separate biovars . Epidemiologically, enzyme profiles permitted the fingerprinting and differentiation of clinical strains from various sources.

Infect Immun, 1981 Jul, 33(1), 142 - 8
Genetic mapping of chromosomal determinants for the production of the exopolysaccharide alginate in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolate; Ohman DE et al.; Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FRD, a sputum isolate from a cystic fibrosis patient, was used to develop a genetic system . The mucoid appearance is due to the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide alginate and is a potential virulence factor of the organism . The sex factor plasmid FP2 was used for uninterrupted genetic exchange to investigate the nature of spontaneous mutations which produce frequent alginate-negative (Alg-) derivatives . Crosses between Alg+ donors and Alg- recipients demonstrated linkage between alginate genes and chromosomal markers . Crosses between an Alg- donor and Alg- recipients produced Alg+ recombinants at frequencies that varied, depending on the recipient strains used . This indicated that more than one genetic locus was associated with spontaneous mutation leading to loss of the mucoid character . Three classes of Alg- mutants were identified . Genetic exchange experiments showed that the loci of the alginate (alg) mutations of the three mutant classes are in the same region of the chromosome . The sex factor plasmid R68.45 was used for nonpolarized chromosome transfer and demonstrated close linkage between chromosomal markers (his-1, met-1) and alg markers . This was consistent with the data obtained in FP2-mediated crosses . Thus, the evidence obtained indicated that the alg genes which undergo frequent mutation are chromosomal, that several loci are involved, and that these alg loci are apparently clustered on the chromosome.

Arch Surg, 1981 Jul, 116(7), 854 - 7
Sulfadiazine silver-resistant Pseudomonas in Burns . New topical agents; Modak SM et al.; Sulfadiazine silver-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burned patients from several countries are sensitive to sulfadiazine silver in vitro, but in burned mice and rats resist topical therapy with sulfadiazine silver . In searching for an effective topical agent against these resistant organisms, we found that FPQC (1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7{1-piperazinyl}-quinoline-carboxylic acid) and its silver salt are effective both in vitro and in vivo . In vitro, their minimal inhibitory concentrations are ten to 20 times lower than that of sulfadiazine silver . In burned mice infected with resistant Pseudomonas strains, mortality in groups receiving topical therapy with FPQC or FPQC silver is 0%, but 80% to 100% with sulfadiazine silver and 100% without treatment . Similar results were obtained in burned rats . The efficacy of FPQC and FPQC silver in vivo may represent discovery of new agents of known low toxicity that are useful in topical burn therapy.

Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1981 Jul, 30(1), 86 - 94
Steady-state moxalactam kinetics: comparisons with other cephalosporins; Garzone P et al.; Moxalactam is a new beta-lactam antimicrobial with an extended spectrum . Serum concentrations were determined in 14 patients at steady state using bioassay and high-pressure liquid chromatography methods . Mean peak and trough serum concentrations were 195 and 29.5 micrograms/ml for the 20-gm dose and 214 and 28.8 micrograms/ml for the 3-gm dose . Peak and trough levels exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration of the infecting bacteria in 100% and 67% of the patients . The 3-gm dose is recommended for infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other organisms with higher minimum inhibitory concentrations . Half-lifes ranged from 1.7 to 5.7 hr and reflected the varying renal functions of the patients . A relationship (r = 0.878, p less than 0.001) between creatinine clearance and elimination rate constant was established by bivariant linear regression analysis.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Jul, 147(1), 193 - 7
Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants lacking glutamate synthase activity; Brown PR et al.; Mutant strains SU1, SU4, and US1 lacking glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity were isolated from strains of P . aeruginosa for which histidine is a growth rate-limiting source of nitrogen . Strains SU1 and SU4 were unable to grow when a low concentration of ammonia and a variety of compounds, including histidine, were supplied as sole sources of nitrogen . A revertant of strain SU1, strain 39, produced no GOGAT but high levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase and had restored ability to grow on a limited number of nitrogen sources . Strain US1 grew at the same rate in histidine medium as did its parent; it was derepressed for glutamine synthase synthesis, and histidase was less sensitive to repression by ammonia than in the parent strain . We conclude that GOGAT is not essential for growth on histidine but high levels of glutamine synthase are required nd high levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase can sustain growth at low concentrations of ammonia in the absence of GOGAT.

N Engl J Med, 1981 Jun 11, 304(24), 1445 - 9
Mucoid Escherichia coli in cystic fibrosis; Macone AB et al.; Patients with cystic fibrosis commonly harbor in their lungs strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that have a mucoid coating considered virtually pathognomonic for the disease . We found that strains of Escherichia coli with a morphologically similar mucoid coating were present in the respiratory tracts of eight (11.8 per cent) of 68 patients with cystic fibrosis whose sputum cultures yielded Esch . coli, as compared with none of 89 patients without cystic fibrosis who had Esch . coli in sputum . Mucoid strains of Esch . coli were also recovered from the stools of five (11.1 per cent) of 45 patients with cystic fibrosis, as compared with one (0.7 per cent) of 150 patients without cystic fibrosis . The mucoid substances purified from Esch . coli were biochemically and antigenically distinct from those of P . aeruginosa . We conclude that the respiratory tract in cystic fibrosis offers an environment conducive to the production of a mucoid coating not only by P . aeruginosa but by other gram-negative bacilli as well.

Cutis, 1981 Jun, 27(6), 601 - 2
Pseudomonas chromonychia; Chapel TA et al.; The patient reported on herein presented with a greenish black great toenail . The discoloration was due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This report should alert the practitioner to the fact that Pseudomonas chromonychia may occasionally be mistaken for color changes produced by subungual hematomas, nevi, or malignant melanomas.

Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1981 Jun, 62(6), 283 - 5
Hydrotherapy: an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections related to Hubbard tank treatments; McGuckin MB et al.; During a 2-week period, Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections developed in 11 patients, 10 of whom had had hydrotherapy in Hubbard tanks before isolation of the organism from their wounds . All 10 patients had clinical evidence of disease including a temperature of greater than 100.4F, purulent wound drainage and positive culture for P . aeruginosa . These 10 patients comprised almost 60% of all patients who had received hydrotherapy during these 2 weeks . The index case had extensive cellulitis of the leg and positive wound cultures for P . aeruginosa throughout the epidemic period . Investigation revealed that the outbreak had begun coincident with the discontinuation of the use of sodium hypochlorite as a tank disinfectant and had stopped when its use had been resumed . The temporal association between the start and end of the epidemic and the use of sodium hypochlorite indicates that this agent may prevent cross-contamination and infection among patients receiving hydrotherapy.

Mol Cell Biol, 1981 Jun, 1(6), 552 - 9
Enhancement of cytotoxicities of ricin and Pseudomonas toxin in Chinese hamster ovary cells by nigericin; Ray B et al.; Nigericin and monensin, ionophores for Na+ and K+, have been found to enhance the cytotoxicities of abrin, ricin, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . They do not affect the cytotoxicity of diphtheria toxin in the same cell line . Maximal sensitization of the CHO cells toward ricin and Pseudomonas toxin requires preculture of CHO cells in the presence of nigericin . Inhibition of protein synthesis in CHO cells by ricin or Pseudomonas toxin is also enhanced by preculture of CHO cells in the presence of nigericin . These results suggest a common step in the intoxication process of ricin and Pseudomonas toxin, the rate of which is facilitated by pretreatment with nigericin . This step is, however, not shared by the intoxication of CHO cells with diphtheria toxin.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1981 Jun, 89(3), 185 - 92
Quantitative studies on immunologically specific and non-specific absorption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibodies in serum from cystic fibrosis patients; Hoiby N et al.; A quantitative determination of anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulins was carried out by means of rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis in the serum from 19 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with chronic P . aeruginosa infection and with many precipitins against these bacteria (CF + P) . from six CF patients without P . aeruginosa infection (CF-P) and from nine normal persons . On an average P . aeruginosa antigens could absorb 7.7% of IgG, 8.4% of IgA and 29% of IgM from CF + P sera, whereas no detectable IgG and IgA and only 14.6% IgM were absorbed from normal sera and only 1.2% of IgG, 3.8% of IgA, but 29% of IgM was absorbed from CF-P sera . The results show that most, if not all, of the P . aeruginosa precipitins belong to the IgG and IgA classes, but that these precipitins can account only for part of the increased levels of immunoglobulins in CF-P patients . Staphylococcus aureus containing protein A (strain Cowan 1) could absorb 95% of the precipitating antibodies against P . aeruginosa and 92% of IgG, 27% of IgA and 34% of IgM in CF-P patients . The absorption of P . aeruginosa precipitins by protein A points to a possible synergism between S . aureus and P . aeruginosa infections in the lungs of CF patients, since S . aureus may interfere with antibody-mediated immune elimination of P . aeruginosa . Such a mechanism may also facilitate infections with other microorganisms in these patients.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1981 Jun, 51(3), 165 - 70
Development of antibodies to OEP, exotoxin A and exoenzymes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in man; Shinozaki T et al.; Antibody titers to OEP, exotoxin A and exoenzymes (protease and elastase) in normal sera of 256 specimens of cord blood, children and adults were measured by passive hemagglutination test . Serum antibody to exotoxin A was detected in cord blood samples . The level of mean antibody titers dropped during the first year of age, then rose and reached a plateau at the age of 2 to 5 years and dropped thereafter . Mean antibody titers to OEP by age groups were similar to those of exotoxin A . Antibodies to exoenzymes were not detectable initially, but the level rose during the second year of age and reached a plateau during childhood . Positive antibody titers (1:20) to exotoxin A and OEP were found in all sera belonging to some age groups between 11 to 30 years . The rate of acquisition of antibodies to exoenzymes was low . As for the antibodies to exotoxin A, the disappearance of detectable antibody by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol was observed during the age of 1 to 4 years . Initial pseudomonas colonization may be common and asymptomatic in infants and young children.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jun, (6), 27 - 32
{Transfer to Escherichia coli of the mercury markers of new Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids}; Domaradskii IV et al.; A total of 5 new conjugative plasmids pLD can be transferred from one Ps . aeruginosa strain to other strains of this species, but not to E . coli . Only the markers of resistance to mercury can be transferred to E . coli by means of plasmids Inc P-1 . The present work contains the data confirming that the mercury markers of 2 plasmids pLD 1017 and pLD 1051 behave similarly to transposons.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Jun, 89(6), 1721 - 36
Comparative study of F-type pyocins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Kuroda K et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAF41 was found to produce a new F-type pyocin, pyocin F3, the action spectrum of which was different from those of previously reported pyocins F1 and F2 . These three F-type pyocins were compared with respect to their structure and biological properties . These pyocins were almost the same with regard to the structure and the dimensions, and have similar amino acid compositions and S values . The particle weights of these pyocins were also suggested to be similar . Analyses of subunit proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis showed that these pyocins were composed of 5 major (bands 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) and 2 minor (bands 5 and 7) subunit proteins and that no difference in the mobilities of these subunit proteins could be detected among the pyocins except that of the second major subunit protein (band 4), which did differ . Pyocins F1, F2, and F3 were immunologically cross-reactive, and carried common antigens as well as specific ones . It was shown that band 6 was a common antigen among the three pyocins and that band 4 was antigenically different in pyocins F1 and F3 by immunological reaction after protein blotting . Electron microscopic observation of pyocin particles treated with anti-sera revealed that the common antigens were located on the rod part and the specific ones were on the fiber part . Pyocin F3 was neutralized by both anti-F3 and anti-F1 sera showing apparent first order rate kinetics, whereas the neutralization for pyocin F1 by these sera did not show such kinetics, but a considerable increment of pyocin F1 activity was observed when small amounts of the sera were added . The increment seemed to be due to the antibodies common to pyocins F1, F2, and F3 . A phage, which had a flexuous rod-like tail, was found to be immunologically cross-reactive with the three pyocins and was named KF1.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1981 Jun, 91(6), 663 - 6
{Role of conditionally pathogenic microbes in the development of experimental destructive pneumonia}; Zolotovskii BB et al.; Experiments on 32 puppies with a preliminary decrease of immunologic resistance have demonstrated the possibility of the development of purulent destructive pneumonia under the effect of opportunistic microorganisms, such as Proteins, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Histoenzymatic studies of a pathologically changed lung tissue have disclosed appreciable microcirculatory disorders and destruction of the bronchioli and thus promoted the unraveling of the pathogenesis of pulmonary destructive foci.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jun, 19(6), 987 - 92
Effect of ionized calcium and soluble magnesium on the predictability of the performance of Mueller-Hinton agar susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with gentamicin; Casillas E et al.; The soluble and ionized calcium and magnesium contents of 18 lots of Mueller-Hinton agar medium from three different manufacturers were analyzed, and the results were correlated with medium performance . A standardized disk diffusion test, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and a 10-microgram gentamicin disk, served as an indicator of medium performance . Zone diameters correlated well with the ionized calcium values and the sum of the ionized calcium and soluble magnesium values in the different lots (r = -0.88 for both) . Zone diameters correlated poorly with ionized magnesium values (r = -0.57), which were best described by a curvilinear relationship . Supplementation of lots of Mueller-Hinton agar medium with equivalent amounts of calcium and magnesium as the chloride, gluconate, or glycerophosphate salts produced identical decreases in zone sizes . Adjustment of deficient lots of Mueller-Hinton agar medium with ionized calcium or soluble magnesium or both (as the gluconate salts), to match the concentrations in lots that provided satisfactory zone sizes (17 to 19 mm), resulted in performance comparable to that of the control lots . Sixteen strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ranging from resistant to susceptible, responded to cation adjustment in the same manner as the ATCC quality control strain . Satisfactory medium performance can obviously be assured by biological means in aminoglycoside susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Mueller-Hinton medium; however, cation adjustment of medium to predetermined levels of ionized calcium and soluble magnesium can now also provide desirable performance levels for P . aeruginosa on Mueller-Hinton medium.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jun, 19(6), 958 - 64
Aminoglycoside-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa deficient in cytochrome d, nitrite reductase, and aerobic transport; Bryan LE et al.; Two gentamicin-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 503 were selected after ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis . Mutant PAO 2403 had significantly increased resistance to aminoglycoside but not to other antibiotics . Mutant PAO 2402 showed a similar spectrum of resistance but of lower magnitude . Both mutants showed no detectable cytochrome d and had a high frequency of reversion to a fully wild-type phenotype . PAO 2403 had a marked decrease and PAO 2402 had a moderate decrease in nitrite reductase activity . Both mutants had reduced uptake of gentamicin and dihydrostreptomycin . Mutant PAO 2403 showed a general decrease in transport rate of cationic compounds, whereas mutant PAO 2402 had only deficient glucose transport . Both mutants showed enhanced rates of glutamine transport and no change in glutamic acid transport . Other components of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation were normal . These mutants involve ferrocytochrome C551 oxidoreductase formed only on anaerobic growth but illustrate transport defects in aerobically grown cells.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jun, 19(6), 1056 - 63
Heterogeneity of antibiotic resistance in mucoid isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from cystic fibrosis patients: role of outer membrane proteins; Irvin RT et al.; Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients are very heterogeneous and include a class which is hypersusceptible to carbenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration, less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml) . Hypersusceptible mucoid P . aeruginosa isolates were found in 12 of 22 cystic fibrosis patients examined . In cystic fibrosis patients having both resistant and hypersusceptible mucoid strains, 24 of 54 mucoid colonies obtained from a sputum sample were found to belong to the hypersusceptible class . In most instances, hypersusceptible and resistant strains isolated from the same sputum sample were indistinguishable, aside from their antibiotic susceptibilities, by classical methods . A particular pair of mucoid isolates (one hypersusceptible and one resistant) was chosen for further study . The hypersusceptibility was not limited to carbenicillin but was found to extend to other penicillins, tetracycline, and trimethoprim but not to the aminoglycosides gentamicin and tobramycin . The hypersusceptibility of the mucoid strain was found to be unrelated to amount or ability to synthesize alginate . The hypersusceptible strain was found to have two additional outer membrane proteins (32,000 and 25,000 daltons) as compared with the resistant strain . The 32,000-dalton protein, termed protein N1, was found to be correlated to the hypersusceptibility phenotype, as all spontaneous mutants of the hypersusceptible mucoid strain which were capable of growing in the presence of 50 microgram of carbenicillin per ml had lost the 32,000-dalton outer membrane protein . The possible origins of the hypersusceptibility phenotype and the implications of the heterogeneity of mucoid P . aeruginosa in the pathogenesis of P . aeruginosa are discussed.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Jun, 26(6), 450 - 6
{Characteristics of the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids}; Anisimova LA et al.; A total of 503 clinical strains of Ps . aeruginosa isolated in hospitals of 4 towns in 1976 - 1978 were studied . It was shown that a significant number of the isolates were resistant to high concentrations of streptomycin (83.3 per cent), kanamycin (71 per cent), sulfanilamide (70.2 per cent) and mercuric chloride (61.6 per cent) . Strains resistant to gentamicin (29.8 per cent) and carbenicillin (20.2 per cent) occurred comparatively rare . Resistance to polymyxin and rifampicin was recorded in 2 and 4 per cent f the isolates respectively . It was found that 77 per cent of the isolates could transfer on conjugation the resistance determinants to the polyauxotrophic strains of Ps . aeruginosa ML 4262 (PAO) . 83 conjugative plasmids controlling resistance to streptomycin (85.5 per cent), tetracycline (20.5 per cent), chloramphenicol (30.1 per cent), gentamicin (18.0 per cent), kanamycin (7.2 per cent), carbenicillin (13.7 per cent), sulfanilamides (125.3 per cent), organic and inorganic mercury compounds, hydroxyanions of chromium, tellurium and boron and UV radiation were isolated . The frequency of the plasmid transfer ranged from 10(-1) to 10(-6) (per donor cell) . 4 nonconjugative plasmids were isolated . 2 of them determined resistance to streptomycin and sulfanilamide and 2 resistance to streptomycin, sulfanilamide and carbenicillin . The molecular mass of the plasmids was within 5.5 to 280 Md . The majority of the conjugative plasmids were classified as belonging to the incompatibility group P-2, the others belonged to groups P-1, P-3, P-5 and P-7 . The nonconjugatiplasmids belonged to the incompatibility group P-4.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1981 Jun, 75(6), 830 - 3
Performance of a commercial microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration procedure for aminoglycoside susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Etowski DC et al.; The accuracy of quantitative aminoglycoside minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations was evaluated with the Micro-Media Systems microdilution MIC panel and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Without Mg++ and Ca++ supplementation, very major interpretive discrepancies occurred . A simple, in-expensive cation supplementation procedure was evaluated to correct the discrepancies . The necessity of cation supplementation for susceptibility testing of P . aeruginosa when employing MIC procedures is stressed.

J Infect Dis, 1981 Jun, 143(6), 784 - 90
Role of fibronectin in the prevention of adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to buccal cells; Woods DE et al.; Recent evidence suggests that colonization of the upper respiratory tract by gram-negative bacilli is mediated by adherence to regional epithelial cells . Buccal epithelial cells were obtained for study from 12 seriously ill patients, all of whom were colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In comparison to cells from uncolonized controls, cells obtained from these patients attached significantly more P . aeruginosa organisms during incubation in vitro . Although the sialic acid content of colonized patients' cells was less than that of controls' cells, removal of sialic acid from normal cells with neuraminidase did not increase bacillary adherence . Trypsinization of normal cells increased bacillary adherence and significantly reduced the amount of fibronectin on the cell surface . Both trypsinized normal cells and cells recovered from seriously ill colonized patients attached large numbers of P . aeruginosa organisms in vitro and demonstrated decreased fibronectin on the cell surface by immunofluorescent staining . These findings suggest that the host alteration associated with increased susceptibility to adherence by P . aeruginosa is the loss of fibronectin from the cell surface.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1981 Jun, 91(6), 706 - 10
Pseudomonas aeruginosa scleritis; Codere F et al.; In two patients Pseudomonas aeruginosa scleral infection led to ocular perforation . In one patient, a scleral abscess was identified anteriorly . A scleral perforation occurred at a more posterior focus, but the eye was salvaged with minimal residual visual function . In the other patient, perforation at the corneoscleral limbus occurred after initial corneal improvement with antibiotic therapy; histopathologic examination of the enucleated globe disclosed an abscess extending from the corneoscleral limbus to the equator superiorly.

J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Jun, 86(3), 357 - 62
An outbreak of otitis externa in competitive swimmers due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Reid TM et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the ears of 18 of the 25 members of a team of competitive swimmers who complained of painful discharging ears . This group of swimmers trained twice daily in the pool, in the early morning and late afternoon . In contrast swabbing of the ears of a similar group of 54 competitive swimmers who used the pool only in the afternoon revealed only one swimmer with P . aeruginosa . Investigation of the swimming pool revealed that chlorination was often inadequate when the first group of swimmers were training in the early morning . Strains of P . aeruginosa were isolated from various sites around the pool and from the bag of a vacuum used to clean the pool . Pyocin typing, serotyping and phage typing were performed on all isolates . The dominant strain recovered from the swimmers' ears was found to be almost identical to that from the vacuum bag and belonged to serotype 0--11 which has been particularly associated with outbreaks of P . aeruginosa infection in whirlpools in the United States . These results support the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between the development of otitis externa and swimming in water contaminated with P . aeruginosa.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Jun, 41(6), 1348 - 54
Transient loss of plasmid-mediated mercuric ion resistance after stress in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Calcott PH; After freezing and thawing, Pseudomonas aeruginosa harboring a drug resistance plasmid (Hg2+r, Strr), became acutely sensitive to mercuric ions but not to streptomycin in the plating medium, whereas its sensitivity to both agents became more pronounced indicating a synergistic effect . This freeze-thaw-induced sensitivity was transient and capable of being repaired to a simple salts medium . Transient outer and cytoplasmic membrane damage was also observed in frozen and thawed preparations . From kinetics studies, repair of cytoplasmic membrane damage superseded repair of outer membrane damage and damage measured by mercuric ions and mercuric ions plus streptomycin . Osmotically shocked cells were also sensitive to mercuric ions, mercuric ions plus streptomycin, and sodium lauryl sulfate, but not to sodium chloride or streptomycin alone . This sensitivity was again transient and capable of repair in the same simple salts medium . Active transport of a non-metabolizable amino acid, alpha-amino isobutyric acid, was sensitive to mercuric ions and became more so after freezing and thawing . A freeze-thaw-resistant mercuric ion-dependent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase was localized in the cytoplasm of this organism . This enzyme and an intact outer membrane appear to be required for mercuric ion resistance in this strain.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jun, (6), 85 - 9
{Natural antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human gamma globulin preparations}; Chekan LV et al.; A total of 191 batches of commercial human gamma globulin were studied with the aim of detecting natural antibodies by means of cross and countercurrent electrophoresis, immunodiffusion in agar gel and the passive hemagglutination test . Commercial human gamma globulin preparations were found to contain, to a greater or lesser extent, natural antibodies to the cell-wall O-antigen of Ps . aeruginosa and the antigens of its extracellular slime (capsule); the titers of these antibodies were 1 : 64 to 1 : 256 in 75-85% of cases, 1 : 512 and greater in 10-11% of cases . Commercial gamma globulin preparations also contained antibodies protecting mice from experimental Pseudomonas infection . No correlation was detected between the degree of serological activity and the protective activity of gamma globulin preparations.

Med J Aust, 1981 May 30, 1(11), 573 - 5
Survey of bacteria in private swimming pools; Millis NF et al.; In a survey of the bacteria in swimming pools treated with either chlorine or Baquacil in private gardens in Melbourne, the water was frequently found to be at the incorrect pH and to contain biocides at suboptimal concentrations . The general bacterial flora count was commonly greater than 200 per mL; only 14% of chlorine-treated pools and 27% of Baquacil-treated pools consistently gave counts of less than 200 per mL . Coliforms were detected in 66% of chlorine-treated pools and in 22% of Baquacil-treated pools . Escherichia coli was detected in 32% of chlorine-treated pools and 8% of Baquacil-treated pools . Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 36% of chlorine-treated pools and in 8% of Baquacil-treated pools . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 7% of chlorine-treated pools, but not at all in Baquacil-treated pools . When the biocides were maintained at the correct concentration, the indicator organisms were well controlled by both biocides . This survey indicates that owners of pools need to be made aware that their pools can harbour potentially pathogenic bacteria unless biocides are constantly maintained at the correct concentration . Baquacil generally remains above the minimum recommended concentration for approximately 14 days between routine additions, whereas chlorine can dissipate from the pool within hours of addition on hot sunny days . This probably contributed to the superior over-all performance of Baquacil in this survey.

Biochemistry, 1981 May 26, 20(11), 3163 - 8
DL-alpha-(Difluoromethyl)arginine: a potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of bacterial decarboxylases; Kallio A et al.; DL-alpha-(Difluoromethyl)arginine (RMI 71 897) is an irreversible inhibitor of both the biosynthetic and biodegradative arginine decarboxylases of Escherichia coli and of the biosynthetic arginine decarboxylases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The Ki is close to 800 muM for the biosynthetic decarboxylase of E . coli and 140 muM for the biodegradative enzyme while the respective half-lives (t1/2) calculated for an infinite concentration of inhibitor are 1.0 and 2.1 min . The inhibitor also blocks the arginine decarboxylase activity of E . coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo, indicating that the compound is transported into the cell . DL-alpha-Methylarginine (RMI 71 699) was found to be a competitive inhibitor of both arginine decarboxylases from E . coli . These results suggest that it may be possible to use an arginine decarboxylase inhibitor in conjunction with known inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase to block all putrescine biosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and thus to study the effects of such inhibition in these organisms.

Exp Hematol, 1981 May, 9(5), 505 - 12
Experimental bacterial keratitis: a quantitative model of leukocyte migration following transfusion; Chusid MJ et al.; A model for the study of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration after transfusion employing induction of keratitis in guinea pigs was developed . Initial studies demonstrated that compared with other agents, intracorneal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa following in vivo labelling of PMN by administration of 3H-thymidine produced the greatest influx of radiolabelled PMN into corneas . In subsequent studies, donor peritoneal PMN were radio-labelled by injection of donors with 3H-thymidine . Neutropenia was induced in recipients by whole body irradiation, and they were infected intracorneally with Pseudomonas prior to transfusion . Corneal radioactivity was assayed 24 h after induction of keratitis and the number of donor PMN in corneas was calculated . Half-life of transfused PMN in non-neutropenic recipients was 1.9 h . Arrival of labelled PMN at infected corneas in recipient animals ranged between 0.1-1.0% of transfused cells . Exposure of donor PMN to sonication or to 45 degrees C for 20 min reduced the proportion of PMN arriving at infected corneas (P less than 0.001) . Storage of PMN for 24 h at 4 degrees C led to a greater ingress of donor PMN compared with storage at 37 degrees C (P less than 0.01) . This model allows quantitation of in vivo PMN function after transfusion and should allow assessment of the effects of most aspects of PMN transfusion technique upon such function.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1981 May, 19(5), 220 - 2
Further studies on the immunosuppressive effects of indomethacin; Rojo JM et al.; Oral administration of indomethacin inhibited immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice as assessed by direct plaque-forming cells . Serum titers, subsequent to immunization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide, were also diminished in the indomethacin-treated mice . These effects were independent of both the antigen used as well as the magnitude of the primary immune response obtained . Prostaglandins are suggested to play a positive role in in vivo B cell proliferation and function.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 May, 19(5), 777 - 85
Involvement of the outer membrane in gentamicin and streptomycin uptake and killing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hancock RE et al.; Induction of a major outer membrane protein, H1, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in decreased susceptibility to gentamicin and streptomycin . Mutants which overproduce protein H1 and cells in which H1 is induced in response to growth conditions had altered kinetics of uptake and killing . It was further demonstrated that gentamicin and streptomycin interact with the outer membrane to permeabilize it to lysozyme and to increase the permeation of a chromogenic beta-lactam, nitrocefin . Experiments with inhibitors of aminoglycoside uptake showed that uptake was not required to increase permeability . Mg2+ at 1 mM totally inhibited aminoglycoside-mediated outer membrane permeabilization . We propose that the uptake and killing by these aminoglycosides requires interaction with an Mg2+ binding site at the outer membrane, permitting aminoglycoside uptake into the periplasm.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 May, 19(5), 687 - 95
Insensitivity of peptidoglycan biosynthetic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics in a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mirelman D et al.; The enzymatic reactions (transpeptidases/ that catalyze the attachment of newly synthesized peptidoglycan to the preexisting cell wall sacculus of both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been shown to be very sensitive to most beta-lactam antibiotics . Biosynthetic studies carried out with a clinical isolate of P . aeruginosa resistant to carbenicillin and cefsulodin showed that the in vitro reactions were also insensitive to most beta-lactam antibiotics (up to 50 micrograms/ml) and only cefotaxime or its tetrazolyl analog, compound LY 97962, had an inhibitory effect at 0.01 microgram/ml . The pattern of beta-lactam binding proteins obtained upon exposure of intact or presonicated cells to radioactively labeled compound LY 97962 or penicillin G indicates that: (i) intact cells of the clinical isolate are 10 to 50 times less permeable to the antibiotics than is the wild-type strain X-48; (ii) beta-lactam binding proteins Ia, Ib, and III of the clinical isolate showed poor affinity for penicillin G and cefsulodin, but were similar to the wild type in their affinity for cefotaxime and compound LY 979062 . The two strains also differed in several of their outer membrane components . These results suggest that the insusceptibility of this clinical isolate is due to a combination of outer membrane impermeability and intrinsic insensitivity to most of the beta-lactams on the part of the enzymes which catalyze expansion and growth of peptidoglycan.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 May, (5), 78 - 84
{Morphologic, cultural, and biochemical properties of cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients, animals, and the environment}; Litovchenko PP et al.; The properties of 279 Ps . aeruginosa strains were studied in 70 tests . The use of a synthetic peptone-free mineral medium for the determination of sugar oxidation was shown to have advantages over the use of liquid Giess' media . Ps . aeruginosa cultures isolated from human patients, animals, soil and water were characterized by a number of common signs, irrespective of their origin . The strains isolated from human patients were resistant practically to all antibiotics widely used in clinical practice; the cultures isolated from soil and water retained their sensitivity to antibiotics; the strains isolated from animals retained sensitivity to some antibiotics . To identify Ps . aeruginosa in practical bacteriological laboratories, the following parameters should be determined: mobility; the character of growth in Levine's and Ploskirev's media; ability to grow at 42 degrees C and 4 degrees C; the fermentation of carbohydrates in Olkenitsky's medium and their oxidation in a mineral medium; indole and hydroxide sulfide production; the methyl red and Voges--Proskauer reaction; the presence of pigments, oxidase, catalase, gelatinase, nitrate reductase and arginine dehydrolase, urease; resistance to antibiotics.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 May, (5), 73 - 6
{Pathogenicity factors of melanin-forming strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Tydel'skaia IL et al.; The data on the capacity of 50 melanogenic and 50 amelanogenic P . aeruginosa strains to produce hemolysins, gelatinase, caseinase, DNAase, RNAase, lecithinase, elastase, neuraminidase and to form extracellular slime, obtained in the comparative study of these strains in vitro, are presented . Melanogenic P . aeruginosa cultures were found to have a higher lecithinase and neuraminidase activity . The strains incapable of melanogenesis formed slime more frequently . The properties of the strains in respect to other pathogenicity characteristics under study were identical.

Can J Biochem, 1981 May, 59(5), 315 - 20
A new mitogenic D-galactosephilic lectin isolated from seeds of the coral-tree Erythrina corallodendron . Comparison with Glycine max (soybean) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins; Gilboa-Garber N et al.; The lectin of Erythrina corallodendron (Caesalpiniaceae) seeds was purified by heating, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and affinity chromatography on acid-treated Sepharose . The purified lectin is similar to the soybean lectin in being a glycoprotein of molecular weight around 110 000 - 120 000 and having D-galactosephilic activity . This lectin, like the soybean and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins, binds to D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, alpha- and beta-galactosides as well as to D-galactose . Like these lectins it absorbs onto either untreated or enzyme (papain or neuraminidase) treated human red blood cells, but exhibits a considerable mitogenic activity towards human lymphocytes (predominantly T cells) only after their treatment with neuraminidase . This mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes is inhibited by D-galactose and its derivatives . Despite the great similarity between them, the E . corallodendron, soybean, and Pseudomonas lectins differ in regard to the intensity of their agglutinating activity towards erythrocytes obtained from different animals and human donors of diverse ABO blood groups . This phenomenon may be attributed to the difference in the affinities of the three lectins to the various D-galactose derivatives and to their molecular properties.

Infect Immun, 1981 May, 32(2), 681 - 9
Protection against experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice by active immunization with exotoxin A toxoids; Pavlovskis OR et al.; The immunoprophylactic effect of chemically inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in experimental pseudomonas infections was studied . Exotoxin A toxoids were prepared by Formalin (f-TXD) or glutaraldehyde (g-TXD) treatment . Immunization of mice with three or four doses (10 micrograms each) of f-TXD and the synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (50 micrograms) induced high levels of antiexotoxin A antibodies as measured by passive hemagglutination assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Immunization with toxoid alone did not elicit antitoxin . A significant increase in survival time and survival rate (P less than 0.01) was seen in immunized (f-TXD) and in burned and infected mice (50 to 85%) as compared with control mice immunized with formalinized bovine serum albumin (6 to 20%) . Virtually 100% survival was obtained when preinfection immunization weas combined with single-dose gentamicin treatment within 24 h of infection . Immunization with g-TXD increased survival time (P less than 0.01) but did not consistently increase survival rate, and the results were not as satisfactory as those with formalinized exotoxin . The data presented indicate that active immunization with formalinized exotoxin A toxoid and adjuvant induced protective immunity to various degrees against infections in mice and could be potentially useful in prophylaxis of P . aeruginosa infections.

J Virol, 1981 May, 38(2), 529 - 38
Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage specific for the lipopolysaccharide of rough derivatives of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO; Jarrell KF et al.; A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-defective (rough) mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO was isolated by selection for resistance to the LPS-specific phage E79 . The LPS of this mutant, AK-1012, lacked the O-antigenic side chain-specific amino sugar fucosamine as well as the core-specific sugars glucose and rhamnose . Using this strain, we isolated and characterized a phage, phi PLS27, which is specifically inactivated upon incubation with LPS extracted from rough mutants of P . aeruginosa PAO . phi PLS27 was found to be a Bradley type C phage and was very similar to coliphage T7 in a number of properties, including size, buoyant density, mass, and the number of structural proteins.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 May, 13(5), 814 - 7
Alternative quality control parameters for Autobac susceptibility testing disks: use of agar diffusion zone size results; Boshard R et al.; Persistent concerns about limitation in the assessment of the quality control of Autobac 1 (Pfizer Diagnostics Division, Groton, Conn.) led us to investigate an alternative method for monitoring the performance of Autobac susceptibility testing disks . Current methodology for quality control of the system provides data which are interpreted at the high end of a numerical scale; e.g., the control strain of Escherichia coli consistently exhibits a light-scattering index value of 1.00 for all antibiotics tested . This type of end-of-scale criterion may not detect individual antibiotic disk aberrations of individual clinical isolate susceptibilities . Disk diffusion testing allows a semiquantitative, continuous-scale determination and will detect test performance variations, unless the control strain is highly resistant . During a 6-month period daily quality control procedures for 10 Autobac antibiotics tested against control strains of E . coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were monitored, utilizing both Autobac 1 recommendations and disk diffusion susceptibility (Kirby-Bauer) methodology . Readings were carried out by one of six technologists . Zone sizes were within a range of +/- 3 mm of a mean value of 99% of the tests with E . coli and within +/- 3 mm for 98% of the tests with Pseudomonas . Reproducibility was excellent . The high reproducibility may be due to the disk manufacturing process, which provides rigorous disk preparation and acceptability standards, to strict laboratory storage procedure, and to our own careful assessment of disk cartridges before their use for clinical susceptibility testing . We recommend that each new cartridge be tested in this manner and that a similar procedure be considered for other automated procedures in which disks are used.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 May, 13(5), 1000 - 3
Gentamicin and amikacin disk susceptibility tests with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: definition of minimal inhibitory concentration correlates for susceptible and resistant categories; Barry AL et al.; With currently recommended disk susceptibility tests, minimal inhibitory concentration correlates for amikacin were greater than 16 micrograms/ml for resistance and less than or equal to 12 micrograms/ml (not less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml) for susceptibility . For gentamicin, they were greater than 8 micrograms/ml for resistance and less than or equal to 6 micrograms/ml (not less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml) for susceptibility . Minor discrepancies between disk tests and minimal inhibitory concentration determinations will occur if only doubling dilutions of drug are used for measuring minimal inhibitory concentration values.

Public Health Rep, 1981 May-Jun, 96(3), 246 - 9
Follicular dermatitis outbreak caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with a motel's indoor swimming pool; Hopkins RS et al.; Fourteen cases of pustular dermatitis occurred in members of a snowmobile club who swam in a motel pool in West Yellowstone, Mont., in February 1978 . Survey questionnaires identified seven additional cases in guests at the motel the same weekend . All those with rashes had used the swimming pool and dry sauna on February 17 or 18 . Among 56 survey respondents, swimming pool and sauna use were significantly associated with illness (P = .0002 by Fisher's exact test) . Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 0:11 was isolated from a pustule on the skin of one club member and from four samples of the indoor-outdoor carpet that surrounds the pool . A specific precipitating event for the outbreak was not identified, but disinfection practices at this facility (a single daily chlorination, no measurement of chlorine levels, toleration of grossly cloudy water, soggy poolside carpet) may have established conditions in which P . aeruginosa could grow intermittently and cause disease . These cases are the first documented outbreak of P . aeruginosa dermatitis in which a whirlpool bath has not been implicated.

J Trauma, 1981 May, 21(5), 364 - 71
Burn sepsis: bacterial interference with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Levenson SM et al.; The pathogenicity of several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for burned rats (3 degrees scald burns, 20% body surface) following topical application of the bacteria to the burn within 1 hour after burning was established . Following this, it was demonstrated that purposeful infection of such 3 degrees scald burns of rats by a strain of Ps . aeruginosa of low virulence (JB-77) protects the rats from the lethal effect of subsequent (48-hour) topical contamination of the burn by a highly virulent strain of Ps . aeruginosa (VA-134) (p less than 0.001) . This finding was confirmed in a similar experiment beginning with germfree rats . When the challenge with the highly virulent Ps . aeruginosa strain was 24 hours (rather than 48 hours) after the burning and topical contamination of the burn with the low virulence strain of Ps . aeruginosa, there was little protection (p N.S.) . When burned rats were given the low virulence strain of Ps . aeruginosa by gavage right after burning, there was not protection to subsequent (48 hours) challenge by topical application of the highly virulent strain of Ps . aeruginosa to the burn (11/12 vs 12/12 dying) . Our finding that purposeful infection of a 3 degrees burn of rats (conventional and also germfree) by a strain of Ps . aeruginosa of low virulence protects from the lethal effect of subsequent (48-hour) topical contamination of the burn by a highly virulent strain of Ps . aeruginosa is due, we believe, to direct bacterial interference between the two strains of pseudomonas.

J Bacteriol, 1981 May, 146(2), 733 - 9
Purification and properties of an S-type pyocin, pyocin AP41; Sano Y et al.; Pyocin AP41, a protease-sensitive bacteriocin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAF41, was purified to a homogeneous state and characterized . The molecular weight of this pyocin was about 95,000 as determined by the combination of gel filtration and sedimentation velocity analysis . This pyocin was a complex of two kinds of polypeptides . Highly purified preparations showed two protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their apparent molecular weights were 90,000 and 6,000 to 7,000, respectively . Two proteins could be separated by gel filtration in the presence of 6 M urea . Amino acid compositions of these components were determined . The large component had pyocin activity similar to the complex, whereas the small component did not . Sensitive cells were killed by this pyocin only under growing conditions and with single-hit kinetics . The pyocin-treated cells lysed in about 30 min with concomitant production of their resident pyocins or phages . The induced production of resident pyocins caused by pyocin AP41 depended on a recA gene function.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 May, 19(5), 705 - 11
beta-Lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with modified penicillin-binding proteins emerging during cystic fibrosis treatment; Godfrey AJ et al.; The emergence of beta-lactam-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis patient treated with high-dose tobramycin and piperacillin was studied . Two serotypes, M and K, were present before treatment and persisted, with changes in their beta-lactam resistance spectra, during treatment . The resistance was correlated with changes in the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in both serotypes . In the low-level-resistant serotype K organism, PBP-3 either was absent or had lost the ability to bind {14C}penicillin G . Tow serotypes M strains, one with low- and one with high-level resistance to several antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics, were isolated at progressively later stages of therapy . Several differences were noted between the PBP patterns of the resistant M and the susceptible M strains . The affinity for {14C}penicillin G was reduced in both resistant strains . PBP bands, with the exception of PBP-6 in the most resistant M type, were barely or not detectable at a {14C}penicillin G concentration of 39 microgram/ml . The graduated decrease in affinity for {14c}penicillin G was correlated with increasing beta-lactam resistance and with an increase in the quantity of the protein corresponding to PBP-6 . The emergence of the low-level-resistant strains midway through, and of the highly resistant strain in the final stages of, the reported treatment strongly suggested that the resistance resulted from mutation in those strains present before treatment selected for by the high-dose piperacillin treatment.

Infect Immun, 1981 May, 32(2), 759 - 68
Effect of formalin toxoiding on Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A: biological, chemical, and immunochemical studies; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; We investigated the effect of Formalin toxoiding on the biological, chemical, and immunological activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A . Formalin treatment alone resulted in a 1,000-fold decrease in toxin-induced cell cytotoxicity and altered the antigenicity of the toxin A molecule without adversely affecting enzymatic activity . Competitive blocking experiments indicated that Formalin-mediated detoxification proceeded via alterations in a region of the toxin molecule other than the active site of the enzyme . The addition of lysine to Formalin-toxin mixtures not only increased the rate and extent of detoxification and antigenic alteration, but also completely destroyed enzymatic activity . The immunogenicities of different toxoids varied substantially . Upon dialysis and storage, Formalin-derived toxoids underwent partial toxic reversion, whereas a Formalin-lysine-derived toxoid did not . The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel patterns of Formalin- and Formalin-lysine-treated toxins indicated that these treatments caused the formation of a heterogenous group of high-molecular-weight species and produced substantial changes in the electrophoretic mobility of toxin A.

Can J Microbiol, 1981 May, 27(5), 531 - 5
Glutaraldehyde reactions with alkaline phosphatase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Day DF et al.; Glutaraldehyde, the biological fixative of choice in the cytochemical localization of the phosphatases, was investigated for its effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline phosphatase . Comparative studies on the inactivation of alkaline phosphatase by glutaraldehyde showed significant differences when the purified protein was compared with whole, cell-bound enzyme . The effects of the reagent on the kinetics of the purified enzyme were studied and some conclusions drawn as to the mode of inactivation . The reaction of glutaraldehyde with the cell envelope of P . aeruginosa was also investigated, and it was found not to modify the extraction of lipopolysaccharides from the outer membrane . This study emphasizes the care that must be taken to interpret data, cytochemical or otherwise, obtained when glutaraldehyde is used as a fixative or cross-linking reagent.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Apr 22, 643(1), 256 - 60
Peptidase activity in the inner membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Haas MW et al.; The location of peptidase activity within the cell envelope structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied . Inner and outer membrane fractions were separated on the basis of buoyant density using two consecutive sucrose steps gradients and identified on the basis of known components . The inner membrane was shown to contain peptidase activity while the outer membrane contained none . These data support the hypothesis that P . aeruginosa transports intact peptides.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1981 Apr 17, 123(16), 658 - 62
{Epidemiology of nosocomial septicemia (author's transl)}; Daschner F; During recent decades the incidence of nosocomial septicemia has considerably increased . From 1976--1980 on average 0.6% of 39, 802 prospectively analyzed hospital patients acquired septicemia . The risk of acquiring nosocomial septicemia in intensive care units is 10 times higher than in general wards . The risk is highest in medical and surgical intensive care units . Most common bacteria causing nosocomial septicemia were: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli . Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Nosocomial pneumonia, wound infections and venous catheter infections most often lead to septicemia . In half the patients with septicemia the infection either directly caused death or contributed to the death of the patient . The hospital costs for patients with septicemia are twice as high as for patients with the same underlying disease without septicemia.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Apr 14, 658(2), 232 - 7
Regulatory properties of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ghosh R et al.; The pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was subjected to a steady-state kinetic analysis using the exponential model for a regulatory enzyme and a sensitive statistical fitting procedure . This showed that all the substrates, pyruvate, CoA and NAD+, exhibit cooperative kinetics towards the native multienzyme complex.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Apr, 34(4), 459 - 65
{Clinical application of cefsulodin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in the surgical field (author's transl)}; Tanimura H et al.; Cefsulodin (CFS), a new antipseudomonas cephalosporin, was clinically evaluated for treatment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in the surgical field to obtain the following results . 1 . CFS was administered to total 11 cases of the surgical infections caused by P . aeruginosa, comprising of 5 cases with wound infections, 3 cases with infected burn and 1 case each with muscular abscess, decubitus and postoperative pneumonia in 0.5 approximately 1 g twice a day by intravenous bolus or drip infusion . Good clinical responses were obtained in 9 out of 11 cases (81.8%) . 2 . Bacteriological responses were observed in all cases . P . aeruginosa was eradicated in 9 cases and suppressed in 2 cases by CFS treatment . However, replacement of pathogens with the other organisms was observed in 6 out of 8 cases caused by P . aeruginosa only . 3 . Neither objective and subjective side effects nor abnormalities of laboratory tests associated with CFS treatment were observed . 4 . It can be, therefore, concluded that CFS is one of the useful drugs for treatment of the surgical infections caused by P . aeruginosa.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Apr, (4), 92 - 7
{Immunochemical analysis and protective properties of components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucus with different molecular weights}; Zaidner IG et al.; P . aeruginosa slime has been separated into fractions XM-300 (3 X 10(5) daltons and more), XM-100 (1 X 10(5) = 3 X 10(5) daltons), PM-30 (3 X 10(4) = 1 X 10(5) daltons) and PM-10, (1 X 10(4) = 3 X 10(4) daltons) by ultrafiltration . The high-molecular slime components (3 X 10(4) daltons and more) have been found to be serologically more active than the low-molecular components (1 X 10(4) = 3 X 10(4) daltons) . As shown in experiments on mice, both high-molecular toxic and low-molecular nontoxic slime components have protective activity, but the high-molecular components are more active than the low-molecular ones . The slime components stimulate the formation of immunity to homologous and partially heterologous P . aeruginosa strains in mice . Antigenic relationship between the slime components (especially the high-molecular ones) and the corresponding lipopolysaccharides has been noted.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1981 Apr, 13(4), 421 - 5
Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the injured cornea: a step in the pathogenesis of corneal infections; Ramphal R et al.; Keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa usually occurs in the setting of corneal injury . This investigation was carried out to ascertain whether injury predisposes to infection by permitting this organism to adhere to the cornea . P . aeruginosa was found to adhere to injured corneas in preference to uninjured ones . Adherence was not immediate and required that the organisms remain on the corneal surface for some time . The number of adhering bacteria appeared to increase with the time the bacteria were allowed to remain on the corneal surface . Use of inocula concentrations of 10(7) to 10(9) was best for studying this phenomenon quantitatively and by microscopy . We conclude that injury allows Ps . aeruginosa to adhere to the corneal surface and suggest that this is the explanation for the clinical observation of a relationship between corneal and injury and Pseudomonas keratitis.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Apr, 41(4), 977 - 80
New selective agent for isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Marold LM et al.; Results of minimal inhibitory concentration tests with a diversity of bacterial strains showed that 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan (C-390) inhibited the growth of all microorganisms tested (other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at 25 microgram/ml or less, whereas MICs obtained for P . aeruginosa ranged from to to greater than 100 microgram/ml . Therefore, C-390 was evaluated as a potential selective agent for P . aeruginosa in pseudomonas agar F . Recovery tests were conducted on this medium with 53 strains o P . aeruginosa, and the results were compared to those obtained in similar tests on commercially available selective media, i.e., pseudomonas isolation agar and Pseudosel agar . The results of these comparisons indicated that pseudomonas agar F with C-390 was significantly less inhibitory than Pseudosel agar and pseudomonas isolation agar and more selective than pseudomonas isolation agar . The incorporation of C-390 in pseudomonas agar F also provided a medium that was both selective and differential . Preliminary evidence also suggested that C-390 may be added to other basal media with comparable results.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Apr, 13(4), 688 - 95
Metal requirements of Legionella pneumophila; Reeves MW et al.; Serial passage of six strains of Legionella pneumophila and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a liquid chemically defined medium deficient in trace metals resulted in the death of five L . pneumophila strains and very limited growth in the remaining strain and the P . aeruginosa strain . Addition of either iron or magnesium restored growth to almost normal levels in all of the strains when early-passage inocula were used . A low concentration of magnesium stimulated growth with cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, or zinc . When a complete defined medium containing trace metals was used, growth was inhibited by adding the chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citrate, or 2,2'-bipyridyl . Chelator inhibition was partly or fully relieved with either calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, or zinc . P . aeruginosa differed from L . pneumophila in that it required higher concentrations of each chelator to inhibit growth and that its growth was stimulated by only four metals: calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc . A trace-metal supplement for L . pneumophila was designed which included all metals stimulating growth in these experiments and which proved to be sufficient for optimal growth of all the strains.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1981 Apr, 75(4), 559 - 64
An analysis of error rates for disc agar-diffusion testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa versus aminoglycosides; Woolfrey BF et al.; Five hundred thirty-five recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested in parallel by the standardized disc agar-diffusion test and a micro-broth dilution test to evaluate the error rates associated with the use of both fixed indeterminate-zone breakpoints and floating indeterminate-zone breakpoints for assessing susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin . Error rate-bound analysis showed that unacceptably high rates of error were associated with the use of all fixed breakpoints . Error rates were improved when the floating indeterminate-zone principle was used, but rates still remained unacceptably high . These findings indicate the disc agar-diffusion test should not be used for testing the susceptibility of P . aeruginosa to the aminoglycosides.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1981 Apr, 75(4), 524 - 31
Gentamicin, tobramycin, and sisomicin disc susceptibility tests . Revised zone standards for interpretation; Barry AL et al.; Studies were undertaken to reevaluate interpretive zone standards for gentamicin and tobramycin disc tests . Disc tests with an investigational aminoglycoside, sisomicin, were also evaluated . The data suggest modification of zone standards for gentamicin disc tests to R (resistant) less than or equal to 12 mm and S (susceptible) greater than or equal to 16 mm . Currently recommended standards for tobramycin disc tests (R less than or equal to 12 mm and S greater than or equal to 15 mm) were found to be satisfactory . For 10-microgram sisomicin discs, zone standards of R less than or equal to 12 mm and S greater than or equal to 15 mm were also appropriate . Although gentamicin is structurally similar to sisomicin, it was less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The activity spectrum of sisomicin against the collection of 470 bacterial isolates studied more nearly resembled that of tobramycin . Data analysis suggested that tobramycin disc tests might be used to predict susceptibility to sisomicin . However, these two drugs differ in their susceptibilities to aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes produced by some resistant strains . In those institutions where such strains are endemic, the class concept of disc testing may not be applicable.

Biosci Rep, 1981 Apr, 1(4), 299 - 307
Alignment of cloned amiE gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the N-terminal sequence of amidase; Clarke PH et al.; A restriction enzyme map was constructed for 5.1-kb fragment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DNA inserted into plasmid pBR322 . Restriction enzyme sites were matched to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of amidase to obtain alignment of the amiE gene within the cloned fragment.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Apr, 146(1), 141 - 8
Tn2001, a transposon encoding chloramphenicol resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Iyobe S et al.; We isolated a new transposon, Tn2001, from the group P-2 plasmid Rms159-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Tn2001-encoded chloramphenicol resistance did not result from the formation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase . Tn2001 was transposable between temperate phages and conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids belonging to various incompatibility groups, including P-1, P-3, P-4, P-5, P-7, and P-8 in P . aeruginosa . Transposition occurred independently of the general recombination ability of the Pseudomonas host, and its frequency varied between 10(-1) and 10(-8), depending upon the donor and recipient replicons . Tn2001 transposition also occurred in a recombination-deficient strain of Escherichia coli . Agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopic observations revealed that Tn2001 could transpose to different sites in the RP4 replicon and that the transposed deoxyribonucleic acid fragment was 2.1 kilobases long.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Apr, 146(1), 102 - 7
Ordering tryptophan synthase genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cloning in Escherichia coli; Manch JN et al.; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa tryptophan synthase genes, trpA and trpB, which are induced by their substrate indoleglycerol phosphate, were cloned along with their controlling region into the BamHI site of pBR322 to produce the 10.7-megadalton plasmid pZAZ5 . SalI partial digestion and ligation yielded a smaller plasmid, pZAZ167, with the chromosomal insert reduced in size from 8.1 to 3.4 megadaltons . Both pZAZ5 and pZAZ167 display Pseudomonas-like regulation of the trpA and trpB genes . Deletion of an EcoRI fragment or a BglII fragment from pZAZ167 yielded plasmids pZAZ168 and pZAZ169; the former expresses trpB but not trpA, and the latter has lost both activities . A deleted form of pZAZ5 designated pZAZ101 was obtained by excising a BglII-BamHI segment and religating the trip gene segment in the opposite orientation . This plasmid expresses trpA and trpB constitutively . The physical maps of these plasmids establish the gene order: promoter-trpB-trpA.

J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Apr, 123(Pt 2), 359 - 63
Interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins with Escherichia coli strains bearing blood group determinants; Garber N et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins interact with Escherichia coli strains O86B7 and O128B12, which possess B and H (O) blood group determinants, respectively . The interaction could be demonstrated by specific agglutination of the bacteria, by haemagglutination inhibition tests and by lectin-mediated peroxidase binding to the bacteria . The agglutination of E . coli O86B7 by the Pseudomonas galactose-binding lectin was inhibited by D-galactose and by the lipopolysaccharide extracted from E . coli O86B7 . Similarly, the specific agglutination of E . coli O128B12 by the Pseudomonas mannose-binding lectin (which also binds L-fucose, L-galactose and D-fructose) was inhibited by D-mannose, L-fucose, L-galactose and D-fructose, as well as by athe lipopolysaccharide extracted from E . coli O128B12 . The interaction between E . coli O128B12 and the Pseudomonas mannose-binding lectin was also demonstrated by lectin-mediated peroxidase binding to the bacterial surface . Peroxidase binding was also inhibited by the above-mentioned sugars and E . coli O128B12 lipopolysaccharide . Treatment of cells of the two E . coli strains with protein-denaturing agents did not reduce their agglutination by the Pseudomonas lectins . On the other hand, oxidation of the cell surface sugars by sodium metaperiodate or boiling the cells in the presence of 1% acetic acid for 1 h abolished their agglutination by the two lectins . It is, therefore, suggested that the Pseudomonas lectins interact with the B and H (O) blood group determinant sugars (D-galactose in E . coli O86B7 and L-fucose in E . coli O128B12) residing in the lipopolysaccharides of these E . coli strains.

J Biol Chem, 1981 Mar 10, 256(5), 2471 - 4
The reaction between reduced azurin and oxidized cytochrome c peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ronnberg M et al.; The reaction between ferric Pseudomonas cytochrome c peroxidase and reduced azurin was investigated by static titration, rapid scan, and stopped flow techniques as well as circular dichroism measurements . Kinetics of the reduction of the enzyme under pseudo-first order conditions reveals a biphasic logarithmic curve indicating that the reaction between enzyme and azurin is complex and comprises of two reactions, one rapid and a slower one . The relative portion of the fast phase from the overall reaction increases with increasing azurin concentration . Kinetic results can be explained by postulating the presence of two different enzyme forms which are slowly interconvertible . Both enzymatic forms form a complex with reduced azurin . The electron transfer between proteins occurs within the molecular complex of azurin and the peroxidase.

J Biol Chem, 1981 Mar 10, 256(5), 2197 - 301
Proton magnetic resonance relaxation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome oxidase solutions; Blatt Y et al.; We have measured the temperature and frequency dependence of solvent proton magnetic relaxation rates in solutions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.2) in its native low spin oxidized, its reduced, and its carbonyl reduced derivative . In solutions of the native oxidized enzyme, a large paramagnetic enhancement of the proton NMR relaxation rates, propagated to the solvent by the fast exchange mechanism, is observed . The ratio (T1/T2)pmg = 1.25 +/- 0.10 at 24 MHz demonstrates that dipole-dipole interaction of the neighboring paramagnets is the dominant relaxation mechanism . Measurements of proton relaxation in solutions of cytochrome oxidase from which the hemes D have been extracted demonstrates that hemes C do not contribute to the observed paramagnetic effects . The electron spin relaxation time of the ferric hemes D of 3.2 +/- 0.4 ns is calculated from the frequency dispersion data . This is the longest value reported for hemoprotein solutions so far . These features of a low spin ferric hemoprotein are similar to those found recently both for the microbial and for the microsomal cytochrome P-450 . The calculated distances between the exchanging proton(s) and heme D iron ions demonstrate the high accessibility of the environment of heme D from the solvent side, also for molecules not penetrating the inner coordination sphere.

Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1981 Mar-Apr, 11(2), 152 - 7
Ultrastructural observations in an alcoholic patient with post-surgical pseudomonas infection; Coppola A et al.; Gram negative bacteria were seen in the peripheral blood and within the neutrophils of a patient with bacteremic shock secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection . By electron microscopy, bacteria were present either in vacuoles or in the cytoplasm of neutrophils . When seen in the cytoplasm, they were surrounded by amorphous material which most probably represented fused lysosomal granules . In both cases, the microorganisms appeared morphologically normal . The presumption is that there was a pre-existing defect of neutrophilic lysosomal formation or function . These findings indicate the importance of studying neutrophil morphology and function in patients with persistent infections.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1981 Mar, 178(3), 200 - 2
{The influence of cortisone in treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in rabbit eyes}; Behrens-Baumann W et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in rabbit eyes was treated with Tobramycin in combination with cortisone . There was no statistically significant difference between this combination and the antibiotic alone in this experimental model . Moderate doses of cortisone, applied subconjunctivally in addition to Tobramycin produced the best results.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1981 Mar, 178(3), 197 - 9
{Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis with tobramycin and gentamicin: animal experiments (author's transl)}; Behrens-Baumann W et al.; Pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes was treated with Gentamicin and Tobramycin . There was no statistically significant difference between these antibiotics in the elimination of bacteria and regression of keratitis . The clinical results, however, were better in the Tobramycin group.

J Infect, 1981 Mar, 3(1 Suppl), 45 - 51
Post neurosurgery Gram-negative bacillary meningitis; Klastersky J et al.; The findings of a retrospective analysis of 20 patients who developed Gram-negative bacillary meningitis (GNBM) following neurosurgery are reported . The predisposing causes included surgery for skull fracture or cerebral contusion (9 patients), neoplasm (6) and vascular disease (2) . Nine of the patients (45 per cent) had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak from a fistula . The organisms isolated, which included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6), Klebsiella spp . (5) and Escherichia coli (4), had, in 75 per cent of cases, been isolated from other sites prior to the onset of GNBM . Initial diagnosis was achieved by Gram-stain of CSF in 15 of 19 cases (78 per cent) . Culture of lumbar CSF was positive in 19 of the patients (95 per cent) and concommittant ventriculitis was confirmed by positive culture of ventricular CSF in 10 of 11 cases (91 per cent) from whom it was obtained . The overall mortality was 80 per cent, 11 patients dying of causes directly related to GNBM . Eradication of the infecting organism from CSF was achieved in 79 per cent of patients receiving intraventricular aminoglycoside therapy, but in only 40 per cent of those receiving intralumbar therapy . Deaths in the latter group were associated with ventriculitis whereas those in patients receiving intraventricular therapy resulted from intracranial abscess formation . These findings, plus the observation of chloramphenicol resistance in 80 per cent of the isolates, suggest that systemic and intraventricular aminoglycoside administration is indicated in patients with post-neurosurgical GNBM.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1981 Mar, 43(3), 590 - 8
Reduced resistance to Pseudomonas septicaemia in diabetic mice; Kitahara Y et al.; Antibacterial resistance in a diabetic state was studied using experimental Pseudomonas infection in streptozotocin (SZ) induced diabetic mice . The results obtained were as follows: (1) there was no difference in acute death rate between normal and diabetic mice when infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . However, a significant increase in the number of bacteria in the kidney and liver occurred at a later stage of infection in diabetic mice . (2) Active immunization with a phenolized vaccine resulted in 100% survival in either normal or diabetic mice; otherwise challenge was lethal . However, the organs examined in diabetic vaccinated mice contained distinctly increased numbers of bacteria as compared with normal vaccinated mice 7 days after infection . (3) There were no significant differences in antibody titre between normal and diabetic ice after infection, but passive protection with immune serum from diabetic vaccinated mice was less effective than that from vaccinated mice . Furthermore, immune serum from normal vaccinated mice exerted protective action less efficiently in diabetic recipients than in normal recipients . (4) The bactericidal effect of peripheral whole blood was apparently lower in diabetic mice than in normal mice . (5) Treatment with insulin restored such reduced resistance to Pseudomonas infection in diabetic mice . These findings suggest that the decreased resistance to Pseudomonas infection in diabetic mice should be ascribed to impaired function of antibody, abnormalities in phagocytic cells and disturbed microcirculation caused by the insulin-deficient state.

J Clin Hosp Pharm, 1981 Mar, 6(1), 63 - 6
Partition coefficients of some aromatic alcohols in an n-heptane/water system and their relationship to minimum inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus; Wilson JR et al.; The partition coefficients of the homologous series of aromatic alcohols were determined in an n-heptane/water system . The minimum inhibitory concentrations of benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-phenylpropanol, 4-phenylbutanol and 5-phenylpentanol were elucidated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . The linear relationship log1/C = a log P + b postulated by Hansch was found to apply.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Mar, 249(1), 89 - 98
{Extracellular toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . II . Effect of two proteases on human immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and secretory IgA (author's transl)}; Doring G et al.; Two proteolytic enzymes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa--an alkaline protease and an elastase--were incubated with human myeloma proteins IgG and IgA as well as with secretory IgA at 37 degrees C . Digest mixtures were analyzed after 1, 5, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol . Under conditions which resulted in cleavage of all three immunoglobulins by the elastase in the hinge-region, the alkaline protease cleaved only IgA . It was suggested that proteases of PA interfere with the immune-system of the host by cleavage of immunoglobulins . Elastase-positive PA strains should be more virulent compared with PA strains which produce only alkaline protease or are protease-negative at all.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Mar, 249(1), 76 - 88
{Extracellular toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . I . Purification and characterization of two exoproteases (author's transl)}; Obernesser HJ et al.; Alkaline protease (protease I) and a protease with elastase activity (protease II) were isolated from two different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) . Proteolytic activity was measured during the early exponential phase of growth and was highest when cultures reached the stationary growth phase . The extracellular character of protease I and II was demonstrated by measuring the intra- and extracellular ATP-concentration . Purification was achieved by precipitation with 65% ammonium sulfate, precipitation with 70% acetone, gelfiltration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel . The purified proteases were characterized . The pH for optimal proteolytic activity of protease I was at pH 9--10, for protease II at pH 8--9 . Both enzymes cleaved casein and gelatine, in addition protein II elastin . Enzymatic activity of protease II was inhibited by 10(-3) M EDTA at pH 8.1 to 82% . Inactivation of protease I was not achieved by 10(-2) M EDTA . Molecular weight of protease I was estimated at 57,000, molecular weight of protease II at 39,000 . Both enzymes consist of one polypeptide chain . In isoelectric focusing the protease I was separated into two components with pH values of 8.5 and 8.7, while protease II had isoelectric points of pH 6.0 and 6.4 . Further characterization of protease I was done with amino acid analysis . Protease I was fairly stable over a pH range of 6--9 at room temperature . The optimal temperature for proteolytic activity was 60 degrees C . The results are discussed in view of proteases of other PA-strains.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 13(3), 456 - 8
Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by pyocyanin production on Tech agar; Reyes EA et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the only gram-negative bacillus capable of producing the very distinctive water-soluble pigment pyocyanin . We evaluated the reliability of this characteristic as a unique test for the identification of this organism by using Tech agar (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) medium . A retrospective and prospective analysis was performed with a total of 835 strains of P . aeruginosa; 818 (98%) produced pigment within 48 h of incubation, and 96% of those which produced pigment were positive after overnight incubation . Seventeen strains (2.0%) failed to produce pigment; 15 were mucoid strains from patients with cystic fibrosis . Tech agar is an effective, simple, and inexpensive medium for P . aeruginosa identification and may be used as a unique test for all potential P . aeruginosa isolates (beta hemolytic on blood agar; lactose-negative, oxidase-positive colonies) . Nonpigmented mucoid strains, as well as other nonpigmented organisms, will require additional testing to ensure proper identification.

Infect Immun, 1981 Mar, 31(3), 896 - 905
Evidence for the presence of lipopolysaccharide in a ribonuclease-sensitive ribosomal vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gonggrijp R et al.; To obtain information about the nature of the immunogens in the ribosomal vaccine (fraction II) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we studied the specificity of rabbit antibodies to fraction II . Crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated the presence of antibodies which precipitated with ribosomal antigens, but not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . By means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies to LPS were detected in antibodies to fraction II . Antibodies to fraction II could protect mice against a lethal challenge with P . aeruginosa . Absorption experiments demonstrated that the protective ability of antibodies to fraction II was due to antibodies to cell envelope antigens, whereas antibodies to ribosomal antigens did not contribute to the protection . Antibodies to LPS could be detected in mice 1 week after a single vaccination with fraction II . It was concluded that the protective activity of fraction II was due, at least in part, to the presence of LPS in the ribosomal vaccine . Treatment of fraction II with ribonuclease decreased the protective activity of the ribosomal vaccine . Addition of synthetic polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid restored the protective activity of ribonuclease-treated fraction II, indicating that RNA in the ribosomal vaccine might act as an adjuvant or a carrier in the presentation of the of the contaminating cell envelope antigens . The protective activity and the toxicity of fraction II were compared with the protective activity and the toxicity of fraction I, which contained cell envelope components, including LPS, and of purified LPS . The results indicated that protection by the ribosomal vaccine was associated with a slightly higher toxicity than was protection by fraction I, whereas purified LPS was the most toxic vaccine.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 41(3), 843 - 5
Microbial transformations of 7,2-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene; Wu J et al.; Microbial transformations of 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene, a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Penicillium notatum were studied by high performance liquid chromatographic separation of metabolic fractions followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the metabolites . Two methyl-hydroxylated metabolites were identified in each of the incubations . The metabolic activation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon suggests a possible involvement of microorganisms in environmental carcinogenesis.

J Trauma, 1981 Mar, 21(3), 215 - 20
Bacteremia: host-specific lung clearance and pulmonary failure; Crocker SH et al.; Pulmonary effects, lung clearance, and tissue retention of blood-borne Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared in dogs (n = 5) and pigs (n = 5) during continuous 6-hour intravenous infusion of 1.2(10(9)) bacteria/min/20 kg . Control pigs received an equal volume of sterile saline . In contrast to controls, experimental pigs developed pulmonary artery (PA) hypertension (mean, 30 +/- SE 3; baseline, 17 mm Hg) and pulmonary failure manifested by hypoxemia (mean PaO2, 49 +/- 4; baseline, 78 +/- 2 mm Hg; p less than 0.001), increased intrapulmonary shunting (40 to 50%), noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and congestive atelectasis, a pattern of pulmonary failure very similar to sepsis-induced ARDS in humans . In dogs, PA pressures wee unchanged from baseline, no edema was detected, and comparable hyperventilation was associated with an increase in PaO2 from 77 +/- 4 (baseline) to 87 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) . Tissue retention of viable blood-borne organisms in pigs was greatest in the lungs . In dogs, lung retention was minimal and greatest tissue retention occurred in the liver and spleen . We conclude that both lung clearance of blood-borne organisms and bacteremia-induced pulmonary failure are quite host dependent.

Genetics, 1981 Mar-Apr, 97(3-4), 495 - 511
Insertions of the transposon Tn1 into the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome; Krishnapillai V et al.; The transposon Tn1 has been translocated to the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from plasmid R18, following hydroxylamine mutagenesis of the plasmid . Twelve insertions were mapped to six distinct sites distal to 55 min of the origin of chromosome transfer by the plasmid FP2 . These map locations were confirmed by host chromosome mobilization tests mediated by plasmids R18 or R91-5, due to Tn1 homology between plasmid and host chromosome . All the Tn1 chromosomal inserts were retransposable to other plasmids (Sa, R931 and R38) . The behavior of Tn1 in P . aeruginosa was very similar to its behavior in Escherichia coli with respect to regional specificity, orientation of insertion and in serving as regions of homology for host chromosome mobilization by plasmids . This last property has permitted the demonstration that Tn1 on R18 and R91-5 is in opposite orientation with respect to the origin of transfer (oriT) of the two plasmids.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Mar, 145(3), 1448 - 51
Versatile cloning vector for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Wood DO et al.; A pBR322:RSF1010 composite plasmid, constructed in vitro, was used as a cloning vector in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This nonamplifiable plasmid, pMW79, has a molecular weight of 8.4 X 10(6) and exists as a multicopy plasmid in both P . aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . In P . aeruginosa strain PAO2003, pMW79 conferred resistance to carbenicillin and tetracycline . Characterization of pMW79 with restriction enzymes revealed that four enzymes (BamHI, SalI, HindIII, and HpaI) cleaved the plasmid at unique restriction sites . Cloning P . aeruginosa chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid fragments into the BamHI or SalI site of pMW79 inactivated the tetracycline resistance gene . Thus, cells carrying recombinant plasmids could be identified by their carbenicillin resistance, tetracycline sensitivity phenotype . Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments of approximately 0.5 to 7.0 megadaltons were inserted into pMW79, and the recombinant plasmids were stably maintained in a recombination-deficient (recA) P . aeruginosa host.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Feb 6, 640(3), 727 - 33
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Horton D et al.; Intact lipopolysaccharide antigens isolated from seven different immunotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been examined by 31P-NMR spectroscopy . These macromolecular complexes contain phosphorus covalently attached to the carbohydrate residues present in the lipid A moiety and the 'core' oligosaccharide region . The spectral signals for various ortho- and pyrophosphoric esters were observed . All phosphate groups appeared to be monoesterified . Certain shifts characteristic for phosphate diester groups, observed in lipopolysaccharide complexes from other Gram-negative bacteria, were absent . Furthermore, no evidence was found to indicate that phosphate groups are involved in the covalent linkage of individual lipopolysaccharide complexes to form dimers or trimers.

Am J Med, 1981 Feb, 70(2), 463 - 6
Immunization against nosocomial infection; Braude AI et al.; Overwhelming infection with gram-negative bacteremia has become the most serious nosocomial infection in compromised patients . Because gram-negative bacteria share a common core lipopolysaccharide, we tried to develop a single vaccine or antiserum that might control these infections regardless of species . We used a mutant of Escherichia coli 0111 (J5) deficient in uridine diphosphate-galactose (UDP-GAL) epimerase and thus unable to attach "0" side chains, so that core lipopolysaccharide was exposed . A vaccine composed of this mutant produced antibody that gave broad protection against lethal infections by different gram-negative bacteria in immunosuppressed animals . The J5 vaccine protected against 98 percent lethal doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and J5 antiserum improved survival tenfold in animals dying of Esch . coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas bacteremia . The protection with vaccine or prophylactic antiserum was undiminished in animals challenged six weeks after immunization . Encouraged by these results, we conducted a double-blind trial in patients with gram-negative bacteremia . In those given J5 antiserum, the mortality rate was cut in half and survival from deep shock increased from 28 percent to 82 percent . Because of these preliminary results in 136 patients, the study has been extended to 300 patients and the double blind code will be examined again to see if the early favorable results are confirmed and extended.

Biomedicine, 1981 Feb, 34(1), 29 - 33
Enhanced killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in presence of subinhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin and ticarcillin; Petit JC et al.; The effect of carbenicillin and ticarcillin on the killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied with an in vitro system using peripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes collected from human donors . No corticosteroid was given to the donor prior to leukocytes collection by a continuous flow cell separator . The assay was carried out with or without serum . P . aeruginosa yield after a 4 hour-incubation was estimated by colony counting . In Hanks' balanced salt solution, P . aeruginosa strains 74 and 78 were resistant to human PMN leukocytes . The presence of subinhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin or ticarcillin (1/10th the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for P . aeruginosa 74, 1/4th the MIC for P . aeruginosa 78) enhanced the bactericidal activity of human leukocytes . Difference between the numbers of bacteria recovered with PMN cells and without cells increased with concentration of carbenicillin or ticarcillin . The synergistic effect was not observed when serum (heated fetal calf serum or heated pooled human serum) was used . The mode of action of carbenicillin and ticarcillin on bactericidal activity of phagocytic cells was not elucidated, but we suggest the effect is due not to action on the phagocytic cells themselves but on the microorganisms.

J Med Microbiol, 1981 Feb, 14(1), 153 - 7
Physiological diversity in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stewart DJ et al.; The results of 91 characteristics selected from 165 tests performed on 127 clinical and other isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were subjected to numerical analysis . Only one cluster, representing a single biotype of the species, was revealed at a similarity (SSM) level of 95% and above . Ten melanogenic and six of the non-melanogenic isolates studied gave diverse atypical results in many of the tests; these strain appear to be aberrant forms of the species.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1981 Feb, 20(2), 213 - 21
Experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in the rabbit: bacteriologic, clinical, and microscopic observations; Van Horn DL et al.; Uniformly severe corneal infections were produced in rabbits by intracorneal injection of a few viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The bacteria multiplied rapidly, and within 24 hr, about 10 million organisms were present . The numbers remained stable thereafter . Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) began to infiltrate peripheral stroma 24 hr after inoculation . By 32 hr, ring-shaped dense accumulations of PMNs were apparent in the anterior stroma with moderate stromal edema . By 48 hr, the anterior one third of central stroma was severely involved with abscess formation and loss of epithelium, and PMNs had invaded full corneal thickness . The area of liquefactive necrosis eventually involved the entire cornea from limbus to limbus, and collagen staining was lost . Transmission electron microscopy revealed the accumulation of small electron-dense particles in association with collagen fibrils and degranulating PMNs.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Feb, 19(2), 332 - 4
Comparative synergistic activity of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, moxalactam, and carbenicillin, combined with tobramycin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mintz L et al.; A broth dilution checkerboard synergy assay was used to assess the activity of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, moxalactam, and carbenicillin, in combination with tobramycin, against 38 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Synergy occurred significantly more often (P less than 0.001) when tobramycin was combined with cefotaxime (63%) than when it was combined with carbenicillin (26%), cefoperazone (21%), or moxalactam (18%) . Of the 25 synergistically inhibited strains, the combination cefotaxime-tobramycin was synergistic against 24 and was the only synergistic combination against 10 . Of six strains initially resistant to cefotaxime, five were susceptible to this agent (minimum inhibitory concentration, less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) when it was combined with tobramycin . Clinical trials are needed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of cefotaxime-aminoglycoside combinations in the treatment of serious Pseudomonas infections.

J Inorg Biochem, 1981 Feb, 14(1), 15 - 31
Studies on heme d1 extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite reductase; Walsh TA et al.; Heme d1 has been extracted from Pseudomonas nitrite reductase . Imidazole, cyanide, and chloride-ferroheme, and CO, NO, cyanide, imidazole, and pyridine-ferroheme complexes have been prepared for study by UV/vis spectroscopy, and in some cass by epr and low-temperature mcd as well . Iron determinations have been carried out to assess extinction coefficients . Absorption spectra were used to monitor the transition of chloride-ferriheme d1 to an alkaline form of ferriheme d1 and a pka of 6.5 was determined for the process . The epr spectrum of chloride-ferriheme possessed the characteristic g = 6 signal of high spin (S = 5/2) iron, but the alkaline-ferriheme form gave no detectable epr signals . Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra were also obtained for cyanide and imidazole-ferriheme d1 and for NO-ferroheme d1 . The imidazole complex gave signals that were very weak in comparison with the cyanide complex, but mcd measurements of imidazole-ferriheme d1 were consistent with it being a low-spin (S = 1/2) system . The epr signals of NO-ferroheme d1 were similar to those of the corresponding holo-enzyme complex . Reduction of alkaline-ferriheme d1 was found to be affected by the presence of oxygen, but under N2 give the same result with ascorbate and dithionite . Autoreduction of alkaline-ferriheme d1 was observed when placed under CO, and NO, atmospheres, or when treated with pyridine.

Am J Med, 1981 Feb, 70(2), 405 - 11
Infection in the renal transplant recipient; Rubin RH et al.; The incidence of infection in the renal transplant patient is directly related to the net immunosuppressive effect achieved and the duration of time over which this therapy is administered . A second major factor in the causation of infections in this population is the nosocomial hazards to which these patients are exposed, ranging from invasive instrumentation to environmental contamination with Aspergillus species, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other microbial pathogens . Careful surveillance is necessary to identify and eliminate such nosocomial sources of infection . The major types of infection observed can be categorized according to the time period post-transplant in which they occur: postsurgical bacterial infection in the first month after transplantation; opportunistic infection, with cytomegalovirus playing a major role, and transplant pyelonephritis in the period one to four months post-transplant; and a mixture of conventional and opportunistic infections in the last post-transplant period . Conventional infection in this late period occurs primarily in patients with good renal function who are receiving minimal immunosuppressive therapy; opportunistic infection occurs primarily in patients with poor renal function who are receiving higher levels of immunosuppression.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Feb, 19(2), 309 - 11
Biliary concentrations of piperacillin in patients undergoing cholecystectomy; Giron JA et al.; Piperacillin is a new semisynthetic, expanded-spectrum penicillin with marked activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The biliary excretion of piperacillin was studied in patients undergoing cholecystectomy . Concentrations of piperacillin in common duct bile at 35 to 90 min postinfusion of 1-g doses ranged from 31 to 920 micrograms/ml, with a mean (+/- standard deviation) of 467 +/- 363 micrograms/ml . Gallbladder piperacillin levels at 30 to 75 min postinfusion ranged from 2.2 to 80 micrograms/ml, with a mean of 27 +/- 31 micrograms/ml . No correlation occurred with peak serum level of antibiotic, creatinine, bilirubin, or alkaline phosphatase . Significant amounts of piperacillin were excreted via the biliary system.

Arch Microbiol, 1981 Feb, 128(4), 398 - 402
Nitrogen control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a role for glutamine in the regulations of the synthesis of nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, urease and histidase; Janssen DB et al.; In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the formation of urease, histidase and some other enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation is repressed by ammonia in the growth medium . The key metabolite in this process appears to be glutamine or a product derived from it, since ammonia and glutamate did not repress urease and histidase synthesis in a mutant lacking glutamine synthetase activity when growth was limited for glutamine . The synthesis of these enzymes was repressed in cells growing in the presence of excess glutamine . High levels of glutamine were also required for the derepression of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase formation in the glutamine synthetase-negative mutant.

Q J Med, 1981 Summer, 50(199), 331 - 44
Pseudomonas septicaemia in a general hospital--seven years experience; McKendrick MW et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunist pathogen of low invasiveness which can cause serious disease in patients with abnormal defence mechanisms against infection . Advances in medicine and surgery have resulted in an increase in such patients and Ps . aeruginosa has therefore assumed greater importance in hospital practice . During the years 1974-1980 Pseudomonas organisms were cultured from the blood of 69 patients at East Birmingham Hospital . The records of these patients have been reviewed with the intention of identifying those at risk and suggesting a rational approach to the management and prevention of pseudomonas infections . The importance of differentiating pseudomonas septicaemia from transient bacteraemia or contaminated blood cultures is stressed.

Clin Ther, 1981, 4 Suppl A, 8 - 17
Conclusion to be derived from in vitro data with respect to in vivo activity; Gotoh S; Cefazolin and gentamicin were administered to mice with polymicrobial infection by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Changes in the quantities of these bacteria in blood were investigated . Bacterial replacement was evident . Cefazolin was administered to mice with polymicrobial infection by E . coli and Bacteroides fragilis . Cefazolin was inactivated by B . fragilis-produced beta-lactamases . It was confirmed that the quantities of both B . fragilis and E . coli in blood increased . Even broad-spectrum antibiotics have different antibacterial activity against various bacteria . The present study suggested that an appropriate administration schedule should be determined to first inhibit the growth of a highly resistant bacterium in polymicrobial infection . It was also suggested that an antibiotic that can inhibit the growth of a more resistant bacterium should first be administered in polymicrobial infection . In vivo antibacterial activity of broad-spectrum antibiotics should be separately evaluated in mono-microbial infection and polymicrobial infection.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jan, 19(1), 29 - 32
Antibacterial and antifungal activities of benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives; Elnima EI et al.; The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of six benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives were tested against standard strains and 59 clinical isolates . Of the six compounds, only compounds II and III (both benzoxazoles) were active, whereas the rest were devoid of any activity . Considerable growth inhibition of all of the standard strains, including fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, resulted when they were treated with these compounds . Fifty-nine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested for susceptibility to the two compounds . The most susceptible were the S . aureus isolates . The two compounds were of comparable activity against all of the isolates, with compound III showing a slightly higher activity than compound II . Their respective minimal inhibitory concentrations for 90% inhibition of S . aureus were 25 and 50 microgram/ml . The gram-negative bacteria were resistant to the two compounds and required minimal inhibitory concentrations of 200 microgram/ml for a similar degree of inhibition.

Circ Shock, 1981, 8(1), 95 - 103
The effects of cortisone therapy on lung macrophage host defense function and glucose metabolism; Gudewicz PW; The administration of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in the treatment of lung inflammatory and immune diseases often results in an increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections . The effects of cortisone therapy on the phagocytic function and glucose metabolism of alveolar macrophages (AM) were evaluated in guinea pigs treated for 7 days with 100 mg/kg of cortisone acetate . AM were harvested 24 hours following the final daily drug treatment by lung lavage techniques . Cortisone treatment produced a profound leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, and monocytopenia in the peripheral blood while decreasing by greater than 40% the number of AM obtainable by lung washings . Macrophage phagocytosis, as assessed by the in vitro uptake of radiolabeled heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa by monolayers of lung macrophages, was depressed in AM harvested from cortisone-treated animals . In addition, cortisone therapy also inhibited the stimulation in glucose oxidation normally associated with macrophage phagocytosis as well as depressing the membrane transport of 2-deoxyglucose . These results demonstrate that high-dose cortisone therapy can impair both functional and metabolic activities of the phagocytic defense mechanism of the lower respiratory tract.

Prog Pediatr Surg, 1981, 14, 189 - 208
An experimental evaluation of the germicidal efficacy of three topical antimicrobial agents in burns; Rode H et al.; The bacteriocidal effect of three substances is discussed: 10% povidone iodine ointment (Betadine, betaisodona), 11,2% mafenide acetate (Naplatan) and silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine, Silvadene, Silvertone) . A modified Walker burn model using male Long-Evans rats was studied . The infections were produced with a solution of 3 times 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocin type H . organisms . The authors described the pharmacological properties of the three substances and report the following results . All three substances are able to penetrate third degree burns . It takes 4 hours for povidone iodone, 12 for mafenide acetate and 24 for silver sulphadiazine to penetrate the burn . Mafenide acetate and silver sulphadiazine were the most useful agents after 12 and 24 hours respectively . When the substances were applied for a second time 24 hours after the first application only mafenide acetate was highly effective . The effectiveness of povidone iodine and silver sulphadiazine decreased by half when compared with the first application . For practical purposes the following recommendations are made: For deep burns povidone iodine should be applied every 4--6 hours, mafenide acetate every 12--18 hours and silver sulphadiazine once every 24 hours in order to ensure an antibacterial effect.

J Int Med Res, 1981, 9(1), 44 - 51
Ticarcillin therapy of risk patients with infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Welter J et al.; The implication of nosocomial infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is demonstrated by comparing the bacteriological findings with the clinical picture of ten patients in a surgical intensive care unit . The occurrence of this organism and its resistance to beta-lactam-antibiotics and aminoglycosides is demonstrated . Ticarcillin was administered to ten patients following bacteriological and clinical evidence of infections due to P . aeruginosa . The pathogenicity of P . aeruginosa as an organism complicating the course of severely injured patients is discussed . Therapeutic consequences in regard to possible combination with other antibiotics are suggested.

Klin Padiatr, 1981 Jan, 193(1), 31 - 4
{Bacterial endocarditis in congenital heart defects (author's transl)}; Weber H et al.; Seven patients with bacterial endocarditis have been treated at the Department of Pediatric Cardiology University Gottingen from September 1975 to July 1978 . All of them had congenital heart defects considered as a predisposing condition and confirmed by previous cardiac catheterization, three patients were cyanotic . Unlike the spectrum of micro-organisms prevalent hitherto Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in three cases . In one of these patients antibiotic drug therapy was unsuccessful and only surgical management with closure of the rest-VSD and excision of the endocardiac lesions was finally helpful . Another patient died and Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis was disclosed by post mortem examination only . The onset of symptoms in four patients was less than six months after cardiac surgery . In two cases aortic valve prosthesis became necessary . No relapse during the further follow up period was observed.

Int Urol Nephrol, 1981, 13(4), 395 - 403
Infection of the abdominal cavity and chronic peritoneal dialysis; Karatson A et al.; Peritoneal dialyses have been performed in 1072 instances by the manual infusion technique in 16 patients with chronic renal failure, during a period of 2 years . Among the intraabdominal bacterial cultures done before each dialysis, 79 were positive, and peritonitis developed in 7 cases . As related to the total number of dialyses, these figures represent 7.37 and 0.65 per cent, respectively . Local intraabdominal applications has been found to reduce the hazard of peritonitis . Increased frequency of dialyses and combined antibiotic therapy proved curative to peritonitis . The results of the bacterial cultures indicate that in case of intraabdominal infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acetate-containing dialysing fluids should be given preference.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 92 - 7
Azlocillin with and without an aminoglycoside against respiratory tract infections in children with cystic fibrosis; Michalsen H et al.; Nine patients with cystic fibrosis have been treated with azlocillin alone and later with azlocillin combined with an aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) for 50 treatment courses . In the initial series when azlocillin was employed alone, a gradual increase in MIC during successive courses was observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . When the beta-lactam antibiotic was combined with an aminoglycoside, the MIC was either maintained or reduced . Objective criteria like peak expiratory flow, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fever, body weight or bacterial cultures could not clearly identify the combination therapy as better clinically than azlocillin monotherapy . However, the patients subjective and our clinical impression is that the combination therapy was better . The clinical course and the lack of increased resistance on combination therapy make a combination of azlocillin and an aminoglycoside preferable to the beta-lactam alone.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 64 - 9
Azlocillin and gentamicin in respiratory tract infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis; Malmborg AS et al.; Azlocillin, 200 mg/kg bodyweight every 8 h, and gentamicin, 2.5-4 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 h, in combination were given intravenously to 10 patients with cystic fibrosis for at least 10 days . The patients were colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and were hospitalized due to symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections . Using an agar well diffusion method the antibiotic concentrations were followed in serum and sputum . The individual sputum concentration of azlocillin varied during 4 h after administration from less than 1.5 to 38 micrograms/ml . The sputum concentration of gentamicin varied from 0.3 to 1.1 micrograms/ml . P . aeruginosa was apparently eliminated in 3 patients . The concentration of the antibiotics in sputum could not predict the outcome of treatment . All patients improved subjectively . No adverse effect was seen.

Microbios, 1981, 32(129-130), 181 - 7
Lectin-bearing protoplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce capping in human peripheral blood lymphocytes; Glick J et al.; The redistribution of surface membrane receptors and cap formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins (Ps-GAL, which binds D-galactose, and Ps-MAN, which binds D-mannose and L-fucose) was studied in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by scanning electron microscopy . When Ps-GAL and Ps-MAN-bearing protoplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated with lymphocytes, cap formation was revealed by the accumulation of protoplasts at one pole of the lymphocyte . No adherence or capping was observed when intact Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells were used . Pretreatment of the lymphocytes by papain or neuraminidase did not enhance the capping . No capping or adherence of protoplasts to lymphocytes was observed in the presence of D-galactose, while addition of D-mannose had no effect . The inhibitory effect of D-galactose on the adherence and capping in human peripheral lymphocytes by Pseudomonas aeruginosa protoplasts suggests that the Ps-GAL lectin is responsible for both phenomena.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(5), 643 - 52
Protective activity of immune sera against extracellular slime from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on experimental infection in mice; Sokalska M et al.; Slime-extracts from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains induced in rabbit synthesis of antibodies which protected mice against lethal intraperitoneal challenge . The antislime sera produced the maximal protection when given simultaneously with challenge dose of bacteria or 3 to 24 h before inoculation of animals . Some antisera exhibited also marked activity in groups of mice passively immunized 48, 72 or even 96 h before challenge . No effect was observed when immune serum was administered after infection.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(5), 635 - 41
Anti-pseudomonas immunoglobulin . II . Preparation of purified sheep immunoglobulins; Buchowicz I et al.; Several methods of fractionation of sheep anti-sera against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were applied for the preparation of immunoglobulins . The methods involving salting out with ammonium sulfate or purification by means of caprylic acid were shown to be most suitable for isolation of immunoglobulins under manufacturing conditions . The preparations obtained by these methods agglutinated Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suspension in vitro and protected mice against lethal infection with this microorganism.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(5), 627 - 33
Anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin I . Immunization of sheep; Schiller B et al.; The production of sheep Pseudomonas immune serum is described . The animals were immunized with Pseudomonas vaccine prepared from strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to seven immunotypes of Fisher's schema . Immune sera obtained from hyperimmunized sheep are characterized by a high level of stabel antibodies with a good protective activity for mice against infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . It has been demonstrated that sheep may be used for a long time as a source of immune serum.

Microbios, 1981, 31(125-126), 189 - 203
Application of models for envelope growth to cell length distribution data for Pseudomonas aeruginosa at various specific growth rates; Gilbert P et al.; Cell length distributions were determined for magnesium-limited steady-state populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in a chemostat at a variety of specific growth rates (0.037-0.621 h-1) . The data were subjected to numerical analysis using an iterative procedure based upon the Collins and Richmond (1962) equation and various models for envelope growth . The cell length distributions of cultures growing at specific growth rates in excess of 0.276 h-1 could be modelled assuming constancy of the rate of increase in cell length, and the Zaritsky-Pritchard (1973) step growth model . Cultures growing at microns less than 0.276 h-1 had length distributions which skewed markedly towards the shorter length cells, and were not consistent with either linear, exponential nor step growth models . Pierucci (1978), however, proposed a model of linear envelope growth, which for slowly growing cultures predicted periods without envelope synthesis at the beginning of each division cycle . Application of such a model for slowly growing cultures produced similar skews in the cell length distributions, but could only adequately model the data when the periods of no-growth occurred in mid-cycle.

Vet Med Nauki, 1981, 18(6), 48 - 51
{Serological studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages}; Petkov A; Investigated were 11 phages isolated from lysogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Based on the results of the neutralization test the phages were divided into 3 clearly distinguished groups . The first group embraced phages P28 and C18, the second one--phages 5118, 05, 14, and 141, and the third one--phages 159 and 32 . Bacteriophages 10, 12, and 149 produced slightly manifested (23 to 43 per cent) neutralization with P28 and 5118 sera . High-titer and specific antiphage sera were obtained.

Microbios, 1981, 31(124), 83 - 91
Antimicrobial action of silver nitrate; Richards RM; Silver nitrate 3 mug/ml prevented the separation into two daughter cells of sensitive dividing cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in nutrient broth plus the chemical . Cell size of sensitive cells was increased and the cytoplasmic contents, cytoplasmic membrane and external cell envelope structures were all abnormal . P . aeruginosa cells grown in the presence of silver nitrate 9 mug/ml showed all these changes to a marked degree except inhibition of cell division was not observed . Silver nitrate (1.5 mug/ml) in distilled water inactivated bacteriophage T2 particles as determined by their infectivity to Escherichia coli B cultures . Lysozyme (50 mug/ml) reduced, and sodium chloride (0.9%) blocked this activity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981, 174(1-2), 115 - 20
{Pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from nosocomial outbreaks - after the elimination of possible sources of mistakes by heat-treatment (author's transl)}; Lebek G et al.; In 25% of the freshly cultivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (isolated from nosocomial infections) a change of the pyocine type determined according to the method of Gillies and Govan results from passages on selective or non-selective media or from several days' storage at room temperature (Tab . 1 and 2) . This inconstancy of the pyocine type can be avoided by exposure of the strains to 56 degrees C for 5-75 min . After this heat treatment the agarose-gel-electrophoresis of the strains shows the loss of all non-conjugative plasmids smaller than 25 kbp (Fig . 2) . By typing more than 1,000 strains from nosocomial Pyocyaneus outbreaks we could demonstrate the reliability of the pyocine typing after having cured the strains by heat . Further we propose a binary numbering system for the pyocine types using the results of the 8 indicator strains (Tab . 3).

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1981, 26(5), 358 - 63
Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on neutral proteinase production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Nigam JN et al.; A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from soil produced large quantities of extracellular neutral proteinase and could utilize several organic substances as carbon and nitrogen sources for enzyme production . The growth media required the presence of a high amount of phosphate when glucose was the carbon source . The intermediates of citric-acid cycle acids supported the proteinase production more than any other carbon sources . However, complex nitrogenous substances supported enzyme production more efficiently . Higher concentration of casamino acids suppressed the protinase synthesis.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 72 - 80
Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the compromised host; Froland SS; A review is given of the role of the various host defences in man against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the mechanisms by which these are compromised in certain patient categories especially susceptible to serious Pseudomonas infections . The defects of host defences are usually complex and multiple, affecting various sites in the local and the systemic defences . Certain defects are emphasized, e.g . abnormalities of first line defences (skin, mucous membranes), and both quantitative and qualitative defects in polymorphonuclear granulocytes . However, it is also suggested that compromised functions of other components of antimicrobial defences may play a role in Pseudomonas infections, e.g . functional abnormalities in the systems of B cells . T cells and mononuclear phagocytes . Recent data suggesting mechanisms by which P . aeruginosa can exert suppressive effects on host defences, are mentioned, and the possibility of immunopathogenesis in Pseudomonas infections is discussed, particularly processes involving the complement system . Some important clinical features of Pseudomonas infections are described . The clinical peculiarities of bacterial infections in the severely neutropenic patient are emphasized, and exemplified with a brief description of Pseudomonas pneumonia . Finally, Pseudomonas septicaemia is mentioned with a brief discussion of certain important prognostic factors . It is concluded that a better understanding of the complex defense mechanisms against P . aeruginosa and therapeutic regimens by which they can be manipulated, is imperative to achieve any significant advances in the prevention and treatment of these infections.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 7 - 12
Pathogenetic factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bergan T; The virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is easily differentiated from the two other most common pseudomonad pathogens, is low . This species primarily causes disease in patients with local anatomic changes or in the immune compromized hosts . A number of bacterial factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the microbe . Surface structures like the glycocalyx-capsular material-is involved in attachment to mucosal surfaces and resistance against phagocytosis and immunolysis of cells . The interference with bacterial components on mucociliar clearance of the bronchial tract have been described . In cystic fibrosis local environmental substances enhancing the production of capsular material have been described and the tendency for colonization of mucoid strains in cystic fibrosis probably is related to these factors . Another general component of gram-negative bacteria is endotoxin, but the toxicity of this cell wall constituent is relatively low in P . aeruginosa . A number of proteolytic enzymes with a probable role in disease have been described: collagenase, fibrinolysin, elastase, caseinase, and gelatinase . A proteolytic enzyme with activity against substances like casein, egg albumin, gluten, and haemoglobin has been described . A component like exotoxin A can produce skin lesions and antibodies produced with toxoid of exotoxin A are protective against this bacterial agent . Enterotoxin has been described based on rabbit intestinal loop preparations, but has not been further characterized and diarrhoea is rarely caused by P . aeruginosa . Haemolytic effect has been caused by a heat labile phospholipase C and by a heat stabile moiety . A leucocidin has been described: this may in part be capsular material . In addition, an exoenzyme S has been suggested as a virulence factor.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 13 - 9
The role of proteases and exotoxin A in the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections; Wretlind B et al.; Most Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains produce exotoxin A and two extracellular proteases (elastase and alkaline protease) . Exotoxin A is a lethal toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells by the same mechanism as diphtheria toxin . It is generated in clinical and experimental animal infections . Passive or active immunization against this toxin gives significant protection against experimental infections with exotoxin-producing strains . The proteases have tissue-damaging activity and are capable of degrading various plasma proteins such as complement and coagulation factors . Proteases probably play a part in localized pseudomonas infections such as keratitis, pneumonia and burn infection . When invasion and colonization have occurred and septicemia is established, these enzymes probably are less important.

Vet Med Nauki, 1981, 18(1), 55 - 60
{Sensitivity to antibiotic combinations fo Ps . aeruginosa strains isolated from frozen bull seminal fluid}; Korudzhiiski N; The standard method of serial dilutions in solid nutrient media was employed to study the sensitivity of a total of 66 field strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from deeply frozen bull semen . Used were the following combinations of antibiotics: carbenicillin with chloramphenicol (1:1), carbenicillin with neomycin (1:1), carbenicillin with kanamycin (1:1), and carbenicillin with gentamycin (20:1) . The first two combinations proved inapplicable, while the remaining two antibacterial combinations of antibiotic preparations were shown to be perspective in the decontamination of semen with special reference to the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Priority is given to the carbenicillin-gentamycin combination in a 20:1 ratio.

Infection, 1981, 9(5), 233 - 8
{Nephrotoxicity of cefsulodin: experimental studies in animals (author's transl)}; Burmann G et al.; Experimental investigations in wistar rats indicate that cefsulodin, a new cephalosporin antibiotic with high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is more nephrotoxic than cephaloridine, the cephalosporin with the lowest renal tolerance up until new . Therefore, when cefsulodin is used clinically, renal function should be carefully controlled.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1981, 21(4), 343 - 6
{Lysine biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 . III . Further characterization of lysine auxotrophic mutant of Ps . aeruginosa PAO1}; Schroeter A et al.; A number of lysine-auxotrophic mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were isolated through mutagenesis by means of N-methyl-N-nitrosoguaniine (Mach et al., unpublished) . Using the cross feeding test and growth tests classification of lysine mutants was not possible . The investigation of diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase (DAP-DC) showed, that none of these mutants had an active enzyme, except for the mutants with a high number of revertants . The appearance of only one mutant type is attributed to the insufficient availability of DAP.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(5), 761 - 4
Cefoxitin: synergism with aminoglycosides in vitro; Une T et al.; In vitro synergistic effect of cefoxitin with aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and dibekacin against 15 Escherichia coli, 15 Staphylococcus aureus and 105 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains of fresh clinical isolates was examined . The combination of cefoxitin with the aminoglycosides showed distinct synergy against many strains of P . aeruginosa which were highly resistant to cefoxitin alone, while it failed in synergism against E . coli and S . aureus . A possible mechanism of in vitro synergy between cefoxitin and aminoglycosides against P . aeruginosa was discussed.

Arkh Patol, 1981, 43(6), 59 - 64
{CLearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lungs in experimental burn trauma}; Matveeva EA et al.; Experiments carried out in rats demonstrated that a burn of degree III of 20% of the body surface disturbs considerably the process of lung clearance from bacterial dissemination (5 million bodies of Pseudomonas pyocyanea) . Not only decreased but even negative clearance may be observed indicating multiplication of the bacteria in pulmonary tissues for the first 3 days after burn, and intratracheal infection of the animals . Reduced general antibacterial resistance as a result of burn facilitates rapid penetration of P . pyocyanea into the lymph nodes, blood, kidneys, liver, spleen where it is found 6 hours after infection.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981, 249(2), 225 - 34
Phagovar determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a comparison of the results with mitomycin C induced pyocin production; Sticht-Groh V; One hundred Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from intensive care areas of a university hospital and other clinical sites were characterized on the basis of their susceptibility to a set of twenty one phages . These strains were previously mitomycin C induced for their pyocin production and their serovars were also determined . All isolates identified on the basis of belonging to the same O-serovars and pyocin patterns, belonged to oe phagovar group . Strains which were non-identifiable with commercial antisera, had to be typed by both phagovar assay and mitomycin C induced pyocin production . Neither phagovar assay nor pyocin production alone gave enough individual characteristics of any one isolate, as to allow proper identification . Patterns with the same configurations in both phagovar and pyocin groups were detected among strains within entirely different O-serovar groups.

Br J Dis Chest, 1981 Jan, 75(1), 15 - 21
Positive immediate skin tests in cystic fibrosis: a possible role for Pseudomonas infection; Clarke CW et al.; A review was made of the medical records of 49 patients from whose sputum mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa had been isolated over a 20-month period . This showed that 31 of 42 had positive immediate skin prick tests to common antigens . 21 had positive reactions to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens and 23 had precipitins to A . fumigatus antigen . 36 patients had had frequent courses of antibiotics and airway obstruction was present in 47 . These results have prompted the hypothesis that the positive skin test reactions in patients with cystic fibrosis may in part be explained by the abundance of fungal and bacterial antigens that occur in the respiratory tract of these patients . The former antigens sensitize the immunoglobulin E producing cells whilst the latter exert an adjuvant action and facilitate this.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1981 Jan-Feb, 132A(1), 31 - 40
{Influence of supplementary tyrosine or phenylalanine on bacterial growth and pigmentation of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" (author's transl)}; Labeyrie S et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows readily on synthetic media containing succinate (36 mM) and ammonium chloride as sole source of nitrogen (34 mM) ; addition of tyrosine or phenylalanine (2,7 mM) is followed by an increase of both the growth rate and pyocyanine production . Several molecules structurally related to tyrosine give similar results . Tyrosine partially suppresses the inhibitory effect of both cyanide and azide . The results are discussed with regard to the biosynthesis of aromatic aminoacids and of phenazine pigments.

Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1981 Spring, 21(1), 26 - 31
Morphology of sulfur granules produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cows; Kubo M et al.; A sulfur granule produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in three cows was studied light- and electron-microscopically . It consisted of clumps of basophilic bacteria and eosinophilic clubs . The clubs radiated from the periphery outward . The bacteria were stained dark red by both PAS and MacCallum-Goodpasture staining . Electron-microscopically, the sulfur granule consisted of electron-dense amorphous material and bacteria . The intact bacterium was about 0.45 micrometers in diameter and had an electron-dense cell wall 15 nm in width . Beneath the cell wall, moderately electron-dense fine granular material was present . The center of the bacterium was electron lucent . The club was electron-dense amorphous material . Degenerative bacteria and pilus-like structures were often seen in it . In one case, clusters of bacteriophages were present in and near the degenerative bacteria . Their head was hexagonal and 40 nm in diameter.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Jan-Feb, 3(1), 28 - 37
Postantibiotic suppression of bacterial growth; Bundtzen RW et al.; Persistent suppression of bacterial growth following exposure of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to numerous antimicrobial agents was studied . The persistent, or postantibiotic, effect was quantitated by periodic counts of colony-forming units after removal of the drug by washing, dilution, or inactivation with penicillinase . Although a postantibiotic effect was observed with all drugs studied, there were marked differences among drugs in their postantibiotic effects on certain organisms . With gram-positive organisms, concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics near the minimal inhibitory concentration produced persistent effects lasting 1-3 hr . With gram-negative organisms much higher concentrations were required to elicit a postantibiotic effect . Inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis produced the longest persistent suppression of growth, which was of comparable duration in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria . Only a short persistent effect of gentamicin was observed with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but a postantibiotic effect lasting 1.6-2.6 hr was observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The duration of the postantibiotic effect was related linearly to concentration of drug and duration of exposure up to a point of maximal response . Persistent effects following exposure to antibiotics were also demonstrated in 90% human serum.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Jan, 89(1), 275 - 84
Lytic enzyme produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa concomitantly with bacteriophage PS17 . Purification, characterization, and comparison with PR1-lysozyme; Sawada H et al.; A bacteriolytic enzyme was found to be produced, concomitantly with the progeny phage, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa P14 infected with phage PS17 . The enzyme, named PS17-lysozyme, was purified by acrinol treatment, two cycles of Amberlite CG-50 chromatography, and SP-Sephadex C-50 chromatography . Homogeneity of the preparation was demonstrated by three electrophoretic techniques . PS17-lysozyme behaved like a basic protein (pI, 9-10) consisting of a single polypeptide chain (molecular weight, 24,500) and showed the substrate specificity as hen egg-white lysozyme . The enzyme exhibited much higher specific activity than the egg-white enzyme when assayed with chloroform-killed P . aeruginosa P14 as a substrate . These characteristics, as well as the amino acid composition, were very similar to those of PR1-lysozyme; a bacteriolytic enzyme produced in mitomycin C-induced P . aeruginosa P15 concomitantly with a phage-tail-like bacteriocin, pyocin R1 (Ochi et al . (1978) J . Biochem . 83, 727-736) . However, the behavior of these two lysozymes from P . aeruginosa in Amberlite CG-50 chromatography and some other properties indicated that they were not identical, though they were similar . The results are in accord with the view that pyocin R1 may be a defective form of a bacteriophage closely related to but not identical with phage PS17.

Can J Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 27(1), 93 - 7
Effect of active and passive immunization on the development of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyelonephritis in mice; Petit JC et al.; Experimental pyelonephritis was produced in mice by the intravenous injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Immune response to infection was studied by passive hemagglutination antibody titers . Vaccination of mice with live P . aeruginosa or culture filtrates (Pseudomonas antigen) induced antibodies and resulted in a high degree of protection against death and pyelonephritis following subsequent hematogenous challenge with the homologous strain . Transfer of immune serum protected mice against death following infection with the homologous strain and with a heterologous strain . However, immune serum failed to protect mice from kidney infection by the heterologous strain . These data indicate that immune serum seemed to protect against early, overwhelming bacteremia but did not prevent a chronic course of kidney infection by a heterologous strain.

Pediatr Res, 1981 Jan, 15(1), 14 - 8
Influence of cystic fibrosis plasma on lymphocyte responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro; Sorensen RU et al.; Peripheral blood lymphocytes from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with advanced diseases do not proliferate following exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) antigen sin in vitro . In this study, we sought to determine if CF lymphocyte unresponsiveness to PA is due to inhibitory factors present in CF plasma . Nineteen low-responder CF (LRCF) patients increased their mean lymphocyte proliferative response (l3H}thymidine incorporation) from 703 +/- 133 to 3178 +/- 811 net cpm when incubated in normal plasma . These increase do not reach the level of response seen in normal individuals (8510 +/- 1323 net cpm) . Ten of 19 patients did not increase their responses over 2000 net cpm . Plasma from LRCF patients does not inhibit responses of normal or homologous CF lymphocytes . Responses of normal individual in autologous plasma were 7807 +/- 1164 net cpm . Th same lymphocytes incubated in 16 plasmas from LRCF patients gave responses of 7146 +/- 1317 net cpm . Preincubation of the PA antigen in LRCF plasma increases rather than inhibits normal lymphocyte responses . LRCF plasma absorbed with PA no longer supports normal lymphocyte responses to PA . LRCF and normal plasma mixtures increase responses of normal lymphocytes to PA over responses in autologous plasma . Extensive preincubation and washing of LRCF lymphocytes to eliminate blocking immune complexes failed to restore the ability to respond to PA . These data suggest that the unresponsiveness to PA of lymphocytes from CF patients with advanced disease is due to alterations occurring at a cellular level in vivo . This lymphocyte dysfunction cannot be reversed by normal plasma in vitro, nor can it be induced in normal lymphocytes by the use of CF plasma.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 231 - 2
Facilitating quality control of the antimicrobial susceptibility test; Fluornoy DJ; Standard reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were suspended in sterile deionized water and tested daily via disk agar diffusion for their antimicrobial susceptibilities . Inocula of E . coli and P . aeruginosa yielded acceptable results for up to 32 days; however, results on S . aureus were unacceptable due to loss of viability of the organism in water . E . coli and P . aeruginosa inocula, in water, can be used daily for quality control of the disk gear diffusion test.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Jan, 145(1), 628 - 31
Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane: peptidoglycan-associated proteins; Hancock RE et al.; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane was isolated with attached peptidoglycan and fractionated with Triton X-100, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and lysozyme . The data suggest that major outer membrane proteins F, H2, and I are noncovalently associated with the peptidoglycan.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Jan, 145(1), 417 - 21
Biosynthesis of membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of various antibiotics; Yasumura M et al.; The biosynthesis of membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined using various antibiotics (puromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and rifampin) . Among six major membrane proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the biosynthesis of two membrane proteins (proteins I and II) was found to be unusually resistant to these antibiotics . The biosynthesis of protein I (apparent molecular weight of 6,500) was completely resistant to puromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline at conditions which severely inhibited the biosynthesis of all the other membrane proteins except for protein II . Under the same conditions, the biosynthesis of protein II (apparent molecular weight of 9,000) was also resistant to puromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, but was sensitive to chloramphenicol . The effect of rifampin on the biosynthesis of proteins I and II indicated that their messenger RNAs are extremely stable; their functional half-lives are 16 and 8 min for proteins I and II, respectively, in contrast with 2.0 and 3.5 min for the average half-lives of the cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, respectively . Protein II was identified as the lipoprotein of the outer membrane from its amino acid composition and mobility in gel electrophoresis . Protein I is a cytoplasmic membrane protein lacking histidine . From the content of arginine residues, the number of protein I molecules per cell was estimated to be as many as, and most likely more than, that of the lipoprotein (protein II) . Therefore, protein I is the most abundant protein in P . aeruginosa.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Jan, 145(1), 145 - 55
Genetic circularity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO chromosome; Royle PL et al.; Genetic circularity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO chromosome was demonstrated by a series of two- and three-factor crosses and double-selection experiments with Cma plasmids FP2, FP5, FP110, and R68.45 . A range of additional markers, including catabolic markers, were located on the chromosome map . Plasmid FP2, known to have a major origin of chromosome transfer (0 min) was shown to have at least one other minor origin from which it can transfer the chromosome in the direction opposite to that found for the major origin.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1981 Jan, 123(1), 37 - 41
Changes in lymphocyte reactivity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients with cystic fibrosis; Sorensen RU et al.; In vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus were studied in 38 patients with cystic fibrosis admitted for treatment of deteriorating pulmonary status . All patients were examined at admission and at least once after an average of 2 wk of treatment . Case history scores at admission and clinical responses to treatment were assessed independently . Patients were divided, according to their initial reactivity to PA, into low responder and responder groups . Twenty-nine patients were low responders to PA at admission . Eight of the patients in this group also had abnormally low responses to SA . After treatment, 10 patients became PA responders, whereas 19 had persistently low responses to PA . Nine of ten patients who subsequently died were in this persistently low responder group . Nine patients were responders at admission, and 8 remained in this category after treatment . These findings indicated that patients with cystic fibrosis have abnormal lymphocyte proliferative responses to killed bacteria . This dysfunction is acquired, and reversible in some patients in association with clinical improvement after intensive intravenous antimicrobial treatment . Once established, lymphocyte unresponsiveness may contribute to the progression of PA lung infection by impairing pulmonary macrophage activation by reactive lymphocytes.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1981 Jan, 75(1), 39 - 44
Comparison of minimum inhibitory concentration values determined by three antimicrobic dilution methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Woolfrey BF et al.; This investigation compares minimum inhibitory concentration measurements by three antimicrobic dilution methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa versus seven antimicrobics . Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured for 650 P . aeruginosa clinical isolates and for repeated tests with P . aeruginosa ATCC 27853 versus gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, sisomicin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin, using the macro-broth, micro-broth, and agar dilution methods . For all antimicrobics, it was found that the micro-broth and agar dilution methods produced comparable minimum inhibitory concentration measurements, which were found to lie 1 to 2 double dilution steps below those determined by the macro-broth method . Acceptably replicability was found for both the macro-broth and the agar dilution methods . The micro-broth method showed less replicability, with 4.7% of minimum inhibitory concentration values lying +/- 2 or more double dilution steps from the modal value . It is important to recognize such differences if micro-broth or agar dilution methods are substituted for the macro-broth method.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 87 - 91
Antibiotic treatment of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients; Moller NE et al.; The retrospective bacteriological results of 322 courses of anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa chemotherapy in a cohort of 57 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are reported . Tobramycin given as mono-therapy eradicated P . aeruginosa from the lungs of CF patients in 9% of the courses, whereas a combination therapy consisting of carbenicillin + tobramycin eradicated P . aeruginosa in 55% of the courses . However, the efficacy of the chemotherapy diminished successively when repeated courses of treatment were given . The efficacy of the carbenicillin + tobramycin combination in eradicating P . aeruginosa from the lungs of CF patients was compared with the efficacy of azlocillin + tobramycin and piperacillin + tobramycin in a prospective study . P . aeruginosa was eradicated in 78% of CF patients treated with carbenicillin + tobramycin, in 28% of CF patients treated with azlocillin + tobramycin, and in 33% of CF patients treated with piperacillin + tobramycin . However, the two latter groups of patients had on an average significantly higher numbers of P . aeruginosa precipitins in serum, indicating more severe infections . In CF patients where P . aeruginosa was not eradicated, a significant increase of MIC against carbenicillin, azlocillin and piperacillin was observed . There was a significant improvement of lung function and laboratory parameters reflecting diminished inflammation as a result of the treatment . 40% of the CF patients treated with azlocillin or piperacillin developed serum sickness-like symptoms.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 27 - 30
In vitro activity of azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoiby N et al.; 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin against 157 strains of P . aeruginosa were determined by means of the agar plate-dilution method . The 3 new semisynthetic penicillins were significantly more active against P . aeruginosa than carbenicillin; azlocillin and piperacillin were 8-fold, and mezlocillin was 2-4-fold more active than carbenicillin . More than 95% of the P . aeruginosa strains were inhibited by 16 micrograms/ml of azlocillin or piperacillin whereas 64 micrograms/ml of mezlocillin and 256 micrograms/ml of carbenicillin, respectively, were necessary to inhibit 95% of the strains.

Genetika, 1981, 17(6), 967 - 76
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages whose DNA structure is similar to the DNA structure of phage Mu 1 . III . The isolation and analysis of the hybrid phages D3112 and B39: localization of the immunity region and of certain genetic factors}; Bogush VG et al.; Several different hybrids have been isolated in a cross between heteroimmune Mu-like Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages D3112 and B39 . Analysis of hybrid phage DNAs treated with specific endonucleases and heteroduplex studies have permitted to map the immunity region of phages in the left part of their genomes . Also, a ts-mutation in the wild-type B39 and some genetic factors influencing the growth of D3112 in P . aeruginosa strain PA0 (B39) and in bacteria harbouring RPL11 plasmid, have been localized . All recombinants studied have arisen by double crossingover and can be considered as substitutions of different continuous parts of the D3112 genome by fragments of the B39 genome . A comparison of distribution of non-homologous regions in B39 and D3112 genomes as well as locations of endonuclease-sensitive sites have given some unexpected results . In contrast to the B39-D3112 pair, the other pair of related Mu-like phages, B3-D3112, have no visible homology within the most part of their genomes.

Mol Gen Genet, 1981, 182(2), 240 - 4
Isolation of an Hfr donor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO by insertion of the plasmid RP1 into the tryptophan synthase gene; Haas D et al.; A derivative of the IncP-1 plasmid RP1, temperature-sensitive for maintenance, was inserted into the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome by selection for a plasmid marker (carbenicillin resistance) at non-permissive temperature . In one strain, PAO 1000, the plasmid was stably integrated in the trpA, B gene cluster mapped at 27 min, as shown by the following evidence . (i) Trp+ transductants lost all plasmid markers . (ii) Cleared lysates of PAO 1000 showed no plasmid band typical of the autonomous RP1 in agarose gel electrophoresis . (iii) No transfer of carbenicillin resistance by PAO 1000 was detectable . (iv) PAO 1000 mobilised the chromosome from an origin at, or very near, the plasmid insertion site with high frequency (recovery of proximal markers greater than or equal to 10(-3) per donor) . Matings on the plate with and without interruption of conjugation showed that chromosome transfer was unidirectional . (v) Recombinants from PAO 1000-mediated crosses did not inherit plasmid markers or the trpA, B mutation . A derivative of PAO 1000 was obtained which had lost the Hfr property and all plasmid markers except carbenicillin resistance . This strain (PAO 1001), when carrying the autonomous RP1 plasmid, was capable of unidirectional chromosome mobilisation like PAO 1000, but with 50-fold lower efficiency . We propose that integration of the temperature-sensitive RP1 plasmid in PAO 1000 occurred via transposition of Tn1, the element specifying carbenicillin resistance.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(7), 1070 - 2
Cefotaxime: binding affinity to penicillin-binding proteins and morphological changes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Masuyoshi S et al.; The mechanism of action of a new cephalosporin 7-{2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoximino}-acetamido cephalosporanate (cefotaxime), was studied with respect to its binding affinities to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and morphological changes of bacteria treated by cefotaxime in vitro . Cefotaxime showed especially high affinity (compared with that pf penicillin G) for Escherichia coli PBP-1A, -1Bs, -3 and -4'and low affinities for PBP-2, -4, -5 and -6 . Similar results were obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which this compound showed high affinities for PBP-3, -1A, -1B and -2 . These results are compatible with morphological observations that at concentrations near its minimum inhibitory concentration or more, this antibiotic induced the formation of filamentous cells of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . At higher concentrations or after prolonged incubation, it induced lysis of the cells.

Microbios, 1981, 29(115), 23 - 31
Electron microscope study of the effect of benzalkonium, chlorhexidine and polymyxin on Pseudomonas cepacia; Richards RM et al.; Electron micrographs of Pseudomonas cepacia cell grown in nutrient broth show an external membrane which is distinctly wavy, when compared with similar preparations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and which is not affected by growing in the presence of broth containing benzalkonium (10 microgram/ml), chlorhexidine (10 microgram/ml) or polymyxin (25 units/ml) . Both benzalkonium (10 microgram/ml) and chlorhexidine (10 microgram/ml) damage the cytoplasmic membrane of P . cepacia cell grown in the presence of the chemicals . Contrasts are shown between the effect of polymyxin (chlorhexidine and benzalkonium) on the outer membrane of P . cepacia and P . aeruginosa.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1981, 30(2), 123 - 31
Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to neomycin . II . Correlation between neomycin resistance and hemoprotein concentration; Obojska K et al.; The cells of a newly isolated neomycin sensitive and neomycin resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contained similar level of catalase activity . The difference spectrum of the cells revealed the presence of cytochrome c-554 and cytochrome b-560- . The presence of both cytochromes in the same molecular ratio in the cells and subcellular fractions indicates that they are tightly bound to the cytoplasmic membrane . The neomycin resistant strain contained five times less cytochromes than the sensitive strain . The lower cytochrome level in the neomycin resistant cells was found to be independent of the presence or absence of neomycin in the medium . The difference spectra of the cells and particulate fractions did not reveal any cytochromes of alpha-type.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1981, 25(2), 163 - 8
Immunological study of antisera to to artificial O-antigen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Edvabnaya LS et al.; O-sera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with artificial antigens: polysaccharide extracted from the lipopolysaccharide of P . aeruginosa (strain No . 868; 03a, 3d, 3e), or the high-molecular-weight or low-molecular-weight fraction of this polysaccharide, complexed with a natural protein (human IgG or rabbit globulin) . The antisera to these antigenic complexes were highly O-specific . Antisera to the complexes of polysaccharide-protein and high-molecular-weight fraction-protein were more active in the passive haemagglutination reaction, slide agglutination test and immunodiffusion test in agar gel than was antiserum to the low-molecular-weight fraction-protein complex . The artificial antigens prepared and employed in the study are apt to be used for the preparation of monospecific immune sera.

Lancet, 1980 Dec 13, 2(8207), 1263 - 5
Controlled trial of Pseudomonas immunoglobulin and vaccine in burn patients; Jones RJ et al.; In a controlled trial burn patients at risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia were passively immunised with an immunoglobulin prepared from plasma from healthy human volunteers vaccinated with a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine; passively immunised and vaccinated; or only vaccinated . In children the mortality was lowest in those passively immunised (0%, 0/18); it was 21% (9/42) in controls . In adults the mortality rate of those receiving immunoglobulin or vaccine was 10% (3/30) or 8.3% (5/60), respectively, compared with 36% (22/61) in controls . Combined vaccine and immunoglobulin treatment gave rather less protection (mortality 13.6%, 3/22) than vaccine alone . Pseudomonas infection of burns was less common in patients who received immunoglobulin than in vaccinated or control patients.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Dec, 25(12), 921 - 4
{Combination of antibiotics and sodium nucleinate in the therapy of an experimental mixed infection due to pyogenic bacteria}; Bogdanova LF et al.; Mice were infected wtih a mixed culture of pathogenic Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The doses of sodium nucleinate were titrated . When used for prophylactic and treatment-prophylactic purposes, these doses did not change the antiinfection resistance of the animals . The doses of tetracycline and lincomycin combination (lincotetrin) having no therapeutic effect on repeated use of the combination were also chosen . It was shown that the combined use of the antibiotics and sodium nucleinate in the above doses promoted a significant increase in the animal survival rate while the drugs used alone did not promote any increase in the survival of the mice . The decrease in the death rate of the animals was observed both with the parenteral and the oral use of sodium nucleinate.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Dec, 26(12), 1403 - 7
Differential inactivation of three bacteriophages by acid and alkaline pH used in the membrane adsorption-elution method of virus recovery; Sabatino CM et al.; The study was prompted by our inability to concentrate phages by a membrane adsorption method effective for polioviruses . Consequently two coliphages WPK and T4, and F116 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for their resistance to acid (pH 5.2-3.2) and alkaline (pH 10-11.5) exposures . Only T4 proved acid resistant allowing for acid adsorption, and only WPK was sufficiently alkaline resistant to allow for alkaline elution . Thus, the differential susceptibility of various phages precludes the use of the acid membrane adsorption-alkaline elution method as a general method for the concentration of phages from large volumes of water.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Dec, 18(6), 939 - 43
CI-867, a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro studies; Weaver SS et al.; CI-867, a new semisynthetic penicillin, has exhibited broad-spectrum activity in vitro against gram-positive cocci, except penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and against gram-negative bacilli . It was especially active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and as active as mezlocillin and piperacillin against Klebsiella pneumoniae . CI-867 was bactericidal against most organisms . Its activity was greatly reduced when the inoculum was increased from 10(5) to 10(7) organisms per ml.

Biochem J, 1980 Dec 1, 191(3), 811 - 26
Chloroacetone as an active-site-directed inhibitor of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hollaway MR et al.; 1 . Chloroacetone (I) was shown to be an active-site-directed inhibitor of the aliphatic amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAC142.2 . This inhibitor reacted with the enzyme in two stages: the first involving the reversible formation of an enzymically inactive species, EI, and the second the formation of a species, EX, from which enzymic activity could not be recovered . 3 . Different types of kinetic experiment were conducted to test conformity of the reaction to the scheme: E + I k+1 Equilibrium k-1 EI Leads to K+2 EX A computer-based analysis of the results was carried out and values of the individual rate constants were determined . 4 . No direct evidence for a binding step before the formation of EI could be obtained, as with {E}0 Less Than {I}0 the observed first-order rate constant for the formation of EI was directly proportional to the concentration of chloroacetone up to 1.2 mM (above this concentration the reaction became too rapid to follow even by the stopped-flow method developed to investigate fast inhibition) . 5 . The value of k+1 exhibited a bell-shaped pH-dependency with a maximum value of about 3 X 10(3) M-1 . S-1 at pH6 and apparent pKa values of 7.8 and about 4.8.6 . The values of k-1 and K+2 were similar and changed with the time of reaction from values of about 3 X 10(-3) S-1 (pH8.6) at short times to about one-sixth this value for longer periods of incubation . In this respect the simple reaction scheme is insufficient to describe the inhibition process . 7 . The overall inhibition reaction is rapid, whether it is considered in relation to the expected chemical reactivity of chloroacetone, the rate of reaction of other enzymes with substrate analogues containing the chloromethyl group, or the rate of the amidase-catalysed hydrolysis of N-methylacetamide, a substrate that is nearly isosteric with chloroacetone . 8 . Acetamide protected the amidase from inhibition by chloroacetone, and the concentration-dependence of the protection gave a value of an apparent dissociation constant similar to the Km value for this substrate . 9 . Addition of acetamide to solutions of the species EI led to a slow recovery of activity . Recovery of active enzyme was also observed after dilution of a solution of EI in the absence of substrate . 10 . The species EI is considered not to be a simple adsorption complex, and the possibilities are discussed that it may be a tetrahedral carbonyl adduct, a Schiff base (azomethine) or a complex in which the enzyme has undergone a structural change . The species EX is probably a derivative in which there is a covalent bond between a group in the enzyme and the C-1 atom of the inhibitor.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Dec, 33(12), 1521 - 6
Isolation of two types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants highly sensitive to a specific group of beta-lactam antibiotics and with defect in penicillin-binding proteins; Noguchi H et al.; Two types of mutants highly sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics were obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 2142 by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine . One type of mutant showed over 30 times higher sensitivity to mecillinam, carbenicillin and sulbenicillin than did the parent, but not to most other beta-lactam antibiotics tested . In contrast, the other type mutant was about 30 times more sensitive to ampicillin, cephaloridine, cefoxitin and cefmetazole, but resistant to mecillinam, carbenicillin and sulbenicillin at the same level as the parent . Beta-lactamase activity of these mutants ws not different from that of the parent . Defect in either of penicillin-binding proteins 1A/1B or 5 was observed in some mutants of P . aeruginosa highly sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Dec, (12), 49 - 54
{Immunochemical analysis of water-soluble antigen complexes isolated from typing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of different O-serogroups}; Chekan LV et al.; Cross immunoelectrophoresis in agarose and immunodiffusion in agar gel were used to carry out the immunochemical analysis of water-soluble antigenic components isolated from P . aeruginosa of different O-serogroups (according to Lanyi's classification) . Immunodiffusion revealed the presence of 1--3 common antigens and 1 specific O-antigen in aqueous extracts . Experiments with the use of cross immunoelectrophoresis indicated that 1--12 common antigens could be detected in aqueous extracts . The reference preparation, produced on the basis of the cell mixture of 9 P . aeruginosa strains, contained up to 47 antigenic components, many of them being common to the strains of different O-serogroups (immunotypes).

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Dec, 77(12), 7267 - 71
Specific disruption of vimentin filament organization in monkey kidney CV-1 cells by diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A, and cycloheximide; Sharpe AH et al.; We have examined the effect of diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, and cycloheximide on the CV-1 cell cytoskeleton . Within a few hours after producing an inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, all these agents specifically disrupted the organization of the vimentin filament system with no discernable effect on microtubules or microfilaments during the period of observation . Furthermore, just as the inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide is reversible, so was the disruption of vimentin filaments by cycloheximide.

J Infect Dis . 1980 Dec;142(6):944.
Antimicrobial activity of street heroin; Tuazon CU et al.; Street heroin and injection paraphernalia have been implicated as sources of bacteria causing infections in drug abusers {1} . Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus are common etiologic agents . In a previous study of the microbiology of street heroin and injection paraphernalia, Bacillus species was the predominant isolate {2} . We did not find S . aureus, but one study reported isolates of identical phage type from heroin powder and from an infected patient {3} . To reconcile the results of our recent investigation among drug abusers with panophthalmitis, we theorized that the drug mixture might have an antibacterial effect . Of the samples of street heroin tested, all except one were bactericidal against S . aureus . The single sample with no heroin content was not bactericidal against one isolate of S . aureus and was the only sample that exhibited some degree of inhibitory and bactericidal activity against P . aeruginosa . All samples were bactericidal against the two isolates of B . cereus tested . Quinine exhibited bactericidal activity against S . aureus and B . cereus but was ineffective against P . aeruginosa . Our findings indicate that most samples of street heroin have antibacterial effects against S . aureus and B . cereus but no activity against P . aeruginosa . Such activity may be due to the quinine content of the mixture . The apparent lack of recovery of S . aureus from street heroin may be partially explained by this phenomenon.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1980 Dec, 61(6), 551 - 9
The role of extracellular products of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the pathogenesis of infection; an experimental study employing intraperitoneal diffusion chambers; Al-Ssum RM et al.; Exotoxin A is currently thought to be the principal lethal factor in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection . This belief is founded on the demonstrable toxicity of purified preparations, and on detection of the toxin in the tissues of burned animals infected with Ps . aeruginosa . In the present study, strains of Ps . aeruginosa differing in their ability to produce exotoxin A and other virulence factors in vitro were enclosed within vinyl diffusion chambers and implanted i.p . into mice . Strains which produced much exotoxin A in vitro were not significantly more virulent when enclosed in chambers than strains which produced little exotoxin . In all cases, diffusion of exotoxin A produced within the chamber was impeded by dense adherence of the omentum . It is concluded that, although absorption of exotoxin A may be an important factor in causing death after infected burns, it is not necessarily equally significant in other types of infection.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Dec, 18(6), 893 - 6
Influence of inoculum size on activity of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, moxalactam, piperacillin, and N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Corrado ML et al.; Forty clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for their susceptibility to cefoperazone, cefotaxime, moxalactam, piperacillin, N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787), and gentamicin at three different inocula . At an inoculum of 5 x 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU) per ml, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (in micrograms per milliliter) for 90% of isolates (MIC90) were as follows: gentamicin, 1; N-formimidoyl thienamycin, 2; cefoperazone, 4; piperacillin, 8; moxalactam, 16; and cefotaxime, 16 . When the inoculum was increased to 5 x 10(5) CFU/ml, the MIC90 for all drugs tested increased . Among the beta-lactam antibiotics, N-formimidoyl thienamycin and cefoperazone had the lowest MIC90 (8 micrograms/ml) at this inoculum . When the inoculum was increased further to 5 x 10(7) CFU/ml, an MIC90 could be determined only for gentamicin and N-formimidoyl thienamycin (4 and 8 micrograms/ml, respectively) . Indeed, the MIC50 for moxalactam, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, and piperacillin was 128 micrograms/ml or more at this inoculum . The minimum bactericidal concentration for 90% of isolates (MBC90) at an inoculum of 5 x 10(5) CFU/ml ranged from 8 micrograms/ml for gentamicin and N-formimidoyl thienamycin to 128 micrograms/ml for cefotaxime . At the highest inoculum, however, whereas the MBC90 for gentamicin and N-formimidoyl thienamycin remained at 8 micrograms/ml, the MBC90 for each of the other drugs was greater than 128 micrograms/ml . N-Formimidoyl thienamycin was the only drug tested for which an MIC100 and MBC100 (MIC and MBC for 100% of isolates) could be determined, and these were not significantly different from the MIC90 and MCB90.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Dec, 77(12), 7199 - 203
Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant producing a nontoxic, immunologically crossreactive toxin A protein; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; Nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO-1 yielded a mutant strain, PAO-PR1, which produced a protein that was immunologically indistinguishable from native toxin A and was nontoxic for cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells . In contrast to native toxin, the cell-associated and extracellular crossreactive material (CRM), designated "CRM protein," possessed no adenosine diphosphate-ribosylating activity . This CRM protein comigrated with native toxin A on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, could be immunoprecipitated with antitoxin from culture supernatants of strain PAO-PR1, and gave a reaction of identity in immunological assays . Equivalent amounts of toxin A antigen and CRM protein antigen were produced in liquid culture by their respective strains as quantitated in a radioimmunoassay for toxin A . These data suggest that mutant strain PAO-PR1 possesses one or more missense mutations within the structural gene for toxin A that adversely affect enzymatic activity, thereby rendering the molecule nontoxic.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Nov 20, 626(1), 15 - 22
1H-NMR studies of the coordination geometry at the heme iron and the electronic structure of the heme group in cytochrome c-552 from Euglena gracilis; Keller RM et al.; The 1H-NMR lines of heme c in reduced and oxidized cytochrome c-552 from Euglena gracilis were individually assigned and the coordination geometry of the axial ligands was investigated . The electronic structure of the heme and the chirality of the axially bound methionine were found to be of the same type as in mammalian cytochrome c, but different from cytochrome c-551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These results provide additional support for a previously proposed correlation between the chirality of attachment of the axial methionine and the electronic wave functions in oxidized cytochromes of the c type . Comparison of mammalian cytochrome c, cytochrome c-551 and cytochrome c-552 indicates that the chirality of the axially bound methionine is not linked with the evolutionary increase of the polypeptide chain length.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Nov 17, 633(1), 77 - 86
Cytotoxicity of pyocin S2 to tumor and normal cells and its interaction with cell surfaces; Watanabe T et al.; Cytotoxicity and adsorption of pyocin S2 produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa M47 (PAO 3047) to virally transformed mammalian cells, human malignant cells and normal cells in the same species were studied . Pyocin S2 inhibited the growth of not only tumor cells (XC, TSV-5, mKS-A TU-7, HeLa-S3 and AS-II cells) but also normal cells (BALB/3T3 and BHK 21 cells) . The inhibitory effects on the cells increased with an increase of pyocin S2 activity . On the other hand, there were some tumor cells (155-4 T2 and HCG-27 cells) and normal cells (normal rat kidney and human embryo lung cells) which were resistant to pyocin S2 . The pyocin S2 activity was neutralized by the cell membrane preparations from pyocin S2-sensitive cells, but not by those from pyocin-resistant cells . This neutralization ability was inhibited by high concentrations of D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid and completely destroyed by periodate and neuraminidase . The inhibition by the saccharides was concentration dependent . These results suggest that the toxicity of pyocin S2 in the cell membrane and further, that the carbohydrate moiety, especially of D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and sialic acid, may play an important role as an initial binding site for pyocin S2.

J Biol Chem, 1980 Nov 10, 255(21), 10015 - 6
Preliminary crystallographic study of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Satyshur KA et al.; The enzyme protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa consisting of eight identical subunits (total Mr = 783,100) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group 12 with unit cell dimensions a = 204, b = 129, c = 137 A, and beta = 97.5 degrees . The measured density is 1.26 g ml-1 . The Matthews coefficient is 2.27 A3/dalton . The large rod-like crystals diffract to about 2.5 A resolution . The asymmetric unit contains one-half of the enzyme and the enzyme contains an exact 2-fold axis of symmetry.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1980 Nov 1, 177(9), 815 - 7
Inner ear disease characterized by rolling in C3H mice; Kohn DF et al.; A neurologic disease characterized by rolling developed in C3H mice . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the middle and internal ears or meninges of affected mice . The principal pathologic finding was aggressive, primary, purulent otitis media, with extension to the inner ear, acoustic nerve, and meninges . Stresses that may have contributed to induction of the disease were not delineated; however, acidification of the drinking water resulted in near elimination of the disease.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1980 Nov-Dec, 90(5-6), 398 - 403
Impairment of cellular immunity in patients with malignant external otitis; Yust I et al.; Immunological studies were performed on 4 elderly diabetic patients with Malignant External Otitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Impairment of cellular immunity was found . Skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity to PPD, SK-SD and Mumps antigen were negative and stimulation rates of peripheral blood lymphocytes by PHA, Con-A and PWM were depressed in all 4 patients . Serum immunoglobulins and complement levels were normal except in one case in which paraprotein IgG was found . Peripheral blood lymphoid cell markers and the neutrophil nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test were within normal limits in the 2 patients tested . These results indicate that cellular immune deficiency predisposes to the development of Malignant External Otitis in elderly diabetic patients.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Nov, 33(11), 1249 - 55
gamma-Chloronorvaline, a leucine analog from Streptomyces; Narayanan S et al.; gamma-Chloronorvaline (AL-719) and gamma-hydroxynorvalinelactone (AL-719Y) were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces griseosporeus AL-719 . Physico-chemical studies led to the structure elucidation of AL-719 and 719Y, with there respective configurations of (2S, 4S) and (2S, 4R) . AL-719 shows antibacterial activity on a synthetic agar, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was reversed by L-leucine . The producing strain AL-719 was characterized.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 12(5), 711 - 3
Source of Pseudomonas in osteomyelitis of heels; Goldstein EJ et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of osteomyelitis following puncture wounds of the feet of children . The source of the initial inoculum is unknown . Only one strain of P . aeruginosa was cultured from paired samples of the heel or corresponding shoe's surface or both obtained from 100 children . Neither the skin of the heel nor the shoe appears to be the source of the initial inoculum.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1980 Nov-Dec, 90(5-6), 462 - 9
The mucociliary activity of the respiratory tract . I . Inhibitory effects of products of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on rabbit trachea in vitro; Reimer A et al.; Bacteriological filtrates of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were compared with respect to inhibitory effect on ciliary movements and a quantitative difference was established between them . The cilia inhibitory effect was strictly concentration-dependent and was resistant to heating . The ciliotoxic effect disappeared from filtrates after chloroform extraction . The chloroform-extracted sediment ws dissolved in physiological saline and the solution revealed an inhibitory effect on cilia . Involvement of endotoxin is not probable, since E . coli endotoxin in a high concentration was not toxic . Partially purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine pigment as well as haemolysin inhibited ciliary activity and the effect was standardized in the present experimental system.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Nov-Dec, 49(6), 911 - 8
{KMnO4-induced change in the chemiluminescence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells after their preliminary interaction with pyocyanine}; Gusev MV et al.; Pyocyanin was capable of interacting with the cells when it was added to the cell suspensions of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa P . culture producing the pigment and a mutant that did produce pyocyanin . As a result, the intensity of chemiluminescence induced by KMnO4 in the cells decreased . Pyocyanin inhibited the chemiluminescence of the parent strain and mutant cell homogenates and their fractions, with an exception of the fraction of the mutant cell walls with which it did not react . The character of pyocyanin interaction with the cells of Ps . aeruginosa P . was shown to depend on the conditions of the cultural incubation.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Nov-Dec, 131B(3), 209 - 22
Extracellular neuraminidase production by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis; Leprat R et al.; Extracellular neuraminidase production was found in a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a patient with cystic fibrosis . Extracellular neuraminidase was secreted in growth medium during the early stationary phase . The enzyme was produced in brain-heart infusion supplemented with 10% colt serum . The enzyme hydrolyzed the alpha 2 leads to 3 glycosidic linkages from N-acetylneuraminlactose and fetuin, and cleaved also mucins from CF . Activity was optimal pH 6.6-7.0, not modified by addition of calcium and magnesium cations, and insensitive to EDTA inhibition (50% inhibition in the presence of 0.035 mM EDTA) . The enzyme was stable at temperatures of 4 degrees C for weeks and 37 degrees C for at least 24 h but was almost completely inactivated within 30 min at 56 degrees C . No N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase was secreted in growth medium . For the neuraminidase producing strain and non-producing reference strains for P . aeruginosa, we demonstrated an endogeneous neuraminidase acting on endogenous substrate from highly concentrated cell extracts.

Ann Plast Surg, 1980 Nov, 5(5), 386 - 92
Topical and systemic antimicrobial agents in burns; Ollstein RN et al.; Infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in burns . Burn wound infection is defined as burn wound bacterial proliferation in a density equal to or greater than 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue . Gram-negative bacteria, notably Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as staphylococci and fungal opportunists, have been identified as prominent invaders . Topical and systemic antimicrobial agents are essential adjuncts in the prevention and treatment of burn wound infection . Topical antimicrobial therapy is indicated in all hospitalized burn patients . Short-term use of systemic antimicrobials for prophylaxis and treatment is required in all moderate and major burns, specifically for early prophylaxis, perioperative prophylaxis, and clinical infection . Antimicrobial choice is based on specific patient or environmental bacteriological data.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Nov, 18(5), 761 - 5
Synthesis of 3-O-demethylfortimicins; Martin JR et al.; Treatment of fortimicin B with lithium in ethylamine gave 3-O-demethylfortimicin B . The latter was converted by methodology developed with fortimicin B to 3-O-demethylfortimicin A, 4-N-sarcosyl-3-O-demethylfortimicin B, 4-N-beta-alanyl-3-O-demethylfortimicin B, and 4-N-(beta-aminoethyl)-3-O-demethylfortimicin B . 3-O-demethylfortimicin A and the 4-N-acyl-3-O-demethylfortimicins B had appreciably higher antibacterial activities than the corresponding parent fortimicins . Most significant was the increased activity of 3-O-demethylfortimicin A relative to fortimicin A against a variety of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Infect Immun, 1980 Nov, 30(2), 402 - 8
Slime glycolipoproteins and the pathogenicity of various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimental infection; Dimitracopoulos G et al.; Several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were differentiated on the basis of the surface properties of the cells . Fisher immunotype, phage type, polysaccharide depolymerase type, and indirect hemagglutination reactions were used for this purpose . Each strain was then studied with respect to events known to occur during the experimental infection of mice with P . aeruginosa . The virulence of the viable cells varied significantly, although all strains were virulent . Glycolipoproteins were isolated from the slime of each strain, and they appeared similar chemically when they were analyzed for gross composition . The toxicity of the isolated glycolipoproteins varied insignificantly, except for that of one strain . Viable cells of each strain and their respective glycolipoproteins caused leukopenia, which occurs in the course of the lethal infection . The antisera to the glycolipoproteins protected mice in every case against infection by the homologous strains . In some cases, various degrees of cross-protection were observed.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Nov, 144(2), 844 - 7
Nutritional factors controlling exocellular protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Jensen SE et al.; A defined medium capable of supporting growth and exocellular protease production by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed . Control of protease production is effected by a mixture of three amino acids and glucose.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Nov, 144(2), 622 - 9
Structural instability of IncP-1 plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT involves interaction with plasmid pVS1; Godfrey AJ et al.; The structural instability exhibited by IncP-1 plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAT was shown to be Rec+ dependent and involved interaction with the resident plasmid pVS1 . Structural instability resulted from deletion of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid at a frequency of ca . 10(-2)/cell per generation . Deletants could be stabilized by transduction into P . aeruginosa strain PAO, but in strain PAT deletants had only a transient existence, as continued deletion led eventually to the loss of the entire plasmid . The patterns of markers lost in PAT were used to demonstrate a marker order for R68 similar to that published elsewhere for RP4 (Barth and Grinter, J . Mol . Biol . 113:455-474, 1977), except that only one Tra region was found . R68 also exhibited Rec+-dependent structural instability in PAO(pVS1) derivatives but, unlike the case in PAT, instability was not accompanied by chromosome mobilization . We isolated deletants of pVS1 which were unable to promote structural instability.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Oct 15, 632(3), 399 - 407
Taurine catabolism . III . Evidence for the participation of the glyoxylate cycle; Shimamoto G et al.; The metabolic fate of acetate, produced during taurine catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa TAU-5, appears to involve the glyoxylate cycle . Organisms grown on taurine have significantly higher levels of malate synthetase and isocritrate lyase than cells grown on nutrient broth, but were comparable to the levels found in acetate-grown organisms . Itaconate, an isocitrate lyase inhibitor, produced a prolonged lag phase and reduced the growth rate of organisms when it was present in the taurine or acetate growth medium . Ethylmethanesulfonate treatment of TAU-5 yielded mutant strains unable to grow on taurine or acetate as sole carbon sources, due to a lack of either malate synthetase or isocitrate lyase . Spontaneous revertants derived from these mutant strains regained the missing enzyme activity and the ability to grow on taurine or acetate.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Oct, 142(4), 602 - 7
Synergistic interaction in vitro with use of three antibiotics simultaneously against Pseudomonas maltophilia; Yu VL et al.; An abbreviated three-dimensional checkerboard titration method was devised to determine whether synergistic interaction of three antimicrobial agents could be found against multidrug-resistant bacteria . Pseudomonas maltophilia was used as the test organism because of its resistance to most commercially available antimicrobial agents, including those active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Three-dimensional isobolograms with concave surfaces were formed when synergy occurred . Triple combinations of gentamicin-carbenicillin-rifampin (mean fractional inhibitory concentration index, 0.32) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-carbenicillin-rifampin (mean fractional inhibitory concentration index, 0.18) were consistently synergistic against 14 clinical isolates of P . maltophilia.

Am J Med, 1980 Oct, 69(4), 643 - 6
Low sweat electrolytes in a patient with cystic fibrosis; Davis PB et al.; A patient with the clinical syndrome of cystic fibrosis characterized by chronic pulmonary disease, infection with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sinusitis, nasal polyposis, abnormal pancreatic bicarbonate response to secretin stimulation, but normal levels of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenal drainage, and a sibling with autopsy-documented cystic fibrosis, is described . Sweat chloride ranged from 20 to 44 meq/liter and sweat sodium from 36 to 55 meq/liter . Immunoglobulin deficiency, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, tuberculosis and abnormalities of ciliary ultrastructure were excluded . Review of sweat electrolytes in 213 patients with cystic fibrosis revealed that patients with normal pancreatic enzyme release have significantly lower sweat sodium and chloride concentrations (p < 0.0005) than do patients with pancreatic insufficiency . Chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic insufficiency and elevated levels of sweat electrolytes comprise the classic diagnostic triad for cystic fibrosis . The expression of these features may be variable, but the sweat test remains the cardinal laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis . Over 98 percent of patients with cystic fibrosis have sweat chloride values greater than 60 meq/liter, 1 to 2 percent between 50 and 60 meq/liter, and only about one in 1,000, like our patient, less than 50 meq/liter . Patients with cystic fibrosis with borderline sweat chloride values frequently have chronic pulmonary disease but intact pancreatic enzyme release . In such patients, family history, ancillary clinical features and systemic exclusion of other syndromes assume special diagnostic importance.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1980 Oct, 88(5), 275 - 80
Immunoglobulins and albumin in sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis . A study of protein stability and presence of proteases; Schiotz PO et al.; Sputum sol phase from seventeen cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected in the lungs with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium (CF + P) and 11 CF patients without P . aeruginosa infection (CF-P) were examined for proteolytic activity in a fibrin plate assay . The proteolytic activity was significantly higher (p smaller than 0.02) in sputum from CF + P patients than in sputum from CF-patients . This difference was only quantitative since sputum sol phase from both groups degraded fibrinogen to non-precipitable material . The proteolytic degradation of IgG, IgA, secretory IgA and albumin in the sputum sol phases was investigated by means of gel filtration and the stability of these proteins during various storage conditions was examined . Degradation of IgG, IgA, secretory IgA and albumin in the sputa was not demonstrable and the proteins were stable for at least 4 weeks at 4 degree C.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Oct, 142(4), 547 - 55
Corneal infections in mice with toxin A and elastase mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ohman DE et al.; The data presented indicate that in experimental infections of the mouse cornea, toxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to the organism's pathogenicity, whereas active elastase may not be required . After traumatization, corneas were infected with wild-type parental toxin A-producing strains, two toxin A-deficient mutants (Tox-), or an elastase mutant . The infections produced by both Tox- mutants were less severe than infections produced by their parental strains . Furthermore, the Tox- mutants were not able to persist in the eyes as long as their parental strains . Addition of subdamaging doses of exogenous toxin A to eyes infected with the Tox- mutant PA103-29 significantly increased is virulence . The course of infection and the resulting corneal damage produced by the elastase mutant were indistinguishable from those of its parental strain.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 120(Pt 2), 393 - 402
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Purification, properties and characterization of mutants; Jeyaseelan K et al.; The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO was purified by affinity chromatography on ethanol-Sepharose 2B followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation . The overall purification was 130-fold based on enzyme activity . The purified complex contained three major and one minor polypeptide components when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . These were identified by heat treatment, limited proteolysis and peptide mapping as pyruvate dehydrogenase (El; Mr 92500), acetyltransferases (E2; major component, Mr 76000, and minor component, Mr 77800) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3; Mr 58000) . The purified complex had a sedimentation coefficient of 48S and the specific activity for the overall reaction of the complex was 6.5 micromol substrate transformed (mg protein)-1 min-1 at the optimum pH (7.8) and 25 degrees C . The lesions in four ace mutants lacking overall pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity were identified after partial purification of the corresponding cell-free extracts . Three strains, designated ace A mutants, lacked pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (E1 component) and one strain, and ace B mutant, lacked the activity of the acetyltransferase (E2 component).

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 120(Pt 2), 377 - 84
A mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa deficient in an ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease; Lehrbach PR et al.; A mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 originally isolated on the basis of its sensitivity to methyl methanesulphonate was found to be (i) sensitive to u.v.- and gamma-irradiation, (ii)deficient in recombination as assayed by transduction and conjugation and (iii) deficient in an ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity . Its marker (mms-13) is cotransducible with argB and pyrE which are mapped at approximately 22 min on the P . aeruginosa chromosome.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 Oct, 41(10), 1720 - 5
Pseudomonas pneumonia of mink: pathogenesis, vaccination, and serologic studies; Long GG et al.; Fulminating pneumonia was produced in mink by the intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The sequence of pulmonary lesions was focal inflammation, focal necrosis, and widespread inflammation and necrosis . Secondary lesions of peracute hemorrhage and necrosis were the result of bacterial spread via the airways . Invasion of vessel walls by P aeruginosa was a terminal event and was secondary to bacillary invasion and necrosis of adjacent tissues . Regional (lymphatic) and systemic spread of bacteria followed the development of pulmonary lesions, but there was little morphologic evidence of tissue damage in other organs . Immunofluorescence studies showed that P aeruginosa antigen was dispersed within pulmonary cells and was free in the lung parenchyma . Mink surviving beyond postinfection hour 60 had a macrophage infiltration into limited pulmonary lesions . A vaccine trial was conducted with P aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPS) used as antigen, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibody . Antibody was detected in mink after vaccination with LPS or natural exposure . Mink with antibody to LPS, from vaccination or naturally acquired, were resistant to experimental infection.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Oct, 88(5), 253 - 60
An antigen common to a wide range of bacteria . 2 . A biochemical study of a "common antigen" from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sompolinsky D et al.; Common Antigen (CA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been shown to be a protein composed of polypeptide subunits of a molecular weight (MW) of about 62 000 . The MW of this protein was estimated to 665 000 by gel filtration on sepharose CL-6B, to 800 000 by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels and to about 900 000 by ultracentrifugation, on a sucrose gradient . By analytical ultracentrifugation with Schlieren optics a sedimentation coefficient (S20 degrees, W) of 22.65 was calculated . The isoelectrical point was determined to pH 4.4 . The antigen was decomposed on exposure to proteolytic enzymes . Polysaccharide, lipid, deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid were not demonstrated in CA . The amino acid content of CA was determined, and no hexosamine or abnormal residues were observed . The amino acid content of CA was determined, and no hexosamine or abnormal residues were observed . The antigen was degraded when heated to 100 degrees C for 4 min or when exposed to pH below 4 or above 11 at 4 degree C . CA has been isolated from the cytoplasmic water-soluble fraction of disintegrated bacteria and only trace-amounts could be obtained from envelope fractions after solubilization with Triton X-100.

Can J Biochem, 1980 Oct, 58(10), 1165 - 71
Chloramphenicol-resistant variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa defective in amino acid transport; Irvin JE et al.; High-level chloramphenicol (CM) resistant variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated after culture of the wild-type (WT) strain in broth containing high concentration of the drug . These variants exhibit reduced ability to accumulate several amino acids . The extent of reduction in transport capacity is a function of the concentration of CM in which the variants are grown . Respiratory activity is not reduced in these strains . Amino acid uptake is not affected by the presence of CM during assay . An isogenic strain carrying a plasmid coding for CM resistance does not show this response to CM . Transport capacity is restored to the WT level in CM-sensitive revertants . These results suggest that the acquisition of CM resistance in P . aeruginosa is associated with a fundamental alteration in membrane permeability which is regulated by metabolism in the presence of the drug . The ramifications of this for the study of CM action and resistance are discussed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Oct, (10), 52 - 7
{Effect of the protective properties of antisera and immunoglobulin to antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime}; Zaidner IG et al.; The protective activity of antiserum and immunoglobulin to the toxic components of P . aeruginosa slime was studied in experiments on passive mouse protection . Sheep antiserum, or immunoglobulin obtained from this antiserum, was found to have a pronounced protective effect (antimicrobial action) in the infection of mice with a homologous or heterologous P . aeruginosa strain . Normal sheep serum and its globulin fraction also had a definite unspecific antimicrobial and antitoxic activity as revealed in experiments on the passive protection of mice infected with P . aeruginosa.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Oct, 142(4), 538 - 46
Evidence for the role of toxin A in the pathogenesis of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in humans; Cross AS et al.; Levels of antibody to toxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay . Mean (+/- SEM) peak levels of IgG in 24 normal soldiers were 2.6 +/- 0.5 microgram/ml, white mean peak levels in 12 patients colonized with and 13 patients infected in sites other than the blood with toxin A-producing strains were 16.7 +/- 7.0 and 17.1 +/- 4.4 microgram/ml, respectively . Levels of IgG were determined in 52 patients with pseudomonas bacteremia, and those surviving and those dying of bacteremia due to toxin A-producing strains had mean peak levels of 25.8 +/- 5.5 and 4.6 +/- 2.0 microgram/ml, respectively . The antitoxin response in sequential bacteremic sera began shortly after onset of bacteremia and decreased gradually, but antitoxin could be recalled promptly upon reinfection with Pseudomonas . Death from pseudomonas bacteremia was significantly associated with infection by a toxin A-producing strain, presence of underlying disease, hypotension, and antitoxin level of < 2 microgram/ml.

J Pharm Sci, 1980 Oct, 69(10), 1238 - 9
Influence of various agents on adsorption capacity of kaolin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin; Said SA et al.; The in vitro adsorption of 125I-labeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin (I) onto kaolin (II) at various pH values and in the presence of various agents was studied . The maximal adsorption capacity of I onto II occurred at pH values below 4.1, while minimal values were observed at pH 4.1, 7.4, and 8; average adsorption occurred at pH 5 and 6 . The tested agents at specific ratios to II decreased the percent adsorption capacity of II for I to various degrees . The results are explained by reference to the structures of both kaolin and the toxin.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 12(4), 626 - 8
Correlation of proteolytic activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with site of isolation; Janda JM et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were evaluated for protease activity by use of a semiquantitative plates assay . Differences were noted with respect to site of isolation, origin, and colonial morphology.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Oct, 18(4), 645 - 8
Comparative in vitro activity of moxalactam, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, piperacillin, and aminoglycosides against gram-negative bacilli; Kurtz TO et al.; The in vitro activities of four new beta-lactam antimicrobial agents (moxalactam, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, and piperacillin) and the aminoglycosides against 744 recent clinical isolates of facultative gram-negative bacilli were compared simultaneously by the agar dilution method . The major in vitro difference of these newer beta-lactam compounds appeared to be their antipseudomonal activity; cefoperazone was the most active, whereas cefotaxime had the least potency . The aminoglycosides, however, had the most effective in vitro activity on a weight basis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Oct, 144(1), 159 - 63
Regulation of enzyme synthesis in the arginine deiminase pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mercenier A et al.; The three enzymes of the arginine deiminase pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were induced strongly (50- to 100-fold) by a shift from aerobic growth conditions to very low oxygen tension . Arginine in the culture medium was not essential for induction, but increased the maximum enzyme levels twofold . The induction of the three enzymes arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6), catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3), and carbamate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) appeared to be coordinate . Catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase was studied in most detail . Nitrate and nitrite, which can replace oxygen as terminal electron acceptors in P . aeruginosa, partially prevented enzyme induction by low oxygen tension in the wild-type strain, but not in nar (nitrate reductase-negative) mutants . Glucose was found to exert catabolite repression of the deiminase pathway . Generally, conditions of stress, such as depletion of the carbon and energy source or the phosphate source, resulted in induced synthesis of catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase . The induction of the deiminase pathway is thought to mobilize intra- and extracellular reserves of arginine, which is used as a source of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the absence of respiration.

J Biol Chem, 1980 Sep 25, 255(18), 8437 - 42
EPR study of heme x NO complexes of ascorbic acid-reduced Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase and corresponding model complexes; Muhoberac BB et al.; The EPR spectra of the NO complexes of frozen solutions of ascorbic acid-reduced cytochrome oxidase (nitrite reductase) purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of its heme d1-depleted form, and of heme d1 in solutions containing various nitrogenous bases are quite similar to each other as well as to several heme (iron protoporphyrin IX)-containing proteins . The NO complexes of heme d1 (an iron-chlorin) in the presence of nitrogenous bases belong to spectral type C according to Kon's classification and, thus, the energy levels of the iron are closely related to thorse of heme complexes recorded under similar conditions . Comparison of these spectra with those of complexes of known structure suggests that both heme c and heme d1 are linked with Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase by means of a nitrogenous ligand . The EPR spectrum of the NO complex of the native enzyme exhibits a lack of resolution of the high field (gy) resonance which can be characterized in terms of a spectral contribution from both the heme c and heme d1 moieties . The similarity between the EPR spectra of the NO complexes of horse heart cytochrome c and the heme d1-depleted Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase before and after interaction with urea suggests structural similarities involving the heme irons . The changes caused by urea are likely to be a breaking or distortion of the bond between the iron and the protein-donated nitrogenous ligand and are similar to alterations seen with NO complexes of hemoglobin under a variety of conditions.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Sep 17, 632(1), 121 - 30
Taurine catabolism . II . biochemical and genetic evidence for sulfoacetaldehyde sulfo-lyase involvement; Shimamoto G et al.; Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . TAU-5 catalyze the cleavage of chemically or enzymatically synthesized sulfoacetaldehyde to form acetate and sulfite . The activity is enhanced by the presence of thiamine pyrophosphate . The sulfo-lyase responsible for this reaction has been partially purified 9-fold in order to separate it from taurine: pyruvate aminotransferase and to demonstrate its role in taurine catabolism . The sulfo-lyase is induced in organisms grown on taurine but not on other compounds tested . The induction occurs co-ordinately with the induction of the aminotransferase . Mutagenesis of the organism yielded a strain which lacks the sulfo-lyase and in incapable of growing on taurine . A revertant of this strain regained all the prototrophic characterics.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 145 - 51
Susceptibility of mice to bacterial infections after chronic exposure to cadmium; Berche P et al.; Susceptibility to bacterial infections after chronic exposure to cadmium was studied in mice . Cadmium chloride was injected intraperitoneally three times a week for 4 weeks . After this treatment, mice displayed splenomegalia, hyperplasia of the B-dependent areas of spleen . Virulence of bacteria considered as usually having extracellular sites of multiplication (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), or intracellular (Listeria monocytogenes), was determined . Only L . monocytogenes showed an increased virulence in cadmium-treated mice.

J Urol, 1980 Sep, 124(3), 431 - 2
Gangrene of the genitalia in children with pseudomonas sepsis; Rabinowitz R et al.; The incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia is increasing . Successful management is based upon early and aggressive therapy of the bacteremia and the usually associated granulocytopenia . A small number of such patients present with ecthyma gangrenosum, a characteristic skin lesion . During the last 4 years 5 children with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia presented to our hospital with these lesions . Although they occur most frequently on the extremities, buttocks or perineal region 2 of our patients had only isolated lesions of the external genitalia, resulting in gangrene of the penis in 1 and gangrene of the labia majora in the other . The gross and histologic pathology is reviewed . Recognition of this characteristic skin lesion enables the prompt institution of appropriate therapy.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 12(3), 439 - 41
Immunological nonidentity of Pseudomonas paucimobilis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia; Smalley DL et al.; This investigation determined the serum agglutination activity and serum bactericidal response after rabbit immunization with Pseudomonas paucimobilis . Agglutination activity of antisera showed a twofold increase in titer from before immunization to 4 weeks post-immunization and peaked at 8 weeks post-immunization with a titer of 1:512 . 2-Mercaptoethanol reduction of immunoglobulin M decreased agglutination titers . No major antigens were found to be common from crude antigen preparations of P . paucimobilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia when tested with antisera to P . paucimobilis . Serum bactericidal activity was found in post-immunization antisera at 8 and 12 weeks against P . paucimobilis, with no activity present before immunization or at 4 weeks post-immunization . Antisera against P . paucimobilis showed no bactericidal activity against P . aeruginosa or P . cepacia.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Sep, (9), 78 - 83
{Production of a hyperimmune antitoxic donor plasma against Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Krokhina MA et al.; Research work has been carried out with the aim of obtaining hyperimmune antitoxic plasma against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Hyperimmune plasma active against P . aeruginosa toxin has been obtained from donors immunized with P . aeruginosa toxoid . The preparation is highly specific and active, which is revealed by in vivo and in vitro tests . The clinical study of the preparation indicates its high efficacy in the treatment of diseases caused by different P . aeruginosa serotypes.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Sep-Oct, 49(5), 677 - 81
{Pyocyanin reactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and their fragments}; Gusev MV et al.; Pyocyanin added to suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa P changes the structural organization of the cells depending on their physiological characteristics, in particular, the capability to liberate pyocyanin into the cultural broth . Exogenous pyocyanin does not interact with the cells of the parent strain producing the pigment . However, the structure of the isolated cell walls deformed after the fractionation becomes similar, upon contact with pyocyanin, to the structure of the freshly isolated cell walls . The fraction of the cytoplasmic membranes of the parent strain also slightly changes its spatial organization after addition of pyocyanin . The cells of the mutant which do not produce pyocyanin display the ability for structural interaction with exogenous pyocyanin . In contrast, the fraction of their cell walls does not react to addition of the pigment . The cytoplasmic membranes of the mutant interact with pyocyanin in the same manner as the whole cells . These changes caused by pyocyanin always involve certain parts of the molecules . As a result, the following features are observed in their spectra: the absorption at 1475 cm-1 becomes more intensive; the "knee" at the band Amide II is more pronounced in the range of 1500 cm-1; the absorption at 1520 cm-1 decreases as well as the intensity of the band Amide II as a whole . The interaction of pyocyanin with biological objects stems, apparently, from the presence of certain proteins in them since peroxidase was found to respond to pyocyanin in a manner similar to that described for the cells and their fractions.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Sep-Oct, 49(5), 657 - 63
{Effect of sulfur, copper, and iron deficiency on the development of cyanide resistant respiration and the cytochrome composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Trutko SM et al.; The effect of deficiency in sulfur, copper and iron in the growth medium on cyanide resistant respiration and cytochrome composition was studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida lipolytica . It has been shown that: cyanide resistant respiration was observed at the stationary growth phase when the two microorganisms were cultivated in a complete medium; this respiration was detected already at the phase of decelerated growth in the case of copper deficiency; iron deficiency inhibited cyanide resistant respiration in the bacterium but stimulated its appearance in the yeast; sulfur deficiency inhibited the manifestation of cyanide resistant respiration in the both microorganisms; limitation of the bacterial growth with iron resulted in the accumulation of an iron complex (identical to pyoverdin in its spectral characteristics) in the cultural broth; the deficiency of sulfur, copper and iron inhibited the synthesis of all cytochromes in the bacterium; copper deficiency inhibited only the synthesis of a + a3 in the yeast; iron deficiency inhibited the synthesis of all cytochromes in the yeast; sulfur deficiency had virtually no effect on the content of cytochromes in the yeast . A possible nature of cyanide resistant oxidases in these microorganisms is discussed.

Diabetes Care, 1980 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 611 - 4
Malignant external otitis: now a medical problem; Giordano JA et al.; A 75-yr-old diabetic woman presented with right ear tenderness and neck pain . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured during surgery from an inflammatory area in the region of the cervical vertebrae . A diagnosis of malignant external otitis was made and parenteral antibiotics were given, which produced a cure . This disease has a high mortality rate, which accounts for the use of the word malignant . Our patient also manifested the jugular foramen syndrome involving multiple cranial nerves . If there is cranial nerve involvement, which is seen in at least one-half of cases, the mortality ranges as high as 80% . We describe here the first case with invasion of the cervical vertebrae.

Infect Immun, 1980 Sep, 29(3), 1028 - 33
Production and properties of heat-stable extracellular hemolysin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Johnson MK et al.; Of 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 were found to produce heat-stable extracellular hemolysin in highly aerated peptone broth supplemented with glycerol, fructose, or mannitol . Glucose supported good hemolysin production only in medium that was highly buffered . The yield of both cells and hemolysin was lower with organic acids as supplement . Growth-limiting phosphate concentrations produced maximum hemolysin levels . Purified hemolysin preparations contained two hemolytic glycolipids . The kinetics of hemolysis at various levels of purified lysin and the effects of variation in lysin and erythrocyte concentration are described.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Sep, 88(3), 757 - 64
Function of ubiquinone in the electron transport system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically; Matsushita K et al.; The location and function of ubiquinone in the electron transport system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically were studied . The reduction level of ubiquinone in the intact membrane was 36-43% in the aerobic steady state and about 65% in the anaerobic state with one substrate, but the level in the anaerobic state reached to 81% with a mixture of several substrates . Complete removal of ubiquinone performed by extracting the lyophilized membrane particles with n-pentane containing acetone resulted in complete loss of all oxidase activities for glucose, gluconate, malate, succinate, and NADH . In the ubiquinone-depleted particles, neither cytochrome component was reduced by adding any substrate . Reincorporation of coenzyme Q9 into the depleted particles restored each oxidase activity to 60 to 80% of the original and reduction of cytochromes with substrates . The reduction kinetics of cytochromes and effect of inhibitors showed that coenzyme Q9 was incorporated at the original site in the electron transport system . Exogenous coenzyme Q2 increased gluconate and malate oxidase activities and decreased glucose oxidase activity, when French-pressed membrane vesicles but not spheroplasts were used . Oxidizing activity for reduced coenzyme Q2 was also detected in the pressed vesicles but not in the spheroplasts . The present results showed that ubiquinone was indispensable and located prior to cytochromes in the electron transport system . Furthermore, the homogeneity and sidedness of ubiquinone in the cytoplasmic membrane of the organism are also discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Sep, 143(3), 1471 - 9
Isolation and characterization of multiflagellate mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Suzuki T et al.; Multitrichously polar flagellated mutants were isolated from a monotrichously flagellated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The ability of the mutant cells to swarm in semisolid media at given gel strengths was increased by the multiflagellation . Observations of the mutant cells by electron microscopy revealed that the number of flagella produced per cell cycle was increased . F116 phage-mediated transduction showed that the multiflagellation occurred by a single mutation and that the mutation sites were linked to a fla cluster of this organism.

Radiology, 1980 Sep, 136(3), 792 - 3
Bacterial contamination of an automated water path B-scanner; Wicks JD et al.; Water path delay B-scanners are subject to bacterial contamination of the water bath . The most predominant organism has been Pseudomonas aeruginosa . To date, such contamination has not been eradicated completely . A rigid program of maintenance and surveillance is necessary to protect patients.

Infect Immun, 1980 Sep, 29(3), 1146 - 51
Role of pili in adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mammalian buccal epithelial cells; Woods DE et al.; Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms to the upper respiratory epithelium of seriously ill patients in vitro is correlated with subsequent colonization of the respiratory tract by this opportunistic pathogen . The role of pili in the attachment to epithelial cells of P . aeruginosa was studied in an in vitro system employing human buccal epithelial cells and P . aeruginosa pretreated by various means . Pretreatment of the bacteria with proteases, heat, or Formalin caused a significant decrease in adherence . A decrease when compared with controls was also noted in the adherence of P . aeruginosa organisms to buccal epithelial cells preincubated with purified pili prepared from the strain used for adherence testing; however, pili prepared from a heterologous strain failed to block adherence . Similar results were obtained in serological studies when antisera to purified pili prepared from the strain used for adherence testing decreased adherence, whereas heterologous antiserum to pili did not decrease adherence . From these results it appears that pili mediate the adherence of P . aeruginosa organisms to human buccal epithelial cells.

Biochemistry, 1980 Aug 5, 19(16), 3841 - 5
Reduced nicotinamide 8-(alkylamino)adenine dinucleotides: enzyme-coenzyme interactions with different adenyl glycosyl bond conformations; Lappi DA et al.; Enzyme binding studies have been conducted on several reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogues having different substitutions at the 8 position of the adenine . The following analogues were synthesized for this study: 8-bromo-, 8-(methylamino)-, 8-(dimethylamino)-, and 8-(ethylamino)-substituted NADH . The conformation of these analogues was also studied . 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that there was rotation about the adenine glycosyl bond and that the rotational preference depended on the C8 substituent . The bromo and dimethylamino analogues were predominantly in the syn conformation, while the anti conformation prevailed in the other derivatives as it does in the native NADH . Use of these analogues as co-enzymes by Pseudomonas aeruginosa transhydrogenase, Beneckea harveyi FMN:NADH oxidoreductase, rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase, beef heart lactate dehydrogenase, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase resulted in enzyme activity in all cases . The bromo and dimethylamino analogues were bound significantly tighter than the other analogues for at least two of the enzymes studied . The data are discussed with respect to the ability of these enzymes to bind nucleotides which are in the syn conformation.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Aug, 55(8), 604 - 7
Gentamicin and tobramycin compared in the treatment of mucoid pseudomonas lung infections in cystic fibrosis; Martin AJ et al.; 18 children with cystic fibrosis and mucoid pseudomonas lung infection were treated with courses either of gentamicin plus carbenicillin, or tobramycin plus carbenicillin, with 2 children each receiving two courses . 10 courses of gentamicin at a dose of 9 mg/kg per day plus carbenicillin at 800 mg/kg per day, and 10 courses of tobramycin at 9 mg/kg per day plus carbenicillin at 800 mg/kg per day were given . There was clinical and x-ray improvement in both groups of children, but there was no difference between the therapeutic benefit of either regimen . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not cultured at the end of treatment after 15 of the 20 courses, but it returned in all but one patient within 3 months . Neither ototoxicity nor renal damage with these high doses of aminoglycoside was detected . P . aeruginosa had not been eliminated when 9 of these patients earlier had received courses of gentamicin in a dose of 6 mg/kg per day plus carbenicillin at 800 mg/kg per day . The results show that P . aeruginosa can successfully be eliminated or suppressed with high-dose aminoglycoside plus carbenicillin, but such elimination is usually short lived.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1980 Aug, 61(4), 451 - 60
Experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a radiographic-pathological correlative analysis; Norden CW et al.; A previously-described experimental model of bacterial osteomyelitis was used to investigate systematically the sequential radiographic and histopathological changes in the tibias of rabbits infected with either Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The radiographic changes induced by both organisms were progressive, increasing in severity from the first to the fourth week after infection . The severity and extent of radiographic changes, especially that of bond destruction, were significantly greater for tibias infected with S . aureus . Histopathologically, staphylococcal disease was a severe, rapidly progressive purulent infection which led to extensive destruction of marrow and cortical bone, formation of sequestra, and frequent extraosseous extension . Disease due to P . aeruginosa was more indolent and less destructive, leading to earlier healing and no extraosseous extension . The sequential radiographic and pathological changes observed with this experimental model closely resemble those described in man and suggest that this model may be useful for future investigations of pathogenesis and therapy.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Aug, 143(2), 834 - 40
Homologous structural genes and similar induction patterns in Azotobacter spp . and Pseudomonas spp; Durham DR et al.; Intergeneric comparison of the three enzymes that initiate metabolism of protocatechuate in Azotobacter and Pseudomonas species revealed close immunological relatedness of isofunctional proteins . Furthermore, beta-ketoadipate induces all of the enzymes of the protocatechuate pathway (except protocatechuate oxygenase) in Azotobacter and in Pseudomonas species of the "fluorescent" and "cepacia" groups . This regulatory property sets the organisms apart from other bacteria . Protocatechuate oxygenase from Pseudomonas cepacia, like the enzyme from fluorescent Pseudomonas species, cross-reacts strongly with antiserum prepared against protocatechuate oxygenase from Azotobacter vinelandii . Double-diffusion experiments conducted with the antiserum revealed relatedness of Azotobacter spp . Protocatechuate oxygenases in the following order: A . vinelandii = Azotobacter miscellum greater than Azotobacter chroococcum greater than Azotobacter beijerinkii . The antiserum also revealed serological heterogeneity among Pseudomonas spp . protocatechuate oxygenases which were serologically indistinguishable in earlier studies using Pseudomonas aeruginosa protocatechuate oxygenase as reference protein.

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