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Bacteria (especially E. coli) may be used to replicate DNA in the form of a plasmid. This DNA is often chemically modified in vitro then inserted into bacteria to select for the desired traits and isolate the desired product from by-products of the reaction. After growing the bacteria and thereby replicating the DNA, the DNA may be further modified and inserted into other organisms. Bacteria may be used to produce large amounts of protein using genes encoded on a plasmid Bacterial genes have been inserted into other organisms as reporter genes. The yeast two-hybrid system combines bacterial genes with genes from the organism being studied and inserts them into yeast cells to study protein-protein interactions within a cellular environment. An ascomycete produces great numbers of asci at any one time, and these may be contained in a structure called an ascocarp. Each ascus contains eight (or a multiple of 8) ascospores, the result of one round of mitosis following meiosis. The resulting haploid nuclei are surrounded by membranes (from the plasma membrane in Euascomycetes; from the nuclear membrane in Hemiascomycetes) and eventually a spore wall. Click on following items to see more information: Acinetobacter, Antimicrobials, Antibiotics, Antibiotics, Bactericidal, Bacillus, Bacteria, Bacteria, Antimicrobial, Phage, Biofilms, Campylobacter, Cell cultures, Ciprofloxacin, Cryptococci, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Erythromycin, Functional genomics, Yeasts, Haemophilus, Kluyveromyces, Meningococcus, Microbial, Microflora, Multidrug resistant, Pathogenic bacterium, Prokaryotes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae, Salmonella, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococci, Streptomycin, Vibriosis Scientists also use molecular tools to extract and compare bits of a particular kind of RNA from samples in order to determine if previously known or new microbes are present in a particular environment. This technique is widely used as a biomarker and for microbial ecology studies. It uses a particular kind of RNA known as 16S ribosomal RNA, or 16S rRNA. Ribosomes are the gene-translating machines in all living things. When a gene on a piece of DNA is copied into a strand of messenger RNA and ferried out of the cell nucleus into the cell fluid, ribosomes there latch onto this mRNA. The ribosomes move along the mRNA strand, reading the code contained in its sequence of nucleotide bases (the As, Gs, Cs and Us, since U replaces T in RNA) and stringing the right amino acids together based on the code to build protein chains. Flagellates Similarly complex single-celled organisms, flagellates have whip-like appendages called flagella sticking out of their cells. The flagella are used for locomotion and to direct food particles or cells into the organism’s mouth-like opening. Flagellates dine on bacteria, algae, and other protozoa. Several well-known flagellates cause parasitic diseases, such as trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness, and Giardia lamblia, a parasite found in mountain streams and rivers that causes severe gastrointestinal distress.
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Last modified: May 25, 2005
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